Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Ciclo digiuno/alimentazione
Ciclo digiuno/alimentazione
1
19/05/23
Ciclo digiuno/alimentazione
Viene suddiviso in 4 fasi
Fase di assorbimento postprandiale (fed state)
(fino a 3 ore dopo il pasto)
Fase di digiuno iniziale o postassorbimento
(postabsorptive or early fasting state)
(fino a 12-18 ore dal pasto)
Fase di digiuno spinto (fasting state)
(fino a due giorni)
Fase di digiuno prolungato
(starvation state or long-term fast)
(fino a tre mesi)
1° priorità:
fornire glucosio al cervello e ai globuli rossi
(il cervello incomincia ad avere problemi quando
la conc. di glucosio ematica scende < 2mM)
2° priorità:
salvaguardare le proteine muscolari spostamento
della produzione di Energia a partire dagli acidi
grassi e corpi chetonici
2
19/05/23
GLUCONEOGENESI
SINTESI NETTA DI GLUCOSIO A PARTIRE DA MOLECOLE CHE
NON SONO CARBOIDRATI
GLUCOSIO
I II III IV V
Glicogenolisi
Gluconeogenesi
epatica Gluconeogenesi
Epato-renale
3 8 12 16 20 24 26 2 4 10
ore giorni
3
19/05/23
I II III IV V
Origine Glicogenolisi Glicogenolisi Gluconeog. Gluconeog.
glucosio esogeno
Gluconeog. Ep. Gluconeog. Ep. Epat. renale Epat. renale
Tessuti
che tutti tutti tutti cervello cervello
Utilizzano (-fegato) (-fegato) globuli globuli rossi
glucosio
rossi
4
19/05/23
INTESTINO
Insulina
glucosio
glucosio glucosio
Glut 2 Glut 4
Glicogeno sint. + Via dei pentoso Glicogeno sint.
Fosfati (NADPH) +
+ glicolisi
+ glicolisi
glicogeno
glicogeno
piruvato piruvato
lattato
+ Acidi grassi
c. Acetil CoA
c. Acetil CoA lipogenesi
krebs krebs
Lattato
+
piruvato
FEGATO alanina
Acidi grassi
glucosio
Glut 4 MUSCOLO
+
Cervello G-6-P TESSUTO ADIPOSO
Eritrociti
Acetil CoA Ac.grasso
Glicolisi
c. + Metabolismo
krebs lipogenesi
PPP Post-prandiale
(NADPH)
INTESTINO
lipidi
glucosio glucosio
glicolisi
G-3-P
+ TG VLDL
+
piruvato
Ac.grassi piruvato
lattato
+ lipogenesi c. Acetil CoA lipogenesi
c. Acetil CoA
krebs
krebs +
FEGATO TG
glicerolo + Acidi grassi
Lipopr.
glucosio lipasi
Glut 4 glicerolo MUSCOLO
+ Ac.grasso
5
19/05/23
Metabolismo Post-prandiale
degli amminoacidi
L’intestino idrolizza le proteine alimentari, la maggior parte
degli amminoacidi vengono riversati nel sangue ed assorbiti a
livello epatico. Per il suo fabbisogno energetico l ’ intestino
utilizza aspartato, asparagina, glutammato e glutammina
Il fegato lascia passare la maggior parte degli aa a meno chè la
loro concentrazione epatica non sia molto elevata (aa essenziali).
Il fegato presenta Km elevata per il catabolismo e bassa per
sintesi proteica. Pertanto solo gli aa in eccesso possono essere
ossidati completamente a CO2 e H2O oppure i loro intermedi
possono essere usati per la lipogenesi e l’azoto amminico espulso
nel ciclo dell’urea.
Gli amminoacidi che oltrepassano il fegato possono essere
utilizzati dagli altri tessuti per: sintesi proteica e produzione di
energia
11
INTESTINO
amminoacidi
glucosio lipidi
glucosio glucosio
CHILOMICRONI aa.
Glut 2 Glut 4
Glicogeno sint. Glicogeno sint.
+ VLDL
+ glicolisi +
+ glicolisi TG
+ glicogeno
glicogeno
Ac.grassi Sint.prot.
piruvato piruvato
6
of the phases cited are only approximate and are strongly use dietary glucose. In the liver, glucose can be converted
influenced by factors such as activity level, the caloric value to glycogen. When available glucose or its gluconeogenic
and nutrient composition of the meal, and the subject’s precursors exceed the glycogen storage capacity of the
metabolic rate. liver, the excess glucose can be metabolized in a variety
of ways, as shown in Figure 7.4 and in somewhat more
The Fed State detail in Figure 7.7. The conversion of glucose to glyco-
Figure 7.7 illustrates the disposition of glucose, fat, and
amino acids among the various tissues during the fed
gen and fatty acids is important because both represent
the storage of glucose carbon. The potential conversion of
19/05/23
state. The red blood cells (RBCs) do not have mitochon- excess glucose to fatty acids is particularly crucial because
dria and therefore cannot oxidize fatty acids or glucose these fatty acids, along with those removed from the chy-
aerobically; they can oxidize glucose only anaerobically lomicrons and VLDL by lipoprotein lipase, can be stored
and produce lactate. The central nervous system (CNS) in the adipose tissue, thereby providing a ready source
has no metabolic mechanisms by which glucose or fatty of fuel for most body tissues during the postabsorptive
acids can be converted to energy stores. It cannot make and fasting states. The conversion of glucose to fatty ac-
glycogen or store triacylglycerols. Glucose available to ids appears to occur only if energy intake exceeds energy
these tissues is oxidized immediately to produce energy. expenditure.
In the liver, in contrast, some glucose can be converted Because liver glucokinase has a low Km and is not fully
directly to glycogen. Liver glycogen is synthesized indi- active at physiological concentrations, some dietary glu-
rectly from gluconeogenic precursors (pyruvate, alanine, MetabolismoPost-prandiale cose bypasses the liver and circulates to other tissues. The
Gut
Amino Glucose
acids TAG
Liver
Glucose
RBC Glycogen CNS
Amino
Glucose acids Pyruvate Protein
Glucose
TAG
CO2, H2O
Lactate Lactate Protein
VLDL Chylomicrons
Muscle
Amino
acids Fatty acids
Lactate
Glucose
Adipose
Glycogen TAG tissue
CO2, H2O
Protein Protein
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
13
glucosio
Glut 4
Glut 2
glucosioGlicerolo-3.P
glicerolo
glicogenolisi +
+ + gluconeogenesi - glicolisi
glicogenolisi lattato
piruvato piruvato Acidi grassi
alanina
Acetil CoA Acetil CoA
c. + c.
krebs b-ox
krebs
+
proteolisi
Acidi grassi
FEGATO
glucosio
lattato
Glut 4 MUSCOLO
glicolisi
- piruvato glicolisi Cervello
SNC
Acidi
Eritrociti
c. Acetil CoA
+ grassi
krebs
+ lipolisi Metabolismo
TESSUTO ADIPOSO
TG Post-assorbimento
14
7
as a source of NADPH through the pentose phosphate
are stored as such as large fat droplets within the cells.
pathway
● adipose tissue, which can use glucose to some extent as a
The Postabsorptive or Early Fasting State
precursor for both the glycerol and the fatty acid compo-
nents of triacylglycerols (although most TAG are synthe- With the onset of the postabsorptive state, tissues can no
sized by the liver and transported to the adipose tissue) longer derive energy directly from ingested glucose or
other ingested macronutrients but instead must begin to
● muscle, which uses glucose for the synthesis of glyco-
gen and for the production of energy
depend on other sources of fuel (Figure 7.8). During the 19/05/23
short period of time marking this phase (a few hours af-
With the exception of the RBCs, all the tissues included ter eating), hepatic glycogenolysis is the major provider
in Figure 7.7 actively catabolize glucose for energy by gly- of glucose to the blood, which serves to deliver it to other
colysis and the TCA cycle. tissues for use as fuel. When glycogenolysis is occurring,
In considering fat delivery to the tissues, it is neces- the synthesis of glycogen and triacylglycerols in the liver is
sary to differentiate between dietary and endogenous fat. diminished, and the de novo synthesis of glucose (gluco-
Dietary fat, except for short-chain fatty acids, enters the neogenesis) begins to help maintain blood glucose levels.
lymphatic system as chylomicrons, which are promptly Lactate, formed in and released by RBCs and muscle
acted upon by lipoprotein lipase from the vascular en- tissue, becomes an important carbon source for hepatic
dothelium, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol (Chap- gluconeogenesis. The glucose-alanine cycle, in which
Metabolismo Post-assorbimento
ter 5). Chylomicron remnants remaining from this carbon in the form of alanine returns to the liver from
H2O, CO2,
ATP
RBC Muscle
15
Metabolismo Post-assorbimento
16
8
19/05/23
Metabolismo Post-assorbimento
17
FEGATO glucosio
Glut 2
glicerolo Glicerolo-3.P
Acidi grassi
glicogeno
b-ox + gluconeogenesi - glicolisi
lattato
piruvato piruvato Acidi grassi
alanina
Acetil CoA Acetil CoA b-ox
c.
krebs TCA
+
proteine
cheotogenesi + Corpi
chetonici
MUSCOLO
Eritrociti
Cervello
glicolisi gluconeogenesi SNC
2/3 C.Chetonici
Glicerolo Acidi 1/3 glucosio
gluconeogenesi + lipolisi
TG Metabolismo
glicerolo
Glu TESSUTO ADIPOSO Digiuno spinto
Oxo
18
9
19/05/23
19
Liver
Amino
acids
Glucose
Lactate
Glycerol
CNS
Fatty acids
Glucose
CO2, H2O, Ketones CO2,
ATP H2O,
ATP
Ketones
Adipose
tissue Notice the shift during
starvation to fatty acid
Triacylglycerols and glycerol export
from adipose tissue
and the increased use
Fatty acids of fatty acids and
+ ketones as fuel by the
Glycerol CNS and muscle.
Broken lines indicate
CO2, H2O,
major substrate flow
ATP during fasting—about
2 days.
RBC
Glucose
Muscle
Ketones
produces NH3 that helps neutralize the organic acids that essential protein, leading to the loss of liver and muscle
20
+
are part of the ketone bodies. NH3 is excreted as NH4 in function.
the urine.
Survival time in starvation depends mostly on the
quantity of fat stored before starvation. Stored triac-
Amino Acid Metabolism
ylglycerols in the adipose tissue of a person of normal Organ interactions in amino acid metabolism, illustrated
weight and adiposity can provide enough fuel to sustain in Figure 7.10, are largely coordinated by the liver. The
basal metabolism for about 3 months. A very obese adult pathways shown undergo regulatory adjustments after
probably has enough fat calories stored to endure a fast consumption of a meal containing protein. In the fed
of more than a year, but physiological damage and even state, absorbed amino acids pass into the liver, where the
death could result from the accompanying extreme keto- fate of most of them is determined in relation to needs
sis. When fat reserves are gone, the body begins to use of the body. Amounts in excess of need are degraded.
10
19/05/23
FEGATO glucosio
Glut 2
glicerolo Glicerolo-3.P
Acidi grassi
glicogeno
b-ox + gluconeogenesi - glicolisi
lattato
piruvato piruvato Acidi grassi
alanina
Acetil CoA Acetil CoA b-ox
c. c.
krebs krebs
+
proteine
cheotogenesi + Corpi
chetonici
MUSCOLO
Eritrociti
Cervello
glicolisi gluconeogenesi SNC
2/3 C.Chetonici
Glicerolo Acidi 1/3 glucosio
gluconeogenesi + lipolisi
TG Digiuno prolungato
glicerolo
Glu TESSUTO ADIPOSO
Oxo
21
22
11
19/05/23
23
Dopo settimane:
Coma-Morte
24
12