ADDITIONAL - PSYCHOLOGY BOOKLET

Quarter 1 … 2023-2024

STUDENT NAME:
GRADE:
Vocabulary:

• Behaviorism: focus on observing and controlling behavior

• Biopsychology: study of how biology influences behavior
• Clinical psychology: area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of
psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
• Cognitive psychology: study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to
experiences and actions
• Counseling psychology: area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional,
social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals.
• Developmental psychology: scientific study of development across a lifespan
• Functionalism: focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its
environment
• Humanism: perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that
is innate to all humans
• Hypothesis: (plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship
between two or more variables
• Introspection: process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in
an attempt to break it into its component parts
• Psychoanalytic theory: focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious
behavior
• Psychology: scientific study of the mind and behavior
• Structuralism: understanding the conscious experience through introspection
• Theory: well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed
phenomena

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KEY Terms and Concepts
è Psychology

è Behavior

è Covert behaviors

è Overt behavior

è Scientific observation

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è Research Method

è Goals of psychology

è Description

è Understanding

è Prediction

è Control

è Scientific method

è Hypothesis

è Operational definition

è Theory

è A stimulus

è Structuralism

è Functionalism

è Natural selection

è Behaviorism

è Gestalt Psychology

è Unconscious
è Repression

è Psychoanalysis

è Neo-Freudian

è Psychodynamic theory

è Humanism

è Determinism

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è Free will

è Self-image

è Self- evaluation

è A frame of reference

è Self-actualization

è Biological perspective

è Neuroscience

è Evolutionary psychology

è Psychological perspective

è Positive Psychology

è Sociocultural perspective

è Cultural relativity

è Social norms

è Psychologist

è Basic research

è Applied research

è Clinical psychologist

è Counseling psychologist

è Psychiatrist

è Psychoanalyst

è Counselor

è Psychiatric social worker

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Extra Notes

What Is Psychology?
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior.

History of Psychology
Before the time of Wundt and James, questions about the mind were considered by
philosophers.
Wundt was a structuralist: our cognitive experience was best understood by breaking that
experience into its component parts. Best accomplished by introspection.
William James was the first American psychologist, and he was a proponent of functionalism.
This particular perspective focused on how mental activities served as adaptive responses to an
organism’s environment.
Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was absolutely critical to
understand conscious behavior. Relied on dream analysis, slips of the tongue, and free
association as means to access the unconscious. Psychoanalytic theory remained a dominant
force in clinical psychology for several decades.
Gestalt psychology was very influential in Europe. Gestalt psychology takes a holistic view of
an individual and his experiences.
One of the most influential schools of thought within psychology’s history was behaviorism.
Behaviorism focused on making psychology an objective science by studying overt behavior
and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes. John Watson is often
considered the father of behaviorism.
A humanistic movement within psychology began to take hold. Humanism focuses on the
potential of all people for good. Both Maslow and Rogers were influential in shaping
humanistic psychology.

1.3 Contemporary Psychology

Psychology is a diverse discipline that is made up of several major subdivisions with unique
perspectives. Biological psychology involves the study of the biological bases of behavior.
Cognitive psychology is concerned with the relationship that exists between thought and
behavior, and developmental psychologists study the physical and cognitive changes that occur
throughout one’s lifespan.

Psychological theories, in general, attempt to understand how brain, mind, behavior and
environment function and how they may be related.

A Science and A Profession.

As scientists, some psychologists do research to discover new knowledge.
Others apply psychology to solve problems in different fields.

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Review Questions – Addition to questions in booklet p. 8, 19, 41, 49, and 50.

1. Define Psychology

2. What does “behavior” refer to in the definition of psychology?

3. Define Overt and Covert behaviors.

4. What are the characteristics of scientific observation?

5. How is psychology different than other fields?

6. What are the 4 goals of psychology and explain each?

7. What are the six elements of the scientific method.

8. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________.

1. observation
2. measurement
3. test
4. proposed explanation
9. What are the research ethics? Mention 5 out of the 10 ethical guidelines.

10. What are the three areas of ethical concern in behavioral research?

11. Summarize Wundt’s and James contributions and accomplishments to psychology. In

other words, explain Wundt: Structuralism and James: Functionalism.

12. Describe the basic beliefs and views Freud, Watson, and Roger approaches to
psychology. In other words, explain Freud: Psychoanalytic, Watson: Behaviorism,
and Roger: Humanistic.

13. Write the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in order.

14. What are the three broad views that shape modern psychology? What about the
three broad contemporary perspectives?

15. Can you explain why so many psychologists are eclectic?