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R I GV E DA
r

TH E .

THE OLDEST LI TERATURE 61 ?

THE I N DI AN S .

A D O LF KA E G I ,

R
P O FE S S O R IN THE U N mE Rs n v -
OF Z u mc u .

T
A U H OR I Z ED TR A N S LA TI ON WI TH A DDI TI ON S

TO TH E N O TES

R . A R R O W S MI T H , PH D . .
,

IN S TR U
CTO R m SA N S K RI T, R A CI N E C O LL EG E , RA C I N E, Wx s .

BO STO N

GIN N AN D CO M PA N Y .

1 886
 n rd
E te e a cc o rdi ng t o A ct O f C o ngre s s , i n th e y e a r 1 8 8 6 , by

R . A R R O W S M I TH ,

i n t h e O fii c e O f th e Li b r ri n
a a Of Co g nr ess a t Was h ingt o n.

J . S . C US H I N G 8: C O .
, PR TR
IN E S, B O STO N .
 TRAN SLATOR S N OTE
’
.

TH E tran slati on Ofnt work w a s u nderta k en i n order

t h e p re s e

t o p l a c e a t t h e comm a n d O f E n gli s h r e a der s int er e s ted in t h e

s tu dy o f t h e V e da a co m p r e h e n s i v e a nd a t t h e s a m e ti m e c o n , ,

de ns ed m a n u al O f V e di c r e s ear ch It h a s b een t h e a i m to ma k e
.

t h e tr an sl a ti on as cl o s e a s p oss i bl e ; e s p ec i ally i n t h e m e tri ca l

q u o t a ti o n s t h e a u t h o r s r e n de ri ngs h a ve n e ar ly a l w a y s b ee n
’

a dh er e d t o th ou gh w it h c o n tin u a l r e f e re n ce t o t h e t e x t O f t h e
,

hy mn s .

S i nce t h e s econd G erm a n e dition a p p ea re d i n 1 8 8 0 mu ch , ,

w ork h a s b een don e i n t h e s t u dy O f t he V eda a nd m a ny a ddi ,

t i ons m a de t o t h e l ite r a tu r e T h e s e P RO FE S S OR K A E G I kindl y

.

O if e r e d t o i ncorp or a te i n t h e N o te s a nd t o s o m e e x t en t t o re
, , ,

model t h e la tter bu t w a s p revente d fro m doing a s m u ch a s h e

,

h a d i nte nded b y s tres s of w ork a nd i ll h e alth T h e tra n s l a tor

-
.

h a s en de avore d t o co m pl ete t h e ref e ren ce s t o t h e l iter a tu re t o

da te a nd h a s ext e nded a nu m ber o f t h e N ot e s in so m e p art i cu

,

l ars A ll s u ch a ddition s a re des ign ated by bra ck ets

. Th e
o nly a dditi on t o t h e t e x t i s t h e F r o g S o n g o n p 8 1 f . .

Th e th an k s O f t h e tr a n sl ato r a re du e t o D R KA E G I f or h i s .

re a dy c on sent a nd in teres t in t h e u nderta ki ng to PRO FE S S O R S ,

'

W H ITNE Y a nd LA NMA N for s u gg es t i ons a nd m a teri al a nd t o ,

D R A V W J A C K S ON o f C olu mb i a C ollege fo r r e v i s i ng t h e
. . . .
, ,

p o rti o n s o f t h e N ot es p erta i ni ng t o t h e A ve s ta .

T h e r efe r en ces h ave b e e n verifi ed as f a r a s p ra cti c abl e and ,

it i s b eli eved th at a r ea sonable degree o f a ccu racy h as b een

a tt a i n e d I t i s r equ e s ted th a t t h e tran sl a tor be n otifi ed o f t h e
.

di s covery of a ny mi s t ak es wh i ch m ay have b een overlook ed .

R A . .

R A CI N E C
‘

O LLE G E ,

R W F b
A CI N E , y 1 886
I s., e ru ar , .
 PREFA CE TO TH E SECON D EDI TI ON .

TH E i nvita tion O f my p ubli s h ers to ha ve my tr eati s e on t h e

R igve da (T wo P a rts Wi s s en s ch a ftl i c h e B e il age z um Progra mm
,

der K a nton s s ch u le i n Z u ri ch 1 8 7 8 a nd 1 8 7 9 ) p u bli s h ed i n a

,

s om ew h a t r evi s e d a nd e x t en de d f orm s eem ed to m e t h e m or e

,

to b e a cc ep ted s i nce I h ad r ep e at e dl y b een u rged t o do s o from

,

t h e mo s t v aried sou r ces a nd t h e a rti cl e w a s frequ en tly i nqu ired

,

f or in t h e tr ade It i s p la i n th a t to s p eci ali s ts i n t h e s u bj ect

.
,

t o i nves tiga tors i n t h e fi el d O f t h e V e da it ca nn ot O ffer a ny thing

,

rea lly new ; i t s a i m i s t o e mbra ce t h e res u lts O f V edi c i nve s tiga

ti on a s w ell for beginne rs i n t h e s tu dy a s for a ll thos e wh o h ave
,

a mor e s p e ci al i nt er e s t i n t h i s li ter a t u r e t h e i m p orta n ce O f w h i ch

,

i s p erce iv ed a nd a dm itted in ever wi den i ng c ir cles e sp eci ally

-

f or th eologi an s p h ilologi s ts a nd h i s tori a n s

, T h at h ow ev e r it
.
, ,

i s fou nded t hr ou gh ou t On pe r s on al i nve s tiga tion O f t h e sou rces

a nd ex a mi n a ti on O f t h e i nves ti gati on s of o t h er s will b e e a s i l
y
p e r c e iv e d b y e v e ry o ne w h o ta k e s t h e tr o u bl e t o s u b j e c t t h e te xt
a nd note s t o a more mi n u t e s u rvey .

H er e let m e on ce mor e ca ll a ttention t o t h e fa ct th at i n t h e ,

s ecti on s u p on t h e V e di c B el i ef a nd t h e D ivi n iti e s I h a v e c on ,

fin ed my s elf a s closely as po s s ibl e t o t h e langu age o f t h e hy mn s ,

s o th a t alm o s t t h e wh ol e O f t h i s te t (pp
x 2 8 — 3
. 2 3 4,
— 7 1 ) is

m a de u p O f th e words of th e p oet s Th e qu ota ti on s fro m t h e

.

S i ebenzt g L i eder (of pp 3 4 a nd 9 2 ) b eing given t hr ou gh ou t i n

‘

. .

It alic s m ak e it po s s ible even for t h e non S ans kriti s t t o p rov e

,
-

t h e m eth od by w h i ch th i s i s a ccomp l i s h e d at l ea s t i n som e ,

s h ort p orti on s .
 PRE F A C E TO T HE S E C OND EDI TION .

I f, i lly i n t h e tre a tm en t o f V a ru na I hav e s omewh a t

e s p ec a ,

more f u lly f ollo wed ou t t h e s imil a riti e s O f t h e V e dic a nd t h e

B i bli c a l l a ng u a ge (cf now A
. H olz m a n i n t h e Z e its chr i f t f ii r
.

V Olk er s p s y ch ologi e u nd S p ra c h wi s s en s c h a ft 1 8 8 0 p 25 1 , , .

I S h all now h a rdly h ave t o m eet t h e criti ci s m tha t i n s o doing

no n I n di a n or ev en C h ri s ti a n c on cep tion s a re p u t i n to t h e
-

, ,

V eda ; tran sla ti on s tan ds b e s i de tr a n sla ti o n ; it i s l ef t t o t h e

re a der t o prove s imilarity a s well a s di ff eren ce
,
.

Th e gre a t ex ten t o f t h e n ot es i s e x p l a i n e d by t h e f a c t th a t

th ey are i nt ended not only t o p rov e su s t a i n a nd am pli fy t h e

,

m at eri al p r es ent ed in t h e te xt b u t a l s o t o f a cil it a t e f or o t h e r s

,

t h e s u rvey of V e di c l iter a tu r e a nd t o p oint ou t the hi s tori ca l

,

s i gn i fi c a n ce O f t h e R i g .I f som e m ay criti ci s e h er e t oo m u ch

or t o o l ittl e o th e r s p erh a p s will b e gl a d t o u tili z e wh a t i s p r e

,

s e n ted ev e n if only t h e r e fer e n c es t o t h e l it er a t u r e

, f or whi ch ,

th e I n di c es m ay b e wel com e O n t h e l e tt er a s well a s on t h e

.
,

co rr ecti on m u c h c a r e h as be e n ex p e n de d ; i f n o twi th s ta n di n
, , g ,

m i s ta k es a re di s cover ed it will s u rely be p a r don e d e s p ec i a lly

, ,

i n th e very l arge qu antity of n u mb er s b y thos e wh o are ex p e ,

ri e nced in s u c h m a tt e r s .

M ay t h e wo rk i n i t s new form s erve t o ca rry t h e k no wl edge

O f thi s a n c i en t a nd hi g hly i m p orta n t etr nd the in t r t i n
p o y a e e s

o u r s t u di e s i n to f u rth er ci r cl e s .

DR ADOL F KA E GI. .

Z UR I CH ,N mb r 1 880
ove e , .
 TAB LE OF CON TEN TS .

INT R OD U C TION : p 1 . .

Ve dic Lite r atu re and E xegesi s : p . 2 th e Ve di c People and i ts

C iv iliz ation : p 1 1 . .

TH E RI G V E D A : p 2 1 . .

Th e Colle cti on : p 2 1 ; L a ngu a ge and F orm of t h e H ym n s

.

p 2 2 ; Conte nts : p 2 4
. . .

Re ligi ou s Poetry p 2 6 ; R eligiou s Th ou ght : p 2 7 ; Th e Vedi c

: . .

Be lief : p 3 2 . .

D I V INITIE S : p 34 . .

On E arth : Agni : p 3 5 ; .

In t h e Air r egion : Rbh u s : p 3 7 ; Vata : p 38 ; Ru dra : p 38 ;

-
. . .

Maru ts p 3 9 ; P arj a nya : p 40 ; In dra : p 40

: . . . .

In t h e Bright H e aven : A cvi ns : p 49 ; Usas : p 5 2 ; Sury a . .

.p 54 ; Pusa n : p 5 5 ; Vi sn u : p 5 6 ; S av itar : p 5 6
. . . .

Th e Kdi ty as : p 58 ; Varu n a : pp 6 1 —6 9
. . .

B elief in I mm ortality : p 69 . .

So m a : p 7 2 ; B h asp at i : p 7 3 ; _
.
A ll Gods : p 7 4
r . . .

S E C U L A R POET R Y p 7 4 : . .

Wedding H y m n p 7 4 ; Fu n er al H y m n : p 7 6 ; H is to ri ca l
: . .

Compo s iti on s : p 7 8 ; H u m or ou s : p 8 1 ; Di dactic gn om ic

. .
-

. p 8 4 ; In ca ntati on and E xorci sm : p 8 5 ; Poetical Ri ddles .

.p 8 6 ; Ph il osoph i cal : p 8 7 . .

N OTE S : p 92
. .

In dex O f Matte rs Names , , a nd Wor ds : p . 1 81 ; Of Bib le

Pas s ages : p 1 9 7 . .
S an s kr i t c p ron ou n ced like
is ch ;

t d
, 1 1,li k e t d n
, ; ,

and 8 like sh ;
c
r li ke ri ’
.
 I N TR O D U C TI O N .

I T is we ll kn o w n wi th wh at e n thusi a sm V ol t ai re in h i s ,

wr i t in gs e sp e ci ally in the E ssa i su r les moeu r s e t l esp r i t

,
’

des na t i ons re p e a ted ly p r a i s ed the a n c i e n t w i s d o m of the

,

B r ahm a n s wh i ch he th ou ght t o h a ve d i s c overed in the

E z ou r Vei da m br o u ght t o h i s n o t i c e fr om I n d i a a b ou t the
-

m i dd l e of the l as t c e n t u ry 1
B u t eve n V ol t a i re s e l oq u e n ce
.
’

e r s u a ded but few o f h i s c on tem p o r a r i e s of the authe n t i c i t y

p
o f the b oo k A l th ou gh s ch ol ar s were not in a p os i t i o n t o
.

d i sp r ove i t s genu i neness they p re s erved a s u sp i ci ou s a nd

‘
a
,

s k e p t i ca l a tt i t u de t ow a rd i t S oo n a fter V o l t a i re s de a th
’
.
,

J G H erder in the te n th bo ok O f h i s I deen zu r G escki ckt e

. .
,

der Mens ch hei t u n he s i ta t in gly ex p re s sed h i s O p ini o n th a t

,

wh atever kn o wl edge E u rop e a n s h ad h i thert o gain ed of the

m y s ter i e s of the I n d i a n s w a s p l a inly o nly m o der n tr a d i t i o n
,

for t h e re a l W ed a O f the I n d i a n s he a dd s as we ll a s for

, ,
“

the re al S a n sk r i t l an gu age we sh all p rob ab ly h ave l on g to

,
”3
w ait . A l th ou gh h app ily H erder s p r op hec y as t o the
, ,
’

l a n gu age i t s e l f w as not fu lfille d y et in fa ct a n u mber

4
,

O f de ca de s p ass ed before m ore tru s tworthy a nd det a il ed

in fo rm at i o n w a s gain ed o f the s e Ol de s t lit e rary mem or i als
o f the I n d i a n s C oleb rook e s ce l ebr a ted E ssay s On t he
’
.

Veda s d i d in deed ( in 1 80 5 ) g i ve a v al u ab l e s u rvey of the

5

wh ol e terr i t o ry of V edi c li ter a t u re w i th s ome s c a ttere d ,

q u ot a t i on s fr om v a r i o u s Ved i c b ook s ; but i t w a s not p ossi

ble for C ol ebr oo k e t o ex a m in e all the extr ao rd in a r ily exte n
s i ve wor k s wh i c h a r e embr a c ed in I n d i a u n der the n a me

Veda t o d i s t in gu i s h p r op er ly the in d i v i d u al wr i t in gs or t o
, ,

de term in e the i r m u t u a l re l a t i on s .

A b o u t twe n ty y e a r s l a ter a G erm an Fri edr i ch Ro s e n , ,

r e cogniz ed in the r i ch coll e c t i on of V e di c m a n us cr ip t s

2 IN TRODU C T ION .

wh i ch c o me to Lon d o n in gre a t p art throu gh the

h ad ,

e ofi r t s o f C o l ebr o o k e the tr ,
u e w o rth O f th i s li ter a t u re ,

a nd the n eed o f m a kin g i t a c c e s s i b l e t o E ur o p e a n s c h o l a r

h i H e u n dert o o k w i th z e a l the ed i t in g o f the Ol d est
s p
.

o rt i o n the R i g ved a but d i e d in 1 8 3 7 bef o re t h e fir s t

p , , ,

e i ghth w a s p ub lis h e d 6
.

The fi r s t e n d u r in g i m p u l s e w a s gi ve n by the s m all but

e p och m ak in g Z u r L i t t er a tu r a nd G es chi cht e des Weda
-
,

D rei A bha ndlu ng en v on Ru do lp h Roth S tuttga rt , ,

I t in a u gur a ted a m ove me n t wh i ch s in ce the n h as i rre s i s

t i bly l e d a ll S a n s k r i t i s t s t o the s tudy of the V e d a As .

e ar ly as 1 8 5 2 a i ded by the rece n t p urch a s e O f a r i ch co l

,

l e ct i o n of S a n s k r i t m a n u s c r ip t s by the Ro y a l L i br a ry O f
B er lin A W eber w a s e nab l ed t o gi ve in h i s A ca demi s che
, .
,

Vor lesu ng en fi ber i ndi s che L i t er a tu rg es ehi cht e a very ,

det ail ed a nd v a l u ab l e s urve y of the V ed i c b o ok s wh i ch ,

w as a fterw a rd s s u p p l eme n ted in m a n y p oin t s e sp e c i a lly ,

for the l a ter p er i od s by Ma x Mii lle r s E st ory of A nci ent

,
’

S a nskr i t L i t er a t u r e Lo n don ,
1 85 9 , D ur in g the l as t
.

twe n ty y e a r s thr ou gh the e ffo rt s of B e nfey W eber Ro th

, , ,

a nd W h i t n e a nd A u fre c ht the m t i m o rt a n t text s

y , , os p ,

s in ce foll o wed by m a ny m o re h a ve bee n a cce ssi b l e in

,

p r in ted form ; a nd th i s in ve s t i g ati on o p e n s t o the h i s

t ori cal s c i e n ce s in the bro a de s t s e n s e o f the word s ource s

, ,

O f u n ex p e cted we al th .

VEDI O LI TERA TURE A N D EXEGESI S .

V ed a i s p r i m a r ily kn ow l edge in ge n er al and a mo n g ,

the I n d i a n s de si gn a te s k n o w l edge x a r e fox nv th e '

’ ’ ’

s ac red k n o w l ed e — t h e s a c r e d w r i t i n of wh i ch
g , g s ,

a br i ef s urve f o ll o w s
y .

The Ol de s t d i v i s i o n th e M a nt r a (s ay in g s on g) i s di s
, , ,

t r i buted in four S a n h i t as ( c oll e c t i o n s) — the B i g 8 8 m m , , ,

Y ajur and A t h ar v a S a n h i t as The ol de s t a nd m os t v a l u

-
.

ab l e ort i o n f the e c ll e ct i n t h f u n d t i n f the

p O s o o s e o a ,o o

who l e V ed i c li ter a t u re i s c om p os ed of s ongs in wh i c h in

, , ,
 IN T RODU C TION . 3

p r i mev a l t i me s a t the fir s t s t ag e of the i r h i s t ory a s a n i n

,

de p e n de n t n a t i o n ali ty s t ill at the thre s h ol d of the l an d

,

wh i ch they afterw a rd fi ll ed w i th the i r cu l t u re m ore ,

th a n 1 000 y e a rs before the exp ed i t i o n of A l ex a n der the

G r e a t in the s a me re gi on s c e n t u r i e s before the p r o duct i o n
,

o f the I n d i a n P a n the i s m or o f the g od s B r a hm a V i s n u

C i va , , ,

in wh i ch th a t p e op l e in ch il dlik e s i mp li c i ty p r a is ed and
e n tre ated the i r go ds w i th wh i ch the y a c c om p ani ed the i r
,

s a c r i fi c e s a nd s tr o ve t o p r op i t i a te the revered r u l er O f the i r

de s t iny t o gain for them s e l ve s a nd the i r fl o c ks p r osp er i ty

,

a nd s e c u re h ab i t a t i on s Fr om t h e wh ol e tre as u ry O f s ong
.

wh i ch a s i ts be s t p oss e ss i on ; the I n d i a n r a ce h a d br ou ght

,

w i th i t fr o m e a rli er h ome s t o the l an d o f the G a n ge s ,

l e ar n ed me n and te a chers in l a ter c e n t u r i e s m a de a s e l e c

t i on of the hy m n s wh i ch h a d al re a dy be come p a rt i ally u n
,

in te lligi b l e the s e th ey d iv i de d a rr a n ge d a nd u sed in the i r , ,

s ch ool s ( c a r a na ) S u ch a s e l e c t i o n (yd/clad re c e n si o n ) h a s
.
, ,

bee n p re s erved to u s v iz ,

The R i g v e d a ; the kn owl ed ge o f t h e h y m n s ,

wh i ch w ill be c on s i dered m o re a t l e n gth be l ow 8

I t w as .

m a de w i th the in te n t i on o f p r o te c t in g th i s her i t a ge of
a n c e s tr a l t i me s fr o m f u rther c o rr u p t i o n a nd fr o m des t r u c ,

t i o n a nd i s therefo re t o a n exte n t a s c i e n t i f i c h i s t or
, ,

i c a l coll e c t i on wh il e the t w o foll ow in g s a n h i t as h a d the i r

,

o r igin in p r a 0 t i c a l li t u rgi ca l u s e s ,
.

The S am a v e d a the kn o w l ed g e of t h e s o n g s c on
, ,

t ain s ab o u t 1 8 00 s e p a r a te ver s e s for the gre ater p a rt t a k e n ,

fr o m the hy m n s of the Ri g bu t here t o r n ou t of the i r or i ,

i n al re l a t i o n and t t ether l m os t w i th ou t a n in ter n a l

g p u o
g a
y
c onn e c t i o n Rem o de l ed w i th certa in m u s i c a l m odi fi ca
.

t i on s they ar e c all ed s ama n s ongs i n wh i ch form they

,
‘

, ,

were re ci ted a t the S om a s a c r i fi c e by a sp e ci al p r i e s t cl ass

“ 9
-
,

w h o s e s o n g b O O k therefo re th i s V ed a i s B y the m u s i .

c al m o d i fi c a t i o n O f s in l e ver s e s the wh ol e n mber f

g u o ,

S am a n c ou l d n a tu r ally be gre a tly in cre a s ed 9

.

v ri t
Thi s i s t h e fa rifi o e s ac ce O f th e V di p ri d
e c e o ,
at wh i ch the sa p O f

t h e So m p l nt mix d wi th m i lk
a a , e or b arl y we ff r,
as O e ed ; of wh i ch m o r e

be lw
o .
4 IN TRODU C TION .

The Y a j u r v e d a co n t a in s the k n ow l e dge of the

p r a
y e r s W . he n in t i me the s a cr i fice be c a me no l o n

r a s i m l e a c t o f d i v in e w or s h i p a nd o ffer in g l ef t to the
g e p ,

fr e e w ill a nd i m p u ls e o f the in d iv i du al but whe n more and

-
,

m o re in every det a il a n e s t ab li she d r i t u al w as s e t u p the ,

ex a c t ob s erv a n ce o f wh i ch fe ll t o v a r i ou s p r i e s t c l as s e s no t -
,

o nl the ver s e s t o be rec i te d d u r in g the cerem o n y but

y ,

a l s o a q u a n t i t y o f f orm u l a s a nd p hr a s e s o f e x p l a n a t i o n o f ,

ex cu s e b l e ss in g e t c for p r a c t i c a l u s e be ga n to be p u t
, ,
.
, ,

to gether S u ch w o rd s form u l as and p ass age s p a rt ly in

.
, , ,

co nn e c ted p art ly in u n c o nn e c ted form a mo n g them t oo

, , , ,

not a few ver s e s fr o m the R i g were c a ll e d y aj u s ,

a nd the

b ook s co n t ainin g the y aj u s for the wh ol e s a c r i fi c i al c ere

m on y Y aj u rved a W e he a r o f a c o n s i der a b l e n u mber o f
,
.

s u ch p r a y e r b o o k s -
t w o o f them re l a te d in c o n te n t s , ,

bu t d i ff er in g in a rr a n g eme n t h a ve a l re a dy bee n e d i ted a

,

th i rd in all p rob ab ili ty the ol de s t of the ex i s t in g o n e s h as

, ,

bee n d i s cl os e d o nly w i th in the l a s t few y e a r s 10

The .

c o m p o s i t i o n o f a ll the s e b o o k s be l o n s t o a p er i o d whe n
g
the p r i e s t c l ass h ad al re a dy ga in e d a de c i ded a s c e n de n cy
-

over the o ther c l a ss e s .

I t w a s o nly a t a t i me c o n s i der ab ly l a ter th a n the s e c ol

l e ct i o n s ( tr a gi vi dy a threefol d k n ow l edge ) th a t a fo urth
‘

, ,

a tt a in e d t o c a n o ni c a l re cogni t i o n the A t h a r v a or ,

B r a h m a v e d a k n o w l ed ge of i n c a n t a t i o n s
, Thi s .

p r o b a b l y co n t a in e d o r i g in a ll y the p o etr y m o re r
p p o er l y
be l o n gin g t o the p e op l e a nd curre n t a m on g them wh i ch ,

o nl s e n d a r il w dm i tte d in t the c i rc l e of the

y co
y a s a o

p r i e s t s a n
, d d i s tri buted a mo n g the ir p r o duct i o n s “
As a .

h i s t o r i ca l c oll e ct i o n o f s on gs i t h as m os t s i m il a r i ty t o the
Ri gved a th ou gh the s p i r i t of the t w o c o ll e c t i o n s i s q u i t e
,

di fi e r e nt .The Ri g i s p erme a ted by a li ve ly sy m p a thy

‘

a nd l ove o f n a t u re ; in t h e A th a rv a n ru l e o nl hr inkin
y s
g
dre a d of i ts ev il sp i r i t s and the i r m agi c p ower s The w o rd .
’

br ahm a n (whe n c e B rah m a v e da ) here m e a n s no l o n g er as , ,

in t h e Ri g d e v o t i o n p r ay er but ch a rm s p e ll e n c h a n t
, , ,
’
, ,

me n t ( c arme n i nc ant am en , , B y the u se of s u c h

 IN TRODU C TION . 5

a form u l a t h e s kill ed p r i e s t i s e n ab l ed t o a tt ain every th i ng ,

a nd t o fo r c e eve n the go d s t o t he f u l fi ll me n t o f h i s w ill .

S i de by s i d e w i t h l a ter p a ss age s a r e fou n d here m a n y for

m u l a s wh os e p erfe c t a gre e me n t w i th O ld G erm a ni c S p e ll s
,
-

reve al s th e i r or i gin fr o m the a n ci e n t I n d o G erm ani c -

p er i od
1
.
2
O f th i s V ed a t o o a ne w re c e n s i o n h a s l a te l y

be come kn ow n and w i th i t a c o n s i derab l e qu a n t i ty of n ew

,

V edi c text s 13
.

The s e co n d gr a n d d i v i s i on of V ed i c li ter a t u re i s formed by

the B r ah m a na i e wr i t in gs re l a t in g to br ahm a n t o p r ay er
, . .
, ,

a nd s a c r i fi c i a l c e rem o n y Th e s e c l e a r ly be l o n g t o a
14
.

m u ch l a t er p er i o d whe n the old hy m n s were r e ga rded a s

,

a n c i e n t a nd s a c red reve l a t i o n a c q u a in t a n c e w i th wh i c h
,

w a s co n fi n e d t o a s m all nu mber of w i s e p r i e s t ly te a cher s ,

a m on wh o m h o wever e ve n a t th i s p er i o d i t s in ter p ret a

g , , ,

t i on w as a m a tter o f s tr i fe be ca u se the l a n gu a ge h a d me a n
,

t ime b e come a d iffer e n t one The B r ahm a n as all of them .

,

m a rve l ou s p r o du ct s of p r i e s t ly kn owl edge and p erverted

im agin a t i o n are thr ou gh ou t in p r ose a nd for the gre ater
, ,

p a rt
, lik e the S anhita s f u r ni s hed w ,i th a cc e n t s The y .

deve l op t h e the o r i e s of c e l ebra ted te a chers c o n c er nin g the

s e n s e of the old h y m n s the i r re l a t i o n t o the s a c r i fi c e s the
, ,

s y mb oli c me a nin g o f the l a tter etc D ogm a m y th ol ogy , .

, ,

l ege n d ph il os op hy e xe ges i s ety m ol ogy a r e here in t e r

, , , ,

w o ve n i n re ckl e ss co n fu s i o n S in ce the s e w o r ks fu r ni s h .

the ol de s t p r e s cr ip t i o n s for the r i t u al a nd exp l a n a t i o n of

t h e l an gu age a s we ll a s the o l de s t tr a d i t i on s a nd p h il os op h
,

i c al sp e cu l a t i on s they ar e no t w i th ou t v a lu e for the h i s

,

t ory of l a n gu age and ci v i liz a t i o n bu t the gol d i s l arge l y

h i dd e n u n der a m ass of dr oss .

The B r ahm a n as them s e l ve s o f wh i ch a c o n s i der ab l e ,

n u mber ar e p re se rved 14
ar e in l a ter t i me s l o o k ed u o n
“
p
a s in sp i red and u ni ted w i th the h y m n s a s pr u t i reve l a t i o n
, , ,

ex ce p t in g o nly the y ou n ge s t p ort i on s t h e A r a n y a k a s , ,

wr i t in gs for t h e w oo d dwe ll er s ( vh oBco c) a nd t h e U p a n

-
15
,

i s a d s in s tru c t i o n s B oth c la ss e s of w orks s h ow a meth o d

, .

o f th ou ht t o t all d i ffere n t fr m th t o f the old V ed i c

g y o a
 6 IN TRODU C TION .

b o ok s ; and wi th the i r sp e cu l a t i on s o n c os m ogo ny a nd

e s ch a t ol ogy l e a d in t o the m i d s t of the sy s te m of the V e
d an t a a i m o r e n d of
The th i rd a nd y o u nge st s t age of V e d i c li ter a t u re i s the
~

V e d ang a ( member s o f the V ed a

‘
a l s o c a ll ed S fi t r a Th e .

m o re V ed i c s t u dy ga in e d in exte n t the m o re di ffi cu l t i t ,

be ca me to m as t e r i t The m as s of m a ter i al be c a me t oo
.

l a rge the fu lln e s s of de s c r i p t i o n in det a il s h a d t o y i e l d to

a s h o rt s u rve y o f the s u m o f the s e det a il s in wh i ch the ,

a te s t br e v i ty w as n e c e s s a ry
’

g re There fo re the mo s t c on
.

c i s e r u l e s were in ve n ted w i th a c on ve n t i o n a l sy s tem fo r t h e

d e si gn a t i o n of term ini t e ch ni ci ex p re ss ed in a l gebr a i c for

,

m u l a The s e r u l e s a s we ll a s the b ook s embr a c in g the m

.
,

in a l m o s t u n br ok e n suc c e ssi o n a r e c a ll ed S 6 t r a ( thre a d

, ,

u i de r u l e ) ; the do n o t c o n fi n e them s e l ve s t o o ne s ch oo l
g , y
o r re c e n s i o n a nd e s p e ci all y in l a ter t i me s a tt a in the l a s t
, , ,

i m agin ab l e de gree o f brev i ty H ow fa r th i s p r in c ip l e w a s

.

p u sh e d m a
y b e s ee n fr o m the s ay in
g o f the I n d i a n s c h o l a r s ,

t h at a n a uth o r s ho u l d rej o i c e a s much o ver the s a v in of

g
h al f a l on g v o we l a s over the b i rth o f a s o n in wh i ch i t
m u s t be remembered th a t w i th o ut a s on t o p erfo rm the
de a th r i te s a B r ahm a n w a s no t th o u ght cap a b l e of ga ini ng
,

h e ave n 17
. W e mu s t c o n fi n e o u r s e l ve s t o me n t i o nin g the
s i x V ed an a o r S fit r a r ou p s in the tr a d i t i o n a l o rder a nd
g g
-

to p o in t in g o u t br i efly the i r s igni fi ca t i o n The y ar e .

1.
C ik s a : p r o n u n ci a t i o n .

2 Ch a n d a s : m etre
. .

3 V y fik a r ana (li t
.
,
a n al si s
y .
g r a mm a r .

4 N i r u k t a ( w o rd ex p l a na t i o n )
.
-
ety m ol ogy .

5 K a l p a r i t u al
. .

6 J y o t i s a : a s tr o n o m y
. .

The fir s t fou r a r e ch i efly o cc u p i ed w i th the re a d in g a nd

u n der s t a n d in g o f the s a c red t e x t s the l as t t w o p r in c i
p a ll y w i th the s a c r i f i c e a nd i t s s e a so n s
18
.

A s fr o m the s t u dy of H omer the G ree k gr a mm a r r os e ,

s o from the s t u d
y of the V ed a
grew the I n d i an b u t t h e i n
v e s t i a t i ons of the I n d i ans f a v o re d b the n t i t t i n f
g ,y c o s u o o
 IN TRODU CTION . 7

the i r l a n gu age were in c o m p a r ab ly dee p er a nd more l as t

,

ng th a n th o s e o f t h e G r e e k g r a mm a r i a n s P r om in e n t .

a mon the g r a mm a t i c a l wr i t in gs a re the N i r u k t a a c ol

g
l e c t i o n of s tr a nge or ob scu re w ord s ( yX é ma a i ) of the
’

V ed a t ogether w i th the in terp ret a t i o n of the V ed i c i nves

,

t i ga t or Y as k a ( a b o u t 5 00 a nd the P r at i cak h

as e a c h o f wh i c h c o n t a in s for the v a r i ou s r ec e n s i o n s
y , ,

o f a S in gl e V ed a the m os t p re c i s e s t a teme n t s o f p h o n et i c
,

c h a n ge s o n u n ci a t i o n a c ce n t u at i on I
20
p,
r metre,
et c n , ,
.

c o nn e c t i on the y d i sp l ay a n u mber o f de li c a te ob s erv a t i on s

,

in p h on et i cs s u ch a s o nly the s ci e n ce of our o w n day h as

,

be gu n t o in s t i t u te a nd t u r n t o a c c ou n t l
Th e ab ove .
ae

n amed work s therefore do not tre a t o f gra mm a t i cal form s ;

o f o l der w or k s o n th i s s u bje c t li tt l e h as bee n l eft u s c l e a r l y ,

be cau s e a l a ter w o r k in i t s c om p rehe n s i ve and p ra ct i ca l

,

p re s e n t a t i o n s u r a ss ed a ll e a r li er o n e s a nd m a de
p them
s u p erfl u ou s ; n am el y the g r a mm a r of P an i n i , who p r ob ,

ab l li v e d in the th i rd c e n t u r I n them i re e n te d “
s s
y y p
the s ci e n t i fi c tre atme n t o f a s in gl e t o n gu e in a p erfe ct i o n
wh i ch a r ou s e s the w o n der a nd a dm i ra t i o n of all th os e who
a r e m ore th o r o u gh ly a c q u ain ted w i th i t ; wh i c h eve n n ow

s t a n d s no t o nly u n s u r p a ss e d but not eve n a tt ain ed a nd

, , ,

wh i ch in m an y re sp ect s m ay be l o ok ed u p o n a s the m o de l
for s i m il ar w o r k I n thi s p re s e n t a t i o n of the S a n s k r i t the
.

meth o d of the I n d i a n gr a mm ar i an s w as d i sp l ay ed ; a nd i t
fou n d s o m u ch the m ore sp eedy a c c e p t a n c e s in c e i t i s ,

n e a rly a lli ed t o the te n d e n cy wh i c h s in c e the be ginni ng of

th i s ce n t u ry h as m a de i t s e l f fe l t w i th ever in cre a sin g
p o wer in o ther s c i e n c e s Th i s i s the meth o d. a pp li ed t o

the n a t u r al s ci e n c e s ; the meth o d wh i ch s ee k s t o gain

kn ow l edge of a su bje ct fr o m i t s e lf by an aly si s in t o i t s e l e ,

me n t s I t v i ews l an gu age as a n atur al p he n ome n on the

.
,

ch a r a cter o f wh i c h i t s tr i ve s t o de t erm in e b n l i in to
y a a y s s

I b li v I h ll n t b c nt r di ct e d by H elmholt z o E llis or ot h er
at
e e e s a o e o a , r ,

r p r n t at iv f p h n et i sci nce i f I y t h t t o t h e pr ent day t h

e e se es o o c e , sa a , es , e

p h n t i ci n
o e f I n di
a f t h fif t h c n t ry
s o e un
a rp d in t h eir
o e e u ar su a s se

an ly si f t h e l m en t f l n g g — M ill ll O GR 1 50
a s o e e s o a ua e ax u er , . .
8 IN TRODU C TION .

its com p o n e n t p art s and in ve s t i ga t i o n o f the i r fu n ct i on s ;

by th is method and i t s w o n derfu l re s ul ts the lin g u i s t i c
l ab or s of th e I n d i a n s h ave p re e m in e n t ly — -
in deed a l m os t , ,

al o n e m a de i t p o ssi b l e for m o der n p h il ol ogy to t a k e

,

u
p i t s p rob l em a nd w o r k i t out t o i t s e n d w i th the s ucce ss
” 22
wh i c h i s u ni vers ally c o n cede d to i t ( B en f y)
e .

The tre a t i s e s o n R i t u a l the K a l p a s fi t r a s sp e , ,

ci a lly c all ed S ri t r a a r e e i ther

’
23
,

r a u t a s fi t r a (p ert a inin g to pr a t i reve la t i o n ) i e

1 C .
, . .
,

they co n t ain the p re s c r ip t i o n s for the s o l em n cere mo ni e s

t o be p erfo rmed w i th the ass i s t a n ce of the p r i e s t s a nd w i th
ex a ct ob s erv a n ce of the r i t u a1 23
; or
“

2 S m ar t a s fi t r a (p ert a inin g t o sm r t i tr a d i t i on )
.
,
:

they te a ch the O b s erv a n ce s p re s cr i be d by tr a di t i on a nd ,

a r e d i v i ded in to a ) G r h y a s fi t r a g i v in g the m o de l s for

,

a c t s o f d o me s t i c p i ety wh i ch mu s t a ccom p a n y the in d i v i d

-

u al a nd h i s fa m il in a ll sp ec i a l c i r cu m s t a n ce s of li fe fr o m
y
the cr a d l e t o the gr a ve ; the s e b ook s thou gh m a de l ater p re , ,

s erve m a n y a n c i e n t ch a r a cter i s t i c s ; a nd in to 6
24
) D h a r
m a s fi t r a wh i c h fi x the ru l e s of d a il y li fe in a c t a nd
,

a tt i t u de tow a rd other s ; from the s e l as t a ro s e l a ter the

25

metr i ca l law bo ok s ( D h ar m agast ra ) of Ma n u Y aj nava l

-

25
ky a a nd o ther s
, .
0

There ar e fi nally a n umber of a d d i t i o n s ( Pa r i ci s t a

, , ,

i e w a p a k m é/I eva ) a m o n g wh i ch I me n t i o n the P u r an a s

. .
, ,

( o l d t al e s wh i ch i n the i r p re s e n t fo rm d a te a t the
‘

e a r li e s t from the e i ghth ce n t u r y A D o nly be c au s e u p t o . .

, ,

the fo urth de c a de of the p re s e n t ce n t u ry ( w i th s o me ,

“
h i s t or i an s eve n l a ter ! ) — the y r a n k ed w i th the Up ani
s a d s a s the mo s t i m ort a nt s ource of I n d i a n a nd V ed i c ‘ ’
p
re ligi ou s co n ce p t i o n s 26
.

Up o n the wh ol e of thi s r i ch li ter a ture wh i ch in exte n t ,

a t l e a s t equ a l s all the re erve d mo n ume n t of the G ree k

p s s

li tera ture e ss e n t i ally re s t the comme n t ar i e s of M ad h a v a

,

and s a a n a t ill re erved n d h i h l re rded in

y s
p, s a
g y ga

I nd i a wh i ch however were o nl y com p o s ed in the fou r

,

t e e nt h ce n tury A D A bout 1 3 5 0 i n the m i dd l e o f the

.
,
 1 0 IN T RODU C TION .

t r
a o s B u t th a t a ny Other tr a d i t i o n w a s n ot i m agin a b l e
g .

for i t o nl y b e ga n t o be a s k e d h o w o n e p o in t o r a n o ther in
the o ld hy m n s w as t o b e in te rp rete d wh e n the y w e re no ,

f
l on ger o r a t l e as t no l ong er c l e a r ly u n ders t oo d ; th a t we
, ,
i

h av e in the s o call ed tr a d i t i o n o nly a t t e m p t s a t a s ol u

-

t i o n no t t h e s ol u t i o n i t s e l f ; th a t in d i s co ver i ng the l a tter

, ,

E u r op e a n s c h ol a r s w ou ld s uc c eed mu c h better th a n I n d i a n
the ol ogi an s h av in g the a dv a n t ag e in free d o m of j u dgm en t
, ,

a s we ll a s i n a l a r ger r a n g e o f v i ew a nd h i s tor i c a l fa cu l t y .

H o wev e r R o th e xp re ss e d h i m s e l f th u s o nly o n o c c as i on
,
29
,

but b ol dly a nd in de p e nde n t ly be ga n t o b u il d a n ew B y the .

a i d of r a mm a t i ca l a nd et y m ol ogi c a l c o m p a r i s o n by co n
g ,

fr o n t i ng a ll p a s s age s re l a ted in s e n s e and f o rm he e ndea v ,

o red k e e p in g in v i ew the tr a d i t i o n t o evo l ve the me a nin g

, ,

o f s in gl e w o rd s a nd s o c re a te d a bro a d a nd firm fou nda

,

t i o n for V e d i c exe gesi s 30

wh il e o ther s p a rt ly in m ore ne ga ,

t i ve m a nn e r p roved the i m p r a ct i cab ili ty of the n a t i ve i n

t e r p r e t a t i o n p a rt l y we n t f orw a rd o n the ro a d n ew ly p oin te d
,

ou t
31
. The c o rre c t n e ss of the m eth o d i s t od ay n o l o nger
c h all e n g ed by a ny non I n d i a n s ch ol a r ; eve n in I n d i a
32 -

i t s e l f w i th in a few y e ar s the p u b li ca t i o n of an e d i t i o n of
the Rigved a h a s bee n u n dert ak e n wh i ch m ore and m o re
m ak e s in de p e n de n t u s e of the re su l t s a nd meth o d s o f E u
r o e a n s ch ol a r s h i u t no o n e d i s u te s th a t we h a ve
33
p p B p.

not y e t by fa r re a c hed the fou n d a t i o n ; a nd n o n e better

k n o w th i s th a n th os e w h o ar e z e al o u sly s tr i v in g o n the ,

a th oin ted o u t a nd w i th c ont in u a l o b s erv a n c e o f the

p p
na t i ve tr a d i t i on t o f u rther by m in ute in ve s t i ga t i o n o f
, ,

a r t i cu l ar s the u n der t a n d in f the e n i e n t h m n

p s , g o s a c
y s .

A ll the s e c orre c t i ons w ill in n o m e a s u re detr a c t fr o m the

s erv i c e s of the f o u n der of V ed i c exe e s i s Th a t Ro th
‘
g .

h as c u t h i s w ay thro u gh the fog of I n d i a n m i si nt e r p r et a

" T h e de r ee t o wh i ch t h
9
g e n derst n ding of t h e e t ext h d b en l ost
u a s s a e

m y b e ill t r t e d b y a lit er ry t rif e b e t we e n Y a k

a us a nd n ot h e r V e di c
a s s a a a

s ch ol a r K u t sa , Th e l a t t r in si t e d t h t expl n a t i on f t h e wor ds w s
a . e s a a o a

u e l es s
s ince t h e hymn s h a d n me a ning t a ll ; t o whi ch Y a k r e p onde d
,
s o a s a s ,

t h t i t w a not t h e f
a l t f t h r f t er t h a t t h e blin d m an di d not see i t ;
s au o e a

t h t wa s t h e f au l t o f t h b lin d m n
a e a .
 I N TR O D UC TION .

t i o n s tr ai ght t o t h e k er n e l of the V ed a th a t he h as s e iz ed ,

w i th s u r e h i s t or i c a l s e n s e t h e sp i r i t o f I n di an a n t i qu i ty -

t ha t he h as t a u ght u s t o r e c ogniz e the p ower a nd fre sh n e ss

o f e x p r ess i o n o f wh i c h the I n d i a n s kn e w li tt l e m o r e
, ,

th i s i s o ne o f the m os t br illi a n t a ch i ev e me n t s of m oder n

p h il o l o
gy .
( D
’
e lb r u elc
)
34
.

THE VEDI O PEOPLE A N D I TS CI VI LI ZA TI ON .

A ft e r th i s ge n er al li tera r y a nd h i st or i cal in tr o du ct i o n ,

we m u s t p refa c e o u r sp e ci a l s u bj e ct the e x am in at i o n of ,

t h e Ri gv e d a w i th s o m e a cc ou n t o f the p e op l e a m o n g
,

wh om the b o ok a r os e of i t s li fe and o ccu p a t i on i t s m a nn er

, ,

o f a c t i o n a nd th o u ght I n th is w e m ay thr o u gh ou t re l y
.

o n Z i mm e r s ex c e ll e n t w o r k A lti ndi s ches L e ben B er lin

’
, , ,

1 8 7 9 wh i c h p re s e n t s a m a st e r ly p i c t u re o f the cu l t u re of
,

the V e d i c A ry a n s dr aw n fr o m a ll the S a nh i t fis fi
,
i ’

To c om p a r a t i ve p h il ol ogy we ow e the in d i sp u t ab le p r o of
o f the fa c t th a t the a n c es t o r s O f I n d i a n s a nd I r a ni a n s a nd

G ree k s o f S l a v s a nd L i th u a ni a n s and G erm an s of I t ali a n s

, ,

a nd C e l t s in far d i s t a n t a ges s p ok e o ne l a n u a e a nd a s a
, g g ,

S in l e e op l e he l d dwe llin g p l a c e s in co mm on wherever

g p
-

th a t h ome m ay h ave b e e n s i t u ated ; a nd fu rther th a t

36
,

for a c o n s i d e r ab le p er i o d a ft e r the i r s e p ar a t i o n fr o m th e i r
br o th ers li v in g fu rth e r t o the w es t t h e I n d i a n s a nd I r a n ,

i a n s li v e d t ogeth e r and di s t in gu i sh e d them s e l ve s fr o m

,

o ther tr i be s b the c o mm o n n a me of A r a n fter

37
y y A .

the i r s ep ar a t i o n fr o m t h e I r a ni a n s the E as ter n A ry a n s the

, ,

l ater I n di a n s w a n dered f r o m t h e w e s t in t o the l a n d

,

a fterw a rd c a ll e d I ndi a de s ce n d in g fr o m the he i ght s o f

,

I r a n p r ob ab ly o v e r t h e w e s t e r n p a sses of the H in d u k u s h
, .

A s t o the i r p l a c e o f a b o de a t t h e t i me o f c o mp os i t i o n of
m os t of the hy m n s of the Ri g — ab o u t 2 000— 1 5 00 B .

t h e n am e s of r i v e r s m e n t i o n ed in the hy m n s gi ve defi ni te
in fo rm at i on A c cord in g t o th es e the chi e f s ett l eme n t of
.
,

t h e V e d i c p e o p l e w a s the n i n the terr i t ory of the S i n d h u

o day I ndu s S i h a nk s o f the m i ht
( t-
nd ) the ,b , g y s tre a m
i t s el f b e in g p r ob ab ly m os t th i ckly p op u l a t e d the r iv e r , ,
1 2 IN TRODU C TION .

a fter re ce i v in g all i t s tr i b u t ar i e s re a ch in g s o gre a t a w i dth

,

th at bo a t s m i dw ay betwee n i t s s h or e s ar e in v i s ib l e fr o m
e i ther The sin ger s in in sp i re d s tr a in s s in g i t s gre a t n e s s
.

Wi th n our i sh in g w ave s i t r u she d forth a firm s tr o n gh ol d ,

a nd br a z e n fortre s s for u s ; li k e a fi g hter in h i s c h a r i o t the ,

s tre a m flow s o n overt a kin g a ll other s

, I t a l o n e a m o ng .

the r i ver s flow s w i th p u re w a ter fr o m the m ou n t a in s to

the s e a ; w i th re ga rd for r i che s for m a n y me n i t br in gs , ,

fa t n e ss a nd a refre sh in g dr aught to the d w e ll er s o n the

”
s hore .

S i m p l e tr i be s li k e the G a n dh ar i ( I a d p co c) s t ill re
‘
,

m ain e d in the v a ll e y of the K ubh a (K a bu l) a nd the

‘

S u v ds t u ( S wa t ) a n orther n tr i but ary ; t o the s o u th the

,

s ett l eme n t s h a d bee n p u s hed be y o n d the mouth s of the

Kr u m u ( Ku r u m) a nd G om a t i ( G om a l) but no t far be y o n d ,

the u ni o n o f the S in dhu w i th the P a nca na da thou gh l

,
ae

they k n ew of the S i ndh u s e m p ty i ng in t o the o ce a n I n t h e

’
.

n orth the we s ter n and m i ddl e H i m al ay a fo rm e d a n i m p a s

,

s ab l e w a ll ; to the e a s t the u t u dri S

C ( a t laj
) m u s t for a

l o ng t i me h ave form ed the b ou n d a ry a cr oss wh i c h from ,

t i me to t i me the y m ove d fo rw a rd to the Y a mu n a (J um na )

a nd G a n a
g ( G g )
a n es e n t i ce d b,y the be a ut
y of th e l a n d
ss e d o n by a dv a n c in g tr i be s beh in d
39
a nd re
p .

I n E a s t K a b u l i s t a n a nd the P a n j a b therefo re , ,

where the co n d i t i o n o f c li m a te a nd s o il w as a b ou t the

s a me a s the A ry a n c o l o ni s t s li ve d in the i r h ou s e s ;
for the y h a d a lre a dy c h a n ge d the mov ab l e te n t of the s he p
herd a nd n om a d for a more fixe d s he l ter C o l um n s were .
“

s et u
p o n firm g rou n d w i th s u p p o rt in
,
g be a m s l e a nin
g
ob li q u e l y a ga in s t them a nd co nn e c te d by r a fter s o n wh i ch
,

l o n g b a mbo o rod s were l a i d form in g the h i gh r oo f B e , .

twe e n the c or n er p o s t s other be a m s were s et u p a c cord in g

-

t o t h e s iz e o f the hou s e The crev i ce s in the w all s were

.

fi ll e d in w i th s tr a w or reed s t i e d in b u n d l e s a nd the W h o l e
, ,

* Pa nc a na da , t h e fi v e ri v r
e s, s ignifie d prim rily
a the u ni n
o of t h e fiv e
r i v r Vi t t a
e s, as ,
A si k ni , P a r u s ni I r av a t i , V i p ac,
or a nd
C u t u dr i ; t hn e the
wh l r gi on
o e e ,
as t o day , t h e
-
P a nj a b S e e N ot e 3 9
. .
 IN TRODU C TION . 1 3

w as t o me exte n t covered w i th the s ame m ater i al The

so .

v a ri o u s p art s were fa s te n ed t oge ther w i th b ar s p egs r op e s , ,

”
a nd th on gs . The h o u s e c ou l d be shut in by a d o or ,

wh i ch as in the H omer i c h ou s e s w a s fas te ned w i th a

, ,

s tr ap .
41
A n u mber o f s u ch dwe llin gs form the v ill age ;
'
fe n c ed and e n c l os ed s ett l eme n t s gi ve p r ot e ct i on agai ns t
w il d ani m al s ; again s t the a tt ack s of e n em i e s a nd aga in st
in u n d a t i on s l ar ge tr a ct s were a rr a n ged on h igher grou n d ,

r te ted b e a rthw or k s a nd d i t che s B u t of c i t i e s i e

p o c y .
, . .
,

o f c oll e c t i o n s of a dj o inin g h o u s e s s urr ou n ded by w a ll a nd ,

m oa t there i s no m ent i onfi

,
2

The p r in ci p al me a n s of s u s te n an c e w as ca tt l e k ee p in g -
.

Re p e ated ly in the h y m n s we meet w i th the p r ay er for

wh ol e herd s of c ows and h or s e s s hee p a nd goat s he ifer s , ,

a nd b u ffa l o e s but e s p e c i all y o f m il ch cow s wh i c h a r e to

,
-

m o re th a n o ne s in ger the s u m of all goo d wh i ch I n dr a ‘

h as c r e a ted for ou r e n j oy me n t B y d i v in e p ower the red

’
.

cow y i e l d s the wh i te m ilk fr o m wh i c h i s p re p a red me a d

,

a nd b u tter ,
the fa v or i t e foo d of god s and me n a nd p er ,
’

h a p s al s o ch eese fl A fter the c att l e the mo s t i m p ort an t

3 f
,

in tere st i s the cu l t i v a t i on of the s oil The gr ou n d i s w ork ed .

w i th p l ou gh a nd h arr ow m a tto ck a nd h oe and whe n n ec os

, ,

s a r y w a tered by me a n s of a rt i fic i a l c a n a l s Twi c e in the .

e r the rod u ct s of the fi e l d e s ec i all b r l e r i e n the

y a p p y a , y p ; ,

r a in i s thre s he d o n the fl o o r the c o r n e r ted fr m

g s p a a , o ,

h u s k and ch aff by the w inn ow in g i s gr o u n d in the m ill ,

a nd m a de in t o bre a d Men s t ill e ngage in hu n t in g ga me

.

w i th bow and a rr ow s n are s and tr ap s bu t th is o c cup a t i o n

, ,

h a s no i m p o rt a n ce as a me a n s o f li ve li hoo d a nd fi s h in g ,

s t ill l e ss The ch i ef foo d co n si s t s t ogether w i th bre ad

“
.
, ,

o f v a r i o u s p re p ar a t i on s of m ilk c ak e s of fl our a nd b u tter , ,

m any s ort s of ve get ab l e s a nd fr u i t s ; me a t c ook ed on the ,

S p i t or in p ot s i s li tt l e u s ed a nd w a s p r ob ab ly e a te n o nl
, , y
a t the re at fe as t s a nd fa m il y ga ther in s D r inkin l
g g g p y a s .

throu gho u t a m u ch m ore p r om in e n t p a rt th a n e a t in g .

The w aters are i n deed p r e em in e n t ly p r ai s ed ; in them li e

-

all he alin g p r o p ert i e s a nd the y s e cu re t o the b o d he a l th

, y ,
14 IN TRODU C T ION .

p rotect i o n a nd l o n
g co n t in ued
-
s i ht of the s u n ;
g
— but i t

no m ore occ u rre d to the V ed i c p e op l e to que n ch the i r

t h ir s t w i th w a ter th a n t o the a n c i e n t G erm a n s They .

b a the d in i t and t h e c a tt l e dr a n k i t ; m an h a d o ther bev

,

— s ur a a br a n d m a de from c o r n o r b a r l e nd
e r a es
g , , y y a ,

a b o ve a ll the s o rrow d i sp e llin g S o m a wh i c h o n ac c o u n t of

,
-

, ,

i t s in sp i r in g p ower w a s r a i s e d t o the p o s i t i o n of a god

, ,

a nd w ill therefore be co n s i dere d be l o w

}5 ;

A mo n g o c c u p a t i o n s th a t o f t h e w oo d w o r k er i s m os t -

freque n t ly me n t i o n e d ; he i s s t ill c arp e n ter whee l wr i gh t ,

a nd j o in er in o n e a nd i s sk ill e d no t o nl y in bu il d in g w a r
,

ch a r i ot s a nd w ago n s w i th all the ir p art s but al s o in m ore ,

de li c ate c arved wor k s uch a s a rt i s t i c cu p s etc The t an

, , .

n er p re p a re s l e a ther fr o m the h i de of the sl au ghtere d c attl e ,

a nd u s e s i t for w a te r bot t l e s bow s tr in s s lin gs a nd othe r

g
- -
, ,

a rt i c l e s. Met a l wor k ers s m i th s a nd p otter s p ly the i r c r aft

-

for the p ur p os e s of commo n li fe N a v i g a t i o n be in g

.
,

c on fi n ed to the s tre am s of the P a n j ab cou l d n ot b e very ,

i m p ort a n t a nd t r a d e ex i st s o nl y as b a rter the fou n d a t i o n

, ,

of wh i ch as we ll a s the m on e y u ni t i s the c ow i n refere n c e

, , ,

t o wh i c h a ll th in gs a r e v a l ued B u t the tr a n s i t i o n t o the

.

u se of co in ed m o n e y w a s be in g p re p a red b the v a r i ou s
y
ol de n o r n a m e n t s a nd j ewe l r y ; a ct i ve tr a de s me n a nd u s u
g
r er s come to v i ew ; wh il e the o c c urre n ce of the B ab y l o ni a n

m in a as a n a cce p ted gol d s t a n d ard p rove s in co nn e c t i o n ,

w i th o ther fa ct s a very e ar ly in terc our s e betwe e n I n d i a

,

and the we s ter n S em i t i c co l o ni e s .

Th e wom e n u n der s to o d the p l a i t in g of m at s we av in g ,

a nd s ew in the m a n uf a ct u re d the wo o l o f the s hee p

g ; y
in t o cl oth in g for me n and cover in g for a ni m a l s and were ,

e sp e ci ally o c cu p i e d w i th the i r m an y o r n a me n t s and de c o

r at i on s .
46

The fou n d a t i o n o f th e s t ate w as forme d by the F a m i l y ,

a t the he a d of wh i ch s tood the fa ther a s l ord of th e h ou s e .

The fo u n d a t i o n of a fa m il y p roce e ded fr o m the m an A t .

fe s t al ga ther in gs a nd s i m il a r o c c as i on s there were o fte n

op o rtu ni t i e s for f o rm in cqu in t n ce b etwee n outh nd
p g a a a y a
 IN TRODU C TION . 15

m a i de n and eve n the n carefu l m o ther s d i d not n e gl e ct at

, ,

s u c h t i me s t o c o m e t o the i r d au ghter s a ss i s t a n c e w i th
’

a dv i c e a nd a c t i o n . I f su c h a n a c q u ain t a n ce p r oved l a s t
i ng p erm i s s i on fo r the m a rr i ag e h a d t o be s ou ght fr o m t h e
,

fa th e r or a fter h i s de a th fr o m the e l de s t br o ther Th i s

, ,
.

o ffice w a s a s s u med b a fr i e n d o f the s u i t o r w h o i s a l w a s

y y
,

the o l de s t u n m a rr i ed s on of a fa m ily for i t w a s a s ett l ed ,

c u s t o m fo r the Ch il dre n of a f a m ily t o m a rr y in o rder o f

I f the u i t o r w a s a c c e p t ab l e he h a d to p u r ch a s e h i s
a e
g . s ,

br ide by r i ch gi ft s t o hi s f u t u r e father i n la w There u p o n - -

.

the m arri age w as c el ebr a t e d in tr a d i t i on al form in the

p re s e n ce o f b o th fa m i li e s a n d the i r fr i e n d s in the h o u s e o f
the br i de s p a r e n t s F u rth e r on we sh all h a ve opp ort u ni ty
’
.

for a fu ll er d es c r i p t i o n of the c er e m on y Th a t a m a rr i age

.

p o rt i o n w a s
g i ve n w i th the y ou n g w i fe i s n ot d i s t in c t l y
s t a t e d bu t i s
y e t in d i c a ted a s a l s o th a t a r i c h in h e r i t a n c e
,
:

h e lp ed m a n y a gi r l t o gain a h u sb a n d w h o o therwi s e ,

w ou l d h a ve rem a in e d in her fa ther s h o u s e I n t h e new ’

.

h o me the y ou n g w i fe i s s u bje c t t o h er h u sb a nd bu t a t t h e ,

s ame t i m e m i s tre ss o f the fa rm l a b orer s a nd s l a ve s a nd of

-

p a re n t s a n d br o th e r s i n la w
- -
.Th e V ed i c s in g er s kn o w n o

m ore t e n der r el a t i o n th a n th a t betwee n the h u sb an d a nd

h i s w illin g l ov in g w i fe w h o i s p r a i s e d a s h i s h o me the
, ,
“
,
”
d a r lin g ab o de a nd b li ss in h i s h ou s e The hi gh p os i t i o n
.

of the w i fe i s a b o ve all s h o w n by the fa c t th a t S h e rt i i

p a c

p a te s in the s a c r i fi c e w i th her h u sb a n d ; w i th h a rm o ni ou s

m in d a t the e a rl y d a w n b o th in fitt in g w ord s s e n d u p , ,

the i r p r ay e r s t o the E t e r n al s 47
.The s e r el a t i on s a re c om
p r e h e n s i b l e o nl y i f m o n o
g a m y w as the r u l e a n d t o th i s

t h e t e xt s p oin t d i re c t ly . Th ou gh there were in st a n c e s of

p yg
o l a m y , e s p e c i a ll y a m o n g kin gs a n d n o b l e s y e t the o rd i ,

na ry co n d i t i o n w as “
a u ni ted p a i r w i th o ne he a rt a nd o ne
,

m in d free fr o m d i s co rd
,
”
. Ma rr i age w a s l ook e d U p o n a s
an a rr a n em e n t fo u n ded b the o d the i m f wh i h
g y g s a ,o c

w a s the m u t u a l su pp o rt o f m a n a nd w i fe a nd the p r o a a
p g
t i o n of the i r r ace ; therefore i t i s the o fte n re p e a t e d w i s h -

o f the V ed i c s in er t o be et a s on of h i s o w n fl e s h w h o s e
g g ,
1 6 IN T RODU C TION .

p l a ce cou l d n ever b e fi ll ed b y a d o t i o n ; wh il e the b i rth

p
of a d aughter i s n owhere d is t in c t ly de s i red but i s eve n ,

p l a inl y a s k ed t o be a verted 48
Th .a t ex o s u re o f ne w bor n
p
-

ch il dre n a nd of old p e op l e e n fe eb l e d by age o c c ur s

49 50

o ffe n d s Ou r fee lin gs no more th a n the we ll k n ow n cu s to m -

of bur nin g the w i dow s for thou sa n d s of y e a r s dem a n de d

,

by the B r ahm a n s .The l a tter i t i s true i s n o where ev i

, ,

de u c e d in the Rigved a ; o nl y by p alp ab l e fal si fi ca t i o n o f a

h y m n wh i ch w ill b e ex a m in ed l a ter h a s the e x i s te n ce of
, ,

the c u s tom bee n forc i b l y p u t in t o the text s wh i ch on the , ,

c on tr a ry p rove d i re ct ly the O pp o s i te
,
— the retur n of the
,

w i dow fr o m her h u sb a n d s c o r p s e in to a h ap py li fe a nd
’

her r e m arr i age Yet from other in d i c at i o n s we h ave to

-
.

a cce p t the p r o b ab ili t y th a t the cu s tom wh i ch in the o l de s t ,

t i me s w as w i de S p re a d of c au sin g the w i d o w to fo ll o w her

-

h u sb a n d to de ath , w as a l s o ob s erve d now a nd the n in the

V ed i c p eri od .
51
S uch fe a ture s m i ght e as ily m o d i fy ou r
g e n er al verd i ct re a rd in
g g the s t a e of m o r ali t
g y a n d c u l ture

of t h e V e d i c A r y a n s ; but we mu s t not for get th a t p eo “

p l e in a c o n d i t i o n of n a t u re a r e n ot s e n t i me n t al a s to da
y ,
-

p e a s a n t s a r e n ot ; a nd th a t the de a th o f a re l a t i ve or the ,
” 52
thou ght of the i r ow n l e a ve s them in d iff ere n t
, W he n .
,

in a dd i t i o n to wh a t h a s bee n s a i d a b ov e of the te n der re l a

t i o n bet w ee n hu sb a n d a nd w i fe we l e a r n th a t v i o l e nce to
,

defe n ce l e ss m a i de ns and u n fa i thfu ln e s s o n the p a rt of a

m a rr i ed wom a n be l o n g to the h e av i e s t off e n ce s we mu s t ,

in fer th a t true wom anlin e ss and m orali ty ge n er ally p r e

va il ed . I t i s a m a tter o f cour s e th at the p i cture h ad i t s
s h a dow s . E ve n a t th a t t i m e the wom a n w as ch a r ge d w i th
fi cklenes s li ght m in ded n e ss a nd l a c k of jud gme n t ; m e n
,
—
,

t i o n i s here a nd there m a de of the s ons of u n m arr i e d

wome n ; fall e n o n e s tr i ed to fre e them s e l ve s fr o m the co n
s equ e n c e s of the i r m i s de ed s in cr i m in a l m a nn er a nd eve n ,

p r o s titute s were n o t w a n t i ng
53
.

O n the fo u n d at i o n of the fa m ily re s t s the S t a t e the ,

o rganiz a t i o n of wh i ch in t h e V e d i c p er i o d i s very ne ar th a t
of the p r i m i t i ve t i me s For p rote ct i o n again s t thr e ate n e d
.
 1 8 IN TRODU C TION .

Th a t deve l o p ed i de as of L a w were p re s e n t in the O ld

e s t p er i o d i s t au ght by the c o mm o n l e ga l ter m s e x i s t in
g
in the v ar i ou s l an gu age s of ou r fa m ily The V e di c text s .

p re s e n t a further li s t o f s uch term s a nd the h m n s s tr o n l

, y gy
p r o ve how dee p yl the p rom in e n t m in d s in the e
p p o l e were
er u a ded th a t the e ter n a l o rd in a n c e s o f the ru l er s of t h e
p s

w o r l d were as in v i ol a b l e in m e n t a l a nd m or a l m a tter s as
in the re a l m o f n a ture a nd th a t every wr o n g a ct eve n t h e
, ,

u n co n s c i ou s w a s p u ni s he d a nd the s i n ex p i a te d B u t t h e
, .

s a m e h y m n s a l s o s how th a t the re l a t i o n s o f th e v a r i o u s

m ember s of the c o m m u ni ty a mo ng them s e l ve s were n ot

a l w ay s the be s t . D e c e i tfu l m e n s trove to in j ure in every
w ay by s l a n der l y in g a nd fr a ud ; th i eve s p li e d the i r
, , ,

voc a t i o n u n der th e c o n ce alin g sh a dow of ni ght ; dar in g

s w in d l er s h i ghw ay me n a nd r obber s terror iz ed the e a e
, , p c

a b l e a nd emb i ttere d the li fe of the u r i ht I n c e f

p g . a s s o

do u b t a s to gu il t or the gu il ty one re c o u r s e w as h a d t o
,

o ath o n more s er i ou s o c c as i o n s to the de ci s i o n of the go ds

,

in v ar i ou s form s ; u n w orth y m e n w ere ex p e ll ed fro m the

c l a n a nd be c ame fu gi t i ve s .
57
B u t there ar e a l s o m o re

p l e a s in
g fe a t u re s . P r aise i s
g i ve n to th os e who fr o m the i r

a b u n d a n ce w illin l d i s p e n s e t o the need y t o th o s e w h o

gy ,

do n ot tur n a w ay fr o m t h e hu n gr y but who by de ed s o f

,

k in d n e s s t o th e p o or in cre a s e the i r ow n p o s s e ss i on s and ,

who in ch an ge of fortu n e n ever s werve from the i r fai th

fu ln e s s to old fr i e n d s .
58

W he n bu s in e s s i s de s p a tche d in the ass emb ly th e ,

shrewd m e n ga ther to g ether ; the y s ift the i r w o rd s lik e

“

”
c o r n in a s i eve a nd remember the i r fr i e n d s h i p . O t h er s
e n gage in sp ort a nd j o kin g o ver the i r dr in k in g a nd p o u r ,

forth i r o n y a nd b oa s t s o r in du l ge in p l ay w i th d i ce wh i ch ,

w a s p a s s i o n a te l y l o ved and a t w h i ch m a n y a m an ga mb l ed
,

aw a h i s o ss e s s i ons a nd fi n a ll y eve n hi s o w n p er s o n
y p ,
.

O f n o c fi e ct i s the fa ther s p u ni sh me n t of the d i ss o l u t e

’
“

son the p l ay er i s u n m ove d by the de s tr u c t i o n o f h i s .

hom e he rem a in s in d i ffere n t th o u gh h i s w i fe be c o m e the

r
p p o ert y of o ther s he r i s e s e a r l y a nd in d u l ge s in the p a s
 IN T RODU C TION . 1 9

s oi n of p l ay t ill eve ni ng ; d e fe a t in p l ay i s eq u ival e n t t o

” 59
s t a rv a t i o n a nd th i r s t . Wi v es and m ai de n s a t t i r e the m
s el ve s i n gay r o be s a nd s e t fo rth t o t h e j oy fu l f e a s t ;

ou th s a nd gi r l s h a ste n t o the me a d o w whe n f ore s t a nd

y
fi e l d ar e c l oth e d in fre s h verd u r e t o t ak e p a rt in the ,

da n c e . Cy mb al s s ou n d a nd s e izin g e a ch o ther l a d s a nd
,

d a m s els wh i r l ab ou t u n t il the gr ou n d v ib r a te s a nd cl ou d s ‘

of d u s t e n ve l o p the ga il y m o v in g thr o n g
60
.

A m o re e a r n e s t tr a i t app e ar s in the fa v or i te con te s t s in

the ch a r i o t r a c e for i t i s t h e p e a cefu l p r e p ar at i o n for th e
61
,

de ci s i ve s tr u ggl e o n the b a tt l e fie ld for the j oy ou s w ar in

-

wh i ch the y de light e d a nd wh i ch p l ay s s o l a rge a p a rt in

,

the s on gs a s w e ll a s the li fe of t h e p e op l e I n the b a tt l e .

I n dr a s ee k s h i s fr i e n d b a ttl e a nd s tr u ggl e gi ve the her o

,

e x p er i e n c e a nd re n o w n whe n w i th h i s fe ll o w w a rr i o r s h e
,
-

he l p s t o c on q u er n ew h om e s or t o p r ote c t th o s e a l re a dy
w o n whether a ga in s t o th e r A r y a n s o r the h os t s o f abo
,

r i i ne s fr o m wh o m the col o ni s t s were sh a r l

g ( d y )
as a , p y s e p
a ra t e d b
y d i ff e re n t c ol o r d i ff e re n t c u s t o m s a nd a b o ve a ll
, , ,

by d i ffer e n t r e li gi o n 62
. W he n a n e n emy app r oach es t h e
A ry a n b ou n d a r i e s e a rthw o r k s a r e thr ow n u p a b a rr i c a d e
, ,

o f t i mber s ere c ted i m p a ss ab l e b u l w a r k s o f br o nz e m a de

, ,

a nd s a c r i fi c e s o ff e red t o t h e o d s t o s e c u re the i r he l
g p .

Th e n the a rm y a dv a n ce s w i th l ou d b a tt l e s on gs w i th t h e -

sou n d o f dr u m s a nd tr u m p et s w i th w a v in g b ann ers , ,

a a in s t the O pp os in g fo r c e Th e w a rr i o r s t a n d s a t the l eft

g .

of t h e c h a r i o t a nd b e s i de h i m the c h a r i o t e e r a nd the fo o t
, ,

s ol d i e r s fi ght in c l o s e lin e s v ill age be s i de v ill age tr i b e

, ,

b es i de tr ibe ( of p a ge . Th e w a rr i o r i s p r o te c ted by
br a z e n c oa t of m a il and h e l m e t ; wi th the b ow he h u r l s
a a in s t t h e e n em f e a th e red a rr ow s w i th i n ed t i f
g y p o s o
p s o

h or n or m e t al or p re ss e s o n w i th sp e a r a nd ax e l anc e a nd
, ,

s lin g . A nd whe n t h e e n em y i s c o n q u ered l ou d rej o i ci ng ,

re sou n d s w i th the be a t o f dr u m s lik e the n oi s e of the r i s,

i ng s t o r m ; the s a cred fire i s kin d l ed t o o ffer t o t h e go d s a

s o n g a nd s a cr i fi c e of th a nk s gi v in and the n t o d i v i de t h e
g ,

S p oil
63
.
20 IN TRODU C TION .

In a r t s and s c i e n c e s the r a ce s t ill s to o d o n the l owe st

s t ag e . The a r t of wr i t in g i t d i d not p os s e ss (a nd eve n for
a l on i a nd li tt l e w a s kn o w n o f the i de a s
64
t me a fterw a rd )
g ,

of n umber or of me a s ure 65
The theor i e s of co s m ogo n y
a r e a l to ether c h il d i s h on c ou n t l e
66
g . A m g the s s s t a r s cer

t a in o n e s h ad a l re a dy bee n o b s erve d and n a med befo re all , ,

the B e a r foll o we d by S i r i u s a nd the fi ve p l a n et s

,
67
. The
l u n a r y e a r o f 3 5 4 d ay s w as in v a r i ou s w a y s br ought in to
h a rmo ny w i th the s ol ar y e a r ; e i the r the twe l ve extr a d ay s
were a dded y e ar ly ( of b e l o w p 3 7
.
, or t h e y were all owe d
.

to a cc u mu l a te a nd a th i rtee n th m o n th fr om t i me to t i me
,

w a s a dde d to the twe l ve 68 —

The i r m e d i c a l a r t d i s t in
.

u i s h e d q u i te a n umber o f d i s e as e s but a l m o s t the s o l e

g ,

cur a t i ve s a nd p reve n t i ve s k n ow n were ch a rm s and the u se

o f a mu l et s a nd he a lin g herb s wh o s e p ower w a s brou ht
, g
forth a nd m a de e ffe ctu a l o nl y by the s a cre d fo rmu l a .
69

D e e p er na t u re s in dee d o nl y h op e d to be free d fr o m the i r

ill s by re p e nt a n c e and reform a t i o n ; for si c k n e ss w a s to
”
them d i v in e l y s e n t ch ain s w i th wh i ch V a r u n a the ,

wor l d s ru l er b ou nd tho s e who tr a n sgre ss e d h i s eter n al

’
,

l aw s .
7 0

O nl y o n e ar t h a d l o n g bee n in fu ll b l oom th a t of ,

p o e t r y ; of th i s we h a ve t h e m o s t c o n v in c in g ev i de n ce in
th a t c oll e ct i o n of s o n gs to the more det a il e d ex a m in a t i o n
,

of wh i ch we n ow p roceed .
 TH E R I GV E D A .

THE COLLECTI ON — FORM A N D CON TEN TS OF

THE HYMN S .

TH E re ce n si o n wh i ch h as come d ow n t o u s the re ce i ved ,

text of the Cdk ala s ch ool ( Cak a l a ce k h a ) c o n t a in s in i

te n b o ok s ( M a n da l a ) 1 01 7 ( or 1 0 2 8 ) h y m n s the e x
7 1 7 2
,

te n t of wh i ch ab ou t eq u al s th a t of t h e H o mer i c p o em s .

As a r u l,
e the Ol de s t h y m n s a r e c o n t a in e d in B o o k s 2 — 7 ;
the s e sh o w o nly p ort i on s e a ch a ssign ed by tr a d i t i o n t o a
,

s in l e fa m ily in i c h th ey were l o n g p re s erv e d a s a

3
g
7
, wh
fa m ily in her i t a n c e The s e a re in o rder the h y m n s of
.

G r t s am ada V i cv éi m i t r a V fim a dev a A tr i
, , , Bh ar a dv aj a
, ,

V a si s t h a a nd the i r de s c e n d a n t s The in ter n a l a rr a nge

.

m e n t of the s e Ma n d a l a s be ar s d i s t in c t tr a c e s o f the w o r k
o f a s in gl e s ch ool ; the h y m n s in e a ch ar e a rr a n ged in r
g o u s
p
a cc o rd in t o the go ds a ddre ss ed ; a nd the s e r u s al wa s
g g o p y
foll o w the s a me o rder —
, fir st the h y m ns t o A g ni the n ,

th os e t o I n dr a e t c I n si de the gr oup s the p o si t i on of the

'

.
,

h y m n s i s determ in ed by the n umber of ver s e s in d i m ini sh

i ng o rder ; where th i s p r in c i p l e s eem s v i ol a ted the h y m n s ,

a r e e i ther t o be se p a r a ted in t o s h o rter o n e s o r th e f n d

y ou

a p l a c e in the coll e c t i o n o nly a t a l a ter d a te Th e e i ghth

7 4
.

b oo k co n t a in s ch i efly hy m n s of the K a n v a ge n s bu t s h ows ,

no p rev a ilin g p r in ci p l e in the i r a rr a n geme n t B oo k 9 .

s eem s t o betr ay a d i ffere n t or i gin a ll i t s h m n s b e in

y
, g
a ddre ss ed t o o ne d i v ini t y the i nsp ir in S om a h o n o red a s
, g ,

o d a nd be in g a rr a n ged w i th refer e n c e t o the m e tre s

a
g , .

The y ou n ge s t p o rt i o n i s B ook s 1 and 1 0 wh i ch w i th be au , ,

t i fu l ex am p l e s o f V ed i c ly r i cal p o etry a l s o sh o w p r o d u ct i ons

,

of the l a te s t p er i od of V e di c t i me a nd eve n o f the t i me o f

,
22 TH E RIGVEDA .

com p il at i o n The f ourte e n g r ou p s o f the fi r s t bo ok e a ch

.
,

hy m n s of one fa m ily S h o w t h e s a me p r in ci p l e in the i r

,

a rr a n e me n t a s the f a m il y bo ok s ; the te n th s h o w s s m a ll er
g
c oll e c t i o n s li t u r gi c al ) the wh ol e Ma n dal a gi ve s the
i m p re ss i o n o f a s u b s eq u e n t c o m p il a t i o n of re li gi ou s a nd
s e c u l a r p i e c e s not c oll e c te d before .

S in c e t h e t i me a t wh i c h o u r c oll e c t i o n w as c l os e d a b o u t ,

the y e a r 1 5 0 0 B C 7 5
the text h as b ee n h a n de d d ow n
. .
, ,

th o u gh for c e n t u r i e s o r ally 7 6
w i th the m os t p a in s t a kin g
,

c a re s o th a t s in ce th a t ti me ne a r l y 3 0 0 0 y e a r s ago i t h as
, , ,

s u ffe re d n o ch a n g e s wh a tever ;
— w i th a c a re s u ch th a t the

h i s t ory of o ther li ter a ture s h a s noth in g s i m il a r to c om p a re

.

w i th i t The I n d i a n s were not s at i s fie d w i th o ne form o f

.

the text b u t m a de s ever a l ; gr a mm a t i c al tre a t i s e s were

,
7 7

wr i tte n u p o n the mutu al re l a t i o n s o f the v a r i ou s fo rm s 7 8

a nd othe r li k e p rec a ut i ons t a k e n B u t i t i s tr u e th a t a t

.

the p er i o d o f c o m p il a t i o n much h a d b e c ome u nin te lligi b l e

a m eth o d o f ex p o s i t i o n h a d ga in ed c u rre n cy wh i ch t o a c er

t a in exte n t re p l a c ed the t ext a nd i t i s p rob ab l e th a t o nl y ,

few h y m n s the n p re s erve d ex a c t ly the s a me form in wh i ch

the y were c o m p os ed For ex am p l e i t i s e a sy to sh ow th a t
.
,

in m any h y m n s the o rder of the ver s e s i s ch a n ge d a nd th a t

i n o the r s ver s e s not b e l o n gin g to the h y m n h a ve bee n
in terp o l a te d Ma n y s uch err at i c p o rt i o n s were c oll e cte d
.

by the s ch oli as t s in p l a ce s where fr o m the o c curre n c e of the

s a m e o r s i m il a r w o rd s the y in ferre d a s i m il a r s e n s e ( of .

p . o ther s s how them s e l ve s t o b e m o der n a nd in

p a rt ,

very s e n s e l e ss v a r i a t i o n s o f old h y m n s or a dd i t i on s m a de
,

by the p r i e s t s for the s u pp ort of the i r d o ctr in e 7 .

L i t t l e n ee d be s a i d o f the e x t e r na l f o r m o f t h e h y m ns ;
th i s l a n g ag e i s a n exceed i ngly a nc i e n t p o p u l ar di al ect
u 8 0

wh i ch d i ffer s in a ll gr a mm a t i c al p o in t s (a cce n tu a t i o n
, ,

p h o n et i c s w o rd
, f o rm a t-
i o n de c l e n s i o n ,co n j u
g a t i o n sy n , ,

t ax ) a nd in i t s v o c a b u l a r y fr o m the l a ter a rt i fi c i a l I n d i a n
,

l a n gu age the S a n s k r i t of the la w b ook s e p i cs dr a m as etc

,
-

, , ,
.
,

Sa n skri t i t h e t ifi i l d n d p h of t h e t hre e high er c a st es a nd

s ar c a ,
a or e s eec

t h e l e r n e d li t e r a ry l ng a g e in di s t in ct i o n t o t h e
'
a a u
p p l di a l t P ak i t o u ar ec , r r .
 TH E RIG V EDA .

in a m u ch gre ater de gr e e th a n e g the l an gu age of H o mer ,

. .
,

fr o m t h e A tt i c H ere the w on derfu l i m a gery of the la n

.

u a e s h in e s o u t in tr a n s p a re n t cl e a r n e s s a nd ex u ber a n c e
g g
o f S p a r klin g br illi a n cy ; i t s fo rm s o f ex p re ss i on ar e p o u red

forth as fr o m a n in e xh au s t ib l e sp r in g ; we meet eve ry wh e re

o r i gin ali t y r i ch n e s s o f d i c t i o n p u sh in g g r owth a nd b u oy
, ,

a nt li fe wh i ch not y e t f e tter e d a s I n l a ter S a n s k r i t by the

, ,

i r o n b ou n d ca n on s o f a l e ar n ed g ra mm a r gi ve u s gli m p s e s
-
,

of the deve l op me n t and h i s t o r y of the l an gu age in the ,

l ab or a t o ry of th a t i mm e n s e in te ll e ct u al p r od u ct thr ou gh ,

wh i ch the l an gu age s of o u r fa m ily h ave b e c ome the m os t

c u l t i v a t e d o f a ll t on gu e s I n a cert ain s e n s e th i s d i al e c t
81
.

t oo i s a rt i s t i c ; i t i s lik e the l an gu ag e of H o mer th ou gh t o

, ,

a s m a ll er d e re e a p op u l a r a rt i s t i c or p o et i c sp ee c h deve l
g ,

op ed i n the g u il d s o f s in ger s a nd the m a n y c o n ve n t i o n a l

,

t u r n s of ex p re ss i o n in i t p l ainly p r ove th a t the a r t of s on g

h ad l o n g b ee n fo s ter e d a nd p r a c t i s ed a m ong the p e op l e 82
.

H ere as in H omer we o fte n fi n d fixed e p i thet s fo rm u l ai c

, , ,

ex p re ss i ons con fi n ed t o cert a in co nn e ct i o n s rh e t or i cal ,

a d o r n me n t s i d i o m s a nd wh ol e p a ss a g e s wh i c h re p e a ted l y
,

r e occ u r u n c h a n ed or w i th s li ht v a r i a t i o n s A n n e
g g s s o a c
-
.
,

H o m oi o t eleu t a Pa r ach es i s a nd o ther rhet or i c a l fi gu re s a nd

, ,

e sp e ci ally the m os t v a r i ed p l ay u p o n w o rds ar e of freque n t ,

app li c a t i o n ; the refr a in re p e a t in me r in i a l th o u ht

g , s o p c p g ,

i s u s ed w i th gr e a t freed o m 83
.

Th e sy n t a ct i c a l re l a t i o n s a r e u su a lly cl e a r ; in the u se
of c a s e a nd m o de m u c h m ore o f the o r i in al fu lln e ss o f
g
the l a n gu age i s p re s erved th a n in S a n s k r i t or the cl assi cal
t o n gu e s B u t s in c e p u re S y n t a x the deve l o p e d s t ru c
.
,

t u re of p er i o ds w as not y e t m at u red i t i s s omet i me s 1 m

, ,

o s s i b l e t o fix u o n one o r a n o t h e r tr a n s l a t i on a nd e x l n
p p p a

a t i o n o f a ver s e a s t h e s ol e o i b l e a nd n l rr t n
p s s o
y c o e c o e ,

eve n in p as sage s where every in d i v i d u al w ord i s fu lly

cl e ar
84
.

I t is u se d n di n dra m nly by g d nd m l e m emb r

i n th e I a a o o s a a e s of th e fir s t
tw o cas te p ri ts, nd w rri or whil
es s a ll f e m l
a (in cl din g
s, e a a es u g odde s s e s ) ,
c
.h i l dr en nd p e p l e f l wer cl
,
a o sp e k Pr akri t
o o a ss a .
24 TH E RIGVED A .

The m etr i c al l aw s ar e s i mp l e ; the s t a nz as co n s i s t

throughout of thre e or more ge n er a ll y of thre e or four
,

ver s e s ; the l a tter c o n t ain e i ght e l eve n or twe l ve sy ll ab l e s

, , ,

s e l d o m five m o re s e l dom four o r more th a n twe l ve a nd

, ,

a r e therefore u s u a ll d i meter tr i meter o r tr i meter c a t a

y , ,

lec t i c ; the c ae s u r a o c cur s after the fo u rth or fifth sy ll a b l e .

The firs t sy ll ab l e s of the ver s e ar e not fixed in re ga rd to

qu a n t i ty ( a ncip i t es) wh il e the l as t four a re in ge n er a l
,

s tr i ct l y m e a su re d ,i a mb i c in ver s e s of twe l ve sy ll ab l e s
( u u z tr o ch a i c in tho s e of e l eve n <7 oVnl y a

fe w o l der h y m n s w i th ver s e s of e i ght s y ll a b l e s show a

troch a i c c a de n ce 85
.

I n m a n y h y m n s two or three s t a nz as a r e more c l o s e ly

co nn e cted a nd thu s fo rm a s t r o p h e ; in others a k in d of
,

ch a in s tructure i s n ot i ce ab l e in wh i ch the be ginnin g of a

-

s t a nz a o r s tro p he t ak e s u p the c l o s i ng thou ght of the l as t

s t a nz a or s tro p he . There a r e eve n a t th i s e ar ly d a te i so

, ,

l a te d in s t a n ce s of l y r i 0 a l d i a l 0 g u e ; of wh i ch there
a r e a l so fo rm s wh i ch p i cture the p r ogre s s of the a ct i o n a nd

de s c r i b e p a s t eve n t s a nd wh i ch therefo re corre sp o n d in

,

na ture to the b a ll a d 86
.

A s to t h e c ont e nt s i t h as al re a d y bee n p o in ted out

,

a b ove ( p age th a t the far gre a ter p ro p o rt i o n of hy m n s

be l o n gs to the re ligi ou s ly r i c ; a s m all n umber o nly of sec
u l a r so ngs i s p re s erve d in the te n th b o ok The gre a t m a .

or i t y of the h y m n s ar e in vo c a t i o n s a nd a dor a t i o n o f th e
j
o d s re sp e ct i ve ly a ddre ss ed ; the i r k e y n o te i s a s i m p l e o u t
g
p o ur in g oi the he a rt a , p yr a er to the eter n al s a n in v i t a t i o n
,

t o them to a cce p t fa vor a b l y the gi ft revere n t ly co n s e cr a ted .

O f the l ate r t h eory of in sp i r a t i o n the h y m n s re co g niz e

n oth i ng The s in ger s w i sh i s t o gi ve e l o que n t ex p re ss i o n
.
’

to the s e n t i m e n t s wh i ch a god h as p l a ced in h i s s ou l ,

to gi ve ve n t t o the cr o wd in g emot i o n s of h i s he a r t As .
“

a s k ill ed wor k m a n bu il d s the w a o n li k e we ll a do r n ed a nd

g
-

fi tted ga rme n t s h e form s h i s s o n g as be s t h e ca n a ccord ing

” 87
to h i s k n ow l ed ge and a b ili ty .

Therefore the h y m n s v ary gre a t ly in v al ue ; by the s i de

26 TH E RIGVEDA .

RELI GI OUS POETRY,

we s h all n ot from wh a t h as p rece de d ex p ec t to fi n d any

, ,

u ni fie d v i ew s or de fi n ed p rev a il i n g c o n c e p t i o n s E a ch o n e .

o f the p o et s so far s e p a r a te d in t i me foll ows h i s ow n i m ag

i nat i on h i s in d i v i du a l fee li ng h i s mome n t a ry p erce p t i o n
, , ,

wh i ch m ay c o n form w i th th os e o f m os t of h i s c o n te m p o
r ar i e s or m ay be ce n tur i e s a he a d of them The wh ol e si g
, .

ni fi ca nce o f the Ri gve d a in refere n ce to the ge n er a l h i s tory

of re ligi on a s h as re p e a ted ly bee n p o in te d out in m oder n
,

t i me s re s t s up o n th i s th a t i t p re s e n t s to u s the d e v e l o p
, ,

m e n t of re ligi ou s c o n ce p t i o n s fr o m the e ar li e s t be ginnin gs

to the dee p e s t ap p rehe n si o n of th e godhe a d a nd i t s re l a t i o n s
t o m an . V ery d i ffe re n tly s ay s L G e iger
“
, fr o m all
.
,
“

other s of the o l de s t li ter a t u re s k n ow n to u s wh i ch s ho w ,

new f o rm s r i s i ng o n the ru in s of a p a s t s u n k in ob li v i o n or

p r o duced by the co n t a c t a nd comm in lin

g g of the s p i r i tu a l
ch a r a cter i s t i c s of v a r i ou s p e op l e s we h ave in the s e h y m n s
,

t h e p i c t u re of a n o r i g i n a l p r i m i t i ve li fe of m a n k in d
, ,

f ree fr o m fore i g n in flue n ce s n ot re s tore d in n ew f o rm s

,

f rom the de s tr u ct i o n of the p as t but sp r in gin g forth n ew

,

a nd y ou n fr o m the bo s om of N a ture — i r i tu l f rm
g a s p a , o

s t ill u n sp o il e d in word a nd de e d ; a nd th a t wh i ch every

w here e l s e we s e e o nl y a s com p l ete a nd fi ni s hed i s here ,

p re s e n te d in p roce ss of form a t i o n Therefore . i n the s e

h y m n s li e s the k ey t o u n ders t a n d in g no t o nl y the su bse
que n t deve l o p me n t of the I n d i an s n or a l o n e th a t of all ,

e op l e s in p a r t sp r in gin g fr om the s a me root but a ls o from

p , ,

the u ni ty of nature reco gniz ed in the wh ol e p r o ce s s of de ve l

O p m e nt of our r a ce the k ey to the p roduct i o n s of a ll s p e e n
,

l a t i ve p ower o n e a rth o r to the who l e c o n te n t s of m in d

, ,

i e i t s l as t in g a cqu i s i t i o n s from the p er i o d whe n c onv i c

. .
, ,

t i o n s form e d fro m i m p r es si ons ret a in ed in memory fi r s t

' ‘

t o ok s h ap e a mo n g me n a nd m a ni fo l d o p ini o n s be li efs or
, , ,
” 89
k n o w l e dge were a t all p o ss i b l e .
 TH E RIGVEDA .

THE RELI GI OUS THOUGHT

is here in gre ater p a rt fi ll e d w i th the p r o du ct i o n s of

se n se . A m a z e of m a rve ll ou s s t o r i e s a nd m y th s reve a l s
the m i ghty in fl u e n c e of the ever c h an gin g p he n o me n a o f -

n a t u re u p o n the son o f e a rth The for ce s of n a t u re i m .

re s s h i m now a s fr i e n ds a ga in a s e n em i e s a nd he v i ew s
p , ,

the w on d er s o f the gre a t cre a t i on w i th t h e u n a c cu s t ome d

e y e s of the ch il d A s a G erm a n n u r s ery rhy m e a s k s
.

”—
Te ll m e how wh i te m ilk ca n c o me from the red cow so ,

a n I n d i a n s a e i s s tr u c k w i th w o n d e r th a t the r ou h r e d
g g
c ow g i v e s s oft wh i te m ilk a nd th i s m i r a c l e i s p r a i s ed a ga in
,

a nd a a in as a n ev i de n c e o f d i v in e p o wer
90
g There i s o f .

c ou r s e no re co g ni t i o n of t h e l aw s o f n a tu re a nd s c i e n c e ,

d oe s no t a s now s p r in g u p a t every s tep as an o b s t a cl e t o

, ,

i m agin a t i o n N ow we c al cu l ate a t wh a t m ome n t a c ert a in

.

s t a r w ill be v i s i b l e a t a c ert a in s p o t o n the e a rth a nd t h e ,

r i s ing of t h e s u n c au s e s u s no a s t oni shme n t — w e k n o w ,

th a t i t h ap p e n s n e ce ss a r ily N o t s o the m an of th a t t i m e ;
.

whe n he s ee s the su n m ov in g free ly thr ou gh t h e he av e n s ,

s o ev i de n t l y r o du c i n all li fe u p o n the e a rth s e e n a nd

p g ,

kn ow n by all and y et t o all a m y s tery fro m b eginnin g t o

,

e n d wh a t i t i s whe n c e i t c ome s wh i ther i t goe s

, , ,the n ,

he a sk s
U np rop ped b ene ath not f a s ten ed firm h o w co m e s it
, ,

T h a t downw a r d tu rn ed h e f a ll s no t dow n wa rd ?
,

Th e gu i de of h i s a s cen din g p a th
”
— w h o s aw i t ? — 4 , . 13 5. .

F u ll of w o n der he be gin s t o c on je c t u re wh i ther the “

”
P l e i a de s th a t S h ow them s e l ve s in the night g o by day
, , ,

a nd i t s eem s a m i r a c l e t o h i m th a t the sp a r klin g w a ter s

o f a ll r i ver s fl ow in t o one o ce an w i th ou t ever fillin g ,

S uch ex p re s s i on s of w o n der i f we t ry t o p l a c e ,

o u r s e l ve s in s m a th w i th t h e c h il dl ik e me n t a l co n d i t i o n s
y p y
o f th a t
p r i m i t i ve t i me we s h a
, ll n o t fi n d ch il d i s h we s h a ll
r ather w o n der a t the h appy a nd gr ap h i c exp r ess i o n s w i th
wh i ch m an i s ab l e t o cl o the h i s th ou ght s whe n be ginnin g
Cf E ccl e 1 7 All t h e riv r
. s . . n in t t h
e s ru y t th o i n t f ll
e se a e e se a s o u .
 8 TH E RIGVEDA .

for the fi rs t t i m e to gro p e a bo u t h i m t o p erce i ve to oh , ,

s erve a nd from re p e a ted o b s erv a t i o ns t o dr a w c o n c l u s i o n s

,
.

I n all the p he n om e n a of n ature he o b s erve s movem e n t and

a ct i o n s i m il a r to h i s ow n or tho s e o f h i s i mme d i a te s u r

rou n d in gs but be c au s e he n ever s ee s moveme n t or a ct i o n

here beh in d wh i ch a mov in g or a ct in g p er s o n d o e s n ot
s t a n d he l o g i c a ll y refer s the s e o ccurre n c e s in n a ture to
,

a c t in er s o n s wh o for h i m c o in c i de w i th the p he n o me n a
g p , .

The br i ght all co n t a inin g he a ve n i s h i m th e Li ghte n er

-

”
D
( y au s
) o r the S urr
“
o u n der ( V a r u na
) the m oo n i s

the Me as urer (Mas Gr an y a

‘
s k
, ) ; the. s u n the, I llu m ,
”
i nat or ( S u y )
r a or the E nli ve n er “
( S a vi t a r
) o r the
“
N o u r i she r ( P usa n
) etc Th i s, s il e n. t w a n derer
“

thro u gh s p a ce — th i s m aj e s t i c ru l er of the firm am ent

, ,

th i s fr i e n d de p a rt in g in the d ar k W e s t and ret u r nin g in

,

th e s h inin g E a s t in i t s d a ily a nd y e a r ly co u r s e s fi r s t
,

s howe d me n an u n bro k e n ru l e a s tr i ct u n ch a n gin g o r d e r , ,

( )
r ta .
92
A n d a s th e th inkin g o n
“
e ( m d n u s a M e n s ch , ,

m a n) l o o k s further a bou t h i m he ob s erve s th a t wh il e h i s , ,

ow n p l a n s ar e so O fte n cro s s e d and de s tr oy ed wh il e no th ,

i ng in h i s d a ily li fe h a s p erm a ne n c y throu gh o ut the wh ol e ,

”
re al m of N a ture order u n ch an ge ab l e and ini m i t ab l e
,
“
,

re v a il s I n ever v a r in l ter n t i o w i th the d t r

“
p .
y g a -
a n a
y s a -

the m o o n li ght gi v in g m ove s throu gh the ni ght ; s oli t a ry i t

-

w a n der s thr o u gh the ga ther in g of m a n y ; i t w a xe s a nd

w a n e s ; the bre a th in g b e in g o f y e s terd ay d i e s to day and -

”
retur n s li v in g to m o rrow -
E very day in u n ce as in g i n
.
“
,

t er ch a nge w i th ni ght a nd her d a r k wo n der s come s the ,

d a w n w i th her br i ght o n e s to re a ni m a te the wor l d s never, ,

fa ilin g i n her p l a ce n eve r i n her t i me, both ever e n ter ,

”
i ng o n the i r p a th s w i th re n ewe d y ou t h D ay and ni ght .

know the i r s e a s o n s whe n the d a r k s i s ter mu s t g i ve p l a ce

,

to the br i ght the y h al t no t n or s t a n d s t ill ; u nli k e i n ,

co l or but o f li k e m in d both p u r sue the i r e n d l e ss w ay a nd ,

u n ch a n gi ngl y the h o t and c ol d s e as o n s fo ll ow e a ch o ther 93

.

A ll the s e o ccurre n ce s and the fo rce s beh in d them the s e .

n atur al p he n ome n a co n ce i ve d of as p er s o n al are p i cture d ,

 TH E RIGVEDA .
29

by m an be in g si m il a r t o h i m se lf ; h u m an in the i r th in k
as

i ng fe e lin g a nd a c t in g ; b u t s in c e the i r order i s n ever di s

, , ,

t u rbe d the i r w ill n ever be n t and the i r p ower n ever br ok e n

, , ,

in fi ni te ly m ore p owerfu l a nd e x al ted a nd w i s e t o h i m they

a r e c re a t u re s a a in s t wh os e w ill no o ne on e arth can
g
c on te n d A s li ght i s t o h i m the sy mb ol of all h ap p in e ss
94
.

a nd b l e s s in gs he c all s the s e w i s e p ower s the s e in fa lli b l e

, ,

u a rd i a n s of the eter n a l o rder of the w o r l d s the S h inin g

g
O n e s ( dee ds di vi ) a nd he a d o re s them a s gi ver s of good
’
, ,
95
,

a s g ods . I n p re ss in g n eed ther e r i s e s in h i s he art a y e ar n

i ng for a he lp er ; h e l o ok s a b o u t a m o n g h i s k i n s me n a nd

c o m p ani o n s for ai d bu t in v ain , Who w i ll t ak e p i ty “

,

w h o w ill gi ve u s r e fre shm e n t who w ill c ome ni gh w i th ,

he l p ? The c ou n s e l s cou n s e l the th ou ght s in the he art s , ,

the w i she s w i sh the y fl y ou t in t o the w or l d s no o ther

,

mer ci fu l one i s fou n d bu t them therefore m y l o n gin g li ft s

” 96
i t se l f t o the go ds A n x i ou s l y the h op ef u l ask
.

Wh o it kn ow s a nd wh o c a n tell u s s u r ely
is ,

W h er e li e s t h e p ath t h a t l ea ds t o t h e E tern al s ?
T h e ir dee p es t dw e lli ngs o nly w e di sc ov er ,

A nd h i dde n t h es e i n di s t ant s e cre t r eg ion s — 3 . . 54 5 . .

Th at p ath the exp er i e n ced s in ger h a s s ee n w h o s ee s ,

“

further th a n o thers he w h o h as l e a rn ed t o m a r k the

,

E ter n al s a nd in the cou r s e of n a t u re t o p er c e i ve the i r m i ght

” 97
a nd w i s d o m .H e s ay s t o m o rt al s th a t no t w i th o ut
effort can god s be ga in ed fo r fr i e n d s ; the i dl e a nd n egli
g e n t a r e no t
p l e a s in g t o them ; the y de s i re S o m a p re s s er s -
,

con s t a n t in r a er a nd z e al ou s in s a c r i fi c e ; whe n the tr i be s

p y
meet in c on fl i ct o ver the i r p oss e ssi on s the y c o me a s a lli e s ,

t o th os e w h o off er s acr i fice s ; the Mi ght y O n e s h ave n o

fr i e n d sh ip fo r s u ch a s br in g no gi fts 98
A nd s o m an gl a d ly .

ofi e r s the s a cr i fi c i al foo d a nd free l y pour s the S om a for

t he i r e n j oy me n t a nd t h e , sp a n o f h i s p i ou s s ongs th a t ,

p e r c h a n c e t h e
g o d m a
y heed a nd a cco m p li s h the s in g er s
’

w i sh Wi th the m os t p l e a sin g h y m n s h e lay s h ol d on the

.

hem of the E x alt e d s garme n t s a s a s on touche s the father s ;

’
,
’
 30 TH E RIGVEDA .
‘

w i th l oud rej o i c in g as the s tre a m s ru sh from t h e he ight s

, ,

h e s e n d s u p h i s devot i o n t o he a ve n th a t the god i m p l o re d ,

m ay t a k e i t u p a s the m o ther C l a s p s the d a r lin g s on ; th a t

he m ay b in d the l on g r o w s of s ongs a b ou t h i m for a d o r n
m e n t li k e the s t a r s in he a ve n a nd rej o i c e in th e m a s a ,

br i de groo m in h i s br i de "9
S u p erfic i a l n a t u re s in d e ed
.
, ,

nai ve ly th in k to t a l k the go d s o ver : I f I p o s s e s s ed a s “

a s much a s
‘

y ou O G, o d I w o,u l d n ot
g i ve the s in g er ove r
to p overty and day by day wou l d gi ve m y a d o rer r i ch
,

p o ss e s s i o n s wherever, h e m i ght be I f y o u
. were a m o r

t al a nd I i mm o rt al I w o u l d n ot a b a n d o n y ou to m i s fortu n e
,

n or p overty ; m y s in ger wou l d no t be n ee dy n ot in e v il ,

” 1 00
c as e not l a c k in g h i s de s ert s
, .

A n other o pp re s s e d by he a vy troub l e t u r n s to the l ord

, ,

of the o l d h o me to wh o m h i s fa ther c all ed — to th a t go d

, ,

who h as so ofte n a i de d befo re the s upp o rt of the s a cri fi c er

,

a nd the fr i e n d of h i s a n ce s t o r s who rej o i ce s in be in i m

, g
l r e d a nd wh o c a re s for h i m lik e a l ov in f a ther ; for h e
p o , g
k n ow s fr o m ex p er i e n ce : I f I a sk e d again a nd aga in the ,
” 1 01
ever v i ctor i ou s I n dr a fu l fi ll e d all m y p r ay er s .

A nd if u n ab l e t o o ffer an ox or c o w he h op e s th a t ,

eve n s m all gift s from t h e he art a fago t a li b a t i on a bu n , , ,

d l e of gr ass o ffered w i th revere n ce or a sp ec i ally p o werfu l

, ,

ver s e w ill be m o re a cce p t a b l e to th e god th a n b u tter o r

,

ho ne y 1 02
. Therefore m en h o n or the go d s as fre que n t ly
as the y c an ; t o them th e m i ghty o n e s a b ove the y
, ,

r at e arl m or nin at m i dd a nd a t th e ett in

p y a
y g ,
a
y ,s
g
of the su n for we al th a nd h app in e ss for he al th and l ong
, ,

li fe for a hu n dre d a utum n s w i thou t the burde n s of o ld

,

a e wh i ch c a u s e s the be a ut o f the form t o d i sap p e a r li k e

g , y
m i st ; 1 03
for the b l e ss in g o f offsp r in g a nd a n h o n o r a b l e
p o s i t i o n a mo n g fr i e n d s a n d the who l e p pe o l e ; f o r
p r ot e c

t i o n again s t all d a n ger s a nd a dver sa r i e s at h o me a nd ,

a bro a d ; for v i c t o r a nd r i c h bo o t y from ever y e n em y

y ,

A r y a n and b arb ar i a n 1 04
. Gran t m e cr i e s G r t s am a da t o
,

I n dr a ,
 TH E RIGV EDA .
31

G r a nt m e , O G od, t h e h igh es t b e s t o f trea s u res , ,

A j u dging m i nd p ro s perity a bi ding

, ,

Ri ch e s a b u nda nt l a s ti ng h ea lth of b ody

, ,
”
T h e gra ce o f eloqu en ce a nd day s p r op iti ou s 2 21
1 05
,
. . . 6 .

A nd ther s in the p e op l e p ray t o the H i ghe st t o t h e

o ,

o d s br i ht a nd cl e a r as a s p r in g s u p er i o r t o b l em i s h de
g , g , ,

cc i t a nd h a rm
,
th a t t o the i r former be nefa ct i on s they
,

m ay a dd the p r o t e c t i o n wh i c h free s eve n the gu il t l ade n -

fr o m h i s gu il t lik e the cap ti ve fr o m h i s bo n d s ; for every

,
“

”
one , c r i e s a s in ge r ret u r nin g fr o m h i s s in s y ou w i s e s t
, , ,
” 1 06
d s m ak e li v e aga in The a r e be s ou ht fr o m u il t
g o , y .
g g
in cu rred or u n ac co mp li sh e d t o gu i de t o we ll be in g a nd to -

p r o te c t fr o m s in s
g r ea t a nd s m a ll M an h op e s th a t in the
.

p re s e n c e of the s e p u re o n e s he sh a ll a a in s e e h i s fa ther
g
and m o ther a nd be u ni ted w i th h i s a n c e s t o r s w h o h a ve
,

o n e befo re
1 07
g .

B e s i de thi s p u rer c o n c e p t i o n wh i ch re gard s the gi ft s of,

s ac r i fi c e as the free w ill o ffer in gs of a he a rt fi ll ed w i th

-

th a n kf u ln e ss th ou gh p erh ap s h op in g t oo for n ew ai d the

, ,

c a l c u l a t in g s p i r i t here a s e l s ewhere s h o w s i t s e l f fr o m the

, ,

v e ry b eginnin g wh i c h re gards the go d as u n der ob li ga t i o n

,

for t h e gi ft s a nd p er m i t s t he s a cr i fi cer t o ex p e c t or a l mo s t
, ,

t o dem a n d a gi ft in ret u r n
,
1 08
I gi ve t o thee . do th o u ,
”
g i v e t o me ,
i s the k e y n o te of m an y h y m n s ; a nd m a n y a

s in ger de c l a re s th a t o nl y the s o n gs a nd s a c r i fi c e s a nd ,

a b o v e a ll the S o m a fir s t a ve the o ds the c ou r a e a nd

g , g g
o w e r for the i r s a v in deed s of m i ht B u t whe n o n c e
p g g .

s u c h re s u l t s were c o n fide n t ly a w a i ted fr o m s u ch i ft s it

g ,

w a s o nly a s te p t o the f u rther c o n c l u s i o n th a t the s e deed s

of t h e o d s h a d be e n m a de i b l e n l b the me n ’
g p o s s o y y s

g i ft s a nd th a t the
, g o d s w e re ther e fo re d e e n de n t u o n the
p p
a c t s a nd w ill o f m e n e s e c i a ll f th e me n w h were
p y o, o s o

fa m ili a r w i th the a n ci e n t s o n gs and t h e con d u c t o f the

s a cr i fi c e ,
— the
p r i e s t s I n t h e i r h
. a n d s rem a in ed the
kn ow l ed ge of the h y m n s a nd t h e r i t u al c onn e cted wi th
them wh il e the m a ss of the p e op l e h a d in ge n er al far t oo
,

much t o do in w agin g w ar again s t the ab or i gin e s to be

32 TH E RIGVEDA .

a b l e to o c c up y them s e l ve s w i th other m a tter s all the i r

e n er gy w as em p l oy e d in m ain t a inin g the i r p os i t i o n a nd
co n q u er in g ne w h o me s I n th e s tr a n ge l a n d where the
.
,

Cu s t o m s of hom e ar e a l w ay s in ve s te d w i th a s a cre d ch arm ,

the gu ard i a n s of the old w o r s h i p c a me m ore and m ore in to

the fore grou n d 1 09
. A cre a t i o n a nd a t the s a me t i me a p er
s oni fi ca t i on of p r i e s t l y a ct i o n i s s ee n in B r h a s p a t i or

B r a h m a n a s p a t i i e the L ord of D ev o t i o n To h i m ar e
,
. .
, .

a s cr i be d by l a ter s in g er s th e deed s for wh i ch form er l y other

o d s n o t a b l y I n dr a were ce l ebr a ted a nd in very m a n

g , , , y
old h y m n s in ter p o l a t i o n s a nd a dd i t i o n s ar e p l a inl y reco
g
ni z able for the p u r p os e o f co n fi rm i ng the s u p er i or i ty o f the
hum a n l ord s of p r ay er the p r i e s t s over all the other
, ,

c l a ss e s b ec au s e o nly t h e y k n ew h ow t op re s e n t the effe c

,

tu al s ong a nd s a cr i fi ce and therefore a l o n e cou l d s e cure

’

the ai d of the go d s E ve n in the s ec on d p er i od of V ed i c

.

li ter a ture in t h e B r ahm a n a we re a d th at there a r e two

, ,
“

k in d s of god s the deva s and the br ahm a na s

, the ‘

p r i e s t s ) w
, h o ar e to b e he l d a s
g od s a m on
g m e n The .

w i s e B r ahm a nh as the go d s in h i s p o wer etc ” 110

S u ch a , .

co n ce p t i o n i s n a tur ally fore i gn t o the o l d h y m ns ; o n the

other h a n d eve n the n s u c c e s s and a c o n t in u a n c e of p r osp er
,

i t y s eem to h ave l ed to a de ni a l of god s w h o o rdere d a ll th in gs

w i th s tr o n g h a n d . The s u n and moo n in tur n f u l fi ll the i r
“

”
cour s e th at m an m ay l oo k a nd be li eve in God bu t the
, ,

p peo l e li v in g in p ro s p er i t y doe s n ot hee d th i s N o where .

,
”
I n dr a ,
cr i e s a s in ger c a n s t th ou fi n d a r i c h m a n for t h y
,

fr i e n d ; m e n in s o l e n t from dr in k in g h ate thee ; but whe n

th ou t h u nder est l oud thou br in g e s t the m t ogether ; the n
,
”
a s a fa the r th o u ar t c a ll e d u p o n W he n he hur l s h i ther
.

a nd th i ther h i s li ght nin g t h e n t h e y b e l i e v e o n

,
” 11 1
t h e gl e a m i n g god .

THE VEDI C BELI EF .

The in d i v i du al go d s c o rre sp o n d in g to the i r or i gin from

,

the p er s oni fic a t i o n of n at u r a l p he n o me n a a r e de p i cte d a s ,

s u p reme in the i r ow n s p here s a nd in the R i ved a a

g ,
34 TH E RIGVEDA .

the c o m p o s er s of a l arge n umber of hy m n s s o u ght to w in a

u ni fied ex re ss i o n fo r the numerou s in d i v i d u a l o ds b
p g y
ro u in the m to ether u n der the c o m p rehe n s i ve n a me o f
g p g g
vi ve dee ds i s a ll g ods O t her s d i s t i n u i s h Ol der a nd
g , . .
,
.
g
newer g ods whom the y t ry t o sy s tem a t iz e o r de c l a re op e nly ,

th a t a gi ve n god i s i de n t i c a l w i th s ever a l o the r s a nd s h o w ,

in th i s a n in c lin a t i o n t o w a rd a m o n o th e i s t i c c o n ce p t i o n ,

wh i c h w ill o ccupy u s l a ter o n in the p h il o s o p h i c al

114
p o etr y .

THE GOD S .

P ass in g o n to the co n s i der a t i o n of the in d i v i du a l gods I ,

rem ar k th a t I do n ot p r op os e to gi ve a c o m p l ete V ed i c
m y tho l ogy ex a m inin g all the m y tho l ogi c a l re p re s e n t a t i o n s
,

co n t a i ne d in th e V ed a w i th re s p e ct t o the i r or i gin h i s tory , ,

chr on ol ogy a nd order ; 115

but o n the other h an d I h ave ,

bee n c a refu l t o co ll e c t a ll the e s s e n t i a l ch a r a cter i s t i c s

g i ve n in th e h y m n s in to a
g e n er a l v i e w of e a c h d i v ini t
y .

I n th i s I h ave c o n fi n ed m y s e l f a s c l o s e l y a s p os s i b l e t o the
w o r d s o f t h e h y m n s s o th at the wh ol e w o r k i s s o
, ,

to sp e a k m a de u p of the w o rd s of the p oet s them s e l ve s

, .

The metr i c a l c i t at i o ns ar e for the gre a ter p a rt t a k e n fr o m

S i e benz ig H y mnen des R ig veda ii b er s et z t v on K a r l G e l d ,

Mi t B e i trage n vo n R R o th Tii bi n
'

ne r u n d A d ol f Ka egi . .
,

e n 1 8 7 5 wh i ch g i ve the re a der a ge ner a l v i ew of the

g ,

p o e tr
y of the R i g ve d a
1 16
.

I n the c l as s i fi c a t i o n o f g od s I foll ow a very old di v i s i o n

(

o f the u ni ver s e co n t a in e d in the h y m n s them s e l ve s in to

, ,

th e thre e re al m s of the E a r t h the A i r a nd the b r i g ht ,

H e av e n 117
. T he b a s i s of th i s thre efo l d d i v i s i o n i s the
s e p a r a t i o n o f a i r a nd li ght Th e re al m of li ght i s no t i n
.

the ai r re gi o n but be y o n d i t in the in fi ni te sp a ce of the

-

, ,

he a ve n ; i t i s not c on fi n e d t o the s h ini ng m ass of the su n ,

b u t i s a n in de p e n de n t eter n al fo r c e, B etwee n th i s w o rld

.

o f li ht a nd the e a rth li e s the re i o n of th e a i r wh i c h i s

g g ,

u n der the c o n tro l of od in o rder t o k ee t h th o f th e

g s , p e p a

li ght t o e a rth u n ob s tr u cted t o gi ve p a s s age t o i t s e nli ve n

,

i ng f orce a nd a t the s a m e t i me t o a ll ow th e he a ve nl y
,
 TH E RIGVEDA .
35

wa ter s wh os e h ome i s a l so in the li ght re gi on t o fall o n

, ,

t h e fie l d s of the e a rth
1 18
.

The E a r t h w a s gi ve n by the go d s t o me n for a dwe l

lin g p l a c e B u t a s i de fro m t h e fa c t th a t all the gods in
-
. ,

h e a ve n a nd on e a rth every wher e reve al the i r p ower in the

,

wa ter s herb s a nd tree s a nd h ave i m p l a n ted Will in m a n s

, ,
’

b ody they h ave ch o se n a re p re se n t a t i ve fr o m the i r m i ds t

,

t o dw e ll here a m on g m o rt a l s i mm o rt al
,
L ik e a l ov in g .

fr i e n d they h ave p l a ced in the dwe llin gs of me n A g ni ,

the god of fir e 119

B o r n fr o m the fl oo d s of he a v e n ( the
.

c l ou d s ) he fir s t came d ow n t o e arth as li ght ning a nd

, ,

whe n he h ad di s app e a red a nd rem ain ed h i dde n Mat a ri cv a n , ,

a dem i g od a n o ther P r o metheu s br ou ght h i m b a c k a ga in

-

, ,

fr om a fa r fr o m the go d s to me n t o the tr i be of B h rgu s 1 20

, .

Fr o m th a t t i me the l a tter h a ve b e e n ab l e t o c re a te h i m
a n ew for them s e l ve s ; in a mu l t i t u de of h y m n s a nd in nu

m er able i m age s i s s u ng h i s p r o d u c t i o n fr o m t w o s t i ck s
r u bbed t ogether — h i s p are n t s H e li e s c onc e ale d i n
'
“
.
,

the s o fter w ood as in a ch a mber u n t il c all e d forth by the

, , ,

rubb in g in t h e e a rly m or nin g h ou r he su dde nly sp r in gs ,

forth in gl e a m in g bri ght n e ss Th e s a cr i fice r t a k e s a nd .

l ay s h i m on the w oo d ; gr e edily he s tret che s o u t h i s sh arp

t on gu e and me l t s the w ood W he n t h e p r i e st s p ou r me l ted .

b u tter u p o n h i m he l e ap s u p cr a c klin g a nd ne i gh in g lik e

,

a h or s e ,he who m me n l ove t o s ee in cre a sin g lik e the i r

ow n p r osp er i t y The y w on der at h i m wh e n de cki ng
1 21
.
, ,

h i m s e l f w i th c h a n gin g c ol o r s lik e a su i t o r eq u ally be au t i ,

fu l on all s i de s he p re s e n t s t o a ll s i de s h i s fr o n t
, .

All -
sea c r h i ng i s h i s b ea m , t h e gl e ami ng of hi s li gh t ,
H i s , th e a ll b e au ti f u l , o f b e au teou s f a ce a nd l a n c e
g
-
,

Th e h a nging s h i mm er lik e th a t fl o a ts u p on t h e s t re a m
c ,

S o A gn i s r ay s gl eam ev er b ri g h t a nd n e v er c e a s e
’ ”—
1 . . 1 43 3 . .

A l th ou gh the fir s t of the gods he i s y e t bec au s e every , ,

m or nin g kin d l ed a n ew the y ou n ge s t ; gl e am in g w i th ,

br ight n e ss he wh i r l s u p w a rd the s a cred li ght red s m ok e ; ,

-

r ow in g fr o m h i s fl a me s wh i ch n ever a e from h i m s e l f he
g g , , ,
36 TH E RIGVEDA .

m o u n t s o n h igh s wee p s the he a ve nly v a u l t w i th h i s fl o w

,

i ng l o ck s a nd m in gl e s h i m s e l f w i th the s u n be a m s
,
The n .

the y o ffer to hi m p r ay er a nd s o n g the dev o u t s a cr i fi ci a l ,

g i ft th,
a t he m ay c a rry i t o n h i s gl e a m in g ch a r i o t t o th e

I mmort al s ; or h e ca n br in g dow n the go d s re a d y to gi ve ,

a i d to the p i ou s w o r s h i p o f m e n to the dr inkin g o f the

, ,

S om a a t the s a cred p l a ce of s a c r i fi c e ; for go ds a nd m e n

h a ve ch os e n h i m who ru l e s o ve r he a ve nly a s we ll a s
,

e a rth ly th i ngs for the i r me s s e n ger the s a cr i fi c i al c a rr i er

,
1 22
, .

O n ce i t i s s a i d he w a s we ar y o f the s erv i ce s o th a t he
, , ,

refu s e d l o n ger t o fu l fi ll the offi c e ; fr o m V a ru n a who tr i e s ,

to p er s u a de h i m he dem an d s re m u n er a t i o n for h i s l abor

,

T h e n g iv e m e a ll t h e fi rs t a nd l a s t lib a ti o n ,
A nd give t h e j u c i e s t s a c ri fi ci a l p o rti on ,
Th e r m o f wat er a nd t h e h erb s a r om a
c ea
’
,

A nd l on g 0 G o ds s h all A gn i s l i fe conti nu e 1 0 51
’

, ,
. . . 8 .

As V a ru n a gr a n t s all th i s A gni y i e l d s a nd rem ain s there

,

a fter the H i g h P r i e s t of me n w h o a b o ve a ll k n o w s the ,

s a cre d in s t i t u t i o n s a nd t i me s I f a t a ny t i me m e n u n
1 23
.

k n ow in gly tr a n sgre s s the l a ws of the k n ow in g (go d s) or ,

i f in fo o li sh n e ss m ort al s we ak in d i s cer n m e n t ne gl e ct the

, ,

s a cr i fi ce he the be s t s a cri fice r m ak e s every th i ng r ight

, , , .

A nd whe n the li ght of day the su n h as de p a r t e d A g ni i s , , ,

v i s i b l e thr o u gh the d ark n e ss of ni ght a nd by th i s d i v in e ,

o w e r he p rove s h i m s e l f the v i c t o r i o u s c o n q u e r o r o f
p
g l o o m a nd i t s ev il s p i r i t s th e g ho s t s a nd g o b lin s
, the ,

m agi c i a n s and w i tche s 1 24

S o the go d be c om e s a v i s
.

i b l e sa v i or a s tr ong fo rtre s s for the devo u t H e dr i ve s

,
.

awa
y the n ox i o u s tr i be s from the i r dwe llin
gp l a ce s ; he -

bur n s the m dow n li k e dry b u she s a nd the I mmort al , ,

b r in gin g j oy to mort al s fi n d s a h om e in the i r m i d s t H e

, .

order s the i r h os t s a nd p r o tect s t h e i r s ett l em e n t s ; fr o m

fe a r of h i m who m the god s p l a c e d a s a li ght t o the
,

A r y a ns t h e b la c k tr i be s fle d ; s c a tter in g the y a b a n do n e d
, ,

the i r p o s s e s s i o n s a nd the god bre ak s the i r s tr o n gh ol ds

, .

H e o ver t hrow s b a rb a r i a n a nd A ry a n e n em i e s a nd s wee p s ,

 TH E R IG VEDA . 37

a w ay th e i r we al th fr om fie l d a nd m o u n t ain I n h i m the .
1 25
,

l ord o f r i ch es li e s all we a l th as t h e r ay s li e h i d in the s u n ;

, ,

lik e a kin g he p r o t e ct s all tre asu re s whether they a re c on ,

t ai ne d in the m o u n t a in s in t h e p l a n t s in the w a ters or , , ,

a m on m en Fr o m h i m p r o c e e d all gi ft s of f o rt u n e as
g .
,

bra n che s fr o m the tree a nd t o h i m are d ire ct e d the ,

th ou ght s of the dev ou t a s m a n s e y e s t u r n t o t h e su n ’

.

H e m ay be l oo k ed u p o n as fa th e r a nd r e l a t i o n d e a r fr i e n d ,

a nd br o ther ; c all ed u p o n a nd rever e n c e d he br in s w i th

g ,

b ou n t e ou s h a n d s r i ch we a l th in t o the h ou s e of the h i ghl y

fav ored s in ger Therefo re he i s a we l come gu e s t t o a ll
.

me n a nd in every p l a c e a be l oved f a m i l y f r i e n d
,
1 26
.

I n the m i dd l e r e al m of the A i r v a r i ou s d i v ini t i e s o f the ,

w in d and s t orm a re s u pp os e d t o li ve a s w e ll a s t h e ge nii ,

o f the s e a s on s the R b h u s The s e three s kill fu l m e n

1 27
,

by th ei r d e xt e r i ty g ain ed d iv in e h o n or s a sh a re in the ,

s a c r i fi ce a nd i mm o rt a li ty S in c e th e y m a de t h e ch a r i o t .

o f the A cv i ns the d a ily c ou r s e o f the s e od s br in in

, g g g ,

b l e s si ng t o m a n i s t h e i r deed ; by them t oo w e re ,

formed B rh a sp at i s m i r a cu l ou s c ow and I n dr a s obed i e n t

’ ’

te a m wh i ch h a r n e ss them s e l ve s a t h i s comm an d
,
1 28
The y .

cher i s h e d a nd c a red for the i r p are n t s l o n g s in c e br o k e n ,

d ow n by age w i th m i r a cu l ou s p ower s u n t il the i r y ou thf u l

, ,

v i gor ret u r n e d ; 1 29
a nd m a n
y o ther w o n derf u l deed s the
y
a cc o m p li shed o n th e i r j o u r n e u n t il the were re c e i ved as
y y ,

u e s t s in A H n l
’
oh a s h ere th e d twe ve d
g g y ou s e e s
y p a s
y .

in e nj oy me n t ; the n the c our s e be gin s a n e w a nd a n ew the ,

e a rth br i n gs forth fr u i t the s tre am s fl ow ; p l a n t s cover the

‘

h e i ght s a nd w a ter s the de p th s

,
1 30
I m p re ss ed by all the s e .

th in gs the god s w i sh t o t ry the i r skill a nd s e n d A gni as

,

me ss e n ger t o c omm i ss i o n the Rbh u s t o fash i o n from the ,

one c u p of the o d s the m as t erp i e c e of the od k ’

g g , s wor ~

* A gohy a i s t h e nc onc e l ble n g d wi t h wh o m t h

“
u R bh r t a a su -
o , e us es

aft e r t h eir y e r o r e ; i t h y e r i t n end ; t h e t hr

a
’
s c u s n nd
. e ., e a s a a ee s ea s o s a

th e su n wh i ch h
, r ch d i t l w t p oin t p p r n t ly r t t w lve d ys
as ea e s o es ,
a a e es e a ,

th e t w lv int erc l ry d y s of t h e wint r l t ice ; i d b ve p 2 0

e e a a a e so s r . a o ,
.

a nd N ot e 68 .
38 TH E RIGVEDA .

m an t a r fou r other s lik e i t The y a t o n c e a c

Tva s ,
.

c o m p li s h the w o r k a nd more s o th a t T va s t a r , o ver c o me

’

by j e a l o u sy h i de s h i m s e l f
,
B u t the g o d s re j oi ce I n the .

wor k l o o kin g at i t w i th u n der s t a n d in g a nd app re ci a t i on ;

,
‘

a nd the y s e a rch ever y wher efor the Rbh u s a nd l e a d the m

t o the c o m p a n y of the god s where the y fi n d th e rew a rd of ,

the i r z e al 1 31
.

V et t a ( V ay u ) the w in d fi r s t a r i s e s I n the e a r l y
’

, ,

mor nin g t o dr ink the S om a a nd l e a d s in the d aw n The n .

a ll th e w in d s fo ll ow h i m li k e m a i de n s t o the fe a s t His .

a pp r oa c h i s p erce i ved by the w a v in of the fl a me ; he i s

g
re c ogniz e d h as te nin g al o n g the p a th s o f the ai r in h i s s w i ft
c ar n ever s t o pp i ng ; but e a ch o n e a s k s :
,

I n wh at p l ac e w a s h e b o rn a nd f ro m wh en ce c ome s h e ? ,

T h e vit a l b re a th O f gods t h e world s gr e a t o ffs p ri ng

’

, ,

Th e G o d w h e re e r h e will m ov e s a t h i s p l e a s u r e
’

H i s r u s hi n g s o u n d w e h ea r — w h a t h i s a p p e a r a n c e no ,
” 1 32
o ne . 1 0 1 68. . 3 . 4 .

R u the god o f the de s tro y in g s torm

dr a , i s l oud ly ,
1 33

s u n g be c a u s e he mo s t be a ut i fu l of th o s e th a t were b o r n
, ,

s tr o n ge s t of the s tr o ng w i th the li g ht nin g in h i s h a n d s ,

fr o m h i s h i gh s e a t l ook s out u p o n the in h ab i t a n t s of the

e a rth and the he a ve nly r a ce W here he s ee s a wro n g .
,

there he c as t s h i s m i ghty sp e a r or s e n d s a s w i ft a rr o w
fro m h i s s tro n g bow and s tr i k e s the ev il doer 1 34
B u t he -
.

i s gl a d t o be c all ed u p o n by the u p r i ght w h o l oo k for h i s ,

c o m in g as the c h il d s ee k s h i s fa ther s embr a ce From ’

.

the m he w a rd s off all a ffl i ct i o n a nd hurt ; p ur i fy in g the

a i r fr om all h a rmfu l m i a s m as h e f u r ni she s t o m e n a nd ,

c att l e the be st n our is hme n t ; therefore he i s c all e d the

very b e s t of p h y s i c i a n s 1 35
.

L et m e th rou gh t hy b e s t medi ci n e s O R u dra , ,

M v l i f e on e a rth p rol on g a hu ndred wi nte rs

it
me Z gm i in t h e t xt S t J h n 3 8
Th e sa eu a s e . . o . :
“
Th e win d bl we t h o

where i t li t t h nd t h h r t t h
s e nd th r
,
a ou ea e s e s ou e e of , bu t can t n t t ll
s o e

wh n i t m t h nd whi t h r i t g oe t h
e ce co e Of N t
,
a e .
”
. o e 1 32 .
 TH E RIGVEDA . 39

From u s di sp el all h atred a nd Op p r es s ion ,

O n every s i de ca l a m ity dri v e f r o m u s .

W h er e th en 0 Ru dra i s t hy h an d o f m ercy
, , ,

T h e h a nd th a t h ea li ng b ring s a nd s o ft e ns s orrow ,

T h a t t a k es a way t h e ill s eve n w h i ch t h e go ds s end ?

L e t m e O m ig hty o ne f e el t h y f orgiv en es s
, , .

Th e h ero gl a ddened m e a m i d t h e tu mu lt
XVi th gr e a t er m i gh t w h en I h i s a i d e ntre at ed .

Lik e s o m e cool s h a de fr o m t h e s u n s h e a t prote cted

’
,

Ma y I a tta i n t o R u dr a s gr a c e a nd r ef u ge — 2 3 3 2
’
. . . . 7 6 . .

R u dr a
’
s so ns m p ani o n s a r e the r i ch ly ad or n ed
a nd c o -

we ll arm e d M a r u t s t h e g o d s o f t h e t h u n d e r
-

” 1 36
stor m the he a ve nly s in ger s
“
L ou d ly th u n der in g
.
,

they ar e v i si bl e far o ff as the st ar s of he ave n and de ck ,

the i r form s lik e a p r osp er o u s w oo er O n the i r he a d s

.

ol de n he l met s l e a m o n the i r s h ou l der s the rr il

g g , y c a
y g y a

c ol or e d skin s a nd s p e ar s o n the i r bre a s t s gol de n bre a s t

,

p l a te s a b ou t the i r a nkl e s
, g o l de n br a c e l et s a nd C l a s p s in ,

the i r h a n d s gl e a m in g fir e d a rt in g we ap on s a nd in the i r
,
-

s tr on i l f or the w or s h i p er
1 37
g a rm s r c h we a th N o w the y .

s e t ou t w i th b a tt l e a x e a nd s p e a r w i th b ow a nd a rr o w as
-

, ,

the a ct i ve a nd d a r in g a lli e s of I n dr a ; again the y equi p ,

them s e l ve s for b att l e al on e r u sh in g fo rth in gol d e n c h ar i o t

,

bor n e thr ou gh the ai r u n t i r ingly by g ol de n h oofed h ors e s -

or d a
pp l ed m a re s W he
. n the y a
pp r o a ch r oa r in
g a n d
throw ou t the i r lin e s t o me asu re the s u n s p a th whe n the ’
,

r i ver s r e verb e r a te w i th the r u mb lin g of the i r whee ls ,

whe n the y r ai s e the i r s on g of the s t orm c l o ud s and d o w n -

up o n the e a rth the light nin gs s m i te the n b oth me n,

-

a nd the m i ht l oft m o u n t a in s a r e terr ified ; the b e a v

g y y,

e nly c a n opy tremb l e s a t the i r r agin g t h e i mm ov ab l e ,

r ock s q u ak e the e arth i s m oved a nd lik e e l ep h an t s the

, ,

her oe s de s tr oy the fore s t s ; the m ou n t ain s y i e l d t o the i r

c om in g and the s tre am s t o the i r c omm an d E ve n in .

br i ght d ay t i m e th ey m ak e da rkn e s s wh e n the y s h a k e

dow n the m il k of the cl ou d s 1 38
o r whe n the y s u mm o n t h e
,
40 . TH E RIGVEDA .

r a in god P a r j a ny a
-
L ik e a s a dr i ver wh i p s a nd ur ge s
.
1 39

h i s h o r s e he r o u s e s u p hi s r a in me s s e n ger s w i th wil d u p
,
-

ro ar dee p a s the di s t a n t r o a r of the li o n S w i ft l y Par

, .

j any a co ll e ct s h i s c l o ud s for r a in ; the w in d s ru sh the ,

li ght nin gs fall s tro k e o n s tr ok e w i th wh i c h the m i ghty ,

o n e s m i te s the b l asp hemer and t er r i fies eve n the p ure the

he ave n s tr ain s a nd swe ll s ; the n at o n c e the flood s ru sh
dow n ,

A nd very cre a tu r e t h en r ece ive s t h e qu i ck en i n g drau gh t

e ,

W h e n o er t h e l a nd Pa r j a ny a s gra te fu l s tr e a m des ce n ds
’ ’
.

Th e t h ir s ty fi elds h e cover ed with t h e wa ters

O f pl e n t eo u s f a ll i n g r a in s b u t t i s e n o u gh now
’
.

H e c au s ed t h e h erb s t o s p rin g for ou r r ef r e s h m en t ,

A nd w h a t h i s p eopl e s o u gh t o f h im h as gr a n te d
” 1 4°
.

5 83 4 1 0
. . . .

Bu t the ch i ef fi gure in the a i r s p a c e i s I nd r a the -

,
1 41

mo s t ce l ebr a ted go d of the V ed i c p er i o d D u r in g th i s .

t i me he a ss ume s a m o re a nd m ore d o m in a t in g p o s i t i o n ,

a nd be c o me s the re a l n a t i on a l god of the I n d i a n s 1 42

.

I n n umber l e s s h y m n s h i s deed s a r e ce l ebr a ted above a ll ,

h i s c o n q u e s t o f t h e d e m o n s V rt ra ,

a nd o ther s w h o
A hi C u s na , ,

in th e form of m i ghty s er p e n ts or dr a gon s e n com p a s s ,

th e w a ter s and s hut off the i r p a th as we ll as th a t of the ,

li ght from the he ight s of he a ve n to m a n s e a rth The

,
’
.

ever re curr in g ce l ebr a t i o n s of th i s v i ctory ar e ofte n t i re

-

s o m e but the i r ex p l a n a t i o n i s fou n d i n t h e c li m a t i c co n d i

,

t i o n s of the l a n d The s e de s cr i p t i on s and i m age s a s e g

.
, , . .
,

J o h n Mu i r the a ccom p li s he d in ve s t i ga tor a ss ure s u s a r e

, , ,

erfe c t l y n a tur a l a nd e a sy o f com p rehe n s i o n e sp e c i a lly for

p ,

tho s e w h o h a ve li ve d in I n d i a and w i t nes s ed the p he n ome n a

‘

o f the v a r i o u s s e aso ns there

“ 3
.

The he a ve ns them s e l ve s the s o n gs say shr in k b ack a t , ,

t h e r oa r in g o f the dr a go n s ; eve n the g od s a ll of the m ,

I n dr a s fr i e n d s at V r t ra s s n ort in g l e a ve the i r ch am p i o n
’ ’
,

t o h i s fa te a nd the y ou n g hero s m other i s co n c er n ed for

’

h im . B u t h e i ns . e dh the . s o no s o
'
f his a do r e r s strp n th
42 THE RIGVEDA .

In n othe r a ccou n t the s t o ry te ll s th a t the P a ni s ( the

a

a v a r i c i ou s o n e s ) h a ve dr i ve n o ff the r a in c l o ud s i cture d
p ,

a s herd s o f c o w s a nd a r e k ee p in them in the c ve f the

, g a s o

ro c k s To the m c o me s I n dr a s me ss e n ger S a r a m a to
.
’

dem a n d th e retur n o f the s to l e n herd s W he n they .

defi a n t ly m o ck in g ask
Wh o i s h e ? W h a t do es h e lo ok l ik e th i s I n dra , ,

W h os e h er a ld y ou h ave ha st en ed su ch a di s t an ce ?
L e t him com e h er e w e ll s trik e a fri e n dshi p with h im
’

H e ca n b ecome t h e h er ds m a n o f o u r c a ttle
’

S a r a m a a n s wer s w a r nin gly

Ye nn ot i n j u r e hi m b u t h e c a n in j u re
ca ,

W h o s e h erald I h a ve h a s te n ed s u ch a di s t an ce .

D eep r iv er s c a nn o t c ov er h i m nor hi de h im
”—
Y e Pa ni s s oon s h all li e cu t down by I n dra l 1 0 1 08. . 3 . 4 .

In v a in ; tru s t in g in the i r s h a r p we ap o ns the y re m ain

—

de fi a n t : You h a ve com e t o no p urp o s e ; n oth i ng i s to b e

”
fo u n d here B u t n ow u ni ted w i th the A u gi r a s
.
,
*
t he ,

m i ghty go d dr a w s n e a r a t who s e bre a th both wor l d s

,

t remb l e H e dr i ve s a s u n de r the m o u n t ain s tro ngho l d s

.

a nd s wee p s a w ay the c u nnin gly bu il t w a ll s Fe a r in g h i s .

b l ow the c a ver n o p e n s a nd fr o m i t s de p th s I n dr a dr i ve s
forth the herd s o n p l e as a n t w ay s ; as the tree s gr i eve o ve r
the i r p l um age ( fo li age ) s to l e n by the c ol d s o Val a (the ,

c ave demo n ) l a me n t s the s t ol e n c att l e

-
1 49
.

A nd in t h e m i ghty s tr i fe of the e l e me n t s he i s a l w ay s
v i ctor
W h en he av en a nd e a rth togeth e r j o i n i n b a ttl e
M a r s h alled b y t h ee l ik e m e n t h a t cal l u po n thee
, ,

F o r s u rely thou wert b orn t o mi gh t a nd p ow er

”
h
T ou a c tiv e do s t des tr oy t h e s l o t h fu l de m o n — . 7 28 3
. . .

The i mm o v ab l e too he m o ve s and s h a k e s every th in g th a t

, , ,

i s t o i t s dee p e s t fo u n d a t i o n ; eve n the m i ght y m ou n t ain s

from fe a r of h i m ar e move d lik e a tom s :
D emigod m e di
s, r b
at o s e t w ee n g od
s a nd m en (aw e )
r .
 TH E RIGVEDA .
43

T h rou gh f e a r th ee u p on t h e e a rth i s s h ak en
of

E e n t h e i mm o v a b l e — t h e e th er a ll t h in g s
’
, , ,

Th e e a rth t h e h e a v e ns m o u nt a i ns f ore s ts tre m bl e ;

, , ,

Th e firm f ou n da ti on tr e mbl e s a t t h y goi ng 6 31 2 . . . .

Bu t he c al ms them all aga in ; he h e ws do w n the s umm i t s

o f the m ou n t a in s ; dem on s s t e a l th il y c li mb in g u p s ee kin g ,

t o m o u n t u p t o he ave n h e s h a k e s off a nd thr u s t s them

,

b ack H e s te a d i e s t h e tr e mb lin g e arth a nd br in gs the

.

s t a gger in g m o u n t a in s t o r e s t ; a t h i s c omm a n d the y s t a n d

fas t ; t h e gre a t he av e n b ow s in revere n ce t o I n dr a a nd th i s

e arth t o h i s m i ght 1 50
.

I n dr a i s th u s a g o d o f b a t t l e the i de a l o f a n ever ,

figh t i ng n ev e r co n q u ered her o a nd therefore the fav or i te

, , , ,

of the r a c e fi ght in g for n ew h ome s a nd r i c h herd s ; fo r a s ,

in the b a tt l e w i th V r t ra a ll p ower w a s y i e l de d t o h i m so ,

in s u bdu in g me n l ords h ip and v i ct ory were gi ve n h i m by

,

t h e go d s .

The m a n w h o tr u st s h i m in the de ci s i ve h our ca rr i e s off

the sp o il s o f v i c t ory : in h i m the A ry a n h a s fou n d an a lly
a b l e t o c on te n d w i th the b a rb a r i an s w h o o verthr o w s fift
y ,

th ou s an d of the d ar k r a ce a nd c a s ts d ow n the i r s tr on gh ol ds
,

a s the c l o a k S li p s fr o m the s h ou l der s of o ld a e

g
1 51
M e n .

s ee k t o dr a w the s o n o f m i ht y deed s n e a r w i th the

“
g
m os t p l e asin g s on g the r i che s t s a cr i fi ce a nd the s tr o n ge s t
, ,

dr a u ght s of S o m a For he i s no fr i e n d or c om p ani o n o f

.

t h e m a n w h o p r ov i d e s no S o m a a nd h as no fa v o r for the ,

r i c h m i s e r w h o gr u dge s gi fts ; b u t gl a dly h e e n t e r s the

h ou s e w h e r e the sa cr i fi ci a l s tr aw i s p r ep a r e d for h i m ,

wh e re son gs r i s e t o he ave n and t h e S o m a i s cheerfu lly ,

re ed a nd where the o d i s s ou ht w i th the wh o l e

p ss , g g
he art S u ch a m a n s h e rds he n ever a ll ows t o p er i s h ; for
.
’

the s ac r ifi c in g her o he s e c u re s freed om a nd p l e n teou s ,

r i che s for the s in ger w h o p ra i s e s h i m 1 52

.

O n h i m a ll m e n m u s t call a m i d t h e ba ttle ;
H e h igh a do re d a lo ne h a s p o w er t o s u cco r
,
-

, .

Th e m a n wh o o ffe r s h i m h i s p ra y ers l iba tion s , ,

H i m I ndra s arm h elp s fo rw a rd in h i s goi ngs

’
.
44 TH E RIGVEDA .

T h ey c ry l
h im a m i d t h e c on te s t
a ou d to ,

R u s h i ng t o dea dly c om b a t t o p ro t e c t t h em
, ,

W h e n fri end a nd f o e la y down t h eir l iv e s i n wa r f a r e ,

I n s tri fe t o conqu er p ea ce fo r ch il d a nd gr a n dc h ild .

T h ey gir d t h em s elv es O M igh ty for t h e con fl i ct

, , ,

Pr ovoki ng e a c h t h e o t h er t o t h e q u a rr e l ;

A nd wh e n t h e ho s til e a rmi e s s t a n d o pp o s i n g ,

T h en e a ch wou ld h ave grea t I n dr a for h i s a lly .

Th e n their obl a ti on s a ll th ey brin g t o I n dra ,

A nd f r eely t h en t h e m ea t s a nd c a k e s a re o ffer e d ;
Then th ey w h o gru dge d b ef o re com e ri ch wit h S o m a ,

Y e a th ey r e s olve t o s a cri fi c e a b u llo ck

, .

Y et till t h e god gives h i m s u c ces s w h o tru ly

s

Wit h w i l l i n g mind p ou rs o u t t h e dra u gh t h e lon gs f or ,

W i th hi s w h o l e hea rt nor f e els r egr et i n givin g

, ,

To h i m gre t n r j i n him l in b ttle

a I d a o s s e f a — 4 2 4 2 — 6 . . .

So he alli e d h i m s e l f w i th t h e I n d i a n r a ce i n the i r exp e d i

t i o n a nd c o n quered the i r e n em i e s ; he a l o n e s ubdued the
n a t i o ns u n der the A ry an s a nd ga ve the m the l a n d ; the
b a rb a r i ans h e p u t a s i de to the l eft ga inin g fa r sp re a d ,
-

br i ght n e ss (gre a t h ap p in e ss) for th e A ry a n a nd i ncre a s ,

i ng h i s p ower s o th a t he c an l e a d h i s e n em i e s h i ther a nd
,

th i ther a t p l e asu re H e tur n ed the bro a d Sp re ad in g flo o d s

.
-

in t o an e a s ily p assa b l e fo rd for S ud as th e p i ou s Tr t su k in g , ,

a nd i n the b a tt l e o f the te n k in gs re s c u ed h i m fr o m the

, ,

o n sl a u ght s of inn um er ab l e e n e m i e s Wi th Su crav as w h o .

,

w a s w i th ou t a lli e s he c ru she d w i th fa t a l ch a r i ot whee l

,

tw i ce t en C h i eft ain s a nd the i r w a rr i or s 1 53

.

Th e mi ghty s tre am with fl ood o erwh elm i ng a ll t h i ngs

,
’
,

T h ou h elde s t b a c k f or V ay y a a nd T u rv i t i ;
O b e di e n t s tood t h e ra p i d fl oo d O I ndr a , ,

A nd thr ou gh i t s b ed thou m a d et a n e a s y p a th w a y
’
.

4 . 1 9 . 6 .
 TH E RIGV EDA . 45

A nd I n dr a re s tr a in ed t h e w a ter s al so for Ya d u a nd Tu r
v a ga whe n they de s i red t o c r o s s the s tre a m a nd eve n a ll
i f

t h e go d s c ou l d no t w i th s t an d I n dr a whe n h e p r ol on ged
day in t o t h e ni ght a nd t h e s u n u n h a r n e ss ed h i s ch a r i o t
,

in the m i ds t of h e a ve n (day ) ? 1 54

Fr o m th es e a ct s me n grew t o see in h i m the c r e a t o r

a nd s u s t a i n e r o f the w o r l d the l e a d e r of the r a c e s of ,

me n and gods t h e m ighty u n re s tr i cted l o r d a nd m a s t e r

, , ,

t h e h a r s h p u n i s h e r of the go dl e ss a nd the u n fa ilin g ,

s h i e l d o f the r i hte ou s H e m a de the he a ve n the su n

g .
,

a nd the d a w n a nd t h e e a rth a s a lik en e ss of he a ve n ; he

p l a ce d b o u n d s t o the a i r a nd p ill a r s t o the he a ve n s ; lik e

t w o wh e el s u p o n o ne a x l e h e s et he a ve n a nd e a rth ap art a nd ,

fix e d th e m b oth H e p l a ce d the m oo n in the sky h e b i ds

.
,

t h e su n tra v e r s e t h e w i de S p a c e a nd br in gs i t t o r e s t whe n ,

i t h as fi ni shed i t s cou rse H e cre a t e d the m a t ch l ess light.

nin g of he av en a nd the cl ou dy v a u l t a r ou n d on e a rth b e

, ,

d i v i d e d the br o ok s a c cord in g t o the i r o rder a nd in the ,

fi el d the p l a n t s be ar in g fl ower s a nd th os e wi th fru i t s ; re ly

i ng on h i m the fa rm e r p u t s h i s h a n d t o the s i ckl e
,
1 55
Fr o m .

h i m c ome r i ght th ou ght s a nd e very go od in te n t i on in m an ; ,

h e i s t h e kin g of t h e w o r l d s a nd p e op l e s s ee in g a nd he a r ,

i ng all ; he l e a d s t h e h u m a n a nd d i v in e h os t s a nd n on e ,

e q u al s h i m h ow s h ou l d any s u rp as s h i m ? 1 56

The p oe t s n e v e r t i re o f p r a i sin g h i s gre at n e ss a nd m ight ;

o ne d o u bt s w h e th e r b e fo re h i m w i s e me n ever re a ched the

w h o l e o f all I ndr a s gr e at n e s s and a n o ther re sc u ed fr o m

’
, ,

re a t n eed d l a r e s th a t he d o e s no t kn w the wh l e
g e
, c o o

re a t n e s s o f the d t h m i ht o f the m i ht n n d
g g o e g , g y o e a ,

th a t no o ne c om p reh en ds the d i v in e p ower of h i s p re s e n t

fa v or H e overt o p s b oth he ave n a nd e arth ; b oth t ogether
.

c a nn o t re a ch h i s re a t n e s s ; the a i r a nd the de th s o f t he
g p ,

x d 1 4 2 1 P 78 1 3 H di vi ded t h e e nd c ed t hem t o
E o us . . s . . : e s a a au s

pa ssthr gh ;
ou nd h m d t h w t r t
a t nd e h p
a I 63 1 2
e e a e s o s a as a ea . s . . .

i J h os 10 13ua L th .n t d t ill in t h mi d t f h v n nd
. O, e su s oo s e s o ea e a

h t d n t t g d wn b t wh l d y A nd t h r w n d y lik t h t
as e o o o o a ou a o e a . e e as o a e a ,

b f r it
e o e ft r i t
or a e .
 6 TH E RIGVEDA .

se a , the w in d s and the e n d s of the e arth c ann ot co n t ain

h i m I n dr a rej o i ce s far ou t be y o n d s tre a m and l a n d 7
.
1 5
.

B oth w o r l d s ( e a rth a nd he a ve n ) form i de a s of h i s su b

li m i ty but the y c a nn o t c om p rehe n d i t ; h i s h a l f equ al s
,

both of them ; whe n he gr a sp s both the s e u n b o u n ded

w or l d s t ogether the y a r e b u t a h a n df u l ; a s a s kin h i s
,

p ower r o ll s he ave n a nd e a rth t o ethe r ;

g the y b o th r o ll
a fter h i m ( by the n e ce ss i t y of n a t u re ) a s the whee l a fter

the hor s e 1 58
H i s d ay s do no t p a ss in hum a n fas h i o n ;
.

ne i ther y e a r s n or m oo n s m a k e h i m o l d ; the co u r s e of d ay s
do not c a u s e h i m to fa de and whe n he th in k s , I s h a ll ,
“

”
n ot d i e w i th h i m eve n th i s rem a in s true
,
“ 9
N ot the .

he ave n s can re s tr a in h i s the Mi gh t y s m i ght ; n ot d ay s

,
’
, ,

not y e a r s not m o o ns : the wor k the hero s et s a b o u t he

,

a ccom p li s he s a nd n o o n e i s a b l e to h in der h i m
, To day .
-

he p erform s o n e a ct to morr o w a n other ; he c all s th a t

,
-

wh i ch doe s not e x i s t in to be in g and eve n throu gh we a k ,

n e s s a cc o m p li she s w o n derfu l deed s 1 60

I n h i s t w o h an ds .

he ho l d s the n a t i on s a nd the i r p o s se s s i o n s ; he c a u s e s the i r

ho s t s to w ar a nd again l e a d s the m to p e a ce ; he a ni m a te s
the s p i r i t of heroe s in b a tt l e aga in s t the i r e n em i e s th o u gh ,

u n n ot i ced by the w i s e a nd by the ho s t s n ume ro u s a s the ,

s tars
1 61
. H e gi ve s o ver the gre a t in t o th e h a n d of the
s m all ; th o s e who th in k them s e l ve s gre a t he e n t a ngl e s in

b a tt l e a nd i s the s u b du er of the h a u ghty The p owerfu l

,
.

o n e hurl s a s i de the p roud foo l ; the Mi ghty overthr o w s

h i m who dec k s h i s body who j o in s h i m s e l f to the ni g ,

a r dly a nd tru s t s in h i s ow n ar m O n e he m ak e s h o me
g
-
.
,

le s s to a n o th er h e gi ve s a hom e ; a s a m an p ut s h i s feet
,

in t u r n o n e before th e o th er he m ak e s the fi rs t l as t ; he ,

bre ak s fr i e n d s h i p w i th the former j oi ns h i m s e l f in tur n t o ,

th e l a tter a nd sh a k e s off th o s e w h o ar e n ot devote d to

,

him 1 62
.

Th e h er o li s t en o vercom e s t h e migh ty ,

N ow to t h e f r o n t bri ngs o ne a nd now a no th e r ;

e thy d ys t h d y of m n A e t h y y ar s m an s ’
* J ob 1 0 . 5 . Ar a as e a s a ? r e as

da y s ?
 TH E RIGVEDA . 47

The l ord o f b ot h t h e worlds h a te s a ll t h e h a u gh ty ,

ca re s f or t h o s e wh o f e el th e ms elve s b u t h u m a n
9"
He
6 47 . . 1 6 .

A ll th os e w h o ar e gu il ty of gre a t cr i m e he s tr ike s w i th
h i s a rr o w whe n the y l e a s t ex p e c t i t a nd s m i te s d ow n every ,

one w h o d o e s no t k ee p hi s p r o m i s e w h o p ervert s the tr u th , ,

t h e s chem in g fooli s h m o ck er ,
The r i ch m an w h o p re s se s .
,

no S o m a for h i m he dr a gs fo rth fr o m hi s c o n c e al me n t u n
, ,

s u mm o n ed he d es tr oy s the h a ter s of p r ay er ; he di sp er s e s

the as se mb li e s of the u ns a cri fi ci ng on a ll si de s ; eve n in

u n a p p r oac h ab l e s tr o n gh ol d s th os e w h o h a ve e nkin d l ed h i s

wr a th a ll t ogeth e r c ann ot w i th s tan d h i s s tre n gth

,
1 63
For .

them there i s no he l p i f the y t u r n t o the god in the day

of n eed a nd p r o m i se h i m t h e r i che s t gi ft s .

I n ever k n ew a m a n t o s p eak s o t o m e ,

W h en a ll t h e ene m i e s ar e s a fely conqu ered ;

Y e a wh en th ey s e e h ow fi erce t h e b a ttl e r age s
, ,

T h ey ev en p ro m i s e m e a p a ir o f b u l lock s .

W h en I a m ab s ent f ar in di stant pl a ces ,

Th en a ll w ith o p e n h a nd th eir g i f ts w ou l d bri ng m e

I ll m ak e t h e w e althy niggard n eedy
’
,

S e i z e by t h e f oo t a nd o n t h e h ard r o ck da s h h i m
, .

1 0 27 3
. . . 4 .

Bu t to the u p r i ght m a n wh os e s tre n gth re s t s o n I ndr a, ,

w h o h as n ever l ed a n o ther a s i de t o go d l e s s n e ss a nd h as ,

n ever k now in gly n e gl e cted the go d s s on gs ; wh os e h op e

’

ever s ee k s the god a n ew callin g t o h i m a t m or nin g and ,

eve nin g by day and ni ght ; w h o fr o m l ove t oward h i m

,

re lin q u i she s h i s de si re 1 65 —
t o h i m the w o r l d s l o rd offer s
,
’

r i che s w i th h i s l eft h a n d and i s not dou btfu l w i th h i s

'

r ight ; t o h i m he s h ows h i m s e l f as h i s fr i e n d a nd s av i o r
and li ber a t o r a s h i s p re s e n t a nd fu t u re p r ote c t o r b d a
, y y
and ni ght as the p i ty i ng s u p p li er of h i s need s w h o w a rd s
, ,

i . e .
, wh o ackn wl dg t h i r w kn in r l ti n t
o e e e ea es s e a o o t h e g ods . D is te
min rem q
o uo d g ri i m p r
e s, f N t 1 62
e as : c . o e .
48 TH E RIGVEDA .

off w an t and hu n ger free eve n fro m gre a t gu il t a nd s .

1 66

The s in ger i s de a r t o the go d w h o l o ve s a b ove all to li s te n ,

t o p r ay er ; no t the dee p s tre a ma nd not the l ofty fi rm ro c k ,

n o m ort al and no god c an h in der h i m whe n he de s ire s to

r a n t the u p r i ht m a n h i s de s i re s to i ve h i m r te ct i o n
g g g p o ,

a nd be s tow r i c h herd s u p o n h i m S om et i me s in deed he .

, ,

k ee p s h i s a d o rer s in s u sp e n s e s o th a t they a n x i ou sly ask ,

w h e n he w ill heed the i r w o rd s .

“
Wha t h all b e with hy m n s t h y fi tting s ervi ce ?
no w s

H o w s h all we h on o r thee a ri gh t O I n dra ? ,

I bring in l ove t o thee a ll m y devoti on ;

H ea r ther e f o r e no w 0 I n dra thi s my cry in g ” 1 67
,
— , . 7 .

The n the sk e p t i c s cofli ngly s ee k s t o u n derm i ne the fa i th

of the be li ever whe n h e exert s h i m s e lf in ho ly a ct s as kin g ,

h i m i f the god h as ever s tood by h i m .

H ow t h en
I n dra h ea r w h en m e n en tr ea t him ?
can

,
n
H o w i f h e h e a r s c ou ld h e fi d m e a n s o f s u ccor
,
?

A nd wh er e i s a ll h i s w o n dr ou s con sol a ti o n ?
H o w c a n m en c a ll h im g e n er o u s t o t h e s i n ge r ?

H ow do e s t h e m a n wh o rv es him ev e n z ealou s
se ,
”
A nd f u ll of p i e ty , obt a i n h i s p r omi s e d b o u n t ?
y
Th e god be w i tness of my deeds devoti on,
’
.

My p ra y er r ecei vi ng a nd r ej oi ci ng i n i t ” a" 1 68
. 4 .

A nd whe n the m an, no w w a ver i n g in his tru s t cr i e s out ,

Li f t lou d s ongs of p ra i s e t o ga in h i s f avo r

up ,

R ea l p r a i s e t o I n dr a i f t h er e r e ally b e o ne , .

Th er e i s no I n dr a m a ny m e n a re s ay ing ;
’
,

W h o ev er s a w him W h y s h ou ld w e a dore h i m ?
? ’

the n the g od app e a r s to h i m a nd s

p e ak s
I in ger look o n m e h er e a m I
a m , 0 s , , ,

A nd I a m gr e a t e r th an a ll l ivi n g cr ea t u r e s .

T h e s ervi ce o f t h e s a cr e d rit e del i ght s m e ,

D es troy i ng I cr e a ti o n h u rl t o r u i n
, T 8 8 9 3 4 . . . . .

i le t m y de v ot i on pl
. e .
,
th e g d th t h m ay not let m e c om e
e a se o ,
so a e

t o sh m b f r t h m k r
a e e o e e oc e s .

1 H h lp t h e dev t b t de t r oy t h e g odl es
e e s ou ,
u s s s.
50 TH E RIGVEDA .

the s in ger s e n d s u p h i s dev o ut s on g of p r ai s e a s a m e s s e n

r t o the tw in s w h o o vercome all d a r kn e s s ; he c all s to
g e ,

the se two he lp er s a s a son t o h i s p are n t s 1 73

A t the i r s i g .

nal the g o l de n su n lik e ch a r i ot i s h a r n e s s ed wh i ch s tret c he s

-

o ver a ll p eo p l e s and w i th i t s whee l s t o uche s the e n d s of

,

he a ve n a nd e a rth The sk ill fu l Rbh u s fa s h i o n e d h i s

.

ch a r i o t w i th thre e s e at s a nd three whee l s ; w i thout h o rs e

a nd w i th ou t br i d l e i t gli de s s ure a nd u n w a ver in g a s thou h
g ,

o n w in gs t o the hou s e o f the up r i ght br in gin g p ro sp er i ty

, ,

li k e a s tre a m fro m the mou n t a i n ; 1 74

or dr a w n by go l d ,

w in ged s te ed s li k e e agl e s i t h as te n s d a ily w i th the sp ee d

,

o f w in d throu gh a ll the re gi o n s of a i r throu h sea a nd

g ,

r i vers s wi ft as thou ght

, s w i fter eve n th a n a m ort a l s
,
’

thou ght s w i fter th a n the tw in k lin g of a n ey e ” 5

Tow a rd
, .

the e n d of the night the n ob l e dr i ver s m o u n t the ch a r i ot

, ,

a nd wi th the m S fi r y fi the fa i r d a u ghte r of the S u n god

,
-

sh e y i e l de d her s e l f to the be a ute o u s her o e s a nd cho s e both

uth s for hu s b an ds a nd a ll the

g o d s a s s e n te d from the
y o ,

he art The j our n e y be gin s ; day a nd ni gh t d i v i de ; the

.

li m i t s of d ar k n e ss gr a du ally be com e vi s i b l e ; the H e lp er s

a p p ro a ch fro m night a nd n eed r i ch in j oy and r i ch in ,

we a l th th e two gu ard i a n s of tre as ure w i th abu n d a n t

, , ,

never fa ilin g ai d
-
1 76
.A s d i v in e p hy s i c i a ns the y dr i ve a w ay
s i c k n e ss br in g m ed i c in e s fr o m fa r a nd n e a r a nd he a l a ll
, ,

th a t i s hurtfu l ; the y gi ve s i ght to the b lin d a nd m ak e the

l am e w a l k ; the y he l p o n w a rd the outc as t and th e sl o w ,

eve n tho u gh l eft far beh in d Li k e rotte n c o rd s the y s n ap .

a s u n der the n et o f c a l a m i ty a nd a t the fe a s t s the i r deed s

,

of w o n der in the fa ther s t i me s a re l oud ly p r ai s e d a mo n g

’

1 77
the p e O p le .

U p o n y ou r h ari o t y e br ou ght t o V i m ada

c

T h e da u gh t e r fa ir of P u ru m i t r a f or h i s wi f e .

Th e eu n u ch s wi f e s en t u p h er p r a y e r t o y ou c m e
’

y e a , ,

A nd m a de Pu ra rndh i h a p p ily bri n g f ort h a chi ld

’
1 78
.

Y e gave t o K al i , wh en h e h a d gr own old i n y e a r s ,

T o him , t h e s i nger , all h i s y ou t h f u l s tr ength a ga i n ;
 TH E RIGV EDA . 51

A nd V a nda na y e res c u ed fro m t h e dee p a b y s s ,

1 79

A nd q u i ckly V i cp a la t h e m a i m e d y e m a de t o w alk
1 80
.

To P e du y e O A cvi ns gave t h e snowy s te ed

, , ,

T h e ru nn er s tr on g wh os e ni ne ty ni ne f ol d w o ndrou s s tre ngt h

,
-

B ea r s o n h i s ri der i n h i s fl igh t ; th ey c ry t o h i m
A s t o t h e goodne s s o f a ri ch a nd ki ndly l o rd
81 1
.

7 . 8 . 1 0 .

The wi s e A t r i t hr o u gh the w il e s of a h os t il e m o n s ter

, ,

h as fa ll e n w i th a ll h i s h o s t in t o a b u r ni ng ch a s m ; a t h i s
e n tr e a ty the A gvi ns app r oa ch w i th e agl e s S p e e d br i ngin g ’

a c o o lin g a nd q u i c k e nin g dra u ght ; th ey p r o te c t h i m fr o m

the gl ow in g fl a me s a nd fi n ally l e a d h i m a nd h i s foll o wer s

,

o u t t o the li fe g i v in g a i r in fu ll y o u thf u l s tr e n g th
1 82
-
The .

H e lp er s t o ok the b o dy o f the aged C y a v ét n a lik e a cl oa k

’

m a de i t y o u n g and b e au t i fu l again p r ol o n ged the li fe of ,

the l o n e ly o ne a nd m a de h i m the h u sb a n d of a y ou n g
,

m ai den 1 83
. Rogu es h a d k e p t R e b h a h i dd e n lik e a h o r s e
in t h e wa t e r b ou n d w ou n ded overwhe l m e d by the fl oo d ;
, , ,

te n night s and nin e d ay s he lay there t ill t h e A gv i ns w i th , ,

the i r w on der w or kin g p ow e r br o u ght the de a d forth a nd

-

re v i ved h i m 1 84
To the Paj ri d K a k s i v a nt th ey g r a n t
.

b l e ss in gs in a b u n d an c e ; fr om the s tr on g h or s e s h oo f a s ’

fr o m a s i eve the y p ou re d h i m forth a h u n dred j ar s of

,

w in e ; a nd t o G b o s a rem ainin g in her father s h o u s e

1 85
,
’
,

they ga ve a h u sb an d in her old age 1 86

The q u a il s e iz e d .
,

by the w ol f the y fre e fr o m h i s j a w s

,
1 87
a nd br in
g the s we e ,t
h o n e y t o the be es 1 88
.

B u t a m on g t h e m a n y w o n der s for w h i c h the y are ce l e

b at e
r d ,
— a nd there ar e ver y m a n y , — n on e i s sun g s o
l ou d and so o ft e n a s t h e r e s c u e o f B h u j y u wh om h i s ,

fa ther T u gr a l eft beh in d in the m i d s t of the s w ellin g ,

wa ve s a s a d e a d m a n ab a n d on s h i s p oss e ss i o n s T oss ed
, .

a b o u t in the d a r kn e s s he c a ll s u p o n the ou thful her o e s

y ,

a nd th e a a in a r e m in dfu l o f h i m rd in t th i r
y g a c c o
g o e ,

w o n t a nd h a ste n u p w i th the i r red fly in g s teeds s e l f h ar

, , ,
-

n e es ed in th ei r ch ar i ot swi ft as th ou ght I n the s ea

, , .
,
52 TH E RIGVEDA .

wh i ch i s w i thou t s up p o rt u n ce as in g and u n re s t in g the y

, ,

a c c om li s h the i r her oi c w or k : the s tru g lin m n i

p g g a s

dr a w n in to the hu n dr e d oa red c r aft and the her o e s w i th

-

, ,

m i r a cu l ou s p ower be a r the ex il e in the s h i p flo a t in g i n

,

m i d ai r to h i s hom e o n the o ther s i de of the r ollin g s ea

-

j o u r ne y in g three ni ght s a nd thr i c e by day ,

1 89
W h a t w on .

der th a t every o pp re s s e d o ne l on gs for s u c h he l p er s who ,

s o o fte n s in ce the f a ther s t i me s in every n eed h ave’

, ,

s tret c he d fo rth a s a v in g h a n d a nd th a t h i s de s i re s l o o k t o
,

them ? A s the w in d dr i ve s the c l ou d s s o the s in ger dr i ve s ,

h i s s o n gs of p r a i s e tow a rd the l o r ds of li ght ; he c a ll s u p on

t hem a t home a nd o n the j o u r n e y ; he s ee k s t o a ttr a c t
t he m fr o m fa r a nd ne a r fr o m e a s t a nd we s t w i th th e
, ,

p l e a s in g dr a u ht o f m ilk 9
g
90
lik e bu ff a l oe s
p a n t i n g fo r the

w a ter s gl e a m the y ar e b e s ou ght a t m il k in g t i me e a r ly in

’
,
-

the day a t n o o n a nd a t s u n s et by day and night t o dr a w

, , ,

n e a r the devo u t w i th b l e ss i ng a nd s u pp ort in h i s n ece ss i ty 1 91

.

S in ce the i r former deed s n ever fl ag the y ar e b o th fo r all , ,

t i me the he lp er s of a ll me n eve r re ga rd in g a n ci e n t fr i e n d
,

s h i p s and re l a t i o n s the y w a rd o ff ev il fr o m the i r a d o rer s

, ,

ch as e a w ay h ate a nd e n vy l e n gthe n the i r li fe and , ,

o verthr o w the i r co n tem n er s The m a n w h o revere n ce s .

a nd p r a i s e s the m the y br in g to o l d age w i th s ee in

g y ;
e e

the y rew a rd h i m w i th r i che s a nd the b l e s s in g of ch il dre n ,

s o n g for s o n g s o th a t he e n ter s in to o l d a ge a s in t o hi s
,

ow n h ou s e 1 92
.

A fter the s e m uch p r ai s ed l o rd s of li ght the A gvi ns in

-

, ,

the fa r E as t out of the d a r k n e ss fro m the b ou n d a ry of

,

he a ve n and e a rth r i s e s the fr i e n d ly U s a s E o s A u r o r a

,
*
, , ,

the go l de n d a ughter of he a ve n w i th k in dl y cou n te n a n ce , ,

t o S h o w her s e l f t o the dwe llin gs of me n 1 93

The t w o s i s .

ter s N i ght a nd D aw n a r e u nli k e in co l o r bu t of h a rmo ni

, , ,

o u s m in d ; in fi xe d s ucce s s i o n the y f o ll o w e a c h o ther in

da il y in terch a n ge ; as s o o n a s the d a r k si s ter de s cr i e s the

li ght sh e wi llin gly gi ve s p l ac e t o her
,
1 94
N o w the fa i re s t .
,

light of li ght s p ut s to fl ight the d ar k n e ss of the ni ght w i th

t Th e D a wn
; v Ma x Mii lle r in Not e 1 9 3
i
. .
 TH E RIGVEDA .

its terr or s ; t h e p u re go d de s s dr i ve s a w ay h a ter s a nd ev il

doers .
ale 1 95
S h e m ak e s t h e u n de s i red d ar kn e ss g i ve way t o
s ight sh e Op e n s t h e ga t e s of h eave n for every c re a tu re a nd
, ,

b egin s the n t o fi ll the w i de s p a ce s 1 96

W h i te s teeds or bu l .
,

l ock s dra w the we ll a d or n ed ch a r i o t of the godde ss s e l f

,
-

o kin in i t sh e cl e a r s a goo d ly r o a d a nd w a y fir s t u p o n
y g ;
the m o u n t ain s the n every w here in the p ath s of me n
,
1 97
.

S h e a w a k e n s all c re a t u re s — only the m i s er m u s t s l e e p on ,

in the m id s t of d ar kn e ss w i th ou t w a kin g — s h e br in gs , ,

re n ewed li fe a nd i m p e l s all th in gs th a t li ve t o m o t i on t h e
w in ge d fl o ck s of b i rd s fl y forth ; t w o fo oted and fou r foo ted - -

cre at u re s a ro u s e them s e lve s a t her li ght ; me n t ak e the i r

m o r nin g me a l a nd all the five p e op les fi whom d aily sh e
e n ci rc l e s go forth t o the i r oc cu p a t i on s ” 8
.
,

Th e godde s s ra di a nt bringing every s plendor

A p p e a red i n light a nd th re w t h e p ortal s o p en ;
,

All li f e a ro u s in g s h e h a s s h o wn u s tr ea s u res
, ,

T h e D a wn h a s w a k e n ed eve ry livi ng cr e a tu re .

Th e in g m a n t h e godde s s w a k e s t o motion
l
s ee p ,

O ne t o enj oy m ent o ne t o g a th e ri ng tr e a s u re
, ,

Th e di m i n s igh t t o g a z e a f a r a b ou t t h em ,

Th e D a wn h a s w a k en e d ev ery l ivi ng cr e a t u r e .

To lords h i p r e n o w n a n oth e r
o ne , to w i n ,

O ne t o ge t ga i n o ne to h i s o ccu p a ti on
, ,

T hr ou gh all t h e v a ri o u s p a th s o f l i f e t o j o u rn ey ,

Th e D a wn h a s w ak en ed e v ery l i v i ng cr e a t u r e
”
.

1 . 1 13 . 4 6 .

Lik e d a n cer the go dde ss p ut s o n r i ch a d or n me n t ; in a ll

a

her form gl e a m in g w i th fu lln e ss o f be a u ty lik e a m ai de n ,

wh o m her m o ther h a s de ck ed o u t the r ad i a n t one w i th ,

r a ci ou s s m il e d i sp l ay s her ch a rm s t o the a d o rer a nd br in s

g g ,

r i ch tre a su re in t o the h ou s e of the m an of up r ight m in d

m u ch li fe s u st ainin g we al th in wh i ch t h e m ort al r ej oi c e s
-
, ,

fr om wh i ch h i s fame gr ows w i d e a m on g me n ”9
.

* J ob 3 8 1 2 f . m n d d t h m rnin g i n t h y d y
. H a s t t h ou c om a e e o s ce a s,

a nd c au s ed th d y p ri n g t k n w h i p l ; t h t i t m i gh t t k h l d f
e a s o o s a ce a a e o o

th e nd f t h e rt h t h t t h wi k d mi gh t b h k n t f i t
e s o ea ,
a e c e e s a e ou o

t A freq en t d i gn ti n f
u t h wh l w rl d
es N t 1 98
a o or
“
e o e o o e .
54 TH E RIGVEDA .

Thr ough two th i e sp e ci ally th i s m u c h s u n g go dde ss

ngs , ,
-

a w a k e n e d the a s t o ni s hme n t o f the V ed i c s in ger s Kn ow .

i ng p re c i s e ly the fi r s t s i g n of day d a il y sh e a ccom p lis he s ,

fa u l t l e ss ly her l o n g j o ur n e y n ever tr a n sgre s sin g the ord i ,

na n ce of the r i ght a nd of the go d s ; sk ill fu ll y sh e fo ll o w s

s tr a i g ht the p a th l a i d d o w n n ever fa ilin g in the d i re ct i o n, ,

but ap p e a r s day by day a t the p l a ce a pp o in ted by the

an ds
” n e s in er s ee s the s e
200
A d h
’ 6
ods comm n whe t
g .
g
d aw n s com e a ga in a nd aga in eve r w i th the sa me b e auty , ,

o l d a s t i me y et eter n a lly y ou n g in app e ar an ce to day

, ,
-

a li k e and a li k e t o m o rr o w
,
foll ow in g the p a th o f tho s e
-

p re ced in g a t the s a me t i m e the fir s t of a ll th a t s h all come

,

a fter
2° 1
,
the n fu ll of sa d n e s s he reflect s
, ,

V a ni sh e d a nd g on e l ong s i n ce a r e a ll t h e mortals
W h o l o o k e d o f o l d u p on t h e dawn s bri gh t r a di a n ce ’

T O d a y s h e s h o w s h e r s el f t o u s
-
a nd o t h e rs

S h a ll c o m e i n f u t u r e tim e t o ga z e u p o n h er .

So o ft b efo re ri s en
h as go dde s s Us a s ,

A nd n o w t h e ri ch o ne clo th e s t h e worl d with glory ,

A nd s till i n l a t e r day s w i ll gl e a m h er brig h tn e s s ,

A s p l e a ses h e r u n agi ng n ev e r dy ing — 1 1 1 3 1 1

, ,
-
. . . . 13 .

Sh e co m e s i n r a di an t n e v er f a ding l r
co o s , ,

A nd l e a ds t o a g e t h e l i f e o f ev e ry m orta l ;
E ve n a s a ga mbl er hi des t h e di ce with cu nning
”
S o s h e r e mov e s t h e h u m a n ge ne r a ti on s 1 .
202 -
. 92 1 0 . . 1 1 .

The n s o o n S ri r y a h i m s e l f fo ll ow s the s h inin g god de ss

’

o f the m o r nin g a s the y outh the m ai de n s fo o t s te p s ; the

,
’

G o d bor n li ght v i s i b l e fro m a fa r the s on of he a ve n w i th

-
,

o l de n h a i r a m in in
203
g the S u n, S tre g forth . be a m s from
the b os o m of the d a w n the a rou s er of all me n r i s e s s al ute d
, ,

by the j oy fu l e xu l t a t i o n o f th e s in ger s ; he throw s o ff the

b l a ck c l oa k h i s be a m s s h ak e the d a r k n e ss fro m h i m li k e a
,

s k in and the s t ar s w i th
, t he i r gl ea m s li n k a w ay li k e
th i eve s 204
.

it
H o se a 6 . 3 . Hi s going rh
fo t is p repare d as th e morn in g . Of . J ob
3 . 12 .
 TH E RIGVEDA . 55

W h om th ey h om e i s fix ed th eir a i m u nw a v e rin g
, w hos e , ,
*

H av e m a de t o drive a w ay t h e h o s til e da rkn e s s ,

T h e s u n god all t h e en ds o f e arth s u rve y i ng

-
, ,

B y s eve n s t ee ds all li gh t a nd s w i ft i s c a rri e d

, 4 13 , .
-
. . 3 .

Th e ligh t a nd brigh t a nd b eau teou s s teeds o f S ary a ,

T h e gl ea m i ng s t ee ds b y s ong s o f j oy s al u t e d , ,

T h ey r e v er ently cli m b t h e h e igh t s o f h eav en ,

I n o ne day a ll t h e r ealm o f light tra vers in g 1 1 15 .

205
. . 3 .

T h e gol de n orn ament of h eaven f ar s ee i ng -

M ou nts p res s in g to h i s di st ant goal brigh t gle a min g

, , .

I m p ell ed by S ti ry a s p o w er le t a ll t h e m ortal s ’
,

P u rs u e th eir a i m s a nd ca rry o n th e ir la b ors T— 7 6 3 . . . 4 .

So S fi ry a r i s e s every m or nin g an all s ee in g s ear cher ,

-
,

m ou n t s the hi gh p l a in s l ooks d o w n on r i ght and wr on g ,

a m on
g me n g u a rd s the p a th of the u r i ht ob s erve s a t
, p g ,

b i ddin g the o c c u p at i o n of e a ch and wh e n at ev e nin g h i s , ,

j o u r n e y a c com p li s hed he u n h ar n e sse s h i s m a re s fr om the

,

c h ar i ot he c o mm a n d s t o lay a s i de the w or k a s s i n ed in
, g
the m or ni ng eve n th ou gh i t be u n com p l eted the n N ight
,

sp re ad s her ve il o ver a ll Un ce asin gl y S firy a s s teeds .

’

carry no w the br i ght gl e a m n ow the d a r k o ver the d o me , ,

206
of the sky .

I t i s ev i de n t th at the s u n th i s v i t al bre a th of a ni m a te ,

a nd in ani m a te th in gs th i s bri ght d i v in e c ou n te n a n ce

, ,

i mp er i sh ab l e in the he a ve n s p r osp er in g m a nkin d wi th ou t ,

di s t in c t i on — th i s ey e all s ee n a nd all s ee in g wh i ch ab o ve
,
- -
,

a ll
p u b li s he s the I mm o rt al s m i g ht a nd w i s d o m s in c e i t ’
,

ex al t s them h i gh in t h e he ave n s 2° 7 —
th a t the s u n sh ou l d ,

be h on ored and su n g in a very sp e ci al m a nn er ; a nd we

fi n d i t s v a r i ou sly d i sp l ay ed act i v i ty p r ai s ed u n der v a r i ou s
n a m es 2 08
.

I n P fis a n i e t h e N o u r i s h e r the gre a t br in ger of ’

‘
, . .
, ,

s u ste na n c e a nd l ord r i c h in tre a s u re i s p r ai s ed A s be .

Th e hi gh e st g ods , t h e Adi ty a s : p . 58 f .

1 Ps 1 0 4 2 2
. . . T h e su n ri a se t h . m a n goe t h f o t h r u n to his w rko a nd

to his l ab o r nt i l t h e
u e v ni n g
e .
56 TH E RIGVEDA .

s tower of r i che s m akin g all me n p r osp er he a l so br in gs

, ,

h i dde n tre as u re t o li ght comp e l s the ni gga rd ly t o gi ve

, ,

a nd s o fte n s the he a rt o f the m i s er l y ; he p a ve s the w a t

y o

a inin a l th p i erce s the ni gga rd s h e a rt w i th h i s s e a r

’

g g we , p ,

a nd br in s wh a t w a s de a r t o them t o hi s a d orer F ill

209
g .

i ng b o th the br oa d sp a c e s the fl a m e r a d i a t in g go d s i t s in
,
-

the m i d s t of he a ve n and a s s h e p h e r d o f the w o r l d o ver

,

l o o k s all cre a ture s a c c ur a te ly d i s t in g u i s h in g them and

,

s urve y in them a ll ; a s u a rd i a n of th e herd w h o ver n

g g g o s ,

a ni m a te a nd in a ni m a te li fe he we a ve s the s hee
’
, p s dre s s

a nd s mo o the s her c o a t ; he fo ll ow s the c a tt l e a nd u a rd s

g
the s teed s th a t n o n e of the m m ay b e l os t or c ome t o h a rm
, ,

n o n e b e d as he d t o p i ece s in th e r av in e a nd th a t all m ay ,

re t ur n u n h a rm e d 21 0
A s g u a r d i a n o f e v e r y r o a d he
.

c l e a r s a nd m a k e s l eve l the p a th s go e s befo re s e n ds on the, ,

s k ill f u l m a n a nd p r o tect s o n ever o ur n e in

21 1
y j y A n d s ce .

he k n ow s the w ay s o f he a ve n a s we ll a s e a rth and a ll the

S p a ce s he goe s before the s ou l s of the de a d o n the i r j o ur
,

ney to the abode s where the u p r i ght h a ve g o n e where the y ,

dwe ll 21 2
.

The far s tr i di n g ru l er of the he i ght s V I s nu i e the

-

, , . .
,

W o r k e r i s ever a nd a n o n p r a i s ed for h i s gre a t her o i c

,

deed be c au s e he me a su re d the wh ol e w i de e a rth in thre e

,

s tr i de s m a de s u pp ort s for th e k i ngdom o n h i gh a nd fa s t

,

e n ed th e e a rth a ll a bout w i th p e gs 21 3
H i s fo otp r in ts a r e
.

fu ll of s weet n e ss a never ce a sin g s ource of j oy ; he ga ve

,
-

the v as t ex p a n s e of e a rth w i th r i c h p a s ture s t o m a n for a

s ure dwe llin l s te p s of the S u n li k e we
?“
gp a ce -
T w o -

c an rec o niz e th ou h a mort a l who w o u l d see them mu s t

g g ,

d ilige n t ly exert h i m s e l f ; but the t h i r d hi ghe s t n o n e d a re

a
pp ro a c h n,o t eve n the w in g ed b i rd s in th e i r fli ht ; i t i s
g
k n ow n o nl y to the S a v i o r fu ll o f mer cy Tow a rd th i s .

h ighe s t foot p r in t p l a c ed li k e a n ey e in he a ve n the wi s e

, ,

ever l oo k ; there a t the sp r in g of s weet n e ss the me n de

, ,

21 5
vote d t o the go d s d w e ll in h app in e ss .

C l o s e ly co n n ected w i th S firy a i s S a v i t a r the I n c i t e r , ,

I n s p i r e r E n l i v e n e r ; the two word s a r e in deed em

’
, , ,
58 TH E RIGVEDA .

li fe a nd a t eve nin g r e s t ; th e n he c l o aks h i m s e l f in bro w n

re d m a n t l e a nd h a s te ns d o w n the he i ght s o n we ll p a ved -

du s t l e ss p a th s ; in the d ar k night foll ow in g h i s s ettl ed

'
,

c u s t o m S a v i t a r gu i de s the gre a t h o s t of s t a r s 222

, .

Th e go d h i s migh ty h a n d h i s a rm o u ts tretc h es ,

I n h eav e n a b ove a nd all t h i ngs h er e ob ey h im

,

T o h i s c o m ma n ds t h e wa t er s a r e a tt e ntive ,

A nd e v e n t h e r u shi ng w i n d s u b si des b e f o re

D rivi n g hi s t no w h e r e m oves t h e h a r n e s s
s e e ds , ,

A nd bi ds t h e wa n der e r r e s t h im f r o m h i s j o u rn ey .

H e c h e c k s t h e s e r p e nt s m it e r s e a ge r o n s et ;
’
-

A t S av i ta r s comm a n d t h e ki n dly N igh t comes

’
.

Th e w ea ve r rolls h er growing w eb to g ether ,

A nd i n t h e m i ds t t h e wo rkm a n l e a v e s h i s l ab or ;
T h e god a ri s es a nd divi de s t h e s e a s on s ,

G o d S a vi ta r a p p ea r s t h e n ev er re s ti n g , .

I n every pl a ce where mortals h ave th eir dw elling ,

T h e h ou s e fire far a nd w i de s he ds f orth i t s r a di a n c e

-
.

T h e m oth er giv e s h er s o n t h e fa ir e s t p o rti on ,

B eca u s e t h e go d h a s giv en de s ire o f e a tin g .

N ow r etu rn s wh o h a d gon e forth for p rofi t ;

he
F or hom e t h e lo ngi n g w a n de r e r s h ea rt i s y earn i ng ;
’

A nd e a ch h i s t a s k h alf fin i sh e d h om ewa rd j ou r n ey s
, , .

T h i s i s t h e h e av enly I n c it er s o r di n a n c e
’
.

Th e r e s tl es s da rti ng fish a t f a ll o f ev en ing

, , ,

S e ek s whe r e h e m ay h i s r e f u ge i n t h e wa t er s ,

H i s n es t t h e egg b orn s ee k s th e ir s t a ll t h e c a ttl e

-
,

E a ch in h i s p la c e t h e go d divi de s t h e cre a tu r e s
, .

2 38 . . 2—6 . 8 .

THE ADI TrA s .

The p ers oni ficat i ons of li ght a l re ady na me d the A gvi ns , ,

Usas the S u n go d s dwe ll in the h i g h e s t r e a l m in the

,
-

, ,

c l e a r sp a ce of the he ave n but the y a r e n ot the h i g h e s t ,

S t Ma t t h
. B u t t h e m e n m a rv ell ed sa ying Wh a t m a nn e r of
.
, ,

m an i s t h i s t h a t e v e n t h e win ds a nd t h e sea O b ey him !

,
Ps 1 0 4 7 ; 1 0 7 . . .

29 . I s 50 2
. . .
 THE RIGV EDA .
59

g 0 ds A l m os t
l w a
y s th e i r a
a c t i v i t y i s p i c t u red a s b o u n d t o

Sp e c i a l p he n o me n a th e r e fo re c,
o n fi n e d t o a r e l a t i v e l y n a r

r ow S p here and no t a t a ll in de p e n de n t a nd u nli m i t e d Whe n .

Usa s e ach day in t e lli ge n t l y a p p e a r s a t t h e r i ght s p o t sh e ,

o nl f oll ow s h i gher l a w s a nd whe n S a v i t a r lik e a s p i r i ted

y , ,

w arri or swin gs h igh h i s b a nn er i t i s s t ill V a r u n a a nd Mi tra ,

w h o ac c o rd in g t o t h e i r d e c ree c au se the s u n t o m ou n t
, ,

h igh in the he ave n s 223

W h il e t h e p oet p rai s e s S firy a i n
.

in sp i red s o n gs h e s t ill kn ow s th a t the d iv ini ty i s o nly a n

,

in s tru me n t in the h an d s of h i gher p wer o s — th a t h e i s ,

o nl y the ey e o f V a r u n a a nd Mi tr a ; lik e a n e agl e s o a r in g

S firy a f oll ow s the p a th where the s e i mm o rt al s l a i d o u t the

r oa d for h i m Therefor e the lib a t i o n a nd s on gs a t s u n
.

r i s e ar e h o m age t o V a r u n a a nd M i t r a a nd A r y a
o s t c e l e br a ted a m o n g t h e A d i t y a s
224 the m the
m an , ,

s on s o f A d i t i .

To A d i t i e t e r n i t y no h y m n s a r e di rected ; bu t
‘ ’
, ,

s h e i s oft e n p r a i s ed as t h e fr i e n d of a ll me n the gl o r i o u s , ,

he ave nly su st a in er of the n a t i on s the r i c h be s t ower o f ,

b l e ssin gs w h o ga ve life t o Va r u n a a nd Mi tr a the m os t

, ,

m ighty l ord s as a reve l at i o n of the h ighe s t di v in e p ower

, .

Me n e n tre a t her for s u r e p rot e ct i o n a nd defe n s e a nd de ,

s i re t o be freed by her fr o m the d e bt o f s i n

225
B u t he r .

s on s t h e s e v e n A d i t y a s a r e the a b s o l u te t h e h i he s t
, , g , .

T h e gods , all ligh t a nd cl e a r as fl o w i ng fou nt a in s

U p li fted ab ove h a rm , de c eit a nd b lem ish .
” 226
2 . 27 2 .

Fr om me o f th e i r n ame s in p a rt o f r a re o c cu rre n c e
so , ,
22 7

o ne m i ht b e in clin ed t o in fer th a t e x c e t in V r n
g p g a u a , ,

th ey h a d th ei r o r igin not a s t h e o th e r gods in n a t u r al

, ,

p he n o me n a bu t in m or a l i d e a s ; b u t w e h a ve r a ther t o s e e
,

in them dee p sp i r i t u a l p ers oni ficat i ons of the he a ve nly

light and i t s v a r i ou s deve l op me n ts The y the r ighte o u s .
,

r u l er s c re a ted t h e eter n a l o rder in the re a l m of n a tu r e a s

,

w ell as sp i r i t a nd the y wa t ch o ver i t th a t th i s the i r a n

, ,

c i e n t o rd in a n c e of the w o r ld s o ver n me n t m a
’

g y ever h a v e

eter n al con t in u an c e 228

I n t h e h y m n s t o th e s e li v i ng sp i r
.
‘
60 TH E RIGVEDA .

it s of the god s t h e re li gi o u s fee lin g fi n d s ex p re s si o n in the

’

re a te s t de p th ferve n c y a nd p ur i t y
g , .

A ll the god s t ogether cho s e the s e p ure m in ded w i s e so n s -

o f w i s e p a re n t s for the h i ghe s t d i v in e p o we r a nd l a d ly

g ,

a ve ove r the dom ini o n to them s o th a t the embr ce

g y a ,

b oth th e w i de w o r l d s ?29

Th e A dity a s t h rou gh dep th a nd bre a dth extendi ng

, ,

Unh a rm e d by a ny h a rmi n g a t t h e ir p l e a s u re , ,

T h ey m a ny ey e d di s ce rn t h e s tr a i gh t a nd cr o o k e d ;
,
-
,

F or th em a ll t h i n gs a r e n ea r t h e f u rt h e s t e v en , .
230

I n a n i m a t e a nd a n im a t e s u s ta i n ing ,

Th e h e a v e nly gu a r di a n s o f t h e wh ol e cr ea ti on
W a tc h over th e ir divin ity f a r s ee i ng ,
-

E a ch evi l dee d wit h j u s ti c e s tri ct they p u n i sh ? 32

N ri gh t or left no b a ck or f ront A dity as

o , , ,

By m orta l ey e s i n y ou c a n b e di s ti ng u i s he d l
.
ae

N o we a ri n es s c a n di m y o u r e y e s nor s l u m b er ; ,

A fa r y ou r gu ar di a n s h i p p r o t ect s t h e u p ri gh t ] 233 L

2 .2 7 (v N ot e . .

E ver the p ure o n e s who s e very bre a th s uffi ce s to ho l d the ,

worl d i n b ou n d s a s s ert the i r dom ini o n ; a s the u n h a rmed

, ,

in falli b l e he a ds of the r a ce s of me n the y gu a rd every where ,

the i r fir m de cree s wh i ch n o god d a re s to d i s turb and woe ,

t o the mort a l who s hou l d a ttem p t to v i o l a te them ? 34

They s e e in to the he a rt s of m e n a nd the i r t h ou gh t s i the

fal s e and tho s e w i thout de ce i t ; to h i m who c l e a n fr o m ,

an
y s i n n ever p r a ct i s
, e s wh a t the g oo d o n e s p u ni s h the ,

s p ot l e s s s o n s of A d i t i br in freed o m out o f n ee d a nd
g
O pp re ss i o n ? 35
The y a r e h i s p r ov i der s and h i s s tre n gth ;
i . e .
, v i ible t o hu m n ey e Of : Not e 2 33
ye a re not s a s . a nd J ob
L O, h e g t h b y m e nd I see him not ; h e p a e t h on l
oe ,
a ss a so, bu t I p ercei ve
hi m n ot .

i i . e mp ani e nd p rot ect him verywher e P

.
,
a cco s B h ld
a s e . s . e o ,

he t h t k ep t h I r el h ll n i t h r l mb er n
a e e s a l p s a e e s u or s e e .

1 1 S m el 1 6 7 M n l k t h n t h
a u . t w r d pp
: r n b t the a oo e o e ou a a ea a ce u

Lo r d l ook et h on t h e he rt J 1 7 1 0 I t h L or d r h t h he rt
a . er . . : e se a c e a .
 TH E RIGVEDA . 61

whe n he tremb l e s a t d an ger a nd de ath he flee s for refu ge ,

t o th e i r he a rt ; in th e m h e fi n ds p r o te c t i o n a nd d e fe n s e
a nd comfort a nd he e n tre a t s the in falli b l e for the i r a lli
,

a n ce W he n he turn s b ack fr om h i s si n the n the y p u t

.
,

fa r a w ay the ev il d o n e o p e nly or in s e c ret a nd p r ol o n g the ,

li fe of the p e ni te n t A l th ou gh as m an he i s su bje ct to .

de a th y et the a rr ow o f t h e de a th god s h all not s tr ik e h i m

,
-

befo re a r i p e old age s h all not h u rry h i m aw ay before hi s ,

t i me in the m i d s t of h i s w or k l 236
.
ae

I p ray A dity a s
f or y o u r p rot ec ti on , y e ,

I s ee k u r s tr e n t h en in w r in h r f d n r
y o g g p o e o u s o a
ge .

L e d by vo u r h a nd V a ru n a Mitra m ay I ,
-

E s c a p e fro m n e ed a s f ro m a y a w ni ng c h a s m ? 37

Y o u r p ath i s e a sy Ary a m a n a nd Mitra , ,

A nd th orn l es s V a r u na it l ea ds s tr a i gh t o nw ard
, , .

O n it A dity a s l e a d u s w it h y o u r b l e s sin g
, , ,

A nd co v e r u s w it h a defe nce endu ri ng ? “8

H e dw ell s i n p e a c e i n ri ch ly w at er ed regions ,

Th e p u re o ne ri ch i n s on s a nd a r m e d w ith p o wer 1
, .
'

N o h o s til e w e a p o n s f a r o r ne a r c a n r e a c h h i m , ,

W h o dwell s def ended by t h e grea t A dity a s 239

.

F orgi v e A diti V a ru n a Mitra

, O , , ,

I f w e in a ny t h in g h a v e s in n e d a g a i n s t y o u .

L et m e a tt a i n t h e r e a lm s o f p e a ce a nd b ri gh tnes s ,

L e d by y ou r h a n d i n folly o r i n w i s do m f , .

2 2 7 (v N ote . .

The m ight a nd gre a t n e s s of th e s e e ter n al h i ghe s t be in gs ,

the i r w i s d o m a nd j u s t i ce the i r su b li m i ty a nd kin dlin e ss ,

a r e u ni t e d in t h e c h i e f A d i t a V a r u na r i in ll the
y o
g a y , ,

P lm
9“
sa I id O my G d t k m n t w y in t h mids t of
sa , o ,
a e e o a a e

my d y a s .

T P l m 1 3 A nd h
sa h ll b lik
. tr
: pl nt d by t h riv r of w t r
e s a e e a ee a e e e s a e ,

t h t bri n g t h f r t h h i f r i t i n h i
a e o n ; h i l f l h ll n t with r ;
s u s se a s o s ea a so s a o e
a nd wh t v r h d th h ll p r p r J r m 1 7 8
a soe e e oe s a os e . e e . . .

1 i .l t m
e . nt r t h bri gh t w rld f t h bl ed w h
, e e e e rdin g t my
e o o e e ss , o a cc o o

p w r n w
o e s n w d ri gh t
o err , o o .
62 TH E RIGVEDA .

s o ni fi c a t i o n o f the a l l e m b r a c i n g h e a v e n
241
p er I n -
.

t h e p re s erved hy m n s he s t a n d s com p a re d w i t h the na ,

t i onal I n d i a n god of b a tt l e I n dr a m ore in the b a c kgrou n d , , ,

a nd i n m a n y p l a c e s the co n tr a s t a p p e a r s p rom in e n t l y be

twee n the g o v e r n i n g k i n g o f p e a c e V a ru n a a nd the

w a r li k e m a r t i a l h e r o I n dr a l o ve d a nd ce l ebr a ted by ,

the w a r li k e n a t i o n ; ?42
but the re l a t i ve ly few hy m n s to
V a ru n a be l on g t o the mo s t ex a l ted p ort i o n s of the V ed a .

The y re c a ll e sp e c i ally the to n e o f the P s al m s a nd the lan

u a e of the B i b l e in ge n er a l ; to th i s p o in t more a tte n
g g
t i o n w ill b e d i re cte d here a fter They p i cture the go d a s .

the all w i s e cre a t o r p re s erver and re ge n t of the w or l d s

-

, ,

t h e o m ni s c i e n t p rote ctor of the g ood a nd a ve n ger of t h e

ev il ho ly and j u s t y e t full o f p i ty
, , .

Lik e a c u nnin g a rt i s t th e all w i s e god c all ed all th in gs -

t h e h e a ve n a nd the e a rth here in to e x i s t e nc e r Thr o u gh

’
, .

h i s m i ght the bro a d de e p doub l e re a l m of ai r s t a n ds fa s t ;, ,

h e p r opp e d th e he a ve n s a nd m a r k ed o u t the sp a ce s of
e arth T; a s the butcher s tretche s a h i de he sp re a d out the ,

e arth as a c a rp e t for the s u n i wh i ch i t s e l f he cre a ted in ,

the he a ve n s a gol de n s w in gin g li ght § H e fi ll s b o th

, .

wor l d s w i th h i s gre a t n e ss “ a nd be s t o w s o n every mort al ,

t h a t wh i ch g i ve s h i m h i s v al u e a nd worth ? 43

His work s b ea r w itn e s s t o h i s might a nd wi s dom ,

W h o f a s h i on e d fir m su pp orts f or e a rth a nd h eav en ,

W h o s e t o n high t h e firm a m e nt u pl i f te d ,

A nd fi x ed t h e s t a r s a nd s p r ea d ou t e a rth s e x p a n s e s
’
.

7 86 1 . . .

R ee l 1 1 . m k et h ll
. 5 : Go d w h o a a .

T J er em 1 0 1 2 ; 5 1 1 5 H h t h m de t h e e rt h b y h i p w r h e h t h
. . . e a a a s o e , a

e t b li h d t h
s a s worl d b y h i wi d m nd h t h st re t h e d o t t h e h v en
e e s s o ,
a a c u ea s

by h i di r t i n — I
s sc e T h t t r e t ch t h f r t h t h
o . s . h vn l n ; a s e o e ea e s a o e

t h t pr e d t h a br
a s a d th e e r t h b y m y l f
oa J b 9 8 — J b ea Wh r se . o . . o e e

w t t h wh n I l i d t h f n d t i n of t h e e rt h D l r if t h h st
as ou e a e ou a o s a ec a e ou a

u n d r t n ding
e s a P . S .

1 Cf P . Wh
s . t ret h e t t t h e h a v en s li k e a c r t in
o s I c s ou e u a . s.

J e r em . W hi ch gi v et h t h e s u n f or a light by da y Ps 1 3 6 . . . 8 .

[I Jer em . 23 24 . : D O not I fi ll h e a v e n a nd e a r t h ? s a i th t h e L or d . J ob
 TH E RIGVEDA . 63

m in gled w ith th e cl o u ds h i s cooling bre ez es

He ,

H e gav e t h e co w h e r m ilk t h e h ors e h i s s p iri t , ,

*

Pu t w i s do m i n t h e h eart T i n cl ou ds t h e li gh t ni ng f , ,

Th e su n i n h e a ve n o n t h e rock t h e S o m a § 5 85 ,
.
2“
. . 2 .

Th en s s u r e c o u r s e s V a r u n a a p p o i nt e d
su
’
,

H e s ent t h e s tre a m ing w a te r s fl o w in g o nw ard 1l ,

Th e m i gh ty p a th o f day s h e fi r s t c r e a te d ,

A nd ru l es th e m a s t h e ri ders gu i de th e ir h o r s e s . 7 87 1 .

M
E n ve l op edin gol de n cl o ak in r obe s of glory the l o rd , ,
e

of all s t a n d s in the a i r ; w i th the c o rd he me a s u red the

e n d s of h e a ve n a nd e arth a nd w i th the s u n a s w i th a me as
u r in aff he l a i d o u t the s a c e s of the e ar t h h o n wh i ch
L
g s t p ,
'

he p l a ce s h i s m ou n t a in s ?46

A nd the w o r l d wh i ch he c re a ted the l ord of all li fe

s u p p ort s and c a rr i e s ; h i s br e a th b l o w s a s w in d thr o u h
g
the ai r ; h i s ey e t h e s u n i s the s ou l of the a ni m a te a nd , ,

in ani m ate ; h e gi ve s dr ink t o all c re at u re s as the r ain ,

t o the fr u i t s of the fieldfl : 247

S i tt in g in hi s h ou s e wi th

J ob 3 9 1 9 gi v n t h h r e t ren g t h
. : Hast t h ou e e o s s ?

T J ob 3 8 36 W h o h t h p t wi dom in t h inw r d p r t
. wh h th a u s e a a s or o a

gi v en n d r t n din g t o t h e h rt
u e s a ?
ea

1 i .t h e li gh t nin g in t h e l
e .
, d ; b o v e p 3 5 64 J r m 1 0 1 3 ; 5 1 1 6 c ou s a ,
. . . e e . . .

He c et h t h e v p r t
au s ce n d f r om t h e nd f t h rt h ; h e m k t h
a o s o as e s o e ea a e

ligh t nin g wi t h r in a .

P s .W h m k e t h gr t o gr ow u p on t h m ou n t in ; cf P
o a a ss e a s . s .

1 04 1 3 1 4
. . .

1! P s 7 4 1 6 ; 1 0 4 1 9
. . . : T h ou h ast pr p re d t h e li ght
e a a nd t h e su n ; t h e su n

kn w o et h in g down hi s g o .

11 i in e V ru h w d t h m t h p t h ; N t e 2 45 P 1 0 4 1 0 H
. e .
,
s c a .
a s o e e e a o . s . . : e

se n d th t h p ri ng int t h v ll y w h i h n m on g t h e h ill P 7 4 1 5
e e s s o e a e s, e ru a s . S . .
,

et c . J b
-
W h h t h divi d d w t r
o r e f o t h v rfl owin g fo a e a a e -
c ou s r e o e o

w t er
a J b 2 6 1 0 et
s o c

”
.
, .

H P 4 2 Wh S v er e t t h y sel f wi t h l i gh t
. . : s wi t h g r m nt ; N t
o co s a a a e o e

246 .

i f J ob 3 8 5 . : W h o h a th l i d t h m e r e of t h r t h
a e a su s e ea ,
i f t h ou kn w t o es

or wh o h a t h r
s t e t ch e d th e lin p n i t V r e 1 8 H
e u o ? e s : a st t h ou p r iv d
e ce e

the br e a dt h of t h e e a th r
1 1 J ob iv t h r i n p n t h e rt h nd n d t h w t r u p on
Who g e a u o ea a se e a e

t h e fie lds — P 5 . 7 2 6 H e h ll. m d w n li k e r ain p n t h m wn gr

s a ; co e o u o e o a ss

a s sh o wr e s tha t w t r th e rth H
a e 6 3 ea . os e a . .
64 TH E RIGVEDA .

a th ou s a n d d o o r s he h ol ds s way o ver the br oa d e a rth ,

a nd h i h he a ve n ? over g o d s a nd m o rt al s as a b s o l ute
g , ,

u n r i v a ll e d p r in ce ; in the fou n d a t i on s of the e a rth a s

in the a i r h i s dom ini o n e xte n ds to the b ou n d a r i e s o f the
w o r l d and n o th i ng c a n w i thdra w i t s e l f from h i s s w ay ?
,
48

I m mov a b l y he p r o te c t s h i s a n c i e n t in v i o l a b l e l a ws hi s , ,

in fr a n gi b l e de cree s in n a tu re as we ll a s in the li fe o f me n ;
for firm l y on h i m a s o n a r oc k the o rd in a n ce s a r e fixed eter
n ally ; fo r he i s the o m n i s c i e n t r u l e r o f a l l ?49
He
k n ow s where the P l e i a de s wh i ch s how at ni ght go by , ,

day ; he k n o w s the s e cre t h i d de n n a m e s o f the da w n r the

’
,

a th of the b i rd s th a t s o a r in the s p a ce s o f the a i r the

p ,

s h i p s u p o n the s e a ;t the twe l ve m oo n s r i ch in ch il dre n ,

a nd the m o o n b o r n a fter E ve n the p a th of the w in d the .

,

g l or i o us l y m i g y §
h t a nd tho s e w h o dwe ll be y o n
, d — i n ,

s hort every wo n der com p l ete or to b e c o m p l eted p as t

, , ,

a nd future i s reve a l e d befo re h i m A nd a m o n g me n h e

?50
,

l o o k s up o n r i ght a nd wr o n g ; he w a t che s o ver the th o u ght s

of m ort al s Has the s he p herd over h i s herd s ; y ea a w ay ,

from h i m a nd w i thout h i m no o ne i s m a s ter eve n of the

w in k in g of h i s ey e ? 51

I t i s a dm i ss i b l e to in s e rt here a fr a gme n t of the A t h ar v a

v e da w h i c h gi ve s ex p re s si o n t o the d i v i n e o m n i s c i e n c e
,

m ore forc i b l y th a n a ny other hy m n of the V e d i c li ter a

t ure ? 52

Ps 8 9 1 1
. h ea ven re t hine t h e worl d al o i s t hin e t h e worl d
. : Th e s a , s ,

and t h f lln e e t h r of u tc ss e e ,
e .

T J b 9 7 W hi h
o .l th p t h e t r c H t ll t h t h e n m
se a e u s a s . e e e u

b erof t h e t r ; h c ll t h t h m ll b y t h i r n m
s a s e a e e a e a es .

1 P 50 1 1 I k n w ll t h f wl
s . . f th e m n t in nd t h e wil d b t
o a e o s o ou a s, a ea s s

of t h fi el de mine — Pr v 3 0 1 8 Th ere b e t hr t h i ng t h t
a re . t o . . : ee s a a re oo

w n d rf l f m t h w y f n gl in t h i ; t h w y f erp en t
o e u or e : e a o a ea e e a r e a o a s

Up n o r k t h w y of hip in t h mi d t of t h e
a oc e a a s e s s ea .

Of p 3 8 wi t h J oh n 3 8 — P 1 0 4 3 W h w lk e t h p on t h e wing
. .
9“
. . s . . : o a u s

o f t h e win d P 1 35 7 = J m 10 13
. s . . er e . . .

H I K ing 8 3 9 Th o onl y k n w t t h e h rt s O f a ll t h e c h il dren of

. s . : u o es ea

m n Pr o v
e . J m 17 10 . er e . . .
66 TH E RIGVEDA .

T h e w i n ki ng s of e a c h m o rta l ey e h e
”
H e w i elds t h e u n iv e r s e a s di ce a p l a e r
y , .
— AV 4 1 6 1 . . .
-
5 ,

W h o ever here u p o n e a rth h o n or s V a ru n a a nd s ubm i t s

w illin gly to h i s c o mm a n d s a nd h i s eter n al ord in an ce s ,

fr o m h i m he t ak e s a way all a n x i ety a nd fe a r and S p re ad s

o ve r h i m a threefo l d p r o te ct in r o of ; 1 he i s a t h a n d w i th
g
a hu n dred a th o u s a n d remed i e s ; he s h a r e n s the c o u r a e
, p g
a nd the u n der s t a n d in o f the tru l dev ted the r e r
g y o
p ya ,

wh i ch he h i m s e l f in sp i re d in h i s he art ; eve n dee p h i dde n

s e cret s he i m p a rt s t o the w i s e s in ger ? 53
Wi th c o nfi
de n ce the p i ou s m ay l o o k for h i s p i ty : the k in d god gi ve s
h i m a h u n dred h a rve st s a nd h i s de s i re j o y fu l and p l e a sa n t ,

o ld a e a nd a fter de a th a ne w a nd b l e ss e d li fe u ni te d
g i
—
,

w i th th e g od s a nd hi s ow n p eo p l e in th e h i ghe s t he ave n .

B u t whoever thr o u gh a ny err o r or a ny s i n § eve n w i th , ,

out in te n t i o n o ffe nd s a ga in s t the s e e ter n al ord in a n ce s of

,

the All k n ow in g he a r ou s e s the a n ger of the S inl e ss h i m

-
, ,

Ma t th . Lu k e 12 7 . But e v e n t h e v e ry h a i r s of y ou r h e a d are

a ll nu mb ere d .

T Ps 9 1 .v 14 B .e h1 Hh t h e t h i l v e u p on m t h r f r
. . : e ca u s e a s s o e, e e o e

will I d li v r him I will et hi m n high b c

e e h h t h kn w n m y n m
,
s o e au se e a o a e .

P 59 1 6 F
S . . th h t been my defen c nd r f g in t h d y of my
: or ou as e a e u e e a

tr ou bl G n 1 5 1 I 4 1 1 0
e . e . . . s . . .

1 P s W i th l ong life will I t i fy hi m a nd h o w h i m my l

. sa s S sa

v t i on
a .

W e m st dmi t t h t in no ot h er n t r l r eligi n wi t h t h ingl

“
u a a a u a o , e s e ex

c ep t i n f t h
o Ir ni n whi ch i nly n t her br n h f t h e m f mily
o e a a ,
s o a o a c o sa e a ,

w r t h e n t re nd t h g il t f in fix ed m ore firmly nd wei gh ed m r

e e a u a e u o s a o e

gr v ly
a eA r ligi n which m k i t high t di vinit y g z i n t t h e d p
. e o a es s es a e o ee

es t r t f t h e h m n h r t h ow o l d rec gni t i n f t h n t r nd
sec e s o u a ea ,
c u a o o o e a u e a

g il t
u f i n e c pe i t
o sSin i n eq ence f h m n w h
s a ? s a co s u o u a e a

n ess wel l
a s f h m n wi k dn but a s in it io n t u a c e ess ,
a s s s o

l e ss p ni h ble in n
u s th n in th a th r ; nd f r gi v o e ca s e a e o e a o e

ne i ss gh t f V r n v n f
s s ou in whi h h v b n d n in i g
o a u a e e or S s c a e ee o e

n oran A nd m or e t h n n c w find in t h
ce . ld h y mn p eni t n t n a o e e ese O s e co

fe i n
ss o of in s nit d wi t h p r y er f f rgiv n e exp r d in t h
S ,
u e a or o e ss, e sse e

s p e h of impl e f i t h Th g il t f i n i f l t
e c s b rd n m f t t r
a . e u o s s e as a u e so e e e ,

a nd f r d m f r m i t
ee rvit de i p r y d f ; h r
o o l ewh r h m n s se u s a e or e e as e s e e u a

p o w e r n a c o m p l i h n t h i n g w i t h t di v i n e
c a c i t n s o ou a s s s a c e,

f o b y hi m e lf m n h s n t t h e p w r v n t
”
r s p n al hi y a o o e e e o o e or c o se s e es .

— R oth .
 TH E RIGVEDA . 67

me sse n ger s a t the c omm an d of the J u s t p u ni sh and b i n d ,

h i m w i th the b on d s of the go d — w i th c a l a m i ty w i th , ,

s i c kn e ss a nd de a th N o de c e i ver s de c e i t nor the w il y

l ae ’
.
,

p l a n s o f m a n d a re t o ap p r o a ch the p u r e o ne
255
thr ou h
g
revere n c e and p r ay er thr ou gh li b a t i o n and s a cr i fi ci al gi ft s ,

every m o rt al s ee k s t o all ay t h e wr a th o f the Mi ghty 256

.

A nd the r i go r ou s o ne i s y e t a god w h o p i t i e s the s inn er

and w h o therefo re i s the c h os e n re c i p i e n t of p r ay er ?
57
To
o ther d s me n t u r n m os t for s u c ce ss a nd r i che s fo r r e
g o ,

sp e c t a m o n the e l e n d n mer f m il f r v i c t or
g p po a a u o u s a
y o y ,

and sp o ils fr om V a r u n a i s s ou ght c ont in u ally f o r

g i v e n e s s o f S i n o f e v e r y k i n d S i n c e H e h a s t h e ,

p o w e r .

I f w e to loved co m p ani on
a ny dea r a nd

H ave evil do n e t o b roth er o r t o nei ghb or , ,

T o o u r o wn co u ntry m a n o r t o a s tra nger ,

T h a t s i n do t h ou O V ar u n a f orgi v e u s
” —
5 85 7
’

. . . .
, ,

F orgive t h e w r ong s co mm itte d by o u r f a th er e d “

W h a t w e ou r s elves h ave s i nn e d i n m ercy p a rdo n ;

My own mi s de eds do th ou 0 god t a k e f rom me , , ,
”
A nd for an oth e r s s i n let m e not s u ff e r 7 8 6 5 nd 2 259
’
. . . a . 28 9 . .

I f ever we de ce ive d l ik e c h e a ti ng p l a y e rs ,

I f c on s ci ou s ly w e v e e rr e d or a ll u n c o n s ci ou s 260
’
, ,

A ccor ding t o ou r s i n do no t th o u p u n i s h ; 1
B e t h o u t h e s i nge r s gu a rdi a n i n t hy w i s do m
’
.

5 85 8
. . a nd 7 88. . 6 .

n wh er cl rly and di t in t ly expres ed

I t is o e t h e t ea ch in g
ea f s c s as o

t h i r l i gi n t h t t h e w g
s e oof i n i s de a t h in t h e en e t h t m en di e only
, a a es s s s a

in n q n e f t h ir g i lt nd t h t wi tho t i t t h ey wo l d live et r
co se ue c o e u , a a u u e

n lly ; b t t h t h ugh t i oft n very n rly t o ched I mmort lit y i t h

a u e o s e ea u . a s e

fre gi f t f di vin mer y t o m en

e o
”—
R th e c . o .

TP S R m mb er not a g in t
. ef orm er i ni q i t i e
e E xodu s a s us u s .

P 1 09 1 5
S . J e em 3 2 1 8
.
f ! E z ek 1 8 2 0
. r . . : o . . .

1 P S .W h c n t ll h w f t h off ndeth o Cl n e t h o
a e me o o e e ? ea s u

fr m my e r e t f l t
o J obs c P 1 0 3 1 0 H h t h n t d l t wi t h
au s . S . . : e a o ea

us f t er o
a in no rew rd d ur s cc r din g t
s, i ni q i t i
r E zr 9 1 3
a e us a o o ou r u es . a . .

PS 5 1 3
. . .

Ps . De liver me in thy ri gh t e ou s ne s s a nd c au se me to
e sc ap e . PS . 1 1 .
 8 TH E RIGVEDA .

The s in ger V as i st h a i s fi ll e d w i th p i ou s gr i e f be c a u s e ,

d a ily aga in s t h i s w ill a nd w i t h o ut k n o w l ed ge j u s t a s i t

, ,

ofte n h a pp e n s to m e n in the i r a ct i o n s he offe n d s the god ,

a nd in i n o r a n ce v i o l a te s h i s de c ree ll o f w oe whe n
26 1
g Fu .
,

the h a n d o f the god li e s he a vy u p o n h i m he re c all s the ,

t i m e whe n a s h i s m os t in t i m a te fr i e n d he he l d c l o s e
, ,

in ter c ou r s e w i th the Lord a nd h ad fre e a pp ro a c h t o

*
,

h i s h i gh s tro n gho l d the hou s e of a thou s a n d do o r s ?

,
62

A n x i o u sly he s e ar che s a fter the he a v y s i n for wh i ch the

j u s t k in g n ow v i s i t s h i m h i s co n s t a n t l ov in g c o m p a ni o n
, , .

Fre e d fr o m s i n he y e ar n s to b e p erm i tte d fu ll o f revere n ce , ,

t o ap p ro a ch the merc i fu l one a nd he c on s u l ts the w i s e ,

m e n by day a nd in the ni ght s e a sonj B u t from other s

he he a r s o nl y wh a t he h a s a l re a dy d i sc o vered ; th a t
V a r u na d o e s no t refu s e h i s p i ty to h i m who in d i re n eed
c all s u p on h i m ? 63

This th i ng by day t h e s am e by n i ght t h ey tell

, me ,
A nd t h i s m y o w n h e a rt s vo i c e i s eve r s ay i ng
’

H e t o w h om cri ed t h e fe tt er e d Cu na h ce p a
, ,
'

G r e a t V a r u n a t h e ki n g s h all giv e u s f ree dom .

F or C n
u na h cep a
c e b o u n d t o thr e e p i ll a r s
o , ,

C a lled i n h i s ch a i n s o n A dity a f or s u cc or .

Le t V a ru n a t h e m o n a r c h f r ee m e a l s o ,

H e c a n — a nd m ay t h e tr u e o ne l oo s e t h e f e tte rs
, .

W e t u rn nger with ou r off erin gs

as ide thy a ,

0 K i ng b y ou r l ib ati on s a nd devo ti o n
,
.

D o thou wh o h a s t t h e p ower wi s e k in g e t ern al

, , ,

R el ea s e u s f rom t h e s i n s w e ha v e committ ed .

1 . 24 . 1 2 —1 4 .

A nd sothe op p re s s e d m an c all s and c r i e s to h i m the p i t i ,

fu l, in m ercy t o re l e as e h i m fr o m all the g u il t of si n ;

?64

9"
Cf . Ps . 77 Not e 2 62
. 6 1 0,
-
a nd .

TP 2 2 2 O my G od I cry in t h e da y t im e bu t t h ou h e re st not ;
S. . : , ,
a and

in t h e nigh t se ason and a m not silent P 88 2 e t c

, . S . .
, .
 TH E RIGVEDA . 69

Up o n the h e a rt of the god h e p re s s e s hi s s o n g in wh i c h

, ,

f u ll of ch il dlik e tr u s t h e v ows :
,

Th ee I w ill follo w j ea l o u s god a nd s er v e th e e

, , ,

F a ith f u l a nd tr u e a s s l a v e s a ki ndly m a s te r
,
.

Th e go d gi v e s li gh t t o m i nds de v o u t th o u gh s i m p l e ,

Th e w i s e a w i s er one co n du ct s t o bl e s s in g — 7 8 6 . . 7 .

Wi th V ar u n a i s conn e ct e d al s o the be li ef in p e r s o n a l
i m m o r t a l i t y in the l i f e o f t h e s o u l a f t e r d e a t h
, ,
” 26 5
“
th a t re a l si ne qu a non o f all tr u e re li gi o n Th a t li fe .

i s here u n der s t oo d thr ou gh o u t a s the f r e e g i f t o f t h e

g ods
266
, wh i c h th e
y g r a n t t o ev e r y u p r i ht a d o rer
g Th e .

de a d b ody w a s e i th e r c o n si gn ed t o the fl a m e s or l a i d a w ay
t o ge n t l e r es t in the m o th e r e a rth ? 67
The e a rth b o r n she ll -

i s gi ve n b a ck i t t a k e s p oss e s s i on of i t s h ome in the br o a d

b os o m of the e arth ; bu t the s ou l o f the p i ou s m a n wh i ch . ,

S p r in gs fr o m a b o ve c ann o t rem a in in t h e g r a ve a n o ther

268
,

p l a c e h a s bee n fo u n d for i t by the r i ht eo u s f o r e fa ther s o f

.

g
o l d e n t i me s V i vasv ant s s o n Y a m a the fir s t m a n h a s
.
’
, , ,

o n e t o the d i s t a n t he i ht s a nd h a s s e a r c h e d o u t a w a t
g g , y o

the w or l d of the j u s t for the m u l t i t u de a fter h i m ? 69

H e w en t b e fo re a nd fou nd a dw ellin g for us,

A p l a ce fro m wh i ch no p owe r ca n ever b a r u s .

Wh ith er ou r f a th ers all lon g s in ce h a v e j o u rney ed ;

H i s p a th l e a ds eve ry ea rt h b or n m ort a l th ith er ?
-
0 7

10 14 . . 2 .

Therefore whether the fl ame s dev ou r the b o dy or the

,

e a rth c over i t the S p i r i t freed fr om all n e e d s m o ve s

, , ,

thr ou gh the ai r t ow a rd ne w li fe ; 2 1
l ed by P usan 27 2
it 7
,

c r o ss e s the s tre a m
27 3
a nd
p a ss e s b
y Y a m a s w a t c hf u l ’

d ogs t o the w orl d of sp i r i ts fr o m wh i ch i t ca me

27 4 ?75
Go
”—
forth go fo rth s o o ne h m n c r i e s t o the s o u l of the
, , y
de p arted a t the fu n er al c erem on y
G o f orth , go fort h u po n
h s o a n ci ent
th e p at ,

B y w h i c h ou r f a th e r s r e a ch ed th e ir h o m e i n h e a v e n .

T h ere V a ru n a s h a lt th o u b eh ol d a nd Y a m a , ,

Th e prin ce s b oth i n b l e s s e dn e s s e tern a l

,
.
2 76
70 TH E RIGVEDA .

Th e tt ed dogs o f
spo r ey e d S a a m a, t h e fou r -

P a s s ca lmly by a nd h old t h y way s tr a igh t onw a rd ;

E nt er t h e b a nd o f t h e p rop iti ou s f a t h er s *
,

D w ell i n g i n b l e s t a b o de s i n bl i s s w ith Y a m a .

J o i n th ou th y s el f t o Y a m a a nd t h e f a th ers ;
M e et th er e w ith t h y r e wa rd i n h i gh e s t h ea ven ;
R et u r n t o h o m e f r ee f ro m a ll imp e rf e cti o n ;
,

I n r a di an t p ower ga i n u n i on wit h t h v b o dy 27 8
.

10 . 14 . 7 . 1 0 . 8 .

In the h i ghe s t he a ve n therefo re , ,

is the p l a ce ,
in Ya m a s ’

br i ght re al m ,

Wher e m en devo u t i n ble s s edn e s s are dwelling ,

W h ere l i f e t o life s u c ce e ds f or right eo u s s p irits ,

A nd e a c h i s f u ller t h a n t h e l a s t i n b e au ty 279
1 1 54 . . . 5 .

There in the in mo s t m i d s t o f the h i ghe s t he a ve n be a m s

u n fa di n g light a nd tho s e eter n a l w a ter s Sp r in g ; there
,

w i s h a nd de s i re a nd y e a r nin g a r e s t ill ed ; there dwe ll

b li ss de li ght j oy a nd h app in e ss Th i s li fe of b li s s i s not
, , .

p i cture d m o re c l e a rl
y in the h y m n s o f the Ri
g ;
280
i t i s

no t a sk ed h ow the ne w bod y w ill be e n d o wed in th a t

sp i r i t w o r l d a nd whether n ew t as k s a w a i t i t there ;
28 1
-
, the
m a n s tr i ve s o nl y li v in g a ccord in g to the com m a n d s of
,

V a ru n a to be gu il t l e s s befo re h i m and A d i t i a nd h o p e s
, ,

i n ch il d li k e confidi ng tru s t th a t he S h all a t so me t i me li ve

a bove in eter n a l li ght u ni te d w i th h i s a n ce s t o r s w i th h i s
, ,

a s a d i v in e sp i r i t a m o n l
28 2
fa ther a nd m other , g the b e ss ed
a t li k e them i n a pp e a r a n ce a nd m i ht he m a
28 3
g ods ; th , g y ,

be the i r com p a ni o n a nd he lp er in the i r work s .

A s to the e ter n a l go ds so a l s o revere n ce i s S how n to all ,

w h o h a ve p a ss ed a w a y the e a r li er m i dd l e a nd l a s t , W he n , .

a m a n d i e s o r whe n the a nni ver s a ry of a re l a t i ve s de a th

’
,

i s ce l ebr a ted the n w i th Y a m a a nd A gni all the fa ther s

,

“
hr
Fat e s is h ere t h e t n din g epith et fo t h e bl
s a r
‘
e s s ed th e l
sou s of

t h e d p r t d pi
e a e ou s o n e ; f Not e 2 70 nd t h foll wing
s c . a e o .
 TH E RIGVEDA . 1

who ar e k n ow n a nd kn ow n a re s u mm o n ed t o
who a re not
the fu n er al fe a st t o the fo o d o n the s a cr i fi ci al s tr aw a nd
,

t o t h e p r iz e d S o m a ? “
A nd the s e w h o h a ve be c ome i mm o r
t al l ook d ow n u p o n m ort al s ; the s e s p i ri t s of the de a d c a re
fa i thfu ll y for th e i r ch il dre n h e re o n e arth Th ey m o ve .

thr o u gh the ci r cl e of the e arth s a tm osp here thr ou gh all ’

,

the S p a ce of the a i r a m on g the r a c e s th a t dwe ll in be a u t i

,

fu l v ill age s where me n p r ep a re the s a c r i fi c e and c all them

, ,

th e r e the h oly tr u e w i s e fa th e r s come f u ll of gift s w i th

, , , ,

s u c c o r r i ch in b l e ss in g w i th p r o s p er i ty a nd b l e s s in g t o t h e
,

m ort a l a d orer The y br in g th e i r s on s m ight a nd we al th

.

a nd p o s t e r i t y ; the y he a r h e l p c o mfo rt ; the y fi ght b ol d ly

, ,

lik e h e r o e s in b a tt l e they gi ve a th o u sa n dfol d reward for

,

t h e o ffer in gs a nd p u ni shm e n t for wr on g i f ever i n h u m a n ,

fash i o n m ort a l s s i n again s t them ; for th e m s e l ve s j u s t , ,

th ey r ej oi c e in the r i ght a nd p re serve r i ght 285

a nd t h e

di v in e o rd in a n c e s o f the E ter n al s They l e a d the d aw n .

a c r os s the sk y a nd w i th a th o u sa n d me a n s a nd w ay s g u a rd
,

the su n ; the y de ck t h e he a ve n s w i th s t a rs as a d a rk s teed ,

w i th p e arl s a nd lay d a r kn e ss in the ni ght and in the day

, ,

t h e li ght s r a d i a n c e 286
’
.

B u t t o the w i ck ed ly in g ev il d oers t o p erver s e go dl e s s

,
-
, ,

me n w h o v i ol a te the firm d e cree s of V a r u n a a nd Mi tra

, ,

t h e e ver w a t c hfu l t o l u s tf u l w i c k ed w o me n w h o h a te th e i r
, ,

h u sb a n ds t o all the s e th a t h ighe s t gi ft of the go ds i s

,

de ni e d ; the y r e m ain S h u t ou t fr om the comp a ni on sh i p of

t h e i mm o rt al s a nd the S p i r i t li fe in eter n a l li ght -
A s th e i r .

b o d i es a r e s u nk in the t o mb s o the i r s o u l s ar e c a s t in t o t h e
,

p i t
, in t o d ee p e s t h op e l e ss d a r kn es s
,
2 87
O f the de s c r i p t i o.n s

of t h e
p l a c e o f t orme n t a s the
p h a n t as
y o f ,the l a ter I n d i a n s

a nd o ther p e op l e s e v ol ved them the Rigved a kn ows as ,

li ttl e a s of the gl oomy d o ctr in e of m etem p sy ch os i s wh i ch ,

a fterw a r ds fettered the S i r i t s o f I n di a in ch a in s

p .

Tw o god s y e t rem ain t o be m e n t i oned t o e a ch of wh o m ,

in t ime the q u ali ti e s and deed s o f t h e o ther god s c olle c

t i v ely were as cr i bed .
72 TH E RIGVEDA .

S o m a w a s or i gin a lly the p re ss e d outs apfrom the s w el

lin g fibre s o f a p l a n t 2 88
Th i s her b i t s e l f c a ll ed S o m a w a s
.
, ,

o n c e brou gh t by a fa i r w in ged fa l co n fr o m a far fr o m the

-

h i ghe s t he a ve n o r fro m the mou n t ain s where Va r u n a h a d

, ,

p l a ce d i t the wor l d s
, g o
’
ver n or 289
I t s s a p p u r i
. fied m i xe d , ,

w i th m il k or a de c oct i o n of b ar l e y a nd l eft fo r s o me t i me ,

for ferme n t a t i o n 290

S h owe d in t o x i c a t in
, g e ff e c t s a nd w a s ,

the fa vor i te dr in k of the A ry a n s the s ou l a nd a d o r n me n t ,

of the s ac r i fi c e the j oy of m e n
,
29 1
I t i s dr u n k by t h e s i ck
.

m an a s med i c in e a t s u n r i s e ; p a rt a k in g of i t s tre n gthe n s

the li mb s p re s erve s the l e gs from bre ak in g w a rd s off all
, ,

d i s e a s e a nd l e n gthe n s li fe The n n eed a nd tr o ub l e v a ni sh

.

a w ay p in ch in w a n t i s dr i ve n o ff a nd fl ee s whe n the i ns i r
, g p
i ng o ne l ay s h ol d of the m o rt a l ; the p oo r m a n in th e ,

in tox i c a t i o n of the S om a fe e l s h i m s e l f r i ch ; th e dr au ght

,

i m p e l s the s i nger t o li ft h i s vo i ce and in sp i re s h i m for

s o ng ; i t gi ve s the p o e t s u p er n a tur a l p ower s o th a t h e ,

fee l s h i m s e l f i mm o rt al 29 2
O n a cc o u n t o f th i s in s p i r in g
.

p o wer of the dr i n k there a r o s e eve n in the I n d o I r a ni a n

,
-

i a p er s o ni fi c a t i o n o f the s ap a s th e g o d S o m a
293
p er od ,

a nd a s cr i p t i o n to h i m o f a l m o s t a ll the dee d s o f o ther

s tre n g th of the g o d s eve n be in g in c re a s ed by

294
g od s,
the
th i s dr a ught 295
Li k e A g n i S om a c a u s e s h i s ra d ia n c e t o
.
,

S h in e cheer in gl y in the w a ter s ; li k e V ay u he dr i ve s o n ,

w i th h i s s teed s ; li k e the A cv i n s he c o me s in h a s te w i th ,

a i d whe n s u mm o n e d ; li k e P us a n he ex c i te s revere n c e , ,

w a t che s over the herd s a nd l e a d s by the S h o rte s t r o a ds t o

,

s u c ce s s
296
. L i k e I n d r a a s the s o u ght for a lly he o ver
,
-
,

c o me s all e n em i e s n e a r a nd fa r ,
29 7
free s fr o m the ev il ,

in te n t i o n s of the e n v i o u s fr o m d a n ger a nd w a n t br in gs
,
298
,

o od l i s fr o m he a ve n a nd the
29 9
r che fr om e a rth ai r
g y , .

S o m a t oo m ak e s the su n r i s e i n the he a ve n s re s t o re s
, , ,

wh a t h as l ong bee n l os t h a s a th o u s a n d w a y s a nd m e a n s
,

of h e l p he al s all b lin d a nd l a me
, ,
3 00
c h as e s a w a
y the b l
, a ck

S k in ( the a b o r i gin e s ) a nd
g i ve s ever y th in
, g in t o the
p os

s e ss i o n of the p i ou s A ry a fi01
I n h i s the w o r l d ru l er s ,
-
’
,

ord in a n c e the s e l a n d s s t a n d ; he th e be a rer of he a ve n a nd ,

74 TH E RIGVEDA .

exterm in a te s the s ter n a ve n ger o f c r i me ;

,
31 1
b u t o n the
m an w h o be li ev in gl y tru s t s in h i m he be s t o w s v i c t o r y a nd
freed o m s e c u r i ty a nd p l e n t i fu l r i ch e s y ou thfu l s tre n g th
, ,

a nd a n umer o u s fa m il y
31 2
. H e br in gs j oy t o the g o d s a s
w e ll as to me n ; for o nl y thr o u gh h i s w i s d o m h a ve the fir s t
o bt a in ed a s h a re in the s a c r i fice fo r the l a tter h e
31 3

cre ate d all p r ay er s a nd m a k e s them a v a ilin g ; h e i s the i r

r ightfu l S k il le d p r i e s t
,
31 4
a nd the P o n t i fex the , re
p p a rer o f
the w ay t o th e he ight s o f he a ve n 31 5
.

W e m u s t fin ally c all a tte n t i o n t o th e fa c t th a t a not

i n c o n s i der a b l e n u mber o f h y m n s i s d i re c ted t o a ll
g o d s
“

The s e a r e e i ther e a c h o ne in s u c c e s s i o n c a ll ed b
(p .
y
na me a nd e n tre a ted o r the p et i t i o n s a r e p re s e n ted t o the m
,

in a b o dy the a d o rer a s sure s them th a t he ne i ther s e c ret ly

i s gu il t y of m a n y error s n or op e nly p r o v o k e s the i r wr a th ,

a nd e n tre a t s of the m i m p er i s h a b l e p r os p er i t y
31 6
.

W e w ill here c l os e ou r s urve y o f the re li gi ou s so n gs a nd ,

i t rem a in s t o c a s t a gl a n c e a t the not t oo n ume r ou s ex a m

p l e s o f

SBOULAR POETRY,

i f we m ay e mbr a ce u n der th i s t i t l e the s o n gs n ot sp e c i ally

d i re cte d to di v ini t i e s W e can n a tur a lly n ot l ook for a
.

s h ar p d i v i s i o n of the t w o ch i ef gr o u p s ; the tr a n s i t i o n from

the fi r st to the s e c o n d i s p erh ap s be s t form e d by t w o

, ,

hy m n s wh i ch be l o n gin g h al f to the re li gi ou s h al f t o the

, , ,

s e cu l a r p oetr y a r e of the gre a te s t in tere s t for the h i s t o r y

,

of c i v iliz at i o n .

The W e d d i ng h y m n wh i ch in the ex i s t in g fo rm i s not

-
, ,

a u ni t but a co ll e ct i o n o f m a rr i ag e ver s e s
31 7
re l a te s fi r s t
,

the wedd in g of the m o o n a nd su n th i s p rot o ty p e a nd,

‘

i de a l of all hum a n wedd in gs a nd m a rr i age s T h e two .

’

A cvi ns p re s e n t the sui t of S om a t o S a v i t a r for the h a n d

of hi s d au ghter S firy a a nd h e c au s e s the br i de he a rt ily
, ,

a ree i ng to b e l ed t o her hu s b a n d s ho u s e i s wedd in

’

g Th .
g
 TH E RIGVEDA . 75

of S om a a nd S firy a n a nd s u nof i s p o in t e d t o
mo0
a s the p a tter n o f m arr i ed u ni o n in g e n er a l t o b e f o l lo wed
31 9
.

“
A s s u n a nd m o o n e v e r s u pp o rt e a ch o ther a nd a l ter n a te
in the i r o ffi c e on the co n s t a n t f u l fi ll me n t o f wh i c h de p e n d
,

not o nly t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f a ll in a ni m a t e n a t u re bu t a l s o ,

the p ossib ili ty of in ter cou r s e betwe e n me n a nd the o rder

i ng of c iv il r el a t i o n s ev e n s o m a n a nd w i fe m u s t w or k
,

t ogether in h arm on y a nd w i th u ni ted p o w e rs u n t i r in gly

fu l fi l the du t i e s l a i d u p on th e m in the i r v oca t i o n for the
” 3 20
a dv a nc eme n t of the fa m il The foll o w in q u ot at i o n s
y .
g
thr o w i m p ort an t light on the r i te s of m a rr i age wh i ch in ,

t h e m o s t e s se n t i al tr a i t s a gree w i th th os e of r e l a ted p e o

p l e s
32 1
. W he n the re l a t i ve s a nd ac qu a in t a n c e s of the
a ffi a n ce d ai r ar e thered in the h ou s e of the br i d ’

p a s
g e

aren ts h fire i kin d l ed on the h ou s e al t a r a nd

p (p t e. s -

t h e br i de i s g i v e n o v e r t o the br i de gr oo m by her fa ther or

h i s re p re se n t a t i ve (p Wi th the formul a
.

B y t h y ri gh t h a n d f o r h a p p i ne s s I t a k e th e e ,
T h a t t h ou m a y s t r e a ch old a ge w it h m e , t h y h u s b a nd .

Ary a m a n B h a ga S a v it a r Pu ramdh i
, , , ,

G a v e t h e e t o m e t o r u l e o u r h o m e to g e th e r . 1 0 85 . . 36 .

the br i d egr oom w i th h i s r i ght h a n d t ak e s the r i ght h a n d of

the br i d e 322
H e m u rm u rs a n u mber of tr a d i t i o n a l vers e s
.
,

as e g
,
. I a m h e th ou a r t S h e ; th o u a r t sh e I a m h e
.
,
“
,
323
, .

C ome w e t w o w ill go forth w e w ill be ge t u s p o s ter i t y

, , ,

m an y s on s w ill we ge t fo r u s th ey s h all re a ch gr e a t age , .

I n l ove u ni ted s tr o n g ch e e rfu l m ay we s ee a h u n dr e d

, , ,

y e a r s li,v e a h u n dr e d y e a r s h e a r a h u n dred y ,e a r s Th e n .

he l e a d s t h e br i d e s ol e m nly t hr ee t i m es fr o m l eft t o r i ght

a r ou n d t h e a l t a r Wi th th i s .
— by t h e t a kin g of the r i ght
,

h a n d a nd t h e l ead in g ab ou t the a l t a r the br i de b e co me s ,

l ega ll y a w i fe the br i de groo m her h u sb a n d A ft e r the

, .

wedd in g fe a st i s fi ni shed the w i fe in h e r fe s t a l a d or n m e n t i s

, , ,

tr an sp ort e d t o t h e ne w h o m e o n a w ago n de ck ed w i th fl owe rs

a nd dr a w n b o wh i t e s t e e r s H l i
3 24
y t w er e the n ew y
. m a rr ed -

c o u p l e a re r e e ted w i th a dm o ni t i o n s a nd d w i he
g g o o s s : -
76 TH E RIGVEDA .

H ere now r em a i n nor eve r p a rt ;

,

E n j oy t h e w h o l e e x p a n s e o f l if e ,

Wit h son a nd gra ndso n j oy ou s S p ort ,

B e gl a d i n h ea rt with i n y ou r hou s e .

C h ildr e n h i ldre n s children gra n t Pra j ap a t i fi

a nd c
’

T ill h oa ry a ge m ay A ry a m a n p re s e rv e the b o nd .

Fro m evil f re e e nter t hy hu s b a n d s hou s e a nd thin e ’

With i n t h e h om e m a y m a n a nd b e a s t i n cre a s e a nd thriv e .

B e f r e e f ro m evi l look s
l a ck no t w edde d l o v e
a nd ,

G e n tl e i n m in d a nd f a c e bri ng e e n t h e b e a s ts good l u c k ;
’
,

F e a r ing t h e gods do t ho u a ra ce o f h er oes b ea r

,

Within the hom e m ay m a n a nd b ea s t i ncre a s e a nd th r ive .

I n s on s , O I n dr a , ma k e h er r i ch ,

G iv e h er a l i f e o f h a p p i n e s s ;
T e n c h il dr en gr a n t a nd s p a r e t o, h er
A s a n el ev e n th h e r de a r s p o u s e .

So r u l e a nd gov er n i n t hy h om e
O ver t h y hu s b an d s p a r en t s b o th
’

H i s br oth e r a nd h i s S i s t e r to o , ,

A r e s u b j ec t l ik e w i s e t h e r e t o th e e .
325
1 0 8 5 4 2 —4 6
. . .

A n other s ol e m n o cc a s i on in the li fe of the V ed i c p eop l e

i s p re s e n te d in a F u ne r a l h y m n f i 26
The re l a t i ve s a nd -

fr i e n d s of the de a d m an a b o ut to be bur i ed ar e a s s e mb l e d
, ,

a bout the cor p s e wh i ch h a s bee n br o u ght to the gr a ve .

B y i t the w i dow S i t s ; the li tur gy a djure s de a th to de p a rt ,

a nd s u m mo n s tho s e p re s e n t t o devot i o n .

D e p a rt , 0 D e a th , a nd go t h y w a y f ar fr om u s ,
F a r f r o m t h e p a th wh i ch by t h e gods i s tro dde n .

T h o u s e es t a nd h ea r s t t h e wo rds t o the e I u tt e r ;
’

H a rm no t ou r chi l dr e n h a rm no t, thou ou r hero es .

Y e wh o h a ve c om e her e blo ttin g o u t D e a th s ,

’
footp ri nts ,
A nd in y ou r y e t e xt en ded li f e r ej oi c i ng ,

Pr j ap t i
a a ,
‘
lor d of des cenda nts geni s p re i ding over birth t h en in
,
’
a u s ,

g en r l p r t o ec t o r o f t h e li v in g a nd a f t erwa r d
’
e a ,
l d f t t
‘
or o c r e a u r es , c r ea or ,

as h i gh e s t g o d o v e r t h e m e n t i o n e d g o d s of t h e V e di c p eri o d .
 TH E RIGV EDA . 77

I n w e a lt h h il dren s b le s s i ng s till in cre a s i ng

’
a nd c ,

O righ teou s m e n y o u r m in ds b e p u r e a nd S p otl e s s

,
.

10 . 1 8 . 1 . 2 .

It the n give s ex p r e ssi o n t o the fe e lin g of j oy th a t the

de a th lo t h as not fa ll e n t o a ny of the ass emb ly a nd u rge s
-

a ll
g l a dl
y t o e n j oy li fe in the f u t u re A s t on e l a i d b e tw e e n
.

th os e p re s e n t a nd t h d e a d ty p ifie s the s e p a r a t i o n o f the

e

re al m s of li fe a nd de ath ; and in c o nn e c t i o n w i th i t the

w i sh i s e x p r e ss ed th a t for all there a l o n g li fe m ay be
de cr e ed .

Th e livi ng fro m t h e dea d are s ep arated ,

T h e s a cr e d rite t o day h a s p ro s p er e d for u s

-
,

A nd w e a r e h ere p r e p a re d f o r mirth a nd da n cing

, ,

Pro l onging s till t h e s p a n o f ou r e x i s te nce .

T hi s b ou ndary I p l a ce h ere for t h e livin g ,

T h a t t o th i s goa l no o ne o f th e m m ay h u rry .

M a y th ey live on th rou g h f u l l a th o u s a n d h a r v es ts ,

A nd t h rou gh t h i s ro ck k eep de a th a w ay f a r f ro m th em .

10 . 18 3 . . 4 .

N w ome n wi th oin tme n t s e n ter the c i r cl e and ap

ow

r ch the de a d l y in o n the b i er t de k the w i d w in

p oa g o c, o ,

t ok e n o f her r e e n tr an ce in t o in ter co u r s e w i th the li v

-

i ng . The p r i e st s umm on s her to s e p a r a te her s e lf fr om

the cor p s e a nd h i m s e l f t ak e s the bo w ou t of the h a n d
o f the de a d m a n a s the sy mb o l of hi s a b ili t wh i ch the
y y ,

h op e w ill r e m ain i n the c omm u ni ty The in terme n t 7 .

32

p r oc eed s in fitt in g w o rd s a nd c l o s e s w i th the wi s h th a t the

de p arted m ay fi n d a p l a c e in the o ther w orl d .

T h e w o m en h ere
till h a p p y w i v es not w i dow e d
, s , ,

S h a l l co m e a nd b ri ng ri ch o il a nd p r ec i ou s o i nt m en t ;
A nd t e a rl es s bloo m in g ri ch a dorn e d m ay th ey fi rs t
, , ,

A p p ro a ch t h e r esting pl a ce o f t h e dep a rted

- 3 8
.
2

R ais e livi ng w orld t h y mi nd 0 w o m a n

t o th e ,

H i s b r e a th i s fl e d a nd gon e b y wh o m th ou S itte s t ;
W h o to ok th ee by t h e h and on ce a nd es p o u s ed th ee ,

With h i m t h y p lighted troth i s now a cco m pli s h ed .

78 TH E RIG V EDA .

From o u t h i s l i fel es s ha nd h i s b ow I ve ta k en ’

A p ledge t o u s of p ow e r s tr en gt h a nd h on o r
, .

T h ou y on de r a nd w e h e r e b elo w a s b r a ve m e n
,

S h all ov er c om e t h e fo rc e o f e v e ry on s l a u gh t .

R e tu r n o nc e t t h e e a rth t hy mo th e r
m or e un o , ,

H e r a rms s h e o p en s ki n dly t o r e c e iv e t h e e .

To good m e n kin d a nd t en der a s a m a i de n ,

Ma y S h e h en ce f orth p r e s erve th ee f rom de s tru c ti on .

Firm m a y h i s s p a c i o u s ea rthly hom e con ti nu e ,

B e n e a t h su p p o rte d by a tho u sa n d p ill a r s ,

Le t it h e n c e for w a r d b e h i s h o u s e a nd ri ch e s ,

A s u re p r ot e cti n g r e f u ge f o r h i m e ve r 329
.

I ttl e fi r mly no w t h e e a rth a b o u t th ee ;

se

I c a s t t h e clo ds o n th e e le t t h i s not h a r m m e
,
-
330
.

Th e F a t h e r s s h a ll u p h old t h e s e c ol u mn s for t h e e ,

B u t y on de r Y a m a s h a ll p re p a r e a dwelli n g 10 18 . . . 7 13
-
.

If we m ay not alt ogether l oo k fo r h i s t o r i c a l p o e m s

a m on the a n ce s t o r s o f the I n d i a n r a ce y e t a n umber of
g ,

s o n gs o f v i c t o r y a nd t r i u m p h m o s t of the m in deed ,

o n ly fragme n t a ry h a ve bee n p re s erve d to u s

,
33 1
A l th o u gh .

t h e re al ly h i s tor i c a l ga in i s no t very r i c h a nd the s t a te

m e n t s a r e ex ceed in gly de fi c i e n t the s e fr agm e n t s s t ill gi ve
,

u s a gl a n c e in t o the a c t i ve w a r di s t u rbe d li fe o f the V ed i c

,
-

p er i od . The in d i v i d u al c l a n s A r y a n a nd no n A r a n
, y o r -

eve n A ry a n s a m o n g them s e l ve s op p re s s and dr i ve e a ch ,

other fr om the hom e s j u s t c o n quere d ; in di v i du a l p rete n der s

t o a thro n e s ee k w i th a rme d h a n d to m ak e the i r c l a i m s
o o d o r eve n d a re t o offer v i o l e n ce to a wh o l e a ss emb l y
g
w i th the i r b a n d P r in ce s a nd cl a n s fo rm alli a n ce s to o ffer
.

re si s t a n ce t o a t o o p o werfu l r u l er or in l a ter t i me s t o , ,

thro w off the y o k e of the p r i e s t c l as s ever be c o m in g m o re

-
,

O p p re ss i ve 332
.

The v i ct or i o u s p r in ce s l o ve to he a r the i r a ch i evem e n t s

p r a i s ed in the l oud s o n g a nd the s in ger s s oo n k n o w h o w
,

to m ak e the i r s erv i ce s in d i sp e n sab l e ; I n dr a the rul er of ,

 TH E RIGVEDA . 79

b a tt l e s t ak e s n o p l e asu re in the Som a o ffere d w i th o ut

,

r a er ; he s c or n s the s a c r i fi c i a l fo o d p re p a red w i th o u t a
p y
s on g , and no m e a n s o n g o f p r a i s e fi n ds fav o r w i th the

d i v in e d i sp e n ser s of r i che s 333

Therefo re the king w h o
.

c a nn o t h i m s e l f p re p are a p r op er so n g of p r a i s e i s fo r c e d

t o s ee k the s kill o f o ther s a nd s o we fi n d a m o n g the , ,

m o re i m p ort a nt p r in ce s S in gers a nd fa m ili e s of S in gers

,

w h o fir s t thr o u gh the i r p r ay e r s m ak e gr e a t deed s p o s s i

b l e fo r the r u l e r s and a fterwa rd s c e l e b r a t e them I n .

the fore gr ou n d of the s e fa m ili e s o f S i ngers s t an d th os e of

V i cv am i t r a a nd V a s i s t h a The former h a d c au se d .

the r u sh in g s tre a m t o s t a n d s t ill for the re n o w n ed Trt su

Kin g S u d as m a de the cr o s sin g p oss ib l e for h i s p a tr o n a nd
,

s e n t h i s s teed fo r w a rd t o v i c t o r y and s p o il s ; bu t in c ou r s e

of t i m e ,p u s hed f o rw a rd b
y the r i s in g in fl u e n ce o f h i s

r i val V a si st h a V i cv am i t ra we n t o v e r t o the ge n s of the

,

B h ara tas .Wi th them he s et s fo rth a nd c ome s t o the

j u n c t i o n of the r i v e r s V i p ac a nd Ou t u dr f ( Tqba o t q and "
r

Z a Sp nq) wh i c h s tre a m l u s t ily fo rth fr o m the b os o m o f

,

the m ou n t a in s r a c in g lik e t w o m a re s l et l o os e A t the

, , .

c a ll a nd l ou d e n tre a ty o f the s in er the w a ve s i e l d the

g y y ,

m a k e t h e p ass age e asy a nd do no t eve n m o i s te n the a x l e s

wi th th e i r b ill ow s The h os t p r oc eed s c on fide n t ly t o b a tt l e
.

the n the S in ger sp r u n g fr om Ku ci ka p r ou d ly p roc l ai m s

, ,

My p r ay er the p r ay er of V i ev am i t ra p r ote ct s the r a c e of

, ,

the B h a r a t as B u t I n dr a p refers V a si st h a ; lik e o x oa ds

g
. -

the h a u ghty B h ar a t as a r e br ok e n and the terr i t ory of the

Tr ts u S i s exte n ded 334
A nd m a n y o ther ex p l oi t s S u das
.

a c c o m li s h e d w i th V a si s t h a s he l i in i
’

p p ; the w de p o u r g r ver -

be com e s a p assab l e fo rd for S u d as wh il e the (p urs uin g ?) ,

in sol e n t Oi my u be co m e s the S p o rt of the w ave s .

Th e vil m i nded fool s i n oth er p ath w ay s

e

T u rn e d f ro m i t s co u rs e t h e r u s h in g re a t P a ru s ni *
g .

T h e l ord o f e arth w it h m igh ty p o w er s e i z e d t h em

A nd p ron e u p on t h e e a rth lay h erd a nd S h e h erd
p .

N a m e of a ri r v p
ve : . . 12 * a nd N ot e 39 .
80 TH E RIGVEDA .

At n ce t h e s trea m th e ir a im w a s th eir des tr u c tion

o , , ,

Th e s wi f te s t eve n f o u n d r es t b e n e a t h t h e wa te r s .

T h e r e I n dr a i n t o S u das h a n d g av e o v e r
’

H i s fl y i ng f oes t h e b o a s te r s t o t h e s tro ng m a n
33 5
.
,

7 18 8 . . . 9 .

The defi a n t B h e da i s overc o me the A j as a nd Q i gr u s ,

a nd Yak s u s br in g the he a d s of the hors e s as tr i bute ;

S u d as c o n q u er s the ch a ll e n gin g P fir u s in eve n fi ght the n ,

t ak e s the p o ss e ssi o n s of the A n u s a nd fro m them a nd the

e o l e o f the D ru h y u s s in k s in S l ee p S i xt y hu n dre d S i x
p p ,

t i me s a th o u san d S p o il er s a nd S i xty si x her o e s i n r e qu i t al ;

,
-
.

te n k in gs h a d a lli ed them s e l ve s a nd s urr ou n de d S u d as o n

a ll s i de s but the a dor in g h y m n of the g ue s t s
,
the
ro y a l S in ger s) w as effe c tu al ; for the s ak e o f the p r ay er s
of the V asi st hi ds I n dr a re s cued the p r in ce 336
A nd m a n y .

other fi ght s ar e me n t i o n ed ; D i v odasa q u a rre l s w i th 9am

b a r a and the V e t as u D aca dy u w i th the Tu gr a s ;
,
33 7 the
B h a r a t a s w a r w i th the P aru s a nd o n the H a r i y fip i y a the
,

re a rgu ard of the V r ci vant s w as s c attere d in fe a r whe n

t h e v an h a d bee n o verc o m e : th i rt y h u n dre d m a il ed V rc i
v a n t s u ni te d a t the Yav y av at f fu ll of a mb i t i o n fe ll by
, ,

t h e a rrow a nd sa n k in to de s tru c t i o n 33 8
etc , .

A s s ou r c e s o f h i s t or y m ay be m e n t i o n e d a l s o t h e s o
c all ed D an a s t u t i s i e , p .r a.i s,e o f ‘
g i ft s
33 9
The s e a r e.
’

p ort i o n s,
n ot of the v er
y h i g he s t p o et i c a l order i nt e r o
p ,

l ate d a m o n g or a dded t o the re al h y m n s in wh i ch S in ger s ,

o f a n e ar li er p er i o d p r a i s e the ge n er o s i t y of the p r in c e s
who be s to w e d p re s e n t s o n them Fr o m the s e we not o nly .

s e e th a t the s e gi ft s were ofte n co n s i der a b l e but al s o di s ,

c o ver the n a me s of tr i be s a nd k in gs t og ether w i th in d i c a ,

t i o n s o f the i r home s ; a nd s ome li ght i s throw n o n the

fa m ili e s of S in ger s and the i r ge ne alogi e s x A n ex am p l e
’
i“0

m ay be quote d here

I n thi s t h e R u ca m a s di d well O A gni , ,

I n t h a t they gave m e f o rty h u n dre d ca ttl e

Th e fre ely o ff e r ed gi f t o f R i na m c a y a ,

O f h e r o e s m o s t h er o i c w e h a v e t a k e n
, .
 T HE RIGVEDA .

W h a t o ne ca ll s o ut a n o th er qu i ck ly a n s wers
, ,

Lik e b oy s a t S c hool th eir t ea c h er s words r ep ea tin g ’

.

Y e s e em b u t m a ny m emb e r s o f o ne b ody ,

Wh en i n t h e p ool y e li ft y o u r v a ri e d vo i ce s .

S o m e lo w l ik e ca ttle s ome l ik e go a ts a re ble a ting

,

A nd o ne i s y ellow a nd a n o t h e r s p e c k l e d
, .

A lik e i n n a me b u t v a ri ou s i n a p p ear a n c e
, ,

I n m a ny ton e s t h ey m odu l a te t h e ir v o i c e s .

Lik e p ri e s t s a tt e n di n g a t t h e S o m a o ff e ri ng -

W h o s i t a rou nd t h e f u ll b o wl , lou dly S i ngi ng ,

Ye fr ogs r n d t h e p ond h a il t h e r e cu rrin g
a ou

Of a u t u m n whe n t h e r a i n f a ll fi r s t comm en ces

-
.

T h ey h o u t alou d lik e B rah m an s dru n k with S oma

s ,

W h en they p erform th e ir a nnu al devoti on s .

Lik e t h e A dh v a ry u swe a ti ng o er t h e k e ttl e

’ *
, ,

Th ey i s su e f o rt h not o ne r em a i n s i n h i din g
, .

Th e r rder o f t h e y e a r ob s erving
s a c ed o ,

T h es e cr ea tu r e s n ev e r di s r ega r d t h e s e a s on s
When au tu mn c om e s a nd bri ngs t h e ti m e o f S h ow e rs ,

T h ey find r el e as e fro m he a t a nd s u mm e r s s c or c h i n g
’
.

T h e fr ogs tha t blea t lik e

t low l ik e c a ttl e
go a s , a nd ,

T h e gre e n o ne a nd t h e s p ec k l e d g ive u s ri c h e s , .

W h ole herds o f c o w s m a y th ey b e s to w u p on u s ,

A nd gr a n t u s len gt h o f da y s th rou gh s a c r i fic i ng T
— . 7 1 03 . .

In other p la ce s we meet w i th refle ct i o n s up o n the fa ct ,

th a t d i ffere n t a s a r e the m in d s of me n and v a r i o u s a s the i r

c a llin gs y et all ru n a fter ga in ; for ex am p l e c o n t in ue s the
, ,

a uth o r he h i m s e l f i s a oet h i i a n a nd m a m a
, p a
p p a a
p y s c , ,

Th e pri e st wh o offers t h e p ray er and prai ses (rca s ) a t t h e sa crifice

s

i s t h e h o t a r t h e s p e a k i n g p ri e s t ; t h e a d h v a r y
, th c t i n g p ri e s t u, e a

Ka r'’
é g x fi p rf m t h e sa c ri fi ce
o v, e or s .

i Thi s v e rse a pp e a r s t o h v e b e e n a dde d in or der t o gi v e t h e hy mn t h e

a

a ppeara n ce of pray er GKR ]a . .

 TH E RIGVEDA . 83

a m ill er ; in the m os t v ar i ed w ay s me n ch ase after

so

m on ey 3 43
A n o ther s o n g m ak e s u s a c q u a in ted w i th a p o et
.
,

w h o a s p oe t p h y s i c i a n a nd a p o the ca ry i n o ne p er s o n
,

j ou r ney s ab ou t the cou n try ca rry in g wi th h i m in a w oode n ,

b ox a ll s o rt s o f h e alin g h e rb s a nd p ly in g h i s v o c a t i o n no t
,

w i th ou t hu m o r ; e sp e ci ally w i th a fr a nkn e ss th a t mer i t s

re cogni t i o n he m a k e s no s e c ret of the fa c t th a t i t i s not
a l t o ether p h il a n thr o p y wh i ch u rg e s h i m t o p r a c t i c e bu t
g ,

th a t ga in i s h i s l e a d in g m o t i ve 344
.

Tw o S h o rt h y m n s of the te n th b o ok d i sp l ay fi n e p e r c e p
t i on a nd an in t e lli ge n t in ter p ret a t i on of n at u re ; one t o ,

R at r i the G o dd e ss of N i ght de s c r i be s h ow S h e l o okin g

, , ,

o u t fr o m a th o u s a n d e y e s c o me s fo rth a d o r n ed w i th a ll
,

the gl o ry of the s t a r s fi ll s he i ghts and dep th s and p u t s

, ,

a ll e ve n the greedy b i rd of p r ey t o re st
,
345
Th e o ther , .

S in gs o f A r a n y an i the m ockin g ge ni u s o f the for e s t

, ,

a nd t h e s oli t u de o f the w o od s
346
.

A s an ex a m p l e of the s e cu l a r p o etry of th a t a n c i e n t
t i me a few s tr op he s o f the we ll kn o w n D i c e s o n g fol - -

l ows the con te n t s of wh i ch a re i ndeed m o re tragi c th a n

,

hum o r ou s 34 7
A p a s s i o n a te p l ay er de sc r i be s h i s p r op e n s i ty
for the br ow n n u t s ; he cann o t free h i m s e l f fr o m them
*
,

th ou gh he s ee s we ll h ow mu ch m i s ery they p roduce for

h i m a nd h i s .

Th e nu ts th a t o nce s w ay ed o n t h e l ofty b r a n ch e s
I ntoxi cate m e rolling o n t h e di ce b oa rd
,
-
.

T h e f r u it o f t h e Vi bh i da k a c a n c h a rm m e ,

A S tw er e t h e S om a o f t h e M uj a nt a v a s q
’ L

My n e v er a ngered m e nor s triv e n

wi f e h a s ,

W a s ever ki nd t o m e a nd my c o m p a ni on s
T h ou gh S h e w a s f a ith f u l t o m e I h a v e s p u rn ed h er , ,

F o r l ove o f di ce t h e o nly th in g I v a l u e
, .

a“
F or d ice t h e brown n t s of t h e Termin li b lle i w re
u a a e r ca e u s e d, th e
t a st e of wh i ch i nt oxicat e j t t h eir u e dice nt h r l t h e g
s, us as s as e a s a mb lr e
’
s

se n se s .

TA t rib livi n g
e on th e mo n t i n Mfij
u a a v a nt in t h e we t ern H i m al y
s a as .
84 TH E RIGVEDA .

M y wi f e rej ects m e -
h e r m ot h e r
h a t es m e
a nd

Th e g a m e s t e r fin ds no p ity f o r hi s tro u bl es .

N o b e tter u s e c a n I s e e f o r a g a mbl e r ,

T h a n for a c o s tly h ors e w or n o u t a nd a ged .

Up o n h i s wi fe la i d t h e h a n ds o f o th ers
a re ,

W h ile hi s p os s es s ion s b y th e di ce a re wa s ted .

H i s fa t h e r m o t h er b r o ther s
, a ll den
, y h im ,

W e k n ow h i m not aw a
y wit h h
, im i n f e tt e r s .

Th e ga m b l er w i fe
mo u rn s hi s moth er
de s ert e d
’
s

L a m en t s h er s o n S h e k n o w s no t w h e r e h e wa n de r s
, .

A nd h e i n de bt a nd tro u b l e s e eki ng m o n ey
, , ,

R em a i n s a t n i gh t b en e a t h t h e r oo f o f s tr an ge rs .

I t gri ev e s t h e ga mb l e r w h e n h e s e e s a n o th er
W ith w i f e a nd h a pp y home u ntou ch ed by tro u bl e .

H e y o k e s t h e br own s t ee ds in t h e e a rly m orn i ng ,

A nd w h e n t h e fir e go e s o u t h e s i n k s degra ded .

A nd w h e n th a t I will p l ay no longer
I s ay ,

My f ri en ds a b a n do n m e a nd a ll de s e rt m e
Y et w h en a ga i n I h e a r t h e brown di ce r a ttlin g ,

I h a s t e n li k e a w a n to n t o h er lov e r
, .

Th e g a mbl er hu rri es t o t h e g a m i ng t a b l e ,
”
T o da y I ll w i n, h e t h i n k s i n hi s e x c it em ent
’
-
.

T h e di ce i nfl a m e h i s g re ed h i s hop e s m o u n t h igh e r ;
,

He le ave s h i s w i nn i ngs a ll with h i s o p p on en t .

10 . 34 . 1 —6 . 1 0 . 1 1 .

Of di da ct i c -
we fi n d no t a fe w p r oduct s
g no m i c p o etry
in the Ri gved a E x p er i e n ce re p e a ted ly in troduced i s
.

brou ght t ogether in ver s e a nd li ve s as a w in ged w o rd i n ‘

t h e mouth s o f a ll 3 48
I t s eem s o nl y a v a r i a t i o n o f the
.

p roverb s o f o u r da
y whe n w e re ad

T h e p l o u gh bri n gs p l e nty wh e n t h e s oi l it f u rr o w s
W h o m o v es h i s f e et a c com pli she s h i s j ou rn ey ;
S p e ec h b en e fi t s a B r ahm a n m or e t h a n S il en c e ;
A fri e n d wh o giv e s i s b etter th a n a n igga rd 34 —
10 1 1 7 7
’
. . . .
 T HE RIGV EDA . 85

The tr u th the p r op o s i t i o n : S i du o f a ci a nt i dem non e s t

of ,

i dem i s c o n fir m e d in v a r i o u s d i re ct i o n s a nd i t i s c o m
, ,
”
m e n d e d a s the b l e ssin g of in s tr u ct i o n
“
th a t th e ,
“

” 350
s t r a i g h t p a th t o t h e g o a l i s fo u n d .

To I n dr a h i m se l f i s a s c ri bed t h e s ay in g W om a n s “ ’
,

m in d i s h a rd t o d i r e c t a ri gh t a nd h e r j u dgme n t t oo i s
”
S m a ll wh il e a n o th e r h as bett e r w o rd s for w om e n a nd ,

fi n d s th a t m a n y a m an i s b e tter th a n hi s re p u t a t i o n 35 1
.

”
H o w m a n y a m a i de n r e as o n s a S in ger i s w o oed o nly
, ,
“

”
for her r i c h p os s e ss i on s w h il e a n o t h e r t es t ifie s
, th a t “

” 35 2
eve n a n u gly m a n i s fou n d be au t i fu l i f o nly he i s r i ch ,
.

”
P r u d e n t a nd s t u p i d e v e ry o ne tr i e s t o e xt o rt s e e k s the
, ,

re a te s t os s i b l e a in w i th o u t b e in f t i d i in h i
g p g , g a s o u s s

meth o d s —
,this s e e m s ev e n a t th a t t i m e t o h av e be e n the
re su l t of exp e r i e n c e as w ell a s th a t m any a o ne br in gs
,
“

” 353
g i ft s o f s a c r i fi c e onl
y thr o u h fe a r o f b l am e
g B u t in .

o ther p as s age s the d u t y a nd the b l e ss in of oo d deed s ar e

g g
l ou dl y p r o c l aimed
L et h im whog i v eca n
s u cco r t o t h e n e e dy ,

A nd w el l hi s f u tu re p a t h o f l i f e co n s i der .

F or fortu ne l ik e t h e wh e el s o f c h a rio t s rolling ,

N ow S h i f ti ng co m e s t o o ne no w t o a n o th e r ?
, , ,
4 6
10 1 17 5
. .

By sh a r in g w i th o ther s one S o w n s t ore i s n ever de

’

c re a s ed a nd thr o u h b e ne fi ce nc e a m a n
, g g a in s t o h i m s e l f
g o o d fr i e n ds fo r t h e c h a n ef u l f u t u r e
g
355 The s o c
. a ll e d -

S o n g o f W i s d o m a m on g o ther m a tter s reflect s h ow ,

m a n y s e e w i th o u t p er c e i v in g h ow m a n y h e a r w i th ou t
,

u n d e r s t a n d in wh il f r o th e r s all di ffi cu l t i e s d i s a e r
g , e o
pp a

o f the i r o w n a c c o rd 35 6
The s ay in g of V ii m ade va N ot
.
“
,

w i th ou t p a in s a r e the go d s m a d e fr i e n d s cou l d s erve a s

a dm o ni t i o n a nd e n c ou r a eme n t a nd on the o ther h an d a s
g ,

re cogni t i o n th a t t h e r u l e of the go d s i s t oo hi gh for m an s ’

w i s d o m ; we m e n all a re c om p ani o n s in de a th ; s p eedily

, ,
”
life r u n s aw ay a nd e a ch one in de a th m u s t ab an d on h i s
,

we al th a nd be come a s ol e m n meme n t o t o som e o ne 35 7 .

The F o r m u l a s of I nc a nt a t i o n a nd E x o r c i sm m ay al s o
86 TH E RIGVEDA .

be re ga rde d a s a kin d o f d i d a c t i c p o e t r y a l th ou gh ,

t he i r p r o p er de p a rtme n t i s re all y the A t h a r v av e da ( a b o ve ,

but a n umb er o f s u c h f o rm u l a s a r e t o be f o u n d in
p .

the B i g e g for he alin g the m os t v a r i ou s d i s e as e s S u ch

,
. . .

a m a nt r a i s re p e a ted a nd the he a lin g o f the s i c k p er s o n

,

a c c om p li s hed by the l a y in g o n o f h a n d s
35 8
o r s o m e o ther

cerem o ny 359
o n e w h o i s n e a r t o de a th i s re call e d t o li fe 360
,

a n ev il in te n t i o n a h o s t il e dem o n m a be m a de h a rm l e ss
, y , ,

a b a d ome n a verted a fo rtu n a te r i v a l in l ove dr i ve n

36 1
,

a the re d t o ether a a in etc

362
o ff a herd
, g g g , .

A s a s e c o n d br a n c h o f d i d a ct i c com p o s i t i o n we mu s t
m e n t i o n the P o e t i c a l R i d d l e s The S i m p l e s t form i s
.

S h o w n in a s hor t h y m n of the e i ghth b o o k ;

36 3 fr o m the
very S h o rt de s cr i p t i o n s the go ds me a n t c an be gu e ssed ,

t hu s

O ne in h i s m igh ty h an d h olds fa s t t h e t h u nderbolt ,

lh c i t h i s e nemi e s h e s m ites .

A nd o neb e ar s i n h i s m i ghty h a n d a w ea p o n S h a rp ,

Y et ki nd w ith a l h e s e e k s t o h ea l
, .

T h ro u g h e m p ty s p a ce a n oth e r m a de th re e m igh ty s tri de s

W h er e t h e go ds dwell in b l e s s edn e s s .

A nd t w o , w it h b u t o ne bri de , on wi nged s t ee ds g o f o rth ,

T h ey j o u r n ey o n w a r d f a r awa
y . 8 29 4 5
— . . . . 7 . 8 .

Much m ore in tr i ca te and di ffi cu l t however were the r i d , ,

d l e s a nd e n i g m a s ( br a hmody a ) wh i ch in l a ter V ed i c ,

t i m e c am e in t o u se a t the gre a t s a cr i fi ce s of the k in gs and ,

a t c o n te s t s of v a r i ou s k in d s The p r i e s t s p ro p ou n ded all

.

s o rt s of que s t i ons from the who l e c i rc l e of p r i e s t ly k n o w l

ed ge n ot o nly to the p r in ce s offer in g the sa cr i fice but

, ,

a l s o t o the i r c o m a ni o n s in o ffi ce w i th wh o m the y s trove

p ,

for p r e em in e n ce
-
I n the s e que s t i o n s
. the m atter s in “

d i s c u ss i o n ar e u su ally not c all e d by the i r o rd in a ry c om ,

m only u nder s too d na m e s but ar e in d i c a ted by sy mb oli c a l

,

ex p re ssi o n s or eve n o nl y by m y s t i c al refere n ce s in wh i ch

, ,
 TH E RI G VEDA . 87

n umber s p l ay a n i mp ort a n t p a rt Th ey a re t ak e n no w .

fr o m na t u re now fr o m t h e s p i r i t u a l li fe
,
H e a ve n and .

e arth s u n and m o on t h e a tm osp h e r e t h e c l ou d s r a in and

, , , ,

i t s p r o d u ct i o n by e v ap o r a t i o n of t h e m i s t s by m e a n s o f the
s u n s r a y s t h e s u n s co u r s e t h e y e a r t h e s e a s o n s m o n th s
’ ’

, , , , ,

d a y s and ni ght s ar e h e re fa v o r i t e s u bje c t s o f sy mb oli c

,

c l o th in the i r in t e rp r e t a t i o n i s r e ga r de d a s the h i gh e s t
g ;
” 3 54
wisdom .

Wi th th i s e nigm a t i cal p oetry t h e l a s t gr ou p o f hy m n s

wh i ch h av e s t ill t o be me n t i o n e d t h e P h i l o s o p h i c a l P o e ,

t r y s t a n d s i n the cl os e s t c o nn e c t i o n
,
365
Wi t h fe w e x c ep .

t i on s 366
the c om p os i t i o n s o f th i s c l as s ar e o c cu p i ed w i th
q u e s ti on s c on c er nin g the be ginnin g and o r i gin o f all th in gs ,

s u c h q u er i e s o ccu rr in a l s o here a nd there in t h e e ni

g g
m a t i c al hy m n s A sy s t e m of c os m ogo n y i s n a t u r a lly no t
.

t f o u n d her e ; the y a r e thr o u h ou t o nl y fir s t q u e s t i o n s

y e g
a nd a tt e m p t s the m os t p r i m i t i v e be ginnin gs o f n a t u r a l
,

p h il o s o h
p y a nd th e o r i e s o f c r e at i on The p oet s lik e i n .

fau t s in the i r i gn o ra n c e s e ar ch wi th th e i r in te ll e ct for the

h i dde n tr a ce s o f t h e inv i s i b l e u n s ee n go d s for the i r o r igin , ,

a nd d e e d s
36 7
The y a r e no l on ger s a t is fied w i th h e a r in g
th a t t h i s o r th a t god h a s cre a t e d he ave n a nd e a rth a nd fire
a nd s u n a nd d a w n ; in all s er i o u s n e s s in order t o kn o w “

i t not for p a s t i me al o n e one a sks h ow m an y fire s a nd

, , ,

h ow m a n y s u n s h ow m a n y d a w n s and w a ter s th e re a r e ;
,

wheth e r day w as cre ated before ni ght o r ni ght befo re day , ,

wh il e a n other de s i r e s t o kn o w wh a t tree i t w a s wh a t kin d ,

o f w oo d o f wh i c h he av e n a nd e a rth o n c e were b u il t
i ’e
, ,

eter n ally firm wh il e d ay s m an y m o r nin gs v a ni sh ; u p o n

, , ,

wh a t the cre a t or s t o od whe n he u p he l d the w o rl d s ; wh a t

,

the n w a s hi s s t and in g gr ou n d wh a t w as the o rd e r o f -

ev e n t s h av in g m a de the e arth ou t of w h a t he e n cl os ed
,

the he ave n s w i th m i ght 368

The q u e s t i o n r e p e a tedl y
.

a pp e a r s h o w a nd whe n fr o m not be in g the w a y w a s fou n d

,
-

t o be i ng wh il e o th e r s ex e rt them s e l v e s t o e s t ab li s h the
,

" i t h 5 7 m t h e m t ri l t h
9
. e .
, e ri g i n l m t t r
,
a e a ,
e o a a e .
 88 TH E RIGVEDA .

beg innin g ex i s te n t th in gs th e or i gin a l m a tter

of a ll , .
369

The s o l u t i o n of the s e p rob l em s i s n a tur a lly where not ,

e v i de n t ly from the fi r s t S how n to li e o ut s i de o f hum a n

w i s d o m very v a r i e d in re s u l t
,
3 70
a nd e ve n the lin e s o f de
,

v e lop m e nt i f we m a u s e the term d iffer a tl

3 71
, y g re y , S o me .

t i me s fi re s omet i me s the all n o ur i s h in g w a ter i s n a m ed a s

,
-

the or i gin al m a tter a s a m on g the G ree k p h il o s op her s ;

,
3 7 2

in other p assage s a n or i gin al germ i s S p ok e n of wh i ch o n , ,

the o ther S i de of he ave n a nd th i s e a rth a nd th e li v in g

od the w a ter s re ce i ved in to them s e l ve s in wh i ch th e
g s , ,

ods all met

g .

F ar b ey o n d thi s e a rth b evond t h e he aven s

ou t , ,

F ar t o o b ey on d t h e l ivin g go ds a nd s p irit s
, , ,

Wh a t e a rli es t ge rm w a s hi dde n i n t h e wa ters ,

I n whi ch t h e go ds wer e a ll beh eld toget h er ?

Th e water s held th a t e a rli e s t germ withi n them

I n whic h t h e living gods we re a ll u n ited .

Th a t O ne lay in t h e bo s om o f t h e u nb orn ,

A nd a ll cr e a t e d be ings r e s te d in it .

H i m y e ca n n e v e r k now wh o form ed th e s e creatu res ,

B et wee n y ou r s elv es
a nd him l i es y e t a n o t h er .

W i th s ta mm eri ng tongu e a nd a ll i n mi s t env elop e d ,

Th e S in ger s go ab o t in li fe r ej oi cing
u
37 3
1 0 8 2 —
5 7 . . . .

A n o the r p rom in e n t h y m n p r a i s e s H i r a n y a g a r b h a ,

the g o l d g e r m as the k in d ly or i gin of all be in g who ,

ex i s ted eve n before the fi r s t bre a th of the god s who a l o n e ,

i s god a mo n g all the god s .

I n th e b egi nning ros e H i ra p y agarb h a

B orn a s t h e o nly lord o f all e xi s t en ce .

Thi s e a rth h e s e ttl ed firm a nd h ea ve n e s tab li she d

Wh a t god S hall w e dor with
a e o ur ob l t i on s
a ?

Wh o give s br ea th w h o give s u s s trength whos e b iddi n g

‘

us , ,

A ll r t r
c ea u e s m u s t ob ey t h e bright go ds eve n
,
90 TH E RIGVEDA .

over the e m p ty w as te a nd th i s o n e c ame in to li fe throu gh

,

the fo rce of he a t ; there the fi r s t germ of m in d S howe d

i t s e l f ; the n the w is e on e s the co s mo go ni c god s were a b l e
, ,

to c all forth be in g o ut o f not be in g a nd t o s e p a r a t e and

-

d i v i de the heret o fo re u n ordered m ass e s B u t in S p i te o f .

th i s s ol u t i o n the wh ol e c re a t i o n a nd m an y s in gl e th in gs
in i t rem a in a r i dd l e t o the p oet .

The n th ere w a s n e ith er b ei ng nor no t b ein g -

.

Th e a tmo s p he r e w a s not nor s k y a b ov e it

, .

W h a t cover ed a ll a nd where by w h a t p ro t ected ?

? ?

W a s th ere th e f a th oml e ss a by ss o f wa t e rs ?

Th e n n eith er de ath nor dea thles s n e s s exi s ted

O f day a nd n i ght th ere w a s y et no di s ti n cti on .

A l on e t h a t O ne br e a th e d c almly s el f s u pp orte d
,
-

O t h er th a n I t w a s non e nor a u gh t a b ove I t

, .

D a rk n e s s th ere wa s a t fir st in da rk n es s hi dden ;
T hi s u n iv e rs e wa s u n di sti ngu i s h e d w a t er .

T ha t wh i ch i n v o i d a nd e m p t i ne s s lay hi dden
A l on e by p o w er of f ervor w a s dev elop ed .

T h e n for t h efi rs t ti m e th ere a ros e des ire ,

Whi ch w a s t h e prim al germ of mi n d w ith i n it , .

A nd s ages s e a r ch ing i n the ir h e a rt di s covere d

, ,

I n N o thi ng t h e conn ecti ng b on d o f B eing .

A nd s tra ight a cros s t h e ir c o rd w a s th en exte n ded

Wha t th en w a s th ere a b ove ? or wh at b en e a th it ?
L i f e giv i n g p ri n ci p l e s a nd p ower s exi s te d ;
B el o w t h e o rigi n , t h e s t riv ing u p w ar d .

W h o i s it k n ows ? W h o h ere ca n t ell u s s u rely

From w h a t a nd h ow thi s u nivers e h a s r is e n ?
A nd wh eth er no t ti ll a f t e r it t h e god l ive
s d ?

Wh o the n ca n k n o w from wh a t it h a s a ris e n ?

Th e r
s ou ce from whi ch thi s u n i vers e h a s ris e n
A nd whe th e r it w as m a de or u n cre ated
, ,
 TH E RIGV EDA . 91

He o nl y kn ow s , wh o f r o m t h e h i gh e s t h e a ve n
R u le s , th e l
a l s ee-
i ng lo r d ,
— or do es no t H e kn o w ?

10 . 1 29 .

W e s t a n d a t t h e e nd of ou r s urvey Fr o m i t we ou gh t .

t o re c ogniz e th a t we h a ve in the Ri gved a a li te r a t u re

wh i ch we ll d es erve s a t l e as t in extr a c ts t o be kn ow n t o
‘

s t u d e n t a nd l o ver o f a n t i q u i ty
’
e ver t o every o ne w h o
y ,

w ou l d h av e the p oet s w ords H omo su m ; hu m a nu m ni hi l a

’
,

m e a li ena m p u t o a p p li ed t o h i m s e l f
, The ch i ef i m p o rt a n c e
.

o f the V ed a i s no t in deed for the h i s t o r f li ter t re b t

y o a u u ,

i t li e s e l s ewh e re ; i t li e s as the foll o w in g c o mme n t a ry

,

s ee k s t o S h o w in the ver extr rd in r f lln f di

, y a o a y u e s s o s

c l os u r es wh i c h th i s u ni q u e b o o k i ve t the tude n t f
g s o s o

p h il o l o gy a nd the h i s t o r
y o f c i v iliz a t i o n I n th i s .n o o ther
,

li t e r a tu re i s t o be c omp ared w i th i t and th ou gh the a e s ,

t h e t i c v a l u e of t h i s re li c of l on g v a nished t i me s h as some
-

t i me s bee n ex agger a ted y et i t s h i s t o r i c a l i mp ort a n ce

, ,

i t s v al u e for the hi s tor of m n k in d c nn ot e il be

y a a ,as y
overr a ted .
94 ABBREVIA TION S .

M Mul ler
.
,
A SL . : A H i s t o ry of A nc i ent S a n skrit Literatu re . L on
don 1 8 5 9 .

M Mii ller L SL : L ectur es on t h e S cie n ce of L an gu age F ir st and

.
,
. .

Se con d S e r i es N e w Y o r k (S cr i b n e r s) 1 8 7 2 ( Q u ot a
.ti o n s r e f e r .

t o t h e A m eri c a n e diti o n ; t h e p a ging of t h e Engli s h e diti on i s

gi ve n on p .

M Mulle r O GR : L ectu res on t h e O rigi n and Growth of R eligi on

.
,
.

as ill u st r ate d by t h e re ligi on s of In di a L on don 1 8 8 2 . .

J Mu ir M Tr : Metr i cal Tra n sl ation s f ro m S a n skrit wr iters Lon

.
,
. .

don 1 8 7 9 .

J Mu ir O S T : O rigin a l S a n skr it Texts : s ee N ote 1 1 5

.
, . .

R oth ZLGW : Zu r Li t terat u r u nd Ge sch i ch te deS Weda : see p 2

,
. .

a nd N ote 7 .

A Weber H I L : H i story of In di an Li te r atu re Tr a n sl ate d from

.
,
. .

t h e se c on d G erm a n e diti on B osto n 1 8 7 8 (Rep r int of t h e . .

Engli sh editi o n ) .

A Web er I S tr In di sch e Str e ife n B er lin and L eipzig 1 86 8— 1 87 9

.
, . . .

W D W h itn ey O LSt O r i e nt al and Ling u i sti c Stu dies 2 v olu mes

. .
,
. . .

N ew Y or k 1 8 7 3 1 8 7 4 ,
.

Z D MG : Z e itschr i ft de r D eu tsch e n Morgenlandis ch en G esellschaft

. .

Le ipzig vol s 1 —3 9 1 8 47 — 1 8 8 5 ,
.
,
.

H Z i mm e r AIL : Altin di sch es L eb e n

.
, B er lin 1 8 7 9 : s ee p 1 1 and
. . .

N ote 3 5 .

B esi de t h e w ork s al r eady m ention e d t he follow ing t reat of t h e Ve da

Miiller in t h e Ch ip s f rom a Ge rm a n W or k sh op e sp eci ally vol 1 , . .

Wh itn ey in t h e treati ses Th e Vedas ; Th e Vedic D octrin e of a ,

Fu tu r e Life ; Muller s H i stor y of Ve di c Literatu r e ; Th e Tr a n s

’

l ation of t h e Ve da in vol 1 of h i s O ri e ntal and Ling u i sti c Stu d .

i es and in h i s n otes t o Colebrook e s Mi sc E ss ay s (se e Not e

’
.
,

Wester g a ard U eb er den alt est en Z eitr au m der in disch en Ge

,

s ch i ch te m it R ii ck si ch t a u f di e Lit er atu r A u s dem D ani sch en

'

ii b erset zt B resl au 1 8 62 — P Wu rm G e sch ichte der In di sch e n

. . .
,

R eligi on B asel 1 8 7 4 pp 2 1 —6 2 — A L u dw ig D i e N achr i ch te n

.
, . . .
,

de s Rig u nd A t h arv ave da ii b er G e o gr ap h i e G esch i ch t e V erf ass , ,

u ng des a lten In die n P r a g 1 8 7 5 D i e P h il osop h i sch e n u nd . .

Re li gi bsen An sch au u ng e n de s Ve da in i hr er Ent w i ck elu ng Pra g

'

1 875 D er Rigve da o der di e h e ilig en H y m ne n der B r ah m an a

. .

V ol 3 : D i e Mant rali t er at u r u nd das alte In di e n als E i nleitu ng

.

z ur Ueb erse t zu n
g d e s Rigv e da (f
o N ote Pr a g 1 8 7 8 [ A . .

Be rgai gne La R eligi on Vé di qu e d a pres les H y m n es du Rig Ve da

’
-
.
,

P ari s 1 8 7 8 — B arth Th e R eli gi on s of In di a Tran sl ate d b y

.
, .

Rev J Wood L on don

‘

. .
,
 N O TE S .

1 . E s s ai , et c : . Introd . 10 a nd 1 ere
p arti e ch ap , . 4 ( vol. 1 , 77 a nd

2 , 5 7 ff . of th e e diti on of an X III 1 80 5, t 1 4 p 7 9 ff or CEu vre s , .

, . .

and 2 9 0 ff . of t h e e d. of c
f B a r th e
. l e m y S a int H il a i r e D es
’
- -

Vé das , 1 8 5 4, p . 1 5 if .

2 . Th e ) E zou r (It h : s ee Gil de m e i ste r Bi b

Yaj] ur Veda m .
, .

S an sor 2 8 1 0 3. p resente d b y Voltai re t o t h e R oyal Library i n

,

P ari s in 1 7 6 1 p u b li sh ed in 1 7 7 8 by S ainte Croi x and a l so tra n sl ate d

,
-

into G erm a n i s a for ge ry m ade in t h e 1 7 th c entu ry by a Jesu it m i s

,

si onary p e r h a p s R obert u s de N obi li bu s ( f Mii ller L S L 1 1 5 5

,
c .
, .
,

a nd 1 5 6 n ote ) ; se e F r Elli s A si at Re s vol 1 4 Ca lcu tta 1 822 pp .

,
.
,
.
, , .

1 59 ; A Sch l e gel In di sch e Bi b li oth ek v ol 2

-
.
, 5 0 ff ,
. .

3 Ed of J u li a n S chm i dt Le ipzig 1 86 9 vol 2 1 48 fi

. .
, , .
, .

4 . In t h e s am e yea r (1 7 8 4) t h e A s i ati c S oc iety was fou n ded i n

” “

C al cu tt a f or t h e in ve stig ati on of A si ati c a nti qu ity in i t s wi de st e x te nt

, .

In 1 7 8 5 Wilkin s tran sl ation of th e B ha ga va d gi t i appe a re d in Lon

,
’
— t
’

don ; 1 7 8 9 t h e cel e br ate d t r a n sl ati on of Ca l nta la b y W Jon e s in

‘

,
cu , .
,

Cal cu tta (G e rm a n b y G Forste r M ainz a nd Le ipzig 1 7 9 1 ; 2 d e d .

, .

F r a nkf u rt 1 7 9 2 t h e fir st p r inte d S a n sk r it te xt (R i t s a nhci a

’

, u r

Th e S e a s on s a D e scr ipti ve P oe m b y C ali das in t h e O r igin a l S an sc r it

, , ,

Cal cu tt a ) et c S ee Gil dem e i ste r Bib l S a nscr p 1 7 3 E

,
.
,
. .
,
. .

5 A s i at R es vol 8 C a l e 1 8 0 5 pp 3 69 —47 6 ; n ew ly e dite d w ith

. . . .
,
.
,
.
,

v alu ab le n otes b y Wh itn ey in Coleb rook e s Mi scell an e ou s E ssays ,

’

e di te d b y C o well 1 8 7 3 vol 1 pp 8 1 32 , ,
.
, .
-
.

6 R i gvedae S p e ci me n e d F R osen L on don 1 83 0 ; th e n Rigv e da

.
,
. .
,

S a n h i t a lib e r p r i mu s s ansk ri t e et l atin e e d F R ose n L on don 1 8 38

, , , . .
, .

( R . d i e d S e pt 1 2 .
,

7 . Th e e n orm ou s p r og r e s s in k n ow l edg e of t h e Ve da S h ow n in th is
work of R oth can t o day only b e app reci ate d i f w e comp are w ith it -

wh at B enfey w as ab le t o give a fe w ye ars b efore in h i s a rti cl e I ndi a

i n E rsch and G ru b er s A llgem En cy cl 2 sect vol 1 7 p 1 61 f
’
. .
, . .
,
. .

Mii ller s H i to y app ea red 1 8 60 ; Web er s Vo les ng en in a secon d

’
s r
’
r u
,

mu ch e nlarg e d editi on B erlin 1 8 7 5 (a dditi on s t o it ,

8 Th e fir st c om pl ete e diti on of t h e te x t w as th a t o f Au f r e ch t
.
,

2 v ol s B er lin 1 8 6 1 1 8 6 3
.
,
I St vol in L atin t ran slite r ati on ;
, . .
96 TH E RIGVE D A .

2d B onn 1 8 7 7 w i t h valu able a dditio n s (a m ong oth er s an in dex

ed .
, , ,

o f fir s t lin es a nd qu ot ati on s wh e n t h e v e r s e s a re c ite d i n oth e r Ve di c ,

li t eratu r e ; rep rint o f t h e K hi la i e t h e su pple m e nts f ou n d i n , . .

t h e m a n u sc r ipts b u t not c ou nte d w ith t h e h y m n s) , Th e te x t i n .

S a n sk r it c h ar acter s i s gi ve n b y M M ull e r Th e H y m n s of t h e Rig veda .

, ,

L on don 1 8 7 3 2 volS (S a nh ita and P ada Text : cf n ote

. 2 d ed
.
-
. .
,

L on don 1 8 77 With t h e comm e nt ary of say a n a com plete in de x of

.
,

w or ds a nd first lin e s in 6 v ol s e dited b y M M ull er L on don 1 849 —7 5 ,

.
, .
, .

Th e fir st a lph abe ti c a l in de x of fir st lin e s w as gi v e n b y W Pert sch .

,

I S t 3 1 — 1 1 8 (a dditi o n s b y A u f r e ch t I st 4 4 3 4
.
, a t a b ul a te d , .
,

s yn op s i s o f t h e f ou r S a n h it as : W h itn e y I st 2 3 2 1 —3 6 8 ; a v e r y v a lu , .

a b l e di cti o n a r y H G r a ss m a nn L eipzig 1 8 7 3 7 5,
.
,
-
.

9 . rding t o B u r n ell (Introd t o t h e Ar sey a Brah m a n a

S ti ma n, a cc o .
-
,

M ang alore and B as le 1 8 7 6) a nd B a rth (Rev Cr it 1 8 7 7 II p . .

, .

m ea n s o nly m lody in dep e n dent of t h e tex t (Rig ve r se) c onn ecte d

” “
e ,
-

w ith it wh ich m ay b e ch a ng e d at w ill Th e e diti on S dma veda ci ka m

, . r ,

D i e H y m n e n des sam a v e da h e r a s g e g eb e n ub er set t u nd m it Gl ossar ,

u , z

v er seh e n von Th B enfey L eipzig 1 84 8 gi ve s t h e R dniy a ni y a cakh a ;

.
, ,

e l se wh e r e t h e K a th ma ak h a o f wh i c h t h e N a i gey a i s a s u b di v i s i o n
c u u -

, ,

ee S G ol ds chm i dt B er l M at s b e 1 p A W e b er s
( 8 6 8 2 2 8
’
s . o n , . r. , . .

as se r ti on H I L 9 64 fl ,
th at t h e v ar i a nts of t h e S fim asanh i t a are
. .
,

o l de r a nd m or e or igin a l t h a n t h os e of t h e Ri gsanh i t a (cf Lu dw Rv . . .

3 8 3 —9 5 ; 9 1
,
T h u s it i s e vi de nt th at t h e S am a v e da h as a n o l de r
:
“

for m th a n t h e Rigv e da i s opp ose d b y B u r n e ll A s ey ab ah m ana p ,

r r ,
.

xvi f a nd Au f recht Rig ve da 2 d e d vol 2 p r ef p xxxvii t o x lv

.
, , ,
.
,
.
,
. . .

Th e l atte r gi v es p x l v—x l v ii an a lph ab e t i ca l in de x of t h e 7 5 v e r s e s

.

pecu li ar t o t h e sam ave da not conta ine d i n o u r Rig ve da [ H illebr a n dt , ,

S pu re n ein er alter e n Rig v e da R e ce n s i on B e itr ag e zu r K u n de de r In do

'

G erm Sp r vol 8 1 9 5 . wh i ch ar e tran sl ate d by Lu dw R v 3 41 9

. .
,
. .
,

42 6 .

1 0 . Th e t w o p r in cip al gr ou p s
th ese p r ayer book s t h e B la ck of -

a nd t h e Wh i te Yaj u r veda are es se nti ally di sting u i s h e d b y t h e f a ct ,

th at in t h e Bl ack t h e sacri fici a l v erses are follow e d i mm e di ately b y

t h e i r dog m ati c inte rp retati on descr ipti o n of t h e a ccom p a nying ritu al , ,

et c a nd t h e B r ahm a n a b e l onging t o it i s t o b e c o n s i de r e d a s a n a ddi

.
,

tio n differ ing o nly in ti m e ; wh ile in t h e W h ite t h e ver se s for t h e sac

r ifi ces ar e c o nt a in e d in t h e S a n h it a t h e int er p r e t ati o n a nd r itu a l i n ,

t h e B r ahm an a a nd t h u s a r e s ep a r at e d t hr ou gh ou t
, .

1 O f t h e B l a c k Y a j u r v e d a t w o r ecen s i o n s h av e b ee n kn ow n
.

f or so m e ti m e : t h e Ta i tti ri y a s a nhi ta (te xt of t h e sch ool of A p ast a m ba : -

ed b .
y A W e b e r L e ipzig 1 8 7 1 —7 2
. I s t v ol 1 1 , a nd t h e K dt ha ka . .
,

( t e x t o f t h e K a tha s ch o o l v W e b e r I st 3 4 5 1 4 7 9 H I L 8 8 ff L v , . .
,
-
,
.
,
. .

S c hr o d r B e r l M ona t sb e r J u ly 1 8 7 9 p 6 7 5
e e ,
. Th e fir st in f o r m .
,
.
 8 TH E RIGVEDA .

Tii b i ngen 1 8 7 9 , m a ny S ingle s ong s b y A Web er I S t 5 2 1 8—2 66

a nd .
, .
, ,

e tc b y Zi mm e r AIL (Inde x pp 4 5 3
.
, ,
b y Lu dw ig Rv vol 3
.
,
.
, . .
,

e s p e c i a lly pp 42 8 5 5 1 a nd e lse wh e r e
. Wh itn ey I st 4 9—6 2 gi ves
-
,
.
, .
, ,

a n a lp h a b eti c a l in de x o f fir st lin e s a nd J A O S 1 2 (1 8 8 1 a co m l ete

) p ,
.

In de x V e b o u m r r .

1 4 Th e n a m e B r ahm a n a (n eu t ) i s t o b e de r i ve d not f r o m t h e
. .
,

m sc b hm n ch ief p r ie st (Mii lle A S L 1 7 2 3 42 H au g Ait B r

a . ra a
’

,
‘ ’
r, .
,
.
, . .

1 p 4 f [ E gge li ng S B E 1 2
,
. . Intr od p xx ii , bu t f r o m t h e . . . .

n e t b ahm n form l a c erem o ny (W h itn ey O LS t l 6 8 1 Web er

u . r a ,
u , ,
.
, , .
,

H I L 1 1 I St 9 3 5 1.
, C o n ce r ning th e se book s M ull e r A S L 3 8 9
.
, , .
,

s ays : Th e B r ahm a n a s r e p rese nt no dou b t a m ost inte r esting p h a s e

“

in t h e h i story of t h e In di an m in d b t j u dg e d by th em selves as lite ,

u

r a ry p r od cti on s th ey a e m ost di s app ointing N 0 one w ou l d h av e

u ,
r .

s u pp o se d t h a t a t s o e a r ly a p e r i o d a nd i n s o p r i m i t i v e a s t a te of ,

s o ci e ty th e r e c o l d h a v e r i s n u p a lite r a tu r e wh i ch f or pe da nt r y a nd
, u e ,

dow n r ig h t a b su r dity c an h a r dly b e m atch e d a n y wh e r e ,

Th er e i s no .

la ck of str iking th ou gh ts of b old e x p ress i on s of sou nd reas oning , , ,

a nd c r i ous t r a diti o n s in th e se c oll ec ti o n s

u B u t th e y a re o nly lik e .

t h e f r a g m e nts of a tor so lik e p r ec i ou s g e m s s e t in br as s and l e ad , .

Th e ge n e r a l ch ar acte r of th ese w or k s i s m a r k e d b y s h a ll ow a nd
i n s ipi d g r a n dil oq e n ce by p r i estly c on ce it a nd a nti qu a r i a n p e da nt ry
u , .

It i s m ost i mp ort ant t o t h e h i stor i a n th at h e S h ou l d kn ow h ow s oo n

t h e f re sh a nd h ealth y g r ow th of a n ati o n c an b e b lig h te d b y p r i e st
c r a ft a nd s u pe r stiti on Th ese w o r k s dese rv e t o b e st di e d a s
. u

t h e p h y s i c i a n st u di es t h e t w a ddl e o f i di ots a nd t h e r a v ing of m a d

m en Mii ller pl ac es t h e B r ah m a n a P e r i o d (Ch ip s 1 1 4 ; f
.
”
, , c .

A S L 4 3 5 ) b et we e n 8 00 a nd 6 0 0
.
( H a ng b etw e e n 1 40 0 a nd 1 2 00 :

cf .N ote
1 4 O f t h e B r ah m a n a s (R oth N i ru k t a Intr o d p xx i v f
a. ,
. . . .

A lVeb er H I L 1 1 f M M ull er A S L 3 1 3 ff L dw Rv 3 3 0 f ;
.
,
. . .
,
. . u . .
, .

S h or t e r e x tr acts in M oni e r Willi a m s In di a n Wi s do m L on don 1 8 7 5 , , ,

pp 2 7 —3 5 ) b el ong
.

1 . To t h e R i g v e d a t w o (b oth atta ch ing th em sel ve s t o re c en s i o n s

,

o f t h e te x t diffe r ing f r o m t h a t p r ese rv e d) n a m ely ,

A i t a ey a —B rahm a n a e dited t r a n sl ate d and e x pl a in ed b y M

r , , ,
.

H au g B omb ay 1 8 63 (w ith wh i ch f
. W e b e r I s t 9 1 77 — 3 8 0) c .
,
.
,

e dite d w ith a dditi o n s b y Th A u f r e ch t B onn 1 8 7 9 ; t o th i s . .

b el ong s t h e
A i t a ey a A r a nyak a in five b ook s t h e first thr ee t r a n sl ate d b y
r -

M M ulle r S B E 1 1 55 2 68 ( f i b i d Intro d pp ci x cvi ii )

.
,
.
,
— c . . . . x -
,

w ith th e
A i t are y a Up a ni s a d e d b y R oé in BI -
f W e b e r I S t 1 3 8,
7 .
'

r c .
,
.
,

392 ;
 NO TE S .
99

Kau s i t a ki or Cank h ay a na
-
B rahm a n a (cf Web er .
,
I St . 2 , 2 88
wi t h th e
Ka u s i t a k i A r a ny ak a , t h e -
th i rd b ook of wh ich fo rm s th e v e ry
v a l ab l
u e

Up anisa d ; see Web er I St 1 3 9 2—420 ; e d and tran sl

Ka u s i t a k i -

,
.
,
. .

by Cowell in B I ; tr a n sl ate d b y M M ull er S B E 1 2 69 —30 8 ; . .

,
.
,

o
f .i b i d Int r o d pp x cv iii
.
—c . . .

2 . To t h e S a m a v e d a (see t h e r ev i e w of t h e liter atu r e b y Web e r ,

I st 1 3 1 —6 7 ; f or t h e n u mb e r of t h e B r ah m a n a s Web e r H I L
.
, , , .

7 4 ; I st 4 , 3 7 5 ) .

T andy a or Prau dh a or Pa ne avi nca -

B rahm a n a , ed it ed in BL ;
a n a dditi on t o it i s t h e
S advi nca B r ahm a n a t h e l a st p a rt of wh ich f orm s t h e
-
,

A dbh u t a B r ahm a n a ; e dite d tr a n sl at e d a nd e xpl a in e d b y A

-

, ,
.

Web er Z we i ve di sch e Te xte ii b e r O m in a u nd Por t ent a B er lin

,
.

1 8 5 9 (B e r l Ak a d A bb Ph il ol H i st or Cl as se 1 8 5 8 pp
. . . .
-
.
,
.

31 3
Ch andogy a B rahm ana in ten b ook s of wh i ch u p t o t h e pre sent
-
, ,

ti me only eight a re k n ow n in E u r ope form ing t h e i m p orta nt

, ,

C h andogy a Up a ni s ad ; cj l A We b e r I st 1 2 54 2 7 3 ; in BI
-
.
,
.
,
-
.

e dit b y R oe r tr a n sl ate d b y R aj e n dr a L al a Mit r a ; t r a n s l ate d

'
.
,

b y M Mii ller S B E 1 1 1 44 Intr od p lxxxv i f

.
,
.
,
-

, . . .

T alavak ara o Jai m i ni y a B rahm ana only l ately discovered

r -

in S ou ther n In di a b y B u rn ell [see W h itn ey on t h e Jai m i ni y a ,

B rahm a n a A m O r S oc Pr oc May . a p a r t o f i t h av
. . . .
,

ing alr eady been l ong kn ow n as th e

Ta la vak ar a or K en a Up a nisad see A Web er I St 2 1 8 1 1 9 5 ; -
, .
,
.
,
-

ed a nd t r an sl
. b y R ii er in BI ; tr an sl ate d by M Mii ller. .
,

S B E 1 1 47 1 5 6 cf : Int rod p lxxx ix f A S a p a rt of t h e s a m e

.
,
-
, . . .

B rahm a n a appe a rs now t h e

A r se y a B r ahm a n a e dit b y B u r n ell M ang al or e 1 8 7 6 and 1 8 7 8
-

( , .
,

in t h e Jai m i ni y a text) .

Th e f oll ow ing wr i t ing s b el onging r ath er t o t h e S utr a s are a ls o b u t , , ,

only i m p r ope r ly ca ll e d B r ahm a n a ,

S am avi dh ana B rah m a na e d by B ur n ell L on don 1 8 7 3

r
,
.
, .

Va n ca—B rahma n a e d and comment by A Web er I St 4 3 7 1 , . . .

, .
,

3 8 6 ; e d b y B u r n ell M ang al or e 1 8 7 3 ;
.
,

D ev at adh y ay a B r ahm a n a e d b y B u r n e ll M a ng al or e 1 8 7 3 ; t h e
-
, .
,

a b ov e m e nti on ed A r se a B r ahm a n a a nd t h e
y
- -

S a nh i t op ani sa d B r ahm a n a (I st e d b y B u r n e ll
-
M an . .
,

g a l or e 1 8 7 7 .

3 To t h e B l a c k Y a j u r v e d a (Tai tt i r i y a S a n h i ta)
. -

Ta i tt i r i y a B r ahm a n a ( f Note -
e dit b y R aj en dr a L al a c . .
1 00 TH E RIGVEDA .

Mitra i n B 1 (t h e l eg e n d of N a cik et as c on cerning e x iste n ce

,
.

a fte r de ath t ra n sl a te d b y M u i r O S T 5 3 2 9 f M Tr 5 4 if
, , .
,
.
, .
,

2 52 i M Mii ll er O GR 3 40 ff ) w ith t h e
,
.
,
. .

Tai t t i r i y a— A r a nya k a (b y t h e s a m e e dito r in BL ) ; w ith t h e

Tai t t i r i y a Up a ni s a d s e e A W e b e r I S t 2 21 0—2 3 6
-
, .
,
.
,
.

To t h e W h i t e Y a j u r v e d a (V aj as a ney i S a n hi t a) t h e m ost i m -

p ort a nt of all B rah m a n as t h e ,

Q a t a p a t h a B
— r a hm a n a e dite d b y A W e be r B e r lin 1 8 55 ( Th e ,
.
,

Wh ite Y aj u rve da vol c

f H I L 1 1 6 —1 3 9 M M ii lle r A SL
,
. . . . .
,
.

3 49 3 60 ; se v e r a l l e g e n ds of g ene r a l interest (stor y of t h e fl oo d

-

t h e f ou nt a in of y ou th p u ni shm e nt afte r de ath ) ar e t r a n s l ated ,

in Web er s I Str 1 9 —3 0 [ TransL b y J E ggeli ng S B E vol

’
.
,
. .
, .
, .

1 2 ; of W h i t n e y on E ggeli ng s Tr a n sl ati o n of t h e Q a t a p a t h a
’
.
,

B rahm a n a A m Jou rn of P h il ol 3 3 90 , and f or t h e

. . .
,

wh ol e w ork Web e r H I L 1 1 6 ff Th i s B r ahm a n a c ontain s in ,

. .

t h e 1 4t h B o ok t h e
B h a d A r a ny ak a e dite d b y P ol e y (Up a ni s a ds B onn 1 8 44)
r -
, ,

e dit e d a nd t r a n s l a t e d b y R ci er in BI (Y aj n av a lky a s t r eatis e on

'
’
.

i mm orta lity i s a l so tr a n s l ated b y Mii ller A S L 2 2 f O GR 3 3 5 ,

. .
, .

if ; M u i r MTr 51 f 2 4 6 , . .
,

5 . To t h e A t h a rv a ve da
G op at h a -
B rahm a n a : M ll e r u ,
A S L 44 5 f . .
, ed it . i n BL , see W eb er ,

H I L 1 50, 1 5 1 . .

1 5 . Maga st h enes in Strab o 1 5 ,

6 0, p . 71 3 : Tot s 82 Pa p p ava s (leg .

Ea pp dva g ) ro s b “ EV ’
evn
u or o r o v ; i Bi o v s (fi e ly
n [ 6 M e a a dém s
y y ]
'
dvop dCGO Ga t , { {fl a ts i iXv Ka i K a n dw d
’
'
En/7 a; eV
gb .
p yp t wv ,
'

50 9177 gbA c w d
09evdp ei wv,
d t
qp odw i wv w
x p ls Ka i i
o vov
f ib i d
c . .

ch 7 0 , p 7 1 9 , W e er, H I L 2 7 f
. . Th e fiAdfiLO i b . . ar e th e vanap r a s th a s

( w oo d dw e ll e r s
-

) T h e l a t e r de v e l op m e nt of t h e r ling p r i es th oo d
. u

recogniz e s fou r sta ge s (ac a m ) in t h e li fe of t h e B rahm a n ; first h e r a

i s a b a hma ca i n (di scipl e o f a B r ahm a n ) t h e n a grha th (m arr i e d

r r , s a ,

f ath e r of a f a m ily) t h e n a vanap a tha a nd fi n a lly a bhi ks or sa m ,

r s , u

ny asi n (a b e gg a r li v ing o n a l m s w h o h as de ni e d t h e w orl d) m ore in ,

fu ll e g in OGR 3 5 0 fi
. . . .

1 6 Ne xt f oll o w t h e A r a n y a k a s ( f Mi ller A SL 31 3 —3 1 5
.
“
o .
,
.
,

3 2 9 —33 9 Lu dw R v 3 3 3 . wh i ch not only b y t h e p os iti on wh ich

. .
, ,

t h ey occu p y at t h e end of t h e B r ahm an a s b u t a l so b y th e ir ch aracte r , ,

see m t o b e of a l at e r a ge a g a in Th e i r ob j e ct i s t o S h ow h o w s acr i .

fi ces m ay b e p erf o rm e d b y p e opl e li vi ng in t h e f or est w ith ou t any of ,

t h e p om p descr i b e d in t h e B r ahm ana s and t h e l ate r S fit r as — b y a

m ere m e nta l e ff rt Th e w orsh ipp er h a d only t o i m agin e t h e sacri
o .

fice t o go thr ou g h it o nly in h i s m e m o ry and h e th u s a cqu i r e d t h e

, ,

s am e m e rit as t h e p e rf orm e r of t edi ou s rites L astly c om e t h e .

1 02 TH E RIGVEDA .

l
a c a ss i fi cati o n of t h e Ve dic di v initi es) t o wh ic h Y ask a s e p la na ti on ,
’
x

i ru kt i in 1 b o o k s i s a dde d (B oo k s 1 3 a nd 1 4 a r e l ate r ) Y sk a i s
(n ) 2 a .

h i m sel f comm e ntate d b y D u r g a (1 3 t h

20 . Th e fi rs t ac c ou gi ve n by R oth nt of t h e P r at i cak h y as w as ,

Z L Gl V 5 3 f N i r u k t a Intr od p x lii f Th e i r r e a l pu r p ose i s

. .
,
. . .

s h o w n b y N ote 7 8 O f th e se s p ec i all y i m po rt a nt a nd inte r e sting

.

w ork s t h e foll ow ing h av e b ee n e dite d and tr a n sl ated :

Th e Rig Prat i cak h y a of Ca u nak a G erm a n b y M M ul l e r
-
L e ip , . .

zig 1 8 5 6 1 8 6 9 F re n ch b y A d R e gni er P ar i s 1 8 5 7 — 1 8 5 8
-
. . . .

Th e T a i t t i r i y a —Prat i cak h y a Englis h b y W h itn e y J A 0 8 9 , , .

,

1 -
4 69
T h e V aj a s aney i Pr at i cak h y a -
of Katy ay ana , G erm a n b y A We .

b e r , I S t 4 , 65—1 7 1 .
, a nd ib id . 1 7 7—3 3 1 .

Th e A t h a rv a Pr at i cak h y a of
Q au nak a , Engli sh b y Wh itn ey ,

JA 0 8 . 7 , 3 3 3— 6 1 5 adde n da i b id . 1 0 , 1 5 6— 1 7 1 .

21 . P ani n i i s a m atte r of mu ch disp u te ; f L as

Th e d a t e of c .

sen, IA 1 8 64 E M Miil ler A S L 3 0 4—3 1 0 W h itney O LSt 1

.
, . .
,
. .
, .
,

75 f . B e nfey G dS p r p 4 8 1 A Web er e g I st 1 1 41 f 4 8 7 f
, . .
, . .
,
. . .
,
.
, , .
,

5, 1 72 . HI L 21 7 fi . . I St r 3 , 40 8 . .

A cc or ding t o G B ii h ler O O 2 7 0 3 P anini s w ork i s an i m p r oved

.
, .
, ,
’ “
,

c o m pl e te d a nd p arti a ll y r e writte n e diti o n

”
, o f Cak a tay a na ; cf Bur .

n e ll On t h e A i ndr a S ch ool of S a n sk r it G r amm ar i an s L o n do n 1 8 7 5

,
. .

p 9 7 H A W eb e r I S t r 3 4 1 4 f [ Panini s Eight B ook s of G ra m

. . .
,
.
,
.
’

m a t i cal S fit r a s E d w ith a n Eng t r a n s l a nd co mm e nt a r y b y W

. . . . .

Goont illek e B omb ay 1 882 ff ] .

22 . p 3 5 3 6 (cf G ott Gel Anz 1 8 60 27 9

B enf ey , GdS p r . .
, . . .
,

wh ere p p 3 5—1 0 0 an e xcellent su rv ey of In di a n gra mm ar i s gi ve n

, .
, .

[ W h itn e y T h e S t u dy o f S a
,
n s krit a nd t h e H in du G r a mm a r i a n s A m . .

J ou rn Ph il ol 5 2 7 9
. .
,

23 . Cert a in Ve dic teach ers and sch ool s di d not occu py

of the
th e m sel ves w it h t h e revealed tex ts S an h it a and B r ahm a n a bu t only ,
’
,

w ith t h e Sfit ras (S it tr a ca r a na ) th ey cr e ate d a new syste m ati c p r ese n

t a t i on of a l l t h e re qu ire me nts of t h e r itu a l a com p e n diu m of t h e ,

w h o l e K alp a E g t h e K alp a of A p ast am b a (b e longing t o t h e

. . .

Bl ack Y aj u s) co n s i sting o f 3 0 p racnas conta in s in p racna 1 —2 4 t h e

, ,

c r a u t a— re g u l ati o n s r a na 2 5 t h e g e ne r a l r e g u l ati ons of t h e sa cri fi ce

p c ,

(applying b oth t o p u b li c and f am ily s a cr i fi ce) p ra cna 2 6 a nd 2 7 t h e ,

rh a r e g u l ati o n s a n a 2 8 a nd 2 9 t h d h rm re gu l ati on s a nd
—
g y r
p c e a a
-
, ,

r a na 3 0 t h e
Q l fi t ( N t P r a sk a r a s Grh a S at r a
’
p c u v a S r as s ee o e a -

y
-

i s cl ose ly c onn ecte d w ith Kat y ay a na s Q r a nta satr a a nd i s co n si de re d

’
-
,

a m e r e co m p o n e nt p a r t of t h e l atte r t o s u c h a n e x te nt t h at it i s often

q u o t e d d ir ec tly u n d e r K a t a
y y a na s n a m e
”
(S t e nz le r
)
’
. .
 NO TE S .

23 a .
C rO f th e
a t a fi t a w u -
S r s e m ay m n t i on
e

1 . B l nging t o t h R i g v d a t h o
e o e e : se of

A c alay a na e dit in BI
v : . .

Cank h ay a na .

O
[ B el onging t o t h e 8 am ave da : t h ose of
Macak a .

it in BI (Ka t h u m a S ch ool)
L at y ay ana , ed . u .

D rah y ay ana (b e l onging t o t h e R anay a ni y a sch ool) .

3 . B el onging t o t h e B l a c k Y a j u r v e d a (Taitt t h os e o f .

B au dh ay a na Lit in We b e r H I L 1 0 0 fi ,
.
,
. .

A p as t am b a : We b e r H I L 1 00 ff B ii hle S B E 2 Intr od p ,
. . r, .
,
. .

x i f xviii ; porti on s tra n sl at e d b y M Mulle r Z D M G 9 S u p

.
,
.
,
.
,

pleme nt p x liii f and R G rb a

,
e Z D M
. G 3 4 3 1 9 —370 ; . .
,
.

e d b y G a rb e C a l cu tt a 1 8 8 1 f
.
,
.

H i ra ny ak e ci ,
the M an a vas ,
wh i ch h ave now a ll b ee n bro ght t o light u .

t h e Bh ar a dvaj a s ,

4 . B elonging t o t h e W h i t e Y a j u r v e d a (V aj . th ose of
Kat y ay ana e dit b y A Web e r Be rlin 1 8 5 9
,
. . . .
( e Wh ite Y a
Th .

u r ve da , vol
j .

5 . Be longing t o t h e A th ar v ave da
t h e Kau cik a S a tr a -
,

t h e V a i t ana S atr a e dit b y R G arb e L o n don 1 87 8 t ran sl

-

,
. . .
,
.

a nd c omme nt b y t h e s a m e Str as s b u r g 1 8 7 8 [ Bloo m fi

. eld On ,
.
,

t h e p os iti on of t h e V ai t ana S atr a JA O S 1 1 3 7 5 fi ] . .

,

24 . wh ich only a few h ave be en pu b l i sh ed

Th e G r h y a s fi t r a s of ,

w ill h av t h e gr atest i m porta n ce fo t h e comp ar ative st u dy o f c us

e e r

t om s w ith th e ir a i d i t w ill be po ssib le t o Sh ow th at m any cus tom s

: ,

wh eth e r in t h e life of t h e cl assic n ati on s in t h e r itu al of t h e Cath olic ,

c hu r ch or in t h e c omm o n life of t h e p r e se nt day co m e f r o m p ri m e va l

, ,

tim es ; f S t nzler s e xcellent disc ssion Ueb er di e S itte A fKM

c . e
’
u ,
“ ”
, .

1 8 6 5 v ol 4 1 47 f
, . So me in di v i d a l p oints h av e al r e ady b ee n t rea te d
, . u ,

su ch as

t h e Birt h r itu a l by S p e j e D e cer e m oni a ap d In dos qu ae vo

-
i r, u

c at r j at ak arm a u L gd B at 1 8 7 2 ; . u . .

t h e M rr i age r itu a l b y H aas and We be r in I st 5 ; f N ote 3 1 7 ;

.

a -
. c .

t h e B r ia l r it a l b y M Mii l ler ZD M G 9 S u p ;
u -

f R oth
u .
,
.
, . c .
,

Z D MG 8 4 6 7 f (ab ov e p 7 6 f and N ote

.
, . . .

O f s ch G h y a fit a s t h e f oll owi ng a e in e x i sten ce

u r s r r

1 B el onging t o t h e R i g v e d a th ose of
. :

A cv alay ana di t b y St enz le L eipzig 1 8 64 ; tr an sl b y th e

,
e . r, .

s a m e 1 8 6 5 (A f KM vol 3 p art 4 a nd vol 4 p art A

, f . .
, , .
, c . .
1 04 TH E RIGVEDA .

Ku h n KZ 1 5 2 2 4 f and t h e rev i e w of t h e co nte nts by Mon

, .
,
. .

Willi a m s in I nd Wis do m p 1 9 7—2 09 .

, . .

C ankh ay a na ; e dit a nd t r a n s l b y H Ol de n b e r g I st 1 5 1 —1 6 6 . . .
, .
, .

2 . B el onging t o t h e S am a v e d a : th ose of
Gobh i la e dit in BI (a l ate a dditi on e dit and t r a n s l by
: . . . .

Bloomfi el d Z D MG 3 5 5 33 5 3 7 ) ,
.
,
-

3 . B e longi ng t o t h e B l a c k Y a j u r v e d a : th ose of
B au dh ay a na ,
A p a s t a m b a (cf Note 2 3 and 2 3 a .
,

La u ga k si (B uh l er I st 1 4 ,
.
,

t h e M an a v as e t c : N ote 23 and 2 3 a ,
.
, 3 (J . v . B r adk e , Z D M G .

3 6, 41 7
4 . B el onging W h i t e Y a j u r v e d a : th ose of
to t h e
Par ask ara e dit b y S t e nzler L e ipzig 1 8 7 6 tra n sl by t h e s a m e
, . .
, . .

L e ipzig 1 8 7 8 (A fKM vol 6 p art 2 and . .

,

5 B el o nging t o t h e A t h a r v a v e d a :
.

t h e Kau ci k a s fit r a (t w o ch a pt e r s on e x pi ato r y ce re m oni es h av e

b ee n e dited tr a n sl ate d and c omm e ntated b y A Web e r : Z w e i
, , .

ve d Te x t e ii b e r O m in a u nd Por t e nt a B e r l Ak a d A bh P h il os
.
,
. . .

H is t Cl 1 85 8 pp 3 44
. .
[ B lo o m fi e ld o,
n a p r op ose d e di .
,

ti on of t h e Kau cik a Satr a A m O r S oc Pr oc O ct -

. . . . . .

25 Th e D h a r m a o r S am a y ao ar i k a sfit ra s w er e fir s t di stin
.
-

gu i sh e d a s a s pe c i a l g r o u p b y M ul l e r A S L 2 0 6 f ; m o r e det a il e d i n , . .

form ati o n w as gi ve n by B ii h ler in t h e Intr od t o W est a nd B ii h ler A .

,

Dig est of H in du L aw B o mb ay 1 8 67 O f th ese S fitras I m enti o n , .

,

t h os f
e
A p a st am b a, tra n s l b y B ii h ler B omb ay 1 8 68 f t ransla
e d. a nd .
, .
,

tio n in SB E 2 1 —1 7 0 ; Int r od pp i x x liv ; .

,
. .
-

G au t a m a ed by S t enzler L on do n 1 8 7 6 tra n sl by B u h ler i n

,
.
, , .

—
SBE 2 1 7 3 3 07 . Int r od pp
,
x l v—lvii ; . .

V ’ s ‘sf h a’
tr an sl ated by B u h ler in SBE ; .

Vi sn u tra n sl b y J Jolly in
,
7 ( 0 ) [ BL (N S )
1
. 8 8 . SB E .
, 1 3 02 -
.

458 Introd pp i x xxxvii ; Jolly D as D h arm asfit r a des

— . .
,

Vi sh n u u nd da s Kat h ak agrh y a Mii nch Si t zgsb er 1 87 9 II . . . . .

1 , 22 82-
.

25 a. m etr i cal law b ook of t h e fath er of m ankin d M a n u

Th e -
‘
,
’

( e d a
. nd t r a n sl e g b y L o is e l eu r D eslongch a m p s
. . P .ar i s 1 8 3 0 1 8 33 ;
-
, ,

new e d of t h e tex t w ith In di an c omm e nta ry C a l cu tta

.
, [ T r a n s ,

l ate d fr om t h e S a n skrit wi th an Intr odu ction by t h e l ate A C B u r , ,

. .

ne ll . C o m pl e te d and e dite d by E W H op kin s L o n don (Trii bner s ) . . .

1 8 8 4 — W h itn e y On t h e or igin of t h e L
.
, a w s of M a n u A m O r S oc ,
. . .

Proc May . i s p r oved t o be rel ati vely y ou n g b y t h e f act th at i t

 TH E RIGVEDA .

H ere h ou l d b e me nti on ed (see Note 2 3 ) a cl as s of w ork s wh ich

S

h a ve only rece ntly b ec om e kn own t h e ,

u l v a S ut r a s t h e l ast p a rt of t h e K a lp a sy st e m wh i c h co nt a in s
Q -
, ,

t h e g e om etr i c a l s p ec i fi c ati o n s f o t h e p r op e r setting u p of t h e a lta r s r

H ill e br a n dt D as a lt i ndsch e Ne n u nd V ollm onds op fe J en a 1 87 9

(f
c .
,
r .
,

p 1 8 7 f ; Ve r su ch ein er Con str cti on des Op fe rpl atz es n ach B au dh a

. . u

y a n a ) I n th e se ol dest m ath e m ati cal treati ses m ay alre ady b e fou n d

.
,

ac or ding t o Th i b a t (T ii b ne s A m e r a nd O r i e nt Lit R e c sp ec i a l
’
c u r r . . . .
,

n mb e r L o n don 1 8 74 p 2 7
u ,
e v e n a tte m pts a t s qu a r ing t h e c i r cl e
,
. .

Th i b a t b e g a n t o p u b lish t h e t e x ts in t h e m o nth l y j o r n a l Th e
u u ,

P ndi t B en a r e s i n M a y 1 8 7 5 ; f h i s arti cl e in t h e J ou r n A s i at S oc
a , ,
o . . .

o f B e ng a l 1 8 7 5 pp 2 2 1 2 7 5 ; a l s o s ep a r at e ly L o n do n 1 8 77
, , .
-

, ,

27 F t h e h i st or i ca l r e l ati o n s see L asse n IA 4 1 5 6 f

. or All t h e , .
, .

c omm e nt a ri e s b a r t h e na m es of M ad h a v a a nd S ay a n a
e acc or ding ,

t o t h e c st o m sti ll e x i sting in In di a of n a m ing b ook s a fte r t h ose w h o

u

cau se d t h e m t o b e c o m p o s e d a nd b o r e t h e e x p e n se Th e r e h a v e b e e n .

r ecei ve d fr o m th at regi on a n u mb e r of in scr ipti on s on m eta l pl ates ,

doc u m e nts r el ating t o r oy a l gif ts of v ill a ge s a nd l a n ds t o l ea rn ed

B r ah m an s w h o w er e settle d th ere m ost p rob ab ly t o a ss i st in th e se
, , ,

a nd s i m il a r w or k s R o th ZD M G 2 1 4 ; f A W eb e r I S t 3 1 90 f
.
,
.
, c . .
,
r .
, .

A ccor ding t o B u r n ell (Introd t o t h e e diti on of t h e V a nca b ah . r

m a n a) Madh av a and say a n a are only di ffer ent n a mes of t h e sa m e

,

p er s on a Telu gu B r ahm a n w h o in A D 1 3 3 1 b ecam e h ea d of t h e m on

, ,
. .

a st e ry a t a g e r i di e d wh il e h ol ding th at p o s iti o n in 1 3 8 6 a nd wr ote

, ,

all t h e c om m e nt a r i es h i m sel f ; cj l W e b e r l c ,
. .

28 S o H H Wil s on in h i s Tr a n s l ati o n of t h e Rig ve da S a n h it a

. . . .

L on do n 1 8 5 0 4 v ol s e dit b y Co we ll 1 866 (5 t h and 6t h v ol s still

. . . .

w a nting ) 2 d e d 1 vol 1 8 66 . . . .

29 Se e e sp eci a lly t h e c l ea r e x p ositi on in t h e p r eface t o v ol 1 of

. .

t h e L e x i co n (N ote pp i v— v i and t h e m as te r ly t r ea ti se .

U eb e r g el ehrt e Tra diti o n i m A lt er th u m b eso n der s i n In di en ZD M G , . .

Cf B enf ey s dedu cti o n s GdSp p 4 6 f a nd G 6tt ’

21 1 9,
-
.
,
r. . . .

Gel Anz 1 8 5 8 p 1 60 8 f w ith wh i ch l a tter A W eb e r a g r ees I st 5

. .
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,

1 74 f S u ch p a s sa g es a nd oth er s of si m il a r ch a r a cte r
.
“
a nd th e r e
, ,

i s a n u mb e r of th e m s h ou l d b e n oti c e d b y th os e w h o s t ill c on s i de r
,

th at Ve dic interp ret ati on accor ding t o t h e In di a n m eth od i s p refe r ab le

t o o u ow n f r ee i ng itse l f in e s se nti a l s f r o m t h e n ati v e m eth od
r , Wh o .

e v e r h a s c a r e fu lly stu di e d t h e In di a n inte rp r et ati on s kn ow s th a t a b so

lu t ely no c ontin u ity of t r a diti o n can b e a ssu m e d b et we en t h e p r odu c

ti on of t h e Ve da s and th ei r inte rp retati on b y In di an sch ol ar s ; th at on
t h e co ntr a ry b etw ee n t h e g e n u in e p oe ti ca l r em a in s of Ve di c a nti qu ity
a nd th e i r i nt erp r et a t i on a l o ng br e a k m u st h a v e occu rr e d in t h e t r a

diti on ou t of wh i ch a t t h e m ost t h e u n derstanding of a few deta il s

, , ,
 NO TE S . 1 07

m ay h ave b ee n p res erve d u p t o l a te r tim es thr ou g h lit u r gi cal u s es ,

a nd w or d p s a ges and p rh p s als o hym n s conn t ed w ith it B e

s, a s ,
e a ec .

y on d these rem ain s of t h e tra di ti on wh i ch m st b e es ti m ate d a t a ve ry , u

s m all v al e t h e inte rp rete r s of t h e Ve da h a d a lm ost no th e r a i ds

u ,
o

th an th ose wh i ch a e in g reat p art at o ow n dispo sal t h u sa ge of r ur ,

e

t h e cl ass i a l l a ng ag e a nd t h e g r amm ati cal ety m ol ogi ca l l ex i ca l i nves

c u , ,

t i gat i ons At m ost th ey fo n d assistan e in m atter p reserv e d in di a

. u c

lects ; bu t th i s a dva nta ge i s a lm ost enti r ly tweigh ed b y t h at wh i h e ou c

w e h ave a t om m a n d t h e com p a r i s o n w ith Z en d a nd w ith t h e o t h er

c ,

l ang age s r l t e d t o t h e S an sk rit wh ich whil e it m st of cou rse be

u e a , , u

appli e d w i t h ca r and di s c r i m in ati n h a s a l re ady a ffor ded s o m ch

e o , u

h elp t o a cle are r n d rsta n ding of t h Ve das B u t in dep en dently of

u e e .

a ll a i ds in p ar ti c l a r cases thr o g h t h e co n f s i o n w ith wh i h it s e k s

u ,
u u c e

t com p r eh en d f r o m i t s o w n r eligi o s st a n dp oint s o m a ny ce ntu r i es

o u ,

l ter t h e an ci ent con diti on s and c on cep t i n s completely foreign t o it

a ,
o ,

t h e In di a n interp r et ati on come s t o b e f a l s e thr o g h ou t i t s wh ol e spi r it ; u

wh ile w e thro gh o kn owle dge draw n from an alogo s conditi on s

,
u ur , u ,

of t h e l ife c on ce pti on s a nd n ee ds of a n i e nt pe opl e s a nd o f pop l a r

, , c u

p oetr y a e b ette r eq ippe d for an u n derstan ding of t h e wh ole ; and

,
r u

th i s s p r iority even if t h e In di an s owed m ch more in d tails t o tr adi

u e , u e

ti on th an th y r ally do wou l d not b e di mm ed b y th ei r interp retati on

e e , .
”

Foot n te on p 1 0 Y as k a Ni r 1 1 5
o f N o.t e 3 7 3 : .
, : c . .

30 L ai d down p rin cip ally in t h S a n s k r i t L e x i c o n p b li sh ed

. e u

b y t h e Pet ersbu rg A ca demy of S cien ces p rod ce d b y t h e l abors of , u

O tt o B oh t l i n g k a nd R u d o l p h R o t h (with t h e assi sta n ce of A .

Web er H Kern A F St en le i V D Wh itn ey A Sch i efne and A

,
.
,
. . z r, . .
,
. r, .

K h n ) 7 v ol s l arge q arto 1 8 5 2—1 8 7 5 At t h e nd of vol 5 a nd

u . . u . . e s.

7 a rea ddi t i n s wh i ch a e now in cl de d w i th l ate r a dditi ons a nd

o ,
r u ,

cor ct i on s in t h e S nsk i t w o t e b ch in Kii e e F s ng b a b i

'

re a r r r u rz r r a su e r e

t t v n O tt o B oh t li ngk now p b li h ing ( 1 8 7 9 o f wh i c h P ar ts 1 —5

”
e o ,
u s

a nd
( dh ) h aav a l r-
e a dy
ve a pp re d a ,
e ea .

31 E p eci ally Joh n M i r in h i s arti le On t h e Interp retatio n of

. s u c :

t h e Ve da t f r om J R A S N S v ol 2
, ex r . pp 3 0 3—40 2 ; f Wh it . . . . c .

n y On t h e Tr an sl ati o n o f t h e V e da
e , O LS t 1 1 0 0 1 32 . .
,
-
.

32 In pp ositi on t o Goldst ck e s p lem i c it m ay ffice at p res

. o u r
’
o su

nt t o r ef r t o VVh i t n y S E ssa y m enti o n e d a b ove a nd t o A We b e r

’
e e e , .
,

I S t 2 1 06 f ( f I S t 1 4 4 1 4
r. ,
.in opp o iti on t o H ang (Tr an sa cti on s
c . .
, s

of t h e L ondo n O r i e nta l C ong res s 1 87 7 pp 2 1 3—2 2 6 and fte n . . . o

c
f N 1 1 6 f t n t ) t D lb ii k J L Z 1 8 7 5 p 1 52 f a nd E K u h n
. .
, oo -
o e , o e r c , . . . .
, .
,

W i ssens h J ah esb e c 1 87 7
. 1 9 2 f (Le ipzig r Th e p rin
r. .
, .

i p l s of t h e G erm n sch o l a e t h e o nly on e s wh i ch c a n ev e r gu i d

‘ ’
c e a o r e

u n der st a n ding of t h e Veda Wh itn ey A m O r So c

”
u s to a t ru e .
, . . .

P r oc O t . c .
1 08 TH E RIGVED A .

33 . t m p t t o inter pr et t h e Ve das B omb ay

Veddr tha y a tna , or a n a t e .

1 87 6 f Th e p u b li sh e r Sh a nk a r Pa ndur ang P a n dit b e s i de t h e com

.
, ,

p le t e S a n h it a a nd P ada te x t (N ote gi v es thr ee t r a n sl ati o n s in ,

S an sk r it i n M a h r at h i a nd in E ngli sh (i mg aj i )
, S i m il a r u nder t ak
,
r .

ing s in H in di a nd B eng ali w ith ou t an Engli sh t r a n sl ati on a e t o , ,

r

a ppe a r in B e n a r es a nd C a l cu tt a (E K u h n W i ssensch J ah resber .

, . .

1 87 7 . 1 ,

34 .Lit Cent ralbl 1 8 7 3 C ol 8 4 ; cf E K u h n l o p 9 2 f : th at

. .
,
. . .
, . . . .
“

w e h a ve l e a r n e d t o pl ace ou r sel v es on t h e st an dp oint of f r e e cr iti c i s m

in opp ositi o n t o n ati v e tra diti o n w ill al w ays be an u n de ni ab l e se rv i ce
of t h e P ete r s b ur g L e x i co n B u t j u st a s cer t a inly th at n ati v e tr a di .

ti on w ill contin u e t o be a n ele me nt wh i ch w e m u s t r eg ar d in ou r inter

p r e t a t i on a nd wh i c
, h u n de r s o m e c i r cu m st an c es de serv es t h e sa m e

atte nti o n as t h e o pini o n of a E u r op ea n s ch ol a r

”
.

35 .I h ave give n a deta il e d r ev i ew of t h e c ontents of th i s ex celle nt

w ork in J bb 1 2 1 43 3—4 69 a nd in conn ecti on h av e r eferr e d occasi on
.
, ,

a lly t o r el a te d ch a r a cte r i sti cs a m ong t h e G r ee k s a nd R o m a n s .

36 .Wh ere as form er ly A s i a e sp eci ally t h e h igh l a n d of Ce ntra l ,

A si a t h e regio n of t h e s ou r ces of t h e O x u s a nd Y ax ar t es w as in gen

,

era l h e l d t o b e t h e or igin a l as w e ll as t h e l a s t h om e o f t h e I ndoger

m ani c p eopl e wh il e th ey w er e still li ving t og eth er (see t h e rich liter a

tu re i n M u i r O S T 2 30 6 f b esi de s e g J u sti in R au m er s H i st or
,
.
,
.
, . .
’
.

Ta s ch e n b u c h 1 8 6 2 p 33 3 and 3 3 9 f H ofe r in KZ 2 0 3 8 2 8 5 '

-
. . . .
, , ,

oth e r in v e stig ator s in l a te r ti m e s th o u g h t th ey h a d g r ou n ds for s eek

i ng it in wh ile oth ers a g ain sp oke ou t de ci dedly in f av or of

A si a f so th at t h e qu esti on mu st s till b e co n s i de r e d an o pe n one ; s o
,

now (opp ose d t o h i s f orm er c h a m pi on sh ip of A si a) S pi e g e l E r a n , .

A lt ert h u m sk u nde 1 42 8 Au sl an d 1 8 7 1 p 5 5 3 f ; 1 8 7 2 p 9 6 1 f
,
.
, . .
, . .

J L Z 1 8 7 8 p 2 8 6 ; W h itn ey L a ng u a g e and t h e S tu dy of L a ng u a g e
.
,
.
,

4"
L at h a m i n L Ge i . ger , Z u r E nt w i ck el u ngs gesch i ch t e der Mensch h ei t p 119 ,
. .

n rod t o Fick s I nd ge m W6 t b 1 p i and GdSp

B enf ey , I t .
’
o r . r er . . x , r. 600 ; t h e f ol
lowi ng loc ali t i es a p ecially m ent i oned re S :

G rm a ny p a rt i c l a rl y t h e m i ddl and w est L Gei g er l o p 1 1 8

e ,
u Th e : .
,
. . . . .

Po ch
es di e Ar i e r Jen a 1 87 8 p p 58 7 4
e, . . .
-
.

N rt h er n G er m any and t h e n rt h w est of F r an ce ; J G C nno Forsch n gen

o o . .
, u ,

v ol i (1 8 7 1 ) p 2 1
. .
f A v G t sch m i d i n t h e Li t C nt albl 1 8 7 1 p 1 025
. :c . . . u e . e r . . . .

S t h as t rn E r op e (t o wh i ch t h e I ndog t ri b es ca m e fr om Ar m eni a ) : F
ou e e u . .

M ll r Allg E t h nogr a p h i c 2 1 8 7 9 p 86 f
u e , . . . . .

T Pa li D i e B nenn ng d Ltiw en b ei den I n dogerm anen M nch en 1 87 3 ;

u , e u es . u

Gerl and J L Z 1 87 5 p p 7 38 7 40 ;
, . . .
,

V H eh n K lt p fl an en nd H a st h i e e 3 I nt rod vii i and : D as Salz p

.
, u ur z u u r . .
, . .

1 6 (B ol r Ta gh ) ;
u -

O P .e h el V ii lk
sc e k nde 2
p 544 f (bo t h sl op es of t h e Ca c a s ) ;
, r u . . . u su

Th e g eologi st D é s o Le s p i err es a é c ell es Gen ev e C a r ey 1 8 7 8 p p 33 —43

r, u .
, . .
,
1 1 0 TH E RIGVEDA .

w a r d c a ll ed th i s e sti m ate t oo low ( f Rigv e da S a n h ita vol IV c .

, . .
,

Preface p v iii f ; accor ding t o p l xxv iii say a n a li ve d [ab ou t 1 3 50

,
. . .
,

A D
. . se e N ote 2 7 ]
: th i rty ce ntu r ie s afte r t h e “
a nd

th en (Ch ip s 1 1 1 ) n a m e d t h e per i od fro m

, ,

1 5 0 0 1 2 0 0 B c as t h e p e r i od of c om p os iti o n of t h e Ve di c h y m n s ;
-
. .

S i mil a r ly A W e b e r w h o h as r e p e a t e dl y (e g I S t r 1
. 6 ; In cl S kizz e n
,
. . .
, .
,

pp 1 4 46 4 3 ) pla ce d t h e m igr atio n in to t h e In du s l a n d in t h e 1 6th

.
, ,
-

ce ntu ry B C b u t cf H I L p 2 n ote 2 ; S pi e g e l (e g A u s l a n d 1 8 7 4
. .
,
. . .
, . .
,

D u n ck e r G e sch i ch te deS Altert 3 2 4 5 t T h p r i od

p e c e e -
. . .
, , , .

fr om
2 40 0 1 40 0 -
i s co n s i dere d by H ang a s t h e pe r i od of th e p ro
du cti o n of t h e V e di c h y m n s (Int r o d t o t h e Ait Brahm 1 47 f f . . .
, . o

D i e fii nf Gat h a s Z a r ath u str a s vol 2

’ ’
.
, ,

An e sti m ate w h i ch i f we take everyt h ing into accou nt i s c e r , ,

t a i n l y n o t t o o h i g h a nd wh i ch h as t h e gre a te st c l ai m s t o prob a ,

b i li t y i s th at o f \Vh i t ne y O LS t 1 2 1 and e l se wh er e of
, ,
.
, , ,

2000 1 500 B C -
t h e fi r s t h a lf of t h e s e con d th ou s a n d
. .
,

y e a r s B c ; cf h i s n ot e o n C o leb r ooke s Mi sc E ss ay s e d C ow e ll 1
. . .
’
.
, .
, ,

1 24 ( som ewh e r e b etw e e n 2 000 a nd 1 0 0 0 B C

“
a nd h i s L i fe a nd . .

G r owth of L a ng p 1 86 Th e pe r i o d of t h e ol dest h y m n s
. . w as :
“

p r o b a b l y n e a r ly o r qu ite 2 0 0 0 a nd in h i s S a n sk r it G r a m
, , .

1 8 7 9 Intr od p x iii
, It m ay h ave b e e n a s e ar ly a s 2 000
. . :
“
So
Be nfey (Gd Sp r 6 0 0 It an h ar dly be dou b te d th at t h e m ost
. c

e a ste rn br a n ch h a d t h e i r a b o de on t h e In du s a s e a rl y a s 2 00 0 y e a r s

b efore ou r F Milller (Allg E t h nogr 1 8 7 9 p 5 1 2 : .B etw ee n . .

2
, .
“

200 0 and 1 5 00 of p 88 H a nd p et c . .
“ . .

39 [ G e
. o g r a p h i c a l l o cati n Vi v i e n de S t M a rtin E t u d e s o : .
,

su r la geogr a p h i c du V e da ; Lu dw R v 3 1 9 7 ff Z i mmer b eli eves t h e . .

, .

e as t e r n s e a w a s not kn ow n (AIL bu t w e h ave a t r ace of it in RV . .

1 0 1 3 6 a l at e h y m n ]
, ,
.

R i v e r s aft r Zi mm e r AIL 32 w ith p 1 6 6 (RV 7 9 5 1

: e , .
, . . .
, , .

a nd p 2 7 . Th om as Th e Ri v e r s of t h e V e da a nd h ow t h e A r y a n s e n
.
, ,

t er e d In di a JRA S 1 4 4 ,
.
,
.

S i n d h u : t h e str ea m K f x fiv Th e Gre ek form I 86; i s de

’
‘ ’
aT e o . v

ri ve d throu g h t h e I r a ni a n H i nd ; Pliny Na t H i st 6 2 0 7 1 kn ows u , . .

, , ,

th at I ndus i ncolis S i nd s app ella t s To t h e In du s a ls o b elong s for t h e a u .

,

m ost p art t h e design atio n sa m— d a g ath er ing of w aters (n o t t o

,
u r ,
’

t h e o ea n) c a nd in t h e sa m e w a y i t i s t h e m u ch pra i s e d S a r a s v a t i -

(
‘
ri c h in w a te r n ot t h e s m a ll in l a te r ti m es m o st s a c r e d s tr ea m in , ,

Ma dh y a de ca : see Zi mm er pp 5 1 0 —
,
. .

K u b h a b e n ding Kw dnj or q Si a m ong t h e G reek s

:
‘
,
’
v .

S u v as t u h a ving b eau tifu l pl aces Ed m 9

:
‘
,
’
a
-
0 .

K r m u and G o m a t i : r i ch in cattl e not m e nti on e d b y t h e

’
u ,

anc ie nts .
 NO TE S .
1 11

Vit ast a st e t cr h ed ou t ,
’

(P t ol em y ,
B t Bafcm ns )
-
now

B i ha t or J ihla m .

A S i k ni :
‘
bl ac k
lle d b y t h e n ati ves at th e time of Ale x an der s
,
’
ca
’

a rr iv a l C nd bhag am oo n ra wh ich n a me in G re e k dress

a

h a d t o assu me t h e om in ou s f orm E d p pdy s It w as th erefore av a oc o .

, ,

n atur a l th at t h e M ace doni a n c on q eror S h oul d re c hri ste n t h e Al ex u -

a n de r dev ou r e r a nd h e n a m e d i t e v i de n t ly w ith a n inte llige nt u se of

’
-
, ,

t h e ol de r n a m e A s ik ni t h e H e a ling
’

E d p qbdy g in 5 A } f i 8p
, , av a o o
-
t \ e ov ov

m '
R ot h
’

a cr o n
y s p w:

y l d; t 50 a 9
57 A K
l/ c 7 9ce
( y
H e s ch i u s
) Ka 1 0 7 co t V1 .
,

Z LGW Alex an der s inn ovati on obta in ed a foo th old s o th a t

.
’

t h e n a m e di spl ace d by i t i s kn o wn a m ong a ll t h e a n c ie nt wr ite r s b y , ,

Ptole my a lone 7 1 2 3 E Sofi i y (t h e MS S wrongly E S fida ;

, , ,
: a r/ c a . a r/ a
’

Pliny N a t H is t 6 2 0 7 1 C nta bas

,
. t h e r i v e r i s now c a ll e d C i nab
.
, , ,
a

g athe re d wat er ( f Arr An 6 1 5 4 I nd 4 ’

c . . .
, ,
. .
,

P a r u s ni : aru ndi nos a t h e l ate r

’
,

I r av a t i : giv ing dr in k in A rr i a n (w i t h di stin c t r efere n ce t o

‘
,
’

' '
fidwp ) d m ms ; in S tr ab o Y p nys ; in Ptol em y P d8 g now
( ‘ ’

t r a ur ,
ov t ,
, ,

R a wi .

V i p ac l ate r V i p aca : fetterles s in A rr i am d n s ; in Pliny

, ,
‘
,
’
,
"
u ,

in P to lem y B in s now B ey h o B i t h e v ar i a nt Y
c’

H yp as i s ,
-
ac t , a r as 7ro .

ms in Str ab o D i od a nd oth ers i s wr ong a nd u n dou b te dly t o be

, .
,

c h ang ed .

Cn t u d r i ch a ng ed l a te r b y p opu l ar etym ology into Q at a dru

, ,

H u n dre d cou rse in Pto l Za Spns (var d Sp s ) in Pliny 6 1 7

-
.
, . a o , , , ,

6 3 S y d s ; Megas t h enes m u st a l s o h av e m e nti on ed it for t h e m ost

,
ru ,

co m pl e te de scr ipti o n of t h e r i ve r sy ste m o f t h ose r e gi o n s or iginating -

,

w ith that au th or in A rr I nd 4 8 f com es into p rope r or de r only i f

, . .
,
.
,
' '
YSp a ui mg pt év év Ka p fiw fl oh ow t Ka i 5 Z a dddp ng w a p etknc oi q
‘

p
- '

r h
i s e ad in t at p as s age, as L as sen , IA 1 , 5 7 f , o se e s
2
b rv . . .

Y a m u n a A dj in Ptol 7 1 2 9 J m n in Pliny rr pted

: t a o vva .
, , , o a es , co u
'
t o I w 8 i pn s in A rr I nd 8 5 a nd e l se wh e r e
,
c . .
, ,
.

[ Th e G a n g e s wh i c h in l t e r ti m e s b e c a m e t h e,b ac k b on e of a

In di a i s not me ntion ed in t h e Rig except 1 0 7 5

, , , ,

40 Cli m at e s il and p r od cts of t h e mi n r a l ve g et ab l e and ani

.
, o u e ,

m al k ing dom s Zimm e r AIL 40—9 9 ; f J bb 1 2 1 4 3 6 —442

: , . c . .
, .

41 D w lling Zi mmer AIL 1 48 1 56 ; q otati on from p 1 5 3 f

. e : , .
-
u . .

42 S ettl em e nt Zi mm e r AIL 1 4 5 1 48 ; ce rtainly corr ect as op

. : , .
-

p ose d to t h e a c ptati on resting po n an etym ological a nachron i sm

c e , u
,

o f “
itie (p i s r a d i a l l y i de nti ca l with m ik s) among A ry an s
c s
”
ur c e

a nd b or i gin e s
a .

43 Ca ttl e r a i sing Zi mme r AIL 2 2 1 2 2 5 ; all g ood etc

.
-
RV : , .
-
‘
,
’
.
, .

44 . Agr i cu lt u r e , ch a se : Zi mme r AIL , . 2 35—24 5 .

1 1 2 TH E RIGVEDA .

45 . Zi mm er AIL 2 7 5 2 82 ; qu otati on fro m p 2 7 2

F o od : ,
.
-
. .

46 O ccu p ati on s : Z i nnner AIL 245—2 60 — Th e cow as m on et ary

.
, . .

u nit ( f r oo c f
p fi w s . w d fl e w s ) : Wa e b e r a I S t r 1o 1 0 1 — A
, c t i ve
’
e e o , .
, .
‘

tr a des m e n (va nij c a rried : 5 4 5 ’

in Lu dw Rv 3 2 1 3 f w a n der , , . .
,
.

ing t r a des men Usu re rs : 8 5 5 1 0 Min a : m na w ith t h e G r eek s

.
’
, ,
.
-
a ,
'
“ ya ,p : 8 6 7
a/ ea 2 T r a de w it h,
t h e w e s t,
: s e e We b e r H I L p 2 f
.
-
, . . .
,

N ote 2 O p h i r a l so w a s in In di a wh e n ce King S olo m on got m any

.
,
“

h u n dr edw e igh t of g ol d a nd s i l ve r s a n dal wood p re c i ou s s ton es as , , ,

w ell a s a pe s a nd pe ac ock s f J bb 1 2 1 4 4 0 f c . .
, .

47 F a m i l y Z i mm e r AIL 30 5—3 1 8
. W e dding in du cti o n of t h e ,
. .
,

w ife into t h e new h ou se ab ov e p 7 5 f H o m e da r ling a b ode ,

. .
, ,
'
b li ss (a sta y oni s a na ) 3 53 4 6 — M orning p r a yers (p firva hati )
’
ur
’

, , ,
.
’

1 1 22 2 ; 1 0 8 6 1 0 :
, , F r o m f orm e r ti m es t h e w i fe co m e s t o t h e
, ,
“

c omm o n s a cr i fi ce a nd t o t h e a s se mb ly o f t h e f east S h e t h e c h e r ,

isher of t h e rite ”
.

48 M o n o g a m y P o l y g a m y : Zi mm er AIL 32 3 3 2 6 — Mar
.
, ,
.
-
.

r i a ge o f b l ood r e l ati o n s i s c on s i de r e d im m o r a l a nd r e p r e h e n s i b l e see

1 0 1 0 ( 1 42 — A dopt e d ch il dr e n : 7 4 7 Th at i s not (r ea l ) p os “
, ,

t erl t y wh i ch i s b e g otte n b y a n oth er Bi rth of a g i r l AV 6 1 1 3 :

”
. .
, ,

Th e b i rth of a g i r l g r a nt it e l s e wh e r e ; h e r e g r a nt a b oy
“ ”
.
,

49 . r igh t t o e xp ose new b or n ch il dr e n w a s p ossesse d by t h e

Th e -

f ath er a m o ng t h e In di a n s (exp osu r e i s e v i de n ce d in t h e Y a j u s t ext s ,

th ou g h not in dee d in t h e RV and A V : We b er I st 5 5 4 2 60 . .

,
.
,
. .

Zi mm er AIL 3 1 9 f ) a s w e ll as a m ong t h e G r eek s (S ch om ann Gri ech

, . .
'

, .

Alter t 1 5 3 1 1 1 3 B eck er Ch ari kleS 2 3 2 2

.
3
, . . R o m an s (M a rqu ar dt , , ,

P r i vatleb e n der R om er 1 p 3 N ote 1 p a nd G e rm a n s a m o ng

, ,
.
, , .
,

wh i ch l ast pe ople after t h e b i rth of a ch il d t h e fath er deci de d on i t s

, ,

life by r ai sing it u p from th e pl ac e wh ere t h e m oth e r h ad gi ve n b irt h

t o it (G r i mm D eu t sch e R ech t s alt p 4 5 5 f ; W ein h old D eu tsch e
,
. . .
,

F r au en p 7 5 f ; A lt no d L e b e n p 2 60
,
. . r .
,
.

50 Tr e atm e nt of t h e A g e d
. A m ong t h e G e r m a n s wh e n t h e :
“
,

m aste r of t h e h ou se w a s ove r S i xty y ears old i f th e S ign s of t h e ,

w e akn ess of age w er e of s u ch a ch a r acte r th at h e no l ong er h ad l

‘

t h e p o wer t o w a lk or st a n d a nd t o ri de u n ass i st e d and u n su pporte d , ,

w ith coll e cte d m in d f r ee w ill a nd g oo d se n se h e w as ob lig e d t o giv e

’
, ,

o v e r h i s au th ority t o h i s s on and t o p e r f or m m e ni a l s e r vi ce ; t h e n old ,

m en m igh t b e m a de by h ar d s on s and cru e l gr a n dson s t o e xp i ate

’

p a in fu lly t h e l o v e a n d g e ntl e n e s s t h e y h a d n e gl ect e d in t h e ir m ore

p o w e rf u l d a y s ; t h o se w h o h a d g r o w n u s e l ess a n d b u r de n s o m e w e re
e v e n e ith er kill e d ou tri g h t or e x p os e d a nd ab an don e d t o de ath by ,

s t ar v ati o n G r i mm D t h R h a lt p 4 8 7 ff H a u pt s Z e it
(
’
e u s c e e c t s , ; . . .

s chr i ft f ii r D eu t sch Alte rt 5 7 2 ; W W a ck e r n ag el Kl e in e S chr ifte n

. .
,
.
, ,
1 14 . TH E RIGVEDA .

f . O r der of b attle : Tac G e rm 7 qu odqu e p r aecipu u m fort i tu di ni s . .

inc it am e ntu m est non c a su s nee for t u ita co nglob at i o t u r m a m ant cu ,

neu m fac it se d f a m i l i a e e t p r o p i n q n i t a t e s
,
Nesto r in H om I I . . .

2 , 3 62 f . K
p i v (iii/ S a s
’

p K r a (pfik Ka r a (pp wjr pa g

a a, , d) ? () Ip 5 7

7
p ) qbp j
v?
‘
r
p nl (u v dp wjyy p ( fih 8 2 q i A o cg , a .

55 G ove r n m e nt Zi mm er AIL 1 62 1 7 7 Lu dw Rv 3 2 49 2 5 6
.
, .
-
. . .
,
-
.

56 O rigin of t h e C aste s Zi mm er AIL 1 8 5—1 9 2 cf Lu dw Rv 3

. : ,
.
, . . .
,

2 1 6 2 47 -
Zi mm e r g r aph i c ally descr ib es p 1 9 3 2 04 t h e g r adu al
.
,
.
-

t ra n s iti on t o t h e new h i e r ar ch i ca l or der and pp 2 0 4—2 2 0 t h i s new , .

form of t h e st ate itse lf — Th e f o u r c a s t e s a r e m e nti o n e d only in

t h e l ate v er s e 1 0 9 0 1 2 (N ote 3 7 5 d) [ Mu i r and Zi mm e r de ny t h e ex
, , .

i ste nce of t h e c aste s y ste m in t h e V e da w h il e L u dw ig asser ts it (Rv , .

3 2 1 6 if )
,
Th e qu esti on s of n a m e a nd f a c t S h ou l d be k e pt se p a
.

ra te Th e sy ste m i s di stin ctly en u n ci ate d o nly a s st ate d ab ov e b u t

.
,

m a n y p assa ges see m t o p oint cl e a rly t o i t s ex i ste n ce a s e g 8 3 5 1 6 ,

. .
, , ,

1 7 1 8 wh er e t h e c l a s se s a re d e s i g n a t e d a l m ost cer t a inly : May

, ,
“

t h e B r aM a (pote nti ality of h olin ess ) p r o s pe r m ay t h e ks a t ra

( q u a l i ty o f w a rr i o r ) p r o s p e r m a y t h e c ow s ( s p e c i a l p oss e ss i o n of
t h e V a i cy a ) p r os p e r Zi mm e r tre ati ng t h e su bj ect of caste in
”
et c , .
,

c onn e cti o n w ith t h e p nr oh i t a ( AIL 1 95 e v i de n c e s l a t e r c o n di .

ti on s as p r oof of i t s non e x i ste n ce in t h e V e d i c pe r i od ] -

.

57 L aw and a dm ini stra ti o n of j u sti ce : Zi mm er AIL 1 7 7 1 8 5

.
, .
-
.

Ordea l (in ex actly t h e sam e form as a mo ng t h e G re e ks) J bb 1 2 1 .

,

44 9 ; cf E S ch lagi nt w ei t D i e Gott es u r t h e i le de r J u de n
. . M ii nch en ,
.

1 86 6 — B a ni shm e nt : p a r a or] , r adi c a lly i denti ca l w ith O ld S ax wr ek

.
-
.

ki o O ld H ig h Ge rm reecho N e w H ig h G er m R ecke
, .
, . .

58 Af te r 1 0 1 1 7 (1 5 5 f ) a nd 1 0 7 1 6
. , .
, ,
‘

59 Villag e assemb ly (sa bha: r el ate d t o Germ S ipp e) : Zi mm e r

. .
,

AIL 1 7 2 f S i f t th e i r w or ds 10 71 2 Di ce : 2 2 9 5 ; ’
. . : , , , ,

5 85 8 7 86 6 10 34 ab ov e p 8 3 f ; Zi mm e r
‘
‘

,
. .
, , , , ,

AIL 2 83 f (qu otatio n f r om p

. . w h e r e t h e littl e th at i s kn o w n .

a b ou t t h e a rra ng e m e nt of t h e g a m e i s a ddu ce d ; c J ll A u sb
f o y g .
,
.

Allg Zt g 1 8 7 9 Su pplem e nt 1 9 9 p 2 9 1 4
. .
, ,
. .

60 Zi mm er AIL 2 8 7 f
.
, . .

61 Zi mmer AIL 2 89 f Th e h y m n 8 69 i s t h e prayer of a ch ar

.
, . .
,

i ot eer f or v i ct or y b efor e t h e r ace .

62 Th e D a sy u s Zi mm e r AIL 1 0 1 f
. Lu dw Rv 3 2 0 7 f ; th e i r
: ,
. . .
,
.

tr ib es : Zi mm e r AIL 1 1 8 f Th ey see m t o h ave b e en designated , . .

P ha llu s wor ship p ers ( i n d ) Lu dw Rv 3 , 2 1 2 ; f or t h e don c um

-

c c a e va :
-
. .

and in Mega st h enes : J bb 1 2 1 443 f

dp p w es .
,
.

63 War w e ap o n s : Zi mm e r A I L 2 9 3—3 0 1
. In t h e so cal le d
, ,
. .
-

W e ap on song 6 7 5 a nu mb er of verses in p r ai se of w eap on s (co at

”
, , ,
 NO TE S . 1 15

of m ail b w b w t ring a rrow et )

,
o , p t t o g e
oth r ; f r ly i m it at d
s , ,
c . are u e ee e

by M i r O S T 5 469 f MT p 1 9 5 f
u ,
.
,
.
,
r. . .

64 Wr it ing i t s u se F t h (not con si t n t ) s t ate me nts of

.
,
: or e s e

S tr ab o (aft r N a h u s a nd M e gast h n ) con r n i ng t h e u se of wr it

e e rc e es ce

ing ,
A Web e r In di sch e S kizz n p 1 3 1 f — I t m ay now be c on
s ee .
,
e ,
. .

s i de e d as p r ov d t h at t h e Ve di c t x t s w e r e f or a l ong t i m e t r a n s m it
r e e

t e d or a lly a nd w e r e only at a com p ar a t iv e ly l ate date fi xe d in a

,

writte n form ( f N ote th at t h e In di a n alph ab ets a e of S e m i t ic

c . r

ori gin a nd th at t h e a ppli cati on o f wr i t ing t o l i t e r a r y u ses a r os e

,

ch i efly w i t h B ddh i s m ; f B e nf ey In d i en p u 2 4 0 E i nle i t in di e c .

,
. .
, .

G ram d ve d Sp ra he p 3 1 (G ott A bh andl v l 1 9

. er . A c . . . . o . . .

Web r I st 5 1 8 f I St 2 3 3 9 f ; 3 3 42 3 49 f ; H ang W n nd
e ,
.
,
.
,
r .
,
.
,
. .
,
'
e se u

Wert d s ved A cce nt p 1 6 f ; Zimm er A I L 3 47 f

e . s, . .
,
. .

65 N mb ers meas u res Th e h ig h est n mb e r fi x d i s a h n dre d

. u ,
: u e u

th o sa n d (c ta h a) ; a s a c ommo n m i r ac le f In dr s and V i snu s

u a sa a sr o a
’ ’

t h e di v i s i on of t h e n u mb e r 1 0 00 by thre e i s p r a i e d (6 6 9 Se e s , ,

Zi mmer AIL 3 48 ; fo l ate r Vedic ti m A W b r Z D MG 1 5 1 3 5 f

,
. r e, . e e , .
, .

I St r 1 .
, 95 .

Th e term s ami h alf (s am nu semi C rtiu s Gr d n , as z -

b -
: u ,
z. .

well a s t h e nu mb ers u p t o 1 00 (ca ta m é é cent m h nd— t -

x ar v : u u er :

C u rti u s Grdz n ,
a re kn o wn t o h a ve b e l o ng e d t o t h e or igin a l
. .

tongu e wh ile for 1 00 0 A si atics a nd G reeks on th e one h a n d (Skt s a

,
.

'
has i a E as t Ir a n h a a n a A e ol t fr o m X M Attic X A ) ’
'
r .
-
z r -
, . a GO O L, L LO L ,
,

a nd t h e N or th e rn E u r ope a n s on t h e oth e r (Lith t k t nti s o ld Pr u s

’

. u s a ,

s i a n t us i mtons old S l a v ty s qsta G oth th ,

ndi J S chm i dt Ve rwa n dt . z ,
. u sa .
,

s c h a ft s v e rh alt ni s s e de I dg S p r ach e n 1 8 7 2 pp 40 h a d a c omm o n r . .

,
. .

term wh ile t h e Itali an s and Celts st an d a lon e (mi ll mi l )

,
e, e .

66 Zi mmer AIL 3 5 7 f ; of ab ove p 2 7 f w ith Not e 9 1

.
,
. . . . . Th e
ch il di s h c o n cepti on s of t h e B r ahm a n as : A W e b e r I S t 9 3 5 8 .
,
.
, f .

67 . Zi mm er AIL P l e i a d e 1 2 4 1 0 (ab ove pp 2 7

, . 3 49 3 57 — -
. s : , , . .

6 4) a nd 1 0 8 2 2 Se e t h e e x pl a n atio n of t h e st atem e nt of D i o Chry

, , .

3 6 3 E m p ( d; dp m
,

s os t o m o s 2 , s b
g p i 9 m n p 5 79 . r
’
ov aov
. ( a l/ 6 0 a (1 7 0

b b r r
’

(so. 7 0 7; I 3 ?s
) y W e e I S t
v 0 2 1 6 5 S i i us S k t t i sy a old ,
.
,
. : . :

B ac t t i st y a — Th e f i v e p l a n e t s M e rcu ry Ve nus M a rs J pi te r
. r .
, , , , u ,

S at rn a nd t h e fre qu e ntly me nti o n ed N a k a t a s o l n a r st ati on s

u , s r r u ,

ar e k n ow n t o t h e y u ng est p orti on s of t h e Ve d th i r n ames only t o

o a, e

t h e T a itt S a n h a nd t h A t h v a ve da (Zi mm e r AIL 3 5 3 3 56 w ith

. . e ar , .
-
,

M Mii ll and Lu dw ig Nachr i h te n p 4 Rv 3 1 8 3 f in opp ositi on

. er , c ,
. : .
, .

t o We b e r ) Th e kn ow l e dge f t h e pl a n ets a s w e ll a s of t h e Na k s a
. o

tra i (w ith W b er and Zi mmer ) not t o b h el d as in digen u s in

s s e e o

In di a b t as i m p rte d f rom B abyl n i a [Wh it n ey J A O S 8 7 2 if

u o o .
, .
, .

3 8 2 ff ; O LSt 2 3 4 1 4 2 1
. n ote on Colebrooke Misc E ssays p 1 2 6 i ]
.
,
-
, .
,
.
1 1 6 TH E RIGVEDA .

— E c l i p s e o f t h e S u n : 1 0 2 7 2 0 ; cf 5 40 5 9 [s ee Wh itn ey .
-
, , , , ,

A m O r oc P r o c O
. S . c t .
— L u n a r P h a s e s m e nti on e d in 2 42
. .
, .

68 I n t e r c a l a r y d a y s m o n t h : Zi mm er AIL 3 6 6 f Th e
.
, , . .

ear w as r e g ul at e d e v e n in t h e In do—G e rm a ni c pe r i o d b y t h e i nser

y , ,

ti on of t h e tw e l ve day s or a ccording t o t h e ol der e xp ressi on twe lve ,

( A W eb er O m in a u
. nd Po rt e n t a B e r l i n Ak ad A b h dl
, , . .

1 8 58 p 3 8 8 ,
I St 1 0
. : m e nti on ed in t h e Rigveda : 4 3 3 7 (1 2 2 )
.
, , ,

n d 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 3 f b ov e p 3 7 l Th e inte rc al a r y m onth ae
a , , a . c . . .

“
b or n after i s m enti on ed in 1 2 5 8 a b ove p 64 and Note 2 5 0 , , , . .

D i v i s i o n o f t h e y e a r : Zi mm e r AIL 3 7 1 f (J bb 1 2 1 In , . . .
,

t h e Ve di c pe r i o d t h e thr ee fol d di v i s i o n p r e dom in ates ; i n l ater ti m e s

( i e
. in
. d w e lling pl a c e s S it u a te d m or e t o t h e s ou th e as t
-

) fi ve S ix or , ,

s ev e n s eas on s w e r e di sting u i sh e d .

69 M e dical art : Zi mm er AIL 3 7 4 3 9 9

. 1 1 1 6 1 5 (ab ov e p , .
-
.
, , .

5 0 w ith N ote 1 8 0 ) see m s t o p oint t o a kn o w l e dg e of t h e fir st e l em e nts

of s u r g e r y .

70 A b ov e p 66 f
. . .

71 In t h e m a n u scr ipts a p u r ely e xte r n al u niform di v i si on origi

.
, ,

nating in t h e pr a cti c a l ne ce ss iti e s of t h e s ch oo l i s p r ese nte d b y w h i ch , ,

t h e wh ol e i s di v i ded int o e ig h th s (a ta ka ) e a ch of th e s e int o e ig h t s ,

s u b di v i s i o n s (a dhy ay a l es s o n s ) th e se int o s e cti o n s of a b ou t fi ve v e r s e s

, ,

e ach (va rga ) Th i s di v i s i on f orm e r ly u s e d in qu oting h as b ee n ge n

.
, ,

er ally a b a n do n e d S i nce R ot h Z L GW p 5 f b r ou g h t t o lig h t t h e o r ig

’

. . .
,

in al di vi si o n into b ook s (ch apte rs) and h y m n s (ma nda la

s akta )
72 . A ft e r p re se nt el eve n h y m ns f r o m an oth e r r ece n
8 , 48 th e M SS .

s i o n (t h e Vala khi ly a ) wh i c h b y M ull e r and in A u frecht s se con d ,

’

e diti o n a r e n u mb e r e d w ith th e oth e r s in A u f r ech t s fir s t e di t i o n a r e

’
,

c on s ign e d t o t h e end ; th e r e a r e b es i de s a n u mb e r of s c atte r e d su

p , ,

p le m e n t s (kh i la
) w h i ch a r e now co ll ect e d in A,
u f r e ch t s se c on d
’

e diti o n o f t h e t e x t v ol 2 6 7 2 6 8 8 ,
.
,
-
.

Th e V as k a l a cak h a m e nti o n e d b es i de t h e Cak ala cakh a c o nt a in e d

- -

f u r th er h y m n s a nd see m s t o st a n d in c l o s e r r e l a ti o n s t o t h e Cank
,

b ay a n a te xts (n ote 1 4 a 1 ; 2 3 a 1 ; 2 4 1 ) a nd t o t h e B rh a ddevat a (N ote , , ,

s ee W e b e r H I L 31 4 f ,
. .

73 R e l a t i v e a g e of th e sep arate b ook s : H B ru nnh ofer Ueb e r

. .
,

D i alek t sp u r en i m v e di sch e n G ebr au ch e der I nfini t i vf or m en KZ 2 5 ,

.
,

3 2 9 3 7 7 p u b li sh e s t h e fir st v e ry v a lu a b l e a ttem pt t o c oll e ct t h e in di
-
,

c ati o n s of t h e V e di c l a ngu a g e (es p e c i a lly t h e u s e s o f t h e v a r i ous

i nfini t i val f orm ati on s ) in a m eth odi ca l m a nn e r f or t h e dete rm in ati on

Th I n di n li k e t h Ger m an
e a nd t h r r el at d t rib es ( f e g Ta c Germ
s, e s a o e e o . . . . .

1 1 nd C aes B G 6
a in th
. lde t t i mes reck oned not by day b t by
. .
, e o s s, u

n i g h t Zi mmer A I L 360 (Jb b 1 21

s , . .
,
1 1 8 TH E RIGVEDA .

i . v i olati on s of t h e law occ rr ing at t h e nd of t h e g rou p I f

e . a ll u e .

w e ass me th a t t h e h y m n s a e in th e i r p r op e r pl ac es h a v ing o r igin a lly

u r ,

h a d a di ffe r e nt n u mb e r of v e r s es wh y S h ou l d th e e v i olati on s not b e , s

fou n d in oth e r p a r ts of t h e g r o p s ? Th e p r ob a b l e e x pl a n ati on i s u ,

th at t h e sh rtest h y m n s w h i ch st an d at t h e e nd of e ach g rou p w ere

o , ,

a t some t i m e thr o g h wh i m o m i su n derst a n ding co mb in ed S o

,
u r , .

G ra ss m a nn D elb ii ck and Ol de n b er g (Rig ve da S an h ita and sai nave

,
r

dar ci k a m . Z D M G 3 8 , 43 9 .

75 . M . Mii lle r Ch ip s , bro u g ht t o 1 1 00 or 1 ,

13 :
“
A nd th u s w e are

1 2 00 a s t h e e a r li es t ti m e wh e n w e m a s u pp ose t h e c oll e cti o n of

y
t h e V e di c h y m n s t o h a v e b ee n fi ni s h e d ; i b i d p 1 5 I f t h e r ef or e
” “
. . : , ,

t h e y ea r s f r o m a b ou t 1 0 0 0 t o 8 0 0 a e as s ign e d t o t h i s c o ll ecting r

a ge so A S L 49 7
, f \V h i t ney O L S t 1 7 8 f ; on t h e oth e r h a n d
.
, c .
, .
,
.
,

M ull er O GR 2 1 0 [3 47 I f w e p t t h at c oll ecti o n a t a b o u t 1 0 00

’

“
,
. . : u

w e S h a ll not I b e li e v e e x p ose ou r se l v es t o a ny da m a ging e r iti

, ,
”
c i sm .

Th e sa p a r ating di v i ding wh o m t h e In di a n t ra di
g e V y as a se ,
~

ti on n a m es a s t h e c oll e ctor i s t h e p ers oni fi cati o n of t h e wh ol e pe ri od ,

a nd ac ti v ity o f c o ll e cti o n .

76 T r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e t e x t : cf W h itne y On t h e H ist ory

. .
,

of t e h V ed i c T e x t s J A OS 4 2 4 5 —2 6 1 ; Lu dw R v 3 7 0 9 9
, Th at .
, . .
,
-
.

t h e w r i t t e n fix ati on coul d not h ave t ak e n pl ace u ntil a m u ch l ate r

p er i od (cf A Web er H I L 2 2 1 0 ) fr o m w h at h as b ee n s ai d p 2 0
. .
, .
, , .

a nd N ote 6 4 i s s e l f e vi de nt c R oth K Z 2 6 5 3 f
,
-
, ,
.
, .

Co n cern i ng t h e o r a l t r a n s m i s s i on cf M ull e r A S L 5 0 3 f West er ,

.
,
. .
,

g a ar d Ueb er den alt es ten Z e itrau m i nd Gesch pp 3 0—5 1 Th e m eth od

,
. . . .

of in s tr u cti on in t h e s ch o ol s i s t r e at e d (a cc o r ding t o t h e Pr at i cak h y a s

a n d G y r h as fi t r a s ) yb W e b e r I S t 1 0 1 2 8 — 1 3 5 ; t h e s t a t e m e nt s o f t h e ,
.
,

B i g P r ati c c o n ce r ning t h e m e m or izing m eth o d a re gi v e n b y Web er

.
,

l c p 1 2 9 Zi mm e r AIL 2 1 0 (J b b 1 21
. . .
, ,
a nd M ull e r O GR
. .
, , .

1 60 fi [s ee W h itney O L S t 1 82
. O GR 1 63 1 7 2 i s gi ven an i n
,
.
,
.
-

t er e st i ng a cc ou nt of t h e p r e se nt m eth o d o f Ve di c s tu dy ; of a l s o .

H a ng s a ccou nt of t h e e n orm o u s m e m ory of t h e B r ahm an s t o day in

’
-
,

h i s ess a y B r ahm a u nd di e B r a hm a n e n M uni ch 1 8 7 1 p 2 1 and 47

, , , .
, ,

17 .

n l y p ossi b l e alter ati on s are inter pol ati on s ; cf Note 7 9 b

Th e o . .

77 It i s a p ecu li ar ity of th e S a n sk r it th at a dj oini ng wor ds in a

.

s e nte n c e a re u nite d w it h e ach ot h e r ac cor ding t o c e rta in l a w s by ,

wh i ch th ei r initi al and fi n al p or ti on s are s u bj e cte d t o vari ou s ch ange s

thr ou g h ass i m il ati on eli s i on e t c wh i ch n atu r ally c au se diffi cul ties
, ,
.
,

in u n derst an ding ; th ese it w a s sou gh t t o obvi ate b y fix ing t h e text ,

not o nly in t h e or din a ry connec ted f orm (S a nhi t ap atha ) bu t als o in an -

u nconnected P a da p atha wor d tex t) wh i ch g ave t h e sep ar ate w ords as

( -

,
-

,
 NO TE S . 11 9

e ac h or igin ally appe ared i n d e p n d n t l y t hu s w e h av pr se nte d ,

e e e e

to us in t h e P a d —pat h a one f t h e fi rst xeg et i a l w rk s [ Roth V n

a o e c o .
, o

P a d u nd Samh i t a KZ N S 6
a pp 4 5 B t s oo n t h e t w o
,
. . . u

at h as n a m e d a pp ar e d n l ong e r s ffi i e n t ; n w n e s w r e m de in
e o u c e o e a
p ,

p art very mplic te d in or d r t o m k e ev ry a lt r at i on of t h e sacr d

co a ,
e a e e e

text ab sol tely i mp ss ib le Thre of th ese form s of t h e text m ay b

u o . e e

me n t i on d e

Th e K m p ath ( S t p t x t ) p ts e a h w or d of t h Pa dap at h a
‘ ’
‘
ra a a e -
e u c e

tw i fi r t in conn ti n w i t h t h e p r eding wor d ; next w i t h t h e

ce : s ,
ec o ec s ,

s c u e ding ce s th at t h e or d r b d give t h K r a m a m emb rs

, o e a c s e e

a b 6 . d ; t h e Kr m a i t r at d b y t h e Up alekh ( d Pe t sch B e r lin

0 . e a s e e a e . r ,

R ot h Z LGW 83 f ; Th ib a t D as J tap t ala L e ipzig 1 8 7 0 p

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36 f .

( w ov n t x t ) e xh i b i t s
Th e J a lap atha ch K r m a m e mb r
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thr t im e t h econ d t i me in rev rsed or d r b b b l b b b I

ee s, e s e e : a . a . a e. o . e

cd d d. th J ta i s t r at e d in t h e J t ap at ala h era s g eg b n
c . c e a e a , u e e ,

ub e set t nd m i t An me r k ng e n v e r seh e n von G Th i b a t L eipzig

r z u u . u ,

1 870 .

Th e Gha nap dt ha s h ws o th e o r der : ab . ba . a bc . cba . a bc bc . eh . bed .

deb be .
l be . ob . bed dc b bed . . et c Gh n a se e H au g Wes n
.
; f or t h e a , , e

u nd W erth de s ve di sch en A cce nts Mu nich 1 8 7 4 p 5 8 ; B h a ndark ar

, , .

in Mull r OGR 1 6 9 f e ,
. .

Sen se l ess as s ch e n dle s s r ep etiti on s a re in th e m se lve s th e y still

u ,

h ave th i s val e fo u s th a t th ey fi x a b solu tely t h e w or ding of t h e

u r ,

text a nd in th at in dee d th e ir p u rp ose i s ac com pli sh ed

, , , .

It i s t h e P at i cak ay a s m e nti on e d a b ove p 7 and Note 2 0 t h e

78 . r , .
,

r e a l p u rp ose of wh i ch i s t o exh ib it e x actly a ll a l t e r ati on s wh i ch m a ke ,

a r etr o ve r s i o n o f t h e Pa da p at h a t o t h e S a nh i t ap at h a n e cessa r y Wh it .

ney , J A O S 4 , 2 5 9 . .

E r r a t i c p o r t i o n s a e ofte n pl aced in t h e i r co nn e ct i on
79 a . r

t hr ou g h con j e ctu r e on a cc ou nt o f e xter n a l ac cor da n ce of in di v i du a l

,

s i m il a r w or ds et c ; som e t i me s a n u mb e r of oth e r v e r s es o f r e l ate d

,
.

c onte nt s att ach th e m se l ves t o an old hy m n a s a c e ntr e ; a s e x a m pl e s ,

w it h m any of wh i ch e very one fa mili ar w ith t h e text i s a cqu a in t ed ,

c
f 1 . 1 6 1 , 4 1 8 4 2 4 — 4 18 1 3 f r o m a t ot ally
, , , , ,

di ffe r en t c onn e ct i on i s at t ac h e d on a cc ou nt of lin e b (na d e v é s u ,

i i d m a r d i t a a m ) t o sta nz a 1 2 lin e c : K a t d e v o ddh i m ar

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v v e r , , s e

di k a a id In t h e s ame m ann er t o 4 2 4 9 (wi t h i k i to) i s j oin e d

s .
, , av r

4 2 4 1 0 (w i t h k r i nati ) wh i ch b y t h e m etre a l on e i s p r ov e d t o b e
, , , , ,

fore ign Wh o offe rs m e t en c o ws fo th i s In dr a o f m in e ? Wh e n

:
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h e h a s ov e rc om e t h e e n em y h e w i ll r etu r n h i m t o m e S in ce th i s
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o ffe r recalling 8 1 5 N ot eve n fo a h igh pr i ce w o l d I ex ch ange

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th ee th ou th at art arme d w ith S ling stones ; not for th ou s an ds not fo

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 1 20 TH E RIGVEDA .

myr i ads (of c ow s) not fo a hu n dr e dfold p r i ce t h ou w ith h u n dr e d ,

r ,
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f o l d r i ch e s a nd A r i st P a 8 4 8 : 0X dv E B in 63 9 5 W p i fi k v
,
. x . C T l. o u 7 V 6 r tu o o

— i s h a r dly c o n ce i v a b l e w it h o t a n i m a g e or s o m e s y mb ol of t h e d u
g o ,

t h e v r se S h o w s it se lf t o b e v e r y y ou ng ; f or i m a g e s o f t h e g o d s
e

a r e f or e ign t o t h e old V e di c pe r i o d a s M ii lle r ig htly decl ares (Ch ip s , r

,

1 3 7 ; t h e in f e r e n c e s of B oll e n se n Z D M G 22 5 8 7 f
, a re in corr e ct ; , .
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c
f M . u i r O S T 5 4 5 3 , t h e y f i r s t a pp e a r h e r e a nd th e r e in t h e
.
,

S fi t a s (e g Pa a s k g h y a 3 1 4 8 a nd in t h e Kau ci k asfit a
r . . r . r , , , r ,

o r in s eco n da ry a dditi o n s t o t h e B r ahm a n as as in t h e A dbh u t a— B , r.

( N ot e 1 4 a wh il e a t t h e ti m e o f P anini
, ( p M a nn a nd Y aj n a .

v alk y a th y a r e v e r y fr e q e nt e Web r O m in a nnd Port ent a 3 37 u . e , , ,

3 67 f .
, I st 5 , 1 4 9 . .

b . I nte rpol ation s : to su pp or t doct r in e , e .

g . vs . 7 —9 of the
h ym n 4 5 0 1 0 9 7 22
, 1 0 1 0 7 (Note a nd t h e , , ,

like ; t h e Pu u sasfik t a 1 0 9 0 (Not e 3 7 5 d) wh ic h a l o n e in t h e Rig

r , ,

ve da m e nti on s t h e f o r c astes u .

Th e S i x v e r s e s 7 59 1 2 ; 1 0 2 0 1 ; 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 (N ote , a nd 1 0
, , , , , , ,

1 9 1 1 3 a pp ea r e d t o h av e f o r c e d th e ms e l v e s into t h e Rig te x t o nly

,
-

,
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af t e r t h e int r o d cti o n of t h e Pa dap at h a a nd S h o w t h e S a n h i t a f o rm

u ,

e v e n in t h e P a da m a n u s c r ipts .

80 . fi n ds it p r ob abl e on m a ny g r o n ds th at
B enfey , GdS p r 5 3 .
, , u ,

a m ong t h e V e di c t r i b e s t h e t r i b e of t h e B h a r a t as ( f 3 33 1 1 12 c . , , ,

a b ov e p 7 9 a nd N ote 3 3 4) w a s o r b e ca m e
. t h e m o st i m p o r , ,

t a nt ; th at th er e e ve n w as a ti m e wh e n t h e p redo m in a nt l a ng a g e o f u

t h e Ve di c h y m n s w a s c a ll e d a ft e r t h e m B h ar ati
”
.

81 . r e ce nt ti me t h e m ost con venie nt treatm e nt of V e d i c

Up to a ,

f o r m s w a s a fi o de d b y Th B enfey in h i s P r a cti ca l G r a mm a r of t h e
r .
,

S a n s k r it L a ng a g e 2 d e d L on do n 1 8 6 8 ; no w W D W h itn ey s ’
u , .
,
. .

S a n sk r it G r a mm a r L o n do n 1 8 7 9 (G e rm a n b y H Zi mm e r L e ipzig ,
.
,

t r eats t h e l a ng age of t h e S an h itas and B rahm a n a s a s w ell a s u ,

t h e S a n sk r it on t h e f ou n dati on o f t h e t e x t s th e m se l ves
,
.

With a vi e w t o a V e d i c g r a m m a r on a l a rg e s ca l e B enfey p u b ,

li sh e d a n um b e r of p r eli m in a r y l ab or s (e s p e c i a lly in t h e Got t i nge

’

A bh a n dl nge n Anz eig e n u nd N achr ichten ) i n a dditi on t h e f ollow

u , ,

ing m on o g r a p h s r elating t o Ve di c morp h ol o gy m ay b e m enti on e d :

, ,

a Th e A c c e n t u a t i o n fir st r e a lly b e c a m e kn o w n thr ou g h t h e
.

Ve da S in ce t h e p ost Ve di c t exts (ab ov e p 5 ) a e not acce nte d and

,
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t h e m e a g r e g r a mm a ti c a l r em a in s w e r e f o a l ong ti m e t h e s ou r ce s of r

inform a ti o n D as A cc e nt at i ons sy st e m d s a ltin di s ch e n N o m in a l

.
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com p os i t m s i s t r e ate d b y R G a b e KZ 2 3 47 0 5 1 8 ; t h e A cce nt s

u . r , .
.
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g esetz e de H o m er i sch e n N om i nalcom p o si t a a e descr ib e d a nd com

r r

p a re d w ith th os e of t h e Ve da b y Le opol d S chr ader KZ 2 4 1 0 1 1 2 8 ; , .

,
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H a sk ell O n t h e A cce ntu ati on of t h e V ocati ve c ase in t h e Rig and

,
 1 22 TH E RIGVEDA .

th at t h e m ost essen t i al f orm s of t h e p oetica l s t yl e wh i ch are com

ou t ,

m on t o t h e Sc a n di n a v i a n Angl o S a x o n a nd O ld H i g h G e r m a n p o e t ry ,
-

b el ong al so t o t h e Vedi c h y m n s and i n dee d h i s few e x am ples (a s Zi m ,

m er Anz e ig e r fii r de u ts ch e s Altert v ol 2

, 2 9 6 o b se rves ) m ay . .
,

be g r eatly m u ltipli e d F in a lly it m ay b e m e nti on e d th a t ac cor ding .

t o S c h e r er (Anz f d Alt vol 4 (1 8 7 1 00 ) in b a hma n i s cont a in e d

’
. . . . . r

t h e comm o n n a m e f or p oet a nd p r i es t in t h e m ost a n c ie nt pe r i od : S k t .

b a h ma n La t fl d men (Le o M ey e r Ve r gl e i ch G r a mm 2 2 7 5 f )
’

old
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r -
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, . .
, .

N o rs e brag r B rag i (th e god of p oetry a nd eloqu en ce : Gr i mm M yth

-
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, .

p 2 1 5 3d
. with t h e old Norse b ag na in bra gna r i s c om p a re d
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t h e G r ee k Bp y Xc f or Ba vo t h e ea r li e r c omm on p r i es t n a m e
a - -
-

w as p r eserv e d only i n t h e gu a r di an s of t h e or a cl e a t Di dy m a t h e de ,

scenda nt s of d
y os t h e B
p y i d Cf a l s o N ot e 9 5 x , a x ai . . .

83 a. For m u l a i c
x p r e s s i o ns and v erses r e p e a t e d w ith s m a ll e

Va r i ati on s : c oll ecti o n s in A u f r ech t Rig v e da 2d e d vol 2 p x ii , , . .

, .

x xxv ii Lu dw Rv 3 9 5 9 9 ; c f t h i n
, f 0 o . s o t e .
,
-
. .

6 P l a y o n w o r d s : e g 1 0 47 1 : W e gr as pe d thy rig h t h a n d
. . .
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des i r ing ri ches O In dr a i ches l or d of i ches, (va suy a vo va

p a t e ,
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vasii nam ; 4 2 5 4 :
) t h e m a nly
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en ( na a , re

na ry ay a n ta may a n nam ) a nd t h e li k e v e ry o fte n M any of th ese can

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r r , .

not b e r ep r o du ce d in t r an sl ati o n ; in 6 2 4 4 t h e poet pl ay s w ith am , ,

'
b i gu ou s de r i v a ti ves of t h e t w o r oots do; gi v e and da b in d (dama nva nto
“

a dam ana h s dama n [eac h w ord m ay c om e f rom e ach r oot] 7 4 1 w ith

, u ,

t h e v a r i ou s m e aning s of t h e w o r d bha ga wh i ch i s s o m eti m es a n ap pe l ,

l ati v e (di spe n ser ; sh are lot fo rtu ne ) s om eti m es t h e p rope r n a m e of , , ,

a go d g r a nting f or tu n e a nd r i ch es (N ot e 2 2 7 ) S i m il a r l
y 3 44 a nd 1 0 , ,

9 6 ; 2 1 8 i s a pl a y w ith nu mb e r s ; pl a y on t h e v e rb a l f orm s and de r i v

,

a ti ves o f t h e r oot s (a s a vi t as va t p s a v a ) a n d S
u a v i ta N ot e 2 1 7 , u ,
ra r : .

Cf L Ge iger Ursp r u ng u nd E nt w der m e nschl S p r a ch e u nd V e

. .
, x
. . r

nu nft vol 1 p 1 2 0 w ith p 40 1 4 a nd p 1 2 9 w ith p 4 0 7 1 8

,
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, ,

A B i L F ig u res de Rh é t o r i qu e da n s le Rig V e da P ar is
[ e r
g ga
. n e es ,
-
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R e f r a i n : cf e g 2 1 2 (5 8 1 4 4 al w a y s s a j a nas a i ndr a h
’

c . . . .
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h e i s y e pe op l es In dr a ; b es i des 2 1 5 ; 3 5 5 ; 5 6 ; 5 7 9 ; 8 4 1 ;
“ ”
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8 62 ; 1 0 1 33 and oth er s ; in 8 1 2 ; 8 3 5 (1 1 8 7 8 1 0 ) a nd oth e r s

, , , , , ,
-
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e ac h s et of t hr ee ve rses i e eac h st r op h e h as t h e s am e r e fr a in ; cf 2 ,
. . .
,

13 N ot sel do m su ch ref r a ins are p u t by t h e s ch oli a st s in t h e wr ong

.

pl ac e (e g all t h e v e rses of 9 1 1 2 (1 67 ) and 9 1 1 3 (1 1 0 f ) h ave t h e

. . , , .

a b so l u t e ly f ore i gn r e f r a in O S o m a fl ow forth for In dra h ere and , ,

th ere ev i de ntly in orde r t o embr ace wh ol e gr ou p s of hy m n s tog eth e r

( es p ec i a ll
y in B ook s 2 7 8 a nd b y wh i ch t h e o r igin a l l a st lin es , ,

o f t h e h y m n s m a y s om eti m e s h a ve b ee n c r o w de d ou t Th e s a m e .

th i ng m ig ht h ave h app en e d t hr ou g h t h e frequ ent r epetiti on of f orm u

 NO TE S .

l a ic en ding s (ga lita in t h e Pa dap at h a wa nting in t h e se co n d a nd f ol

,

low ing p os i t i on s not r e pe ate d fu rth e r) a nd thr ou g h t h e s ol e m n end

,

verses of t h e fam ili es of S ing er s (e g B k 7 guy am p ata s vas ti bhi h s da . . . a

na h Y e g o ds p r otect u s in l a sting w ll
,
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e ,
— F or t h e lite r ary
s ignifi ca n c e of th ese r ep e t iti on s s e e M M ul l e r Lit C e nt r alb la t t 1 8 7 6 ,
.
,
.
,

p 1 70 0
. .

84 Direct ly u p on t h e kn owle dge of t h e Ve das rest t h e in vesti

.

g at i on s in C o m p a r a t i ve S y n t ax wh i ch S c h we i z e r S i dl e r ,
-

op e n e d in H ofer s Z e itschr if t f ii r di e Wi sse n sch a ft der S p r ach e vol 2

‘
’
.
, ,

444 4 5 6 (1 8 48 ) w ith a t reatise on t h e A b l ati v e and w h i ch B D e l

-
,

b r ii c k e spe ci a lly p r om ote d Th e f oll ow ing b oo ks m ay b e m e nti on e d .

h e re
a C a s e : D e lbru ck A b l ati v L oc a li s In stru me n t a li s i m Al t in
.
, , ,

di sch en G r ie ch i sch e n u nd D eu ts ch e n
, B erlin 1 8 67 D lbruck D e . . e ,

u s u dativ i in c a m i ni b u s R i gv e da e H a lle 1 8 67 (r e wr i t te n in K Z 1 8
r . .
,

81 S i ecke D e genet i vi in l i ng u a S a n s cr ita i m p r im i s Ve di ca

, ,

Di r B e rlin 1 8 69 T h e u s e of t h e Ab l ati v e in S a n s k r it
u su (. s s e t ) . .
,

e sp ec i ally in t h e Ve da in Ku h n and S ch l e i ch e r s Be itr ag e 8 3 7 7 42 1

’ ’

-
, ,

H W e nz e l U e b er den In st ru m e ntali s i m Rig ve da T

( 1 8 7 .
, ii .

b inge n 1 8 7 9 C Gae di ck e D er A ccu s at i v i m Ve da B resl au 1 88 0

. .
, . .

— H H ii b sch m ann Z u r C as u sleh r e

. M uni ch 1 8 7 5
, . .

b T e n s e a nd M o d e : D elbruck Altindis ch e Te m p nsleh e (Sy n

.
, r

t a kti s ch e For sch u nge n of D elbrii ck a nd Win dis ch vol H a ll e . .

1 87 7 Delbruck D er G ebra u ch des Conj u nct i vs u nd O p t at i vs i m

.
,

S an sk r it u nd G r i e ch i sch e n (Sy nt For sch v ol H alle 1 8 7 1 — L . . . . .

Meyer Gri ech A or iste B erlin 1 8 7 9 Nei s ser Zu r vedi sch e n Verb al
,
. . .
,

lehre B e enb B ei t r 7 2 1 1 2 41
. zz . .
,
-
.

[ Wh it n ey Cl assifi cati o n of A or F orm s Am O r S oc Pr oc O ct

, .
, . . . . .

1 8 8 4 Ma y 1 8 7 6 ; Th e S i s and s a A ori sts

. A m Jou rn Ph il 6 2 7 5 . . . .
,

H ; J A ve ry M odes in R e l ati ve Cl au ses in t h e Rigv e da A m O r

.
, . . .

S oc Pr oc Ma y 1 8 8 1
. .M ay 1 8 8 3 Bloom fi e l d On C e rt ain Irr eg u l a r
. .
,

Ve di c S bj u n ctives or Im pe r ati ves A m Jou r n Ph il 5 1 6 3 0

u . . . .
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-
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et c .
]
0 I n f i n i t i v e : A Lu dwig D er I nfini t i v i m Ve da Pr a g 1 8 7 1
. .
, .

( in c on n e cti o n D e l bruck KZ 2 0 2 1 2 Wilhelm i D e i nfini t i vi, .

, ,

li ngu ar nm s a nscri t ae bac tri cae per s i cae gr ae ca e oscae u m b i c ae , , , , , r ,

lat i nae got i c a e f orm a e t u su

, I se na ci 1 8 7 3 J J olly G es ch i chte deS . . .
,

I nfini t i vs 1 m In dog e rm ani sch e n Mii nch e n 1 8 7 3 .

V e r b a l A c c e n t In t h e Ve da t h e ve rb of t h e p rin cip al cl au se 1 8
:

u su ally e n c li t i c wh ile th at of t h e depe n den t i s ort h oton e (cf D el

, .

br ck D i Al t in di sch e i Vo t folge Syu t Forsch vol 3 p

u ,
e th e r , . . .
, .

s a me t r ea t m e n t a c cor ding t o J W ack e r n a ge l KZ 2 3 4 5 7 4 7 0 w a s

, . .
-
, , ,

o r igin a lly u su al in G r e ek t h e r ef or e e ve n in t h e Gr aeco A ry an or a ,

-
1 24 TH E RIGVEDA .

s till e arli er p er i od For G reek D elbru ck s G ru n dl a gen der gri e ch i s

.
,
’

c h e n S ynt a x ( Sy nt F or s c h v ol H a ll e 1 8 7 9
. . . .

[ W hi tn e y C o nt r i b u ti o n s f r o m t h e A t h a r vave da t o t h e th e o ry of
,

Skt v erb a l acce nt J 0 8

. A 5 3 8 5 —41 9 ]
. .
,

85 . Westph a l h as sh ow n (Zu r Ver gl eich e n de n Metrik der in do

g erm ani sch e n V olke r KZ 9 43 6—458) th at t h e I ndo Ge rm ani c pe r i od
'

,
.
,
~

e d kin d o f p o et ry t h e m et r i c a l p rin c ipl e of wh i c h w a s t h e

p o sse s s a

c ou n t i n g of s y l l a b l e s Th i s s yll ab i c sy s te m i s f ou n d in p ur e
.

and u n m o di fi e d f orm o nly in t h e I r a ni a n pe opl e in t h e m etr i c a l p or ,

ti on s of t h e A v e s t a (see K Ge ldner U eb er di e M etr ik de s j ii ng .

,

er n A v e st a Tii bi nge n 1 8 7 7
. P r ef p v i Th e p ros ody of t h e . . .

Ve da s sh ow s t h e first a dva n ce t h e t r a n si t i o n f r o m m etre depe n ding ,

o nly on t h e n u mb e r o f syll a b l e s t o one b a se d o n q u a n t i t y in wh i ch ,

t h e begin ning sti ll S h ow s t h e st a ge of m e r e s yll a b l e c ou nting wh il e -

t h e e n ding h as att a in e d p r oso di c a l fi x e dness Th e l atte r in t h e c a s e .

of th e G r ee k s m eet s u s f r o m t h e c o mm e nce m e nt of t h e li t e r a t u r e fu ll
y
devel o pe d a nd a s t h e fir s t p r in c ipl e o f m etr i ca l c o m po siti o n (a s a l so
t h e m etr e s of l at e r In di a n p o etry a re a ltog eth e r qu a ntita ti ve ) Bu t .

in one p oint eve n w ith t h e G re ek s i s S h ow n a r em na nt of th at st a ge

, , ,

p r e c e d ing t h e p e r fe cte d p r oso di c a l m etr e u p o n wh i c h t h e

y a n c i e ntly ,

s to o d t o g eth e r w it h t h e In di a n s A m ong t h e In di a n s t h e fir st h al f .

of t h e Di m ete r i s p r oso di c a lly u n de fi n e d a m o ng t h e G r eek s t h e fir s t ,

h alf of t h e Dip ody wh ere t h e tr och ee m ay inte rch a ng e w ith sp on dee

, .

Th e fre e b a se of t h e A e oli a n s m ay a l s o b e r e fe rr e d t o t h i s sta g e

“

( W es tp h al) In c o rr ec ti o n of W e stp h a l
. All en h as s h o w n
( K Z 2 4 , .
,

5 56 —5 9 2 : Ue b e r de n U r s p r u ng de s H o m er i sch e n V e r s m asses ) th a t t h e “

com m o n a n ce st or s of G e rm a n s In di a n s a nd I r a ni a n s s a ng t h e i r b a l ,

l ads in a v er se wh i ch con si sted of t w o sh ar ply sep ar ate d m emb ers of ,

w h i ch e ach h a d f our i ctu s and f our lig h t s yll ab le s ; a nd e a ch m e mb e r

be g a n w ith a ligh t syll ab le and cl ose d w ith an i ctu s (p To .

th i s v erse All e n fu rth er refe rs t h e H om eri c h ex a m eter and t h e Itali c

S atu r ni a n verse .

Th e V edi c m etres ar e descr i b e d in t h e A nu kra m ani (Not e

fu rth er det a il s in W estph a l l o a nd Lu dw Rv 3 4 7 —6 9 [ We b e r ,
. .
, . .
, ,

M etr ik der In de r I St v ol 8 K uh n Au ftrag e v ol s 3 and 4 B enfey

. . . .
,
'

, . .
,

Introd t o t h e sam av eda and Q u ant i t at svers ch i e denh ei t en in Sa n h

. .

u nd P a da Te x t der Ve de n A bh a ndl G ott G ese ll sch a ft der Wi sse n

'

. . . .

s ch aft en 1 8 7 5 E ,
B ollen sen ZD MG 2 2 569 ff ; 3 5 44 8 fi Ol den
.
,
.
, .
, .

b er g A lt ind A kh y an a ZD M G 3 7 5 4 ff ; Rigve da S a n h ita u nd

,
.
,
.
,
.

S am ave darcik am Z D MG 3 8 43 9 fi ; A kh y ana H y m nen i m Rigv e da

,
.
, ,

ZD M G 39 52 fl .
,
H a sk e ll On t h e M etr e s of t h e Rig v e da A m O r
.
, , . .

S oc P r oc Ma y 1 8 8 1 a nd May
. . L a n m an Catalecti c v erses of ,

se ev n s yll a b l es A m O r S o
,
c P r oc M a
y. 1 8 8 0 —. B ru nnh ofer U e b e r. . .
,

den G ei st der I nd L y r ik L eipzig . .

1 26 TH E RIGVEDA .

fi x i t é de i l e t de cette te rr e dont u n s i m e rveilleu x é qu ilibr e a rr ete

ce c e

la ch ute tou j ou r s i mm in e nte : Q u i a fix é s é cr i e le p oete i r a ni e n qu i

’ ‘

, ,

a fi x é la te rr e e t les as tr e s i mm ob il e s pou r e m p ech er qu i ls ne cr ou

’

le nt ? (Ja en a 43 E t de l a u tr e v e r s a nt de l H i m alaj a rép on d le

’ ’ ’
,

c r i du Ri s h i v é di qu e : O h ! pu i sse a b as du ci el ne j am ai s cr oul er ‘
, ,

ce sol eil (RV 1 1 0 5

’
t h e n 1 2 4 1 0 u nd 5. 8 5 6
'
, , , , , ,

9 2 M Mii ller OGR 1 9 8 ff — R ta t h e wor ld or di na nce

. .
,
m ea ns . .
,
‘ -

,
’

first t h e co se and design ate s t h e cou rse of t h e stars ete rnally t h e

ur ,
’

s a me
”
S k t t s e as on and t h e L atin r atus in p as s a g e s l i k e
'
e t c (cf , . . . r u, ,

Ci c Tu se 5 2 4 69 : qu or u m (si de ru m se ) va gi mot s r a ta ta men e t

. .
, ,
. u

cert a sni cu r su s sp a ti a defi ni a nt a nd N a t D e o r 2 2 0 5 1 : m ax u m e , . .

, ,

vero s u nt a dm i rabile s m otu s c aru m qu in qu e st ell aru m qu ae fals o

v oc ant u r e rr a nte s ; ni h il e ni m e rr a t qu od i n omni a eter ni ta te cons e va t r

res sus e t r egres su s r eli qu os qu e motus cons ta nti s et r a tos so i b i d 2

p g
r o ,
.
,

3 7 9 5 : in o m ni aete r ni t a t e r a tos i mmu ta bi lis qu e c s us ) ; th e n

, th e ur
“

e te rn all y u nc h a nging or der t h e la w in nat u r e as in h u m a n li fe (f

c , .

Ci c D e S en 2 1 7 7 : sed c r e do de os i m m ort ali s sp a s i ss e a ni mos in

. .
, r

c op or a h u m a n a u t e ss e nt qu i te rr as t u er e nt nr i u e a eles t i m or di
q q , c u u

nem conte m pl a nte s i mi ta ent u r cu m vi ta e modo a rg e c ons ta nt i a s i m i r u ,

larly N at D oor 2 1 4 — F or
. ta Mii ller OGR 2 43 fi ; Lu dw
.
, , r , ,
. .

Rv 3 , 2 8 4 f . .

93 . M ens ch O H G ,
. . . ma nni sc o, r oo t ma n , th i nk .
-
1 0, 68 , 1 0 (f c 2 , 2 4,
, 2
1 4 , 8 1 0 ;
— 1 0 55 5
, , .
f
c . 1 0 , 8 5, 1 8 f . in Note 31 9 .
—1
, 62, 8 ;
1 , 1 1 3 , 2 3 (p 5 2 . .

8 , 7 5, 5 ;
94 .Th e h orn of rt a i s stretch ed ou t far and ne a r ; t a
“
r

v
c o n qu ers e e n t h e m h ty figh te s
ig 8 28 4 : A s t h e g o ds w i l l r .
”
, , ,

s o i t w i l l h a p p e n ; t h i s n o o ne c a n t a k e f r o m t h e m
”
In .

1 0 3 3 7 H t h e s ing e r s pe ak s con s olingly t o Up a m a c av a s t h e s on of

, ,
. r ,

Ku rncr av ana : M a r k th i s m y so n Up a m acr av as I a m t h e s ing e r of

“
, ,

t h y f ath e r ; if I w e r e l or d of t h e i mm ort a l s or e ven of m or t al s h e

w h o re w a r ds m
, ,

e (i e t h y f ath e r Kur u h l d li v e ; b u t no
c av a na
) S o . . r u

one li v e s b ey o n d t h e w ill of t h e g o ds (fm p i ) n ot e v e n if h e h a d

'
e a oav ,

a h u n dr e d li v es ; s till h e w ou l d b e s e p a r ate d f r o m h i s c om p a ni o n s .

95 E ve n t h e G aeco Ary an per iod pra i sed t h e gi ve rs of g ood

. r - “

'
th ing s data a s vas am Bwr fip g iwv ; s ee B enfey E nst eh ng des
,
r u e eo ,
u

V oc at i v G ii t t i ng A bh andh 1 8 7 2 vol 1 7 5 7 n 5 8
. Fi ck S p r a ch e i n
. .
, .
,
. .
,

h eit der In dogerm an e n E u rop as p 2 7 6 A s oth er litur gi cal fo rm u l as , . . ,

w h i ch e v e n at so e arly a p e r i od w e re p e cu li ar t o t h e p oet r y (c N ote

'
w e fi nd : v a bha fip p p w S h o w l o v e ( br
ar ing t h e w i sh e s r, a ( e e ,
‘

va s ma nas p
’
u s 3 g ood cou r a ge ; cr a vas k i ta m KA s dow
’

,
’
evo
'
7 1 ,n
5 ’ ’
a s ,
eo
-
cu ,

i m p eri sh ab le ren ow n e tc , .

96 1 1 09 1 . I l o o k e d f o r t h i n s p i r i t seeking g oo d 0
, , :
“
, ,

Indra and Agni t o r e l a t i o n s a n d k i n s m e n ; b u t I h a v e n o ,

 NO TE S . 1 27

o t h e r h e l p e r t h a n y o u ; th erefore I h ave m ade y ou a p owerfu l

song
”
1 71 7 :
. N o su s ta i n i n g a i d w a s v i s i b le f or u s
, ,
“

a m o n g k i n s m e n ; do t h o u O A g n i f i n d a s s i st a n ce f or u s , ,

1 0 6 4 1 2 (S h oul d ad ica h p r oj e ct s be r ead

”
among t g
h e o d s — .
“
,
.
, ,

in st e ad of a dica h i nto t h e worl ds ,

“

97 9 3 (1 0 2 ) and 1 0 5 5 5 :
. L oo k on th e w i sdom and great
, , ,

n ess of t h e god (mahi tvady a ma hi tva m a dy w ith Zim m er AIL

l
’ ’
z a , .

t o day h e di es wh o br e ath e d y e ste r day

”
-
(p e t c 1 1 0 3 5 . .
, ,

“
B eh ol d th is h i s m ir ac le and b elieve in In dr a s p owe r 1 1 02 2 ,
’
.
, ,

p 3 N t S u n a nd m oo n m ov e on th at w e m ay l ook and
( 2 “
. o e , ,

be lieve .

4, 3 3 1 1
98 .
, , 5 3 1
, 1 ; 8 ,
2 , 1 8 ; 2 , 2 0 , 3 — 1 0 42 4 f
, , ; . .

4 2 4 2 —5 (6 9 ; a
, , b ove p .43 1 0 , 4 9 , 1 ; 1 0 , 1 6 0, 4 a nd oft e ; cf n .

p 47 f and 7 9 w
. . ith Not e 333 .

’
99 . 2 , 35 , 2
) ( f 8 , 4 3 , 24 ; (8
k ,
4 4
u vi d, 6 as y a veda t , 7, 1 5, 4 c

— 8 6 34 — 5 42 2
’

a ni m i le sa u cr a va t
g ) 3 , 5 3 , 2 , , ; 6 , 4 7 , 1 4 , , .
-
. . .

2 1
7, 7 , ; , 6 4 9 , 1 2 — 4, 3 2 , 1 6 ; 3 , 6 2 , 8 . .

1 00 . 10 , 71, 7 ( )
1 63 1 9 ; 8, 1 9, 2 5 . 2 6 ; 8 , 44, 23 c
f . 8,
1 4, 1 . 2 and 1 ,
38, 4 6 -
.

1 01 . 1 ,
3 0, 9 ; 8 , 6 9 , 2 3 ; 6 , 2 1 .
, 8 ; 3 , 4 9 , 3 ; 7 , 2 9 , 4 — 1 0 , 7 4, 6 .

( c avana r e u i r ed, l st s
q s ing in pi . te of D e lbrii c k , A lt i nd e . V rb p . .

1 02 . 6 , 46, 1 7 ; 8 , 1 9 , 5 ( in stead of c edena w ith Roth BR 6 1 3 5 7 ’

, .
, ,

and Gr m n as s a , D i et a nd T . ransl ; with M Mii lle A S L p 2 0 5 1

. . r, . .
,

and p 2 8 n ote
.
, , and Lu dw . Rv . 1 ,
42 4 a nd 3, 1 8 f . : vedena
’

) ; 8 , 2 4,
20 .

1 03 . 1 ,
2 7 , 1 3 ; 5 , 6 9 , 3 ; 8 , 1 , 2 9 , e tc . 1 , 71 , 10; 1 , 8 9, 9 :
“
Wh en
ou r s o ns b e co e fa m
e s, — ea not offth r br k our life in th e m idst of i ts
c ou se r .
”—
3 , 3 6, 1 0 ; 2 , 2 7, 1 0 ( )
22 and ofte n . 1 , 1 79, 1 f
c . 1 , 1 1 6,
25 :
“
M ay I
ing attaining
, see , to long life e nte r old , a ge as into my
h om e .
( f
C p 6 6 wi th Note
. .

1 0 , 63, 1 6 ; 6, 5 1
1 04 .
,
1 5 ; 6, 7, 1 , 1 9, et c .
-
6 , 22 , 1 0 ; 6,
3 3 , 3 ; 1 0 , 6 9 , 6 , et c .

Wit h th i s p assage 2 2 1
1 05 .
, , 6 u sed in t h e h ou se r itu a l (Parask .

G h y as 1 1 8 6 ) f t h e w i sh of
r .
, , c . the Greeks in t h e s ch oliu m (Bergk ,

Poet Gr Lyr 3 1 2 8 9 8 )
. . .
3
, ,

°
Yy ta i vew ph i dp w r ov o wSp l Gua r d) ,
’
'

'
So ir ep ov 33 dwarf Ka M w y eveo da i ,
’

'
76 r p t r ov 37s nkov rei v (1 801 01 9 , ‘

'
Ka i r ?
) r er a r ov
p fifl n
d v er d 7 81 V
1 28 T HE
”
RIGVEDA .

'
1 06 . 8 , 5 6, 1 8 ; 8 , 1 8 , 1 2 ; 8 , 5 6, 1 7 ( p r a t i a nt a m enas a h
y
’
“
tur ning
a b ou t r , etu rning f o S i n,
”
e pe nti ng r m r x pi ting it
a nd e a Ge ldner
; cf .
,

KZ 1 8 7 7 , N S 4
. . 1 41 f f or t h e
. a n a l o gy o f t h i s c o n c epti o n i n t h e

A vesta .

1 0 , 6 3 , 8 ; 8 , 47 , 8 — 1
1 07 . .
,
24, 1 ; 1 0 , 1 4, 2 ; m ore i n detail , p 6 8
.

f a nd N ote 2 6 5 —2 86
. .

'
1 08 . Cf . H om . 11 . 1 ,
3 7 —4 2 ( e i 77 0 7 6 7 0 1 c l 875 7ror e 7 oc

0 86 [1 jn éA8wp ) , O d 4, 7 6 2— 7 6 5 (ei 7 7 0 7 6 7 0 6
, ’
7 0 1 K
p r vo u c .
7 am vfiv
i p i v ia ( mi me c u , Vi r g in
3 S o ) A en 9 4 0 3 ff a nd
-
1 .0 L 1 10 0 0 1 Ka 0 1
[ 1 .
q . .
, .
,

gen er al Pesch el V olk erk u nde p 2 8 1 f 2 d e d

, ,
'

, . .
, .

1 09 Cf Web e r H I L 1 7 f a nd Zi mm e r AIL 1 9 1 f
. .
, . .
, . .

1 1 0 B h asp at i : p 7 3 f w ith N ote s 3 0 9 3 1 5 ; N ote 7 9 h as a lr ea dy

. r . .
-

refe rr e d t o t h e ch a r acte r i sti c com p o s iti o n 4 5 0 7 9 (1 0 8 ) and 1 0 , ,

-
,

9 7 22 , Web e r gi v es t h e p a ssa g e s of t h e B r ahm a n as in I st 1 0 .

,

3 5 f ( W h ate ve r B r ahm a n a kn o w s h e h a s t h e g o ds in h i s p o w er
.
“ ”
, ,

V aj S an 3 1 .
-
m ore f r om t h e S a nh itas Zimm e r AIL 2 0 5 f
.
, , . .

1 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 (Note . 8 2 1 1 4 ; 1 5 5 5 ; H or O de 1 3 4 1 f ;
, , , , , , .
, , .

c
f p . 4 6 f w it h N. ot e 1 6 3 f . .

1 1 2 a D y a u s (fro m di u di v t o S h in e p 2 8 g en et Di vas
.
, ,
“
, .
, .

Z g : A F g Dy a us pit a r (voc 6 51
’
ev i o ,
2 6 d p z D i esp i t er -
.
, , 5 77 7 €

n am e d in m a ny S ingl e ver ses bu t w ith ou t app ea r ing in lif e or play ing ,

a n i m p or t a nt p a r t in h y m n or cul t A cco r ding t o B r eal and B enfey .

t h i s h ig h est god of t h e a n ci ent p er i od in In di a esp e ci ally w as di s

p l ac e d b y In d r a ; c
f M u i r O S T 5 1 1 8 f a n d L u dw Rv 3 3 1 0 f
.
, .
,
. . .
, .

'
Cf no w J v B r a dk e Dy aus A su r a A h u r a M a z da u nd di e A su r as
. . .
, , ,

H a ll e 1 88 5 [ M e h li ss U e b e r d i e B .e d e u tu ng d es h o m e r i s ch e n E , i
p the
t on S 8 9 Ei s l e b e n
’
10 ,

b With Dy au s as F a t h e r of H e av e n t h e M o t h e r E a r th P t h i vi
.
, r

i s m enti on e d in m a ny s ingl e v e r ses a nd a fe w l ate r h y m n s a re ,

a ddr e s s e d t o t h e di v in e p a i r D y av ap r t h i v i in wh i ch som e o f t h e ,

q u es ti o n s m e nti o n e d o n p 8 7 f c o n ce r ning t h e i r o r igin e t c a pp e a r . .

,
.
, .

On D y av ap r t h i v i cf M u ir O S T 5 2 0 34 0 0 3 4 5 0 f , .
,
.
,
-
.
,
.

c 5 8 4 o nly i s a ddr esse d t o P r t h i v i (GK R 1 2 4 ; cf AV 1 2 1

.
, . . .
, ,

t ran sl ated b y B ru ce J R A S 1 8 62 vol 1 9 3 2 1 ,

.
,
.
,

d O f T r i t a w ith t h e a pp e ll ati v e A p t y a (f r o m ap
. w ate r ,

“
dw e lling in t h e w at e r it i s sa i d in one p a ssag e th at h e carr ie d on
t h e fi gh t w ith t h e de m on s V r t r a V a l a and oth e r s in dep e n de ntly or , , , ,

as c om r a de o f t h e M a r u t s a nd of Vat a ; in ot h e r p ass a g e s h e i s in c i t e d

t o it or as si ste d b y In dr a (e g 1 1 8 7 1 ; 1 5 2 5 ; 5 8 6 1 1 0 99 6 ; . .
, , , , , , , ,

5 5 4 2 ; 8 7 2 4 ; 1 0 64 3 — 1 0 8 8 ; 1 0 4 8 2 ; 2 1 1 1 9 )
, , , , ,
s e e R ot h ,
.
, , , , , ,

in BR and G r ass m a nn in t h e Tr an sl ati on

. Fo t h e r el ati o n of -
r

T r it a (RV 1 1 5 8 5 Tr ai t a na ) A p t y a t o t h e I r a ni a n Th ra é t a na
.
, ,
:
1 30 TH E RIGVEDA .

t o be de si re d
p resu pp oses a n u mb e r of S pe ci al in vestig atio n s
,
bu t ,

w h i ch h a v e as y et h a r dly b ee n be gu n A b e l B e r g a i g n e s w o rk ’
.
,

La R eli gi o n Vé diqu e d a p r es les H y m n e s da Rigve da P ari s 1 8 7 8 1 8 8 3

’
-
, ,

c ont a in s a n u mb e r of c orr ect r e m a r k s a nd ob s e rv ati o n s on p a rti cu l ar s ,

bu t acc or ding to ou r v ie w i s t oo m u ch do m in ate d by precon ce i ve d

, ,

o pini on s a nd doe s not e v e n c l a i m t o o ffe r s u ch a p r ese nt ati on

,
Th e .

b est m ost copi ou s and reli ab l e s ou r ces are t h e ex celle nt O r i g i n a l

,

S a n s k r i t T e x t s o n t h e O r igin a nd H istor y of t h e Peop l e of In di a ,

th ei r Re ligi o n a nd In stitu ti on s Collected tra n slate d and illu str ate d .

, ,

b y J o h n M u i r e s pe ci a lly v ol s 4 a nd 5 fro m wh i c h sk etch e s of

,
.
,

v ar i ou s di vinitie s and S ingle h y m n s are repeate d on p a ge s 1 5 9 1 9 5 of -

t h e s a m e e ditor s M et r i cal Tr a n s l ati on s f r o m S ans k r it W r it e rs Lon

’
,

don 1 8 7 9 M on og r aph s w ill be m ention ed i n connecti on w ith t h e

.

in di vi du al divi nitie s .

1 1 6 . Con cerning t h e T r a n s l a t i o nRigveda it i s t o be ob of the ,

s erv e d : t h a t t h e tr a ns la ti on of L a ngl oi s Rig ve da on livre des

‘
, ,

h y m n es t r a du it dn S a n scr it p ar M r L a n g l o i s
, Par i s 1 8 48 1 8 59 . .
-
,

does not i n a ny m a nn er wh ate ver de se rv e th at title th a t i t m u st be ,

‘

de nie d a ll a u th ority h as l ong b ee n accepted a m ong s ch ol a r s ; th at i n

’
,
' '
t h e titl e : D eu x i éme edi ti on revu e corri gee et a gmentee d n I ndex a na
’ ’
, , u u

ly ti gu e p a r P h E d F ou ca u x Pa r is 1 8 7 2 t h e h on ore d nam e of Fou

. . .
,

c au x h as b e e n m i s u s e d in a v e ry s tr a ng e f as h i on i s S h ow n b y t h e

decl a r ati o n of th at sch ol a r t o W eb e r Lit Cent ralb 1 8 7 3 9 3 f I St r , . .

, . .

3 1 40 f
,
Je n ai en au cu n e m ani ere revu le te xte fr an cai s
.
’ ”
,

Co n cerning W i l s o n s Tr a n s l ati on wh i ch in t h e five v ol u m es

’
,

p u b li s h e d ( 1 8 5 0 1 8 66 ) r eac h e s t o RV 8 2 0 c
-

f p 9 w it h N o t e 2 8 .
, , . . .

B e n f e y in h i s pe r i odi ca l O r i ent u nd Occi dent v ol s 1 3 (1 860—1 8 68 ) ,

.
-

transl ated RV 1 1 —1 1 8 RV 1 1 1 9 1 3 0 fr om B enfey s re m ain s i n

.
, . .
,
-
’

B ezzenb . B t r 7 , 2 8 7 3 09
.
-
.

O f the Rig v eda S a n h ita tr an sl ated and ex pl ain ed b y F M a x

-
, .

M u l l e r t h e first (u p t o t h e p re se nt t h e o nly) v ol u m e L on do n 1 8 69
, , ,

co nt a ins t w e l v e h y m n s of t h e fir st b o ok t o t h e M a r u t s ; th e n f ol

l ow e d
Si eb enz i g Li eder des Rig v e da uberse t z t von K a r l G e l d n e r u nd ,

A d o l p h K a e g i m it B e itr ag e n von R R o t h Tub ing e n

,
'

. .

a"
D et a il ed revi ews are kn wn t o o m e b y D elb r k uc , J LZ 1 8 75 , N . o . 49 , A rt .

7 54 , b y A B erga i gne , Rev . . crit 1 8 7 5.

, N o . 50 , 5 1 (I I , p 369 f
. .
, 385 f .
) a nd by A .

W eb e , r J
LZ 1 8 76 , A r t 7 50 . . I St r 3 , 440 f.
—
H a g s po
. n ’
l em c i (Mii nch ener S i t z
u ngs b er , 1 8 7 5 , i i , 45 7 f .
) m ay b e di s r ega r ded (cf N ot e . co ncern i ng the one

Si ngl e p a ss a ge r lly t rea t d RV 2 28 5 (p 5 1 0 n ) j dg wh i rt inly

ea e ,
.
, , . . a u e o s ce a

c om p et e n t A W b r xp r
, . h i m lf
e f ll w J LZ 1 8 76 p 65 3
e , e I St ess es se as o o s, .
, . r.

3 , 45 8 : B i i n r P l m i k g g n di i n d n S i b n i g L i d n v rl i g nd
e se e o e e e e e e e z e er o e e e

Ueb erse t ng v n k h am
zu it j o dn h Q ll d fr mm n Si nn wah r nd r as a rc ue e es o e es ,
’
e

e r es s e lb t dn h
s W r q ll ub t t h at H ng l i der di h n v n
rc
‘
asse ue e ers e z , a e e sc o o
 NO TE S . 1 31

D er Rigveda zu m er sten M ale vollst andi g i ns D eu tsch e uberset zt

,

von A l f r e d L u d w i g 2 v ol s Pr a g 1 8 7 6 ; in p r ose ofte n i ncomp r e ,

. .
,

h ensi ble for t h e l aym a n b u t v a l u ab l e t o t h e sch ol a r ; v ol 3 ; D i e , .

Ma nt rali t t era t u r u nd das a l te In die n a ls Einleitu ng zu r Ueb erset zu ng

des Rig ve da 1 87 8 ( Vo ls 4 ( 1 881
.
) a nd 5 C o mm e nt.ar y to .

t h e Tr a n sl ati on ]
Rigveda Uberset zt nnd m it kritische n u nd erlanternden A nm erk
.
’

nngen v er seh e n von H e r m a n n G r a s s m a n n 2 v ol s Leipzig .

1 8 7 6 7 7 ; f or t h e m ost p a rt m etr i ca l s om ewh at f ree and occa s i on a lly

-
,

very mu ch mode rniz ed bu t as a wh ole su ccessfu l In re g ard t o t h e ,

.

l ast t w o w ork s see A Webe r J LZ 1 8 7 6 p 6 5 0 ff = I S tr 3 447 ff

,
.
, .
, . . .
, .
,

and E Ku h n Wi s sensch J ahr e sbe r 1 8 7 7 1

.
,
p 9 3 f (Leipzig . .
, ,
. .

S ingl e h y m n s as m e ntion ed in t h e f oll ow ing n ote s h a ve be e n

, ,

tra n slated i n v ari ous pl aces a g re at n u mb er of cou rse b y Mu i r in t h e ,

O ST .

1 1 7 On th is threefold divi sion (see Note 1 1 8 ) rest t h e state ments

.

c o n ce rning t h e n u mbe r of t h e g ods wh i ch s a y th a t th er e ar e th i rty ,

three of th em eleve n in t h e h eaven s e leve n on t h e e ar t h a nd eleve n

, , ,

in t h e w ate rs (i e th e ai r in t h e clo u ds) 1 1 3 9 1 1 ; f u rth e r detail s

. .
, , ,

i n O S T 5 9 f and H au g A i t B rahm 2 2 1 2 n 2 1
.
, . At t h e sa me , . .
, , . .

ti me three hu n dr ed three th ou san d and th ir ty and nin e g ods a re

,
‘
,
’

a lso m e n t i o n d (3 9 9 1 0 52 e Th e e c o mb in a t i n s o f
, , , ,
s o

t h r e e m s t e ve n in t h e m o s t a n ci e nt ti m e s h a ve b e e n u
u , d f th e , se o

gods and th i ng s rel ating to them S in ce w e find th e m als o am ong t h e ,

R om a n s w h o clu ng cl osely t o su ch f orm s ; Livy 2 2 1 0 wh ere i t i s

, , , ,

reporte d con cer ning t h e exp i atory s acri fices in stitu te d afte r t h e b a t t l e
o f Tr as i m e n u s : Ei u s ca nsa l u di m a gni v oti ae r i s t rece nt i s t r i g i nt a

tr ib u s m i lli bu s trecent i s t ri gi nt a tr ib u s t ri ent e ; p raete re a b u b u s Jovi s

t recent i s mu lti s ali i S di v i s b u b u s a l b i s a tq u e cete r i s h ost i i s A ”
, . .

K u h n KZ 1 3 1 3 5 ; cf ib i d 1 5 2 23 Wti lffl i n on th i s p as sa ge of Livy

,
.
, . .
,
.

c om p ar es t h e p roph e cy in Vi r g A e n 1 2 65 ff b y wh i ch A e n e as i s t o . .
, .
,

ru l e 3 y ea r s Iu l u s 3 3 ye ar s and t h e dom ini on i s t o rem ain in Alb a

, ,

Lo ng a for 3 00 year s togeth er 3 3 3 years t o t h e fou n ding of R om e cf , .

W 6 lffl i n on Li vy 22 1 1 5 Th e sac redn e ss of t h e tr inity and i t s , , .

f re qu ent occu rr en ce in pop u l ar su pe rstition s u p t o t h e p r ese nt day are

w ell kn ow n .

B e nf e y a u f ge wi ese ne Parall l e e m i t dem z endi sch en a s h a h e kh ao ni ch t im

G edach t ni s g eh a b t , e er e do ch oh A ns t a d ge omm e d nn h at t w l n n n , di e l
sch o as

t i sch e Erk lar nng von r i t a dnr ch as s e

’
u ns a c h f ii r e d W r n zn . as h a nt z
a u

r
d ange ! n
I n op p osi t i o t o t h e o a e e ss ed o p i i o of H au g , es e e n r lly xp r n n pr rv d
r
b y W C h i s t i n J L Z 1 8 7 7 , p 47 2 , i t m a y s u ffi ce t o efe t o t h e p eface o f t h e
. . . r r r
r
S i eb enz i g Li ede , p v i a nd v i i , D elb r ii c k J L Z 1 8 75 , p 1 52 f (cf E
. uh , , . . . . . K n
W i ssensch . J ah resb e r 1 877 , 1 .
, p 92 , Le i p i g
. z
1 32 TH E RIGVEDA .

R oth Z D MG 6 6 8 Th is di stin ctio n be twe e n a i r a nd lig h t

1 1 8 .
, .
, .

in G reece wh ere t h e p oe ts h a ve h ow eve r qu i te re m ode led t h e three

,

f o l d di v i s i o n of t h e w or l d (8 6 p x 8 ué s H o rn 1 1 1 5 1 8 9 f
’
1 1 7 t a ao , . .
,

Ta x es 82 m i t 7 8é8 k ) s h ow s itself pl a inly in t h e s e p ar ati on

/ a a0 7 a1 ar .

o f t h e de n se r l ow e r st r a t u m of a i r w it h cl ou ds a nd m i st fr om th at ‘

e t e r n a lly gl e a m ing br ig h tn ess wh i ch w as h e l d t o be t h e s ou r c e of a ll ,

lig ht a nd t h e s u b st a n ce o f all h eav enly p h e n om en a (Prelle r ) H orn .

’
. .

’ y
h dmv j if 7 57 l 8y pa x po r oi rn
’

: si
’

11 . 1 4, 2 8 7 f .
c
; e n ep qun x w ov, ev
‘ -

L ehr s r is t
’

S tu d H om pp 1 6 7
, ’
i a 8c idep i Ka vev
’
weq hp c cs a .
, de A . . . .

1 75 .
— B e nfey , KZ 8 , 1 8 7 f . .

1 1 9 . In dr a m ost of t h e h y m n s e ve n
1 0 , 66 , 9 ; 2 , 4 , 3 .
— N ex t to , ,

i f not m v r h h p oeti cal v alu e are addresse d t o A gni t h e

a ny o f e y ig , ,

‘
M ov ing (pr ob ab ly fr o m aj Lat a g ilis : S l av og nu : Lith g ni s ;
’
: .
-
.
-
. u -

L at i g ni s) ; M u i r O S T 5 1 9 9 2 2 3 ; M Tr 1 83 1 8 6 ; cf Lu dw R v
.
-
, .
,
-
.
-
. . .

3 3 2 4 f ; GKR 1 00 f ; 1 1 4 3 ; 6 9 ; 1 0 5 1
,
. A K u h n in h i s w ell
. .
, , , . .
,

kn o w n w or k : H era bk nf t des F e e s u nd des Gottertr a nlcs B erlin 1 8 59 u u r , ,

tre ats of t h e myth s n am e d in t h e title .

1 20 ,
3
.
; 2 ,
1 ,
3 ; 2
3, 1, 9 , 3 ; 3 ,
9 ,
4 ; 3 ; 1 , 6 0 ,
1 ; 1 , 9 3 ,
6 ;
1 , 1 43 , 2 ; 1 , 1 2 8 , 2 ; 3 , 9 , 5 ; 3 , 5 , 1 0 ; 1 , 5 8 , 6 ; 2 , 4 , 2 , e t c To t h e .
-

B h r gns (z (Pk g / 1 54 1 1 : K uh n, l c p 2 1 f ) t e se l e s a r e a ss igne d in . . . . h m v

1 0 , 4 6 , 9 , t h e p r e p ar ati on , in 2 t h e di s cov e r y of t h e fi re ; of .

1 , 1 43 , 4

1 21 . m a ny oth e rs Th e tech ni cal v erb for t h e

6 , 3 , 4 ; 2 , 4 , 4 , a nd .

ac t of g tting e of p r o du c ing
fi re (a s a n a c t K u h n l c p 6 9 f ; on 5 : ,
. . . .
,

2 1 6 : A H ill e br a n dt Z D M G 3 3 2 4 8 2 5 1 ) i s ma th ma nth wh e n ce
,
-
.
,
.
,
-

, ,

t h e w or d p ra ma nth a n wh i ch des ign a tes t h e sti c k b y t h e t u r ning of

- -
a,

wh i ch fire i s r u bb ed ou t of t h e w ood ; w ith th i s p a ma nth a na w ith r -

,

o u t re g ar d t o t h e s u ffix t h e G r ee k 1 1 1 1 1 9 5; (Z b; H p p d us a m o ng ,
00 1 7 1 1 e o ta v e

t h e Th i ans ; Ly k op h r 5 3 7 ) i s i de nti ca l : K uh n l c p 1 7 ; J
ur .
,
. . . .

S c hm i dt V o cali sm s 1 8 7 1 v ol 1 1 1 8
,
u , ,
.
,
.

1 22 . 2 , 1 0 , 5 ; 1 , 9 4, 7 ; 1 , 2 4 , 2 ; 1 , 2 2 , 1 0 ; 1 , 3 6, 6 1 5 , et c — 7 , 2 , . .

1 ,
w ith 6 , 2 , 6 ; 7 , 3 , 3 ; 6, 9 , 4 , e tc 7 , 4, 1 ; 1 , 1 2 8 , 6 ; 5 , 9 , 1 ; 7 , 1 , .
-
M

1 8, et c .
— 1
,
2 , 3 6 , 4 ; 5 , 4 , 4 , et c 3, 4 ; 3, 1 1 , 4 1 w ith
1 44 , 6 ; 1 , 44, 1 1 ; 1 0 , 4 , 2 , e t c.

1 23 . 10 . 51 (1 0 4 f
c . th e n ote
GKR 1 0 6 and 1 0 , 5 2 ; 3 , 9 , 4, et c ; . .

6, 9 , 4 ; 7, 1 , 1 45 , 1 5 ; -
1 0 2 1 3 — 6 , 1 5 , 3 (y aj i st h a ) ; 4, 3 , 4
, , . .

r t vi
( r t a c i t , svadh i
) ; 5, 3 , 9 ; 1 ,
1 , 1 ( j) , et c .

1 0 , 2 , 3 — 5 ; cf 4, 1 , 4 ; 4 , 1 2 , 4,
1 24 . . a nd o th ers b el ow in Note s 2 59
—7 9 2 1 0 , 8 7
a nd 2 6 1 , , ; .
; cf 7 , 1 0 4 . .

1 25 . 1 8 9 , 2 ; 1 0, 87 , 2 2 f ; 3 , 1 8, 1 ; 7 , 5, 6 ;
6, 1 ,
5; 1 , . 1 ;
1, 4, 4 , 4 ; 3 , 1 , 1 8 ; 7 , 5 , 3 6 ; 1 , 7 , 6, 5 ; . 6, et c .

(v i cam o
gp a ti ) .
1 34 TH E RIGVEDA .

p a i ni s
) for h i s s u r ou r n di ng s (7 ,
3 5 ,
6 ; 1 0 , 66, 3 ; 1 , 1 6 1 4 , 2,
31 , 4; 6 , 5 0, 1 3 l li ke 1 0 , 6 4, 1 0 ; cf o e Tvast ar . N t a s o,

Dy au s Tr ita a nd oth ers (Note 1 1 2

,
a ppe a r s t o b e l o ng t o a n .

e a r li e r r ace of g o ds a nd t o h a v e b ee n p u s h e d as i de b y t h e l ate r g o ds .

1 32 V t a (i de nti c a l w ith t h e G e rm a ni c W u o t a n : Zi mm e r
. a ,

Zi D A N S 7 . 1 72 1 79 f M a nn h a r dt i b i d 1 0
. 4 ) or V ay u ,
.
,
.

f ew h y m n s ; M u i r OS T 5 1 4 3 — 1 4 6 in GKR 9 5 : 1 0 1 6 8 ,
.
, ,
.
, .

F i r st
“
t o dr ink t h e S o m a p u vap a Wit h t h e f oot n ote S t r .
-
.

J oh n 3 8 cf X en Me m 4 3 1 4 : m l d n 3 [ E mi x dp dw r d
, , . . .
, ,
a ye a 01 1 7 0 1 A V
'
a t, .

'
86 77 0 1 0 60 1
h
( a ve
p a Ka i np oo t ow o w a o i da vdp eda .

1 33 n a m e i s ob scur e eve n t o t h e comme nt aries a nd

. R u dra . Th e ,

a l s o t o m o de r n s ch o l a r s (cf BR a nd G r assm a nn M ulle r . .

, ,

O GR 2 1 6 interp ret s t h e H ow le r t h e Thu n dere r ; Mu i r O S T 4

.
,
‘
,
’

, .
,

2 99 —3 2 0 L u dw Rv 3 , 3 2 0 f ; G K R 9 0 f
f c . . . . . . : 2 , 33 a nd 7, 46

( 6 , 74 to r
R u dra wi th Agni
R u d a S o a ) For t h e i de nti cati on of
-
m . fi
t h e h y m n s gi v e no f ou n dati on b u t A K uh n fir st r ec o g niz e d a nd h a s , .
,

f r equ e ntly in si ste d on t h e f act t h at R u dr a i s esse nti a lly i de nti c a l w i t h ,

t h e G r e ek Ap oll o ; s ee J V G r ohm a nn Ap oll o S m inth e u s 1 1 nd di e . .

,

B edeu tu ng der M an se in der Myth ol ogi e der In doge rm a n e n Pr ag '

1 862 p 4 4 5 f ,
R u dra still live s in p art i n t h e present H in du
.
, .
-
, ,

T ri ad of g o ds a s i a cf M u i r O S T vol 4 , .
, . . .

1 34 2 33 3 ; . 5 ; 7 4 6 2 ; 2 3 3 1 4 1 1 (AV 1 1 2 1 9 ;
, , . , , , , .
, ,

7 4 6 1 et c (Ap oll o é n d os z G r ohm a nn KZ 1 2

VS 1 6 9 .
, .
fi k , , , . x , .
,

1 35 . 2 , 33, 5 . 12 . 3 . P rotector of h er ds : 2 , 33 , 1 ; 1 , 43, 6 .

2 , 33, 1 3 ; 1 ,
1 1 4, 2 ; 7 , 46 3 ; , 1 , 1 1 4, 5 ; 1 , 43 , 4 , a nd 8, 29, 5 ( )
1 2 9
2, 33 , 4 .

1 36 . Th e D eath g o ds ; p erh ap s t h e
M a ru t s a re at a ll e ve nts no -

‘
S h ining a i
(n p u p u p u p y
w v j M
’
a
)
rs ; s e e Gr a ss
a m a n K
-
Z 1 6 ,
a -
a r , , .
,

1 6 1 f ; M u i r O S T 5 1 47 —1 5 4 ; t we l ve h y m n s f r o m t h e fir s t b ook in
.
,
.
,

M uller s Tr an sl ati on vol 1 (Note

’
in GKR 8 4 f : 1 1 6 5 and ’
, . . .
, ,

7 , 5 7 — D i vo 1 7
’

. a r kas : 5, f
c . 5 , 3 0, 6 ; , .

1 37 . 1 ,
1 66 , 1 1 ; 2 , 3 4, 2 ; 5 , 6 0 , 4 — 1 .
, 1 66 , 9 1 0 ; 5 , 5 4, 3 . . 1 1 ; 5,
57, 6, a nd o th e r s .

1 38 . S ee t h e be au tifu l h ym n 1 , 1 65 in R oth s t ra n sl ati on ’

, GKR .

8 4 f — 5 , 57 , 1 ; 8 , 7 , 2 7 ; 5,
.
3 ; 2, 1 , 8 7 , 4, e t c .

5, 8, 7 , 7 8 ; 1 , 3 9, 1 ; . 8 — 5 , 6 0 , 3 ; 8 , 2 0 , 5 ; 1 , 6 4, 7 ;
.

8 , 7 , 5 ; 1 , 3 8 , 9 ; 3 , 32 , 4 ; 1 , 6 4, 5 , and ot ers h .

1 39 . P ar j a ny a G B h le r : . u , OO Zi mm er ZfD A N S
. 1 , 2 1 4 ff ; .
,
. .

7 (f AIL
1 64 f 4 2 . c . . w h o h a s p r ov e d t h e i dentity of th e
name w ith G oth f a i gu ni . r ,
Norse F i brgy n and Lith P er /t u na (still ,
.
 NO TE S . 1 35

the n am e thu n der) ; Mu ir O S T 5 1 40 ; GR R 9 6 f 5 8 3

of th e ,
.
,
. . : ,

a nd 7 1 0 2 — P a rj a ny a (a gr ea t ch oi c e of ety m ol ogi e s in Ni r 1 0 1 0 )
, . .
,

p rob ab ly stan ds for Pa ca ny a from t h e r oot p c fi ll a nd i s t h e desi g r ,

r- , ,

n ati on for t h e fi lled ra in—c l ou d (G ras sm an Zi mme r) , .

1 40 5 83 3 4 2 .
,
On 7 1 0 3 wh ich according t o t h e tr a diti on
, . . .
, , , ,

i s a ddr es se d t o P a rj any a see p 8 1 w i t h N ote 34 2 ,

.
,
.

1 41 To I n d r a a re addres s e d b y f ar m ost h y mns ; Mu i r O S T 5

.
,
.
,

7 7 — 1 3 9 and M Tr 1 64—1 7 7 f 3 1 8 ff ; Lu dw R v 3 3 1 7 f ; Pe rry

.
, c . . . . .
,

In dra in t h e Rigv e da J A O S 1 1 1 1 7—2 0 8 GKR 5 8 f ; 2 1 2 ; 4 1 8 ,

.
, . . .
, , .

3 0 ; 7 2 8 ; 1 0 1 08 a nd 1 0
,
2 7 1 4 (p — Th e e t
, y .
, ,
-
.

m ology o f t h e n a me i s still o b scu r e ; Nir 1 0 8 a nd S ay a n a on 1 3 1 .

, , ,

l 1 p g u e s s li k e m o de r n s ch ol a r s ; B e nfey S am a Ve da
( v o .
,
.
,

gloss 2 5 t h e R a i n i n g o n e P l u v i u s (from t h e r oot i nd s i nd

.
,
‘
,
’
, ,

s y a nd a n a m e di a l e cti c a lly o ri gin a te d s om e wh e re a nd a fte rw a r d

“
: ,

e xt en de d w ith t h e c u lt so M Mull er L SL
”
B enfey O O 1 , ,
.
, .
,
.

2 449 ; OGR 2 1 8
,
G rass m an . th e S h i n i n g O ne
.
( r om
f ,
‘

i ndh ) as f o rme r ly R oth (Th e ol J a h rb ch e r 1 8 4 6 5

,
w h o h ow . u .
, ,

e v e r i n BR 3 v t r a n sl ate s B e z w i n g e r B e w al t i g e r d e V e r ’

‘
,
. . .
, , r

m ag e n d e (fr o m t h e r oot in i nv w ith su ffix a a nd e pe nth e t i c d) ,

-
r .

1 4 2 Wh eth e r t h e I r a ni c de m on In dr a A ndr a c oin ci de s w ith In dr a

.
, , ,

mu st a ppe a r v e r y q u esti on ab le ; it i s certa in th at In dra r ep re se nts a

new r ac e of g o ds ( f p a nd th a t in m o s t o f t h e t r i b es h e su r
o . .

p as se s e ve n Varu na in p opu l a rity as h e does Dy a u s Tr ita and , , ,

Tv astar ; f a bove p 6 2 Note 2 42 a nd M u i r O S T 5 1 1 8 —1 2 6

c . .
, , , .
, .

1 43 O ST 5 9 8 :
. Th e g r owt h of m u ch of t h e i m ag er y th u s
.
,
“

de scr ib e d i s pe rf e ctly n atu r al a nd e as ily intelligi b l e p a rti cul ar ly t o , ,

pe rson s w h o h ave lived in In di a a nd w itn esse d t h e ph e n omen a of ,

t h e seas on s in th at c ou nt ry At t h e close of t h e long h ot weath er .

,

wh e n eve ry one i s l o nging f or r a in t o m oi ste n t h e e a rt h and cool t h e

at m os p h e r e it i s ofte n e xtre mely ta nt alizing t o see t h e clou ds col
,

lect i ng a nd fl oating ac r oss t h e sky day a f te r day with ou t di s ch ar ging ,

th e ir c on te nts A nd in t h e e arly age s wh e n t h e Ve dic h ym ns were

.
,

c om p os e d it w as a n i de a qu ite i n c on so n a n ce w ith t h e oth e r ge n e r a l

,

c o n cep t i o n s wh i c h th e i r a u th or s e nte rt a in e d t o i m a gi n e th at s om e ,

m align a nt infl u e n ce w as at w ork in t h e atm osph ere t o p revent t h e

fa ll of t h e sh ower s of wh i ch th e i r p a r ch e d fi el ds s too d s o m u ch in
,

n ee d It w as b u t a step fu rthe r t o p ersonif y b oth th i s h ostil e p ower

.

a nd t h e b ene fice nt a ge n cy b y wh i ch it w as a t l e ngt h ov e r com e In dra .

i s th u s at on ce a t e rr ib l e w a rr ior a nd a gr a ci ou s f r i en d a o d wh ose
g ,

s h afts dea l de str u ct i on t o h i s e n e m i s wh il e t h ey br ing de live r ance e ,

a nd p r os pe r ity t o h i s w o r sh ipp e r s Th e ph en om e n a of th u n de r and .

lightning al m ost in evitab ly su ggest t h e i de a of a con fl ict between

o p os ing for ce s ; e ve n w e ou r sel ves in ou r m ore p rosai c age ofte n
p , ,
1 36 TH E RIGVEDA .

s pe ak tri fe of t h e ele m e nts Th e oth er appe ar an ces

of t h e w ar or s .

of t h e sk y t oo w o u l d affo r d a b u n da nt m ateri a l s f or p oeti c a l i m a g ery

, , .

Th e w o r s h ipp e r w ou l d at o ne ti m e t r a n sform t h e f a nt as ti c sh a pe s of
t h e cl ou ds into t h e ch a r i ots (cf Ps al m 1 0 4 3 ; I s ai a h 1 9 1 D ani el 7 .
, , ,

1 3 ; M at t h 24 3 0 ; 2 6 6 4
H a b ak u k 3 8 ; B r ea l H er cul e e t Ca cu s
.
, ,
.
, , ,

1 7 1 f ) and h or se s of h i s god a nd a t a n oth er ti m e w oul d s ee m t o p er

.
,

c e i ve in th e i r pil e d u p m a s s es t h e c iti es a nd c a s tl es wh i c h h e w a s -

a dv a n c ing t o ov e rt hr o w Cf Zi mm e r AIL 4 2 al so M er k A ch t
”
. . .
, , ,

Vort r age ii ber das Pan dsch a b B er n 1 869 pp 7 2 8 9 etc

'

.
, .
-
, .

1 445 2 1 0 8 8 5 7 4 18 1 1 — 6 , 3 8 , 4 ; l , 32 , 2 ; 1 , 52 , 7 ; 1 ,
, , ; , .
, ; , , .

6 1 , 6 , etc (a c c t o 1 0 , 1 0 5 , 7 , Mat ari cv a n

. e a es t h e
. u de o ) ; pr p r th n rb lt
t o th e M t b v p
aru s : s ee a o e 3 9 a nd 1 , 1 6 5 (8 4 f ) Th e y o u e o, . . ng h r
as s oon as h e i s bo r n de m a n ds t h e S o m a , f ro m h i s m ot h e r and ,

greedily dr ink s t h e s ap afte r o u tw itting Tvast ar (3 4 8 2 —4 ; 3 3 2 9 , , , , ,

4 18 3
, , or h e as k s i mm e di ate ly a ft e r b i r t h wh e r e t h e r e n owne d

c h a m pi o n s a r e and a t o n ce s tr ik es dow n t h ose th at a re na m e d t o

,

h i m : 8 6 6 1 —3 ; 8 45 4 5 , , , ,
. .

1 45 6; . 3 , 3 4, 3
6 ; 1 , 3 2 , 7 ; 3 , 3 0 , 8 ; 1 , 5 2 , 1 5 ; 1 , 8 0, 5 ;
.

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.
1 38 TH E RIGVEDA .

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4, ao 1 7 ,
-
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47 , 4 It :
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; 8 6 7 1 0 , ,
.
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1 ; c
f . 8, 2 1 , 1 3 .

— 6 30 1 1 61 1 0,
, ,

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b an d s h all n e v e r a t a ny fu tu r e ti m e di e of old a ge
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, 3 2 ; 3 , 40 ; 7 , 1 0 , t h e dis te m i nor em, e t c , of . H or O d 3 , . .

6, 5 , et c .

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v an qu i sh th is one e n emy ; I van qu ish t wo ; wh at c an e ven three do ?

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17 :
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Wh o gi ves t h e su ppli ant life a nd gr ants h i m f reedom , .

1 67 7 , 2 8 , 5 ; 4, 1 7 , 1 9 ; 3 , 3 2 1 6 ; 8 ,
. 8 , 7 7 3 ; 8 , 1 4, 4 ; c
f .

5 , 3 4, 5 ; 8 , 8 2 , 1 1 — 7 , 3 7 , 6 (vas a y as i ) . .

1 68 .
( f
O 4 , 2 3 , 1 ( . wh o m t h e dou b te r as.k s 2, 5 . 2, 1 2 , 5 “
Of ,

wh re th n i s In dr a ? and denies th at h e e x ists alth ou gh so

.

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6 18 3
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1 40 TH E RIGVEDA .

1 69 1 0, 2 2 , 1 ; cf
. . 8, 50 , 9 : W h eth e r a poe t or one w h o i s not a

poet s ing t h
y p a i se r .

1 70 . 8 , 6 , 44 ; 1 0 , 8 9 , 1 0 :
“
In l ab or a nd ple as u re In dra i s t o be
ca lle d on .
”

1 71 Th e A gv i ns , as i s at on ce e i dent, ar e
. g o ds o f t h e b r e a k v
ing rh
d a y , pe ap s of t w h
i l i g t, and, at all e ve nts or igin a lly i dent i ,
~

c a l w i t h t h e G r ee k D i osk ur oi ; b u t a s ati s f ac to r y s ol u ti on o f t h e i r

or igi n a l s ign i fi c a ti o n in a l l po int s h as no t y e t b e e n gi ve n S ee M u i r .

,

O S T 5 2 3 4—2 5 7 and th e m on o g r a ph D i e A cvi n ode r a r i s ch e n Di os

.
, , ,

k u ren b y D r L My ri ant h eu s Muni ch 1 8 7 6 w ell w orth y of n otice

, . .
, ,

f or t h e s igni fic an ce of t h e m yth s GKR 4 0 f ; 7 6 9 1 0 39 . . . , , .

1 72 . Rig veda t h e A cvi ns are al way s a dored t og eth er (cf

In the .

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, , , ,
.

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a re t h ou g h t of as s ep a r a ted 1 1 81 4 : Th e one a p r in ce v i ctor i ou s , , , ,

o ve r h e r oe s ; t h e ot h e r t h e b l e sse d s on of h ea v e n Cf Ni r 1 2 1 f ;
”
. . .
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.

Mi iller , L S L 2 , 50 7 ff — 3 , 5 8 , 4 ; 7 6 9
. .
, , 5 ; 5, 7 7 , 1 . 2 .

1 73 . 6 , 63 , 3 [ u ttdna lza s ta z
’

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’

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‘

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,
’

t o ca ll t e i n a es h r
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1 74 . 7 , 2 . 1 . 3; f
c . 1 , 3 0 , 1 9 — 4, 3 6 , 1 .
(w it h g ol de n b ri dl es

8 , 5 , 2 8 ; 8 , 22 , 4, 3 6 , 2 ; 1 ; f
c . 1 , 46, 3 .

1 75 . 1 , 1 1 8, 4 ; 4; 1 ,
1 1 8, 1 ; 5, 7 7, 3 ; 7; f
c . 1 , 1 8 0, 1 ;
2; 3 ; 6, 7, 68, 3 ; 1 , 1 1 7 , 2 ;
8,

1 76 .
[p 7 , 69 , 4
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’

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’

vy hsg

5 , 7 3 , 5 ; 8 , 2 2 , 1 ; 1 0 3 9 1 2 ( s e ad of S u a A cvi ni ; 5 , 4 6, 8 , ,ot e in t N ry .

7 , 67 , 2 ; 7 , 7 ,3 1 ; 8 , 8 , 1 2 ; cf 1 , 1 1 2 , 2 :
“
F or ou fa o y r v r
.

w eigh ty u n exh au sted acts of

, h elp h ave m ou nted y ou r ch ariot so th at ,

it al m ost seem s t o gi ve w ay .

1 77 8 1 8 8 ; M e di c in e s 1 1 5 7 6 — 1
.
, , 1 1 2 8 ; 8 5 23 To , ,
.
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1 , 1 1 8, 7 ; 1 0, 3 ; f
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,1 8 0 , 5 ; 1 0 , 3 9 , 4 ; cf . 3
3 , 58, 3 : Wh y e l se do t h e old s a g es ca
y ou t ll
h e s e e d es p i t h elpe rs
”
in nee d ?

1 78 . GRR 43 . .
— V i m a da : 1 , 1 1 6, 1 (
“
on c h ar i ot s wift as th e
1 , 1 1 7 , 2 0 ; 1 0 , 65, 1 2 md h i : 1 1 1 6 1 3 : Pu r a h dh i
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1 42 TH E RIGVEDA .

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:
“
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the old u n m rr a ied m ai d .
”—
My ri ant h eu s , p 95. .

1 87 . 1 1 6, 1 4 ; 1
1 , ,
1 1 7, 1 6 ; 1 , 1 1 2, 8 ; 1 , 1 1 8 , 8 ; 1 0 , 3 9 , 1 3 [in 7 ,
68 , 8, I c o n s i de vr ka r co rr pt]
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.
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1 88 . 1 , 1 1 2 , 21 .
— Th e A cvi ns p u t a h orse s h ead u po n D a d h y a nc ’

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2 2; 1 , 1 1 6, 1 2 ; 1 , 1 1 9 , 9 ; 9,
1 08 , 4 . B e nfey , O O 2 , 2 4 5 ; My r i a nt h eu s , p . . 1 42 f .

1 89 . 1 , 1 1 6 , 3 ; 1 , 1 8 2 , 6 ; 1 , 1 1 7 , 1 4 1 5 ; 1 , 1 1 9 , 4 ; 1 , 1 1 6, 5 4 . .
°

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”
a b ov e p . 27, w ith n ote 90 ; 1 , 1 8 0, 3 — 5, 7 3 , 1 ; 8 , 1 0 , 5
. . 1 :
 NO TE S .
1 43

r om front a nd rear from ab ove and b l ow ; fr om h eaven and e art h

f ,
e ,

f r o m t h e se a ; f r o m pl a nts h o s es fr om t h e m ou nta ins pe ak s and

’
, u , ,

f r om f ore ign tr ib es 7 72 5 ; 4 7 7 0 3 ; 8 1 0 5 ; 1 47 7 ; , , , , , , , , , ,

cf 1 1
. 8 2 3 ,
W h at do y e th er e wh y s i t y e wh er e t h e pe opl e b oasts
, : ,

u ns ac ri fi c i ng ?

1 91 . 7, 6 (di ffe rently 5 , 7 6, 3 2 . .

1 92 . 1 , 1 1 7, 4 ; f
c . 1 , 1 5 8, 3 ; 1 , 1 81 ,
1 ; 7 , 7 2, 2 (f c . 5 , 7 6, 4 a nd 4,
44 , 5 : L e t not o th er d evou t m en h ol
t wh en you r old fr ie n ds d y ou fas
g athe r a rou n d 1 1 5 7 4 cd l 3 4 1 1 ed 1 1 1 6 2 5 w ith 1 , , , ,
.
, , ,

1 8 2 3 4 ; 1 0 40 1 3 :
,
. Give h i m a w ate ring pl ace w ith a good
, ,
“ -

dr au gh t a nd a r esting plac e on th e j ou r n ey ; 8 8 1 3 ; 8 2 6 7 ; 8
” -

, , , , , ,

3 5, 1 0 f .
, etc .

1 93 . U s as : the “
I r r a di a t i n g . Mu ir , O S T 5 , 1 8 1.
—1 9 8 GKR
; .

35 f . : 1, 124; 7, 76 — 1 .
, 9 2 , 1 ; 1 , 1 2 4, 5 ; 7 7 6 , 2 ; 3 , 6 1 , 4 ; 4 , 51 ,
,

1 . 2 ; 7 , 7 7, 2 ; 1 , 1 23 , 1 ; H o mer : (p a eo fp fip or os a nd
''
I] (3p 0 5 6p m
’ ’

xp va dfip ovov fip y c ev ew w
'
ev , iv dv 9 p on r o u n ( u j i ce s ( .

Max Mii ller , wh o tr ace d

v e r y l a r g e n u mber of m yth s to t h e a

D a w n ( f L S L 2 48 1 c s ay s l o p 51 7 :
. Th e daw n wh i ch t o u s
.
, ,
. . .
,

i s m e r ly a b e a tif l s ig ht w a s t o t h e ea r ly g az e r a nd th in k e r t h e
e u u , , ,

p rob le m of all prob le ms It w as t h e u nkn ow n l an d fr m when ce rose . o

e v e r y day th o se brigh t e mb l e m s of a di vin e po w e r wh i ch l e ft in t h e

m in d of m an t h e fir st i mpression and intim ati on of a n oth er worl d ,

of po w er a b ov e of or de r a nd w i do m Wh at we s i m ply call t h e su n
,
s .

ri se bro ght b efore the i r eyes eve ry day t h e ri ddle of all r i ddles
, u ,

t h e ri ddl e of e x is te n ce Th e day s of th e i r life sp r a ng fr o m th at da r k .

a b y s s wh i ch e ve ry m or ning s e me d in stin ct w ith lig h t a nd li fe

, Th e ir e .

you th th e ir m a nh ood th i r old age all w ere t o t h e Vedic b ar ds t h e

, , e ,

gi ft of th at h eave nly m othe r w h o appe ared br ight y o ng u n ch ang e d , u , ,

i mm o rt al every m orning wh ile everyth ing else seem ed to grow old t o

, , ,

ch ang e and dr oop a nd a t l a st t o s et n eve r t o r et r n

,
It w a s th ere
, , u .
,

in th at brigh t ch a mbe r th at a s th ei r poets sai d m or ning s and days , , ,

we re spu n o u n de r a di ffere nt im a ge wh ere m orning s and days w ere

,
r, ,

n o ri sh ed (1 0 3 7 2 ; 7 65
u wh ere life o ti me w as draw n ou t
, , , , r

1 1 1 3 It w as th e r e th at t h e m or ta l w i sh e d t o m t
( , go t o ee ,

M tra and Va r na Th e wh ole th eog ony and ph ilosophy of t h e

i u .

a n c i e nt w or l d ce ntr ed in t h e D a wn t h e m oth e r of t h e br ig ht g o ds , ,

of t h e s n in h i s v a r i o s as pe cts of t h e m or n
u t h e d y t h e sp r ing ; u , , a ,

h erse lf t h e brilli a nt i m a ge a nd vi sa ge of i mm rtality o .

”

1
_ 9 4 1 1 1 3 3 ; 1 1 2 3 7 ; 6 49 3
.
, O ne de ck s h e rsel f w ith st ar s
, , , , , :
“
,

w ith su nlight t h e oth er reliev ing e ach oth e r in th ei r m u tu al cou rses ,

”

[in stead of 7m pr ob ab ly 5 6 h o l d b r d w ith G assm Di t

81 , 8 1 s u e ea r . c .

1 1 1 3 3 (in Note , 1 124 9 8 , 1 1 1 3 1 ; 1 0 1 72 , , . .

, , , ,

4 ; 4 , 52 , 1 .
1 44 TH E RIGVEDA .

1 95 . 1 , 1 1 3, 1 ; 6, way t h e darkn ess 6 , 64 , 3 :

“
S h e dri ves a

a s a h er oi c h ases t h e e n em ies like a s wift ch ari ote e r ”

defe n der c ,

7 81 6 3 ,
10 ,
Usas dri ves aw ay t h e gu ilt of
°
.
-
,

s i n ; 8 4 7 1 8 t h e ev il dre a m s
, , For t h e di s p u t e of Us a s w it h Indr a
,
.
-
,

4 ,3 0 8 — 1 1 , 2 1 5 6 ; 1 0 1 3 8 5 cf S onn e KZ 1 0 4 1 6 f ; Mii l , , , , , .
, .
, .

ler Ch ip s 2 9 1 f
, , , .

1 96 . 7 , 81 ,1 ; 7 , 75 1 ; , 1 , 48 , 1 5 ; 1 ,1 1 3 , 4 1 4 ; 4, .

52 , 5 ; 1 , 9 2 , 12 : “
S p e a ding r ou t (h er r ays) lik e h er ds, a s t h e r i e v r
w v
i t s a e s , sh e i s v is ib le af a r .

1 97 . 1 , 49 , 1 . 2 ; 1 , 1 1 3, 1 4 ; 7 , 7 8, 4 ; 7 , 7 5, 6 ; 3 , 61 , 2 ; 4, 51 , 5 .

1 1 2 4, 1 1 ; 5 ,
,
8 0, 3 t
Th e s ee ds or c a e of
. sa s ttl U are t h e l igh t
m orning c l ou ds , -
br ig ht s h ining , , a s t h e c l ea r b il low s of th e w aters ”
,
’ ’
6 , 64 , 1 . Th eocr . 1 3, 1 1 : Aeva ros A 039 2 , 1 47 f . 371 woe I] A &3
-
. r aw
'
5 0 3077 0 v . i
< 7r
’
T h em/ 0 20 cbep ow a c, e t c . Virg . r os e i s Au r or a q u adri gi s
b i i — 6 , 6 4, 4 1 ; 6 , 6 5 , 5 ; 5 , 8 0 , 1 ; 7 , 7 9 , 1
( g ) s . . .

1 98 . 4, 51 , 3; 9 ; 7 , 8 0 , 2 ; 7 , 7 7 , 1 ; 1 , 49 ,
64 , 6 1 , With ll w ing v r cf 1
1 2 4, 1 2 ; 7 , 7 9 , 1 ; 7 , 7 5, 4 t h e fo o e ses . .
,

48 5 6 [wh r b r ’

e e p a da m na vety oda ti i s o s cu e t o m e ]
’ ’

.
,

S h e c om es and all t h e f oote d creatu res rouses u p , ,

A nd sti r s t h e bir ds t o fl y a l oft .

S h e se n ds m en forth t o b attl e se n ds t h e m t o th e ir t oil ,

A nd n e v e r in th ei r b u sy fl igh t t h e b irds see k r es t

Wh en s h in es t hy ra di an ce B ou nte ou s One , .

”
All th e five p eoples (p a nca j a ndsa s k sga y a s ori gin a lly , r ,

t h e five tri b es of t h e Ya du s Tu rv a cas D ru h y u s An u s and Puru s , , , ,

[ 1 1 0
, 8 a f t e rw ar d
,
f orm u l a i c f or m en i n g e n e r a l t h e wh o l e ,
“

w or l d see Zi mm e r AIL 1 1 9 —1 2 3 , . .

1 99 . 1 , 9 2, 4 ; 6, 5, 6; 5;
7; 2 .

200 , 1
23 , 8 9 ; 7 , 7 6 , 5 ; 1 , 9 2 , 1 2 ; 5, 8 0 , 4
. 1 .
: 1 , 1 2 4, 3 f
c .

1 , 1 1 3 , 3 , of nig t and o nin g : h m r

Th e s i ster s p ath s are each a like a nd en dless
’
, ,

On th e m th ey j ou rney by t h e g ods in stru cted ; ,

Unlik e i n col or b u t alik e in spirit , ,

Th ey n ev er h a lt nor str i v e stea df as t f or ev e r ,

.

201 . 9 2, 1 0 ; 1 , 1 1 8, 1 1
1 , :
“
in the e ver re n e we d light of th e
D aw n ”
; 1 , 1 2 3 , 8 ; 4, 5 1 , 6 ; 1 , 1 1 3 , 8 1 5 ; 1 , 1 2 4, 2 4
. . .

20 2 On sva dhabhi s (1
.
, 1 1 3, 1 3) cf . 3, 61 , 1 ,
dna vr a ta m , and
’

10; f or t h e r est on p fida d, 4 , 5 1 6 ; 3, 61 , 1 ; 1 , 1 23 , 2 8

,
. . On 1 , 92,
'
10 11 .
(4 , 5 1 ,
9, a mi ta va m d) B olle n sen , O O 2 , 463 f , 46 5 . . . F or t h e
1 46 TH E RIGVEDA .

209 . P us a n : , Mu i r 8 0 ; G K R
O ST 5 1 f : 1 4 2 — .4, 3 , —1 . .
, .

7 ; 8 , 4, 1 5 ; l , 89 , 6 ; 6 , 5 8 , 4 ; 1 0 , 2 6 7 : “
Th e s o o d of e f es ; tr ng l r r r h
ing , t h e strong ri n n i h ing f e d of ou r s 1 , 42 , 8 ; cf 1 0, 1 3 9 , 2 ; 1 , 4 2 , .

6 9
. Gi v r i hly “
w ith p n h n e c , a n d olle a d
”
; 1 , 89, 5 :
“
We ca
h i m th at h e m ay be a tr ue defe n de r a nd gu a rdia n for t h e in cre ase of
,

we alth ; 8 4 1 7 1 8 ; 8 2 9 6 ; 6 48 1 5 ; 6 54 8 ; 6 5 3 3 —6 ; 6
”
, ,
.
, , , , , , , , ,

5 6, 6 :

We p r ay th ee for h appin ess to

F r om trou b l e f ree in t r easu res rich ; ,

F or f u ll p r osp erity tod a y ,

A nd for t o m orrow h ig h e st g ood -

.

21 0 . 1 0, 1 3 9 2 1 w ith 1 23 1 4 (89 5 W of te n) and

,
.
, , , , 1 0, 1 7 , 3 ; 2 ,
— G o a ds 1 89, 5 ; 1 0 , 2 6, 6 (of
40 , 5 ; 3 , 62 , 9 ; 6, 6, 5 3 , 9 -
. .
.
,

Zi mm er AIL , 6 . : Th e , 54 , 5 —7 — 1 0 , 1 7 , 3 .
“
w or l d h erds m a n , -

w h o l ose s no cattl e 6 54 1 0 : Pusa n sh all s tretch hi s righ t h an d , ,

fa r ; h e s h a ll dr i v e b ack t h e l ost 1 23 1 3 — Pusa n i s draw n (lik e , ,

.

t h e S c a n din avi a n Th arr ) not b y h or ses b u t b y g oats 6 57 3 ; 6 5 5 , , , , , ,

6 4 3 ; 6 5 8 2 ; 1 0 2 6 8 ; o nly i n 6 5 8 3 a re
. .
, , g ol de n s h ip s wh i ch
, , , ,
“
,

m ove u p on t h e se a a nd in t he ai r wi th wh i ch Pusa n does m esse nger s ,

’

serv i c e f or S ury a s po ke n of [in s t e ad of dfity ém daty czm ou g h t p r ob a

” ‘

, ,

b ly t o be read ; so al so Lu dw Rv 1 Pusa n does not care for . .

,

t h e S om a bu t for t h e p r e p a r a ti o n o f b a r le y : 6 5 7 2
, , , .

D o t h e p ass ag es 6 5 6 1 ; 1 1 3 8 4 ; 1 42 1 0 , , , , , , ,

Wh o m ockingly of P usa n sa ys :
B eh ol d t h e gru e l e ater th ere I -

H i s j eers t h e god w ill not e n du r e .

F or I do not di sda in th ee P usa n gl ow in g god ; , ,

Th y f r i en dsh ip I do not re j e ct .

Th e god fr o m u s no ch i ding h e ars ;

W e br ing h i m p r a i se i n pleas ing son gs ,

Th e H e lpe r w e i m pl or e f or w e a lth ,

in di cate m ock ery on t h e p art of cert ain tri b es to w ards th ose w ith oth er
0 u lt s

21 1 . 6 , 49 , 8 (6, 53 , 1 : C o m p a ni o n on the j ou rney , V aj .

1 , 42 , 7 . 1 . 2 —4 ; 1 0 , 1 7 , 5 ; 6 , 5 4, 1 . 2 :

B r ing u s 0 Pusa n to a m an , ,

W h o w i se at o n ce s h all p oint t h e w ay
, , ,

A nd s ay t o u s Lo h e r e it i s , ,
.

With Pusa n j oined let u s go forth ,

Wh o points t h e h ou se s o ut t o u s ,

A nd s ay s t o u s : L o h e r e th e y are “
,
.

9 6 7 1 0 — P usa n al so a i ds in b attl e 1 0 1 39 3 a nd s o b ecom es

, , .
, , , ,

Indr a s c omr a de 6 5 7 4 ; bri ng s t h e se ason s 1 23 1 4 1 5

’

, , , , , ,
. .
 NO TE S . 1 47

21 2 . 1 0, 1 7 , 3 — 6 ; 71 (At h .
-
S an h . 1 6, 9 , 2 ; 1 8, 2, so

Pusa n jmx m f lN ot e s 22 1 a nd 2 7 2 ro é
n g; vr c . .

2 1 3 V i nu i s t h e only Ve di c god wh ose n a m e h as be e n p re serv e d

. s

in t h e H in du t ri a d of divinitie s wh ile in t h e Ve da h e does not pl ay ,

i
an m o t p r a nt p a r t ; M u i r O S T 4 6 3 —2 9 8 ; GKR 5 3 f : 1 1 5 4 , .
, . .
, .

1 , 1 5 4, 3 ; 1 6 f ; 1 , 1 5 5 , 4 ; 6 , 4 9 , 1 3 ; 7 , 1 00 , 1 . . 3 ; 8, 2 9, 7 ;
1 , 1 5 4, 1 ; 7 , 9 9, 2 3 Th e s e s : s , h .es o . tp r i ing igh t p int , a nd s e
tting
of the su n.

21 4 7 , 9 9 , 3 ; 7 , 1 00 , 4,
. w ith 1 1 5 4 2 ; 6 6 9 5 In dr a and Vi snu , , , , :
“
,

y e m a de t h e a m os e e de , t ph r wi a nd str et ch e d o t t h e w or l ds f o o r u r u

e x i ste n ce Visn u more O fte n th a n Pusan i s n amed as t he a l l y o f

”
.
, ,

I n dr a 1 : , 22, 1 9 ; 1 , 1 56 , 4 5 ; 4 , 1 8 , 1 1
. 8 , 8 9 , 1 2 ; 6, 2 0 , 2 ; 7 ,
97 , 4 f ; f . in N c t .6 , 69 , 8 pith e t i b o e 6 5 — Th e e .
cip i vi st a i s qu t e O scu re
in 7 , 7 1 00 5 : v er se 6 , ,

“
Wh at w as to be descri ed in th ee [M u i r w h at h adst th ou t o ,

b l am e] O Vi sn u wh en th ou declaredst I a m Q i p i vi st a ? D o not
, , ,
‘ ’

co n cea l f rom u s th i s th y b e au ty (di s g u i se wh e n in b attl e th ou

a s su m es t a n oth e r form .

[Q pi i vi s t a z L u dw ig a d l oc r e n d e r s b a l d h e ade d
(R v 1 . .
“ -
.
,

see h i s note R v 4 1 53 a nd M u ir O S T 4 8 7 f ] ,
.
, , ,
.
,
.

2 1 5 7 9 9 1 w ith 1 1 5 5 5 4
.
,
l 2 2 2 0 ; 1 1 5 4 5 ; cf 1 0 1 7 7 1
, , ,
. .
-
, , , , .
, ,

S ag e s b eh ol d w ith h e art a nd m in d t h e b i r d a dor n e d b y t h e powe r of

t h e Asu r a i e t h e s u n pi ctu r ed as a b i r d ; see 1 0 7 2 8 in N ote 22 6
”
,
. .
, , ,

a nd 1 0 1 4 9 3 in N ote 3 7 0
, ,
.

2 1 6 S a v i t a r (fr o m r oot 3 2 ; P res s va ti ; A or as a vi t) Mu ir ’

. 84 1 4, . u . : ,

O S T 5 1 6
. 2 —1 7 ;
0 G K
,
R 4 6 f : 2 3 8 ; 5 8 1 — S a v ita r a nd S fir y a . .
, ,
.

c
f g
. e 4 . 1 4 . 2 : G od S,
a v it ar r ai s e d h i s b a nn e r h ig h p r ov i ding ligh t
, ,

f or all t h e w or l d Sury a h as fill e d t h e ea rth a nd h eav en and t h e w i de ,

re al m O f a i r w ith be a m s S ury a p rote ct u s f r om

”
1 0 1 58 1 : .
, ,

h e av e n v 2 : Re j oice CR) 0 S avitar . v 3 : S avitar “

,
n . “
,

give u s v 4 : We w ou l d see th ee o S urya . 1 35 1 1 1 ;

“
, , ,
-

7 , 63 , 1 f .

21 7 . nligh te ned (p et e nd) th e w orl d “

S a vi ta r e r

1 1 10 3: S a vi ta h as a w ake n e d (as va t) i mm ortality

,
“
r3 33 6 u , ,

Go d S a vi ta h as led u s w ith be au te ou s h a n ds a t wh ose i m p u ls e

r ,

(p as
r a vé
) w e fl ow 5
'
82 4 : S e n d (3 6
2 1 7) u s t od a y g o d S a vi t , ,
“
0 7 ,
ar ,

t h e b l ess ing w ith ch il dr e n ; dr i ve aw ay ( p a ds va ) e vil dr eam s

”
r u

[ 1 0 2 7 , 4 a
p a s a ,O f S ur y,a ]; 2 38 1 -
uv Th e div in e in cite r
, , ,
“

com es t o a r ou s e va l sa vi tcl a vé a n m r th r x m pl e s in
”
(d y )
‘

e u e ou s o e e a c s

Mu i r O S T 5 1 6 5—1 68
, .
, .

21 8 5 81 4 . to S a v i t a r :
, Th ou gladdenest t h vself in
,
“

S ury a s b eam s 7 63 3 : Th is god (se S firy a ) s e e m s t o m e t o b e

’ “
, .
,
1 48 TH E RIGVEDA .

a S a v i t a r, n e ver ch a nging th e sa me or de r . In 1 0, 1 3 9 , 1 , S avit a r

is ca lled “
S u r y a b ea m ing -
, 7 , 6 6, 4 ; 1 , 1 2 3 , 3 ; 7 , 45, 2 ; e t c.

5 , 82 , 8 ; 5,
21 9 8 1 4 — 5 3 6 7 1 5 1 7 4 5 2 — 6, 7 1 ,
.
, , ; , , ; , , . . .

2 ; 8, 27 , 1 2 : “
v it r
Sa a h as r i him l
a s ed se f u p ef o e y ou , des a e he b r ir b l
t n h ig h pli t
s a ds u f e d ; t h e t w o foot e d a nd t h e four f oo e d, t h e s - -
t tr iv ing
a nd t h e fl ying h av e g o n e t o r est 1 35 , , , 2 ; 7 , 45, 1 ; 1 , 1 2 4, 1
3 , 3 8, 8 .

2 20 . 1 , 3 5, 3 2 ; 5 , 8 1.
, 4 (in N ote 7 , 3 8, 1 w ith 1 , 73 , 21

( t“
r u e lik e S a v it a r
”
; a sol 9, 97, 7 , 38 , 2 ; 7 , 4 5 , 3 ; 1 , 35 , 3 ; f
c .

v er s e 1 0 a nd 67 1 5 ; , ,
5, 8 1 , 2 .

2 21 . 6, 7 , 38 , 3 ; 1 1 ; 7 , 4 5 , 4 3 ; 6 7 1 , 6 ; 1 , 2 4, 3 5 .
,
-

(1 ,
in
1 1 0, 3 , N ote 2 1 7 ) 4 , 5 4 , 1 f , ver se 3 W h atever (O ffe n ce) w e .

h ave comm itted b y w ant of th ou gh t a g ain st t h e di v in e r ace — b y

, , ,

f ee b l e n ess of u n de r sta n ding b y v i ole n ce afte r t h e m a nn e r O f m e n , , ,

e ith e r a g a in st g o ds or m e n do th o u O S av it ar f r ee us f r om g u ilt
” -
.
, , ,

1 0 1 7 4 S a v it a r i s
, ,
lik e Pfisan ; N ote 2 1 2
, .

2 2 2 4 5 3 2 ; 1 3 5 1 1 ; 4 53 4 — Th e f oll o w ing v er ses f r o m t h e

.
, , , , , , .

E ve ning H y m n 2 3 8 To S a v it a r i s a l so a ddr essed t h e c e le

, ,

b r a te d G ay a t r i or S av i t r i t h e da ily p r ay e r O f t h e B r ahm a n s (Rv , .

3 62
, ,O f S a v it a r t h e h e a ve nly t h at l ong e d for gl ory m ay w e , ,
-

w in ! and m ay h i m self in spir e ou r p r ayers ! ”

N0 g ood and su fli c “

i ent e xp l a n at i on of t h e pe cu li a r san ctity att ach ing t o th i s v e rse h as

e v er be e n gi v e n it i s not m a de re m ark ab le e ith er b y th ou gh t or di c ,

ti o n a m ong m a ny oth er Ve di c v erses of s i m il ar ten or I t s mean i ng

, .

i s a m atte r of som e qu esti on de p e n ding on t h e m e aning gi v e n t o t h e ,

v erb in t h e secon d p ada dhzma hi wh eth er w e m ay rece ive g a in ’

,
‘
, ,

w in or let u s m editate I f t h e l atte r be c orr ect th e corr esp on d

,
’ ‘
.
,

e n ce of r o ot a nd m ea ning b et w ee n th i s v e rb a nd t h e f oll ow ing n ou n ,

dki y a Z z in t h e th ir d p ada ca nn ot b e acci de nt a l a nd s h ou l d b e r e g ar de d

, , ,

in tr a n sl ating : w e m u st re ad and m ay h e in spire (or qui cke n ) ou r ,

m editati on s (ador ing or p r ayerf u l — S ay a n a gi v es no “

l ess th a n fou r di fl er ent e x pl a n ati on s of th e gay a tri a nd lea ves h i s ,

reader s fre e ch oi ce as t o wh i ch th ey w ill accept ”

I Vh i t ney C ol e .
,

brooke s Mi sc E ss ays p 1 1 1
’
.
,
.

223 U s a s : a b ove p 54 w ith Not e 2 0 0 wh ere in 1 1 1 3 3 it i s al so

. .
, , , ,

s a i d of Nig h t a nd M o r ning th a t th e y ar e t a u g h t b y t h e g ods t o

go
th e ir w ay ”
Savitar : 4 1 3 2 .
, , .

2 2 4 4 1 3 3 (a b o ve p 55 : wh om th ey h ave m ade 7
f
“
.
, , o .
,
.
,

6 2 , 2 ; 7 , 60 , 1 2, 8 ; 7, 1 0 , 3 7 , 5 — 6 , 51 , 1 ; 7 , 6 1 , 1 ; 7 , .

6 3 , 1 ; 1 , 1 1 5 , 1 ; 1 , 1 3 6 , 2 ; cf 5 , 66 , 2 a nd t h e y n 1 , 1 5 2 , e sp e . h m
c i ally vs 3 5 ( 1 3 — 7 63 5
.
, , ; 7 , 60 , 5 ; cf : 8 90 , 2
-
In d a e en s ays , . r v
of h i m self , 1 0 , 48 , 1 1 : A s god, I do not di stu rb the decr ees of t he
1 50 TH E RIGVEDA .

Z n) ; 50
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7 a r c; dp y m ep a vvos ,
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Z eb; 6 eo a a , A 1 09 7 6K m i l/ T a T éT v KT a t,
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Z n) ; 77 1 1 9 1 6 Ka i o fi a voii da r e de wos ,
1 i 7 p p .

Z eb; 0,0 0 l Z eb; dp fl p or o; n ia cin) ,

pm]
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Z eu; a k a /1 11 7 0 1 )
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Z eu s 7rO V7 ov
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p t Ca Z eu s nAw s 7736
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a d m] in ,
KTA. , and th e like .

226 . R oth D i e h och ste n GOt t er der A r is ch e n V Olker

Th e A di t y as : ,
’
’

ZD MG 6 6 7—7 7 ; M u i r O S T 5 5 4 5 7 ; GKR 1 9 f
.
, 1 41 2 ,
.
,
-
. .
, ,

27 1 0 1 85 Th e l ong r e cogniz ed i de ntity O f t h e In di a n A d i t y a

, .

w ith t h e I ra ni a n A m e s h a Q p e nt a i s follow e d ou t in details b y ,

J D arm est et t er O rm az d et Ahr i m an l eu r s origin es et leu r h i stoire

.
, , .

Pa ri s 1 8 7 7 p p 7 —8 4 For t h e m ost frequ e ntly m e nti on e d cf N ote

,
. .
, .

22 7 .

M itra V a r u n a : M u i r O S T 5 5 8—7 6 ; GKR 1 3 f : 1 1 5 2

and , .
, . .
,

7 61
, t h e e x c ell e nt m o n o g r a ph V a r u n a u nd Mit r a Ein B e itr a g zu r , .

E x eg ese des Veda von Dr Alfred H illebr an dt B resl au 1 87 7 O n ,

. . .

Mitra N ote 2 2 8 ; on Varu n a Note 2 41

, , .

S e v e n A di ty as a re m enti one d 9 1 1 4 3 (cf Milller Tr ansl ati o n 1 , , , .

, ,

2 40 f ) for th e ir n a m es of Note 2 2 8 — I n AV 8 9 2 1 A diti i s called

.
,
. .
, ,

t h e m oth er of e ig h t s on s w ith wh i ch cj l RV 1 0 7 2 8 9
“ ”
. .
, , ,

“
Eigh t s on s t h ere are of A diti ,

Wh o f r om h er b ody w ere p r odu ced .

With seve n s h e app roach ed t h e gods ,

B u t t h e egg b or n sh e c ast aw ay -
.

With seven only A diti

Approach ed t h e forme r race of g ods .

To b irth at fi rst b u t t h e n t o de ath , ,

Th e g odde ss br ou g h t Mar t anda b a ck ,

a nd th e tta ch ing t o th ese v erse s : R oth I St 1 4

legend of th e CB . a , .
,

392 f Th e egg b orn i s t h e su n pi cture d as a b i r d ; cf N ote 2 1 5

.
“ -

, . .

[ L u d w R v 5 4 4 3.a nd M u ir O S T . 4 1 3 f ]
, , . .

Th e l ate r p eri od m enti on s t w el ve A dity as w ith distinct refe re n c e ,

t o t h e m onth s .

227 Th e i m po rt a nt h y m n 2 2 7 (2 1
. in v 1 na mes Mitra , .
, ,

Ary am an Bh ag a D aksa A nca V aru n a Th e n am e of t h e s eve nth

, , , ,
.

A dity a c an n o t b e di scove re d ; it cann ot be In dra nor S av it a r (7 , ,

8 5 4 ; V81 4 7 ; 8 1 8
,
th ou g h i n is ol ate d — a l way s l ate — verses
.
, , ,

of t h e Rig (1 1 50 1 3 ; 1 1 63 1 3 ; 1 1 9 1 ,
9 ; 8 9 0 1 1 ) t h e w or d
, , , , , , ,

A di ty a as afterw ar ds sta n ds a s an a ppe ll ati ve for s u n

, ,
.

V e ry r arely app e ar
A n ca (p orti o n) : t h e App ortion er and ‘
,
’
 NO TE S .
1 51

D a k s a (ab i li ty strength in telle ctu al po wer ) t h e C ap ab le

, ,
‘
,

C l e ve r ; s om e wh at m or e f re qu e ntly
’

B h a g a (p orti on ) t h e Dispe n se r Pr otector L ord see espec , ,

.

7 4 1 2 —4
,
H i s n a m e as a n appe ll ative in t h e I r a ni a n a nd S l a voni c
,
.

tongu e s m ea ns God .

Th e f oll ow ing a r e a lm ost n eve r m e nti on ed sep a r ately

A r y a m a n : t h e B os om fri en d ; 1 ?6 50 1 A ry a m an -
, ,
“
,

w h o giv es w ith ou t b e ing a sk e d ( f M at t h 6

”
a nd c . .
,

M i t r a th e Fri e n d ; t h e only hym n addre sse d t o h i m i s 3 5 9

:
‘ ’
,

1 7 b u t b oth e s pe c i a lly t h e l at te r a e v e r y O fte n c o nn ect e d wi th

( ) , ,
r

V a r u na (p 6 1 f Note . .
,

Th e l ast three o r e v e n t h e du a l div ini t y M i t r a V a r u na (cf

,
-
.

Note 2 2 6) serve as t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e A d i t y a s i n
g e n e r a l On th i s accou nt and t o avoi d t oo frequ ent repetiti on s in
.
,

t h e f oll ow ing n ote s t h e h ym n s t o t h e A dity as a nd t o Mitr a V ar u n a

,
-

a r e t r e a te d to g eth e r t h e l atte r di sting u i sh e d b y t h e S ign

,

228 . 8 , 2 5, 1 7 sa mr ci
’

j d
y y )
s a 8, 90 , 6 :
“
Ye r eg ar d '
the i m
m orta l ordin an ce s of m ortals inv i ol ab le 7 65 2 (d dn i m ,
.
, , ev
’

t
“
Th e l a ws of t h e m or a l a e as e te rn l a nd n ch a nge a b l e as th ose of r a u

t h e n at r a l w or l d u Th e s a m e div in e p o wer h . e st a b lis h e d t h e one as

a nd t h e oth e r Th i s po w e r i s r e p re se nte d b y a c i r c le of div initie s w h o

.

m ay b e m ost pertin e ntly e ntitl e d t h e G o d o f H e a v e n l y L i g h t s .

H u m a n i m m a gi nat i on w as a b l t o fi nd no vi s i b l e th ing wi th wh i ch e

they co l d be com p re d s av ing t h e light Th y a e and are n a med

u a ,
. e r

the S p i r i t u a l R oth J A O S 3 3 40 f ; f R oth Z D MG 6 69

”
.
, , ,
. c .
, .
,

a nd Miil le OGR 2 9 4 f r, . .

229 66 2 w ith 8 2 5 l ( f 8 2 5 3 ) and 6 6 7 5

.
, T h e f ol
, , o .
, ,
*
, , .

l ow ing ve rses all from t h e ab ove n ame d hy m n 2 2 7 are in p a rt take n

,
-
, ,

ou t of th e i r o ri gin a l s e q e n ce (1 1 a b w ith 9 c d 1 4 a b w ith 1 1 c d u ,

Th i s or de r will h e r e e x c se its el f u .

230 8 47 1 1 . Ye l oo k down A dity as li ke w atchme n fro m t h e

, :
“
, ,

b attle me nts — Mitra Va ru n a a t t h e sh ining of t h e daw n at t h e i

.
-

, r s

ing of t h e su n m ou nt their fi rm h igh est seat t h e gol den thron e wh ich

, , ,

r ests on a t h o sa n d br az e n col mn s ; f rom then ce th ey l ook pon t h e

u u u

in fi nite and t h e fi nite t h e y e v e n l o o k i n t o t h e h e a r t o f m n , a

5 6 2 8 7 w ith 2 41 5 ;
, ,
. 7 61 f 6*
5 1 , T h e d i
, v in e , , c .
, :
“

powe r of y ou twa i n i s i mpe ri sh ab le y e h asten c l o s e l y r g a r d i n g , e

e a c h o ne i n h i s c ou r s e N ot f a a w ay a e t h e t w o
”
; 1 0 65 5 :
“
, , r r

all r l e r s w ith th e ir s pi ri t In 6 67 5 c nning n eve r deceive d

”
-
u .
, , u ,

s pi es a e ass ign e d t o th e m ; so
r 7 6 1 3 5 (1 5 ) a"
, , .

From t h e broad earth and fr om t h e h eights of h eaven

Ye se n d abr oad y ou r spi es th at n eve r tire ,
1 52 TH E RIGVEDA .

In every pl ace thr ou g h fie l d and h ou se th e i r p rese n ce

, ,

Un ceas ingly k eep s w atch on e ach tr a n sg ressor .

y ou r avenging spi rits O y e Mig hty

A ll , ,

In wh om ca n b e pe rceived no form or token ,

Un err ingly t h e si n of m en th ey p u ni sh ;
A nd n oth ing i s s o h i d a s t o e scap e y ou
”
.

Cf a ls o 2 2 7 1 6 .
, ,

231 7 66 1 1 : Th e y or der e d t h e y ear s m onth s days (Gen 1

.
, ,
“
, , .
,

1 4 ; P s a l m 7 4 1 6 1 7 ; 1 0 4 1 9 ; J e re m 3 1 3 5 ; Yacna 44 3 : Wh o
, .
, .
, ,

or der e d t h e p a t h of t h e s u n a nd t h e st a r s ? W h o (or da in ed) t h at t h e

m oon ow w ax es now w a n es [on thwa t cf BR s ub 3 tva ] ; 6 6 7
n ? ,
" . .
9
, ,

6: Th e y e x te n de d e a r th and h e a ve n as a dw e lling of m an
“

at 5 69 4 :, Y ou wh o ar e t h e s u pp or te r s of t h e et h e r t h e a tm o sp h er e
,
“
,

a nd t h e ea rt h re gi o n s ; cj l v w ith 2 2 7 8 9
”
1 - * 5 76 2 .
, , , .
, ,

Th e s u pp orte r s of t h e p e opl es ; 7 6 4 2 : St rong l or ds O f t h e r i ver s

“ ” “
, ,

se n d r ef r e sh ing r a i n f r o m h ea v e n G u ar di an s of t h e
”
;
*
7 ,
“

w orl d ; a ccor ding t o “ 8 90 2 th ey gu i de t h e su n w ith th ei r arm s

” 9
, , .

—3 3 8, 5 f
,
.

232 A v e n g e r s o f m u c h w r o n g th ey gr e w u p i n
.
* 7 , 60 , 5 :
“

t h e h ou se of t h e rig h t ; 7 66 1 3 : J u s t b o r n a nd str e ngth e n e d in

” “
, , ,

rig ht h ating wrong te i b le

,
rr " 6 67 4 : Th e i r m oth e r m a de t h e m
,
9
, ,
“

terri b le t o t e de ceit l an ; 7 65 3 Bin ding wr ong w ith m an y

h f u m
” " 9
, ,
“

b on ds not t o b e overstepp ed b y t h e dece itfu l m a n 1 1 39 2 : For , ,

“

t h e s ak e of righ t th e y lay h ol d on wr ong w ith t h e wr ath of th e ir

s pi r i t Th e j u st l ou dly p r ocl a i m t h e ri g h t
”
8 25 4 : , ,
.

233 th ei r spi es are ca lled in v i sib l e ( in wh om c an be p er

.
“
So “

ce ve d no f or m or t ok e n
i *
7 6 1 5 in N ote 1 1 05 1 6 : Th e “
, , , ,

p a t h wh i c h i s p r e p a r e d f o r t h e A dity as p r a i s e w or th
y in t h e h ea ve n s

i s not 0 g o ds t o b e ov er ste pp e d y e ca nn ot p er ce i ve it 0 m orta ls

”
, ,
.
, ,

8 25 9 :
, S ee ing f u rth e r th a n t h e ey e w ith u n cl ou de d vi si on e ve n
,
“
,

s l u mb e r ing th ey o b se rv e atte nti ve ly

”
; 6 5 5 (in Not e 5 , ,

62 6 : , F or t h e r ig h te ou s f ar r e a ch ing p r ote ct or s w i t h h a n d s
“
,
-

cle a n fro m b l ood With th i s cf In dr a s wor ds 1 0 a nd

. .
’
,

1 0 1 1 3 5 i n N ote 22 4 (i e In dr a fi g h ts for th em ) a ls o 6 6 8 3 a nd
, , . .
, , ,

7 8 5 3 in Note 2 42
, , .

234 . 6 , 67 , 6 ;
* 41 , 5 ; * 7 , 6 1, 4 ; 8 , 56 , 1 3 ; 1 ,
* 5 , 69 ,
4 ( r
se e w In d a s ords, 1 0 , 48 , 2 in
’
N ot e 7 6 1 4 T h e m oon s
9"
, ,

of t h e g o d h a te r s dw in dl e p ow e r l e s s Y e st r ik e to earth “
-
1 1 52 1 , ,

e v ery im pi ety a nd pr otect t h e r ig h t 5 67 3 : Th ey foll o w t h e de , ,

c r ee st e p b y s tep 1 1 36 1 Th e i r do m ini o n th e ir divinity no one , ,

: ,

”
c an a ss a il " 7 60 1 0 6 6 7 9 9 9"
; ; , , , , .
1 54 TH E RIGVEDA .

o r igin al signifi catio n O f t h e god O ften ap p ea rs ; 8 4 1 7 Like a , ,

“

c l o a k h e s p r ea d h i ms elf ov e r a ll t h e w o r l d s u rr ou ndi ng i t s r egi o n s ,

v 3 H e e n closed t h e nig hts and skillful ly e stab lish e d t h e m or ning s ;

.

h e i s see n a b o u t all t h ing s T h e thr e e

”
(f 1 2 5 7 87 5 : o .
, , , ,
“

h e av en s a e e n closed b y h i m ; thre e e a rth s b e n e ath a ser ies of si x

r , .
”

Th e y e w ith wh i ch h e b e h ol ds t h e z ea l ou s a m ong m en ( 1 5 0
e , ,

6 ) i s of c ou r s e t h e n in t h e S k y H e s i od O D 2 67 H i su . . .
a l/ 7 01
°

A 0 ; 0 66 9 0 4 0 ;
1 i mi fi ; 0 w it h H o rn
1 1 1 3 2 77 : fj é k ds 9
Ka l/ T a VO O a
'
. .
, t
,

'
S op h Ant 8 7 9 A i st op h Nu b
"

O; m i 6¢ p € i§l/ 7 t mi "
Ew i s O Ka l/ 7 a x o z ec . . .
,
r . .

'
2 8 5 : 5p m y elp
’
lfiep o ; i ka y efr a t
’
a (
p t a TO V G e ua
, pp p a ea t s 6V et c .

M a c r ob S a t 1 . i S alem J ovi s ocu l m app ell at ant i qu i t a s

.
,
21 , 12 : q u a u .

“
Th e two br ig h t e y es th at r u l e t h e e a rt h a nd fi ll t h e thr ee h ig h est
s p a ces t h e s u r e a b o de O f V a r u n a (8 4 1 9 f 1 7 2 1 0 T h “
, ; : ey e n , , c .
, ,

dowe d h i m w ith b eau ty wh e n th ey c r e ate d t h e t w o i mm or ta l e y es of

h eaven s n a nd m oon (w ds 0959 71 1 09 i np of t h e m oon A esch
u x r 11 11 ,
( ut , .

S e pt 3 9 0 Pe r s 4 2 8
. t h e a dj ecti v e f ou i f a c ed (ca ta r a ni ka : 5 4 8
,
.
, ,

5 ) r efer s t o t h e f ou r qu a rte r s of h e a v e n .

Th e a b ov e m e nti o n e d (p 5 9 N ote 2 2 6 f ) f r e qu ent c o mb in ati o n

-
.
,
.

M i t r a V a r u n a b ring s ou t t h e t wo s i des of t h e All cont ain er t h e

- -

,
’

s h ining day sk y a nd t h e gli mm e r ing nig h t sk y b oth of wh i ch m or e

‘ ’ ‘ ’
- -

, ,

o ve r V a r u n a a l on e di s pl a y s e g 8 41 1 0 : W h o m a de a nd e n cl ose d ,
. .
, ,
“

t h e gl ea m ing wh ite a nd t h e b l ac k (i e day s a nd nig h t s ; 7 8 8

) 2 : . .
, ,

Wh e n I ob t ain a v i s i on O f h i s featu res ,

H i s f orm a pp ea r s t o m e lik e gl e a m ing fi re ;

S O m ay t h e ru l e r le t m e v ie w in h e av e n
Th e w o n dr ou s gl ory of t h e lig h t a nd da r kn e ss .

l a t e r ti m es Var una i s l ower ed t o a m e re god of the wa te s wh ich

In r ,

st r ea m dow n f r o m t h e s k y t o e a rt h ; of w it h N ote 2 4 5 a l so 7 3 4 1 0 f .
, , .

8 41 2
, , Wh o sta n ds at t h e sou r ce of t h e stre a m s in t h e m i dst O f t h e
“

s e v e n s i st er s i e ri ve r s ; 8 5 8 1 1 1 2 ; 7 4 9 3 a nd in g e n er a l
”
,
. .
, ,
. , ,

M u ir O S T 5 7 2 f and H i llebr a n dt Va ru n a u nd Mitra p 83 ff

,
.
,
.
, ,
. .

2 4 2 1 0 1 03 9 : . Th e h ost of In dr a t h e h er o a nd V a ru n a t h e
, ,
“

king ; especi ally 7 8 2 2 4 6 and 7 8 3 9 (2 9 3 0

”
a nd t h e , , .
-
, , ,
.

p as sag es 1 0 8 9 8 9 ; 1 0 1 1 3 5 in N ote 2 2 4 ; b es i de 6 6 8 3 (3 1 ) and

, ,
.
, , , ,

7, 85 3
Th e one fi e n d w ith m ight and lig htning
de stroy s t h e ,

Th e oth e r i s a cou n se ll o r of w i s dom .

Th e o ne p r otects t h e t r i b es f a sep a r ate d ,

r ,

Th e oth e r s l ay s h i s e n e m i es t h e m ig h ty
”
.
,

7 , 2 8, 4 In th ese days h elp u s 0 In dr a for h ostile ch a m pi on s com e

:
“
, ,

o n in gl ea m (of w ea p o n s ) [s o w ith Gr as sm a nd H il l ebr a ndt a g a in st .

,

GK R 7 6] t h e wr ong wh i ch H e s inl ess b eh el d in u s m ay w i se V a

.
, ,
 NO TE S . 1 55

r n a h en ceforw ar d p as s over 7 8 4 2 : May V a r u n a s wrath

u , ,
“ ’

p ass b y ; m ay In dr a O pe n t o s a n m pl e sp ace v 4 A d i t y a
us u a . :
“

tak es aw ay wrong t h e h r disp en se i mme asu r ab le w e alt h — Fo

,
e o s . r

t h e mu t a l r el at i on s of b oth g d t h e h y m n s 4 4 2 (26 ) nd 1 0 1 2 4
u o s , a ,

a e s pe ci ally c h a r a t e r i sti c ;
r f M i r O S T 5 1 1 6 f ; H ill e
c br a n dt o . u , .
,
.
,

Varu n a u nd Mit ra p 1 04 f ,
. .

2 43 4 4 2 3 —4 w ith 8 42 1
.
, ,
5 85 1 ; 7 8 7 5 ; 8 , , , , , , ,

2 5, 1 8 .

2 44 . 8 , 41 ,
w i se one bring s m any a w i se w ork t o com
5 6 . : Th e

p l e t i o n in wh o m a ll w i s do m i s pl ace d a s t h e n av e i nt h e wh ee l ,
”

( d i ff e r e n t ly b y H ill e br a n dt p f 5 8 5 5 6 — 8 4 2 1 ; ,
. c . , , .
, ,

10 :
“
Wit h a p r op h e h eld t h e t w o w orl ds ap art Wi sdom in t h e .
”

h eart 8 42 3 O God in cre ase th is p r a ye r O f t h e learner and h i s

, ,
: , ,

p ow er 0 Var n a and k n owl e dg e — 1 9 3 6 Th e eagle brou ght

,
u ,
.
, , :
“

t h e S o m a fr o m t h e r o k f N o t e 2 8 9 c o . .

245 . 7 88 1 , W h o br ing t u s t h e g r eat ex alte d s n steed t h at

,
“
s o u -

gr ants a th ou san d gifts F o King V a r n a m ade th a t

”
1 24 8 .
-
, , :
“
r u

broa d p ath fo t h e su n t o travel ; h m a de fe t fo t h e footless t o

r e e r

tre ad and scatte red th at wh i h w o n ded t h e h e art c u .

Th e W a t e r s 1 0 75 2 Va r n a ope n ed for thee O S in dh u

: , , :
“
u , ,

p ath s t o fl ow 1 0 1 2 4 7 With t tro b le Var u n a e t t h e w ate rs

, , : ou u s

f r ee f N
c o t e .2 4 1 ; 4 4 2 4 ; 5 8 5 (A m o s 5 8 ;,9 5 8 5 , 6 , , , , , ,

( E cc l es. 1 7 b o v
,
e p : a2 2 8 4 T h e o r de r e r .o f t h e w o r l ds , , :
“

m ade t h e r ivers ru n et c ”
, .

2 46 1.
, Avesta Yt 1 3 3 (Not e 2 8 5 a 2 86 a ) : Th i s , .
, ,

h e ave n ab ove gl a ming and b eau tiful li k e poli s h ed bra ss in app ea r

,
e ,

a n ce sh ining o v e r t h e thr ee div i s i on s O f ea rt h

, wh i h M z da w e rs , c a a

like a g rment sp a ngled w it h star s god w ov e n (R oth) — 5 8 5 1

a , ,
-
”
.
, ,

( sa mr dj ) . 8 , 2 5, 1 8 ; 5 , 8 5 , 5 ; 8 , 42 , 1 ; 8 , 4 1 ,
4 .

’
247 4 , 42 , 3 sa m m dh ci r a y a mc a ) ; 8 , 41 (dha r td
’

a i ra a 5
.
y ,

bkdva né ndm) ; 7 , 8 7 , 2 ; 1 , 1 15, 1 , (N t o e 5 , 85, 3 .

2 48 . 7, 8 8 , 5 ; 7 , 8 7, 5 ; 1 , 2 5, 2 0 (thr ee h e a v e n s [N ot e 2 83 a ] a nd

t hree ar t h ; 7 e in Note 2 41 ; 8 4 1 9 et c a nd three a i

s , , ,
.
, r

r egion s ; so nin e h om es as in t h e old Nor e b li f Zi mm er AIL

“
,
”
s e e .
, .

— 2 27 10
; 7 8 7 6 , E ven t h e fl yi ng b irds do not r each t h e
, , , .

b n ds of V a r n a d m ini on not t h e ceasele ss m ov ing w ater no

ou u
’
s o ,
s, r

t h se th at s rp ass t h e W in d s s w iftn e s s : 1 2 4 6
’
o u , , .

249 . 10 et c .
; 1 , 2 4, 5 4, 1 8 et c .
(
at
8 , 2 5, 1 7 :
“
Th e
tt t
O ld s a u e s o f the a ll -
r lers abov p 5 9 ; PS 1 48
u ,
—”
e . .
,
2 , 28 , 8 ; 8,
42 , 1 — 1 0, 1 1 , 1 : H e k n w s v e ryt h ing li k e V r n a
o e , a u .
“
R l e r of u

a ll 5 85 1 ; 6 , 6 8 , 9 ; 8 , 42 , 1 ; — Varu a
, , 1 , 2 5, 1 0 ; o
f . 1 ,
2 5, n
1 56 TH E RIGVEDA .

br ing s t h e su n as t h e light of day ; by h i s ordin an ce t h e stars kn ow

th ei r p ath a nd t h e m oon m oves lig h t gi ving t hrou g h ou t t h e nig ht : 1 -

2 4 1 0 ; of PS 1 3 6 8 f ; J ob 3 8 3 1 f ; J e e m 3 1 3 5 Th u s sa it h t h e
, . .
,
.
, . r .
, :

L ord whi ch giveth t h e s u n for a lig h t b y day and t h e ordin an ce s of

, ,

t h e m oon a nd of t h e s t ar s f or a lig h t b y nig h t ; PS 1 4 8 3 f 6 : H e .

, .

h ath a l so stab li sh e d th e m (su n m oon a nd star s) for ever a nd ever : h e ,

h ath m ade a decree wh i ch s h all not p ass .

250 . 1 2 4, 1 0 ; 8 , 41 , 5 (of S o
, ma , 9 , 87 , 3 ; N ote 1 ,
25 , 7 8 . .

— 1
, 25, 9 — 1 , 25 1 1 ; 8 , 25, 1 6
. :
“
He o nly , the l or d of the h ou se ,

sees m u ch a nd far 1 , 25, 5 . 16; 9 0 , 2 ; 7 , 3 4, 1 0 .

251 . 7, 3 8 , 41 ,
-
2, 2 8 , e .

252 . R oth D er ,
A t h ar vave da . Tu b ing e n 1 8 5 6, p . 29 M u ller ,

Ch ip s, 1 , 4 1 Int r od
M u i r O S T 5 6 4 1 2 6 ; MTr 1 63
,
. 2 43 f ; .
, .
,
. . Lu dw .

Rv 3 3 8 8 — I n t h e l a st v erse in stea d of m m i not l h e h ol ds h ou l d

’
‘
.
,
.
, s

p erh a p s b e r ea d w it h BR 5 7 64 ; 7 4 0 9 m c i not i h e s u rve y s .

, ,
’

, .

2 28 V r u n a t h e l ord of
6 10 8 , 42 , 2 — 1 2 4, 9
253 ( 7 “
.
, a, . . .
,

r e m e di es V aj S a n h 2 1
”
,
8 42 3 (in N ote . 1 1 05 1 5
-
.
, , , , ,

Varu n a creates p r ay ers ; w e call t o h i m a s t h e in ventor of s ong s ; h e

c all s f orth dev oti on in t h e h e a r t
” — On 7 8 7 4
; f
o 1 5 1 2 6 .
, . .
, ,

m
( y ste r i es of c r e ati o n ? GR R 8 w ith n c
f A m o s 3 7 : S u r e ly t h e . . .
,

L or d God w ill do n oth ing b u t h e re vea leth h i s secret u nto h i s ser ,

v ants t h e p roph ets Ps 2 5 1 4 . .

,
.

254 . 7, 8 6 , 2 ( 1 , 2 5, 5 . 2 , 2 7, 1 0 c
f . 7, 8 9 , 1 a nd 2, 28,
5 . 7 9 . b l essed li fe a m ong t h e g ods p 69 f Th e t w o foot
; on th e , . .

n ote s afte r R oth Z D M G 7 6 07 and J A O S 3 3 41 and 342 ,

.
,
.
, .

, 2 4, 1 1 ;
255 1 , 1 3 9 , 2 (in N ote
. 1 1" 7, 8 6 , 2 7 , 8 7, 3 ; 1 , 25,
1 3 ; 2, 28, 7 1 , 2 4, 1 3 1 5 (on p 6 8 : In ch a in s and in Note 22 5 )
. . .
“
,

1 , 2 5, 2 1 w
T a k e a ay t h e u n de rm of t h e b on ds
ost 7 88 7 [ Cf , , . .

7 8 9 2 4 : I go sh aking lik e a p u fi ed u p skin

, , .
“
I st a n d i n t h e -
.

m i dst of w ater y et th irst con su m e s m e ; b e m erc if u l O L ord forgive

,
”
, , ,

i e drop sy s ent as p u nishm ent ]

. . Cf 2 2 7 1 6 (2 3 ) 2 2 9 5 ; 8 . .
, , , , ,

56 8 —, 6 74 4 ; 1 0 85
. 2 4 ;
"
7 6 5 3 (in N ote 2 3 2 ) a nd 7 8 4 2 (t o
, , , ,
9
, , , ,

Y ou w h o b in d w ith b o n ds w ith ou t cor ds

”
I ndra V aru na ) ~
1 25 .
, ,

1 4 ; 7 2 8 4 (7 6 ; of N ote — V aru n a h i m sel f i s s i nl es s and u r e

, , p .

a nd j u st h e p u n i sh es every error ; Le vi t 1 1
,
44 : Ye sh a ll b e h oly for .
, ,

I am h oly .

256 (in N o t e
. 242 ; of 4 1 4
7 , 8 4, 2 ; 1 9 4 1 2 ; 7 9 3 7 6 0 .
, , , , , ,
.
,

8 ; * 7 62 1 2 4 1 1 : With ou t wr ath att e n d t o u s

, ,
1 25 3 ; 1
, ,
“
, , ,

2 4 1 4 — PS 6 2 ; 3 8 1 : O L or d r e b u ke m e not in t h y wr ath : nei

,
. .
, , ,

th er ch aste n m e in t h y h ot di spleas u re .
1 58 TH E RIGVEDA .

intercou rse ? of Ps 8 9 5 0 : L ord wh e re are th y for m er l oving kin d

. .
, ,

nesse ss wh i ch t h ou s w arest u nt o D av i d in t h y t r u th PS 7 7 6 —1 0 .
, .

263 A fter 7 8 6 3 4 w ith 2 2 8 6 ; 7 8 8 6 (6 2

.
, , . w ith , , , , . .

t h e foll ow ing v e r s es of : 5 2 7 (t o Agni : N ote , ,

A nd f r o m a th ou s a n d pill a r s Cu nah ce p a
Th e f etter e d th ou di ds t l oose ; f o r h e e n t r e a t e d
F r om u s t oo ta k e a w ay 0 God t h e fetter s
”
, , .

2 6 4 6 51 8 :
.
, By a cts of de votio n I seek t o b l ot ou t si n a lrea dy
,
“

comm itted GR R 7 , . .

2 6 5 M u ll e r C h ip s 1 44 ; of R oth Z D MG 4 42 7
.
, M ii ller in t h e
, ,
.
, .
, .

2 d e diti o n a dds t h e w or ds of L e s s i n g (v ol 1 1 6 3 L ach m ) .

, , .

With ou t t h e b eli ef in a f u tur e li fe a fu tu r e re w ar d and p u ni sh ,

m e nt no re ligi o n cou l d ex i st a nd th ose of S c h o p e n h a u e r (Parall

,
”
, .

v ol 1.
, 3 7 ) on t h e r eal Je w i sh re ligi o n of G e n esi s and t h e h i stori ca l
“

b ook s . D eta ile d p r oof th at t h e b e l i e f i n a p e r s o n a l i m m o r

t a l i t y no t o n l y e x i s t e d i n t h e o l d e s t I n d o G e r m a n i c p e -

ri od i n gen era l tr aits b u t w a s a l s o de v e l o p e d i n m a ny ,

p a r t i c u l a r s m u st b e r e se r v e d f o r a n oth e r occ asi o n ; I c o n fi n e m

y
sel f i n t h e f o ll ow ing t o a fe w in di c ati on s (N otes 2 7 0 2 8 6 w ith t h e -

acco mp a n y ing f oot n ote s ) and r efe r in a dditi o n t o t h e g e n er a l w or k

-

of E . S pi e ss E nt w i ckelu ngsge sch i ch t e der Vors tell u ng e n v om Z u

,

s t a n d nach de m To de Je n a 1 8 77 t o t h e w ork s of W G e ig er D i e M .
y , .
,

th e n vom To d u nd Jensei t s bei den In dog erm a n e n in Lin dau s N ord ,

’

u nd S ii d V o l 1 1
, O ct 1 8 7
. 9 p 8 4 —
,
1 03 ; .
,
.

On t h e V e d i c beli ef t o Wh itn ey O LSt 1 46—64 ; Mu i r O S T 5 , ,

.
, , .
,

28 4—3 2 9 ; M Tr 1 8 6 ; .

On t h e I a n i a n r
b elief t o H b sch m ann in t h e J ah rb ch er f r ,
u u u

Prote st Th eol ogie 1 8 7 9 p 2 0 3— 2 45 ;

.
, ,
.

On t h e b eli ef of t h e G r e e k s t o We i sse in Fi ch t e s Z eitschr i ft f r ,

’
u

P hil os u nd Sp ec Th eol V ol 2 1 8 38 ; E Cu rti u s in Altertu m u nd

. . . . . .

G eg en w art 1 8 7 5 p 2 1 9 —2 3 6 ; K L ehrs in t h e P opul are A u fs at ze

.
, . .
‘ '

2 d e d 1 8 7 5 p 3 0 3 3 62 ; J Gi r a rd L e senti m e nt reli geux en Grece

.
,
.
-
.
,

d H om er e a E sch y le
’
.
2
1 87 9 , p 2 07 f . .
, 2 47 if .

2 66 . ti m e in 1 0 1 54 2 : Wh o throu g h p e n an ce are
F or t h e f i r s t , ,
“

in v in ci b le wh o throu gh p en an ce atta in e d h eaven w h o accom pli sh ed

, ,

m igh ty acts of pe n a n ce vs 4 5 : th e rig h teou s Fath e r s s ing er s . .

“
, .

267 Af ter 1 0 1 8 1 0 1 2 1 3 (ab ove p 7 7 f ) and v 1 1

.
, , . . . . .

2 68 Th e g r a v e as h o u s e of t h e de a d b o dy : s ee p 7 7 f w ith
. . .

N ote 3 2 9 — E vi dence t h at t h e soul i s con s i dere d as com ing from

h eaven and r etu rning th ith e r a s i t s h o m e : see N ote 2 7 5 .

2 69 1 0 1 4 1 (1 4 6 )
.
,w i t h , 4 d — V i v a s v a n t t h e god of ,

t h e b r e a k i n g lig h t of day t h e m orning s u n i s t h e pers oni fi c ati o n , ,

 NO TE S . 1 59

o f a ll ph n om e n a of light i s c a lle d t h e f ath e r of Ya m a and t h e go ds

e , ,

a re h i s rac e ( 1 0 1 4 5 ; 1 0 5 8 1 ; 1 0 60 1 0 ; 9 1 1 3 8 ; 1 0 1 4 1
, , , , , , , , , , .

1 0 63 ,
Th a t Ya m a i s r ea lly l ook e d u p o n as t h e fi r st m an i s
,

e x p r ess ly s ta te d in A V 1 8 3 1 3 v a r i ants t o AV 1 8 1 49 RV 1 0 .
, , ,
.
, , . ,

1 4 1 ; N ote 2 7 6 of Web er s I St 1 4 3 93 and Zi mm e r AIL 4 1 5 (in ’ 9"

.
, ,
. .
, ,

O ppo siti o n t o wh i ch Mii ll e r L S L 2 5 2 9 ,

.
,

GKR 1 46 (j aj n mczs be l ong s not t o j nci b u t t o j a n as G r a s s

‘ ‘ ’

270 . . c , ,

m a nn t a k e s it in a ll p a ssa g es e x ce pt th i s L u dw ig in m ost p assa ge s ) ,

.

On p ada b of in t h e Avesta Y acna 43 1 3 t h e de si re for e t e r n a l

.
,
:
“

l i f e w h i c h n o o ne o f y o u c a n a s s a i l for t h e b ette r exi ste n ce

, ,

wh i ch sh all be in Th y kingdom To t h e Fath er s (p i t p i ta a s)

”
.
‘ ’
y, r

s p i r i t s o f t h e de p a r t e d r i g h t e o u s (p 7 0 ) corr e
’ al‘
i e the
. .
‘
.

sp ond

v a s h i s am ong t h e Ir ani an s (Note 2 8 3 t o 2 86 ) ;

th e F r a 0 a

the h e r o e s o f t h e p a s t a nd t h e O i w p qi a mong t h e
“ ”
eo ar
’

oc

G r ek s (Note 2 8 5 a)
e

t h e D i v i M a n e s a n d L a r e s a m ong t h e R om an s (N ote 2 83 0 ,

285 a
) .

271 . Afte r 1 0, 1 6 , 2 ; 1 0, 1 8, ( 1 513

2 ; a bo v e p 7 8 I settle . :
“

firm ly now t h e earth ,

10 , 14 8 : ,
“
f ee f r rom all im pe rfe ti on c

(see N o t e 1 0 1 5 , , 1 4 ; 1 0 , 1 6, 5 (in Note 1 0 5 6 1 (in N ote , ,

27 2 . 1 0, 1 7, 3 6 -
(ab ove
p 5 6 w ith Note 2 1 2 ; w ith P san S av itar . u

i s m e nti on e d in 1 0 1 7 4 Note , , :

27 3 Th at be fore t h e fi n al e ntr a n c e int o t h e l a n d of t h e b l e sse d a

.

str e a m w a s t o be cr osse d i s in di c a te d b y 1 0 6 3 1 0 May w e e mb a r k , ,

:

fr e e f r o m s i n (0 09 0 8 0 3 v ar of AV 7 6 3 ) on t h e div in e sh ip w ith
0 ,
. .
, ,

g ood o ars 9 4 1 2 (cj l t h e v ari ant SV 2 3 1 3

”
.
, , 2 4 3 ) s ee m s t o .
, , , ,

p oint t o t h e bri dge ofte n m enti on e d in t h e Av e st a May w e su cceed :

in p assing over t h e bri dge h ard t o r each afte r con q u e ring t h e god ,

l e ss e n e my ”
More m ater ia l on th i s s u bj e ct i s presente d in t h e Ir an
.

i an G reci a n a nd G erm a n s ou rce s

, .

Tw o br oad n ose d fou r—e ye d sp otte d (ca ba la ) dog s t h e 0 &

’
274 .
-

, , ,

s p ri ng O f S a r a m a p 4 2 N ot e 1 4 9 u py t h e p a th a nd g u a r d t h e
( ) o cc .
,

e nt r a n c e of Pa r adi se in o r de r th at no g o dl e s s pe r s on m a s t ea l i nto
y ,

t h e r e gi o n of t h e b l e sse d 1 0 1 4 1 0 p 7 0 ; 1 0 1 4 1 1 (p a thi a l si ’

, , , .
, . r c :

273 0 . On th e C i nv a t -
b r i dg e (
“
r
B i dg e of t h e Ga t h e e rr of the
I r ni n
a a s, c f . t h e f o ot -
n ot e s 2 74 0 a nd 2 83 0 .

274 0 . Th e I r n i n b li v
a rdin g t V n di d d 1 3 9 (2 5 S pie
a s e e e a cc o o e a ,

ge l ) t h at t wo d g g r d t h Ci n t bri dg l din g t P r di
o s ua nd pe va -
e ea o a a s e, a a ss

ab e l
nly f o or th ri gh t
e Th n m f th g rdi n K pB p m ng
e ou s . e a e o e ua a
’
e e os a o

t h e Gr e k s h
e as l ng b n r gni z d i d n t i l wi th S k t g i
o ee v ri e
ec o e as e ca . a rvc ra ,
‘
a
1 60 TH E RIGVEDA .

'
v a r i ant of AV 1 8 2 1 2 : p a thi di ) cf 1 0 1 5 1 . T h e F at h e r s
, ,
sa .
, , ,

w h o e nte r e d u n h a rm e d into t h e s p i r it w or l d a nd t h e f r a g m e nt 7 5 5 , , ,

2 —4 wh i ch des c r i b es a s c e n e a t t h e e ntr a n ce of t h e w or l d of t h e de ad
,
.

“
A de a d m an w h o h as r e ach e d th e co n fi n es of t h e sh a dow king dom
,
-

i s stoppe d b y S a am ey a w h o sh ow s h i s teeth a nd i s a b o t t o att ack

r ,
u

h i m Th e n h e c on j u res t h e m on ster t o s leep ; le t h i m attack th i eves

.

a nd r obb e r s b u t t h e s p eak e r i s a n a do e r of In dr a a nd a s s u ch i s e n
,
r
,

title d t o a dm i ssi on A uf recht I St 4 3 42

”
.
,
.
, .

A ccor ding t o t h e oth er fr ag ment 1 0 1 4 1 1 1 2 t h e t w o n eve r satis , ,

.

fi ed dog s ( in tu r n i f w ith S ay a n a 1 2 9 3 sh ou l d be refe rr e d h e re )

“ ”
, , ,

a b ou m ong m en sea r ch ou t t h ose w h o a re t o di e a nd a ccom p a n

g o
t a
y ,

th em su rely Cf M u i r O S T 5 2 9 4 4 3 9 . .
, .
, , .

275 1 0 1 5 1 4 ; 1 0 1 6 2 ; 1 0 1 4 8 (1 47 ; a b ov e p
.
, , Th e , , , , .

h eav e n i s th erefor e t h e h om e of t h e s ou l t o wh i ch afte r death it

, , , , ,

r e t r n s p u r i fie d ( f ree fr om all
u 1 0 1 6 5 : Dis “
, ,
“

m i ss h i m a g a in 0 Agni t o t h e Fath ers ; 1 0 5 6 1 : Wh e n th ou , ,

”
, ,
“

e nt e est th y (ne w ) b o dy b e w e l co m e b e dea r t o t h e g o ds in t h e h ig h

r , ,

es t h o m es h e re b e l ong s a lso 1 0 1 3 5 (h y m n t o Y am a at t h e fu n er al ,

of a boy ) v 5 : I Vh o g a ve li fe t o t h e b oy ? Wh o m a de h i s car r oll

, .

f orth ? Wh o t o day c o u l d tell u s h ow h e w as gi v e n b ac k ? -

A ccor ding t o 1 0 1 6 3 : Let t h y ey e go t o t h e su n th y bre ath t o , ,

“
,

t h e w in d ; go t o t h e sky t o t h e e a rth ac cor ding t o (th y ) n atu r e ; go , ,

t o t h e w ater s if th at i s destin e d f or t h ee ; e nter int o t h e pl ant s w it h

,

th y m emb ers m an ca m e fr om t h e e difi ce of t h e w orl d ; Zi mm er AIL

”
, , .

40 3 p oint s ou t a n a l og ou s G e rm a ni c co n cepti on s in G ri mm Myth ol 1 ,

.
,

4 64 ff .
,
4t h ed .

g a t e d,
sp ot t e d a n ol der di a l e c t i c by f orm of t h e a dj ec t i ve g bd/ sed of
,
’
-
a a u

Y m a s dog a b ov e M ii ll ip A W b r
’
a g Csh s 2 1 8 0 ; L S L 2 4 9 7 ; : e e e r, e . .
, ,
.
, .
,

I s t 2 2 9 8 ; cf I S t 2 2 2 9 f ; K u h n K Z 2 3 1 4 ; B é a l H e r c l e e t C
.
,
. r. s ,
.
,
.
, r ,
u a cu

p 1 2 1 1 30 ; fin a lly B enf ey GOt t Gel Anz 1 8 7 7 8 f Ve di ca 1 49— 1 63

. .
, . . .
, . :
-

I f a ny t hing i s c er t a in t h e a g r e em en t of 9 0 1 w i h ’

g t K B
p p i s ,
0 0 0 ,
a r oa r a e e os

as re d A nd y et a ccor di ng t o th e de ci si on of a c omp et ent j u dge l a t ely

su .
,
‘

p ron o n ced no a dv an t age f or Greci a n my th ol ogy i s t o be l ook e d f o

u ,
‘
r

f r om In di a W e m ay t h e re for e exp ec t t o e e sillin e s ses lik e t h e c omp a r

.
’
s

i s on of K pB p a nd ép B p ra ded on ce m ore Au frech t I St 4 342

’
e e os
” ’
e os a , , .
,

275 rning t h e b li ef f t h e I r n i n we l e rn from t h

0 . C on c e e o a a s, a e

B nd h e h ( w rk q i t y ng in i t
u e s mp i t i n b t in nt nt f c n
a o u e ou s co os o ,
u co e s o o

si d bl n t i q i t y ) Th o l i r t d b ef or t h e b dy
er a e a u It m :
“
e s u s c ea e e o .
”
co es

f r m h e v n nd r l e t h e b dy
o a l ng i t li v ; wh n t h e b dy di i t
e a u s o ,
as o as es e o e s,

i m ingl e d wi t h t h e
s rt h nd t h e l g e b k t h v n (B n de ea ,
a sou o s ac o ea e .
”
u

he h s 1 5 1 7 e d J t i pp 1 7 2 3 ; f Spi egel E ni h ch e Al t ert m

, c .
, , . us ,
.
,
o .
,
ra s u s

ku n d 2 e, ,
1 62 TH E RIGVEDA .

9 a nd A e sch Su ppl 1 5 7 : . . 7 0V Z fiva 7 03V K6 K 1 7 1< 07

p 7 wv,
fgm . 22 9 D 2 24 N e tc , ,
.

280 B es i de t h e t ext only p as sa g e s wh ich sp ea k in ge n er al of a

.
,

j oy fu l life of b li s s ; se e 1 0 1 4 3 6 9 (1 46 wh ere w aters fl ow , , . .

“
,

day s a nd nigh ts inte r ch a nge l o t h e delig h ts of e a rth a re a l s o . .

f ou n d ; 1 0 5 6 4 ; 1 0 1 5 8 9 a nd t h e like ; sc atte r e d p as s a ge s 1 0 5 6
, , , ,
.
, ,

3 : G o t o t h e l o v ely
“
(80 w o m e n 0 1 m a i de n s a cc pl u r 10 .
°

, . .
,

1 35 1 ,
B e n ea th wh at tree w ith b e au tif ul foli ag e Yam a dr ink s w i th
“
, ,

t h e g ods th e r e t h e F ath e r f ou n de r of ou r r ace c ar e s l ov ingly f or

, , ,

o u r a n c est or s M or e of t h e s a me n atu r e i s fou n d in t h e m ore p op

”
.

ul a r A t h a r va ve da a nd l a te r : Th ere w a rm gr a te ful br e ez e s b l o w “
, , ,

c oo ling r a in f a ll s g e ntly ; th e r e t h e r e ar e b as in s o f c r e a m br ook s in ,

wh i ch h on ey fl ow s stream s fi lle d w ith m ilk carry ing su r a in ste ad of

, ,

w ate r ; gli ste ning cows gi v ing m ilk at w ill wh i ch do not ki ck ou t t h e ,

f oot c om e u p t o t h e r i gh te ou s and t h e w e ak e r h a s not t o p a y t r i b u te

, ,

t o t h e str ong er Zi mm er AIL 4 1 2 f ; Mu ir O S T 5 3 0 3 —3 1 1

.
, . .
,
.
, .

31 4 f .

281 Wh at sh all b e t h e em ploy m e nt of t h e b lest in wh at sph ere

.
,

th ei r acti v ity sh all ex pen d itself t o th i s qu estion a n cie n t H in du w i s

dom sou g h t no a n s w e r Th e ce rta inty of h a ppin ess w as e n ou g h f or .

it ”
. R oth J A O S 3 3 44 ,
.
, .

282 . 1 , 24, 1 . 2 :
“
Wh o sh a ll gi ve us b a ck g r eat A diti ? I
to the
w ou l d b eh ol d m y fath er and m oth er Av 6 . 1 20 3 :,
W h e r e v i r tu
,
“

ou s f r i e n ds r ej o i ce — t h e r e w e w ou l d see , ou r p a r e nt s a nd ou r ch il
”
dre n .

2 83 Th e dat a for t h e b eli ef in a p e r s o n al i mm or tality

.
, a h appy

283 A ccor ding t o t h e t es tim ony of D i og L a ert Th e p omp s h d

0 . . .
,
o u a

a l re dy t o l d t h a t t h e I r a n i a n s b e li e v e d in t h e i mm or t a li t y o f t h e so l
a u :

Mdy ovs (11 1 70 2 7 0 11 3 dVOpdnrovs , 16 0 2 50 6 0 9 0 1 61 60 7 0 7 0 0 3 , or ,

1
11 0 7 0 7 0 15 1
'
wi t h A en e a s of Ga z a : 6 at p ooi0 7 pns 7 poA 6 7 6 1 , 153 60 7 0 1 7 0 7 3 x pévos, 62 1 3
r
vex pé w 0 11 01 0 7 0 0 1 : 30 7 0 1 (C M il ller, F gm H i st G
‘

1 , 2 89 , n 7 1 Wi n . . . . .

di s h m nn Z o
c ta S t d p 2 33
, W e now k now m ch m re nd
r oa s r . u . .
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a

m or d fini t ly fr om t h A v est t h e cr d crip t u re of t h e E a t rn Ir n

e e e e a, sa e s s e a

i an wh i ch h owev e r t ill p r e en t gr e t di ffi c l t i
s, ,
of in t erp r t t i n ; t o
, s s s a u es e a o

def en d h r my t r n l t i ne e f e v n t h few p g f rom i t wo l d l d

a s a o s o e e a ss a es u ea

t oo f v i de nt p r i t i !
ar : Ven d 9 44 W a Ann o n ce t o m n t h e e .
,
. :
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u a as

rew r d of t h e
a t h er w rl d t h e g in of (t h e b e t pl c ) P r di
o f 13o a s a e a a se o .
,

8 Yt l 25
T h er e a e (im p eri h b l en e ) c o m p l t e n e s
.
,
“
r s a ss e s

a nd i m m o r t a l i t y which e t h e rew r d f t h e ri gh t o , ar a o e u s

w h o h v e a t t a i n e d t o P r di Th y wi ll t t in t
”
a Yc 45 5 a a se . .
,
:
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e a a o

c mpl e t n ess a nd i mm or t li t y t hr
o e gh t f righ t eo n e Y c 43 a ou ac s o us ss . .
,

2 f T h e ri gh t eo s sh ll g in t h e b t t hing ; h w h uek A h ra a a es e o se s u
 NO TE S . 1 63

co ntin u ance of life in t h e other w orl d h ave bee n give n in t h e preced ,

ing ; see t h e foot n ote 2 8 3 0 -

.

M a z da ly p iri t h ll t t in t t h h e v n l y l i g h t ( f
,
the m o st h o s ,
s a a a o e a e c .

50 ,
nd t t h r efr hm n t wh ic h h e giv r lly t t h ri gh t e
a o e es in e ,
es ea o e ou s,

f llnu ll t h d y
es s, a f n e t erni t y M y th t m n pr p r m r who
e a s o a . a a a os e o e

s h w o s th t r i gh t p t h
s u f t hi (em b di d )
e s art h ly w rl d nd t h e a s o s o e ea o a

s p i i t wr l d t t
~
h t r eora b o d e w,
h e r e oA h r d w ell e
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Yc 5 1 1 3
u Th e s u a s . .
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so l of t h
u wi cked p eri h b t t h e so l of t h e p ri gh t i nfirme d nd
e s es, u u u s co a ,

t hr gh i t d e d t h r
ou gh i t wor d
s t t in s t o t h e r gi n by t h
e s, ou bri dge s s, a a e o s e

o f t h e G t h r r (N t h e p t h of t h e ri gh t eo W h en t h e ”
t a e e o e a s us .

spiri t f t h ri gh t eoo ov e r t h t bri dg e h s c om e f r om t h e p ri h bl e t o

e us a a e s a

t h e i m p e r i h b l e w r l d i t g es j y f lly t o t h e g ol den t h r n e
s a o f ,
o o u o s o

Ah r M z d f A m esh a ent (of N t

u a a a, o t G nm an th e a . o e o a ro a,

brigh t gl m i ng P r di e t h dwellin g f Ah r M z d of A m h
,
ea a a s , e o u a a a, es a

Qp n t e f t h e t h e
a, or ri g h t o
”
( f t e r V n d o 1 9 3 0 f ( 1 0 1 fi ) w i t h V i p e us a e .
, . . s .

7 l (8 — O t h r e e f ol d t h i r d h i gh t f h v n of t h V da
’
the
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( N t e 2o48 f t h e a rr a n gemen t Y t 22 1 4 f
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j i K h r d 2 1 4 5; .
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7 , 8 if , ed . W e st .

On the F r v hi
a a s s, c o rr p ndin g x tly t t h F t h r (N t
es o e ac o e
‘
a e s o e

n gh t r f r t t h in B r nd Z ll r Th l J h b 8 2 9 1 f ’
it is e R ou o e e o o au u e e s eo . a r .
, .

a nd Spi g l Ue b et d se e ,
ers z . es A v t 3 xxix E r n A lt t h 2 9 1 fl nd t
e a , . a . er .
,
.
,
a o

t h e f ll wi n g N t e
o 2 84 t 2 86 o o s, 0 o 0 .

I f m on g t h G r e k s H m er s epi c doe not h ow t hi b e li ef i n i m

’
a e e o s s s

m rt li ty y t t h e beli f i n c ntinu e d exi t n e of t h e s l i n b t t r

o a ,
e e a o s e c ou ,
a e e ,

h ppy lifa a f t e r de th li ved mon g t h e p e pl fr m t h e l d t

e a , a o e o o es

t i ms n t fi r t
e ,
t h e t aching of p hi lo op h r s
o no l s a ne t h nas e s e ,
as e ss o a

A ri t ot l di t inct ly inf rm u s (Pl t C n l a d Ap ll

s e s 27 p 1 1 5 C) o s u . o so . o . c .
, .

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6 1 07 6
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p o i 6 20 1 1! 0 1 616 6 ? 7 03V 5 577 7 0V 71 0 1 7 01}
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p 7 6 7 0 A 6 7 61 1 6 V0 60 7 w . On t h e
Fa t h e r s,
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the ‘
F rv a a sh s i of th e G r k ee s, se e N ot e 285 0 .

Th e b e m n i n h p p y f t r ( K h n w rd
li ef of th e R o a s a
‘
a u u e
’
s ee u
’
s o s

i n N t 3 1 5 ) fin d i t m t l q n t xp r
o e i n i n t h r n wn d l t f t h s s os e o ue e e ss o e e o e cu o e

di v i M n nd t h L r ( t bae nn t e d in
es pi t f F ra nn r e a e s o co ec , s e o e e ,

H ti V t es 1 8 64 p
a th
-
It li F t h r
es a , Th mm m f ,
. e a c
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a e s .
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e su a r eru o

a n i n t l w r d i n Ci c D L g 2 9 2 2 D
c e a s m m ni m i rea nt s . e e .
, , : e oru a u u a sa c a

su nt ; [io V h l n w i t h
sos t h M n ] l t d
. te. d i vs u o s. a e e ss .
, os e o a o o s
1 64 TH E RIGVEDA .

2 84 . 1 0, 1 5, 1 . 2 ; 1 0 , 1 3 , 3 f ; 1 0 , 1 6, 1 1 f ; 1 0 , 5 6, 2 ; 1 0 , 1 54, 2 . .

1 , 1 6 4, 3 0 . 38i mm rt l :
“
r igin w ith
Th e m r l
o a i s of o ne o t he o ta .

F or t h e a n cest r a l cu lt of t h e Ir a ni a n s G r eek s a nd R o m ans see t h e , , ,

f oot -
n ote 2 84 a .

285 . 1 , 1 6 4, 3 0 ; 1 0, 1 5, 2 ; 1 0, 5 6, 5 ( Wit h m ig h t t h e y m o v e
“

thro u g h the wh ol e atm osph er e , m easu r ing t h e old u n m easu r ed r e

h a b e nt om t her of t h e Gr h i wri t t h
. Co rn li e na, bi th e o a cc ,
es o er so : u

m r t e p nt bi mih i t i n bi D m p nt m (C rn N ep e d
o ua r o, a re a s e v oca s eu a re e o . . .

C L R th p
. . o nd rdi ng t o V rr t t i m ony (Pl t Q a t
, . a a cco a o s
’
es
‘
u . u es .

R ni 1 4 p 2 6 7 B ) t h w r d 0 0
o . . 0 9 7 d were sp ok n i me o s 6 V 7 11 7 6 1/ 7 14 e

m e di t ly f t r t h b rning of t h rp
a e a e S erv d Vi r g A en 5 4 7
e u e co se . . a . .
,

F th or G r m n r f r t Grimm My t h l 3 1 1 32 1 7 2 ff M nn
e e a s ,
e e o , o .
, . . a

h r dt G rm My t h n p 749 In d x
a , e . S l e . .
,
e ee e .

M nnh r dt b rv e t h t t h e C e l t ( j i C
a a o B G 6 1 4 ) h ld the
se s a s c aes . . .
, e

s ma b li f
e th Germ n nd l p 3 2 0 1 c ll t t h e t t im ny f
e e as e a s, a . o .
, .
, , o ec s es o o

th n i nt
e a c e s.

284 Th e I r n i n 0 . p r i e nd h n r ll t h e t r e pi ri t of t h e
a a s
‘
a s a o o a u s s

rig h t e th t ou s,t h t h ve b n nd t h t h ll b e wi t h h nd f rni h ed

a a r e, a a ee ,
a a s a ,
a u s

wit h fl h and c vering wi t h d v ot i n wh i h t t in prigh t n e wi t h rich

es o , e o c a a s u s s,
’

s c ri fi
a e p ci lly on fix e d d y
c es, s (Y t 1 3 2 1 3 1 f 49
e a a s .
, . .

Th lib t i n e nd ff ring f a th d d m ng t h
o s a G r k s a e well o e s or e ea a o e e e r

k n wn ; t h er w r b i d p bli f r f th r d y on whi ch a ll f mi
o e e e, es es ,
‘
u c o e a e s
’
a s, a

li e l ebr t e d t h m m ry f t h ir d p rt d
s ce a e e o o e e a e .
’

V rr t ll of t h R m n (Pl t
a o e s 6 2 m 00 e o a s u . 7 y 7 0 1;

d T r t ll i n m k
’
Ka fid p 9 6 ‘
rre i p0 6 0 3 w
V p w 1e 30 n 7 1. 7 1 V ar e v 1 10 0 7 01 , a e u a a es

t h m t h e r pr
e h (Ap l g 1 3 ) Q i d m ni n d h n nd
e oa c ( o o . u o o a o ora os e os se.

d eo s) f i t i q o d n
ac o n t i m m s t i t i u nf t i ? d p oi nd e a or u s ves r s co e ra s ae es r e,

r p i nd i dem h bit
a as ro t in i gn i
e in t t i q di ff r t b p u l oa us e s a s a u s uo e a e

J vi i li ni m P— Ch r t ri ti lly n gh t h l ng g f t h e R
o s s cer u a ac e s ca e ou , e a ua e o 0

m n ll t h t f b ri l n r v r n t h L t in p l b ing l m n t
a s ca s e ac o u a a e e e ce,
’
e a se e zo
’

e e e e

f or l m n t i d nt i l wi t h S k t p y ami h n r r v r S nn K hn
e e e e ca . sa ar ,
o o , e e e : o e, u ,

S hw iz r S i dl r K Z 1 0 3 2 7 ; 1 1 2 6 2 ; 1 4 1 4 7
c e e -
e ,
.
, , ,
.

285 Th F 0 di n Y h t
. f th eA v t (Y t 1 3 ) de ribe t h
rava r as o e es a .
“
sc s e

s p d nd t r ng th t h e m j t y nd k in dn
ee a s e nd f ri en dlin e ,
f th a es a ess a ss o e

s piri t (fr v hi ) of t h j t ; t h e t r ng vi t ri
s a as h w t h ey c me t o e us s o ,
c o ou s, o o

h elp h w t h y gi ve pp rt t h p werf l piri t f t h e j t (vs 1 R oth

, o e su o , e o u s s o us . : ,

Z D MG 2 5 S p r d t hr o gh ll t h
.
,
t m ph er e t hr gh t h f m i ea u a e a os , ou e a

li e t hr gh vill ge di t ri t l n d t h y h t en t o t h off ering ( 25 v

s, ou a s, s c s, a s, e as e s 6 6
5

7 /1 p 7
7r v 7 0 0 6p m B i g L P 7i m 6 ; Y t 1 3 2 1 4 9 68
11 wh n o . . r oo . .
, . . . e

wi t h b eli ving spirit m n c ll p n t h em nd s ti fy t h m wi t h ff r

a e e a u o a a s e o e

i ng th
s, g d t r ng h ly F r v hi
e oo m m igh t i r m re v i t ri
,
s o ,
o a as s co e, e ,
o c o ou s,

m r h e ling m ore f v ring th n on c n t ll in w r d (Y t 1 3 34 4 7 63

o e a ,
a o a e a e o s .
,
. .

6 4 ; f 75 2 7o .Th ey e p r o p er i t y r f r
. : hing wh re t h y m
“
vi c ar s , e es e e co e
1 66 TH E RIGVEDA .

pl ainly still t h e CB 6 5 4 8 Wh ateve r m en go v i rtu ou s t o h eaven .

, , ,
“
,

t h ese s t a r s are the i r br igh tness ; i b i d 1 9 3 1 0 : Th e r ig h te ou s ”

.
, , ,
“

a r e t h e r a y s of t h e gl ow ing s u n S i m il a r de c l a r ati o n s in t h e M a h a
”
.

bh ar ata : M u ir O S T 5 3 1 9 and n 4 8 7 Cf foot n ote 28 6 0 , .

,
. . .
-
.

287 . After 4 , 5 , 5 ; 7 , 1 0 4, 3 ( int o t h e ab y ss in e n dles s dark

“
,

1 0, 1 5 2 , 4 ( t o t h e u de
“
n rm ost darkn ess ; Ma t t h 8 1 2 ”
.
, ,

286 A ccor ding t o t h e I r n i n b li f A h r M z d by t h e a i d

0 . a a e e ,
u a -
a a,

a nd m i gh t o f t h F ra v sh i r d re d t h e h v e n bov whi ch gl ea ming

e a s, o e ea a e, ,

a nd b e t i f l e n c l ose in i t se l f
au nd r o n d a b
u , t t h t e r th whi c h lik e a s a u ou a a ,

b i l ding st an d ra i e d fi rmly f o n ded f a rea ching like p oli sh e d m et l in

u s s ,
u ,
r -

,
a

a p p e r a n c e
a s h ini ng o v e r t h e t hr e e,
p r t ( f t h e r t h ) [R t h ] T hr o gh a s o ea o . u

t h ir e c t i on nd migh t t h e di v in e ly c r e t e d w t er s fl o w onw r d in t h e i r
a a , a a a

b a t i f l p t h ; th e t ree s grow f ort h fr om t h e e a rt h a nd t h e win d b l ow

e u u a s ,
s

thr gh t h e i r ct ion nd might s n m oon a nd t a r s m ove on t heir

ou a a ,
u , ,
s

p t h s t h e h ea ven t h e wa t er t h e e ar t h wit h i t s b le s ing t h e wh ol e worl d

a ,
s, s, s , ,

r m in e t bli h d (Y t 1 3 2 3 5 3 wi th 1 4 1 6 5 7 2 2 9 1 0 f
e a s a s e All .
,
. . . . . . . c .

t h e nn mb r e d nd inn me r ab l e s t a r s wh i ch sh ow t h em s el v e s ar e c a ll e d
u u e a u

t h e pi ri t of m e n
s (Ma i nj o i K h r d 4 9 22 e d W e st )
s - -
a .
, , . .

T h e n l ogy t o t h e l a t t e r a m ong t h e G r e e k s i s p r ov e d by A ri s t Pa c
a a . .

' '
8 32 011 7 0p 00 0 A ey ovm , 0V 0 ép0 I] 151 3 00 01 1 6 3 , 37
’
0
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: 0 7 1: 0 1 120 7 1 7 11 7 13
7 7 6
p6 s 7 0 V

arroedvp
F or t h e R o m n a s ,
w e m ay co mp re a e
g
. . V i rg G r g . eo . 1 ,
32 f . : Anne
n ov u m t r di s s m e n ib s a dda
a ll q l ocu s E i gonen in t er Ch e
id t us e s u s, ua r

l sq e s eq ent i llp ndi t u ib i d 4 2 2 5 f S cili cet h re ddi dei nde a c

a u u s a r 2
’
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,
. : uc

r e ol t ef e i omni ; ne m or t i e sse l oc m se d vi va v l re llsi deri s in

s u a r rr a c u ,
o a

nu m c m tq ru l t s c ce dere c elo
,
a ue a o u a .

Th e gr e a t e s t i mil a ri t y t th India n b eli e f i s seen in t h e N o r s e

s o e

G e r m a n in which t h e s t rs e e ffect of t h e E lb s (i s ou l of t h e
,
“
a ar s . e . s

st r s a re s o l wh e n chil d di e God m k e a new s t a r ;

“
a u s : a s, a s

t h e sou l of t h e righ t eou s a t t a ins t o Gi m i ll wh e r e u ni t e d wi t h t h e L igh t , ,

e l ve i t h e piri t
s, . f t h e j s t i t im p a r t s l i gh t t o t h e h e a v enly b o di e
e . s s o u ,
s
“
f r om t h e l p roc e e d t h e brigh t n e of t h e s nb e m nd t h e bri gh t
s ou s ss u a s a

n e of ll h v enly b odi
ss a M nn h r dt G e rm My t h en p 3 7 8 3 1 0 3 ;
ea es . a a ,
. . . .
,

43 9 474 . S m r el t e d m t t er in H O t h ofi Q ae s t My t h ol Di er t
.
-
o e a a . s ,
u . . ss .

Phil ol B onn 1 869 p 2 2 f

.
, , . .

287 A m ong t h e I r a n i a n s w e r a d Y e 4 3 5 I t hi nk Th ee h oly

0 . e ,
.
,
:
“
,

b e c se I s w Thee h ow f rom t h e b ginning f t h e c re t r e of t h e

au a ,
e ,
or a u s

e a r t h T h ou m a de st t h ei r a c t s a nd wor ds t o b e a cc omp a ni e d b y r w r ds
,
e a

e vi l f or t h e e vi l a goo d ll ot ment f o t h e g ood t hr o gh t h y xce l ,

a r ,
u e

l ent migh t a t t h e l a st c a t a st r oph of t h e c r t ion Y c 4 5 7 Thro gh

”
e ea . .
,
“
u

h i s h elp a ll s t r i v e f o r ew r d t h o s e w h o h v e b ee n li v ing a nd sh ll b e ; r a ,
a a

t h e p a ssing ov er o f t h e j st i s in t o i mm or t a li t y ; b u t e t e r n l w o e i s u a

t h e f a t e of t h e wi c k e d m n h o e of t h e
”
Y c 49 1 1 I n th a . .
,
:
“
e us

D ru j a re t h e l a t ing a b o des of t h e sou l of t h e wi ck ed wh o w l k in a n

s ,
a
 NO TE S .

' ''
7 0 0 K0 7 0 9 7 0 éfcn ep ov) 9 , 7 3 , 8 ; 4, 5 , 4 ; 1 ,
1 21 , 1 3 ; 2, 2 9 , 6 ; 4 , 2 5 ,
6 in N ote f Zi mm e r AIL 1 63 ; o .
,
42 0 f . .

288 S o m a M i r O S T 5 2 5 8 2 7 1 ; GR R 1 1 0 f
. 9 1 73 ; 1 0 2 5
: u ,
.
— . . : , ,

a nd 7 4 t o Ru dr a S om a I t i s now r ep r e se nte d b y a s p eci e s of -

.

S a r c oste mm a wh i ch h ow e ve r g r ows in m ore s ou t h er ly r e gi on s th a n

, , ,

wh ere t h e se ats of t h e Ve di c [or even Note 2 9 3 In do—Ir a ni a n ] peopl e , ,

lay ; p r ob ab ly w it h t h e h om e t h e pl a nt ch a nge d a l s o R oth BR ”

. .
,

In l ater Vedic wr iting s (OH ) in cas e S om a sh ou l d be w anting su b , ,

s t i t u t e s a re gi ve n [ R ot h U e b e r de n S o m a Z D M G 3 5 6 8 0 ff.
; W 0 , , .
, .

w ach s t der S om a ? Z D MG 3 8 1 3 4 .
,

289 .
(p 63 a nd N t 2 4
8 ; 4, 2 6
o e 4 ; 9 3, 6 ; 5 8 5 , 2
6; 1 , , .

t h e S om a of M ou nt p i l y trong : 1 0 3 4 1 ab ove Mu j avant w as s e c a l s , ,

p . et c ; 9 Th e w i se s aw t h e b eau ty o f t h e Gl a dde ning

.
,
“
,

wh e n t h e fal con brou ght t h e h erb fr om afar 9 8 6 2 4 : Th e w ell , ,

“

w inged brou ght th ee f rom h eaven th at a t adorn ed w ith all song s ,

r .

Diff ere ntly 9 1 1 3 3 (1 1 0) and 9 8 3 4 ; 9 8 5 1 2 ; 8 6 6 4 f [ R oth

, , , , , , , , .
,

D e A dle r m it dem S oma ZD M G 3 6 3 5 3 ff ]

r . .
,
.

290 S om a 9 0 0 01 7 or y a i ci
. Cf e g (Pl u t D e I s i d e t O s i r 0 vc r. . . . . . .

c 4 6 ) Mu i r O S T 2 4 69 fi H au g a nd E s s ay s on t h e S ac r e d
’
.
,
. .
, ,

L ang u a ge of t h e Pa rs is 2 d e d 1 8 7 8 p 2 8 2 f ; G rassm ann Tr an sl 1 ,

.
, . .
,
.
,

1 5 7 ; 2 , 1 83 f .

291 . Of t h e desc . ripti on in Zi mm er AIL ,

. 27 2 f .
— 9, 2, 7 ; 1 , 4, 7 ;
9 , 2 4, 4 ; 9 , 6 7 , 2 .

292 . 8, 61 ,
Note
1 7 ; 8 , 4 8 , 5 4,
8 .
f
c . 1 1 ; 9 , 9 6, 1 4 ; 9 , 9 8 , 4 ( ,

48 1 1 6,
M a k e m e bright li ke gl m ing
. :
“
nligh t n u s and m ak e ea fire ; e e

u s r i ch e r I n t h y i n t o x i c a t i o n S o m a I t h i n k : I ha ll now
.
, , s

Cf 9 4 1 1 0 ; 6 47 3 ; in 9 7 6 4 S om a
”
a tta i n f o t ne 0 i h ma n r u , r c . .
, ,
-

, , , ,

i s c all e d f at h e r ; in 4 p r o du cer of t h e h y m n s ; 8 4 8 3 \Ve , , :

“

e vi l w y a ll int o t h pl ce f r j ec t ion
Y c 30, 1 0 . :
“
T hn e th e fa e a o e

co me t li r s o a s V nd 5 6 1 f (1 74 f ) I n life h e i s n t j t in d t h
. e .
, . .
“
o us , ea

h e h a s no p r t in P r di se ; h e come t o t h e pl ce of t h e w i ck d t h
a a a s a e ,
e

da rk t h , e d rk est t o dark ne
a
”
Ye 5 1 1 3
,
Th e spi ri t of t h e wi ck e d ss . .
,
:
“

pe ri h s es .
”

Th t I n d o G e r m a n i c ( nd G ec o A ry n ) p eri od w a s c
a th e -
a ra -
a a

q i nt e d wi t h
ua p l e of t orm n t f o t h wi k e d W eb er Z D MG 9 2 42
a ac e r e c , , .
, ,

h m de p rob bl fr m l g n d f t h e CB (B h g expi t es h i rr o
as a a e o a e e o . r u a s a

gan e ; t h [ tym l gi lly i d n t i l ] 4 71 7 c n d mn d t h rd

5
c e e o o ca e ca 1 6 1 0 1 a re o e e o a

p in f h ll f t h eir rr g n ) B enf ey ven t t mp t (H rm e Minos

a s o e or a o a ce e a e s e s, ,

T rt r a G6 t t A k d A b h ndl 1 8 7 7 p 1 7 fi 33 ff ) t o p r v t h i den t i t y
a os . . a . a .
,
. .
, . o e e

o f T0p p wi th S k t t lat l (n me of h ll in t h Up ni sad nd

7 a os . a a a a a e e a s a

Pu rana s) .
1 68 TH E RIGVEDA .

h ave dr nk t h e S om a w e are now i mm ortal w e h ave e ntered into

u , ,

lig h t w e h ave know n t h e g o ds Wh at can a n e n e m y now do to u s ?

, .

W h at can t h e m ali ce of a m ortal O I m m orta l now effect ? ”

, ,

Th e intox i cating effe ct of t h e dr ink u p o n In dr a i s de sc r i b e d b y

h i m sel f in 1 0 1 1 9 (8 1 — Wit h t h e p ass a g es m e nti on e d 6 4 7 3
, ; , , ,

3 M u ir O S T 3 ,
2 64 f com p a r es t h e v e r s e s E u r B a och 2 9 4 f :
, .
2
,
.
, . . .

M ob 7 1 9 8 0 Sa fp wv 006
i
0 y 0p fl a x x ei a cp ov Ka i 7 0 1 1 0 1 06306 ;
,
'
/ 7

K y 77 0 00 9 1! 6 6 1
h' 1 X 0 7 0 V 0 9 6 09 6 13
9 7 0
. M y 7 0 0 1 59 ,
N 7 0

u eM ov 7 0 09 6 a s 77 0 1 6 2, N and Cy c l op s 5 7 8 f : 0 0
’

o fi a vé s
, p pn
e v 7
p p o t .

' '
evo s 00 10 5? 6 6 0 90 1 , 7 0 5 A 1 09 7 6 7 0V 9 o vov
G up p e/u
yp I] fiy fi ¢ p
7
p N
7 0 77 0 V 7 6 80 1 1 1 6v On Di onysos a s ‘
th e G re c i a n S om a ,
’

cf M u i.r , O S T 5 , 2 59 f . .

293 In di a n S om a cu lt t h e qu ite an al og ou s H aom a cu lt of

. To t h e
t h e E a stern I r a ni a n s corre sp o n ds ; cf t h e t r a n sl ati on of Y a cnas .

9 a nd 1 0 b y Geldne r M etrik de s j ii ngern A vesta Tii bi ngen 1 8 7 7 p , , , .

1 2 2 f ; Pl u t a r ch tr i e s t o r ep r odu ce t h e re g u l a r B a ctr i a n
”
. I a oma “
z ,

for m of t h e S k t soma D e I s i d e t O s i r 4 6 p 3 6 Q E : 6 1 y dp
’

.
,
. .
, . 77 11 /
I ’I I 9 q
Ko 7r7 0 1 / 7 6 ; Ka kovp ev
n v 6 1/ 0 0 )! c k7 0 .

294 i m ple m in ded A rya n p e ople wh ose wh ole r eligi on w as

. Th e s -
,

a w o r sh ip of t h e w o n de rf ul p ow e r s a nd p h e n om e n a of n a tur e h a d no ,

s oon e r pe r ce i v e d th a t th i s li qu i d h a d p o w e r t o e l e v ate t h e s pi r its a nd

p r odu ce a te m por a ry frenzy u n der t h e in flu e n ce of wh i ch t h e in di ,

v i du a l w as p rom pte d t o a nd cap a bl e of deeds be y on d h i s natu r al , ,

p owers th an th ey fou n d in it s o meth ing div in e ; it w as t o th e ir app r e

,

h ensi on a god e n dow ing th ose into wh om it e nte r e d w ith g odlik e

,

p owers ; t h e pl ant wh i ch afi orded it b ec am e to th e m t h e king of

pl a nts S om a i s a ddr esse d in t h e h ig h est str a in s of adu l ati o n a nd
.

v e n er ati on ; all p owers b elong t o h i m ; a ll b l essing s are b e sou g h t of

h i m as h i s t o b estow et c W h itn ey J A 0 8 3 2 9 9 f O LS t 1 1 0 f
,
”
, .
, .
, . .
, .

It h as alr e a dy b ee n re m ark e d (p 2 1 ) th at a l ar ge n u mb e r of h y m n s .

a re a ddr esse d t o S o m a a m o ng oth e r s a ll th os e o f t h e ninth book ,

In m any p as sa g es it can of cou r se not be dete rm in e d wh eth er t h e , ,

w or d soma i s t o be tak e n a s an app ell ati ve or as a p r ope r n am e .

295 In dr a e g ab ove p 41 w ith Note 1 44 ; cf al so p 3 1

. Of ,
. . .
, . . . He
i s pl ea sing t o all g ods h e intox i cate s a nd gl a dde n s all ; se e e g 9 , . .
, 90 ,
5 ; 9 , 9 7 , 42 , et c.

296 . 9 , 8 8 , 3 ; 9 , 9 6, 7 ; 9 , 1 00 , 3 ; 1 , 9 1 , 1 ; 9 , 7 0 , 9 ; 1 0 2 5 , , 6 8 -

( 1 1 4 )
“
h b
T ou est kn o e st p a t s a nd pl a ces w
o n Pfis a n, p 5 6 h . .

297 . 9, 18; 4 ; 9, 7 0 , 1 0 ; 9,
-
9 , 9 4, 5 ; 9 , 47 , 2
Wh at h e h a d t o do h e h as don e ; t h e dest ru cti on n mi of t h e e e es i s

Som a h a s su nk th e m in sl eep a nd death ; 9 88

” ”
p la in ; 9 9 7 , ,
54 : “
, ,
4:
1 70 TH E RIGVEDA .

31 2 . 2 , 2 6, 3 f ; 6 , 7 3 , 2 — 1 , 1 8 , 3 f ; 2 , 23 , 5 ; 2 , 2 5 , 5 et c 2 , 2 3 ,
. . . .

9 15;
. 1 0 ; 1 , 1 8, 2 ; 3 , 62 , 4 ; 1 , 1 9 0, 8 2 , 2 3, 1 0 1 9 ; 2 , 2 5 , 2 ; .
-
.

4 50
, , 6 ; B rh asp at i s le ss ing s, 2 , 2 5
’
b .

31 3 . 1 9 0 , 1 ; e, z4 , i o ; 1 40 , 5 .
— 2 , 2 3, 2 .
, ,

31 4 . 2 , 23 , 2 ; 2 , 2 4 , 1 . 1 5 ; 2 , 23 , 1 0 .
— 4 , 5 0, 1 1 1 8, 7
,

May h e, w ith ou t wh om e ve n a sa g e s s acr ifi ce

’
r itle ss fu rth er t h e
is f u ,

co u se of r p r ay ers 2 24 9 : .
”
, ,
“
A h ig h p r iest , wh o u nite s and sc at
’
t e rs fi

31 5 . ll e d p a thi k t P a th p r ep a rer and s o

2 , 23 , 6 B r h a sp at i i s ca r ,
“ -

t h e HS 1 8 of f orm e r ti m es w h o p r e p a r e d t h e w ay
”
1 0 1 4 1 5 (1 4 8 )
, ,
“
, .

W h at w ay i s m ea nt in th i s ca nn ot b e dou b tfu l afte r t h e a b ove es p e ,

c i ally f r o m 9 1 13 7 f With th i s m ea ning of p a thi kyt

, , .
,

i d e nti ca l in i t s fir s t p a r t c o in c i de s e x a ctly m h
p o n t f
i ex
( ) a nd s o u c ,

m or e b e cau s e w e kn ow wh at h ig h r ev er e n ce w as p ai d t o t h e M a n es
,

b y t h e R om an s (of ab ove N ote 2 83 f ) s o th ey a g ree at le ast f or t h e . .

,

o l de r p e r i o d wi th In di a n s and G e rm a n s ,
in th eir con cepti on of a ,

h appy fu tu re l ife t o wh i ch th eir Pontife x alon e h ol ds t h e key ,

”
.

A K u h n KZ 4 7 6 f
.
, .
, .

3 1 6 V i ev e d e v as (p
. in GKR 1 26 f : 5 0 a nd 8 3 0 . . .
, .

1 0, 1 00 , 7 .

31 7 . Th e treated b y H a as D i e H ei rat s
W e d di ng H y m n 1 0, 8 5 i s ,

g e br a u ch e
'

d e r a lte n In de r na c h den Gri h as fit r a

j (f
c N o t e in I S t ,
. .

5 2 67 4 1 2 wh i ch i s p r e faced b y W eb e r i b i d pp 1 7 7 —2 6 6 V e di sch e
,
-

, ,
.
,
.
,

H och z ei t ssp rii ch e w ith a t r a n sl ati on of 1 0 8 5 a nd a n u mb er of r e l ate d

, , ,

te xts of t h e A t h arv av eda .

3 1 8 F or t h e a n a logy a m ong t h e Greek s a nd R o m a n s t h e i ag e

p
.
,

of t h e h ig h e st god of t h e h e a v e n Z eus and t h e m o o u , ,

g oddess H era see Rosch er Stu die n zu r ver gl ei ch My th ologi e 2

, , ,
.
,

Ju n o u nd H era L eipzig 1 8 7 5 p 7 0 fi , ,
. .

31 9 1 0 85 1 8 f : . F oll ow ing e ach oth er th ese t w o gl a d ch il dr e n

, , .
,

e n ci r cl e t h e a i r r e gi o n (in st e ad of 0 dkva r dm t h e v a r i a nt a na va m AV
-

,
r ,
.

7 81 1 ; 1 3 2 1 1 ; 1 4 1
, ,
t h e one su r vey s all c r e at u r es t h e oth e r
, , , , , ,

di v i di ng t h e sea son s i s b or n a g a in E ver new h e i s b or n a g ain ; a s ,

.

t h e s t a n dar d of day h e g oe s b efor e t h e D a wns ; h e gi v es t h e g ods

th ei r p orti on s (reg u l ates t h e ti m es of s acr i fi ce ) b y h i s c ou rse ; t h e
m oo n l ength e n s life ”
.

3 2 0 H aas l o p 2 7 3 — I n t h e te x t t h e s u bj e ct cou l d o nly b e

.
,
. . . .

t re at ed bri efly after Oank h Grh y a —sfit r a 1 1 3 (Ol den b e rg I S t 1 5 .

, ,
.
,

27 Par ask ar a 1 6 3 ; cf A cv 1 7 3 f ; s e e Zi mm e r AIL 3 1 1 f , ,

. .
, ,
.
,
. .

3 21 We c a nnot e nter h ere u pon t h e m any a nd far r each ing coin

.
-

c i dences ; it i s s u ffici e nt t o r efer t o t h e t r e ati se s j u st m e nti on e d (N ote

 NO TE S . 1 71

es e c ap i lly t h e index 4 1 0 41 2 ,-
a nd t h e fe w o b servati on s in
J bb . 1 21 , 4 57

P a da c P fi dhi t h e r ich o w ith say a n a Pfisan ? o

322 . . : u ra z :
“
r , r

a sp eci al g ni s ? f B R s v With h i s right h an d t h right h an d

e u c . . . . e

of t h bri d ; f 1 0 1 8 8 (ab ove p 7 7 b ottom)

e e
”
c . Wh o took , , .
,
:
“

t h y h a n d on ce a nd e spou se d th e e
”
t h e de t r m j n ti o of t h e : x er a u u c

R om an s .

3 2 3 I h a v e a l ready sh own in J bb 1 2 1
. 4 5 7 28 t h at t h e c orr .
, , e

s p ondi ng R m a n q nd ( bi 0 ) t o G a i n go G i a w
uaa s o r i g i o u 77 0 1 1 u s, e a

n a l l y s d a t t h e m arri age and n o t (a s it i s gi ve n in m ost of t h e

u e ,

m a nu al s ) on en te ring t h e new h om e .

3 24 Fr om l e ft t o r igh t
.
(p a d a ks i z a m ) 6 065 : J b b i b i d r z : 77 1 10 . .

27 Te a m of h e i fe r s i b i d 2 9
. : . .

325 Zimmer AIL 3 1 3.

, . .

3 2 6 Th e foll ow ing h y m n 1 0 1 8 (se e t h e b eau tifu l re n de ring of

.
, ,

R oth ZD MG 8 4 67 ff and GKR 1 50 H) p res pp oses t h e b ri al on

,
.
,
. .
, u u ,

t h e oth e r h a n d e g 1 0 1 6 ; 1 0 1 7 3 ff t h e b u r ning of t h e c orp s e

. .
, , ,
.
, .

Th e r it a l i s treate d b y M M ii ller in t h e s ppl em ent t o Z D M G

u . u .

9, 1 fi .

327 rees a e freq ently m enti on ed as coffins (AV

. T r 25 3 u . .
,

wh ich r ecall s t h e A llem a ni an Todte nb au m .

’

328 Th i s st a nz a h a s a v e ry s pe ci al in t e re t b ec a se w ith a ve r y
. s , u

s lig h t f or g ery it w ou l d gi ve t h e h ig h est s a n cti on t h e Ve di c a th r i t y , u o ,

fo t h e cu sto m of b r ning t h e w i dow n t h e gr av e f t h e h sb a n d ;

r u o o u

C l e br o oke On t h e du ti e s of a f a ith f l H in d w i dow in h i s Mi sc

c
f .o , u u , .

E ssays 1 1 32 f e d Cowell and Fi t edw a d H all J R A S N S 3 1 8 3 f

, ,
. .
, z r ,
. .
, .

( f r o m 0 b n t y m m g ra le t t
a h e m f iar t app r ach t h e pl ac
o
’ ’

0
’

r e ,
“
s o e,

t h e fo rge r y let th e m e n t e r t h e pl a ce o f
’

h nt y ni m 0 9 7 0 ro a u o 11 0 1 ,
“

3 29 g r a v e i s th u s t h e d w e l l i n g o f t h e b o d y (ab ove
. Th e
p s o a l so a m o ng t h e G r e e k s a nd R o m a n s Th e gr a v e a c “
. : ,

c or di ng t o t h e u ni v e r sa l v i e w of a n t i qu i t y i s a dw e lling into wh i ch ,

t h e de a d e n t e r t h e re t o b e gin a n oth e r a nd b etter e x i sten ce ; it h as

, ,

th erefore t h e ch ar a ct er of a h ous e w h ich requ i res a certain a rr ange

, ,

m e nt e t c Beck er M ar qu ar dt Rtim i sch e A lt ert ii mer 5 1 3 67 f

”
,
.
-

, .
, ,
.

F o G erm a n a n t i qu i t y it s u ffi ces t o r efe r t o We in h ol d Altn or di sch e s

’

r , ,

L eb en p 49 0 f h ere a r eg u l ar h ou se w as b u ilt for t h e de ad

. . .

3 30 re i s al re ady seen t h e present u a g e ; b y t h e R om an p on

. He s

t i fi l law t h e m st essen t i l er m ony at e v er y b r i al i s t h e gl b m i n

ca o a c e u e a

03 i ni ce e ; wh oev e r om itted throw ing a h a n df l of e arth on a n n

r u u
1 72 TH E RI GVEDA .

bu r i ed rp se was g u ilty of a pi acu lu m

co M arqu ardt .
, l c 5, 1. .
, 37 5 ;
cf S op h A nt i g 2 5 6 w it h t h e s ch oli u m a nd t h e I nt erp r
. . .
,
. on H or O de .

1 , 2 8 , 30 f .

3 31 h i s t o r i c a l r e l a t i o n s R oth Z LGW p 8 7 ff ;
. For t h e , , . . .

L assen IA 1 421 ff ; Lu dw ig in t h e N ach r i ch te n (ab ove p

, .
2
,
.
,
‘ ’
.

now e nl arg e d in t h e Mant r ali tt e rat u r Rigve da vol 3 1 67—1 7 7 and “ ”

:
, .
,

2 0 3 2 5 6 and Zi mm er AIL 1 00 1 3 8 ; 1 8 5—2 1 7 ; 43 0 f ; a m ong t h e

-

, , .
-
.

h y m n s a re th os e a lre ady qu ote d b y R oth l c 3 3 3 7 18; 7 , . . , , ,

33 ; 7 8 3 (32 ) by B e l a ng ; det a ils in 6 2 6 ; 6 47 ; 1 0 4 8 ; 1 0 49 ; 1 0

, , , , , ,

1 02 ; et c .

332 . . a b ove p p
Zi mm er AIL 1 0 4 f P rete n de rs i b i d
Cf . 1 7, 1 9 ; , . .
, .

p 1
. 6 5 1 7 5 1 77,(J b b — V i o l e n c e : 1 0 1 66 4 :
-
I h a v e . 1 21 , , ,
“

c om e h ere o v e rp ow e r ing w ith a n a ll s u b du ing h os t ; I m ak e m y se lf -

m aster of y ou r inte nti o n y ou r r es ol v e y our a s semb ly ”—

Coali , , .

t i o n s : e g ag ainst S u das in t h e b attle of t h e t en ki ng s p 8 0 : 7 8 3

. .
,
.
, ,

—
4 8 (3 2 — C o n t e s t s of t h e w a r lik e n ob ilit a g a in st t h B r ah
y e

m an s : Zimmer AIL 1 9 7 f , . .

3 3 3 7 26 1 2 : S o m a not rig h tly pressed (i e wi th ou t s ong )

.
, ,
.
“
. .

does not pl eas e In dr a nor drau g h ts p our e d w ith ou t p r ay er t h e Mig hty ; ,

I m ake h i m a song th at h e m ay rej oi ce in it a m ig hty new one th at , , ,

h e m ay h ear u s 8 58 1 4 : Th e y ou ng h ero di sda in s t h e food p re , ,

p ar ed w ith ou t a song ; 1 0 1 0 5 8 : A s acrifice w ith ou t p r ay er does

”
, ,

not g r eatly ple ase th ee 1 5 3 1 ; 7 32 2 1 : With a p oor song a .

-
, , , ,
“

m orta l g ains no g oo d no r i ch es fa ll t o t h e i m pe r fect 2 33 4 : , .

, ,

May w e not w ak e t h y ang er O L ord by a b a d s ong ”

, , .

3 3 4 Af te r 3 5 3 9 1 1 (accor ding t o R oth s r en der i ng ZLGW

’
.
.
, , , .

t h e fi ne h y m n 3 3 3 (1 32 3 5 3 1 2 — 7 33 2 6 Th e , , , .
, , . .
“

fi n al ou tcome i s h ow ever difl erent : w h ile in l ate r ti m e th e Trt s u s

, ,

h ave di sapp eared t h e B h aratas shi ne forth in br igh t light Z i mm er ”

, .
,

A I L 1 28 . .

335 . 7 , 1 8, 5 .

7 , 3 3 , 3 ; 7 8 3 4 ; 7 , 1 8 , 1 8 1 9 1 3 1 4 ; 7 8 3 4—8 ; in verse
3 36 .
, , . . . , ,

4 V as i s t h a b o asts : O ur m e di ati on for t h e Trt su s h as prev a il ed

“ ”
.

337 . r om a com p ari son of th i s p as s age w ith

6 , 47 , 2 2 ; 6 , 2 6 , 4 F .

1 ,
con cl u de th at V e t a su i s t h e n a m e of
33 , 1 4 ; 6 , 2 0 , 8 ; 1 0 , 49 , 4 I
t h e g en s t o wh i ch D aca dyu b e l ong e d ; so t oo no w Zi mm er AIL 1 2 8 , . .

3 3 8 7 8 4 ; 6 27 5 6 H a i y fip i y a and Ya vy dva ti oth erw i se u n

’

.
, , ,
. . r ,
,

known are p r ob ab ly ri ve r s (Pr ob ab ly not one h nd ed a nd thi ty ;

,
. u r r

f
c . e .
g . ca tu hca ta m V 8 1 . 7 , 4, et c .
)
339 . Th e D an a s t u t i s ar e ite n u merou s es pe ci ally in
qu ,
th e
e igh th b ook ; c f . Lu dw Rv 3 , . . 2 7 4 f ; Zi mmer AIL 1 7 0 f ; for
.
,
. . th e
1 74 TH E RIGVEDA .

ca ttle t e n c h a r iots w ith m a i den s a th ou sa n d and si xty cattle fell t o

, ,

m y sh a re a t t h e dep artur e of day Forty r u ddy steeds lead t h e train .

of a t h ous a n d w it h t h e i r t e n s p a ns ; t h e Kak s i vant s t h e r ac e of t h e ,

Paj a s b o re a w a y spi r ite d r ac ers a dorn e d w ith p ear ls — 6 2 7 8 (a

r , .
, ,

do u b le ch a r i ot tea m t we nty co w s w ith m ai de n s a gif t o f t h e P arth a , ,

-

v as h a r d t o a tt a in ) 7 1 8 2 2 — 8 1 9 3 6 — 8 5 7 1 5 a nd ot h e rs .
-

, ,
.
, , .
, , , .

( Ag a in s t R o t h BR 6 6 6 3 G r ass m a nn Di c
,t 1 2 0 3 a nd T r a n s
. l a nd , , . .
,

D el br ck Ch rest o m 2 1 afte r D ur g a in t h e l ast five p a ssages I t ak e

u , .
, ,

va dhfi i n t h e u s u a l s igni fi c ati o n ; t h at w om e n w e r e gi ve n a s s l a ves i s

s h ow n in 8 4 6 33
S o Lu dw Rv 2 6 22 653 6 5 5 ; 1 42 7 ; 2 2 1 8 a nd
, , . . .
, ,
.
, ,

Z i m mer AIL 1 0 7 ,
ling u i stic e v i de n ce )
. .

342 7 1 0 3 GKR 1 6 9 f ; of : M u lle r A S L p 4 9 4 ; M u i r O S T

. , , . .
,
. .
, .

5 4 35 M Tr 1 9 4
,
. H au g B r a hm a u nd di e B r ahm an e n p 1 2 40 f
. .
, , . . .

does not con s i de r t h e h y m n a s a ti r e ; frog s a nd p r i e sts are m e nti o n e d

together o nly b ecau se b oth h ave r eferen ce t o ra in ; s o G B u h l er I . .

c a nn ot a gree w it h Gu b er na t i s or B e r ga i gne R evu e Cr iti qu e 1 87 5 , , ,

2 39 3
, q u e ,
l es g“
r e n o u ill e s dont il s a git i ci sont des g r e n ou ill es
’

m yth i qu es ”
[ Th i s i s one of t h e three r a in br inging h y mns t h e
.
-

oth ers be i ng 7 1 0 1 a nd 7 , ,

343 9 1 1 2 GKR 1 6 7 ; M u i r O S T
.
, ,M Tr 1 9 0 .
,
. . .

344 1 0 9 7 t r a n s l at e d b y R oth ZD MG 2 5 64 5 f a nd GKR

.
, , , .
,
. .

1 7 2 if .

345 . 1 0, 1 2 7 , GKR Mu ir O S T 4 49 8 Cf t h e b eau ti

. 1 38 f ; .
, .
, . .

ful praye r t o Nig h t for p rote ction AV 1 9 4 7 tr an sl ate d b y A , .

, , .

K u h n , KZ 1 3 , . 1 3 1 f ; M u i r O ST 4 49 8—5 00 ; and Zi mmer AIL

.
, .
, , .

1 79 f .

346 . 1 0, GKR . 1 40 f . M u i r O S T 5 423 MTr 1 8 9 , .

, . . .

B r oa d h u m o r h ow n in t h e is S s ol i l o qu
y o f t h e into x i ca te d In dr a ,

1 0 1 1 9 G KR 8 1 f
, , Mu i r O S T 5 9 0 . .
,
.
,
.

347 GKR 1 58 fi . M u i r O S T 5 425 M Tr 1 9 0 R H ei nzel

. .
,
.
,
. . . .
,

S til der a ltg erm a ni s ch e n P oe s i e S tr asbu rg 1 8 7 5 p 53 , , . .

348 Th e h y m n 1 0
. 1 1 7 (1 5 5 f ) i s a coll ecti on of s aying s ; t o , .

v e r ses 1 —6 wh i ch descr ibe t h e b l essing of w e ll doing oth er p assages

,
-
,

h ave b een added ; cf also t h e so c alled Son g of Wi sdom 1 0 7 1 .

-
, ,

( 1 62

349 m u ch s pe aking b u t not s ile n ce brou g ht i n g old t o t h e

. H ow , ,

B r ahm a n s i s sh ow n e g in N ote 3 41 ; t h e b lessing of t h e r e w ar d of . .

s ac r i fi ce i s th e r e for e p r a i s e d in t h e h ig h e st str a in s in a sp eci a l h y m n

, , ,

1 0 1 0 7 (M u ir O S T 5 4 3 3 ; v e r ses 8 1 1 MTr
, ,
in t h e l ate v erses
.
,
-
.
,

1 1 8 5 ; 1 0 1 0 3 8 it i s a ddresse d di r ectly as a go d (dak si na) t og eth er

, , , , , ,

w ith In dr a So m a B h asp at i and t h e M aru ts 1 0 1 07 5

, , Wh o r ,
.
, ,
“
 NO TE S . 1 75

v gi v b r h i l n —
e er es da s n goe s
k i a ef o e as t h e e f o f t h e c a (f 4 5 0 7 9 c o . , ,

1 40 7 8 ; 1 1 90 5
, ,
I con sider hi m th e king of t h e
.
, ,

pe oples w h o fir st intr odu ced daksi na Th e gen er ou s di e not th ey fall .

,

not into r i n th ey s uffe r no h arm and a e not m ov e d ; all th at th i s

u , ,
r

wh ole worl d and t h e h eaven s contain dak i na brings t o t h e givers s .

Th e y g a in spl e n di d h omes b ea ti f l as a l ot s po n d a dorn e d like t h e ,

u u u -

dw lling s of t h e g ods ; t h e m a i de n cl ad in b e a tif l g a rm e nts w a its

e ,
u u ,

u po n the m ; w ith th is 5 3 7 3 H re comes a w om an seeking a bu s

”
, , :
“
e ,

b n d for h erself ; w h o sh all lead h ome t h e b loo m ing w ife ? H i s (

a s o.

t h e r ighteou s ) ch ar i ot h as te n s b y r mb ling and m any th ou s a n ds di , u ,

rect th e ir gaze t o h i m (t t h e r ighteou s w in s t h e m ost desir ab le ”

. e.

350 . 10 , 1 1 7, 9 1
( )5 6 and 1 0, 3 2 , 7 ( s ru t i m M ll e r s te xt s
u
’
s tu tz
’

m.

S fiy a na, mdrga m) .

351 . 8 , 33 , 1 7 : For In dr a h im self e ve n sa id : “

Wo m a n s ’

'
like Si mo n . A m or g . fgm . 1 , 16 f . 44 f . : f; 0 1 V5 7
’
dvdy x y 0 1 5V 7
Even{ja w -
60 7 6 p §6 v o w Ka i
. 77 0 121 0 0 7 0
5 ll dp 6 0 7 0 a nd f g m
’
.

7, 1 ( t r M e in ek e ) :
af e w
x p lg y vv l g 0 09 6 37 a x a
’

6 77 0 1 0 6 1/
'
mi ou II 7 0 7rp 1 07 0 .

1 0 95 1 5 :
,
Th e re can be no f r i e n dsh ip w i t h w o m e n th e ir h e ar t s ar e
, ,

th ose of hyen as on t h e o th er h a n d t h e m ore favor ab l e ve rdict 5 , , ,

6 1 6 7 : A nd m a ny a w om a n i s ofte n b ette r th a n t h e m an t h e god

,
.
“
,

less i mpi ou s ; sh e w h o k n ows w ell h o w t o di sting u i sh t h e w ea ry t h e

, , ,

th i rsty and l overs (t e h elps and as si sts each in t h e r ight w ay ) a nd

,
. .
,

h as tu rn e d h er m i n d t o t h e g ods Ib i d v 8 : A nd m a ny a m an
” “
. . .
,

b ecau se h e i s u nlove d i s called a Pa ni (ch ild of t h e dev il m i se r ) ; , ,

b u t h e r em a in s t h e s a me e v e n i n hi s re ve nge (i e c a n co ntr o l h i m . .

s e lf ; i s b ette r th a n h i s r ep u t ati o n D ifi erent ly G r as s ma nn 1 5 43 a nd .

, ,

Lu dwig 2 ,

3 5 2 1 0 27 1 2 : . To h ow m a ny a m a i de n doe s t h e w ooe r w h o de
, ,

s ir es t o b e co me h er h u sb an d s h o w a ffecti o n f or t h e s ak e of h er ad m i r ,

a b l e tr e as u r e s ; b u t i f a w om a n i s p u re a nd b eau ti ful s h e c a n of ,

h erse lf (even w ith ou t treasu re) find h er m ate in t h e p eople ”

6 28 .
, ,

5 : Ye c ows m a ke e ve n t h e l ea n fat t h e u g l y e v e n y e m a k e
“
,

b e a u t i fu l i n c ou nte n a n c e .
”

353 . 4, 2 4, 9 (7 0 ) a nd 1 0, 1 0 7 , 3 ; c f . v . 7 :
“
Wh oever is w ise ,

m ak es th e r war ds of sacr ifi
e rm r ce h i s a o .
”

354 . H e re a l r e dy i s t h e w h e e l o f f o r t u n e s pok e n
, a , of by
Cr oe su s t o Cy ru s in H dt 1 2 0 7 : 1 06
'
, w s 0 d fip wn s .
, 6 a , 7 1 v
‘

o
‘
Ka i m0
.

6 1;) 67 6 p wvK0 . 0px 6 1 6,

’
6 K efvo 0
77 0 1 7 0 1 ,
7 1 0 9 6, d); m i x ko s 7 G
1 0 V

dv fip w w nf w v 7 0
1 7
7 170 7 10 11 ,
w e p t cfie p dp e v o s 0 6 0 5 K 6 0 .

'
7 0 09 0 57 0 0; 6 07 v
x e6 w . Ti bu ll 1 .
, 5, 7 0 : ver sat u r ce leri
Fors levi s o r b e r ot a e ,
etc .
1 76 TH E RIGVEDA .

355 . Afte r 10 , 1 1 7, 1 6 -
‘

( 1 5 5

356 . 10 , 71 , 7 . Th e wh ole h y m n i n GKR 1 6 2 f . .

357 . 4, 3 3 , 1 1 5 , 48 , 5 : We kn ow not in ou r h u ma n
w i s do m wh ere t h e D i spenser S av itar w ill gi ve t h e des ired g ood 1 0 ,

1 2 8: , We do not u n de rst an d t h e m ys te r i ou s cou nci l in wh ich t h e

“

g s a gr ee
”
o d Cf : a ls o 1 1 0 5 1 6 i n N ot e 2 33 a nd 1 0 1 4 9 2 i n N ote
.
, , , , ,

3 7 0 — 8 1 8 22 wi th 1 1 64 3 0 and 1 1 1 6 3
.
, , , , , , .

358 1 0 60 1 2 ; 1 0 1 3 7 1 2 — 1 0 1 3 7 i s tr a n s l ate d b y A u fr ech t

.
, , , , .
, ,

Z D M G 24 2 0 3 i ; v 1 : . Ihr GOt ter h eb t Ge su nke n e a ns L a n d ihr

, .
“
,

GOt te r w i e de r au f ; Und GOt ter s ch u l dbe l ade n e n w e ckt Ihr zu n e e m

, , , u

L eb e n s l auf v 7 : O b z ah ngezackt em H andep aar fl ustert di e Zu ng e

.
'

h e il g en S p ru ch ; das leg i ch au f das l ose dich von dei n er Uebel

’ ’
,

Wu ch t u nd Flu c h .

359 8 8 0 e g tell s h ow In dr a h eals a w om a n Ap al a w h o i s

.
,
. .
, ,

a ffl i cte d b kin d ise ase b y dr a w ing h er t hr u g h t hr e e a p e rt u re s

“
a s o
y ,

o f h i s c ar a re m e dy wh i c h A u f r ech t I S t 4 1 —8 i n a gr ee m e nt w ith
, ,
.
, ,

K u h n conn ects w ith Ge rm a n s u pe rstiti on — 1 0 1 63 (t ran sl ated b y

,
.
,

Ku h n KZ 1 3 6 6 , 1 0 1 62 1 f (KZ 1 3
.
, f 1 0 9 7 1 2 , , . .
, c . , ,

1 0 , 1 0 3 , 1 2 ; 1 0 , 1 6 4, 1 .
— 7 , 50, et c .

3 60 . 1 0, 1 6 1 , 2 . 5; 10 , 1 8, 14 1 0 , 6 0 , 7 f ; of i n . . ge ne ra l
th eG a u p ay a nahy m n s , 1 0 , 5 7 —6 0 , tr ea te d b
y M M ii ll e r,
. JRA S .

N S 2 , 42 6 ff
. .
(t r a n s l ate d p . 4 57

1 0 , 1 6 4, 5 ; 1 0 , 1 6 2 , 3 f ; c ar
3 61 . a g a in s t ve r in , 1 , 1 9 1 cf 7 , . h m m .

r
5 0 , 2 f ; 1 0 , 1 6 5 i s for t h e p u p ose of
. j r r b
a ding O R t h e in u y , p o a w r
h
bly de at , a nn ou n ce d by a do e v v
kap ota ) ; 1 : Ye g ods, f or th a t
“
.

wh h v m h m r
ic t h e do e, seeki ng , c a e astening as t h e esse ng e of Ni iti , rr
w e w ill s ing w e w ill p r opiti ate m ay it b e w e ll w ith u s w ith m a n a nd
, , ,

b east Th e dov e sh a ll b e p r opiti ou s t o u s

”
. I n v 4 be s i de t h e kap ota . .
, ,

t h e ow l i s m e nti on e d a s t h e m esse ng e r of death (cf AV 6 2 9 in . .

, ,

wh i ch fu n ctio n it i s kn ow n a l so t o G erm an pop u l a r su pe rstition s .

In 2 42 3 and 43 t h e w i sh i s m ade t h at a p rop h etic (o m in ou s) b ir d

, , ,
“

m ay lif t h i s vo ice on t h e r i g h t of ou r h ouses

”
as
'
H art li eb s a i d) ; H om e r I I 2 4 3 1 9 f : 0 1 m
m 0 5 0 9 1 1 5; , .
,
. 6 0 1 6 1 0 0

{1 7 1 00 7 60 9 . o i 0 6 1 06 1 7 7 6 9 [I 7 59 77 0 1 0 17 , 10 1 1 77 020 1 11 EVE
00 0 0; 201 7077
S o 1 1 1 0 , 2 7 4 f ; 1 3 , 82 1 f ; 2 4, 2 9 2 f ; O d 24, 3 1 1 f
. . . . . . .

G r i mm , D eu tsche Myth ol p 1 0 8 3 E Gesch d D t sch Sp r p 9 8 3 ff 1 . . . . . . . . .

Th e R o m a n s in p art diffe r e ntly .

362 . In 1 0 1 45 (Germ a n b y A We be r I St
,
.
,
. 5, 22 2 Zimm er AIL .
, .

a gi r l seek s t o dr i ve O ff a su ccessf u l ri v al , and t o b in d a m a n t o

h erself a 0 61 0 70 1 x e 7 1 11 1 7 . 7 0V f
c . th e i n
vers e of th i s in t h e p a s sa g e f r o m t h e Q at . B r in K u h n .
, H e rabk nnft ,
1 78 TH E RIGVEDA .

370 . Wh er e on ce t h e firm ly fou n de d sea spran g

1 0 , 1 49 , 2 f .

f orth th at S a v it a r a l o n e kn ow s (so w e n e e d in qu i r e no f u r th e r c on
,

ce r ning it ; see 5 4 8 5 a nd 1 0 1 2 8 in N ote , , th e n fr o m it t h e , , ,

w orl d and t h e r eal m of a ir a r ose f rom th e n ce h eave n and e arth ,

s p r e a d f o r th ; o n it c a m e into b e ing S av itar s re ve r e d b i r d w ith b e au

’

tifu l w ing s in t h e h eave n (t h e su n ; N otes 2 1 5 ,

A ccor ding to 1 0 7 2 2 6 7 in t h e ti m e of t h e f i r s t r ace of

'

371 .
, ,
. .
,

o d s e x i s te n c e w as b or n f r o m non e x i s te n ce ; th e n B r a hm a n a sp ati
g
-
,

welded t h e w or l d tog eth e r like a b l ack s m ith ; t h e g ods stood in t h e ,

floo d ; du st rose fro m th em a s from dan cer s Th ey lif ted forth t h e .

su n ly ing h i dde n in t h e s e a a nd c a u s e d t h e e arth t o s w e ll

, 1 0 81 , .
, ,

3: E ve ry wh ere p rese nt Vi cvak arm an cr eating w elds e arth a nd ,

”—
h eave n to gether 1 0 1 49 2 f i n N ote 3 7 0 ; 1 0 1 9 0 1 f in Note
.
, , .
, , .

372 .

372 . 1 0, 1 9 0, 1 f ru th a rose from kin dle d fire (tap as

. : Law a nd T

p e r h ap s t h e n ce nig h t was b or n t h e n c e t h e s u r ging se a ,

(o f a i r d i v i ding d ay a nd nig h t h e r u l e s all th a t c l o se t h e ey e s , .

S u n a nd m oo n t h e cr eato r f orm e d in t r n ; h ea v e n a nd e a rth t h e ai r u ,

s p a ce a nd t h e re a l m of lig h t — To th i s I r e fe r 1 ”
'

161 9 .of , ,

t h e Rbh u s w h o fu ll of w i s do m e nte rta in e ach oth e r a t w or k w it h

, ,

sayi ng s (4 33 10: , , one h o l ds w a t e r f or t h e m ost i m p ort a n t

th ing (bh fy isth ) a n oth e r co n si de rs f i r e t h e m ost e sse nti al

z a , .

It w as state d (p 1 3) th at t h e w a ters a e p ra ise d ve ry l ou dly on

. r .

ac cou nt of th e i r h e a ling a nd r e fr e sh ing p ow e r s ; cf t g e th e r w ith

( o . ,

N otes 2 41 a d 2 5) 1 2 1 6 2 3 ; 7 47 ; 1 0 9 and 7 49
n 4 3 —
, ,
Th ey , , ,

are oft e n c a ll e d m oth e rly or m ost m otherly very m oth er ly

”
, f , ,
c .

50 7 , y e w a t e r s f r i e n d ly t o m a n g r a nt u s u n e n ding , ,

f a v or p r os pe r ity f or ch il d a nd g r a n dch il d
, F o y e m ost m ot h e r ly . r , ,

a e ou r p h y s i c i a n s b ea r a ll th ing s m a nd in a ni m ate
”
r
y e , a ni a te ,
.

W ate r app ears in t h e B rahm a n as m ore ofte n th a n in t h e Rig as t h e , ,

s t a r ting p o int of a ll a ni m a l c r eati o n s ee W e b e r I st 9 2 n 2 a nd 9

-

( ,
.
, , .
,

In t h e Ta itt S anh 7 1 5 1 (I St 1 2 245) i t i s stated th at i n

.
-
.
, , , .
,
“

t h e b e ginning w as t h e ex p a n se of w ate r a nd u po n it Pra j ap ati m ov e d ,

(p 7 6. in t h e form of a w in d of a breath wh i ch recalls t h e ma ch

”
, ,

e lohi m of Ge n es i s 1 2 ,
.

373 Tra n sl a te d b y Mi i ll er OGR 3 00 f ; t h e f oll ow ing verses

.
,
. .

t r an s l ated by Mii ller O GR 3 0 1 f ; Mu i r O S T 4 1 6 ; M oni er Wil

, . .
,
.
,

li a m s In di a n Wis do m p 2 3
, (M ii ll er v 6 re a
, ds r od as.i h e a v e n .
, .
, ,
“

a nd ea r th V 7 seem s not
”
in stead of k a ndasi t h e t w o
, r ,
“
.

t o h av e bel ong ed or igin ally t o t h e h ym n Th at v 1 0 : Praj ap ati . .

,

no oth e r th a n t h ou i s l o r d ov er all th ese cr e ate d th ing s : m ay w e ob

t a in th at throu gh desi r e of wh i ch w e h ave s acr i fi ce d ; m ay w e b ecom e
,

m a sters of ri ch es appe ar s t o h ave be e n incorp orate d int o t h e Ri g

,
 NO TE S . 1 79

text l at er o nly after t h e formati on of th e Pada text w as rem ar ke d

, ,

in Note 7 9 .

F rom t h e b eg i nning of t h e refr a in K a s ma i dev y a ( i d o t wh t

’

a cu e , o a

h e n ative tr a diti o n e v olv e d at a n e arly pe r i o d a s pe ci a l h ig h est

g )
o d t
u n k n own go d K 0 ( a Q is ) a ne w illu str ati o n of t h e de gr e t o
, , u , e

wh ich t h e u n de rstan ding of t h e te xts h ad b ee n l ost : ab ov e p 1 0 .

374 . verses ; 1 1 64 4 6 : In dr a Mitr a Varu n a Agni t h y

S ingle , ,
“
, , , , e

c all h i m nd th en h e i s th at ce lesti a l we ll w ing e d b i d ; th at w h i h

, a ,
-
r c

i s o n e th e y c all b y di ffer e nt n a mes th ey ca ll it Agni Y a m M at : , a,

-
ar

i cvan (a v er se wi th wh i ch t h e B r ahm an s seek t o in v a li date t h e a c

”

c s at i on of po lyth e i s m) ; 10 114 5 In spire d singers rep re se nt “

u , , :

u n d r m a ny f orm s t h e w e ll wing e d w h o i s o n e h h
”
e ( a lt ou g h e is -
,

bu t one ) .

To V i cv a k a r m a n : 1 0 , 8 2 ; ofte n
and m ade u se of ab ove
N to e s 3 67 , 3 6 8 , and 3 7 1 ; pp . 8 8 a nd 8 9 In d a i s .
-
r ca lled vi cv k m n a ar a ,

8 , 87 , 2 .

375 . GKR 1 65 f ; . Mu i r O S T 4 3 f ; 5 3 56 f ;
. Mii ll er, A S L 5 59 ; .
, .
,
.
, .

MTr 1 8 8 ; Monier Will i am s In di an Wi sdom p 22 (I ab a n don t h e

.
, , .

theory of a h i atu s b etwee n ve rse s 4 and 5 (w i t h B e gai gne Rev Crit r , . .

1 8 7 5 II,
a nd refe r esdm t o ka va y as )
.
[ On th i s h y mn s ee Wh it
ney A m O r Soc Proc
,
May 1 8 8 2
. . Th e g en er a l ch ar a c t e r a nd
. .
, .

val ue of t h e hy m n are ve ry cle ar It i s of t h e h i gh est h i stori cal i n .

t eres t as t h e e a r li est kn ow n b e ginning of s u ch s p e c u l a t i o n in In di a ,

or p r ob ab ly any wh er e a m ong In do E u r ope a n r a ce s Th e attitu de of -

.

i t s a u th or a nd t h e a u dacity of h is atte m pt a re e x ce e dingly note w o rth y .

B u t n oth ing can b e sai d in ab sol u te comm e n dati o n of t h e s u cc e ss of

t h e att e m pt On t h e contrary it exh ib its t h e ch ar a ct eri stic weak
.
,

n esses of all H in du th eosophy ; a di spositi on t o de al w it h words as i f

th ey we re th ing s t o p u t forth p aradox and in solu b le contra dicti on as
,

p r ofu n dity Th e unli m ite d p r a is es wh i ch h ave b ee n b e stowe d

.

u po n it a s p h il o s oph y a nd p oet ry are w ell nig h n a u s eating — Ve r s e -

, , .

2 :
“
Wheth e r fervor (tap as ) me an s ph ysi cal h e at or devoti on al
‘ ’

ar dor pe n an ce a ccor ding t o t h e l ate r p re va l e nt m ea ning o f t h e w or d

, , ,

adm its of a qu esti on ; b u t it i s dou b tl es s t o b e u n de r st ood in t h e

l atter sen se For no su ch elemen t as h eat pl ays a ny p art in t h e

.

H in du cosm og oni es w h il e pe n an ce t h e p r a cti ce of r e ligi ou s au ster i

, ,

t i es i s a con stant facto r in th eir th e or i es V e r s e 5 : B u t t h e n ex t

” “
.
,

ve rse i s still more u nintelligib le ; no one h as ever s u ccee ded in p u t

ting any sen se into it and it seem s so u n conn ecte d w ith t h e rest of ,

t h e h ym n th at i t s ab se n ce i s h e ar tily t o b e w i sh ed Cr ossw i se [w as] .

str etch e d ou t t h e ray [lin e ] of th e m : w a s it f o r sooth b e l o w ? w as it , , ,

f or sooth ab ove ? i m pr e gnat or s w e r e gr eatn e sses w e re ; s va dhd b el ow

, , ,

off er i ng b ey on d Th e w or d r en der ed ofl er i ng i s liter a ll y f orth

’ ‘ ’ ‘
.
1 80 TH E RI GVEDA .

re ach ing and as someti m es also as perh aps h ere t h e s ignifi cati on
,
’
, , ,

‘
st r a ining inte ntn es s , Wh o t h e th ey a re u nless t h e sa ges of
.
’ ‘ ’
,

t h e p rece ding v e rse it i s h ar d t o gu ess ( W h itn e y ,

B r u nnh ofe r , ,

Geist de r In di sch e n L y rik p 1 6 tr an sl ate s v 5 0 : A nd t o th ese ,

.
, .
“

s a g es a r ay of lig h t a p pe a r e d L u dw ig : From one t o an oth er w as “

dr a w n t h e b o n d of th ese Mu ir : Th e ray [or cord] w h i ch stretche d “

a c r os s t h e se

F in a lly w e m ay m e nti on ,

0 Th e s ong to t h e t wins Y a m a a n d Y a m i t h e first h u m an

.
,

b e ing s 1 0 1 0 GKR 1 42 [ Mu ir O S T 5
, , , . .
, .
,

b Th e s o—
. c a ll ed S o n g o f W i s d o m 1 0 7 1 GKR 1 62 (c ab ove , , , .

p .8 5 a nd N ot e

c Th e h y m n t o t h e G o d d e s s o f S p e e c h V ac ( 0 0 3 ) 1 0 1 2 5
.
, 0 -
, ,

G KR 1 3 6 f ; on 0 and Adj / s (in St J oh n ) of : We b e r I S t 9 47 3

. . 0 6 0
:
.
, , .
,

4 8 0 ; S c h l ott m an a nd Web e r I st 1 0 444 f po int ou t Bi b li ca l p a r a llel s , , ,

.
, .

d Th e h y m n t o t h e G e n i u s o f t h e H o u s e V as t o s p a t i 7
.
, , ,

5 4 GKR 1 3 5 t o b e r e c i te d a cc or di ng to Parask ar a G h y as 3 4 (w it h
.
, , ,
r .
,

7 55, a fte r t h e e ntra n ce into t h e h ou se

,
.

e Th e m oder n p a nth ei sti c P u r u s a s u k t a 1 0 9 0

.
, t h e M a gn a -

, , ,
‘

C h art a of B r ah m a ni sm (H ang) wh i ch t r i es t o e x pl a in and j us tify

’
,

t h e a l r eady e x i sting di vi si o n of t h e state int o t h e fou r caste s (v 1 1 f . .

“
W h e n th ey di v i de d t h e origin a l creatu re Pu ru sa (t e m an t h e ,
. .
‘

B r ahm an w as h i s m ou th t h e R aj a ny a b ecam e h i s a rm s t h e Va icy a , ,

w as h i s th ig h s fr om h i s f eet s p r a ng t h e , s e e We b e r I S t 9 , .
,

1 —1 0 ; M u i r O S T 1 7 1 5 ; 2 454 fi ; 5 3 67 ff ; Zi mm e r AIL 2 1 7 f
, .
,
-
, .
, .
, . .

f A .n d fi n a lly t h e D i a l o g u e o f P u r fi r a v a s a nd U r v a
, ci ,

1 0 9 5 ; s ee R oth E r l z u m N i r u k t a p 1 5 3 ff 23 0 ; Mii ller Ch ips 2

, , .
,
. .
, , , ,

9 8 fl ; H e hn Herabknnf t p 7 8 f 8 5 f , , . .
, .

Mu ller s LS L ’
.

Englis h E dition ,

(C
1 82 TH E RIGVEDA .

A nu m at i , g eniu s N , . 3 66 . A t h wy a N . 112d .

A nu vak a, N 71 . . A t i t h i gv a , N . 3 40 .

Ap al a N , . 3 59 . At m osp h ere 9 0 (see A i ) , r .

A p as t am b a , N . 1 0, 1 ; 2 3 ; 2 3 a, A trey a Atr i (p oet) 21 N 7 3

, , , . .

3; 25 . At r i (protegé of th e A cvi ns ) 5 1 , ,

Ap ollo R u dr a N 1 3 3 -

, . . N 1 82 . .

A p r i su k t a N 1 2 6 , . . A u r or a see Usa s , .

A p ty a N 1 1 2 d 1 1 4 ; of Tr i ta
, .
, . A u t u m n 1 3 66 , , .

A r a ny ak a 5 N 1 6 — Ait A N , ,
. . .
-
.
,
. A va r iciou s 42 47 5 3 5 6 N , , , , , .

14 0 , 1 ; 1 6 . B r h ad A -
.
, N . 1 40 , 1 98 .

4 .K aus A N 1 4 a 1 Ta itt .
-
.
, .
, . . A ve sta N , . 91 , 1 06, 1 42 , 22 6 , 246,
A N 14a 3
.
, .
, . 2 7 0, 27 3, 274 a, 283 0 , 284 a,

A r any a ni h y m n t o 8 3 , ,
. 2 8 5 0 , 2 86 0 , 2 87 0 ,
293 .

A rra nge m ent of h y m n s in t h e

b ooks 2 1 f ; chr on ol ogi cal A
, . . B abh r u , 8 1 .

of b o ok s 2 1 N 73 , , . . B albu j a, N . 3 41 .

A r m y 1 7 N 54 ; b oth armi es 8 9
, , .
, , B a ll ads 2 2 ; Indo Germ N 85,
-
.
, . .

N 1 52 . . B ani shme nt 1 8 N 5 7 , , .

A rr ow 1 9 47 8 0 , , , . B arb ar i an s 3 6 4 3 f 7 2 ; see A o , ,
.
,

A rsey a B r N 1 4 a 2 .
, .
,
. or i gi nes .

A rts 1 4 2 0
, , . B a r ley P usa n s food N 2 1 0
,
’
, . .

A rya airy a N 3 7
, ,
. . B ar t e r 1 4 ,
.

A r y a m a n 6 1 7 3 7 5 7 6 N 22 5 , , , , ,
.
,
B attl e 1 7 39 42 f 44 4 6 7 1
, , , .
, , , ,

7 8 f N 2 1 1 etc B of t h e .
,
. .

A ry a n (ety m N 44 7 2 7 8 . .
, , , e l e m e nt s 4 2 et c , ,
.

N 54 A In di a n and I rani an
. . .
,
B au dh ay ana N 2 3 0 3 ; 2 4 3 ; ,
.
,

1 1 ; In do G e rm a ni c N 3 7 -

,
. . 25 ; 26 .

A si k ni 1 2 N 3 9 , , . . B eginning of th ing s , 88, 90 .

A ss N 3 4 1
,
. . B eing and not b eing -

,
87 f .
, N . 3 69 ,
A ssembly 1 7 1 8 7 8 , , ,
. 37 1 .

A str o n o m y 6 2 0 N 68 , , ,
. . B elief Ve dic 3 2 f
, , .

A cay ana N 1 45 ,
. . B e ver a g es 1 4 7 2 , , .

A cr a m a N 1 5
,
. . B h a g a 7 5 N 8 3 b 2 2 5 22 7
, ,
.
, , .

A cvalay a na N 2 3 a 1 ; 24 1 ; 3 2 0 ,
.
, , . B h a g a va dgita N 4 , . .

A c v i ni N 1 4 8
‘

, . . B h ag a vat a P u r an a N 2 6 -

,
. .

A gv i ns 3 7 49 52 (N 1 7 1
5 8, 72, 74,
, ,
. B h ar a dvaj a 2 1 N 7 3 — N , ,
. . . 23 a ,
o
f . 86 . 3 .

A stak a , N . 71 . B h a r at a 7 9 8 0 N , , ,
. 8 0, 334 , 3 40 .

A t h ar vangi r a s, N . 11 . B h arati N 8 0 , . .

A t h ar vave da, 4 , 6 , 8 6, N . 1 1 —1 3 B h ar g av a N 7 3 ,
. .

( AV 4 1 6 : 65 f .N ,
.
, . B h e da , 8 0 .

B r ahm N 1 4 0 5 ; Q rau t asfi .

, .
, Bh i k su , N . 15 .

t r a N 2 3 a 5 ; Grh y asfit r a N
,
.
, , . B h r gu , 3 5 , N 1 2 0 2 87 0
.
, .

24 5 ; Pr at i cakh y a N 2 0
, ,
. . B h u j yu , 5 1 , N 1 89 . .
 INDE X . 1 83

Bird ,
5 3 , 5 8 , 6 4, N . 1 9 8 , 2 2 0, 2 3 8, B kk a 9
u , .

2 48 ; s ee E a gle . B 2: S u n, N . B u ffalo 5 2 N 341 , , . .

B ri al (see F nera l) 7 6 ff N
u u ,
.
, . 326 .

Birth , of a girl N ,
. 48 ; r itu al N ,
. B u r ning of corp se N 3 2 6 , . .

2 4, o
f N . . 49 .

Blessed 3 1 5 6 6 6 69 ; see A bode

, , , ,
. Ca se, 2 2 ,N 84 0 . .

Blessing 5 9 et c ; of rewar d of
, ,
. Caste 1 7 N 5 6 3 7 5 e
, , .
, .

sacr i fi ce N 3 49 ; of in str u cti on

,
.
, C attle 1 3 5 8 8 0 f
,
8 2 ; C of , , .
,
.

well doing 8 5 ; of t h e de ad t o
-
,
Us as 53 N 1 9 7 , , . .

t h e li ving 7 0 f N 2 8 5 a 2 8 6 0 ; ,
.
,
.
, Ch a os 90 ,
.

f ormul as of B 8 6 N 1 1 5 .
, ,
. . Ch ar i ot of Agni 3 6 ; of t h e A c
, ,

Blin d 5 0 (of
, 72 N 1 7 7 300 .
,
.
,
. vin s 5 0 5 1 N ,
1 89 ; , ,
.

B o dy (see C p se) in t h e other or , of t h e M ar u ts 3 9 ; of Pusan , ,

w orl d 6 9 f N 2 7 8 , .
, . . N 2 1 0 ; of S avitar 57 ; of S i
.
,
r

B on d of be ing and not be ing 9 0 r a 55 N 2 0 5 ; o f S om a 7 2 ;

y
-

,
.
, , .
,

B on ds of Varu na and t h e A di of Us as 5 3 N 1 9 7 ; of Vayu , , .

,

tyas 2 0 67 N 22 5 2 5 5 ; of
, , , .
, 38 Ch ar i ots gi ve n t o s ing e r s
.
,

S om a 7 2 ,
. N 3 4 1 C race 1 9 N 6 1
. . .
-

, ,
. .

B ook s of t h e Rig arrangement , , Ch a rm s s pell s 4 2 0 86 N 1 2

, , , , ,
.
,

r el ati ve age 2 1 f N 7 3 ,
.
,
. . 35 8 3 62 -
.

B ow 7 8 N 6 3 e t c
, ,
.
,
. Ch il di s h n cepti on s 2 7 f N 6 6 co ,
.
, . .

B h a d Ar N 1 4 0 4 ; B dev at a
r -
.
, .
, .
-
, Ch il dre n b l e ss ing of 3 0 5 2 f , , , , o .

N 26 72
.
,
. 6 7 7 4 7 6 N 2 1 7 2 39 e t c
, , ,
.
, , .

, B rah m a 3 N 2 6 , , . . Chr on ol o gy In di an N 3 8 Ch r o , , . .

B rah m ac ari n N 1 5 , . . nologi c al o r de r of t h e b ook s ,

B r ahm an 84 N 1 4 8 2 .
,
. N 73. .

B r ahma n 4 0 N 14 , ,
. . C i t i e s 1 3 N 42
, ,
. .

B r ahm a n a 31 f 81 f N .
,
.
,
. C iv iliz a t i on Ve dic 1 1 ; h i st ory of , ,

1 1 0 332 3 4 9 37 4 3 7 5 0 ; sta g es
, , , , C 7 4 N 2 4 47 f 3 1 7 3 2 1 f
.
, ,
.
, .
, ,
.
,

of B N 1 5 ; the i r li te rary w ork

.
, 3 2 4, 3 2 7 —33 0 .

N 27 76
.
,
. C lim at e 1 2 3 7 N 40 of 1 36 , , .
,
. .

B r ahm an a 5 32 N 3 7 2 , , . C l oth ing 1 4 5 6 N 34 1 , , , . .

ety m ol ogy N 1 4 ; i m p ort a n ce , . C l o u ds 39 4 0 42 5 2 6 3 of N

, , , , , , . .

a nd p e r i o d 5 N 1 4 ; li st of B , , . .
, 1 43 .

N 1 4a
. . C ollecti on of Vedic t exts ,
2—8 , N .

B r a h m ana p a t i B r h a s p a t i 3 2 s , , , 8—2 6 ; of h ym n s 22 N , ,
. 75 .

3 7 7 3 f N 8 7 3 09 3 1 5 3 49
,
.
,
.
,
-

, , Comm a n d see O di na nce ,

r .

3 66 , 3 7 1 . Comm e nta ry n a t i ve 8 9 C , , ,
. . of

B r ah m ave da , 4 . saya n a nd Madh ava 8 N a , , . 8,

B r ah m ody a , 8 6 . 27 ; o
f . Tr a di t ion .

B r i de , 74 f .
, N . 32 4 ; pu r ch ase d , Co m p ositi on of t h e V dic hym n s , e ,

15 . 1 1 N 3 8 ; of t h e B r ahm a n a s
,
.
,

B r i dge t o t h e o ther worl d N ,

. 273, N 1 4 ; of t h e S fit as N 1 7 ;
. r , .

27 4 a . o f t h e co mm e n t a r i es 8 ,
.
 TH E RIGVEDA .

Con j u g ati on , 22 , N . 81 0 . Decree see Ordi na nce , .

Conte sts, 1 9 , 8 1 , 86, N 61 . . De m on s 40—4 3 cf 3 6 N 1 50 , , .

,
. .

Cor p se, 6 9 , 7 6 f ; . bu ried and D ep arted s ee A ncestors D ea th , , .

b u rn e d, 7 6 , N 3 2 6 . . D ev a 3 2 3 4
, ,
.

C os m o g o n y , 2 0 , 8 7 f . C os m og oni c De vat adh y ay a B r N 1 4 0 2 -

.
, .
, .

g ods 89 ; C hy m n 9 0
, .
,
. D evotion de vou t e g 2 9 47 , ,
. .
, ,

C ow , 1 3 , 2 7 8 1N 90 1 9 0 28 0 , .
, , , 7 0 7 3 (see R i ghteo s)
, h a te r s u

341 C a s m o n et a ry u nit 1 4
. .
, , of D .
,
47 4 8, 8 1 ( se e Uns a c r i
N 4 6 Cow s cl ou ds 42
. .
,
.
fi c i ng) ; L or d of D .
, s ee B ra h
C r eati on s ong of C 90 ; th eories
, .
,
ma nasp a ti .

of C .
,
88 f . D h arm a s fit r a , cast -
ra , 8, N .

C r e a t or , 4 5 , 8 8 9 1 -

,
N . 3 7 2 , 37 4, Di alect , 2 2 ; t a ce s r of D .
,
N . 73 .

et c ( . Vi cva ka r ma n) ;
se e In dr a ,
Di askeu asts 2 2 of N 7 9 et c , , . .
, .

4 5 ; V a r u na , 6 2 f . Dice (see P lay ) 1 8 54 6 7 , , , ,

Cu lt, a n ce str a l , 7 0 ; I r a n , . G reek ,

N 2 6 1 ; D song 8 3 f
. .
-
, .

R om an N 28 4 0 , .
,
285 0 . Dionysos t h e Greci an S om a N , , .

Cu lts tr a n sferr e d
, , co mb in ed N , . 2 92 .

2 0 8 ; oppose d N , . 21 0 . D i osk u r oi , 4 9 , N . 1 71 .

Disease see S i ckness , .

D adh y anc, N . 1 88 . Di vi si o n of t h e g ods and u ni verse ,

D ak sa , N . 2 2 7 , 36 9 . 34 N 1 1 7 1 1 8 ; D of t h e y ear
,
.
, .
,

D ak si na, N . 3 49 . N 68
. .

D ana st u t i , 8 0 , N . 33 9 3 41 -
. D i vodas a 8 0 N 340 , , . .

D an ce 1 9 7 7 cf . 5 3 N 3 7 1
, , , , . . D og s N 341 362 ; Ya m a s 6 9
,
.
,
’
,

D a ng er 6 1 N 2 3 7 23 9 et c
, , .
, , . N 2 7 4 2 74 a
.
, .

D arkn ess in t h e begi n ning 9 0 ;

, ,
D ou b t dou b t er s 3 2 48 N 1 68
, , , , . .

of nig h t 33 5 0 5 2 7 1 N 1 95 ; , , , , , . D ove as m essenge r of death N

, ,

u n e n ding D 7 1 N 2 87 287 a .
, , .
, . 36 1 .

D asra N 1 7 2
, . . D r dh a , N . 1 49 .

D asy ave vrk a N 341 , . . D r a g on ,

40 f .
, etc .

D asyu , 1 9 ; see A bor igi nes, B a rba D r ah y ay a na , N . 23 a, 2 .

r i a ns . D rea m N , . 1 9 5 , 2 1 7 , 2 61 .

D aca dy u , 8 0 , N . 3 37 . D ru h y u , 8 0 ,N 1 98 . .

D a w n 2 8 5 2 f 7 1 8 7 ; see Usas
, ,
.
, ,
. D u a l div initi es 33 N 1 1 4 , ,
. .

D ay p r ol o n ge d int o Nigh t 4 5 D ,
. . D u r ga N 1 9 ,
. .

and Nig h t s e e N i ght ; r

p po i ,
D welling se e A bode H ome H ausa , , ,
.

ti ou s days 3 1 ; D g u i ded by ,
. D y a u s 28 33 N 1 1 2 0
, , , . .

V ar u n a 63 , . D y fiv fip r t h i v i N 1 1 2 b , . .

D ea d, se e A nc es tors , et c .

D eath , 66 , 6 7 , 6 9 f .
, 76 f N
.
, . E agle , 59 , 83 ; f al co n , 7 2 , N . 1 48 ,
1 59, 274 ; D b efore t h e
. ti m e ,
2 89 .

61 N
, . 1 03, 2 36 ; D and I m m or . E arth m oth er E 69 7 8 ; E as
,
.
, ,
.

ta lity , 89 ; m essenger of D N .
,
. re gi on 3 5 f et c ; as g oddess
,
.
, .
, .

361 . N 1 1 2 be ; h om e i n E 7 8
. .
, .
1 86 TH E RIGVEDA .

i m ag es N 7 9 0 ; w i ves 4 1 N
, .
, , . H i r any agar bh a, 8 8 f .

1 3 1 1 4 8 ; m oth e r of t h e G N
, .
, . H i r a ny a h as t a , N 1 78 . .

2 2 5 2 2 7 ; t r i ad 3 N 2 6 2 1 7
, , , .
, . H i r an y ak e
ci N 2 3 a 3 ,
.
, .

G ol d g ol de n or n a m e nt 1 4 5 5
, , , ,
H i s to r i ca l h y m n s 7 8 8 1 N 3 31 ,
-

, .

5 7 N 2 3 0 2 8 3 a 3 41
,
. G ol d , , . 3 41 ; H r el ati o n s i b i d cf 1 1 .
,
.
, .

g e rm 8 8 , . 2 0 N 3 6—69
, . .

G o m al G o m at i 1 2 N 3 9
, , , . . H o m e 1 5 7 5 7 6 H o f t h e s ou l
, , , . .
,

Gop at h a B r N 1 4 0 5 -
.
, .
, . 69 f N 2 7 5 (se e H ea ven) l ong
.
,
.

Gr h a s t h a N 1 5 , . . ing for H 58 .
,
.

Gr h y asfit r a 8 ; li st N 24 f N 2 3
, ,
.
,
c . . . H on or 3 0 6 6 e t c see R enow n
, , , .
, .

Gr t s a m a da 2 1 N 7 3 , , . . H o rse stee d (see M a re) 6 3 7 1

, , , ,

G r a mm a r In di a n 6 f N 2 2 ; , , .
,
. 7 9 N 3 41 et c
,
H o r ses of t h e
.
, .

Ve di c N 8 1 8 4 ,
.
, . A cvi ns 5 0 5 1 ; of In dr a 3 7 ; of
, , ,

G r ave 6 9 7 6 f N 3 2 9 (s ee B ri a l
, , .
, . u , S av it a r 5 7 ; of S firy a 5 5 N , , ,
.

F u nera l) 2 0 5 ; of Us as 5 3 H or ses h e a ds
’
. .
,

Gu a rdi a n s of t h e p ath w or l d , , 56 f .
, as t r i b u te 8 0 N 1 88 ; h oof as , ,
.
.

65 , s ee Sp i es . s p r ing 5 1 N 1 85 , , . .

H ou s e 1 2 , V aru n a s H 63 f .
’
.
, .
,

H an d , u plifted in p r ayer 4 9 N , , . 6 8 ; H of t h e de ad 7 8 N 3 2 9
.
, , . .

1 73 ; l ai d on t o h ea l 8 6 N , , , . G eniu s of th e H N 3 7 5 d .
,
. .

3 58 ; r as pe d in m a rr i a g e 75 H u m a n f as h i o n 7 1 N 2 2 1 2 6 1
g , , , , .
,

N . 3 23 . H w i s dom 8 5 N 3 5 7
.
, , .

H aom a -
cu lt of th e Ir a ni an s N , . H u m or ou s pi e ces 8 1 , .

293 . H u nting 1 3 , .

H ar i y fip i y a, 8 0 , N . 338 . Hymn s 3 22 f 2 6 N 7 9 0 87
, , .
, ,
.
, ,

H a rvest, 1 3 , see A u tu mn . 3 3 3 ; f or m a nd l ang u a g e 2 2 f , .

H e aling , ce e r m onies , 8 6, N 3 58 .
, c on t e nt s 2 4 f ; s ee P oet y ,
. r .

3 59, s ee M edi ci ne et c ; ,
. h erb s 83 ,
.

H ea ve n , region 3 4 f , 5 8 , . f .
,
87, I mm ortal 7 0 f ; p oe ts th ink th em , .

of et n . H . as g arm e nt of God , se l v es I 7 2 N 2 92 .
, , . .

N . h om e of t h e sou l 69
246 ; , , I mm ort ali ty of t h e g ods 5 7 cf , , , .

N 2 7 5 ; dwelling of t h e b l es se d
.
,
4 1 N 3 0 8 ; I of t h e h u m a n
,
. .

3 1 5 7 66 6 9 7 3 ; pe r s onifi e d
, , , , , s oul 3 1 5 7 66 69 7 1 N 2 65
, , , ,
-

,
.

6 1 N 1 1 2 ; H and e a rth , . .
,
2 87 ,1 4 0 4 ; I r a ni a n G r ee k , , ,

3 3 (N 8 7 f O fte n ; t hr ee
. .
,
R om an G erm an Celti c b eli ef , , ,

h eav en s a nd three e arth s N , . N 2 65 27 3 0 2 7 5 0 2 8 3 0 2 87 0

.
, , , , ,

2 41 2 48 ; cf 2 7 9 , 2 8 3 0
, . . 31 5 .

H ell , N 2 8 7 0 ; cf p 7 1 , N 2 8 7
. . . . . In cant ati on s ee A tha rva veda ,
H e n oth e i s m , 33 , N . 113 . C ha r m .

H e rb s , s ee P la nts . In di a m ig r ati on into I 1 1 cf

,
.
, , .

H er ds , 1 3 , 43 , 4 8 , 56 , 7 2 , 81 , et c .
,
N 38. .

N 362. . In do—G erm anic ab odes 1 1 N 3 6 ; , , .

H ex a m e ter H om e r i c N , ,
. 85 . n u mb e rs N 6 5 ; p oet ry N 1 2 , .
,
.
,

H i m al ay a 1 2 83 , , . 82, 8 5 .

I nd r a,
1 41
I nd r ani,N 1 48 1 5 9
In du s 1 2 N 3 9 , ,
In fi nitive N 8 1 84 0
Inhe ritan ce 1 5 8 5 N 3 52 Law
of N 2 5 ; w i dow s ri ght N
51 . K ath en oth ei sm 33 N 1 1 3
In spir ati on of th e texts 5 2 4 2 5
N 2 3 87
.
Inte rcal ary days 3 7 N 68 ;
m onth 2 0 64 N 68 ; pe ri od
20 . 1 4 a, 1
Inte rcou rse of In di a w i th t h e Kau t h u m acakh a N 9 2 3 a 2
West 1 4 N 4 6 ,
Interpolation s 22 N 7 9 b
I r avat i 1 2 N 3 9 ,
1 0a I eavasy a Up an N 1 0 2 ; 1 6
,
I t ih as a N 2 6 ,
C andr abh aga N 3 9
C a r ana 3 N 2 3 ,
C a r anavy fih a N 2 6
C a tu r a ni k a N 24 1
Ce di N 3 4 1
, .
C h an das 6 N 1 8
C h andogy a —B r Hp an N 1 4 a
C in eh N 3 9 ,
C i nvat N 2 7 3 a 2 7 4 a 28 3 0
,
C itr a N 3 4 1 , . 1 8 ; lite r atu r e N 2 5 0
Cy avana 5 1 N 1 8 3
J ai m i ni y a—B r N 1 4 a 2
J aj nana N 2 7 0
J at ap at h a N 7 7
J u mn a 1 2 , de at h 3 1
J y ot i s a 6 N 1 8 ,
K a
( k as ma i de vay )
a N 3 7 3 Lig h t 2 9 3 4 3 5 5 7 6 2 7 0
K ab u l Ka bu li st an 1 2
, a nd a i r di stingu i sh e d
Kak s i v ant 5 1 N 1 8 5 3 41
Ka lap i n N 1 0 1
K ali 5 0 N 1 7 9
, ,
INDE X . 87
1 3, 21 , 3 3 , 3 9 , 40 4 9 -
(N . K alp a 6 N 1 8 2 3 2 6, , .
, , .
7 2 , 7 9 , 8 0 , 85 , 8 6 , N . Ka n va K anv a 2 1 N 7 3 , , , . .
K anva cakh a N 1 0 2 -
, .
, .
.
, . K anv a (p rotegé of t h e A cvi ns) ,
. . N 1 77
. .
, .
, . K ap ot a N 3 6 1 , . .
, , , . . K acu N 3 4 1 , . .
.
’
, . K ath a Kat h ak a N 1 0 1
, , .
, .
, , . .
, , , ,
Kat y ay ana N 2 0 2 3 2 3 0 4 ; , .
, , ,
,
26 .
,
. Kau ci k a, N 2 4, 5 ; 7 9 . 0 .
, , , .
, Ka u si t aki B r Ar , -
.
-
Up au .
,
N .
.
, .
, , .
Ka u t s a 1 0 , . .
,
li e a an N 140 2 , ,
. . .
, .
,
.
Kh ela N 1 8 0 ,
. .
, . .
K hi la N 8 7 2 -
.
, .
,
.
, .
, .
King k ing dom 1 7 7 8 8 1
. .
, , ,
-
.
K a m ap ath a N 7 7 r , . .
Kru m u Ku r u m K u bh a 1 2 N 3 9 , . .
, , , ,
. .
Ku r u crava na N 9 4 3 40
, . .
, .
, .
,
. .
L a me 50 f 7 2 N 3 00
, . .
, .
, , . .
L angu age of t h e hy m n s 2 2 f ;
.
, .
,
w ealth of form s N 8 1
,
. .
, .
L at y ay a na N 2 3 a 2 .
,
-
.
,
.
,
.
, .
Lau gak s i N 2 4 3
. .
, .
, .
L aw (s e e O di na nce) i de as of L
.
, ,
. r , .
,
. Law , . .
,
book s 8 N 2 5 L in Na tu re
, . .
, , . . .
,
N 92 f . .
Le vi rate m a rr i age N 51 .
,
.
,
.
,
. .
, Li fe l ong L 3 0 5 2 6 1 6 6 7 2
. .
, .
, , , , , ,
7 3 7 5 7 7 N 1 0 3 2 36 L af te r
, . .
, , , .
,
. .
. 69 —7 1 N 2 7 5—28 7 , , , . .
E t er n al L 6 9 f Stage s of L
, . . .
,
. .
o f t h e B r ahm a n a N 1 5 , . .
L , . .
, , , , , , . .
34 N ,
.
, ,
.
1 1 8 ; L re gi on
,
t h e brig h t
, .
, . .
-
,
,
h eaven 34 f 5 7 5 8 7 0 89 ;
.
, .
,
.
, , , ,
g ods of L 49 58 . . .
-
.
1 88 TH E RIGVEDA .

Lig h tning , 32 , 41 , 45 , N . 1 47 , 2 2 4, Melody 3 N 9 , , . .

et c . Mem orizing m eth od N 7 6 , . .

Li on 40 N 1 46 1 60
, , .
, . Me rcy 3 8 (Ru dr a) 47 (In dr a)
, , ,

Litu r gi ca l sa n h itas 3 ; L hy m n s , . 5 6 (Visn u ) 6 6 6 7 6 8 (V ar u na ) , , , .

in t h e Rig 2 2 N 1 2 6 , ,
. . M esseng ers of gods a nd m en 3 6 ; ,

L ove ch arm s 8 6 N 3 62
, , , . . Varu na s 6 5 67 ; see Sp i es ’
, , .

L u n ar p h as es N 6 7 (see N a ksa ,
. Mete mp sy ch osi s 7 1 , .

tra ) ; L y ea r 2 0 .
,
. Metre 6 7 M of In do—G er m
, , . . .

poetry N 8 5 ; of t h e Vedi c , .

Madh ava 9 N 2 7 , , . hy mns 2 4 N 8 5 , , . .

Madh y a de ca N 3 9 , . . Milk 1 3 2 7 6 3 5 2 N 9 0 1 90
, , , , , .
,
.

Madh y andi na N 1 0 , , . 2 . Mina 14 .

M ai de n Gi r l , ,
1 5 , 1 9 , 5 3 , 85 , N . Mi ser see A va ri ci ous
, .

f
3 52 , G no
c t de s i r.e d 1 63 49 . .
, ,
M i t r a 5 9 7 3 N 2 2 6 22 7
, , , .
, .

N 48 ; m a i den s give n as sl aves

.
,
M i t ra V a ru na 59 N 226 22 7
-
, , .
, ,

N 3 41 ; M D a w n 5 1 N 1 8 3
. .
, , .
,
2 3 0 2 41 ; h y m n s t o M see
, .
,

1 86 . 227 .

Mai tray ani Sa n h ita -

, N . 1 0, 1 . Mi t r at i th i , N . 3 40 .

Man 2 8 60 8 5 N
, , , , . 23 0 , 2 7 5 , 3 5 1 , M ock er N 1 63 , . .

et c .
(f c . H u ma n) . M . and b east , M odes 2 3 N 8 4 b , , . .

5 3 , 5 7 , 7 6, 8 9 , N 2 9 9 3 1 6 et c .
, ,
. M o n arch y 1 7 , .

Me n of ol de n ti m e (cf F a thers .
, M o n ey 1 4 , .

N 285 a . . M o n og a m y 1 5 , .

Man a v a N 2 3 a 3 ; 2 4 3 ; 2 5
, .
, , . M on oth ei s m 3 3 3 4 , , , 8 9 , 9 0, N .

M a n dal a 2 1 N 7 1 , , . . 3 74 .

M antra 2 4 8 6 ,
-
,
. M oo n , 46 , 6 4, 7 4 f .
, 87,
Mann 8 N 2 5 a 7 9 0
, , .
, . N . 23 1 , 23 4, 2 49 , 286 0 ; f
c .

M anu sa 2 8 , .

M ares 7 9 N 34 1 M of t h e Ma
, ,
. . . Mou ntain s , 1 2 , 3 7 , 3 9 , 42 , 50 , 6 3 ,
ru ts 39 ; of Sfiry a 5 5 N 2 05
, , ,
. 89 , et c .

(see H orse) . Mfij avant , 83 , N . 289 .

Mark a ndey a -
Pu r .
, N . 26 . Mu si c 1 9 3 9, ,
.

M arr i a g e N 2 4 M of S om a ,
1 5, . . . Myt h ol ogy Vedic , , 3 4, N . 115 .

a nd Sfiry a ( Z eus a nd H e r a ) ,

75 f N 31 8 . M of broth ers
,
. . . N ai gey a,N 9 . .

a nd s i ste rs N 4 8 , . . N ak sat ra N 67 ,
. .

M a ru t s 39 f (N 1 3 6 41
, . . . N ara da N 2 5 ,
. .

Macak a N 23 a 2 , .
,
. N as a t y a N 1 7 2 , . .

M at ari cvan 3 5 N 1 44 3 7 4 , , .
,
. N atu re l aw s cou rse of N 2 8 f
, ,
.
,
.
,

M athe m atic al tre ati se s N 2 6 , . . N 9 1 9 2 9 7 ; p h e n om e n a 2 8

.
, , , ,

Measu re 2 0 M ea su r ing staff cor d

,
. , , 2 9 3 3 40 N 1 43 ; p h il osop h y
, , , .
,

8 7 ff .

M edi cin e , 2 0 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 5 0 , 66 , 7 2 Nav ig ati on 1 4 , .

(see P hys i c i a n, S i ckness ) . N i gh ant u N 1 9 ,

. .
 90 TH E RIGVEDA .

Play g a mb ler 1 8 67 8 3 f
, , , , . P u ni shm ent , af e tr deat h , 7 0, N .

Ple i ades 2 0 2 7 64 N 67 , , , , . . 2 87 .

Pl ou gh 1 3 8 4 , ,
. P u r anas ,
8, N . 26 .

Poets 3 1 45 5 4 6 8 8 7 (cf S i ng
, , , , ,
. Pu r am dh i , 50 , 7 5 , N . 1 7 8 , 322 .

N 1 P f h e s e p ar a te P u ru 80, N
e s
)
r 69 ,o t . . .
, . 1 98 .

b ook s 2 1 , . Pu r u m i t ra , 5 0 .

Poetry 2 0 2 3 2 5 2 6 Di dacti c
, , , ,
. Pu rfir avas , N . 37 5 f .

gn om ic P 8 4 f ; h i stor ica l .
, .
, Pu r u sa sfik t a , N . 7 9 b, 3 7 5 e .

7 8 f ; h u m or o u s 8 1 f ; litu r gi
.
,
. P fi s a n, 2 8 , 5 5 f .
(N . 2 09 69 ,
ca l 2 2 N 1 2 6 ; ph il osop h i cal
, ,
.
, 72, N . 272 f .

8 7 f ; religi ou s 2 6—7 4 ; s e cu l ar
.
, , Pfit a k r at a , N . 3 41 .

7 4—9 1 .

Polyg am y 1 5 , .
Q u ail 5 1 , , N . 1 87 .

P olyth ei sm 3 3 N 3 7 4 , , . .

P ontife x 7 4 N 31 5 , , . . R b h u s , 37 f .
(N . 1 27 50 .

P rt h i v i N 1 1 2 0 , . .
Rt a , or de r , 2 8, N . 9 2 , 9 4, 9 8 .

P rai se 7 8 etc ; see S i ngers S ong

, ,
.
, . Rt u , N 92 . .

P r a j a p a t i 7 6 N 37 2 f , , . . R ain , 40 , 6 3 , 8 1 f 87, N . 1 3 9 , 1 43 ,
P r akr it 2 2 , etc .

Pr am a nt h ana N 1 2 1 , . . Raj a ny a , N . 375 e .

Pr at i cak h y as 7 (cf N 78 ; , . . R anay ani y a, N 9 .

, 23 a, 2 .

li st N 2 0 , . . Rebh a 5 1 , , N 1 84 . .

Pr au dh a B n N 1 4 a 2 -
, .
,
. R ecen s i on s , see A tha rva R ig ,

Pravrj e N 3 41 ,
. . S dma Yaj u r ve da .

Pray er sacr ifi ce S om a w ith ou t

, , , R efra in 2 3 N 8 3 0 , , . .

P 7 9 N 3 33 cf 3 1 4 ; P
.
, , .
, . . R egul arity in natu re 2 8 N 9 2 , ,
. .

book s 4 ; Lord of P s ee B ra h ,
.
, Religion s igni fican ce of t h e I n
,

ma na sp a ti . di a n R N 8 9 .
, . .

Prayers nte nts of t h e P 3 0 67

, co .
, , Re ligi ou s th ou gh t 2 7 ; p oetry 3 , , ,

73 ; cf N 9 6 1 66 1 9 2 2 0 9
. .
, , , ,
24 f .
,
26 74 -
.

R e n ow n , 53 , 7 8 f .
, N . 2 39 , 341 ,

2 61 , 2 63 , 2 8 2 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 8 f .
,
306, 3 49 , 3 5 1 .

3 72, 37 3 , et c . R h etor ical fi g u res 2 3 , .

Priest , 31 ,
32 , 3 5, 7 3 f .
, 77, 81 f .
,
Ri ch t h e 8 5 N 3 52
, , , . .

86 ( see B r dhma na ) . P .
-
l
c as s , 7 8, Rich es 30 3 1 67 7 1 8 5 et c
, , , , , ,
.

f
c 3
. 1 f ; s c oo ls , 8 1 . h . Ri ddles 8 6 N 3 64 , , . .

Pr in ces, 1 7 , 7 8 f , 8 0 f , 8 6 , . . N . 3 41 . Rig ht 7 1 N 47 9 2 2 32 R and

, ,
.
, , . .

Pr om eth eu s 3 5 (ety m N ,
.
,
. wr ong 60 64 R h an d 7 5 f , ,
. .
,
.
,

Pronu n ci ati on 6 7 , , . 7 7 N 3 22 3 2 4 ; l eadin g fr om

, .
,

P r ospe r ity 3 0 7 5 8 5 N 2 09 366 , , , , .

,
. l eft t o R 7 5 N 3 22 .
, ,
. .

P r ov erb s 8 4 f ,
. Righ te ou s (cf B lessed) 47 52 .
, , ,

Ps al m s 6 2 ff ; of II ,
. .
5 5 ; 5 6 62 6 6 6 9 7 3 7 4 N , , , , , ,
.

N 2 1 2 22 1 2 7 2 cf .
, , , . 2 38 , 2 39 , 2 74 a, 283 a, 2 84 a,

2 87 a .
 INDE X . 1 91

Ri gveda ,
3, 2 1 f .
(f c . H y mns , P o S anh i top ani s a d B r -
.
, N . 1 40, 2 .

)
e try ll e cti on 2 1 f
. 2 5 Th e co ,
.
, ,
S an s k r it ,
22 , 2 3 .

N 7 1 f tim e of collection 2 2
. .
, , S ap ary am i , N 2 84 0 . .

N 7 5 ; ti m e of com pos iti on 1 1

.
, ,
S ar a m a, 4 2 N 1 49 ; , . dog s of S .
,

N 3 8 ; re ce n si on s 2 1 N 7 2 f
.
, ,
.
, o 7 0, N . 2 74 .

N 1 4 0 1 — B rahm N 1 4 0
.
,
. .
,
.
, S ar am e y a , N . 1 49 , 2 7 4 .

1 ; Sfit r a N 2 3 0 1 ; 24 1 ; , .
, , Sa r as vati 1 1 N , , . 3 9 , 3 41 .

Pratic N 2 0 — E di ti on s of t h e
.
,
. . S a r coste mm a N , . 288 .

text N 8 ; tran slation s N 1 1 6

,
.
,
. . S a t laj , 1 2 .

-
Imp orta n ce of t h e R 2 6 9 1 .
, , ,
S a v i t a r, 2 8 , 5 6—5 8 (N . 21 6
cf N 89
. . . 5 9 , 7 4, N . 22 7 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 9 , 3 5 7 ,
R i nam cay a , 80 f . 370 . S . and S firy a , 5 6 f N .

Ritu al , 5, 8 . R w ork s
.
, 8, N . 23 21 6 21 8 -
.

25 a . S av i t ri , N . 2 22 .

Rive rs of t h e P an j ab N 3 9 , . . S ay a n a, 8 f .
, N . 8 , 27 , 3 8 .

B o d e s i N 1 48 ,
. . S ch oo l (see C a r a na ) in stru cti on ,

R ii a ch E lohi m N 3 7 2 , . .

R u dr a 3 3 3 8 (N 1 33
, cf , . . Sc i e n ces, 2 0 .

86 R i dent w ith Agni ? re

. . . S ea , oc ea n , 12 (N . 2 7 64, 6 5,
late d t o Apo llo N 1 33 , . . N
8 9, b th s e a s 6 5
. 3 7 0—3 7 2 ; o , .

R u dri y a N 1 1 4 1 31 ,
.
, . Se as on s N 68 1 2 7,
3 7 , 82 , 8 6 , .
, ,

R u ler of t h e Universe In dra , ,

21 1 Ge nii of t h e S N 1 2 7 f
. .
, . .

4 5 f ; t h e A dity as 5 9 f ; V a
.
,
. Se cret 6 1 64 65 6 6 , 73 N , , , , , .

ru n a 65 f , . 253 .

Se r pe nt 4 1 N 1 45 e tc ; S , , .
, . .

Sa bh a N 59 ,
. . s m it r 58 e ,
.

S acr i fi ce 3 2 9 3 5 3 6 43 f 8 8
, , , , ,
.
, . S h eep 5 6 N 34 1, , . .

R ew ards of f N 3 4 1 c . .
,
S h ep h e r d 5 6 , .

3 49 3 53 ; pl ace of S N 2 6
,
.
, . . S h ip 4 9 5 2 6 4 N 1 5 2 2 7 3 S of
, , , , .
, . .

S ac i fici al c arr i er 3 6 ; gifts 3 0 f

r , ,
.
,
Pusan N 2 1 0 ; of t h e Ph aea , .

”
44 9 N 1 6 3 3 3 ; posts N
, , .
, , . ei a s N 1 8 9
u , . .

1 26 . S i ckn e ss 2 0 5 0 6 7 7 2 N 3 58 , , , , , .
,

S ah a sr a, N , . 67 3 59 ( s ee M edi ci ne , P hy s i c i a n) .

sa man , 3, N . 9 . S i n, 6 1 , 67 , 6 8 f .
, 7 3, N . 1 06, 1 9 5 ,
S am ay acari k a s fit ra , -
N 25 . . 22 1 ,
22 5 , 2 5 8 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 1 , e tc .

Sa m ave da , 3; S a n h itas N 9 ; , . S in dh , S in dh u , 1 1 , N . 39 .

B r ah N .
, . 1 40 , 2 ; S fit r a N 2 3 0 ,
.
, S ing e r s ( f P ts) c . oe , 31 , 48 , 8 8 .

2 ; 24 , 2 . F a mili e s of S 2 1 .
, , 7 9 , 80 , N .

sam a vi dh ana B r -
.
, N . 1 4 a, 2 . 7 3 ; s pe ech 2 3 ,
.

Sa mi N , . 67 S i r ius 2 0 N 6 7
, ,
. .

S am ny fis i n, N 15 . . S l eep 8 0 N 2 9 7
, , . .

Sa mu dr a , N 39 . . S m art as fit ra , 8 .

S a n h ita 2 f , .
, 22 , N . 8; S .
-
p ath a , Sm rt i , 8 .

N 77 78
.
, . S oil , 1 2 , N . 40 .
1 92 TH E RIGVEDA .

S ol a rye ar 2 0 , . N . 286 a g o ds from t h e by t h e

S o m a pl a nt 63 7 2 N 2 44 2 8 8
, , , , .
, , sea N 37 1 , S g u i de d b y t h e
. . .

28 9 ; dri nk 3 1 4 2 6 3 8 41 43 , , , , , , ,
A dityas N 2 31 S ey e of Mi , . . :

47 7 1 7 9 (S w ith ou t p r ay e r )
, , .
, t r a Va r u n a 5 9 cf N 2 0 7 ; of
-
, , . .

N 1 44 1 8 8 2 1 0 2 90 f 2 9 4
.
, , ,
.
, , Va ru n a N 2 41 S rep rese nte d , . . .

33 3 God . f 74 f N ,
.
, .
,
. a s a b i r d see B i d H ow m a n y , r .

1 5 5 2 8 8—3 0 8 3 49 3 66
, S c u lt , , . .
-
, su n s ? 8 7 S a nd M oon 7 5 N . .
, ,
.

7 2 N 2 9 3 ; s acr i fi ce 3 N 33 3 ;
,
.
, , . 2 49 2 86 0 3 1 8 3 1 9
, E clip se , , .
,

intox i cati on 7 2 , . N 67 C ou rse of S 8 7 ; ch a r

. . .
,

S ong b o ok s 3
-

, . i ot , 4 5 , 5 5 , 5 7 S go d, 3 7 , 5 0 ,. .
-

S ong s se e H y mns ,
. 54 ( s ee P asa n, S a vi ta r , S firy a ,
S o n s de si r e d 6 1 5 7 6 ; s ee C hi l
, , , , Vi s nu ) . S u n r i se , 5 4 , 5 5 , 5 7 ,
dren . et c . S u n set, 55 , 5 8, N . 1 82 .

S ou l , 5 6 , 6 9 f .
, N . 2 7 4 , 2 74 a , 2 7 5 , S u rfi, 1 4, N . 2 80 .

27 5 0 ; s ee H ome . s ury a, 28, 54 f .

(N . 203 57 ,
S p eech , g oddess of S .
, N . 37 5 0 . 59, 73 , N . 2 1 6—2 1 8 ( s ee S a vi
S p e ll , s ee C harm . ta r ) .

S pi r it life worl d , , 69 ff . Sp i r its of S fi r y fi, 5 0 , 7 4 f .

,
c f . 86 ; N . 1 48 ,
t h e de a d, 6 9 . 1 76 .

S p o il s , 1 9 , 36, 7 9 , et c . S u cr av as, 4 4 .

Sp y , S u r y a ca ll ed a S .
, 55 ; t he Sut r a , 6 , N . 23 . D h ar m a—S N .
, .

A dity as, N 23 0 Spies of Mi . . 2 5 ; Grh y a S , -

. N 2 4 ; Cr au t a
.

t ra V ar u n a N 2 3 0 ; of S av it a r
-

, .
, S , N 23 0
. S . . . 17 .

57 of S om a 7 3 ; of V a r u n a , , S fit racarana , N 23 . .

65 . S u vast u S w at 1 2 N 3 9 , , , . .

St ars , h eave nly b odies 2 0 4 5 54 , , , , Syn op si s of Ve di c S a n h itas N 8 , . .

57, 7 1 8 3 N 1 9 4 2 04 2 49 2 8 6
, ,
.
, , , , S y nt ax 2 3 ; c om p ar ati ve Greek
, ,

2 86 a , 3 00 , 3 41 . S N 84
.
,
. .

St ate 1 6 , .

S t ep s of Visn u , 5 6, N . 21 3 .
C b
a a l a N ,
. 2 74 , 274 0 .

S t r ea m , 1 1 ,
3 7 , 48 . S . h el d b ac k Cak a la N 72 21 ,
. .

a nd ve r 44 7 9 ; into
p a sse d o , , Cak a t a y a na N 2 1 , . .

t h e oth e r w o r l d 6 9 N 2 7 3 1 3 et c , ,
. .
Ca kh a 3 2 1 N 9, 1 0 , , .
, , ,
.

S tr ong h ol d 36 66 N 1 49 2 9 7 , , , .
, .
Ca mb a r a 80 N 3 4 1 , , . .

S tr oph e 2 4 N 86 , ,
. 1 ; 23 a 1 ; .
Can kh a y a n a N 1 4 0 , .
, ,

S u das 44 7 9 f N 3 40, ,
24 1 ; 7 2 ; 320 .
, . .
,
.

S u itor 1 5 3 5 N 3 5 2 , Q
, a rv a r a s ee, C a ba la . .
,
.

S fik t a N 7 1 , .
C a t a m N
. 6 7 ,
. .

S u n 1 4 2 7 (N
, 2 8 3 7 39
, Q p
a t a a t h a B r N 1 4 0 . 4 ; 2 86 ; , , ,
-
.
,
.
,

5 4—5 8 6 2 8 7 N 1 7 9 1 8 9 2 8 6
, 28 7 a
, , .
, , , .

2 8 6 0 et c S st an ds still 4 5 ;
, C a u n ak
. a N 1 3 2 0 26 .
, , .
, ,
.

S br ou g h t b y In dr a 4 1 4 5 ;
. i
Q g r u 8 0 , , ,
.

b y V ar u n a 6 3 N 2 45 2 49 ; b y Ciksa 6 N 1 8 , , .
, , ,
. .

S om a 7 2 ; by t h e F ath ers 7 1
,
i
C y m u 7 9 , , ,
.
 94 TH E RI GVE D A .

V ai cy a, N . 3 75 e. N . AV N 8; . 1 3 ; SV N .

V ai cvam i t r a , N . 73 . 9 . V re pe ate d .
, 2 3, N 83 a c ; .

V ai t anasfit r a, N . 23 0 , 5 . c r o w de d ou t N , . 83 c .

V ac , N . 37 5 c. V e t asu , 8 0 , N . 33 7 .

Vaj a N ,
. 1 27 . V i b h v a n, N . 1 27 .

V aj as a ney i S an 1 0, 2 ; 1 4 a , -
h N .
, . Vi ctory , 1 9, 78 .

4 ; 1 6 ; 23 0 , 4 ; 24 , 4 . V i j ay anagar a , 9 .

V al a, 42 , N 1 49 . . Vill a ge , 1 3, 1 7 , 1 9 , 7 1 , N . 59 .

V al a kh ily a, N . 72 . Vilu N , . 1 49 .

V am a dev a , 2 1 , 85 , N . 73 . V i m ada, 5 0 , N . 1 78 .

Van ap rasth a N 1 5 ,
. . V i p ac, 1 2 7 9, N . 39 .

Vandan a 5 1 N 1 7 9 , ,
. . V i cp ala, 51 , N . 1 80 .

V a n ga—E h N 1 4 a 2 ,
.
,
. V i gv a k ar m a n, 8 9 , N . 3 71 , 374 .

Var a bh ar N 9 5 , . . V i cvami t ra, 2 1 , 7 9, N . 73 .

V ar i ety i n h y mns and c oncep V i gv e d e v as , 3 4, 7 4, N . 31 6 .

ti on s 24 f 2 6 ,
.
, . V i s nu , 3 , 5 6, 8 6, N . 26, 2 1 3—21 5 .

V ar t i k a , N . 1 87 . Visnu D h arm asutr a

-

, N . 25 ; V .

V a r u na , 2 0 , 2 8 , 3 6 , 5 9 , 6 1 -
69 (N . Pu r ana N 2 6 ,
. .

22 6 f .
, 2 41 7 0 , 7 3, N . 1 42 , Vitasta 1 2 N 3 9 , , . .

366 , 3 7 4Eye s of V N 2 41 . .
, . . V i vasv ant , 6 9 , N . 2 69 .

V and In dr a 3 3 62 N 1 1 4
.
, , , .
, V rk a, N . 1 87 .

2 42 V and Mitra 5 9—6 1 7 1

. .
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N 2 2 5 2 40 2 4 1
.
’

V and Yam a -

,
. .
,
V rt ra, 4 0 , 43 .

69 f N 2 7 6 .
,
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V ar u ndni N 1 4 8 , . . V y as a , N . 75 .

V asi st h a , 2 1 , 7 9, N . 33 6 .

V as i st h a , N . 73 .
-
N . 25 . Wa n derer , 49 , 5 8 (t h e su n,

V asto sp at i , N . 375 d . War , 1 9 , 43 f .

, 78 f .

Vasu N 1 1 4 1 3 1
,
.
,
. Warm th cosm og oni c , force, 9 0 .

Va ca A cvy a N 3 41 , . . W ater w aters 1 3 f , , .

,
31 , 40 , 4 1 ,

Y ask ala N 7 2 ,
. . 6 3 , 6 5 , 8 0, 9 0, N . 24 8 . W loosed .

V at a , 7 5 57 0
”
, 33 , 3 8 , 7 2 , N . 72 . b y In dr a 41 ; g u i de d by V a ,

Va yy a 63 ,
. r u na 6 3 W a s ori gi nal m at
, . .

Veda 2 ff , .
; s ee A tha rva R ig t e r, 8 7 f .

S 0 ma Yaj u rveda . W ay , of the g o ds , 7 4, N . 2 33 .

Ve da N , . 1 02 . N 2 1 1 (see P a th )
. .

Vedang a ,
6—9 . We ap on s 1 9 ; W s ong N 6 3 ,
.
-
,
. .

Vedanta f N 1 6 , 6, c . . . We av ing 1 4 56 5 8 , , ,
.

V e dar t h ay at na N 33 ,
. . Wi cke d pl a ce of th e W in t h e, .

Vedi c c iviliz ati on 1 1 —2 0 ; V be ,

. o th e r w o r l d 7 1 N 2 8 7 28 7 0 , , .
,
.

li ef 3 2—3 4 ; V h om es 1 2 f ; V
,
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.

p e r i od 1 1 N 3 8 , , . . in h er it an ce re m arri ag e b u r n ,
-

Verse s inte r p ol ated 22 N 7 9 0 , , .

, ing N 5 1 3 2 8 , .
, .

83 c In de x of first lines RV
.
,
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, Wife 1 5 1 6 7 5 7 7 N 47
, , , , , . .
 INDE X . 1 95

Wi n d , 3 7 , 3 8 , 40 , 5 2 , 63 , 6 4, N . Yaj n aval ky a , 8, N . 1 4 a , 4 ; 25 , 7 9 ,
et c.

Wi n e 1 4 N 2 61 , , . . Yaj urveda , 4, N . 10 . Bl ack Y .

,

Winged ste e ds of t h e A cvi ns 50 , , N . 3 ; 2 0 ; 2 3 0 , 3 ; 2 4,

5 1 N 1 89 , . . 3 . W h ite Y , N 1 0, 2 ; 1 4 a , 4 ;
. .

Wink ing of an eye 50 64 6 6 , , ,

. 20 ; 2 3 a , 4 ; 2 4, 4 .

Wis dom Wise 63 6 9 90 etc , , , , , . Y aj u s , 3 .

S ong of W 8 5 N 3 48 3 7 5 b .
, ,
.
,
. Yaksu ,
80 .

Wish 2 9 7 0 N 9 6 , , , . . N 2 69 2 7 5 2 7 6
Y a m a , 69 , 7 0, 7 8, .
, , ,

Wolf 52 N 1 8 7 2 7 9 2 80 37 4 Y am a s dog s 6 9
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, , , , , ,

Wom an 1 6 7 1 8 5 N 351 , , , , . . N 27 4 2 7 4 0 ; h i s b ri g h t r ealm

.
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Wor d formati on 23 N 8 1 b
, , , . . 70 Y and Yam i N 3 7 5 0
. .
, . .

Play on w ords 23 N 83 b , , . . Y a m i s ee ab ove , .

Worl d w orl ds 2 8 42 4 5 f 49 60
, , , ,
.
, , , Y a mu n a 1 2 , .

6 2 f 6 5 N 9 2 1 57 1 6 3 2 1 4
.
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,
.

2 44 et c ; W of t h e righ teou s
,
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, Y a vy avat i 8 0 N 3 3 8 , , . .

6 6 , 69 ( see A bode , R ighteous ) . Year (cf A t mn S eas ons ) 3 7 . u u , , ,

Wr iting , 20 , N 64 Te ts com
. . x 46 8 2 8 6 N 2 3 1 3 7 2
, , , .
, .

m i t te d t o W N .
, . 77 . Yfip a N 1 26 ,
. .

m u , 45, N . Z eu s a nd H er a, N . 31 8 .

dwek m, 4 2 960 1 1 70 7
p 1 ot ,
§ N . 2 8 5 61 .

( r i jp , a lafip , N . 1 18 . N . 1 49 .

N . 1 1 2d . 1 1 7 009 , N 3 9 . .

N . 39 . i fl dp n g, q ui /1 010 0 9 , N . . 39 .

' '
K epfl qoos , N
i

N 3 2 74 0
a
A p ta p . 1 . . .

dpp 1 V6 9 , 00 7 0 11 0 1 , N . 62 . dcfidw ov, N . 95 .

3 1 77 0 0 19 , N . 39 . Kwd
nj v , N . 39 .

7 8 0109 , N . 46 . A61 5K1 7777 0 9 A ui s , N . 1 97 .

' '
B p oiy x m , B pa yx 1 0a t , N
5
. 01 17 0 9 , AvKO K7 o 1 / og , N . 1 87 .

I m/ 00p m , 1 2 P4 9 , 28
‘
. 4

7
70 , N . 95 .

'
A 0 p 00 1 / L0 , N . 1 49 . dp wm, N . 2 93 .

'
0w7 7j p 6 s 600 W, N . 95 . O fip a vds , N . 24 1 .

6K0 7 0V, N 65 . . 77 00 1 9 , N . 42 .

677 1 0651 0 , N 3 24 . . 1 1 51 0 0 779 6 1 59 , N . 1 21 .

e
130 0 6 50 9, N . 1 49 . N . 39 .

2 0 11 00 3 07 0 , 2 0 v0 0
p o ¢ 0fy og, 2 00 0
'

Z e lsl , 33 , N o 7 09, N . 39 .

inu r

,N 65 . . Toip 7 0 p os , N .

iyp a 6
¢p 6 1 1 f
, N . 95 . Tp 1 7 wvig , N . 1 1 2 61 .
1 96 TH E RIGVEDA .

‘ ’ '
Y0p a a1 7 rj s , 5 0 1 , N
°
Ya p trnng,
-
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g
/1 1 2 0 , 2 8 7 0 . .

q /J a o l s , N 3 9
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LALOt , N 6 5
'
o .
X . .

’
OAOBW , N 15 mea vds , N
’
o . u . 1 45 .

C a nt ab as , N . 39 . L ares M a n es , , N . 27 0 , 2 83 a,

Ce nt u m , N . 65 . 285 0 .

C r edo, N . 3 66 . M ars N , . 1 33 .

D ep ont ani , N . Mille N , . 65 .

D ex t eraru m j u nctio (p . N Pontife x , N . 31 5 .

32 2 . R atus N , . 92 .

D i esp i t er , 3 3 . Se m i N , . 65 .

F la men , N . 82 . S ep eli o, N . 284 a .

Gai ns , e go G .
, t u Ga ia , 3 23 . Se x a gena ru de p onte , N .

Gleb am i ni cere, N . 33 0 . S i ndus , N . 39 .

Arbeit , N . 1 27 . Tau send, N . 65 .

H u ndert , N . 65 . Wett e r , N . 1 47 .

Men sch 2 8 N , , . 93 . Wu ot an , N . 1 32 .

R ecke N 5 7 , . . O N orse brag r B r agi N

.
,
~
, , . 82 .

S ippe N 59 Goth f a i rgu ni Fi brgy n N

'

, .
, , , . 1 39 .
1 98 TH E RIGVEDA .

PS A L M S 1 0 4, 1 3 f . : P . 63 . 1 7, 8 :P 61 . .

1 0 4, 1 9 P 63 : . . 1 7, 1 0 : Pp 6 0 6 4 .
, .

1 0 4, 22 : P 55 . . 2 3, 2 3 : P 65 . .

1 07, 2 9 : P 58 . . 2 3, 2 4 : P 62 . .

1 09 , 1 5 : P 67 . . 31 , 35 : P 62 N 2 3 1 .
, .
,

1 1 3, 5 : P 65 . . 3 2, 1 8 : P 67 . .

1 21 ,
4 : P 60 . . 32 , 1 9 : P 65 . .

1 3 5, 7 P 64 . . 51 , 1 5 : P 62 . .

1 3 6, 8 : P 62 N .
, . 2 49 . 51 , 1 6 : P 63 . .

1 38 , 6 : P 65 . .

1 3 9, 2 ; P 65 , .
EZ EK . 1 8 , 2 0 : P 67 . .

1 39 , 3 : P 65
N . 1 43 .

1 39, 7 a ; P 65 . .

1 43 , 1 , 11 : P . 67 . P 54, 6 3
. .

1 47 , 4 : P . 64 .

1 47 , 8 : P . 63 .
AM OS 3, 7 N . 2 53 .

1 48 , 3 f . : N . 2 49 .
5, 8 : N . 2 45 .

9, 1 P . 65 .

PROV . 21 , 2 :P 64 . . 9, 6 : N . 245 .

2 8, 1 3 : N 2 57 . .

3 0, 1 8 : P 64 . .
H A B A K 3, 8
. : N . 1 43 ,

EC CL E S 1 P 2 7 N 2 45 M A TTE 5 , 45 N 2 07 :
7
. .
.
, ; .
,
. .

6 8 : N 227
11 5 : P 62 64
. .
,
. .
, ,
8 1 2 : N 2 87
1 2, 7 : N 27 5 0
. .
,
. .

8 2 7 : P 58
, . .

IS A I AH 1 0 3 0 : P 66
, . .

1 8 20 : P 65
, . .

2 4 3 0 : N 1 43
, . .

2 6 6 4 : N 1 43
, . .

L U KE 1 2, 7 : P . 66 .

JO H N 1 1 : N . 37 5 0

3, 8 : P 3 8 , 6 4,
. N . 1 32 .

J E REM . 1 0, 1 2 : P . 62 .

1 0, 1 3 ; P 6 3 , 64 . . 4, 1 3 : P 6 5 . .