An Elementary Treatise On Coordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions 1000038010 PDF

AN E LE M E N T ARY T R E AT I S E ON
C O OR D I N AT E GE O M ETR Y O F T H RE E D I M E N S I O N S
M CM
A IL L AN AND CO L IM I T ED
TT
,
ON ON O
.
L D B M BA Y CA LCU A MAD R AS
MELB O U RN E
T HE M CM A IL L AN CO M PA N Y
NEW Y OR K B O TO N
S C H I CA GO
D A L L AS SA N F R N
A C IS C O
TH E M CM
A IL L A N CO O F C AN A D A, L T D
T O RO N TO
.
A N E L E M E N T A RY TR E A T I SE
"
ON
CO O R D I N A TE GE O M E T R Y
OF T H R EE D I M E N S I ONS
EL L , M A D SO
R OB E R T J T
D
’
. . . . .
,
L TRR
EC U E IN MA TH EMAT I C S A ND A SS ST N T
I A TO T HE P R O FE SS O R OF MA TH EMATIC S
IN T HE U I VE N RS T I LS
Y O F G A GO W
M ACM I L L AN A ND C O .
,
L IM IT ED
M ART I N S S T R E E T
’
ST .
,
L O ND O N
1 923
C O PY R I GH T
F i rs t E di t i o n 1 9 1 0
S
.
ec o nd E di t ion 1 9 1 2 1 9 1 4 , 1 91 8 , 1 920 , 1 9 23
.
P R NT
I ED IN G R T RT N
EA B I AI
PR EF A CE
TH E p resen t el em ent ry t xt boo k em b odi es th e c o r e in

a e -
u s
S l id C o r di n t e G m e t r y w h i c h fo s v e r l y e r it h as
o o a eo ,
r e a a s,
b en pa r t of m y d ti s L e ctu r e r in M th e m ati c s a t th
e u es a a e
Un i ve r sity o f Gl sg o w to g i ve t o t wo c l as a o f st u d n t s ses e .
F o th s t u d n t w h o e i n t r e st s l ie in t h e di r c ti o n o f
r e e s e e
A pp l i d M t h e m ti c s t h e b o k a i m s a t p r o vidi n g a f i r ly
e a a ,
o a
c m pl e t xp o iti on o f t h p r o p e ti e f t h p l n e th e
o e e s e r s o e a ,
st r a i g h t l i n nd th co n ico ids
e, a I t is a l i n t e n d e d t
e . so o
f u r n i h h im w ith b k f r f r e n c wh i h h m ay c o n s l t
s a oo o e e e c e u
wh n h is r di n g o n A pp l i e d M t h e m a ti c s d m n d s k n w
e ea a e a a o
l dge
e
y ,
f t
sa h p ro p r ti of c r ve o o f ge od si cs A t the
,
o e e es u s r e .
sa m e ti m e it is h o p e d t h a t th t d e n t o f P r M th m a ti c s e s u u e a e
m y fi nd h e r
a it bl e i n t r o d c ti n t th e l r g e r t r ea ti se s
e a su a u o o a
o n t h e s bj e t n d t o wo r k
u c o n D i ff r e n ti l Geo m e t ry a n d
a s e a
th e Th eo r y f S rf c es o u a .
Th m a tt e r h s b e n a rr n g d
e a th t th fi r st te n
e a e so a e
c h p t r c o n t i n a fi r t c o r wh i c h i n c l d es t h p r per ti es
a e s a s u se u e o
o f o n ico ids as f
c a c fo l C r t a i n s c ti on s o f a l e s
ar s on ca s . e e s
e l e m e n t r y h r a c t e r a n d a l l se c ti on s a n d x m p l es t h a t
a c a ,
e a
i n vol ve th e n g l o di st n c fo r m ul a f
a e o bl i qu
r xe s a e- e or e a
h ve b ee n m a r k e d with n st e r i s k n d m a y b o m itt e d
a a a , a e .
C h p t e r X I h a s b e n d e vo t e d to t h e di c s i on o f th
a . e s u s e
G n r a l E q u ti on o f th e S
e e a n d D eg r ee Thi r d e r of eco . s o
a rr ng m e n t en ta i l m r ep titi on b t it h a com p en t
a e s so e e ,
u s sa
in g a d va n t a g e Th e t d n t wh h a s . t di d th p e c i a l
s u e o s s u e e s
fo r m s of th q tion fi n d s l ss di ffi c l ty nd va g en s in
e e ua e u a u e s
d l i n g w ith th g en e r a l
ea e .
I h a ve o m itt d ll cc o n t f H o m og n u C o o r di n a t
e a a u o e eo s e s,
T a n g e n ti l E qu a ti on s a n d t h e m e t h d o f R c i p ro c l Pol r
a ,
o e a a s,
“
20 3 8 7
vi P R EM C E
and h a ve c ti o n s o n R u l e d S u rfa ce s C u r vi l in ear

i n clu d e d se ,
C o o r di n a t e s A sy m p t o ti c L i n e s a n d Geo d e si c s
,
I t see m e d .
t o be m o r e a d v a n ta g e o u s t o ma k e t h e s tu d e n t a c q u a i n t e d
w ith th e n e w id ea s w h i c h t h e se se c ti o n s i n vol ve t h a n t o
e x e r c i se h im in th e a ppl i c a ti o n o f p r i n c i p l e s w it h wh i ch his
r a di ng in th e g eom t ry
e e of t wo di m en si on s m u st h a ve m a d e
.
\
him t o so m e e x e n t t fa m i l i a r .
I n t e a c hin
~
s ant t re ou c r se h a s bee n h a d to
th e t isé s
tre a rks f and S a lm o n ,
and t h e wo o
C n e y d L ong ch a m p s n d N i e wen gl o wsk i h a ve b e n

ar ,
e a e
o c asi o n ally c on su l t e d
c My o bl i g a t i on s t t h es . th r s o e au o ,
wh i h c e p o b a bl y m c h g r a t r t h a n I
ar r m a wa ru f e e e a e o , ar
g r t f ll
a e u
y a ck n o wl d
g d I m p e c i l ly i n d e b t e d t o R e
e e . l a s a sa ,
wh o se m e t h o d s g i ve n in his Theor i e des S m f a ces I h a ve

’
, ,
r b
f ou n d v e y s u ita l e f or a n e l e m e n t a y c ou se , a n d h a ve r r
f ol l o we d in t h e wor k of th e l a s t t wo ch a pt e r s .
Th e e x am pl es ry n m e r ou T h o e tt ch d t the
a r e ve u s . s a a e o
se c ti on s a r e f or th e m ost p a r t a y a ppl i c ti o n s o f th e t h e o ry
e s a
or r esu l s t of th e se c ti on . M an y of t h ese h a ve bee n c on
s t r u c te d i ll u st ra t e p a r ti c u l a r t h e o r e m s a n d o th e r s h a ve
to
b e e n sel ec t e d fr om u n i ve r sity ex a m i na ti on p a p e r s S om e .
h a ve b e e n t a k e n fr o m t h e c o ll e c ti o n s o f de L o n g c h a m p s ,
K o e hl e r a n d M osn a t t o wh o m th e a u t h o r d e s i r es t o a c k n o w
, ,
l ed g e h is i n d e b t e d n ess .
I h a ve t o th an k Pr o fs J ack a n d Gi bson fo r t h e i r k i n d ly
.
i n t e r e st a n d e n c ou rag e m en t Pr o f Gi bson has r e a d pa r t o f . .
t h e wo r k in m a n u sc r i p t a n d a l l t h e p r o o fs a n d it o wes m u c h ,
to his sh r e wd c r iti c i sm s a n d v al u a bl e su gg e sti o n s My .
c o l l e a u e M r N e i l M A r th u r h a s r e a d a ll t h e p r o o fs a n d
‘
g , .
,
v e r i fi e d n e a r l y a ll t h e e x a m p l e s ; p a r t o f t h a t t e di o u s t a s k
wa s p e r f o r m e d by M r Th o m a s M M a c R o be r t . I t en d e r m y . .
c o r di a l t h a n k s t o t h e se t wo g en tl e m e n fo r t h e i r mo st e ffic i e n t
h el p . I d esi r e a l so t o th a n k M ess r s M ac L e h ose fo r t h e .
ex c e ll en c e o f t h e i r p r i n ti n g wo r k .
R OB T J T B E L L . . . .
G L A S GOW , S ep tember, 1 9 1 0 .
F
PR E AC E T O T H E S EC O N D ED I T I ON
I N this e diti o n a fe w t r ti o ns h
al e a a ve b ee n ma de ,
ch i e fly in
th e r p r t o f th e bo o k O n e
e a rl e
i a . or t wo se cti on s h a ve b e e n
r e wr itte n nd additi on l fig u r es
a a and i ll u st r a ti ve e xam pl es
h a ve b e e n i n se r t e d .
R . J . T . B .
J u ne, 1 91 2
CONTE N TS
C H A PT ER I
S Y ST E M S or C OOR D I N A TE S . T HE EQ U A TI ON
A S U R FA C E
ART .
1 . S eg me n t s
2 . Re l ti
a o ns t
be we e n co ll i n ea r se m
g en t s
3 Ca rt i rdi t
es a n coo na e s
4 S i g f d i r ti
n o f r t ti
ec on o o a on
5 Cy l i d ri l
n rd i t
ca c oo na e s
6 . P l r
o a rdi t
coo na e s
7 Ch g an f r ig i
e o o n
8 P i t di idi g l i
o n v i gi n ne n ve n r ti
a o
9 Th eq ti t
e ua rf
on o
'
a su ace
10 . Th eq ti
e ua t r
ons o a cu ve
11 . S rf
u f r
a ces o l ti e vo u on
C H APT E R II
O
P R J E CT I ON S . I
D R E CT ION CO S I N E S -
. I
D R E CT ION
R A T IO S
T he a ng es l t
be we e n t wo di r t d l i n
ec e es
The pr j ti f o ec gm t on o a se en
R l ti
e a b tw on gm t e d i t pr j t i
ee n a se en an s o ec on
T h pr j ti
e f
o ecbr k li on o a o en ne
Th egl b t w
an t w pl
e e e en o a ne s
R l ti
e a b tw on r f e t r i g l d it pr j ti
ee n a e as o a an e an s o ec on
R l ti
e a b tw on r f e p l yg ee n d it pr j ti
a eas o a o on an s o ec on
O
C N T E N TS
AR T .
PA G E
19 . Re l t b tw
a i on r fe l d r
ee n d it
a e as o a c ose cu ve an s
pr j ti o ec on
20 . D i r ti ec i —d fi iti
o n - co s n e s e n on
21 , 22. D i r ti i (
ec r t g l r)
o n - c os n e s a x es ec a n u a
23 . Th e gl b twan tw
e li w it h g i
e ee n d i r ti o n es ve n ec on
i c os n e s
24 . Di t s a n ce f p i t fr m l i
o a o n o a ne
25 , 26. D i r ti i (
ec bl i q )
on - c o s n es a xes o ue
27 . Th e gl b twan tw
e li w it h g i
e ee n d i ti o n es ven rec on
i c os n e s
28 , 29 3 0
,
D ir ti
. r ti ec on - a os
31 . R l ti
e a b tw ond i r ti e i ee nd d i r ti r tiec on - c os n e s an ec on- a os
Th gl b tw
e an t w li
e with g i
e ee n d i r ti r ti o ne s ve n ec on -
a os
C H APTER III
T H E PL A N E . TH E STR A I GHT L I N E . TH E V OL U M E
OF A T E TR A H E D R ON
33 . F rm o s of th e q u a ti o n t o a
e pl a ne
Th e g e n e r a l e q ua ti o n t o a pl a ne
'
36 . T he pl th r gh th r p i t
a ne ou ee o n s
37 . Th d i t e f p i t f r m pl
s a n ce o a o n o a a ne
38 . Th pIe bi ti g th
a n es
gl b t we
s ec tw n gi e an es e en o ve n
pl a n es
39 . Th q ti
e e tua t r i gh t l i
o ns o a s a ne
40 . S y mm t r i l f r m f eq t i
e ca o o ua on s
41 . Th li e t h r gh t w g i p i t
ne ou o ve n o n s
T h d i r ti
e r ti f d f r m th q ti
ec o n- a os oun o e e ua on s
43 . C t t i t h q ti t l i
o ns a n s n e e ua ons o a ne
44 . T h pl e d th t r i gh t l i
ane a n e s a ne
45 . T h i nt r
e ti f th r pl
e se c on o ee a ne s
46 . Li i t r ti g t w g i l i
n es n e se c n o ve n ne s
47 . Li i t r ti g th r g i l i
n es n e se c n ee ve n nes
48 . Th d iti n th t t w g i
e c on o li h ld b
a pl r o ve n nes s ou e co ana
49 . Th h rt t d i t
e s o b tw
es t w gi li
s a nc e e ee n o ve n nes
50 . P r bl m r l ti g t t w g i
o e s e a n i t r ti g l i
o o ve n n o n- n e s e c n nes
51 . Th el m f t tr h d r
vo u e o a e a e on
C ON T E N TS xi
C H A PT E R IV
C H AN GE OF A X ES
Fo rm u l ae of tr
r m ti (r t g l r )
a n s fo a on ec an u a a xe s
R l ti
e a b tw ons t h d i r ti
e i
een f th r e ec o n - c o s n es o ee mu t lly
ua
p rp d i l r l i
e en cu a n es
T r f r m ti t
a ns o a mi th on ti f g io e xa ne e s ec on o a ve n s u rf ac e
by gi pl
a ve n an e
F rm l
o f tr
u ae f r m ti
o ( bl iq )
a ns o a on o ue a xe s
EX M A SI PL E .
C H APT ER V
TH E S P H ER E
T he e q u a t io n to a s ph e r e
Ta ng e n t s a nd t an
ge n t pl a ne to a s ph r e e
r d i l pl
T he a ca an e o f t wo s ph r e es
EX M L S I I
A P E .
C H APT E R VI
TH E C N E O
T he e q u a t io n to a co ne
Th e an g e l t
be wee n t h e li ne s i n wh c h i a pl t
a ne c u s a c o n e
T he co n d i ti on tof a n g e ncy o f a pl a ne a n d c o ne
T he co nd iti on th t a a co n e has th r ee mu t lly

ua
p e r pe n di
c u la r
g e ne rtr a o s
T he q u a ti o n t o
e a co n e w h it a
g i ve n ba se
E X A MP L E S I I I .
C H A PT E R VI I
T H E CE N T R A L CON I C O I D S . T HE C N E O .
TH E PA R AB OL OI D S
T he e q ua t io n to a ntr l
ce ni a id co co
tr l pl
D i am e a a n es a nd on j g t e d i m t e r
c u a a e s
P i t
o n s f i t r ti f l i
o n e sec on o a ne a nd a co n coi id
T g t
an d t g t pl
en s a n an en a ne s
xii O
C N TE N TS
Con d iti
th t pl
on h ld t h
a a i id ane s ou ouc a c o n co
T h p l r pl
e o a ane
P l r li
o a nes
S ti with g i
ec on tr a ve n c e n e
L ocus f t h m id p i t
o f e
y t m f p r ll l
-
o n s o a s s e o a a e cho rd s
Th e l pi g
e n ve o n c o ne
Th l p i g yl i d r
e e n ve o n c n e
Th e rm l
no a s
Th e r m l fr m gi p i t
no a s o a ve n o n
C j g t di m t r
on u a e d d i m t r l pl
a e e s an a e a ane s
P r p r ti
o e f th es o e c o ne
Th e e
q ti tua p r b l id
or o a a a o o
}
C j g t d i m t r l pl
on u a e a e a a n es
Di m t r
a e e s
T g t pl
an en a nes
D i m t r l pl
a e a a n es
Th e rm l
no a s
E X MP L S I V
A E .
l"
C H APT ER V I II
TH E A X ES O F PL A NE S E C T I ON S . I
C RC ULAR
S E C T ION S
Th e d t rm i n t i
e e a on o f a x es
A xe s t r l ti f
of a c en t r l i oi d
a se c on o a ce n a co n c
’
A f
x es o y ti fan tr l i i d
sec on o a ce n a con co
A f
x es o ti f p r b l i d
a sec on o a a a o o
T h d t rm i
e ti f i r l r ti
e e na on o c cu a se c o ns
Ci r l r
cu a ti f th ll i p i d
s ec o ns o e e so
A y tw
n i r l r ti fr m pp i t y t m
o c cu a se c ons o o os e s s e s
ph r
a s e e
Ci r l r
cu a ti f t h h y p rb l i d
se c ons o e e o o s
Cir l r
cu a ti f th g
sec r l tr l i i d
o ns o e e ne a ce n a co n co
Ci r l r
cu a ti f th p r b l i d
se c o ns o e a a o o s
U m bilics
E XA M P LS E V .
C ON T E N TS x iii
C H A PT ER I X
G E N E R A TI N G I
L NES
a R T.
96 . Ru ld e su rf a ce s
97 . The se c ti onrf by t g t pl
of a su a ce a an en a ne
98 . Li m ti g
ne ee i i d i thr p i t i g r t r
n co n c o n ee o n s s a e ne a o
99 . C ond iti t h t l i Sh l d b g r t r
o ns a a ne ou e a e ne a o
1 00 .
S y t m f g r t r f hy p r b l i d
s e o e ne a o s o a e o o
10 1 G rtr f m ytmd ti tr t
ene a o s o sa e s s e o no n e s ec
102 .
G r t r f pp it y t m i t r t
e ne a o s o o os e s s e s n e se c
103 . L oc us o f p i t f i t r ti f p rp d i l r g r
o n s o n e s ec on o e en cu a e ne a
tr o s
104 . T h pr j ti
e o ec f g rtr
o ns o e ne a o s
1 05 . Al gon g ar t r Hi 15 i
e ne a o t t ( s co n s a n
106 . Th y t m
e s f g
s e r t r f t h h yp rb l i p r b l i d
s o e ne a o s o e e o c a a o o
107 . C i id t h r g h t h r
o n co s gi ou li ee ve n ne s
1 08 . G r l q ti t
e ne a e uai i d th r gh t w g i l i
on o co n c o ou o ve n n es
109 . Th q ti t th
e e ua oni i d th r gh t h r g i l i
o e co n co ou ee ve n n es
1 1 0, 111. Th t r i gh t l i wh i h m t f r g i l i
e s a ne s c ee ou ve n n es
1 12 . Th e e
q ti t h y p r b l i d wh g r t r
ua on o a e o o en e ne a o s are co
rd i t
o na e a x e s
1 13 . P r p r ti
o e f gi
es o g rtr
a ve n e ne a o
114 . Th t r l p i t d p r m t r f d i t r i b ti
e ce n a o n an a a e e o s u on
E X MP L S V I
A E .
C H A PTER X
C N O FOCA L C ON I C O I D S
T he e q u a ti o ns of con foca l co n ico ids
Th e h t r e e c o n f o ca l s th r o u gh a pi to n
E ll i p ti rdi t
c co o n a es
Co n f l t t r i gh t
oca s c u
gl a an es
The f l t h i g gi
c on o c a o uc n a ve n pl ane
Th e f l t
co n oca s hi g gi ouc n a ve nli ne
The p r m t r f th
a a e e s o e co n fo ca l s thr ou g h a pi t
o n on a
ce n tr l i i d
a c o n co
x iv C ON T E N TS
ART .
PA G E
L ocu s of th e pl o es of a g i ve n pl an e w h it r p t es ec
c on f oca l s
The rm l t th th r
no a s f l th r gh
o pi t
e ee con o ca s ou a o n
Th lf p l r t tr h d r
e se -
o a e a e on
Th f
e axes o l pi g
a n e n ve o n co n e
Th q ti t
e e ua on l pi g o a n e n ve o n co ne
Th q ti t t h
e e ua oni id o e c o n co
C rr p d i g p i t
o es on n o n s
Th f i f
e oc i id
o a co n co
Th f i f
e oc ll i p i d d th p r b l i d
o an e so an e a a o o s
E X MP L S V I I
A E .
C H APT ER X I
THE G EN E R A L E Q UA T ION OF TH E S E CON D D E GR E E
13 1 . In t r d t ry
o uc o 1 96
13 2 . C t t i th q ti
o ns a n s n e e ua on 1 96
13 3 . P i t
o n s o f i t r ti f l i
n e sec dg r l i id
on o ne a n e ne a co n co 1 97
Th t e g t pl
an en an e 1 98
13 5 . T h p l r pl
e o a an e 20 1
136 . Th l pi g
e e nv e o n co n e 20 2
13 7 . Th l pi g y l i d r
e e n ve o n c n e 20 3
13 8 . Th l e f th
oc u s o h r d w ith e c gi mid p i t
o s a ve n -
o n 20 3
13 9 . T h d i m t r l pl
e a e a a n es 20 4
1 40 . T h pr i i p l pl
e nc a a ne s 204
1 41 . Con d iti th t d i r i m i ti g bi h t w r r t
on a sc na n cu c as o ze o -
oo s 20 6
1 42 . P r i i p l pl
nc a wh anes r ti r e n one oo s ze o 20 6
1 43 . P r i i p l pl
nc a wh tw r
a n es t r en o oo s are z e o 20 7
1 44 . Th r t
e ll r l
oo s are a ea 20 8
1 45 . Th f t r
e f ( b fg h) ( y Y A
ac o s o a c x z 209
1 46 . C d iti
on f rp tdr t
o ns or e ea e oo s 21 0
1 47 . T h pr i i p l d i r ti
e nc a ec on s 21 2
1 48 . T h pr i i p l d i r ti
e nc a t r i gh t glec o ns a an es 21 2
T h pr i i p l d i r ti
e nc a wh th r ec r p t dr t
o ns en e e a re e ea e oo s 21 2
1 50 . Th tre f r m ti
a ns o f ( b f g/ ) (mg/ )
a on o a c i z
2
21 4
151 . Th e ce ntr es 21 5
C O NT E N TS XV
ART .
1 52 . T he d t e rm i n ti
e a o n of th e ce n tr es
1 53 . T he ce n t r l pla anes
1 54 . T he e q ti wh
ua on en th e o r igi n is a t a ce n tr e
155 1 61 -
. D ifl e r e n t
'
c a s e s o f re du c t o n o f
'
gene r l q ti
a e ua on
162 . C o n ic o ids of r e vo u l ti on
1 63 . I nv r i n t
a a s
E X A MP LS
E VII I .
C H APTER X I I
T H E I N T E R S E CT ION OF T W O C ON I CO I D S . S Y STE M S
O F C O N I C OI D S
1 64 . The q u a r ti c c u r ve o f i t r ti
n e s ec o n of t wo co n ico ids
165 . C o nic o ids w h it mm a co

g rtr on e ne a o
166 . C o n ic o ids w it h mm g rtr

co on e ne a o s
167 . T he co n es th r gh t h i t r t i
ou e n e se c on of t wo co n ico ids
1 68 . C o n ico ids w ith d bl t t ou e c o n ac
169 . C o n ico ids with t w mm pl o co on a ne s ec ti

on s
1 70 . E qua ti on t i i d h i g d bl
o co n co av n ou e co n ac t t with a g i ve n
i id
co n c o
1 71 . C i r m r i bi g
cu i id
sc n c o n co s
1 72 . C i id t h r gh i g h t g i
o n co s pi t
ou e ve n o n s
Th p l r pl
e s f
o a gi p i t with r p t
a ne o a ve n o n es ec t o the
y t m
s s e
1 74 . C i id th r gh
o n co s
gi pi t
ou se ve n ve n o n s
EX M L S I X
A P E .
C H A PTE R X I I I
C N O OI D S . S U R FA C E S IN GE N E RA L
De fi i ti f
n id
on o a c o no
E q tiua t id
on o a c ono
C t t i t h g r l q ti
on s a n s n e e ne a e ua on
T h d gr
e fe rf ee o a su a ce
T g t
an d t g t pl
e n s an an en a n es
Th i fl i
e nl t g te x o na an en s
vi C ON TE N TS
Th e e q u a ti o n
S i ng u l a r
pi t o n s
S i ng u l a r
t g t pl an en a n es
Th h r ri g
e a nc o -
n
Th w e rf a ve su ace
T h i di tri
e n ca x
P r m tr i
a q ti
a e c e ua ons
EX M L S X
A P E .
C H APTER X I V
C UR V E S I N S PA CE
Th e e q u a t io ns to a cu r ve
The t an
gen t
T he d i r ti ec o n - c os n e s o f i th e t a ng e n t
Th e rm l pl
no a a ne
C t t f
o n ac r o d rf
a cu ve a n su ace
1 92 . Th l ti g pl
e o scu a n ane
T h pr i i p l
e r m l d bi rm l
nc a no a an no a
C r t r
u va u e
T ri
o s on
Th ph r i l i d i t r i
e s e ca n ca ces
f rm l
’
Fre n e t s o u ae
Th e i g f th r t r d t r i
s ns o e cu va u e a n o s on
Th r d i
e a f r t r
us o c u va u e
Th e d i r ti iec f th pr i i p l r m l
o n- c o s n es o e nc a no a a nd
bi r m l no a
Th r d i
e a f t r i us o o s on
C r
u ve si wh i h t h n t g t mk c t t e an en a es a co n s a n l
a ng e
w it h gi li a ve n ne
Th e ir l f r t r
c c e o cu va u e
Th e l ti g ph r
o scu a n s e e
G m t ri l i
eo e ti g ti f r t r d t r i
ca nves a on o cu va u e a n o s on
C rdi
oo t i t rm f th
na e s n e s o e a rc
E X MP L S X I
A E .
xv ii i O
C N TE N TS
PA C E
De t rm i ti
e f th
na pr i i p l r d ii d l i
on o e nc a a an ne s of
cur t r va u e
D t rm i
e e ti f mbil i
na on o u cs
T r i ply r th g l y t m —D p i th r m
-
o o o na s s e s, u n s
’
eo e
C r t r
u t p i t
va u e a f g r t r f k w rf
o n s o a e ne a o o a s e su ace
Th m e r f r t r
e a su e o cu va u e
Th m e r f r t r i 1 /p p
ea s u e o cu va u e s 1 2
C r i li
u v r rd i t
nea coo n a es
D i r ti
ec i f th
on - cos nes o rm l t th rf e no a o e su ace
Th li e r lm t
n ea e e en
T h pr i i p l r d ii
e nc d li a f r t r
a an nes o cu va u e
E X M L S X III
A P E .
C H A PT E R XVII
A S Y M PT OT I C L I N E S —G E OD E S I C S
A sym p t ti l i o c n es
T h d i ff r ti l q ti
e e en f ym p t ti l i
a e ua on o as o c ne s
O l t i g pl
sc u a nf ym p t ti l i
an e o an as o c ne
T r i
o s on f y mp t ti l i
o an as o c ne
G d i
eo es cs
G d i
eo d l p bl
e s cs o n a rf e ve o a e su ace
T h d i ff r ti l q
e ti
e en f g d i
a e ua on s o eo e s cs
G d i
eo rf
e s cs o n a f r l ti su ac e o e vo u on
G d i
eo i id
e s cs on c o n co s
Th e r t r dtri f g d i
c u va u e an o s on o a eo es c
G d i
eo r t r
es c c u va u e
G d i t ri
eo es c o s on
E X MP L S X I V
A E .
M S LL N US E X M L S
I CE A EO A P E
IN D EX
CHA PTE R I .
SY ST E MS OF COORD I N AT E S . T HE EQ UA T I ON
T O A S UR F A C E .
1 . S e g me nt s . T wo se
g m en ts AB an d CD a re sa id to
h a ve t h e sa m e t h e y a r e c o ll i n e a r o r p a r a ll e l
di r e c ti o n wh e n ,
a n d w h e n 8 is o n t h e sa m e s id e o f A a s D is o f C I f AB .
a n d C D h a ve t h e sa m e di r e c ti o n B A a n d C D h a ve o pp os it e ,
d i r e c ti on s I f A B a n d C D a r e o f th e sa m e l e ng th a n d in
.
t h e sa m e di r e c ti o n t h e y a r e sa id to be e q ui va l e n t segme nt s .
2 If A B C
.
,
N P a r e a n y p o i n t s o n a st r a i g h t
, , ,
li n e X O X a n d th e c o n ve n ti o n is m a d e t h a t a se g m e n t o f
'
th e st r a i g h t l i n e is p o s iti ve o r n e g a ti ve a cc o r di n g as its
di r e c ti o n is t h a t o f 0 X o r O X t h e n we h a v e th e foll o wi ng ’
r e la ti on s '
AB —B A ; 0 A + AB = O B , or AB z
OB —O A ,
“
O)
O A + AB + BC + NP = O P .
If E
] , 902 a r e th e m e asu r es o f 0 A a nd 0 8 , i e . th e r ati os of
0 A and 0 8 to a ny p ositi v e se
gm ent of u n it l e n g th , L , th en
O A = ccl L , O B = £IJ 2L ,
and A8 ( x2 50
1 ) L,
or t h e m e a su r e of AB is fr —w
o
]
.
3 . Coor dinat e s . Le t
’
X O X, Y OY ’
, Z OZ
’
be an
y th ee r
fi xe d i n t r se c ti g l i n s wh i c h e n t p l n r
e n e ar o co a a ,
a n d wh o s e
p ositi v di r c ti on s e ch n t be X O X Y OY Z O Z ; n d l t
e e ar os e o
’
,
’
,
’
a e
p l ne s t h r o gh ny p i n t in p
a u a P p l l l r e p e c ti v l y
o s ace, ,
'
a ra e s e
to th e p l n e s YOZ z o x xo v c t x x Y Y z z in A B C
’ ’ ’
a , , , u , , , , ,
fi
(g . t h e n t h p o s iti o n of P iek n o wn w h e n t h e s g m e n t s s e
B G
. . A 3
(
2 C OORDINATE GE OM E TR Y [c m 1 .
0 A, OB 0 0 ,
are
g i ve n in m a g n it u d e a n d i g n A c on S .
s t r u c ti o n f o r f
P wou l d be : c u t o ff r o m O X t h e s e m e n t O A
g ,
d raw A N, th rou g h q i
A , e u va l e n t to th e seg m en t 0 8 , an d
dra w N P, t h r ou gh N, eq i v
u a l e n t t o t h e se m e n t 0 0 0 A,
g .
OB ,
0 C ar e k n o wn wh e n t h e i r m e asu r e s a re kn o wn ,
and
t h ese c al l e d t h e Cart esian coordinat es of P

m e asu r e s are
w ith r e fe r e n c e t o t h e c oo r di n a t e a x e s x o x Y OY
’ ’ ’
Z OZ , ,
.
Th e p o i n t 0 is c a ll e d th e o r i g i n a n d th e pl a n e s YO Z Z O X , ,
X O Y th e c oo r di n a t e p l a n es
, Th e m e a su r e o f 0 A t h e
.
.
segm e n t cu t o ff f ro m OX or OX
’
by th e pl an e t h rou g h P
FI G . 1 .
pa r a l l el to YO Z
ca l l e d th e zit coo r di n at e of P ; th e m easu r e s
,
is -
o f OB a n d 0 0 a r e t h e y a n d z c o o r di n a t e s a n d t h e sy m b o l
‘
-
,
P (x y z ) i s u se d t o d e n o t e
“ th e p o i n t P W h os e c o o r di n a t e s
, , , ,
e c o o r di n a t e p l a n es di v id e s p a c e i n t o e i h t
”
are x
y z
,
T,
h .
g
p a r ts call e d o ctan ts a nd t h e si g n s of th e c oo r di na t es o f a
,
p oi nt d e te r m i n e th e oc ta n t in wh i c h it l i es Th e fol lo wi n g .
t a b l e s h e w s t h e S i g n s f o r th e e i g h t o c t a n t s
4] S I G N OF D R E CTI IO N or R OT A T I O N 3
It is g e n e a l ly m os t r c o n ve n e n i t to c h o o se m u t u a lly
pe rp e n di c u l a l i ne s a s co or r di n t a e a xe s . The a xe s a r e th en
r c tan g
e u la r o t h e r wi se t h e y a re
“o b l i q u e ”
, .
EX 1 . . Sk te ch in a f gui r e th e p iti os o ns o f th e pi t o n s
_2
(8 ) O) “
17 ’ (O )
O)
Ex 2 Wh a t is t h e l oc u s o f p i t (i ) wh
th e o n o se x - c o o rd i t na e is 3 ,
(ii rd i t rd i t
,
—4 ?
. .
) wh ose r - coo
. na e is 2 an d wh y ose -
co o na e is
Ex 3 Wh at is t h e l oc us f o p i t wh a o n o se coo rd i t na e s sa ti sf
y
(i ) (ii ) d y = 0 ; (iii ) =
. .
= 0 a nd = 0 ; =a a a nd = b; z= c
x y r
. an x
y (iv)
a nd g = b?
/
EX 4 I f O A = a, = b, O C = c fi
, ( g
wh a OB t a re th e e q u a ti o ns t o
t ti ti fi d by
. .
pl
.
th e a nes P N B M , P M C L , F N A L ? Wha eq ua o ns a r e s a s e
th e co o rdi t
na e s of a ny o n on the ne P N pi t li
4 S ig n
. of dir e ct ion of r ot at ion . By a ss ign ing p ositi ve
di r e c ti on s to a s
y s em of
t r c t g la r a x es X X Y Y Z Z
e an u
’
,
’
,
’
, we
h a ve fi xe d
p ositi v th e th e di r c ti o n f t h e n o r m l s to
e s o a e
c o o r di n t e p l n es YO Z Z O X X O Y R e t a i n i n g t h
a a l , , . e u su a
c n ven ti o n m d e in pl n e g e om t ry t h e po si ti ve di r c ti n
o a a e , e o
o f r o t ti o n fo a ay r e vo l vi n g a b o t 0 in t h e p l a n e X O Y
r a r u
is t h t g i v n by XY X Y t h t i is c o n t r c l o ck wi i f th
’ ’
a e , a s, u e -
se , e
cl ck di l b s pp d to c o i n c id e w it h th e p l n e n d fr n t
o a e u o se a a o
in t h p o iti ve di r c ti o n o f t h n o r m l
e s H n c e t fi x th
e e a . e o e
p siti v di re c ti o n o f r t ti n fo a y in a n y p l n w
o e o a o r ra a e, e
h ve th e r l e
a if a cl k d ia l i
u o n s i de
: d to o in cide oc s c re c
w ith the p l a n e a n d f r o n t i n the p os i tive d ir ectio n of th e

n or m a l to the p l a n e, the p os i ti ve d ir ec ti o n o
f r o ta ti on
r a y r evo l vi n g i n h e p l a n e i s co u n ter cl oc kwi se
fo r a t -
.
Apply i ng th i r u l e to th th r c o r di n t p l n e
s e o e o a e a s th e
p iti v di r ti on s o f r ot ti on fo th e p l n e s YO Z
os e ec a r a , ZO X
’ ' ’ ’
a re s e e n to be YZ Y Z ,
Z XZ X .
p iti d i r ti f r t ti f
T he os ve pl ecl b f d byon o o a on or a a n e ca n a s o e oun
con s i d r i g t h t it i th di r ti i wh i h ri gh t h d d g i m l t
e n a s e ec on n c a -
an e e or
co rk r w h t b t r d th t it m y m f r w r d i th p iti
sc e as o e u ne so a a o ve o a n e os ve
d i r ti f th rm l t th pl
ec on o e no a o e a ne .
Ex A pl A B C m t th ane OX CY C Z i A B C d ee s e a xe s n an
t h p iti d i r ti
, , ,
r m l fr m 0 I f O N i h
. , ,
O N i th s e no a o s c o se n a s e os ve ec on
rm l d p i t P m r d t h p ri m t r f th
.
o f th e no a an a o n o ve s ou n e e e e o e
t ri g l A B C i th d i r ti A B C wh t i t h S i g f th d i r ti
,
an e n e ec on a s e n o e ec on
f r t ti (i ) l l p iti (ii )
,
o o a f N P wh on 0 A 0 8 DC
o en ,
a re a os ve , one
ti iii ti ) ll g t i ?
,
ne g a ( ) t w
ve , g (i o ne a ve , v a ne a ve
4 C OO R D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [0 8 . I .
5 Cyl indr ical

. coor dinat s e . If
’
x o x, Y OY z o z ,
’
,
a re
re c ta ng u l a a xes r ,
and PN is t h e p e r p e n di c u l a r fr om any
poi n t P to t h e pl ane X O Y , th e p ositi on of P is d e te r m i ne d

if O N , th e an
g l e XO N , a nd NP a re k n o wn Th e m ea su r es
.
of th e se q
titi e s a
u an 2 ar e , , ,
t h e cy l in d rical c oor dinat e s
of P T h e p o s iti v e di r e c ti o n o f r o ta ti o n fo r t h e p l a n e X O Y
.
h a s b ee n d e fi n e d a n d t h e di r e c ti on o f a r a y o r i g i n a l l y
,
c o in c id e n t with O X a n d th en t u r n e d t h r ou gh th e g i ven
a n gl e o b is th e p o si ti ve di r e c ti on o f O N
,
I n th e fi g u r e .
,
a t 2 a r e a ll p o s iti v e
,g ,
.
I f th e C a r t e si a n c o o r di n a t e s o f P a r e a) y 2 t h o s e o f N , , ,
a r e as y 0 ,
I f w e c o n sid e r o n l y p o i n t s in th e pl a n e X O Y
, .
,
th e C a r t e si an c o o r di n a t e s o f N ar e at y a n d th e p ol a r a gb , , ,
f
, .
T h e re fo r e
w= a c os ¢ , y
=u s n i ¢ ; a
2=
x
2
+y
2
,
FIG . 2
.
6 Pol ar
. c oor dinat es pp ose th a t th e p ositi on o f
. Su th e
pl ane O Z PN , fi
(g h a
. b e e n d e t e r m i n e d by
s g i v n v a e alu e
of th e n e
gt , w m ay d e fi n t h p os iti ve di r e c ti o n o f
. e e th e
n o r m al th r ou h h a t wh i c h m a k e s a n t o be
g pl 0 t o th e
t an e
7r 2 w it h X O X O u r c o n ve n ti o n t h e n fi x es
/
’
an le +
g ¢ .
,
th e p ositi ve di r e c ti o n o f r o ta ti on fo r a r a y r e vol v i n g in th e
pl an e O Z P N T h e p o siti on o f P is e vid e n tly d e te r m i n e d
.
wh e n in a dditi on t o gt) we a r e g i ve n r a n d 6 th e m ea su r es
, , ,
5, 6] C Y L I N D R I CA L A ND O
P L AR C OOR D I N A T E S 5
of OP and L titi e s r 9 (15 a r e t h e p ol ar

ZO P . Th e q u an , ,
c oor di n at e s o f P T h e p o s iti ve di r e c ti o n o f O P is t h a t o f a
.
ra
y o r i g i n a lly c o i n c id e n t w it h OZ a n d t h e n t u r n e d in the
pl an e O Z P N th r o u g h th e g i ve n a ngl e 6 I n th e fig u r e O M .
,
is th e p os iti ve di r e c ti on o f th e n o r m a l to th e p l a n e O Z P N ,
a nd r 9 t a r e a ll p os iti ve
q , ,
.
I f we co n sid e r P a s b el o n g i ng to th e p l a n e O Z P N a n d O Z
a n d O N as r ec t a n g u l a r a x e s in t h a t p l a n e P h a s C a r t e s i an ,
c oor di n a t es z a a n d p ol a r c oo r di na t es r 9 Th e r e fo r e
, , ,
.
u
=r 2=
z =r c os € ,
n sin 9; r z
2
+a
f 2
, ta n fi z
cc = u cos =
'
B u t if P is ( x, y ) ,
z , q ) , y u i p
s n ( .
Wh c en e w= r s in 9 c o s ¢ , y =r s in 9 sin (p ,
z =r cos O;
2 2 2
ta n 9
i 2
+ y 2
y
x +y +z , t a n g!)
Z 50
Cor . If th e axe s ar e r c tan g

e u la r th e di sta n c e of (x, y , 2 )
Ex . 1 . D r aw fi gu r e s sh e w ng i th e p iti os o ns o f th e pi to n s
( g ( S g) —
g) (
2. 5 3
2, -
E 3, -
A
g
-
, , , .
Wh t a rt i
a re rd i t th e C a e s a n c oo na e s o f pi t
the o n s
Ex 2 F i d th p l r r d i t n e o a c oo na es o f th p i t e o n s (3 4, 2, 1 ,
th t m y b p iti
. .
,
so a r a e os ve .
26
( ?
7 7 7
Ans . 5 x/ 2, 1, tan A
3 5 -l- t a n 4 1
4 3 2 5 2
—l
r g t l
1 1
whe ta n t an ta n 2
" ‘
ar e a c u e a n
e , g es .
Ex 3 . . She w th t a
_
th e
di t
s a
n c es of the pi t o n (1 ,
2, 3 ) f r om th e
coo rdi t na e a xe s are J 13 , 10, J 5 .
Ex 4 . . F i nd (i )
r t i ,(ii ) th yl i d r i l (iii ) t h p l r
th e C a es an e c n ca e o a
q ti t r i t h ri g i d r d i 4
,
e ua f th
on o p h r wh e s e e o se c e n e s e o n an a us .
A ns .i( ) ii
( ) + = 1 6 iii
( ) = 4 u
2
2
2
,
r .
EX 5 . F i d (i ) th p l r (ii ) t h y l i d i l (iii ) t h C r t i
n e o a e c n r ca e a es a n
q ti f t h r i gh t i r l r r t i 0 i OZ d
.
, ,
e ua on o e wh c cu a c o ne o se ve ex s ax s an
m i r ti l gl
, ,
se ve ca an e a .
A ns i( ) e= (ii ) = t
.
(iii ) a, n e an a ,
Ex 6 F i d (i ) th yl i d ri l (ii ) th C r t i (iii ) th p l r
n e c n ca e a e s a n, e o a
q ti f t h r i g h t i r l r y l i d r wh i i OZ d r d i
. . ,
e ua on o e c cu a c n e o se a x s s an a us a .
A ns . i( ) = (ii ) i
( )
nii i 0 =a, r s I1 a .
6 C OOR D I NA TE GEOM E TR Y (on . I .
Ex 7 F i nd (i ) th p l r (ii ) e o a th e Ca r t i q ti tes an e ua on o th e pl an e
th r i w ith t h pl
. .
,
o u gh OZ wh ch ma k e s a n a ng e a l ZO X e a ne .
A ns .
(i ) ¢ = a, ii
( ) y = x ta n a .
7 Ch ang e
. of or ig in . L et x o x
’
, Y OY
'
,
’
z oz ;
w
y y
'
, (fi g . p r l l l x es n d l t ny po in t P
be t wo se s o f
t a a e a ,
a e a
b (a) y z )
e fe r e d to th e fi st a n d (f 7 f) r e fe rr e d to th
, ,
re r r ,
1 , e
s c o n d se t
e L t h a ve c oo din t s a b c
. e fe e d t o
(0 r a e , , ,
re rr
OX OY 0 2,
N M is th
,
l i n e o f i n t e r se c ti o n o f t h p l a n e s
. e e
a n d th e p l n e t h ou g h P p a r a ll e l t o B n/ c ts
By a X O Y , , a r a u
ne w in G H a nd XO Y in K L .
F IG 3 . .
Th e n
t h e r e f or e w= a + § S im i la rly
y ,
= b+ y ,
wh e n c e £ =x —a , q
=
y
—b §= z —c , .
Ex 1 Th e coo rd i tna e s o f (3 , 4, 1 —5 , O) , r f rr d t p r ll l
e e e o a a e
t r h ou gh —2, —
. .
a xe s -
3, (
a r e 5 , 7,
(1 , 2,
Ex 2 F i nd the di t s an ce t
be we e n P , (301 y] , 21 ) an d Q , (772 , g
/ z, z
z )
i r t
. .
, ,
th e a xes be ng l r
ec a n g u a
rigi rdi —xl
.
C h a ng e t h e o t
n P o a nd th e c oo n a t es o f Q be c om e xz
— z —
,
d t h di t i
,
is g by
“
z ; an ve n
yz p l , Z l e s an c e
1
Ex 3 T h e a xes r t g l r
ar e ec an u a and A, B are th e pi t
o n s (3 4,
—1
. ,
r i bl p i t P h rd i t F i nd
.
, 3, A va a e o n as coo na e s x , y ,
z . th e
q u a ti o n s ti fi d (i ) (ii )
.
e sa s e by x, y, e, if PA = P B , P A2 + P B 2 = 2k2,
(iii ) P A P 8 2 = 21c25
2
Ans .
(i )
(ii ) 2 2 2—
2r 2
+ y + 22 4v .
(iii )
s C OORD I NA TE G EOM ETR Y fan . I.
Ex 1 F i nd th e co o na rdi t es of th e p i t th t d i i d
o n s a v e th e join of
r ti —
. .
(2, — 5 in t h e a
) os —1 : 3, 3 2 .
(1 (5
9 5 I 3 I3
, ,
EX 2 G i ve n th t P a (, ,
3 2 —4
) Q (5 , 4, R, (, ,
9 8 —1 0
) a re
ll i r d t h r ti i wh i h Q d i i d r ti
. .
, ,
co n ea fin e a o n PR cWh y v es ca n the a o be
i d ri g th rdi t
.
,
foun d by co n s e n e x— c oo ly ? na es on A ns . 1 2.
EX 3 A 8 (90 2 3 2a C, (x3 D) (2
5 4 M4 24 )
rt t tr h dr th t A tr d
, , ,
;
r
, :
’
ar e t h e v e i c es o f a e a e on P ov e a th e ce n oi of th e
t ri l rdi t
.
,
a n g e 8 0 0 , h as co o n a es
If B ’
,C , Dt r i d f th t r i gl C D A D A B A B C pr
’ ’
ar e th e cen o s o e an es o ve
t t B B C C D D di id t h r i t h r ti 3
, , ,
ha
’ ’ ’ ’
AA , 1 , ,
v e on e a n o e n .
e a o .
Ex 4 S h w _t h t t h l i j i i g t h m id p i t f pp ite a e nes o n n e -
o n s o o os e
d g f t t r h d r bi t th r d th t if th y b t k
. .
e es o a e a e on se c on e a n o e an a e e a en
rdi t r d i t f th r ti b w r itt
,
f or coo th na e a xe s, e co o na es o e ve ce s ca n e en
b? —a b —C —Ct
( a)
( a) “
by _
C
) I , ) ), ,
_
b’
EX 5 . She w th t a the coo rd i t n a e s of any th r p i t ee o n s ca n be p u t
r th g i p i t b i tk
.
in t h e f o m r (a b, (a , 0 , c ) (0 b, c ) a fo u v en o n e ng a e n
r ig i
, , , ,
as o n .
tr r ity t tr dr
'
EX 6 Th e cen es o f g av of th e e ah e a A BC D
i id
. .
,
(E x . co n c e .
EX 7 r ti i wh i h th Fi d
rd i t pl d i id th
n th e a os n c e c oo na e a nes v e e
l i j i i g t h p i t —2 4 (3 —5
. .
ne o n n A 4 5 e o n s , , , ,
ns . : ,
EX 8 F i d t h r ti i wh i h th ph r + y + = 5 0 4 d i i d
n e a os n c e s e e x
2 2
z
2
v es
th l i j i i g t h p i t (1 2 4
. .
e ne
(27 9
o n n A 2 3 2 3 e o n s , , ,
~
,
ns . : ,
-
: .
Ex 9 Th ph r + y + m t th l i
e s e e x
2 2
z
2
ee s e ne
j i i g A (2 —1
. .
o n n B (5 5 5) i th p i t P d Q P r n e o n s an o ve
th t A P P B —A Q Q B = 1 2
, , , , , , .
a : : : .
EX 1 0 A i th p i t —2 2 3 ) d B th p i t (1 3 —3
. s e o n an e o n
t h t 3 PA = 2P B P r t h t th l
, , , ,
A p mt P m f P i
'
‘
o o ve s so a o ve a e o c us o s
t h S ph r g i
.
e by e e ve n
a n d ver i fy th t th i ph r d i i d A B i t r ll y d a s s e e v es n e na an e x e na t r lly in
t h r ti 2 3
e a o : .
Ex 1 1 F r m t h p i t (1 —2 3 ) l i
. . dr w o e o n n es ar e a n t o me e th e t
ph r d th y d i i d d i t h r ti r
, ,
s e e an e ar e v e n e a o P o ve
t h t th p i t f ti li th ph r
a e o n s o se c on e on e s e e
5 29 l 2j/ 1 82 22 0 .
9 Th e
. e q u ati on t o a su r fac e . Any eq u a ti o n i n vol vin g
on e or m or e of th e c u r r en t , c o or di n a tes o f a va r i a bl e
p o i n t r ep r esen ts a su r f a ce or syste m o
f su r a ces f w hi ch
i s the l oc u s of th e va r i a bl e p oi n t .
§] 9 T HE EQ UA T ION T o A S UR FA C E
Th e l o c u s p int wh of c r di n t
all q o l s ose d -
oo a es a re e ua
to a c on t n t a i p l n p r l l l to th p l n YOZ n d
s a , s a a e a a e e a e , a
th q ti on w= r p r n t t h t p l n I f th e e q u ti on
e e ua oc e e se s a a e . a
f (a ) = 0 h a r o ots or
s “ it i q u i v lent t t h g , or, s e a o e
e q u a ti o n w= oc rc = s w= or n d th r f r r p r ese n t
oc a e e o e e s
1 , 2, n ,
a s s t e m o f pl n s r l o r i m ag i n ry p
a ell l t t hea p l an a a ra e o e e
y , ,
YO Z .
S i m i l a r ly , f( e =
) 0 r ep res nt e s
y s e m
t s of p la n e s
pa r a l l el to Z O X XO Y , . I n th e sa m e way ,
i f pola r coo r di n t a es
be t ak e n f (r ) = o r e p r e se n ts a sy st e m o f sp h e r e s with a
,
c omm on c e n t r e a t th e o r ig i n a s st e m o f c oa x a l
y ,
r ig h t c i r c u l a r con es wh ose a x i s is OZ a sy st e m o f ,
p l a n e s p a ssi ng t h r ou gh O Z .
C on s id e r n o w th e e q u a ti on f (v y ) = 0 T h i s e q u a ti o n is .
, .
sa ti s fi e d by t h e c oo r di n a t e s o f a l l p o i n t s o f th e c u r ve in th e
pl an e XO Y w h ose two di m en si on a l e q u a ti on is f (v y) = 0 -
.
,
.
F IG 5 . .
L et P, (fig y . an p i t
c r
o n
oo di n a t es o f the cu r ve ,
h a ve
fr
o , 0 D r a w t h r o u g h P a p a ra l le l t o OZ a n d l e t Q be
.
,
an
y p o i n t o n it Th e n th e c o o rd i na t e s o f Q a re d y z
“ o, a, ,
a n d si n c e P is o n t h e c u r ve u s t h e c o o r di n a t e s
fl by
a ) 0 t h , , o ,
o f Q s a ti sf
y t h e e q u a ti o n
f (m T h e r e fo r e t h e c o
'
o rdi n t o f v y p i n t n P Q ti fy th q ti
a es e er ond o sa s e e ua on a
ev re
y po i n t o n PQ l i on th l s f th q ti n B t es e oc u
-
o e e ua o . u
P i a ny po i n t
s f th c r v t h r f r th loc
o f th ee u e, e e o e e us o
e q u a ti o n i th y l i n d e r g n r t d by t r i g h t l i n s d r wn
s e c e e a e s a e a
10 COOR D I N A TE G E OM ETR Y Le n 1 . .
p r al l
a el to 0 2 t h r o u g h p o i n ts o f t h e c u r ve S i m i l ar ly .
,
f (y , e ) z 0 , f( z m ) 0 r e p r e se n t cyl i n d e r s g e n e r a t e d by
=,
p a r a ll e l s to O X a n d O Y r e sp e c ti ve l y
Ex W h t rf a r pr t d by (i ) + y = ( ) y = 4
su aces a r e e ese n e x2
2
a
2
II
2
a x,
b i g r t g l r?
.
,
th e a xe s e n ec a n u a
T wo q a ti on s e e n c ss ry t o d t e r m i n
u ar th e c r v in
e e a e e u e
th e p l n e X O Y
a Th c u r v i n th
.
y l i n d r wh
e e q a e s o e c e os e u
ti o n is fl at y) = 0 n d o n th e p l a n e wh o e q a ti n i = 0
,
a se u o s z ,
n d h en c e
“ th e e q ti on to th c u r ve ”
a ua f(x y ) 0 e o
s e ar e ,
:
,
z
.
Ex .Wh t r ar pr t d by
cu ve s ar e e e se n e
i( ) + y = x
2 2
ii
( ) a+ y
2=
,
= b; iii
( ) = 4 y
= ? x
2 2
a
2
,
z z
2
a x, c
FIG . (5 .
(T h e su rf a c e s h own is r pr
e e se n e
‘
t d by t h q ti e e ua on
2 3
by :
C o n sid e r q a ti n f (r y ) = 0 T h e e q u ti on
now th e e u o
f
.
, , z . a
z= l r e p r s n t s a p l n e p r l l l to X O Y
c e e n d th e q a ti on
a a a e ,
a e u
= 0 r p r es n t s w e h a ve j s t p r o v d cy l i n d e r
f( y )
:r h, ,
e e s, a u e , a
§ 9] T H E E Q UAT ION To A S URFA C E 11
r t d b l i n es p r l l e l to OZ T he h q ua ti n f (
g ene a e
y a a .
y ) 0 e o o
c, ,
is sa ti s fi e d a t a ll p o i n t s wh e r e
y z ) = 0 a n d e = h ar e
,
s i m u l ta n eou sly sa ti s fi e d ,
i . e . a t a ll p
o i n t s c o m m on to th e
pl a ne a nd th e l o c u s of th e e q ti ua
f( on a,
'
y ,
z
) = 0, and h e nce
f( v,
.
y lc) = 0
, e ese n ts th e r prr t d by l i n es cy l i n d e r g e ne a e
p r a Z
a l l e l to O p r c m m o n p o i n t (fi g
wh i c h ass t h o u g h t h e o s, .
Th e t wo q a ti on s f (cc y h) = 0 e = l r p r e n t th e c r v
u , , ,
z c e se u e
o f s c ti on o f th e cy l i n d e r by t h
e p l n = l wh i c h i t h e a e z e, s e
c r v o f e cti on o f th e l oc s by th e pl an e e h I f n e w
u e s u z .
, ,
all r e a l val e s fr o m — t o + be g i ven to h t h e c u r v

u oo 00
'
, e
v a r i e s c o n ti n o sl
y an d g n e r te s
f( y ) 0
v . 1,
= ,
c ,
u u e a a
s r f ce
u T h e c oo r di n t s o f ve ry p o i n t o n t h i s
a . r f ce a e e su a
s ti s fy t h e e q u ti o n f (cc y
a ) = 0 fo th e
y a ti s f f o s o m z r sa
y e , , , , r
v l e o f l f (a3 y l ) = 0
a u h ; n d ny p o i n t (x y
a, , ,
c
) ,
e z a a
1 , , ,
z
,
wh ose c oo r di n a t es s ti s fy f (a: y ) = 0 l i es o n t h e rf ce
a , , z su a ,
fo th c o r di n t e s s ti s fy f ( y
r e o a an d t h e r ea cc, ,
f r t h e p o i n t is o n o n e o f t h c r v
o e wh i c h g n e r t t h e e u es e a e
s rf c
u H n c t h e e q a ti o n f (x y z ) = 0 r p r se n t s
a e . e e u , , e e a
s rfa c
u a n d t h e s r fa c e is t h
e, l o c u s o f a v a r i bl e p o i n t
u e a
w h o se c oo r di n at es sa ti s fy t h e e q u a ti on .
Ex . 1 . D i s cuss th efo r m of th e su rf ac e r pr e e se n e t d by
/a
2 2 2 2 z
x fi /b
+3 z e / 1 .
T he s ec ti on by t h e pl ane z = k h as e q u a ti o ns
lo, I
T he s ec ti i th r f r r l ll i p if k < i i m g i ry if k >
on s e e o e a ea e se
2 2
c , s a na 2 2
c ,
a nd rd
e t
u ce s p i t if T r f i th r f r g r t d
o a o n he su ace s e e o e e ne a e
by a va r i bl ll i p wh pl i p r ll l t X O Y d wh
a e e se tr o se a ne s a a e o an o se ce n e
is o n O Z T h ll i p i r
e fr m p i t i th pl
e = — t se nc e ase s o a o n n e an e z c o
ll i p i th pl X O Y wh i h i g i by
.
t he e se n e d
a ne c s ve n an
then d r
e c ea ses t p i t i t h pl = Tho rf i t h
a o n n e ane z c . e su a ce s e
el l ip so id, (fi g .
EX 2 What su rf ace s ar e r pr e e se n e td by t h e eq u a ti on s , r f rr d
e e e
r t
. .
to ec a n
gu l r
a a x e s,
(i ) (ii )
EX 3 . . D i scu ss th e fo m s r of th e su rf ace s
" ? ? 2 2 2
a y 2 g/ z
(1 ) d§ _
+ 2 1’ (n ) 2
b 0
2
a
2
b 2
C
The h y p rb l i d
e o o o f o ne sh e e t (fi g .
Th e hy p rb l i d
e o o of t wo s h ee t (fig
s .
C OOR D I N A TE GE OM ETR Y
EX 4 . . Wh t l i a oc a re r pre es e n e t d by
(i) f (ii) f (iii) f
(i v) f (9 (V ) f (7 (vi) fl u
‘
, , ,
A ns (i ) A sys t e m o f co a x i a l r i gh t cy l i n d e rs (ii ) a sys t e m o f pl a ne s

.
pa ra ll e l t o X O Y (iii ) th e su rface of re vo l u ti o n ge ne ra t e d by r o ta ti ng
th e cu r ve in t h e pl a n e Z O X wh os e p o l a r e q u a ti o n is f (r a bo u t
th e z a xi s (iv) a co ne wh o se v e r t e x is a t O (v) a su r fa c e g e ne ra t e d
,
-
by i r l wh pl
c c es o se a n es p ass th r gh OZ d wh d i m i
ou ry an ose e n s o n s va
as t h pl rtt e a ne s o a e a bo u t OZ ( i) y l i d r wh g r t r
v a c n e ose e n e a o s a re
p r ll l t OZ d
a a e o an w h o se ti by th pl
se c on = 0 i th r e a ne z s e cu ve
i f“
,
10 . Th e e qu at ions t o a cur v e . T h e t wo e q u ati on s

f1 (50 y , , Z ) = 0 f (9c y z ) = 0
2 , , ,
r p r e sen t
e th e c u r ve of in te r
se c ti on of t h e t wo su r f c es
a
g i v en b
y f l (ac , y ,
z =
) 0 an d
f(
2
£c, y , z ) =0 . If we e l i m i n a t e on e o f t h e va r i bl e s
a , z,
FI G 7 . .
F ig 7 s h e ws r f i t r ti f t h Sp h r
pa rt of th e cu ve o n e se c on o e e e
r i t i r l r l i d r
.
90
2
+ += d fi t h z
2
g h a
2
y an y = T h e c cu a c n e x
2
+
9
ax e
j
cy l i d r w h inh p r j et t h r t
c h p l i l
o ec sh w e cu ve o n e an e s a so s e n
q ti i T h p r j ti r
.
It s e (y ua on s a f th
2 2
e o ec on o e cu ve
on
2
th p l Z O Xe i t h p r
an e b l w h q ti y O s e a a o a o se e ua o ns a re z
,
2 : a (a so ) .
sa
y ,
b tw e e en t h e t wo e q ti on
ua s, we o bt i n
a an q ti
e ua on .
y) z 0 wh i c h
,
r p r e e n t s cy l i n d e r
e s a wh ose g e n e a r to r s are
p r
a a l l el to OZ . I f n y v l e o f as y
a a u s , ,
z sa ti s f
y fl (a y
’
, ,
=0 th ey ti sfy y)
= 0, and h e n ce t h e
an d
f ( g
n ,
:
y ,
z ) ,
sa
cy l i n d e r p a ss e s t h r ou gh the c u r ve of i n t e r se cti on of th e
S U R FA C E S O F R E VO L UT I O N 13
su rfa ces . I f th e axes are r ct

e an
g u la r y =
) 0 rep r ese n s t
th e cy l i nd e r wh i c h p r oj e c t s o r t h o g o n a l ly t h e u c rv e of
i nt e r se c ti o n o n t h e p l a n e X O Y a n d th e e q u a ti o n s , to t h e
p r oj e c ti o n a re Mas y ) = 0 ( , ,
Ex 1 I f th e a xe s a re r t
e c a ng u a r , l wh a tl i
oc a re re
p re se n e td by
(i ) (ii ) (iii )
. .
z 2=
z
zz
b ; y 4a z ;
(a
Ex 2 F i d th q ti
n e e ua o ns t o th e c
yl i n de sr w ith g r t r p r ll l e ne a o s a a e
i th r r f i t r ti f th
. .
t o O X , C Y , C Z , wh ch p a ss ou g h t h e c u ve o n e sec on o e
su rf ace s r pre ese n e t d by .v 1 .
Ans 27 2 —2z 1 1 = 0, 2x2 + 2x z + 3 22 —2r 23 1 1 = O,

—4x + 4y
. .
0
?
3 . r
11 . S ur fa ce s of r vol ut ion
e . L e t P (0 , z )
l (fi g
, ,
.
be an y p o i n t o n t h c r ve e u in t h e p Z
l a n e YO wh o s e C a t e s i a n r
=
e qu a ti on is f (y , z ) 0 . T he n
F IG . 8 .
T he
t ti o n ro a of th e cu r ve a bo u t O Z p r o d u c e s a su rfa c e
o f r e vo l u ti o n . As P m o ve s r ou n d t h e su rfa c e 2 the
, 1 ,
z c oo r di n a t e o f
-
P r em i n a s u nal e e t r d and u the di st a n c e
, ,
of P fr om t he z-ax s , i is a l wa
ys eq u al to y, . Th e r f r
e o e,
by r di na t o f P a ti fy th e e q ti n
th e c yl i n d r i c a l coo es s s ua o
f (u z ) = 0 , B t P i a ny po i n t o n th c r v
. u s rf c s e u e, or u a e,
a n d t h e r e f r e th e c li n d r i
y l q u a ti
o o n t t h rf a c e
‘
i ca e o e su s
f( ) 0 H e n c e t h C a r t s i a n e q a ti o n t o t h e s rf c e
u = , e . e e u u a
is z =
) 0 .
14 C OO R D I NAT E GE OM E TR Y [C H . I .
Si nce di sta n c e o f t h e p oi n t (a y 2 ) fr o m th e
th e ‘
, ,
y
-
ax s i
is J z + x a it f o l l o ws a s b e f or e t h a t t h e e q u a ti o n
z °
to th e
s u r f ac e f o r m e d b r o t a ti n h e c u r ve b t
y g t fly ) O
z = , , a ou
t
s e n s a su rf ac e o f r e vo l u ti o n wh o se ax s i is 0 X .
EX 1 T he e q ti
ua on x
2
+y +
2
2
2=
a
2
r pre e se n s t th e s ph re e fo m e r d
ir l + 3 = l t
. .
by th e r e v o u i on o f b t OX
.
th e c c e 50
2
/ a
2
, a ou or OY .
E 2 Th X . rf g r t d by t h r l ti f th p r b l
. e su ac e ene a e e evo u on o e a a o a
y
=42
b t it
a x, i h q ti b t th
a ou s ax s as e ua on a ou e
t g t t t h r t q ti
an en a e ve e x, e ua on
E 3 ThX .rf g n r t d by r t ti g t h ll i p
. e su 1
a ce s e e a e
2
o a n e e se ,
2 2 "2 2 2
b t it i } +
y 2 if
2 a
a
gou b 4 s a x es a r e ve n
2
E 4 F i d th q ti
X . t th f r m d by r t ti g t h
n e e ua on s o e co n e s o e o a n e
li = O y = 2 b t O X d C Y
.
ne z ,
x a ou an .
2
A ns . 4x 4x 2 422 = O .
Ex 5 F ind th e e q ua ti on t o th e su rf ace g e ne r t d by th
a e e r e vo l u
ti ir l t th y i
. .
o n of th e c c e a bo u e -
ax s .
A 728 .
( 50
2
y
2
2
2
4 a 2(ac2
EX 6 . .S k e t c h th e f o r m s of th e su rfaces
i( ) (31 2 4—) (2a x) = x3
ii
() 2
2
20 ( iii ) 2 ,
r
2=
a
2
c os ,
a
2=
0z .
Th rf e su g r t d by r t ti
ac e s ar ei
g () t h r y (2 — =
)
e ne a e o a n e cu ve
2
a x x3
a b t O X (ii ) th l m i
ou t i th p l Z O X = e 20e b t n sc a e n e a ne ,
T
2
CL
2
c os ,
a ou
O Z (iii ) th p r b l i th pl YO Z e b t OZ
a a o a n e an e ,
a ou .
E 7 X Pr th t th l f p i t th m f wh d i t
ov e a e ocu s o a o n e su o ose s a nces
f r m t h p i t ( O O) t t ll i p i d
. .
,
— O O i i th
o e )
o n s a, , ,
a, ,
s co n s a n ,
s e e so
o f r l ti / l
e vo u on
i
c
4
e
2~
a
z
16 C OO R D I NA TE GE OM E T R Y [GEL II .
g i ven l i n e X X , the p j i f
’
is
’
r o ec t o n o AB on XX equ a l to
AB co s 0 .
In fig r e u s 11 an d 1 2 A B is
, p os iti v e, in fig res
u 13 a nd 14 ,
AB is n ega ti ve .
FI G 1 1 . .
Fm . 13 . FIG . 14 .
D r a w O Q fr om O di r e c ti o n as M N I f AB i s
in t h e sa m e .
c u t o ff O P t h e se m e n t e q u i va l e n t t o A B ; t h e n
p osi ti ve , g ,
t h e p r oj e c ti o n o f A B = t h e p r oj e c ti o n o f O P ,
O P c os 6 (y
b t h e d e fi n iti o n .
,
A B co s 9 o f c os i n e ) .
,
I f AB i s n eg a ti ve B A is p ositi ve an d t h e r e fo r e , ,
th e p r oj e c ti o n o f B A B A c os 6 ,
—(th e p r oj e c ti o n o f A B ) —A B c os 9 :
,
i e th e p r oj e c tio n o f A B = A B c o s 9
. . .
15 . If A, B , C, M, N are an
y n p oi n ts in sp a ce, the
su mf th e p o
j
r o ec ti o n s o
f A B ,
B C ,
M N ,
on a n
y g i ven l i n e
x x i s eq u a l to the p r ojecti on of the str a igh t li n e A N on X X

’ ’
.
L e t th e f e e t of th e p r p en di
e cu la s r f r om A, B , M , N , to
’
x x be A
’
,
B ’
, M
’
, N
'
. Then , (S
’ ’ ' ’
A s +B o +
wh i ch p r o ves th p r op ositi on e .
—1 7 O
P R J E CT I ON OF C L OS E D F I GU RE
] A 7 .
16 . b t w n t wo p l n w h l l t k t b
Th e an gle e ee a es e s a a e o e
t he n l at h t t h e p o iti v
e di r c ti o n o f
a n r m l to
g n s e e a o a o e
m a k e s w it h t h e p iti v di r c ti n f n o rmal t os th th r e e o o a o e o e .
1 7 Proje ct i on of a cl osed p l an e fi g u r e
. I f th p r . e o
j ec ti on s o f thr ee p o i n ts A , B ,
C on a
g i ven
p l a n e a r e A B C
’
,
’
,
'
,
’
wher e
’ ’
th en A A B C z
-
co s 9 A AB C , 9 i s the a n g l e between the
p l a n es A B C ,
jo n side r fir t s th e a eas r A BC ,
A B C
’ ’ ’
w it h o u t r eg r d a to
s ig n .
(i ) I f th e pl anes AB C , A B C
’ ’ ’
are p r a a l le l, th e e q a ti on
u
A A B C
’ ' ’
z cos 6 A AB C b vi o sly t r
is o u ue .
ii
( ) If on e s id e f th e t r i n gl e A B C
o a ,
sa
y BC, p r is
ll l to a a e
th e pl an e l t AA m ee t t h e p l
e
’
an e t h r g h B C p r l l el
ou a a
to t h e pl a ne
’
A B C
’ '
in A 2 , (fig . Dr w A 0
a t r ig h t
2
a
a n g l es to B C , and jo i n AD . Th en B C is a t r i g h t n g l e s to a
FI G . 15 .
A20 a nd t h e r e fo r e B C is n o r m al to t h e p l an e AAZD
A A2 , a n d ,
a n d t h e r e fo r e a t r i g h t a n g l e s to A D He n c e th e a n gl e A 20 A .
is e q u al to 6 o r its su ppl e m e n t ,
.
’ ’ ’
B ut A A B C A A 28 0 ,
a nd A AzB C A A BO = A 2
D AD
t h e r e fo r e A A B C
’ ’ ’
c os 9 A ABC
. .
(iii ) I f n on e o f th e s id e s of th e t r i a ng l e ABC is p a ra lle l

to t h e pl ane d r a w l i n es t h r o u g h A B , , C p r ll e l to
a a
th e l i n e of i n t e r se c ti o n o f th e pl a n e s A B C ,
T h e se
l i n e s l ie in th e pl an e AB C a nd ar e p a r al l el to t h e pl ane
a nd o n e of t h e m t h a t th ro u g h
, A , sa y , w i ll c ut th e
no .
B
18 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [ OH . II .
o pp o it e sid B C of th e t r i ngl e ABC i n t e r n lly A n d

s e, ,
a ,
a .
t h e fo r e th e t i an gl A B C can al w ys b di vid d by l i n
re r e a e e a e
t h r o gh ve t e x i n t o t w
u t r i n g l e s w ith c o m m n sid
a r o a ,
a o e
p a r l l l t o th e g i ve n p l n
a e a nd h enc by (ii ) a e e, ,
S u pp o se r con sid e r e d
’ ’
now th a t t he
’
. a ea s AB C , A B C a re
p iti v
os e or ne ga ti ve c
a co r di n g as th e di r e c ti on s of r o t a ti on
g i ve n by AB C , A B C
’ ’ ’
are p ositi ve or n e a ti ve
g T h en .
,
a pply i n g th e con ve n ti on of S to fi g u
4 r es 16 an d 1 7 we ,
F IG . 16 . FI G . 17 .
see th a t i f di r e cti on s o f r ota ti on A B C

c os 0 is p os iti ve ,
th e ,
A B C h a ve th e sa m e s i g n a n d t h a t i f 0 0 8 6 is n eg a ti ve
’ ' ’
t h ey h a ve o pp os it e s i g n s T h a t is th e a r e as h ave th e .
,
sa m e s i g n i f cos O is pos iti ve a n d O pp os it e s i n s if c os t)

g ,
is n eg a ti ve H e n c e th e e q u a ti o n
. is
t r u e fo r th e s ig n s as we l l as th e m a g n it u d e s o f th e a r e as .
18 . If A, B ,
C ,
N ar e an y cop l a n a r
p oi n ts a n d
A
’
, B ’
, C
’
,
N
’
ar e thei r p r ojecti on s on a n y g i ven p l a n e ,
then a r ea A B C
’ ’ ’
N
’
a r ea AB C N = cos 9 ,
wher e 9 is the between the p l a n es a n gl e .
L e t 0 be a n y p o i n t o f t h e p l a n e A B C
’
N , an d 0 be its
p r oj e c ti on on th e p l a ne A B C N ’ ’ ’ ’
Th en a ea r AB C A O NA ,
a nd a r e AB o
a
’ ’ ’
N =A
'
B ut e tc , a n d
. t her e fo r e th e re su l t
follo ws ,
1 7 21 ]
-
D R E CTI ION CO S I N E S
-
19
19 . If AO i s the
p l a n e cu r ve a n d A i s the
a r ea o
f a ny
=
a r ea o
f i ts
p j
r o ec ti o n o n a n y g iven
p l a n e ,
A c o s 9 A .
wher e 9 i s the a n g l e between the p l a n es .
For AO is t h e l i m it i n fi n ity o f th e a r e a o f
,
as n t e n ds to ,
a n i ns c r i b e d n g o n a n d A is th e l i m i t o f t h e a r e a o f t h e
-
,
p r oj e c ti o n o f t h e n g o n a n d by 18 th e r a ti o o f t h e se
-
, , ,
a re as is co s 9 .
EX 1 A A is
'
a di tr f
am e e
g ve n c c e , a n d is a a ne h ou h
g o a i ir l P pl t r
ki 9 w it h ir l
. .
AA m a gl
th e p a n e o f t h e c c e I f 8 is a n y l
'
ng a n a n e
pi t i l pr ti
.
o n 0 1 1 t he c 1 e e a n d is it s o ec o n o n t h e
j an e BP, t h e
’
pl
p rp d i l r
e en c u a s f1 om a nd B
t o AA a l e i n t h e co n s a n B
a i o 1 : cos 9,
’ ’
t tr t
pr ti
a nd t h e o ec
j o n is h e e fo e a c u ve s u c ht r r
h a it s o r na e to A A is t t rd i t ’
t t r ti
in a co ns a n a o t o t h e co es on ng o rr p d i
na e o f th e c 1 e e ; ha r di t i l t t
is , t h e p 1 0 jec t io n is a n e se w h o s e m a j o ll i p
a x s is A A
’
a nd w h o s e r i
auxili r ir l
a y c c e is e q u a t o t h e g ve n c c el i
T h e m n o a x s is ir l i r i
i r i
.
cos 9 A A ; t h e i e f o r e if A A = 2a a n d cos 9 = t h e m n o a x s is 26
’ ’
.
r
B y 1 9 , th e a e a o f t h e e l lip s e = c os 9 i r a 2 = fl a b . .
E X 2 F i d th n e a ea o f r th e s ec ti on o f th e c
yl i d r 1 6m + 9g
n e
2 2= l 44
with O Z
. .
by pl wh
a a ne o s e no rm l m k a a e s a n a ng e o f l 60
°
A . ns . 24711
D I R E C T I ON C O S I N E S -
.
20 If 8 y e th e a ngl e s th at i n di r e c t e d l i n e
‘
. 0L,
, ,
ar a g ve
m a k es Wit h th e positi ve di r c ti on e s
’
X O X, Y OY’
,
Z O Z of
’
th e
c oo r di n a t e a x e s ,
c o 0L co s Bs C OS y ar e th e dire ct ion -
c osines
, ,
of th e l in
F IG . 18 . FIG . 19 .
21 . D ir e c tion-cosine s r e ferr e d to r ct a ng u l ar
e ax s e .
L et A OA
’
be th e l i n e t h r ou gh 0 wh i ch h a s di r e c ti o n c osi n e s -
8 L e t P (re y z ) be a n y p o i n t 0 11 A O A
’
0 0 8 CL, c o s c os
-
, , y .
, , , ,
20 C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E T R Y [ OH . II .
and O P h a ve m ea su re
I n fi g 1 8 r is os iti ve ; in fi g 1 9
r . .
,
p .
,
r is ne
g a ti ve p rp . r r p
D a w P N e e n di c u l a to t h e l a n e X O Y ,
a n d N M in t h p l an XO Y p r p en di cu la r to O X Th n th
e e , e . e e
m su r
ea of O M es M N N P a e or y r esp e cti vely S i n e
, ,
r , , z . c
'
O M is t h e p r oj c ti on o f O P n O X e o ,
nd si m i l rl
a: r c os 0L
y y r c os B e
,
a cos
y (1 ) a , , r
A g a i n t h e p r oj e c ti on o f O P on n y l i n e is e q al t o t h e s m a u u
o f th e p oj e ti o n s f O M MN N P n d t h e r e fo r e p r j e c ti n g
r c o , , , a ,
o
o n O P we O b t a i n
,
r = ae cos Ot +
y cos ,8 + z cos
y .
4 t h e r e fo r e
B ut ce r
/ cos Ot , y/ 1 : cos B / ,
z r c os
y
B
z 2
I co s ot co s co s y .
(3 )
This is t h e f o m u a in h 1 e e r
m en s l t di i o ns wh i ch co1 resp o nds to
cos 9 + s in 9
z 2 =
pl
1 in a n e t 1 ig o n o n 1 e tr y .
G 1 B y s b stit ti n g fo cos or cos B c os y in (2) o

er . . u u r , ,
r
w o bt i n
e x ya 2 (c f 6r
2 2 2 2
, .
,
C 2 I f (x y z ) is n y p o i n t o n th e l i n e t h r ou gh
or . .
, , a 0
wh o se di re c ti o n c os i n es -
a re c o s or, co s 6 , cos y, we h a v e ,
by z
,8
c os
y
Cor 3 . .
) I f (cc y , y ,
z is an po i nt on t he l i n e t h r o u gh
(x1 y, 2 1 ) wh o se di r e c ti on co s i n es
, ,
-
a r e c os 0L, c os
5 ,
c os
y , by
c h a n g i n g th e o r 1 g 1 n w e o b t a i n
Ex 1 . . P r o ve t ha t ,
si n a . sin
2
8
,
s in
z
y 2 .
Ex 2 I f P 1 s t h e p o n (x1 , y1 , zl ), i t pr o ve th t t h a p 1 O Jec t 1o n o f O P
e
li
. .
on a ne wh o se di1 e c t io n cosi n es a 1 e l l ,
ml , n1 is l 1x 1 + 9nly1 + n 1 21 .
T he pr j ti o ec on of O P = p rojn . of O M + p rojn . of MN
+ p r ojn . of N P, (fi gs . 1 8,
—l 1 v1 + m 1 y 1 + n121
Ex 3 I f P, Q a r e t h e o n s pi t ( x 2, y 2,
z p 1 o ve th t th
a e
pr j ti li d i r ti i
. .
o ec on O f PQ o n a n e w h os e ec o n cos n e s a re l l , ml ,
n
1
is
11 072 “
(Ch ange th e o ri gi n to P a nd a p ply E x.

21 , 22] I
D R EC T I O N CO S I N E S
-
21
Ex 4 T h e ro j ec p ti o ns o f a li ne 0 11 t h e a xe s a r e 2, 3 , 6 W ha t is
t li
. . .
t he l en
g h of t h e ne ? An s . 7 .
Ex 5 pl e m k i t r p t O A 0 8 0 0 wh m r
A an a es n e ce s , , ,
ose e a s u e s a re
Fi d t h r f th t ri g l A B C
. .
a, b th O X O Y OZ
c, o n e a xe s , ,
. n e a ea o e an e
p iti d i r ti r m l fr m O t t h pl
.
,
L t th e f th
e os ve ec on o e no a o o e a ne
ABC h d i ti i a ve B y d l t A
re cd t t h o n - c os n e s co s 0L , c os ,
c os , an e e no e e
ar A B C Th i A C B G i th pr j ti f A A BO t h
ea e n s nce s e o ec on o 0 11 e
l i i l r
.
p YOZ
a ne A é b d m l y , B A =
§
cos OL
y A =
§h .
z c, a n s a ,
cos . ca , c os . a .
Th r f r i
e e o e , s nce
B
2 1 2 2 2 2
c os a
g
cos
2
c os
y l , A 2{
7 6 0 0 a
Ex 6 F i nd t h e a r ea s of th e pr oj ec t io ns of t h e c u r ve 25 ,
r d i t pl i i th t
. .
on th e c oo na e a ne s , and ha v n
g g ve n a th e
cu r ve is pl a ne , fi nd it s a r ea .
(C f E x 2, . . Ans 1 67r/3 , 3 27r/3 , 3 27r/3 ;

.
22 If a, l) c ar e i v e n p r o p o r ti o n a l s t o t h e di r e c ti o n
.
, g
c o si n es of a line , t h e a c t u a l di r e c ti o n c os i n e s a r e fo u n d -
fr om the r el ati o n s
(t 0
‘
I f P is th e p o i n t (a b c ) a n d t h e di r e cti o n c osi n e s o f th e , ,
-
di r e c t e d l i n e O P a re co s Ot c o s B cos y t h e n si n c e O P is , , , ,
C OS OL
di r e c ti on c osi n e s of
'
Th e -
P0 a re
-
b
EX
1 F i nd t h d i r ti e ec o n c os ne s o f a
-
i l i th t m k
ne a a es e q ua l an
g l es
it
. .
w h th e a xe s .
A ns c os a = c os
B = cos
y
:
j: /
M3 '
x
(wh e n ce t he t
a cu e a n g es l wh i ch
li
. .
th e ne ma k es \v1 t h th e a xe s are e q ual to 5 4

°
EX 2 . . P a n d Q a re (2, 3 , (3 , —4 ,
Find th e d i r ti ec on
c o s iu e s o f O P, O Q PO , .
—3
g en 3 4 2
-
.
1 , ) 7
7 7 7 7
E x; 3 . I f P,
Q ar e y] , yg , 22 ) th e d i r t ion c i nes
ec -
os
of PQ are pr p r t o o i o na lt o xz —x l ,
— ,
yz y l 23 —21 .
22 C OOR D I N A T E O
GE M E T R Y [c a 11 .
Ex 4 . . I f P, Q a re (2, 3 , 1, 3 , fi nd th e d i r ti ec o n - cos ne s o f i PQ .
1 1
A ns . O,
J2
Ex 5 I f P, Q R, S are th e pi to n s (3 , 4 , (4, 6 , —1 2,
pr j ti
. .
, ,
(l , 0 , fi nd t h e o ec o n of RS on PQ . A ns 4
Ex 6 I f P, Q R, S a re th e p i t (2 3 o n s (3 5, (1 2,
pr j ti th t P Q i r i g h t
. .
pr
, , , ,
l
,
(3 ,
5, o ve by o ec on s a s at an
g es to RS .
23 . Th e ang l e be t wee n t wo l ine s . If O P and G O ha ve

dir ec ti on cos in es B
’ ’ ’
-
cos Ot , c os , co s
y c o s Ot , co s B , co s y ,
a nd 9 i s the a n gl e tha t O P m a kes w ith C O .
’
c os 9 cos oz cos Ot . cos cos co s
7 c os
7
If ,
as in 5 2 1 ,
P is (93 , y , z ) and th e m ea su r e of OP is r,
p r oj cti n g
e OP and C M , M N, N P on O Q , we O bt i n a
+ y c os B + z
’ ’ ’
r c os c os Ot co s
y .
B ut c os Bfl os y ;
—
t he re fo r e lLC S QE cos a . cos Ot
’
co s B co s B{
’
99 s c os
C or 1 . . We h a v e th e id e n tity
m 2
m mm
'
2 z
(l ) (l
’ ’ ’ ' ’
2 2 z 2
n n ) (ll nn )
(m n m ) (l m l m)
’ ’ ‘ ’
z 2
(n l t)
’ ’ ’
n u .
(Th i s id e n tity is kn o wn as L a gr a n ge s i den ti ty

’
. We
sh a l l fr e q u en tly fi nd it a d va n t ag e ou s to a pply it ) .
Hence
9 (c o s0t B cO B
‘ ’
Z
)
‘ ’
2 3 2
sin (
‘
-
c os cos s OL cos co s
y y
(cos OL co s OL + cos B cos B + eo s y c o s y
’ ’
(c os B c o s y
’
’ 2
B)
' ’
2
cos y cos (cos y cos Ot c os 0L co s
y )
(
’
c os 0 L co s B cos B co s
Cor . 2 . I f 9 is an an
g l e be t w e en th e lin es w h o se
di r e c ti on —
c o si n e s ar e p r op o ti on r al to a, b,
e a
’
, b
’
,
c
’
i (a a + bb + cc )
co s 9
s in 9
Cor 3 . . If th e l i n e s are at r i gh t an
g l es ,
cos a + bb + cc = O
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
B
’
co s ot + co s B c os C os ‘
y co s y 0 , or aa .
24 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [C H . 11 .
Ex 1 1 L i nes O A, 0 8 a re dr a wn f r O with d i r ti
om ec o n - c os ne s i
pr p r ti l t (1 —2
.
F i d t h d i r ti i
.
o o o na o , , (3 , -
2, n e ec o n -c o s n e s o f
rm l t t h pl n
,
th e no a o e a e AO B
A ns
.
.
’
M2? JE
Ex 1 2 r th t t h t h r l i P o ve a e ee nes dr a wn f r o m O w ith d i r ti ec on
i pr p r ti l t (l 1 (2
. .
c o s n es o o o na o , , ,
—3
, (1 , 0 , 3 ) l ie in pl one ane .
Ex 1 3 Pr t h t t h th r l i o ve a e ee ne s dr a wn frm o O w ith d i r ti ec on
pl r if
. .
c o sm e s ll ,
m1 , n1 l 2, m2, n2 Z3 , m 3 ,
72
3 ,
a re co an a
91 , m 1 , =O .
Z2, 272 ,
2 ” 2
ZS ) WL3 , ” 3
EX 1 4 F i n d t h d i r ti
i t h r i gh t i r l r e ec on - c os ne s of i th e a x s of e c cu a
wh i h p th r g h t h d raw f r m O with d i r ti li
. .
co n e c as s e s ou e nes n o ec on
i pr p r ti l t (3 6
c os n es o (2 2 o 1 2 d pr
ona o , , an o ve
th t t h t h r gh t h rd i t
, , ,
l p
,
a e co ne a so asse s ou e co o na e axes
w
.
A ns . e, 1 /J s .
Ex 1 5 L i n es a r e dr a wn f r om O w ith d i r ti ec pr p r ti l
o n - co s n es i o o ona
r th t t h i f th r i gh t i r l r
. .
to (1 ,
2, (2 ,
3, (3 ,
4, P o ve a e ax s o e c cu a
co n e th r gh th ou em h as d i r ti ec o n - c os n e s i 3 l / /3 d th t , x ,
an a
th e m i r ti l l of t h e is 1
l /x/3
‘
se ve ca a ng e co ne cos
24 . D ist ance of a p oint fr om a l in e To fi nd the .
r o m th e li n e thr o u h A
f )f (a b
’ ’ ’
di sta n ce o P, (ce y z
, , g , , ,
wh ose d i r ec tio n -
c o si n es a r e co s 0 L, co s B ,
cos
y .
L et PN, th e p r p n di c
e e ula r fr om P to th e lin e ,
h ave
m e a su r e 8 . Th en AN is th e p j
r o ec t io n ~
of A P on t h e line ,
an d its m e a su re is , (E x 3 § 2l ) .
, ,
( —a
az) c
’
o s Ot + (y
’
c os B+ (z
’
(3
) cos y .
B ut PN
2=
AP
2 —A N
t h e r e fo r e
B c os
? Q 2 2
y)
’
b) 2
) (C O S
’ ’
) (y
2
6 {( a
e a (z c OL co s
{( cc — a ) c o s Ot + (y — b) c o s B + (z
’
—e) cos
y}
2 ’ ’
L a g r a n g e s id e n tity g i v e s
’
wh i c h by , ,
8 2: —
{ (y b) c o s y
’
— c ) c o s B}
2
{( z — c ) c o s Ot — (r — a ) co s
’
y}
2
e
’
}
’
{ (m ) c o s B (y 11 )
’
a c o s or
Cor . I f (iv ’
, y
’
,
z
’
) is any p int o 0 11 the l i n e ,

6 0, a nd
"
—a i
’
—b z
’
—c
£
a
(C f s21 Cor
3
. .
, .
COS a 08 CO S y
24, 25 ] D R EC T I O N (JO S I N IQS —(O B L Q UE A X E S )
I -
I 25
Ex Fi d th d i t
1 n e s a nc e of —1 2, 5 ) f r o m t h e ne li thr ou
gh
di r t i n i n pr p r i
,
l
. .
(3 , 4 , 5 ) wh os e ec o -
co s e s a re o o t o na t o 2, 3, 6 .
N 67
7
Ex 2 Find t h e d i ta s n ce of A, (1 , —2 3 ) r
f o m the ne , li PQ ,
th r —3 i it
.
k q ua l l
.
,
ou
g h P, (2, ,
wh ch ma es e an
g es w h t h e a xe s .
Ex 3 She w th t t h q ti
a e e ua on t o th e r gh i t ir l r c cu a c o ne wh o s e
rt r i g i wh
. .
ve is a t t h e
ex o
m i r ti l
n, ose a xi s h as d 1 r e c t 1 0 n -
c o s 1 ne s c o s or , cos
B ,
c os
y,
a nd wh os e se gl ve ca an e 1s 9, is
(y co s y 2 co s B)
2
(2 cos a . 3: cos ( v cos —
B y c o r)
s o
?
s i 11
‘
Ex 4 i d
F n th e e q u a ti o n r igh t i r l r
to t he c cu a c o ne wh ose ve rt ex
i m i r ti l l
. .
is P , ax s P Q (E x . a nd s e ve
g i ca an e s
A ns . 4 { (y —v .
—y
Ex 5 F i nd th e ti e q ua on to th e r i gh t i r l r c cu a c o ne w h ose ve rt ex
i d wh i h p th r
. .
is P, ax s PQ , an c as s e s ou
gh A (E x .
A ns 3 .
{( y —v .
-
y
Ex 6 T he a x is o f a r ig h t co n e , ve rt e x 0 m a es eq u a k it l an l
g es w h
rd i t t r li dr r
. .
,
th e c oo n a e a xe s , a n d th e c o ne p a s s es h ou h t h e
g ne a wn f o m
O wit h d i r ti ec o n - co s ne s i pr p r ti o o o na l t (l 2
o , ,
F i d th q ti
n e e ua on a
to th e co ne . A ns . 4g 2 4 22 0 .
Ex 7 F i nd th e e qu a ti
t o th e g h c cu a
on ri t i r l r yl i d r f r d i c n e o a us 2
i p t r d i r ti i p
. .
w h ose ax s a sses h o u g h (1 , 2, 3 ) a n d h a s ec o n- c o s n e s ro «
p r ti
o o na lt o (2, —3 ,
A ns 9 (2y + z
. 7) 2
+ 4 (z 3 v)2 + (3 r + 2g
*
25 . D ir e ct i on -
c os n s r i e e fe r r ed t o obl i q u e ax s e . Let
’
X O X, Y OY ’
,
’
Z O Z, fi
( g be o bl i q ue a xe s ,
g l esth e an
YOZ ,
ZO X , X O Y b i ng e A , u
, , 11 r p c ti v
es e el
y . L e t A O A be t h e
’
li ne th r ou g h 0 w h o se di r e c ti o n -
i
c os n e s a re c o s oc, c os
B ,
co s y . Ta k e P , (re , y ,
2 ) y p i
an t n A OA nd l t th
o n o
’
,
a e e
m ea s u r e of OP be r . D r w P N p r ll l t 0 2 t m t
a a a e o o ee
th e pl ane XO Y in N , a n d N M p r ll l t o O Y t m t OX
a a e o ee
iu M *
. T hen , s n e i c th e p r j c ti n f O P i q l t th e
o e o o s e ua o
2c C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E T R Y [o n u .
th e p r j ti o n s f O M
o ec o , MN ,
N P, p r oj c ti ng
e on O X,
O P in t r n w e O b t i n
u ,
a
= ze +
r eos Ot
y c o s v+ z co s M,
r co s B ac co s ix+ y+ z c os A ,
r e os = ze c o s ,u + y c o s A+ z
y .
,
r =a c os OL + y c o s B+ z cos y .
FI G . 20 .
Th e r f re
e o ,
i m i n ati n g r x y Z w e ha ve
el , , , , r el a ti on
sa ti sfi e d by th e di r e c ti on c o si n e s o f a ny l i n e
-
1, c os y , co s n , c os a =0 ,
cos y ,
1, cos A , c os B
c os y , cos A ,
1, co s y
c o s Ct , c os B , co s
y, 1
w h i c h m a y be w r itte n ,
2 sin A CO Sz Q
OL 22 (cos A cos ,u cos . y ) eos B cos y
1 — 2
c os A — z
co s u — 2
co s v + 2 cos A co s n cos y ,
. .
Cor . 1 . M u l ti p ly (3 ) by at , y ,
2 r esp e c ti vely ,
and
add, th en
w + y + 2 + 2yz
2 2
cos A 22 2: cos g + 2aey cos u
r
( cc c o s Ot —
l y c o s B+ z c os y ) ,
?
r » [ by (9 1
2 . If P, Q are
y, , (m2 yz P O is g i ve n
,
2
2 002 22 (9 2 7
J1 ) (2
2
3
1 ) 0 0 3 l“
25 —27] T H E A N GL E B ET W E E N T WO L I N E S 27
Ex 1 If P, (J ) , y, z ) is an y p i t t h pl
o n th r gh 0 t r i g h t
on e a ne ou a
pr j ti r d th r f r
. .
a ng e s l to O X, t h e o ec on o f OP OX i on s ze o, a n e e o e
x + y c os v + z co s y
EX 2 . I f P, (x, y, z) is a ny
. pi to n 0 11 t h e no m a r l th r ou
gh 0 t o t h e
pl a ne XO Y , x + g cos v + z c os co s v +
y + z co s A .
*
26 . If a, b , c a re
g i ve n p r o p r ti o na l t o s o th e di r c ti
e on
c os i n es of a l i n e th e , a ctu al di r e c ti o n c o si n -
e s ar e
g i ve n by
co s 0L co s B co s y
a b e
-
l_ E sin A c o s 2 i’
a , 2Z (cos A co s ,u .
y
cos ) c o s B C os
wt
f
{ 2 sin
2
A 22 (c o s A co s ,u c o s u ) bc }
i i “
00 8
2 —
+ 2 co s A c o s n co s vi
M 00 8
2
V
i
{ E S l n l‘ z
o “ 2— —
22 (c os A c o s ,u c o s v) bc i
’
}
*
27 . Th e ang l e be t wee n t wo l i ne s . I f: O Q h a s di r c ti o n
e
c o si n e s co s OL ’
,
cos B
’
, c os
y
’
,
a nd m ak e s an a n l
g e 9 wit h O P ,
r oj e c ti n on G O , we O b ta i n
p g
’
y .
(5 )
The r e fo r e el i m i n a t i ng a
s, y , z, r b tw e een e q tiua o ns
(3 ) o f § 25 , a nd we h a ve
1, c o s v, co s ,u .
, co s (1 . 0 , or
co s y ,
1, co s A ,
c os B
c o s ,u , . co s A, 1, co s ‘
y
9
’ ’ ’
c o s Ot , co s B , c os
y ,
cos
2 (sin A cos Ot
’
2
c o s Ot ) 2 ( c os A c os ,u cos v .
)
x (cos B y) }
’ ’
B co s
y + cos co s
2
fi
‘
g
c os cos A c os u 008 11 2 c o s A c os ,
a co s V ) .
Cor . Th e an
g l es b tw e een th e l i n e s wh o se di r e c ti o n
co si n e s a r e p r o po r ti o n a l to a, b ,
e ; a
’
, b
’
, c
’
ar e g i ven by
E (a a sin Z (bc + b c ) (c os A )}
’ ‘ ’ ’
z
i A) c o s ,u c o s v
1_
t
Ea 2
s in
2
A 226C(cos A c o s ,u co s y) }
(
z
sin 2Zb c
’ ’ ’
z
x Ea A cos A c os M cos
Ex 1 If fi n d th e a ng e s l t
be we e n th e l in e s wh o se
d i r ti i pr p r ti lt
. .
ec o n - co s n e s a r e o o o na o
(1) (ii ) 1,
1 22
A ns ) /2
-
. 1 cos 11 7r .
7
2s C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E TR v [c m 11 .
EX 2 . r
P o ve h a t h e t t
n es wh ose li d i r tiec o n - c os nes i a re pr p r
o o
l , m, n ; m —n , n —l , l —m a r e a t
r ig h t g l if
.
O
t i o na l t o an es
Ex 3 Th .dg 0 A 0 8 0 0 f t t r h d r
. e e f l g thes O a e a e on are o en s
gl l m
, ,
a,b d th
,
e, a n B O C C O A AO B A
e an ; fi d th es are a, V n e vo u e
d d r w C N t r i gh t
, ,
T k OA OB 0 0 gl
.
, ,
a e , , t th as a x e s, a n a a an es o e
pl A O B Th if C N i f l g th p d V d t t h l m
a ne . en s o en ,
an e no es e vo u e,
1 b i
B t t h d i r ti i
a s nV
V p
.
d -
,
an f u e ec o n - c o s n es o
3 2
CN 0 O O C N th r f r by § 25
ar e CO S L e e o e,
“
, , , ,
‘
2 2 3 ?
s in v c o s L 2
CON 1 c os A c os c os v 2 c os A c o s M c o s V,
V 93 { 1
5 0
c os
2
A c os ja
z
C OS V
Q
2 c os A c o s ,u c os
6
D I RE C T I ON R AT I O S -
.
28 . L e t C L be d r a wn f ro m O in t h e sa m e di r e c ti o n as a
i v e n di r ec t e d l i n e P O a n d o f u n it l e n g t h T h e n th e c o
g .
,
o r di n a t es o f L e vide n tl y de p e n d o n l y o n t h e di r e c ti o n o f
'
P Q a n d wh e n g i ve n d e t e r m i n e t h a t di r e c ti o n
,
Th ey a r e ,
.
t h e r e fo r e c a ll e d th e direct ion rat ios o f PQ -

.
If the a x es a r e r ec ta n g u l a r the di r ect ion -

r a ti os a r e the
sa me as th e di r ecti on -
cosi n es .
If ) is i i li
’
29 . P, (cc , y ,
z any p o n t on a g ve n n e A OA
whose di r ec tio n —
r a t ios are l m
, , n , and the m ea su r e o
f OP
i s r then,
2
”
7
F10 . 21 . F IG . 22 .
I n fi g 21 r is o siti ve in fi g 22 r is n e g a ti ve
.
, p
L K PN ,
. .
,
are p r
a a ll e l t o OZ ; K H N M a r e a a l l e l to O Y T h e n si n c e ,
p r .
p r p
t h e a al l e l l an e s P N M L K H c u t X O X A O A o o ti o n a l ly , ,
’
,
’
pr p r
OP : OL =OM : OH ,
wh e r e O P O L O M , , , OH a re di r e c t e d se
g m e n ts .
28 - 3 0 ] D I RE C T I ON -
R AT I OS 9 3;
B u t t h e m e a su r es o f OM a nd OH a r e u; a n d l re s
p e c ti ve ly ,
and t h e r e fo r e S i m i la ly m r z
y /r , n r
Co r 1 . . If P , ( a,
'
y ,
z ) is an
y p i t o n O 11 t h e li ne t hro ug h 0
wh ose d1 r e c tl o n -
r tla os a re l m , ,
n,
:e
y
Z ’
) L
Co r 2 . . I f (a t,
y ,
2 ) is an
y p oi nt on th e l i n e th rough
( ce
’
, y
’
,
w h ose dI r e c t I O n -
r at os a i re l ,
772, n ,
w—cc — —z
" (Cf § 21
’ ’
y y z
Cor
l m
. .
,
Cor 3 . . If P, Q a re ( l y, ee , , ( 11
17
2 , y, ,
a nd th e
m e a su re of PQ is r, th e di r e c ti o n -
r ati os o f PQ a r e
“
93 ‘
99 1 92 91 25 °
2 2
, J
°
7
EX 1 F i nd th e d i r ti ec on - a r ti os o f th e li ne s b i tis ec ng the a ng es l
t li rt
. .
be wee n th e nes w h ose d1 r e c t 1 o n -

a 1 o s a re l] , val ,
n1 91 1
2, n g .
I f L , L ar e (l l , 773 1 »
'
(Z2 1 11
2, th en C L a nd C L a r e t h e
’
li n es
O it i d i r ti r ti it
,
f omr w h t h e g ve n ec on - a o s, a nd C L a nd C L
’
are O f un
len
g h t .
ll lz
T h e m id -
pi t
o n ,
M, of LL
’
h as rdi t
co o
g na e s ,
‘
,
”2
1
2
”
1
3
722
,
a nd O M = cos
S wh e r L O L = 9, th r f r th d i r ti r ti os o f OM
’
, e A e e o e e ec o n- a
a re
l 1 + l2 i n, + 771 2 nl + 71 2
Si mi l a rl y , th e d i r ti n r ti
ec o th r bi t r
-
a os o f th e o e s ec o are
Ex 2 . . O X, OY OZ , gi r t g l r are ve n e c an u a a xe s
0 X1 , O Y , , O Z bi t t h g l YOZ Z O X X O Y
I
se c e an es , ,
0 X 2, O Y 2 , O Z bi t th gl Y OZ Z O X X O Y
2 se c e an es , , , I I , I l .
P r ov e th t L Y O Z
a I I
= 2 0 X = X OY =
A /31 d th t 1 A I 1 7r ,
an a
“
Y 20 2 2 2 20 X 1
z .
f
. X 20 Y 2 co s
Ex 3 . . p i t (1 2
A, B (3 5 C, —2 6 ar e the o n s
r t g l r F i d th d i r ti i
, .
, , , , .
an d th e axes a re f th
e c an u a n e ec o n - c o s ne s o e
t ri r bi t r f th g l B AC A ” d fi GWE /E 2 J 1 8 2
.
in e o s ec o o e an e .
ns .
, N ,
,
*
30 Th e di r c ti o n r a ti s o f a n y l i n s ti s fy t h
. e
q a ti on -
o e a e e u
25 C o r 1 , .
,
l + m + n + 2m n
2 2 2
co s A 2n l co s p . 2l m c os V : l ,
wh i c h it is c onveni e nt to w r ite , ¢ (l m , ,
n ) : 1 .
30 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [C PL II .
*
31 . To fin al the d ir ec ti on - cosi n es o
f th e lin e w hose
di r ecti on -
r a t os a r e i l m , , n.
r oj t C L (fi g 21 n d
P ec , s . a on th e a x e s a n d on itse lf ,
an d w e O b t i n in § 25 (I ) a , as ,
cos =
B l co s v+ m+n co s A
2
2 ,
c os
y
=l c o s ja +m co s A -
n — 1
52
1 =l c os a +m co s B+ n co s
y .
(C f § 21
.
*
32 To fi n ol the a n g l es between the l i n es whose di r ect ion
‘
l, m m
’
r a ti os a r e l
’ ’
,
n , , n .
L et C L
’
, th e un it y ra fr o m O wh i ch h a s di r e c ti o n r a ti o s -
m ak e Th e n p r oj e c ti ng O L
’
m
’
l a n l e 9 wit h O L
’ ’
, , n , an
g .
on C L, we o bt i n a ,
+m B
’ ’ ’
cos 9 : l co s Ot c os +n c os ‘
y,
2 )
9 f
i
+ , (by § )
3 1
l l + mm m
’ ’
(m n ) cos A
’ ’ ’
nn n
( nl
’
n
’
l ) cos ,u .
(l m
’
l m ) c os
’
y ,
egs at
l
at
’ +
m2 2
+
Cor ’
. I f th e l i n e s ar e a t r i g h t an g l e s
wh i c h m a y be w r itten in th e fo r m s ,
+m
’
=0
B+
’ ’
l c o s Ot y co s n c os
Zcos Ot + m c os B + n c o s y = 0
’ ’ ’
or ,
re a r e t h e di r e c ti o n c o s i n e s of
’ ’
whe
’ ’
co s B CL
-
cos Ot cos
y .
, ,
d i r ti r ti i i i
l
Ex l If A : fi nd t h e ec on a os Of th e l ne jo n n
g
ri g p i t (1 F ind l i
.
th e o 1 11 to th e o n 2 a so t h e d 1 1 ec t 1 0 n c os ne s .
1 —1 3 2 5
_ _’
J 5 75 75
’ ’ ’ ’
2J 5 J5 2J 5
C HAP TE R II I
T HE PL AN E .
33 .
-
L et AB C , (g
fi . a p
g i v e n l a n e m ak e i n t e c e t s O A ,
r p ,
C B, 0 0 on th e a x e s, r
m e a su e d by a b e a n d l e t O N t h e , , ,
n or m a l f r om O t o th e pl an e , h a ve di r e c ti on c osi n es c os Ot-
,
B and h a v e m e a su re p is a p os iti ve n u m b e r )
cos ,
c os
y , , (p .
E quat ion t o p l ane

a (i ) To . fin al the equ a ti o n to the
p la n e AB C in ter m s of cos Ot c o s , B , c os y, p .
FIG . 23 .
L et P , (cc y p
,
i n t o n th e p l a n
2 ) be D
an w P K o e . ra
p a r l l l t o OZ to m et th pl n X O Y in K n d K M p r ll el
a e e e a e , a a a
t O Y to m t O X in M
o T h n th m ea r s f O M M K K P
ee . e e su e o , ,
a re as
y, 2 r s,
p ti v l y n de s i n cecO N i t h ee p r oj e ti on
,
a f e s c o
OP ON
0 11 n d th r f o r
, a q l t th m o f th p r j ti n
e e e e ua o e su e o ec o s
of O M , M K , K P on O N,
p z ce c o s a —
—
l y co s B+ z co s y .
Thi s q ti on sati fi d
e ua , s e by t h e c oo r di n a te s o f e ve ry poi nt
On t h e p l n r p r e nt
a e, e se s p
th e l a n e .
-
3 5] T HE E Q U A T ION T O A PL A N E 3°
V
(1 1 ) To fi n d the equ a tion to the p l a n e i n ter m s f

o a, b , 0 .
ON pr oj e c ti on o f C A on O N 0 A cos 0L ;
p a co s 0L S i m i l a r l y b c o B 0 cos y p
.
,
s .
H e nc e by , (i ) t h e e q u a ti o n to th e p l n e i
, a s
wco s a y c os B+ 2 CO S y
+
P p P
i e
a b 0
Ex Find the i t r p t m d th
n e ce s a e on e coo rd i t na e a x es by th e a ne pl
F i d l th d i r ti i
.
x i-2
i g
2z = 9 . n a so e ec o n -c os ne s of the no ma r l
t o th e
pl an e if t h e a x e s arer t g l r
ec a n u a . Ans 9, .
3 3 , , 3 .
3 4 Ge ne ral
. e qu at ion t o a p l ane
The gen er a l
. eq u a ti o n
of th e fi r st d eg r ee i n as, y ,
2 r e r ese n ts a
p p la n e .
Fo r Ax + B y Cz+ D 0 ca n be w r itt e n
a: f'/
+
D /A D E / D/C
and th e r e fo r e r ep r e se n s a t p l an e m ak i n g i n t e r c e p ts —D/A
—/
,
D B, /
D C on th e a x es .
35 . I f Aac + B y + C z + D 0 a n d p = x co s oc + y co s B+ z C OS y
re pr e sen t t h e sa m e l a n e, p
c os oc c os B
A __B _ C D
,
t h e r e fo r e th e di r e c ti o n c o s i n es
-
of th e no rm al t o th e p l an e
ar e p r o porti on al to A ,
B , C . I f th e
B u t p is a p o iti ve
s n u m be r ; the r ef r e o if D is p o iti vs e,
CO S 0 L
If D is ne
g a ti ve , we m u s t chan ge th e si gn of J A 2
+B +0
Q 2
i
B G . . C
34 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y (C H . III .
Cor '
. I f th e a x e s ar e r e c t a ng u l ar , th e an
gle be tween t he
pl a n e s ar
e by 02 + ol
/
O ,
’
a ac by e z
’
cl
’
0
’
1 (a a bb
’ ’
is CO S
‘
1
cc )
Ex 1 . . I f th e a xe s ar e r t e c a ng u a l r ,
fi nd th e a ng e l t
be we e n th e
Pl a n es
(i )
ii
( ) 3 x + 4y
—5 z =9 ,
A ns (i ) /3 (ii ) 7r/2
‘
. 7r ,
.
Ex 2 I f t h e a x es ar e r t
ec an g u a lr fi n d th e d i t an s ce o f th e o ri gi n
a n e 6x —3 y + 2z
,
r pl
. .
f om t h e - 14 = O . A ns 2 . .
Ex 3 . She w th t a the e q u a ti o ns
r pr t pl p r ll l t O X O Y O Z r p ti l y
.
ax + by + d = 0 e e se n a n es a a e o es ec ve
Fi d q ti th r gh th p i t
,
t t h pl
, .
n th e e u a o ns o e a ne s ou (4 5 3 ) e o n s
rdi t
,
p r ll l
,
a a e to th e c oo n a e a x es .
A ns y + 4 z —7 = O,
. x —z —1 = O ,
4x + y —1 1 = O .
Ex 4 . . Fi nd th e e q u a t i on to th e pl an e thr gh (1 , 2, 3 )
ou p r ll l
a a e
to A ns 3 x + 4y .
EX . 5 P r ove th e e th t a q u a ti on t o th e pl a ne th r ou gh (on , B, y)
p r ll l t
.
a a e o a x + b + cz = 0 is
y
Ex 6 I f th e a x es a r e r t g lr ec a n u a an d P is t h e p i t (2 3
o n , ,
q ua ti o n pl th r gh P ri t l t OP
. .
fi nd t h e e to t he an e ou at gh a n g es o .
A ns . 2x + 3 y —z = l 4 .
Ex
7 r th t th P o ve a e e 22 2 —6y2
q u a ti o n
r pr t p i r f pl t th
. .
e ese n s a a o a n e s, a n d fi n d t h e a n g e be we e n l em .
1
A ns
‘
. cos
Ex 8 . . P r o ve th t th q ti
a e e ua on
2
by2 02
2
2fye 2g ex 2hx 0
as
g
r pr
e es en s a t p ir a of pl an es if a be 27t a
f
2
bg 2
ch
2=
0 .
Pr o ve th t t ha e an gl e t
be we e n t h e pl a n es is
—bC
t an
a + b+ e
Ex 9 r i l pl
A va ab e t t d i t p f r m th r i g i
a n e is a t a co n s a n s an c e o e o n
t i r t
.
l r i A B C Th r gh A
.
a n d m ee s t h e a x es, w h c h a re ec a n g u a n , ou
rd i t pl S h w th t
,
B pl dr p r ll l
.
, ,
C a ne s a r e a wn a a e t o th e co o na e a n es e a
t i r p i t i t r ti i by
.
l
,
t h e o cu s o f h e o n of n e s e c o n is g = ve n
‘
2
p .
3 6 Pl ane t h roug h t h r ee g ive n p oint s

. Th e g e n e r l . a
e q a ti on t o a pl a n e c on t a i n s t h r e a rb it r a r y c on st an t s
u nd e ,
a
th e e fo r e a pl an e c n be fo n d to s ti s fy t h r e e c on diti o n s
r a u a
which ea ch i nvol ve on e r el ti on b t we e n th e c on st n t s ; a e a
D I STA N CE F R OM A P OI N T T o A P LA N E
eg . p l ne c a n
a a be f ou n d to p ass t h ro u g h an y th re e no n
c l l i n ea r p o i n t
o s .
To f n d the
i e
q u a ti on to the p l a n e thr o u g h y, 2 )
, 1
(3 72 , (x3 , Z3 )
L e t th e e q a ti on to t h p la ne
u e be 0 .
Then
Th e r e fo r e , el i m i n a ti n g a, b , c, d we ,
Ob a n t i th e r equ i r e d
e q a ti on
u , as; y , z, 1 =0 ‘
x1 , 91 »
z
l ’
1
9 22 2 1
“
2,
3
3 > 2
3 > 1
Ex 1 . . F i nd the e q u a ti o n t o the pl ane th r o u gh th e th r p i t

ee o n s
—1 )
A n s 2x + 3 y .
—3 z= 5 .
EX 2 . . She w th t a th e fo u rpi t o n s (0 , —1 , O), (2 ,

l , (l , 1,
(3 ,
3 , O) are co pl r a na .
37 . D ist anc e fr om a p oint t o ap l an e To .

fi nd th e
r o m the
f th e p o in t P, f
’
d ista n ce o y , p l a n e
= ce c os Ot + y c o s B+ z c os
p y .
S u pp ose p is a
tha t p o iti v s e nu m b e r s th t c os 0L c s B
o a ,
o ,
c o s in e s o f norm l m e o r ig i n
c os
y ar e th e dir e c t io n ~
the f t h a ro
to th e pl an e . C ha n g e t h e o r igin to (a
’
, y
’
, and th e
p q ua t ion to th e pl an e becom es
p cos Ot + (y y) cos c os y,
or
wh e re p
’
5
p
—:c
’
c os Ot —y ’
c os B— ’
z cos y .
H e n c e t h e di st a n c e of ( x
’
, y
’
, th e ne w o r i g i n fr o mth , e
pl ane is
p
’
z
p 90 cos a
’
.
y
’
co s B 2 cos
’
y .
If P is on th e sa m e s id e of th e pl ane as th e o rigin al
or igi 0 n cos B c os y
, c o s Ot di r e c ti o n c o si n e s o f
, ,
are s ti l l th e -
th e n o r m a l f r om t h e n e w o r i g i n P to th e p l a n e a n d t h e r e
fore p or p —w cos Ot —y c os B—z CO S y is p o siti ve I f P
, ,
’ ’ ’
‘
.
36 O
C OR D I N A T E G E OM E TR Y [0 11 111 .
a nd O are on o ppo it s e s id e s of th e pl a n e , c o s Ot , cos B co s y

,
a re di r e c ti o n c os i n e s o f th e
th e al
f r om t h e -
norm pl an e to
P ,
a nd t h e r e fo r e p o r p —ee c o s Ot —y c os B—z ’ ’ ’ ’
co s ‘
y is
n e a ti ve
g H en ce i f .
p i s p o s iti ve , ,
p
—a c os a _ . ?
J
f
co s
,
—
B 2 C os ‘
y
is p ositi ve ( y p
if i n t o n ao ,
’
th e s me s id e o f th e
’
,
is any o a
pl a n e a th o r ig i n an d n g ti v i f ( y ) is a ny po i n t
s e ,
e a e as ,
’ ’
,
z
’
o n th e s id e o f th e p l a n e m o t e fr o m t h o ig i n e r e r .
Ge r 1 . . Th e di sta n c e of y
’
,
from th e pl an e
aw+ by + CZ + d
if th e a x es a re r e c t an g ul a r ,
is g i ve n by
If d is p ositi ve t h p ositi ve s ig n i e s t o be ta k en , as it g i ves

a p ositi v v l e f th p p n di c
e a u or e er e ul a r f r om the o r ig in .
Co r 2 . . I f d is p ositi v e, th e ex pressi on
is p ositi ve i f (w y '
,
’
, z
’
) and th e o rig i n ar e o n th e sa m e s
'
id e
o f t h p l an ee a nd n e g a ti ve i f t h ey a re
o n O pp o sit id es e s .
Ex 1 I f P is (x , y ,
.
’ ’
sh e w th t
a th e pr j ti o ec on of OP on th e
r l pl
.
n o ma to t h e a ne
=x
B + z cos y is
’
p c os a +y c os x c os co s
y,
a nd dd e u ce th e r e su lt s of 37 .
Ex 2 Fin d
th e s di t a n ce s of th ep i t (2 o n s 3, (3 4 , 7) f o rm
p i t th id
, ,
pl pl
. .
th e a ne x + 2y 2z = 9 . A re th e o n s on e s am e s e of th e ane ?
A ns 3 ,. 4, N o .
Ex 3 F i d th l
n e o c us of a pi to n wh o se di t s a nce f r om th e o r igin
it d i t n fr
.
is 7 t 1 m es s s a ce om t h e p l a n e 2x + 3 y
An s 3 x.
2
+ 8y + 3 5 2
2
2
3 6yz 24 zx + 1 2r y 8 v . 1 2g 24z + 4 = 0 .
EX 4 F ind t he l o c u s of a p i t th
o n e , s u m of th e sq u a e s o fr wh os e
it r pl
. .
d s an c es f om the a nes x x is 9 .
2 2 2=
A ns . 23 +y +2 9
EX 5. . Th e su m o f the q u a re s of t h e d i sta nce s o f a p o i n t f ro m th e

s
pl a ne s x + y+ z = 0, x 2g + = 0 i e q a l t o t h e s q u a r e o f i t s d i s ta n c e
2 s u
f r o m th e pl ane 2 : r th t th
z P o ve a e eq u a ti t th l
on f th p i t
o e ocus o e o n
B y t r i g th f x d i t h i r pl th r gh
.
y u n n e a xe s o an z n e a ne ou
a ng l f 45
es o
°
pr t
o veh t th l a e oc u s 1 s a r i gh t i r l rc wh cu ami co n e o se s e
r ti l gl
,
ve ca an e 1s
B I S ECTORS O F AN G LE S B ET WE E N PL A N ES 37
38 . Pl ane s bise ct ing t h e a ng l s e be t wee n g ive n p l ane s .
To fi nd the p l a n es bisec ti n g the a n g l es be tween th e

g i ven
p l a n es th e a x es
bein g r ec ta n g u l a r .
We c a n a l wa y s wr i t e t h e e q ti ons
ua so th a t d an d d
’
a re
posi ti ve . T h en th e e q u a ti on
ax+ by + cz + d
re p r esen ts the l oc u s of p oi nts e q idi stan t f r om u t h e g i ve n

pl anes ,
and s n i ce th e e xp r si on s
es
a a
’
- —
l by
’
l
- -
’
e z l d
--
’
in t h e q u a ti on h v th e m i gn th p oi n t s
e o n th e a e sa e s ,
e a re
o r i i n s id e o f b t h p l a n e s o 0 t h e n o n o r i g i n s id o f b ot h
o r 11 e
g
-
.
T h e l oc s is t h e r f r e th pl n e b i ti n g th t n g l e
u e o e a sec a a
be t we e n th e g i v n pl n s wh i c h c n t i n s th e o r ig i n e a e o a .
S i m i l ar l y ,
+ by + cz + d
’
a a -
l
r e p r esen t t h e pl n e b sec ting t h e o t h e r a ngl e be t ween the

s a 1
i v n pl a n e s
e
g .
Ex 1 S h w t h t t h r i g i l i i th t gl b t w th
4 —
e a e o n es n e ac u e an e e ee n e
3 y l— F i d th pl bi ti g
. .
pl a nes 12 —l x -
z n e a nes se c n
th l
e an
g b t w t h m d p iest t w h i he bi t t h
e ent gl e ,
an o n ou c se c s e ac u e a n e .
A A t 25 + 1 7y + 6 2
ns . cu e,bt + 3 5y 10
.v I 5 G= O z o us e , r . 2 .
E x 2 S h w th t t h pl
* di id th j i f
e a e a ne v es e o n o
) i t h r ti
. .
(
xi , ( 3/ x. z. n e a o
'
ax 2+ by 2 + czz + d
9 2 A
pi t 1 1
1 3113 ifi f) l i pl
-
56 1 '
[Th e
3 2 1 l
o n , , es o n th e a ne if
A(a v2 + . by , + cz, d z o] .
*E
x . 3 . Henc e sh e w th t a th e pl a ne s E u
v E a J;
’
by
’ '
ez d = 0,
’
u Av 0, u Av 0 di id v e an
y tr a n s ve sa r l
r
h a m o n ca y i ll
t
.
L e t P, be o n t h e pl = 0 h en u , 5
a ne u a s
,
by , + cz, l 0
( :
E
.
pl t
,
L et Q
, ( 2 , y2 , 22) be o n t h e an e v = 0 , h e n v2 by z -l- o z + d =0
’ ' ’ '
x a v2
. s
The a n es u i Av = opl v di id e P Q in t h e a os r ti
’
i H e T g ’
a gi s u,
i . e
. d i vi d e PQ h a m o n r i ll y
ca .
38 COOR D I NA TE GE OM ETR Y [0 8 .
*
Ex 4 I f A , P, B Q a r e a ny fou r ll i
co n ea rp i t o n s, th e a nh a rm i on c
ti r r ti r d fin d t
. . ,
ra o , or c o ss - a o of the ange AF E Q ,
is e e o be
AP AO AP .
QB
P rth t f r g i pl
o ve th t p th r gh
a ou li t yve n a n es a a ss ou one n e ou an
tr r li r g f
an s ve sa t t r r ti
n a an e o cons a n c oss - a o .
If =0 =0
u t w pl th r gh th l i th q ti t th
v are o a n es ou e n e, e e ua ons o e
r g i pl b w r itt
,
f ou ve n +A =0
a n es = l 2 3 4
ca n L t A B e en , u r v ,
r , , ,
. e ,
pl
,
li h A =0
y ( y
,, ) t x2, ,, + 2
2
e on e a n es u 3
v
r p ti l y Th
es ec ve d +A =0 I f P Q li
en an u2 3 v2 , e on
+ A = 0 th
.
t h pl
.
e s + A =O
an e u by E2v
2 ,
n 4
v ,
en x .
,
AP u, A22), AQ
_
_
u, A42) ,
B QB
’ ’
P u2 Azvz
l u2 A4v2
an d ther f r e o e
T h i s c on s t a n t r
c oss- a r ti
ll d th r r ti o is ca e e c o ss - a o of th e fo u r pl a nes .
*
Ex 5 P Q R S
,
f r pl r p i t
,
are ou co ana o n s on t he s id es AB, B C ,
k w q d ri l t r l P r th t
. .
,
C D, D A of a s e ua a e a . o ve a
AP B Q .
CR 08
O .
PB QC RD SA
T HE S TR AI GHT L I N E .
39 . e q uat ions t o a line E ve r y e qu a ti on o f th e

Th e .
fi rst d e g r e e r e p r e sen t s a pl an e T wo e q u a ti on s o f th e fi rs t .
d e g r e e a r e sa ti sfi e d by t h e c oo r di n a t e s o f a n y p o i n t on th e
l i n e o f i n t e r se c ti on O f t h e p l a n e s wh i c h t h e y r e p r e se n t a n d ,
t h e r e fo r e th e t wo e q u a ti on s to g e t h e r r e p r e se n t t h a t l i n e .
T hu s r e p r ese n t a
st r a i g h t l i n e .
40 . S ymme t r ical for m of e q uat ions . Th e e qu ti on s toa
a st r a i g h t l i n e ca n be fou n d in a m o r e sy mm e t r i l fo r m
ca .
I f th e l i n e p asse s t h r o u g h a g i ve n p o i n t P y ,
’
,
z
’
) and has
di r e c ti on r a ti o s l m n-
, , ,
ce —se ’
3 m ° ” “
7
”
7 I
wh e r Q (a
e , , y , z ) is a ny p int o on it ,
an d th e m easu re of
PQ is r, 21 , C o r . 3 ; § ,
29 Co r . An d t h e r e fo r e th e
COO RD INA T E G EOM E TR Y
‘
40
Ex 8 A li
th r gh t h r i g i
ne ou e o m a e s a ng e s
n k l B y,
w hit
i t s
pr j ti r d i t pl i r t lr
. .
o ec ons th
on e co o na e a n es , wh c h a r e ec an g u a T he
.
di t s a n c es o f y p i t ( y ) fr m
an o n x, ,
2 o th e n e a nd it s li pr j ti o ec o ns a r e
d, a, b, e . Pr th t
ove a
2
B (
z 2 2
z
y) )
2 ?
cl
2
(a
2
x
2
) cos o. (b co s e 2 co s
y .
L ine t h r oug h t wo p oint s

41 . If P Q ar e .
,
di r e c ti o n r a ti o s o f PC a r e p r o p o r ti o n a l t o
( 2 y,
x , t h e ,
-
21 —r
e — y1 2 a n d t h e re f o r e t h e e q u a ti o n s t o PO
2 v y2 , 2
a re oe —y ,
Z _ z1
93
2
—50
1 3/2
_
y1 12
2
—75
1
_
By 8 th e
,
c oo r di n a t e s of a va r i b l po i n t
a e of t h e l i n e in
t e rms of on e pa ram t r e e ,
A ,
are
Ex 1 Fi nd th e pi to n wh e r e the li ne j oi n i n g (2 1, 4 —
( , 2, 5 )
t
. .
,
cu s the pl a ne 2x + y —z = 3 . A n s“(0 , 4 ,
Ex 2 r th t th l i j i i g th p i t (4 —5
P o ve a 1 5 3)e ne o n n e o n s
m t th rf 2 + 3 y —4 = 1 i i i d t p i t
. .
, ,
2 2 2
ee s e su ace x z n co n c en o n s .
42 D ir e ct ion r at ios fr om e qu at ions Th e p l an es t h r ou gh

.
-
.
th e o r ig i n p r l l l t o a a e
are
g i ven by
ax + by
H e n c e th e e q ti on s
ua
a cc + by + c2 = 0
t og e t h e r r p r e se n t
e th e s t r ai gh t lin e t h r ou g h th e
p r
a al l el to t h e l i n e g 1 ve n by
T h e y m a y be w r itt en
a 2
i
be bc
’ ’ ’
ab b
’ ’ ’
ca e a a
an d th e r e fo e r th e di r e c ti on - r a ti o s of th e t wo l i n es a re
p r o po r ti o n al to be
’
bc
’
, ca
’ ’
c a, ab
’
a
’
b . A g a i n th e c d
se o n
‘
l i n e m e e ts th e pl ane in t h e p o i nt
da
’
—d a '
f
at
‘
’
z zn
4 1 , 42] THE Eou AT I O Ns To A LI N E 41
t h e r e fo r e th e e q a ti ons to th e se
u con d li ne in t h e sy mm e t ric a l
f orm ar e
bd —b d
’ ’
da
’
da
’
1
ab a b
’ ’
J ab
’
a
’
b
bc
’ ’ ’
be
’
ca e a
Ex 1 . . The e q ua ti o ns to a li ne th r ou
gh (a ,
b, 0 ) p r ll l
a a e to t he
pl a ne X O Y ar e
i
s nc e th e d i r ti ec o n- r tia o s a re l , m, 0 . A ga i th l i l i
n e ne es in t h e pl a ne
and th r f r e e o e i ts e q ua ti o ns ca n be w r itt en
( =l( b) ,
711 a: a ) y 2: e,
a nd (1 ) is t o be c o ns i d r d th
e e t ri l f r m f
e sy m m e ca o o
Ex 2 F i nd th e q ti
e ua t th l i
o ns j i i g (2 4
o e ne o n n —3 5,
—
. . , , ,
—2 —3
Th e e q ua t ions a re
x
—5
y 4
Th r f r t h l i
z
e e o e e ne p r ll l
is a a e
1
to th e pl a ne XO Y, as is e v i d e t i th n , rd i t
s nce e z- coo na e s o f tw p i t o o n s
on i t ar e e q ua t o 3 l . Th e e q ti ua l b w ritt
o n s ca n a so e en
a; 5g 22, 3 .
Ex 3 The e q ua ti o n s to t h e s t r i gh t l i
a ne th r o ugh (a b, 0 ) p r ll l
a a e
—c
. .
,
6
OZ M
“
l z
to a re i
/
0 0 1
Ex 4 P r o ve th t th q tia e e ua o ns t o th e ne o f li i t r ti
n e sec on of t he
— r itt
. .
pl a nes 4 v+ 4y
. 8 i; + l 2y 1 3 z = 3 2 c a n be w en
m—l y
—2 z
2 3 4
EX 5 th eS he w
ne 2x + 2y ~ th t a li —z —8 is
rd i t p i t wh r
. .
p r ll l
a a e t o th e pl
a n e y = 0 , a n d fi nd th e co o na e s o f th e o n e e
it t
m ee s th e ane v = 0 pl . . A ns .
(O ,
2, 2)
Ex 6 . . Pr th t th l i
o ve a e ne s
2 v+ 3 y
. 4z z o = 3 r
. 4y + z, 5 v —y
. 7y + 5 z 6
a re p r ll l
a a e .
Ex 7 . . F i nd t he a ng e l t
be we e n t h e li n es
—2y +
i
(1) —z -
5 2,
,
(r t l r 8 /xf40 6
1
) A ns
‘
ec a n g u a a x es . . c os .
Ex 8 F i nd th e e q u a t i o ns to th e ne h li t r o u gh t he pi t o n (1 ,
2, 3 )
li
. .
p r ll l t
a a e o th e ne x 3 v+ g + z 6
.
-
.
3
42 COOR D I N ATE C E0 ME T R Y
43 Const ant s in t h e e q u at ions t o a line Th e e ua ti on s

q
.
.
a —a y
—b z —c
l m
m ay be wr itt en a: i y a
m
wh i c h a re o f th e f rmo a =A +B
y
y 0 2 D
an d r f o r e th g n l e q ti on to a st r i gh t l i n con
th e e e e e ra ua s a e
t i n f r rb it r a r y c n st n t s T h q ti on (1 ) r p r e e n t
a ou a o a . e e ua s e s
t h p l n es p ss i n g t h r ou g h th l i n
e a n d p r ll e l t o O Z
a nd e e a a a a
O X r sp c ti ve l y
e nd b
y e h o i c o f ch pl n t o d fin
,
a n
y a c e su a es e e a
g i ve n l i n it q ti o n s c n e b p t in st h f rem w h
ua i c h a e u e o
i t h f m w it h th e sm ll st p o s i b l n m b e r o f rb it r r y
s e or a e s e u a a
c on s a n s t t .
EX 1 P r o ve th t a th e s
ymm e tri l f r m ca o of th e e q u a t i o ns t o th e
—b
. .
—d
li ne gi ve n by z= c
y + d is
x
a
y
1
z
Ex 2 . . P r ove th t t h l i a e nes
= z=c
r a
y + b, y + d,
a re p rp d i l r if
e en cu a 1 =0 .
EX 3 F i d b d th t t h l i n a, c, ,
so a e ne r = a
y + b, z= e
y + d m ay p ass
t h r gh th p i t (3 2 th t
. .
,
(5 4 an d h en ce sh e w th e
~
ou e o n s a
gi p i t d (9 8 10 ) ll i r
, , , ,
ve n o n s an , ,
ar e c o nea .
A ns . a = 1 , b= 1
, e -
1, d= —2 .
Ex 4 . . P r o ve th t t h l i
a =
p e ne x z + q , g = r e + s, i t r t th ni
n e s ec s e co c
z= if q + b = 1 2 2
0, a 8
H th t t h rd i t y p i t l i wh i h
.
e nc e sh e w a e co o na e s of an o n on a ne c
i tr t
n e se c s th e con c a ni dp th r a sse s o u gh th e p i t ( B y) ti fy th
o n a , ,
sa s e
eq ti ua on a (y v . ocz ) 2
b(yy B2)
2
(z y)
?
Ex 5 r P o ve th t l i a a ne wh ch a sses i p th r ou
gh t h e o n p i t( B or, , y)
d i t r t prbl li r
. .
an n e se c s th e a a o a = 0 , ez = 4 a r , es o n t h e s u fa c e
y
(B e 4a < —
B v) (Br -
Ex 6 . . Fi d n th e e q u a ti on s to th e pl ane s th r ou
gh t h e li ne s
2 3
" ” 2 4
(ii ) 2 — —4y + 5z —6
6) 5 2 3
7
,
x + y 5z
3 ,
1
p r ll l t t h
a a erd i t o e coo n a e a xe s .
A i( ) 5y —4 + 1 = 0 2
ns . z ,
2 2v —y
.
—g/
(ii ) 1 7y 5 2
T HE PLA N E A N D T H E sT R A I C I rr L I N E —
43
Ex 7* I f th e a xe s ar e ob l iq ue th e di t
s a nc e o f th e p i t(
o n x
’
y
'
z
’
)
i
.
r pl
.
, ,
“
f om t h e a ne is g ve n by
i( ar
’
+ Il l/ l ” “
02
,
d ) (1 "
00 3 COS V +
Q
2 co s A co s 11 . cos 1 0
2 7
i
22be (c os A )}
2
{2
2
a s in A c o s ,a c os V
*
Ex 8 T he di t s ance of (x
’
y
’
,
z
’
) f r om the li ne
i
. .
,
is g ve n by
2 2
+ b + 0 + 2be cos A+ 2ca
3
a c o s ,a + 2a b c o s V
*
Ex . 9 . P r o ve th t a
l
th e d i r ti ec on - cos n e s i of th e no rm l a to th e
2
A
pl a ne O XY a re 0, 0 , .
s1 n V
r AE1 2 co s A c o s ,u
‘
2
wh e e co s
z
A cos u fl o
c s V c os V .
I f th e an
gl th t es a O X, O Y , 0 2 m a k e w h th eit pl a nes YO Z , Z O X,
XO Y a re B y pr , ,
ove ha t t
s in (1 . s in B s in
y —A
cos e c A co s e c ,u. co s ec V
I f th e a n g es l t
be we e n t h e pl a nes Z O X , XO Y , e tc .
, are A, B ,
C,
pr o ve th t a
(i ) cos A cos p . cos V = s u ,u s in V cos i A
s in A s in 8 s in C
(11 ) s in A s1 n s1 n V
p .
44 Th e p l ane
. and the st r aig h t l ine . L e t th e e q a ti on s
u
a —a —
y B_ z —
y
m
r pr e e se n t a g i ve n
l n
pl an é an d s t r a igh t l in e . Th e i r po in t of i n t e r se c ti on is
(Ot + lr , B+ m r , y + nr) ,
wh e re r is gi ve n by
But rp r p r ti on l to th e di t n c e f
is o o a s a o th e p o i t fr om n
( T h r f r t h l i n e is p r ll e l to th pl n i f
or, B y) ,
o e . e e e a a e a e
al + bm + c n = 0 an d
t h e a x es a r e e
If di r e c ti on c o si n es o f th e r c t ang ul a r ,
th e -
n o r m a l t o t h e p l a n e a n d o f t h e l i n e a r e p r o p o r ti o n a l t o
b e ; l m n ; a n d t h e r e fo r e i f t h e l i n e is n o r m a l to
“
a , , , ,
th e pl ane, 1 m n
a b e
Co r . Th e c on di ti o n s t h a t th e l i n e sh o u l d l ie in th e
pl ane a r e al + bm + c n = 0
and
44 COORD I NA TE G EOME TR Y [c a
’
11 1 .
—3 —
y 4
—5
Ex . 1 . P r o ve th t a th e h u e
x
2 3
z .
is p r ll l
a a e t o th e
pl an e 4x + 4y
4
Ex 2 th t t h pl P r o ve a e a nes 3y 3x 1 4y 1 3 z = 0,
—3 l y —3 3 = 0 p th r gh li
. .
82 z ass ou on e ne .
Ex 3 F i d th q ti t
. n e e ua on o th e pl an e th r gh (2 —3
ou 1) no rm l a
th l i j i i g (3 4 r t g l r)
.
, ,
to e ne (2 o n n , , ,
l, (a xes ec an u a .
A ns . x+ 5y
Ex 4 .
‘
. F i nd th e e q u a t i on to th e pl an e th r ou
gh th e pi t
o n s
(2, 1, (3 ,
4, 5 ) p r ll l t
a a e o th e li ne 2x = 3 y = 4z .
A ns . 27g 22z = 8 5 .
Ex 5 P r o ve th t a th e j oin of (2 3, (3 4 , 5 ) is n o m a t o t h e r l
pl th r gh 2 —
. .
i
, ,
—3 t h e a x es be n g
a ne (4 ou -
O (O, l,
r t g l r
, , ,
ec an u a .
EX 6 F i d th d i t f n e s an c e o th e p i t —1
o n —5 -
10) f r om th e
z —2
. .
, ,
—2
p i t f i t r ti f th l i
o n o n e s ec on o e ne
x y+ 1 a nd the pl a ne
y + 5 ( r t g
2: l r f ,
ec an u a a xes
4
A ns 1 3 . .
Ex 7 F i d t h q ti n e e ua on s to th e pl a nes th r ou gh th e pi t
o n
—1 0 1 ) d th l i
. .
, ,
an e nes
4x —4z + 1 3 ; 2x —y
—2 = 0 = z —5 ,
a nd th t
sh e w a th e e ua q ti o ns t o th e li ne th r o u gh th e g i ve n pi t
o n
wh i h i t r
c t n e sec s t h e t wo g i ve n li n e s ca n be w r itt en
x =y —1 = z —2
Ex 8 . . F i n d th e e q u a ti on to the pl ane th r o u gh th e li ne
x —a —
y B z —
y
l
p r ll l t
a a e o th e li ne
l m
2
n
”
) (mn m n)
’ ’
A ns . 2 (x 0L 0 .
Ex 9 T he l a n e l v + my = 0 is o a e p a bou it s rttd t li ne of i nte r ~
ti it pl t r l r th t
.
. .
se c o n w h th e a ne h o u g h a n a n g e at P . ove a th e
e q ua ti
o n t o th e a n e i n it s n e w os pl
o n is p iti
l r + my at
. .
-
m2 t a n OL = O .
Ex 10 F i nd th e e q u a ti o n s t o th e l i th r gh (f g
ne ou , , h) wh i ch is
p r ll l t pl d i t r t th l i
. .
a a e o th e a ne an n e s ec s e ne
l (x
'
d
' '
by
’
a s; by cs d a r . ez
44] E X A M PL E S 45
Ex 11 T h e a xe s be ng ec a ng u a , fi nd th e i r t l r e q u a tions to th e
p rp d i l r ri i li
. .
e en cu a f ro m t h e o g n t o t h e n e
F i nd l rd i t
a so th e coo na e s o f t h e f oo t of p rp d i l r
th e e en cu a
(T h p rp d i l r i li i t r ti f t h pl th r g h
.
e e en cu a s the ne of n e s ec on o e a ne ou
th rig i d th l i
e o n an e ne a nd t h e pl a ne th r gh th r i g i p rp d i l r
ou e o n e en cu a
t th l i
o ) e ne .
—l —4
)
’ z 2
A "8 fi L
,
2 —1 3 3
M
Ex 1 2 . . T he e q u a ti o ns
r t g lr to A S r f rr d
e e e to e c an u a a x es a re
Th r g h p i t P (l 2 5 ) P N i d r w p rp d i l r
g ou a o n , , ,
s a n e en cu a
to A 8 , d PO i d r w p r ll l t t h pl
an 3 + 4y + 5 = 0 t m t
s a n a a e o e a ne x z o ee
A B in Q F i d th q ti t P N d P O d t h
. n rd i t f
e e ua o ns o an an e c oo na e s o
N a nd Q .
x —l —
y Q z —5 x —1 _ y -
2 2 —5
—3
. .
1 76 89 4 13 8
E
) ( 3’ 9
)
.
’ "
49 2
Ex 1 3 Th r ough a pi to n P, (x y z ) a pl a n e is
’
,
’
,
’
dr a wn a t r igh t
t (re c ta ng u l a r) i n A B th t
. .
a ng e s l t o O P t o m ee th e a xes , , C . Pr o ve a
th e a ea o fr th e t r i gl an e A B C is ” ’
Whe r e 9
'
is t h e m easu r f OP
e o .
2x 7 z /
Ex 1 4 l r d th pl
T h e a xe s a re r t ec a ng u a an e a ne
m t t th t th q ti
.
B C Pr
.
ee s h em i n A, t BC ,
. o ve a e e ua o ns o a re
th t th q ti t th pl th r gh O X t r i gh t
5 l t B C i b = th t th th r pl th r h O X O Y OZ
an
a e
cz
e ua on
e
o
ee
e a ne
a nes
ou
ou
a
g es y ; o g s a , , ,
t r i gh t l r p ti l p t r li
,
a
g t B C C A A B
an y esh g h t
o h es ec ve ,
ass ou e ne
d th t t h r d i t f t h r th t r f t h
, ,
ax =b = cz an a e co o na e s o e o o ce n e o e
y ;
t r i ngl A B C
a e a re
E x 15 I f th e a xes a re r t e c a ng u a l r , th e di t s a nc e of the pi to n
r li
. .
(3 30 , yo, zo ) f om t h e ne
(b nO v )
2
wo) (c u 0
’ '
2
no t cv
is g iven by
wh e r e no 5 a xo byo ozo d, a nd no 5 a mo
'
byo
'
c zo
’
d
’
.
Ex 16 . . F i n d t h q ti e e ua on t o th e pl a ne th r o u gh th e li ne
u s
p r ll l t
a a e o th e li ne
bm bm )
'
( l )
’ ’
Ans . u c cn v al ( on .
46 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [c a 111 .
Ex 1 7 . . F in d th e q ti e ua on to t h e pl a ne th r o u gh th e li ne s
ax +
x, y ,
z 0 .
’ ’ ’
ab b
' '
be b c,
’
ca c d ,
a
87
1
,
y a .
’
“8 7
,
CUB
Ex 18 P r ove th t th pl th r
a e an e ou g h th e p i t(
o n on, 8 , 7) and th e
li + i gi
. .
,
ne x = + = ra s by s ve n
py g
ix , +3 =O
p y + q, rz .
0 L,
23 0 4- 9, ¢
y + 8
1, 1, 1
Ex . 19 . Th e di t s an c e of p i t (5 n th e o n , , C) f r om the li ne
—a
x -
y 3 2
7 r d p r ll l t th pl
1 2 m e as u is
.
:
, e a a e o e a ne
l 7
g i ve n by
0
fi
0
(d l bm on )
De d u ce th e p rp d i l r d i t
e en cu a s an c e o f th e p i t fr
o n om th e li ne .
—a _
B —
*
E X 20 I f the a xe s a r e o b liq u e, th e l i ne
x
l
2
7
r l pl
. .
no ma t o th e a ne if
ea 6 d
) 3 4>
7 am a
a T
-
c
(S e e
*
E x 21 Sh e w th t a th e e u a q ti on t o th e pl a ne th r ou g h OZ at
r i gh t l pl
. .
an
g es to th e a ne X O Y is
(
x c os ,u co s v cos A) = y (cos v cos A c os y) .
*
EX 22 Sh ew th t th pl
a e ane s th r gh O X O Y OZ ou , at r i gh t
th r gh th l i
, ,
l pl YO Z Z O X XO Y p
. .
a ng e s to t he anes , , ,
a ss ou e ne
w(oo s ncos v c os A) = y (co s v co s A cos p)

.
=z
(co s Ac o s p . co s v ) .
*
Ex 23 Th e a ne s h pl t r ou
gh 0 n o m a t o O X , O Y , r l ’
OZ cu t th e L
pl li pl
. .
a nes YOZ ,
Z O X , X O Y in n es w h i c h lie in t h e a ne
x y z
c os A c os p . c os v
*
EX . 24 . Sh e w th t a th e li ne in E x 22 is . at r i gh t an
g l es to th e
pl ane in E x 23 . .
*
EX 25 I f P is t h e pi t o n
y, z) (x
’ ’ '
and th e p rp d i l r f r
e en cu a s om
th t
,
r d i t pl pr
. .
P t o the co o na e anes ar e
p l , 10 2, 393 , ov e a
p l s
in A p z s in n p_3 s in v
1
7
5
A
x r
y
r
z
r
De d t h t t h pl n bi ti ng th i n t r i r
u ce a e a es se c e e o a ng e s l t
be we e n th e
c oo rd i n t pl n p th r gh th l i n
a e a es ass ou e e
s in A s in
n s1n V
48 C OORD I N A T E G E OM E T R Y [c m 1 11 .
i n fi n it e di stan c e We e a s i ly fi n d t h a t th e l i n es o f i n t er
.
s e c ti on o f a n t wo o f th e p l a n e s a r e p a r a ll e l t o t h e l i n e
y
a nd it is ev id e n t t h a t no t wo of pl n
th e a
'
e s a re p r a a ll e l , so
th a t th e p l a n s fo r m
th r e e Th s i f we
e a t r i n g u l r p r i sm
a a . u
are
g i ve n th th r e e q ti on t o th e f
e s of t r i an g l a r
e ua s ace a u
p r i sm n d w tte m p t t sol v th em we o bt i n p r a
, a e a o e , a a a
do x ica l e q u a ti on o f t h f o r m wh e k is a n u m b e e re r
di ff r e n t fr m r
e o ze o .
C on s id e r in t h t h i r d p l c e t h e q a ti n s
, e a ,
e u o
()i 1 2 x + 2z = 3 5
y ,
( )
i i 3 90 + 31 + z 7 :
,
(iii ) x + 2y + z 0 : .
E l i m i n a ti ng z b e t we e n (i ) a n d (ii ) a n d t h e n ,
b t wee n (ii )
e
a n d (iii ) w e o b t a i n
,
6x —3 y z 21 ,
2w —y = 7 .
S i m i la r l y if we el im i n ate in w b e t ween th e
‘
a: an a
, y y
e
q ua ti o n s ,
we g e t 5 y 22 7 0 ,
Thus p o i n ts wh os c oo rdi n t es sati s fy t h e g i ve n e q a

a ll e a u
ti o n s li p on b t h f th e pl n es 2x —y = 7
e u o o a ,
or th e c m m o n p o i n t s o f t h e t h r
o pl n s li pon t a igh t ee a e e u a s r
l i n t h t is t h t h r e pl n e s i n t r se c t in
e, a ,
e st r igh t l in e
e a e a a .
Ex 1 .E mi . th t r f th i t r ti f th t f pl
xa ne e na u e o e n e s ec on o e se s o an e s
i( ) 2 —5y + x + y+4 =5 x z
,
(ii )
iii
( ) + y + =6
33 z
y + =2 ;
,
x z
(iv)
(v) x + 2y + 3 z = 2 5
=4
(vi) 2x z ,
3 x + 4y
(vii) 3x y+ 2x + 4y + s + l o= 0 , 6x
A ns .
(i ) P l a n es fo m r pr i sm (ii ) pl a n es p a ss th r o u gh li ne
3x 5 _ g/ z
_
2 i 1
(iii ) pl a ne s in te r sec t at (1 , 2, 3 ) (iv) pl a n es p ass th r o ugh li ne
so 10 g/ 8
i
’
1
( ) v pl an es r i m ; ( i) pl
fo m p r i t r t s v a ne s n e sec at (1 , —l ,
l ) ; (vn ) t wo
pl a ne s p r ll l t i r d i t r t th m
a a e , h n e sec s e .
§ 45 ] THE I N T E R S E C T I ON OF TH R E E PL A N ES 49
Ex 2 P r o ve th t a th r pl
the ee a ne s x
r t ri l r pri m d fi r rm l ti
. .
x + z = 2, fo m a a ng u a s ,
an nd the a e a o f a no a se c on
of the pri s m . A ns . x/3 /1 H .
We sha ll n ow c o nsid e r th e g e n e r lc
a a se .
L e t th e e qu a ti on s to t h e pl a n es be
u, E alx b —
l l y l l l dl
c z - - - - -
0 ,
u, z a 2w+ bzy + o s + d :
0
2 z ,
S ol vi n g th e e q ti on s
ua we O b ta i n
a; —y 0
1
c d l 0 cl b (L c
l , , 11 , I ,
1
(1 2 0 a
2,
0 2, cl 2 b d b2 02
, 2 , ,
113 0 CL 0 CL 11 3 d (13 0
, 3 , 3 , 3 , , , , 3
wh i c h by ,
c on t ra c ti n g th e d en o m i n a t o rs ,
w e m ay w r it e ,
a:
L et A Ei (6
1 , 112 , 0
3
T h en
B1
a
2 0 (t b
3 2) ;
e tc .
8 20 3
—8 3
0 2
= a A,
1
O 2A3 —C A = b A,
l
A B —A B = ol A ; e tc .
Th e r e fo r e, if A=O ,
A2 82 C
a nd £3 53 C3
.
I f A % O th e
‘
q tio n (4 ) g i ve fi n it al e s o f x y
,
e ua s e v
u , , z,
a n d t h e r e fo r e t h e t h r ee g i ve n p l n e h ve poi nt o f a s a a
i n t e se c ti n a t a fi n ite di st a n c e
r o .
B t if
u nd lb 0 1 t h e g i ve n e q u a ti on s a
a
l , 2 , (
3
. re
n o t sa ti sfi e d by a ny fi n it e v a l e o f w S i nce u .
l v
b 0 21 dl d1 A1 + d2A2 + d3 A 3 1
A 1 , A 2 , A3 c a nn o t a ll be z e o , anr d t h e r e fo r e t h e t h r e e pl an e s
are n o t a ll p a r llel Aga i n

a .
,
th e l i n es of i n t e r se cti o n o f th e
pl an es a re p a r al l l to e
x z a) z
_ g
_ _
’ ’
A, BI c A 13 2 0 A3 0 3
,
50 C OOR D I N A T E G E O M E TR Y [ GEL In .
an d h e n c e , by are p r a a ll el . If t wo or mo r e of th e
q u an titi e s A 1 A2 A3 a r e di ffe r en t f r o m z e r o n o two o f
, , ,
t h e g i ven p l a n es a r e p a r a l l e l a n d t h e p l an es t h e r e f o r e fo r m ,
a t r i an gu l a r p r i sm I f o n e on ly A I say o f th e th r e e
.
, ,
q u an titi e s is di ffe r e n t fr om z e r o t h e pl an e s u l = 0 u 2 = 0 , ,
m a y be p a r a ll el a n d if so n 3 = 0 m e e t s t h e m in p ar al l el
, ,
l i n es .We h a ve th e n a l i m iti ng ca se of a t r i a ng u l ar p r i sm
wh en on e O f t h e e d g e s is a t a n i n fi n it e di st a n c e Th u s i f .
,
A = O a n d [ by 0 2 d3 l¢ 0 th e th r ee p l an es a r e p ar a ll e l t o
, ,
on e l i n e .
I t is to be n o t e d t h at in t h i s c ase
Z
’
1 1
0
2 1 da $ 0 1
th at is , wh en pl n e s a p a r a ll el to n e l in e t h i r
t h r ee a re o e
e qu ti on s
a ca n be c o m b i n d so a s t o f o r m p r dox i l
e a a a ca
e qu a ti on wh r e k is a q a n tity di ff r e n t fr m
e ro u e o ze .
C o n ve r sel y ,
i f th r e n m b e r s l m n n be fo n d so t h a t
e u , , ca u
lu l mu 2 5 70 ,
wh e r e la is i n d e p en d e n t of w y , ,
z, and is n ot z e o , r t h en th e
th r ee pl a n es a r e pa r a ll e l to on e l ine ,
an d if no t wo of th em
ar e pa r all e l , fo r m a t r i a n g u l a p r i sm r . F or
a l + a 2m + 003 7 1 O, bl l + 11 2711 bgn O
1 ,
cl l + 0 2m + c3 n =0 ,
T h er e fo r e la v 192 , c
3 | =0 an d
l l
b , 0
2 ,
d3
S u pp ose n ow tha t A=O , 0 2, d3 and A1 # O (A1 ,
is
on e of th e c o mm on m ino r s of A an d
l i;
b 0 2, d3 A s in t h e
l ast case ,
th e th r e e pl an es are p r all el
a to on e l in e . B ut
sin ce
| l
b ,
0
2,
d3 | = o t h e ,
t hr e e l i n e s in wh i c h t h e p l a n es
cut th e pl an YO Z e ,
V iz .
,
are c on c u r r e nt . Th e i r co m m on p o i n t is g i ven by x = 0,
a nd s n e Afi i c lz o, it is a t a fi n it e di stan c e . He nc e , i
s n e c th e
§ 45] THE I N TE R S E CT ION OF TH RE E PL AN ES 51
t h r e e p la n e s a re p a r a ll el to o n e l i n e a n d p ass t h r o ug h a
p o i n t in th e p la n e YOZ t h ey p a ss th r oug h o n e l i n e , .
I t foll o ws n o w t ha t la p 0 2 (M and | d l 11 2 d3 | th e , , , ,
r e m a i n i ng t wo d e te r m i na n ts in a re z e ro F o r si n ce .
th e p la n es p a ss t h r o u gh o n e l i n e t h e i r l i n e s o f i n t e r se c ti o n ,
wit h t h e p la n e Z O X viz ,
.
,
= =0
y 0, y ,
= 0, a w+ c z + d = 0
y 3 3 3
are co n cu rren t . T h er e fo r e dl ,
0
2,
d3 ]= O , an d s i m i lar ly ,
01 =O
| a1 11 2
—d
3
.
, ,
Aga i n ,
if [ a
n
bz d3 | = 0
, ,
dl , 0 2, d3 | = o a nd a d
2 3
a3 z,
( an
y on e of th e c o mm o n m i no r s ) ,
is n ot z e o, r th e l i n e s
of i n t erse c ti on ofth e g i ve n l a n es w it h t h e l a n es Z O X p p
a nd X O Y ar e r
c on c u r en t T h e o i nt s o f c o n cu e n c e a r e
. p rr
g i ve n by
w z
=0
y —c3 d2 dza s —d —a ’
0 cl a a c c
z s 3 z
as
— y 1
z =0
bzds —b d s z
d2 “_ j z i
3
f
s f
0521’ “
s ,
b3 0t2
’
an d i c
s n e d2a 3 th e y ar e n ot co i n c id en t . Th e
pl a n es t h e r e fo r e t wo c o m m o n p o i n ts an d t h us
h a ve p ass
t h r ou g h on e l i n e I t fo l l ows t h e n t h a t Ia l 62, 0 3 .
,
and
a r e bot h z e r o
0 2 d3
| , .
I f t h e r e fore an y t wo o f th e d e te r m i n an t s
, ,
lv
b 0
2 1 d3 l
1 l a
v
0
2>l l v d3 1 a 62 > d3 l
1 lav b2 1 0
3
a re z e o , an d o n e r of t h e i r c o mm on m i n o r s is r the n ot z e o ,
d e t e r m i na nts a r e z e r o a n d t h e t h ree p l a n es
*
r e ma n ng i i t wo ,
h a ve a l i ne of i n t e r se c ti o n a t a fi n it e di stan c e .
Th i s is e as i l y p r d lg br i lly
o ve a e a ca I f A z O, [ b1 0 2, d3 =0 , and AI 92 0,
“m
.
t he s ce
As a , A, 012A, a 3 A3 o,
,
lb l a 02 1 ds lE d1 A1 + d2A2 + dsA3 =0 a
_
l a’ l a b2 1 d3 l —ia 1 3 62’ d3 |
Th rfr
e e o e, i
s nc e Z bl Al E O E c l Al
,
-
E O, a nd A, # O,
l a
l , bg , d3 | =0 and Ia l , cg , d 3 | =0 ,
52 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E TR Y [C H . I II .
Th e c o n diti ons fo r a line of i n t e r se c ti on ar e o ften wr itt e n

in th e fo r m ,
a b, c d, = 0,
, , ,
d
z,
0 2, dz
11 3 , 0
3 1
ds
th e t ti on si gn i fy i n g th a t a n y t wo of th e fou r th i r d or d er
no a -
d e te r m i nan ts a r e z e r o T h ey m ay al so be o bta i n e d as .
foll o ws A ny pl an e th r ou g h th e l i n e of i n te rs e c ti on of
.
u = O u2 = o is g i ve n by I f t h e p l an es
, ,
u = O u = 0 u = 0 p a ss t h r ou h o n e l i n e
, 2 , 3 g, ,
and n3 =o
m u st f or ,
so m e v a l u es o f A A2 ,
r ep r esen t th e sam e p la ne ,
and th e r e f o r e
A1 16 , —
l_A271 , A3 u 3 E0 .
C on ve r se ly , if A, A2 , A3 can be fou n d so that

A1 14, A21 0 ? Au E 0 3 3 ,
t hen A, u , f
. Azu z A
and th e r e fo r e th e pl ane 0 pass es t h r o u gh th e l i n e

of i n t e r se c ti on of u
,
0 an d u, 0 . C o n sid e r i n g t h e c o
effi cie n t s in A, u , A2u 2 Ages, 5 0 , we h a v e
d 1 A, CL
ZAZ
d 3A
3
O , 11 2A, 63 A3 0 ,
0, an d 0
37
0 13 :
.
T h er e fo r e ,
el i m i n a ti n g A, A2 A3 , w e
, , o bt in a
b c d, =O .
a
, , b c cl 2
Ct 63 , 0 d3
Ex 3 . . P r o ve th t th pl
a e a nes
p ass th r ou g h o n e li ne .
Ex 4 . . P r o ve th t th pl
a e a n es
y = a z + cx
,
z= bx + ay pass
r
th o u gh o ne li ne if 01
2
+b +
2
c
g
2a+ bc = L
45 , 46] L I NE I N T E R S ECT I NG T WO GI VE N L I N E S 53
EX 5 T he pl a nes g sr +
fy + c z= 0
t r li d i r ti r ti
. .
Pass h o u g h o ne ne if A 5 a, lb, 5] = 0, an d the ec o n- a os
It , I) ,
f
9. f ,
c
of the li ne sa ti fy th q ti
s e e ua o ns
2
l2 711
Oct 56 80
Ex 6 I f th e a x es r t a re ec a n g u a l r ,
the e q ua ti on s t o th e pl a n es
th r li f i t r ti i pl
. .
ou
g h t h e ne o n e s ec o n of t wo of th e g ve n an e s
d,x + l , 2, 3 ,
p rp d i l r t
e en cu a o th e th i r d ,
are
0 12 6263 l ‘ ‘
0 20 3 ) (d ax 0 3
2 dz)
(3 ,
x 01 01 63 6, c3 c , ) 0, e tc .
S h e w th a t th r pl p t h r gh
the li ee an es ass ou o ne ne .
Ex 7 T h pl
. . m t the o x o v o z wh i
an e ee s e a x es , , , ch
a rer t g l r i A B C P r th t t h pl
e c an u a t h r gh t h
n ,
o ve a e a ne s ou e a xe s
d t h i t r l bi t r f t h g l f th t r i g l A B C p
.
, ,
an e n e na s ec o s o e an es o e an e ass
th r gh th l i
ou e ne
46 Line int e r se ct ing t wo g ive n l ine s T h e e q ua ti o n s t o

. .
a n y l i n e i n t e r s e c ti n g t wo
g i ve n l i n e s it , 0 v u O 11 2 , ,
are u
, A1 1) , O, u, A21) , O .
F o r th e th i r d l i n e l i es in t h e pl ane a nd
t h e r e fo r e it is c o pl a n a r wit h n, =0=n an d s i m i l a r l y it
is Co pl a na r with n = o = e 2 z
.
Ex 1 . F i d t h q ti
n e e ua o ns t o th e s tr a igh t li ne dr a wn f r om t he
rig i i t r t th l i
.
o n to n e se c e nes
3 x + 2y + 4 z
2x —4y + z —3 .
A ns '
TQ
a 1 53 —5 2 ’
Ex 2 F i n d t h e eq uat io ns to the li ne th t i t r t
a n e se c s th e li n es
—z = 2 —y —z
. .
2J J —g
/ ; x z 3, 2x + 4y —z = a nd p ass e s
th r o u gh th e pi to n (1 1 x —l —
3, 1 1
, ,
An s
o 1
Ex 3 . . F i nd th e e q ua ti o ns t o th e li ne dr awn pa r ll l
a e to
so a s to mee t th l i e n es z= 2x
A ns 4 42.
: 1 69 3 , 1 1 2 3 45 .
54 COOR D I N A TE GE OM ETR Y [C H . 1 11 .
Ex 4 . . Fi nd th e su rf ace g e ne rtd
a e by l i wh i h i t r t t h
a ne c n e s ec s e
li ne s y
= a= a ; x+ 3 z= a, y + z= a, a nd is p r ll l t t h pl w+ y = 0
a a e o e ane .
A ns .
Ex 5 F i nd t h e s u rf ace g e ne a r t d by t r igh t l i
e a s a ne whi hi t r t
c n e se c s
—y = z,
.
th e
2
m es l x x + y = 2a , and th e p r b l y=0
a a o a ,
x 2m . A ns . x
2 ?
y 2612 .
EX 6 . A va r i bl l i
a e ne i t r t OX
n e sec s and th e r cu ve x =
y, g/
2=
cz,
th t it rt
,
a nd p r ll l t th
is a a e o e pl YOZ P r
an e o ve a gene a es th e
p r b l id y =
.
a a o o x ca
Ex 7 Pr t h t th l o ve a e o c us of a va r i bl l i
a e ne wh ihi tr t
c n e s ec s the
—mx —c
. .
th r g l m y = m =
ee i ve n es x, z c ; y : z= ; y = z, moo : —c ; is t h e
rf y
,
su a ce = z
z
2
0
2
.
47 . L ine s int e r se cting t h r ee g ive n line s . I f th e e u a q

ti on s to th r e e i ven l in es ar e u, =0 =o u =0 =v
g 2
0 v a n d th e t h r e e pl a n e s
()
1 u
, ()
2 uz —A v = 0
f
z z , (3 ) u
3
—A n 3 3
=0
h a ve ai nt e rse c ti o n t h a t l i n e is c o pl a nar wit h e a c h

l i ne of ,
o f th e t h r e e i v e n l i n e s a n d t h e r e fo r e i n t er se c t s a ll t h r e e
g , .
T h e r e a r e t wo i n d e p e n d e n t c on diti ons f o r a l i n e o f i n t e r
se c ti o n w h i c h m ay be w r itt en
, ,
()
4 x2 , (5 )
If A, , A2 A3 be , ch ose n
ti s fy (4) a n d a n y t wo o f to sa
t h e e q u a ti o n s (3 ) r e p r e se n t a l i ne wh i c h i n t e r se c ts
th e t h r ee g i ve n l i n e s S u pp ose t h a t (1 ) a n d (2) a r e t a k en
.
,
th e n el i m i na ting A3 b e t we e n (4) a n d we o b ta i n
(6 ) L
A n i n fi n it e n u m be r o f va l u e s o f A, A2 ca n be f o u n d t o ,
s a ti s fy a n d t h e r e f o r e a n i n fi n it e n u m b e r o f l i n e s c a n
be f o u n d t o i n t e r se c t t h r e e g i ve n l i n es I f w e e l i m i na t e .
A, A2 b e t we e n
, (6 ) w e o b ta i n
91>
Th i s e q u a ti on
ti sfi e d by th e c oo r di n a t es o f a n y p o i n t
is sa
o n a ny l i ne w h i c h i n te r se c ts t h e t h r e e g i ve n l i n es a n d
"
t h e r e fo r e r e p r e se n ts a su rfa c e g e n e r a t e d by su ch l i n es .
c h i n t e r se c t th r ee g i ve n l i n e s lie o n a
56 C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E T R Y [o n 1 11 .
EX 6 Sh e w th ta the e q u a ti o ns to a ny li ne wh ich i tr t
n e s ec s the
th r g i l i g/ = b — — ; m= y —b m y b
. .
ee ven nes ,
zz c, zz c, a: a a, :
a e
w r itt y en ( wh r A d p x e e an . are
t d by t h q ti An nb+ = 0 H
c o n n ec e h w t h t th t w
e e ua on a a . e nce s e a e o
b
l i wh i h i t r t th th r g i l i
ne s c d l i y
n e s ec
b
e ee ve n n es a n a so
f
f
Z
a re
c c (a )
x y+c s x —c _ y z —a
—a
_
—b b —c —c
’
a c c b a
Ex 7 Sh ew th t t h
a e t wo li nes th t a ca n be dr a wn to i t r t th
n e s ec e
r gi li
. .
fo u ve n ne s
y
= 1, z —1 ; az 1, x —1 ; w= 1 , y = —1 ;
a re gi ve n by —z —2 = O .
48 . C op l anar l ine s . To fi n d the con di ti o n tha t two gi ven

l in es sh ou l d be c op l a n a r .
L e t th e 1 r e q u ti on s be
a
— —y
t
—a
i
x y B z
l n
as —oc
’
—
y fi
’
z —y
m
’
l
’
n
Th e e q u a ti on to a pl an e t h r o u gh the fi r st l i n e is
a x(
wh e e r d l bm on 0 .
If it c on t a i n s the l i n e
cl (ot (5 )
al bm (6 )
’ ’ ’
and on O
Th e r e fo re i m i n a ti ng a b 0
el , , b twe een we
o b t ai n t h e r e q u i r e d c on diti on ,
a — B —B — =O
’ ’ ’
a , , ,
y y
l n
l
’
, n
The el i m i n a ti o n o f a, b ,
c b tw e ee n ( g
6 ) i ve s t h e
e q u ti
a on t o th e pl a n e c on a n n t i i g t h e l i n es , viz .
,
n —oc ,
—
y B
—y ,
z =O .
l
l , on ,
4 8 , 4 9] C O PL A N A R L I NE s 57
Ge n e r a lly t h e , e q ti
(8 ) r e p r ese n ts t h e p la n e t h r o u g h
ua on
th e l i n e (1 ) p a r a ll e l to th e l i n e a n d (7) is t h e c o n diti o n
t h a t t h i s p la n e sh ou l d c on ta i n th e p o i n t (ot y ) on
’
,
’
Ex 1 . De d u ce r l t (7) by q ti g th rdi t
th e es u e ua n e co o na e s a + lr , e tc
r i bl p i t t h g i l i
.
,
e tc .
, o f va a e o n s 0 11 e ve n n es .
—l y —2 —3 —2 —
y 3
—4
Ex 2 . . P r o ve th t th l
a e i ne s
x x z
a r e co pl a na r .
2 4 3
Ex 3 . . P r o ve th t th l i
a e ne s
x —a + d —
y a z —a —d
a —S
.
a a +8
x —b+ c y
—b —b ~
0
B — 18
r B+ 7
a re co pl a na r , an d fi nd t h e e q u at o n i t o th e pl a ne in wh i h th
c e
y lie .
An s .
Ex 4 r
P o ve h a t h e t t li n es
pl r
. .
If ( 0 ) (a 8 (M )
co a na
y , (O, _ a ) (0 8
Ex . 5 . P r o ve th t t h l i
a e ne s
(t r -
l
l bm l bm
' ’ ’
d on a cn
Ex 6 . P r o ve th t a th e li ne s
pl r if
.
a r e co an a
’
=O
,
a, a ,
m, (L .
If , /3 /3
’
,
’
0.
y. 7
l, 8 8
’ ’
( (l , ,
Ex A, A ; 7 ; C, C
’
B B ’ ’
are pi t o n s on th e a xe s ; sh e w th t a
i t r ti
,
l pl
.
t he 1 nes o f n e s ec o n o f t h e
’ ’ ’ ' '
A BC , A B C B O A, B C A ;
’
a ne s
’ ’ ’
C A B , C A B ar e c o a na pl r .
49 . Th e sh or t e st dist ance be t wee n t wo line s . The a xes
bei n g r ec ta n g u l a r , to f in d th e s hor tes t di s ta n ce betwee n the

M e —
g s B z —v w—fx
’
r
—B
'
z —v ’
l i n es ’
m
’
l nt 71
3 l 3 I I
L e t t h e p o m ts A, be (or 6 , ,
y) , 8 y, , T he
sh o r t st di st n c b e t we n t h
e a e e e
g i ve n lin es is a t r i gh t a n g le s
t o bo t h a n d it is t h r fo r e q pr j c ti o n o f
’
, e e e u al t o th e o e AA 0 11
a l i n e a t r i g h t n g l s t b ot h a e o of t h e g i ve n l i n e s .
58 O
C OR D NA TE I G E OM ETR Y [C H . III .
S u pp ose th at A, u
, , u a re th e di r e c ti on c osi n es -
o f su ch a
l ine ,
t h en and
A u 1/
—m n
.
,
mn
’ ’
nl
’
—l m ’
°
Th e r e fo re th e p oj e c ti on
r
A(ot a 2 1 E x 3 ,
1 , .
(a 1<
mn < 1+ < n an
'
nl
' '
a nt y
F I G 24 . .
E qu a ti on § 4 8 m a y n o w be
, i n t e r pr e t e d as th e c on
di t i o n t ha t th e sh o r t e st di s t a n c e b et we e n th e t wo g i ve n
PP is t h e sh o r t e st di s ta n c e
’
l i n es sh ou l d va n i sh A g a i n if .
, ,
t h e e q u a ti on s t o t h e p lan es A PP A P P
’ ’ ’
, ar e
J — Ot J
y B
— z —, y
=0 m—OL , ,
’
,
—
y B
'
m
’ ’
l , on , n l , ,
A , 111 , 1/ A,
and r p r e n t t h l i n e PP
t h e se e se e
’
EX 1 .Fi d th h rt t d i t
. n i g t h t h r m th t th
e s o es s a nce us n e eo e s a e
h r t t di t i q l t (i ) t h p rp d i l r f r m y p i t
—
s o es s a n ce s e ua o e e en cu a o an o n
— — t h fir t l i t t h pl d r w t h r gh
,
( H
cn - 8 lr,
y l ) -
7nr , nr ,
on e s ne o e ane a n ou
d p r l l l t t h fir t ; d (ii ) th d i t b tw
,
th e se co n a a e o tw e s an e s a n ce e e en o
pl h p i g th r gh li d p r ll l t th th r
,
a ne s , e ac ass n ou on e ne a n a a e o e o e .
EX . 2 . I f P, —
l—
B mr , y + nr) and
’
)
’
P, 7 + n r
as as
a re
p o m ts o n th e g i ve n l 1 n e s , an d PP = 8 ,
pr o ve th t 5a —0 ’ "
61
" O1
n e c e ssa ry con d iti ons f or a m i im

n u m of PP
’2
are v e r i fi d wh
e en P P is
'
li
,
p e r p e nd1 c u l a r t o ea c h o f t h e ne s .
$ ]
49S HO R TE ST D I STA N C E B ET WE E N T WO L N ES I
Ex 3 . . S h e w t ha t th e sh o rt t di t
es s a nc e t
be we e n t h e li ne s
x —l —
y 2 e7 3 x —2 —
y 4 z —5
2 3 4 3 5
a nd th t it q ti
a s e ua o n s are
1 1 x + 2y 7 v+ g/
.
Ex 4 . . F i nd th e sh o rt t d i t
es s a n ce t
x —3 —
y 8 2 —3 y+7
—6
—1 —3
,
’
3 1 2 4
ll i
T h e fo o w ng m e h o t d
o f so u l ti
o n ma
y be a o e : L e t t h e S D d pt d
t li r p ti l rd i t
. .
m ee t h e ne s in P a n d P e s ec ve y Th e n t h e co o n a e s o f P
’
e n (3 + 3 r , 8 —r , 3 + r ) ,
r itt —3 —3 r ,
.
a nd P m ay be w
’ ’
r
wh e e r is o o pr p r ti l
o na t o the di t
s a n ce o f P f o m t h e o n (3 , 8 , 3 ) r pi t
an d r t o t h e
’
di t
s an ce of P f o m —3 , —7,
r h e nc e t h e
'
ec on W d i r ti
cos i nes o f P P are pr p r ti l 1 5 - r —2r , —3 + r —4 r
’ ’ ’
o o o na t o
S i nc e PP i
’
t r i gh t
s a
gl t b th l i an es o o ne s, w e h a ve
—(l 5 —r —3 + r
-
r —3 +r
Wh e nc e, so v ng l i fo r r a nd r
’
,
we ge t
Th e re fo re P a nd P a r e th e p o i n ts (3 ’
8, —
3 ,
-
7, PP
’
a nd t h e e q ua ti o n s t o P P a r e
,
’
x— 3 —
y 8 z —3
2 5
Ex 5 . . Find t he sam e r esu lt s f o r th e li nes
x —3 y
—5 _
z —7 x +l y+ l
—
,
1 7 6 1
A ns ads9 , .
— “1 —1 —1 , ,
Ex 6 . . F i n d th l e e ng th a nd e
q ua ti o ns o f t h e S D be we e n
. . t
3 12
6x + 8y + 3 z —3 .
11
’ 1 0x
Jfi é
Ex 7 A l i wi th d i r ti
ne ec o n - c o s n es i pr p r ti
o o o na l t o 2, 7, 5 is
i t r t th l i
. .
dr a wn to n e s ec e ne s
x —5 ,
7/ r
. +3 —
y/ 3 z —G
3 —1 1 —3 2 4
F i nd th e co o rd i t na e s o f th e pi to n s of i t r ti
n e se c on an d th e l e ng
th
m t e rc e p t e d on it . A ns .
(2, 8 , (O, 1 , s /78 .
C OOR D I N A TE GEOM ETRY
EX . 8 . F in d t h e S D . . t
be w e e n t h e i
a x s o f z a nd th e li ne
(T h e pl a ne p i ass n
g th r o u gh th e li n e a nd p r ll l t O Z i
a a e o s
by +
’
a nd th e p rp d i l r f r
e en cu a om th e o r i gi n to th i pl s an e is e q u a l to th e S D ) . .
’ ’
c cl c d
Ex9 . . I f th e a x es ar e r t e c a ng u a l r ,
the S . D . t
be wee n t h e li ne s
= az + b, is
n
(0L OL
'
W ) 53 4 -
01 73 “3 X“ a
'
)
1
(a
2 2
) (on (d a
'
)
’
a ot .
EX 1 0 . . P r ov e th t th a e S D . . t
be wee n t h e li n es
a b, c, d }
R o ry ,
’
b,
’ ’
a c , cl
OL, 8,
1 7 1 8
8
t ;
a ,
wh e r e A bc
’
bc,
’
e tc .
,
A
’
5 By
,
'
8 y, e tc
,
’
.
Ex 1 1 . . Sh e w th a t th e S D . . be wee n t h e t li nes
x —x l —
y flh 2 —2
1 1 93 -
33 2 2 —22
8, 82
7
c os 0L, co s c os co s a c os c os
, 7 , z , 72
t
m e e s th e s fir t l i ne at a pi t o n wh o se di t s an c e f r om
y, , z
, ) is
E (x , r 2)(c os 0 L , 9 c os
2
cos
wh e r e 9 is t h e a ng e l t
be wee n t h e li n es .
s in 0
Ex 1 2 th t t h b tw
Sh e w y tw a e S D . . e ee n an o
'
o p p osit e e dg es of
t t r h d r f r m d by t h pl
. .
th o =0 w+ y = o,
e e a e y+
on o e e a n es ez ,
z+x
,
x +y+ = i 2 / 6 z d t h t th th r
a s li f
a s
’
,
an a e ee ne s o s ho rt t d i t
es s a nce
i t r t t th p i t
n e se c a e o n
Ex 1 3 S h w t h t th
. . b tw th l i n
e a e S D . . e ee n e e
a nd th e z- ax s i m ee t s th e z- a x s a t i a pi to n wh ose di t s a nce f r om th e
o ri i
g n is
(cd
’ ’ ’
d b) (bc b c) ) (a d
’ ’ ’ ’
db a cl )
’
ca
’
2
b c)
'
{ (bc
’ ’
ca c a)
Ex 1 4 S h e w that the e q u a ti o n to t he pl a ne co n a n n ti i g t h e i ne l
p r ll l li
. .
and a a e to th e ne x a / = 0 is
y
x a —
/ y/b a nd if 20! is t h e S D . . pr ove th t 3 a
1
2
7
l 1 l
§5 0 ] A C L A SS OF PR B L E M SO 61
Ex 1 5 . . T wo s t r i gh t l i
a n es
x —m fl
—B
J
-
Y o
x —a —
y B
’
z —
y
m
’
l n
a re c u t th i r d wh di r tiby a o se ec o n - c os n e s a re i A, u, V . t t
Sh o w h a th e
l g th i t r p t d t h t h i r d l i
en n e ce e on e ne is g i ve n by
on —B ’
— ’
l, in n
.
, y y
l l m
’ '
n , ,
n
A,
’
l ,
771
. n v
and dd e u ce th e l e ng th of the S D . .
*
E x 16 Th e a x e s a re o b l iq u e an d t he pl a ne A B C h as e u a o n q ti
th t if th t t r p ir
. .
1 . P r o ve a e e ah e dr on CA BO
ha s t wo a s
A
of o pp i t dg t r igh t g l
os e e es a an e s,
c os
a
_
00 8
b
,1 . CO S V
c
an d th t a
th e eq ti t th f
ua r p rp d i l r
on s o e ou e en c u a s ar e
at 5—
4> 5—
4> 5 4
> ad)
2a cos v, 2a c os pt, et c a nd et b—— c
67] Dz av ay a
.
,
.
H e nc e sh e w th a t th e p e rp e n d i cu l a rs pas s t h ro u gh p i t gi the o n ve n by
i 2bch Q 2ca k 12 2a b/c P rove a l so th a t
a
-
) ? 6 '
: . th q ti t e e ua o ns o th e
an Oz
a a d d th t t h
)
S D of AB a nd 0 0 ar e b— an a e S D
;
Oz C
.
8 3]
. . .
p asses th r o ug h th e pi t
o n o f co ncu rr en ce o f t h p rp d i l r e e en cu a s .
50 . e l at ing t o t wo non int e r se cting line s

Probl e ms r -
.
Wh e n t wo n o n i n t e r se c ti ng l i n e s a r e g i ve n th e fol l o wi n g
-
,
sy st em s o f c oo r di na t e a x es a l l o w t h e i r e q u a ti o ns to be
w r itt e n in s i m pl e f o r m s a n d a r e t h e r e f o r e o f u se in p r obl e m s ,
r e l a ti n t o t h e l i n es
g .
F IG 25 . .
(fi g be t h e l i n es
’ ’
R ecta n g u la r a xes . L et A B ,
A B ,
.
,
a nd l et C C
’
,
l e n g th 20 , be t h e sh o r t est di stan c e b e t we e n
th m e . Ta ke th e axi s of z al o n
g C C
’
, and O th e mid po i n t -
62 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [OIL III .
of CC
’
as o r i g in . D raw O P , OQ pa ra ll e l to AB ,
A B
’ ’
, an d
t ak e p l an PO Q as th pl a n z = O
th e e e e
‘
. As ac and
y
-
ax es
t k e t h e b i s c t o r s o f th e n gl e s b e t we e n
a e a OP and OQ . Th en
if th e n g l e b t we e n t h g i ve n l i n s i q ti on s
.
a e e e s 2a the e ua
—oc tan oc ;
,
to t h p l n es P O Z QOZ
l
= t an a ar e = and
e
ya , a1 , y
h n c t h e e q ati on s t o A 8 a n d A S
’ ’
e e eu ar
y = wta n oc, z = c ; y
—oc tan oc , z
T h e se m a y be w r itten in th e sy mm e r t i ca l f rms
o
a; y z+c y —c z a:
— in oc 0
,
co s ec sin oz O co s . oz . s
Ex 1 P d P r i bl p i t t w gi
an i t r ti g ’
ar e v a a e o n s on o ve n n o n - n e s e c n
li AB d A B d Q i r i bl p i t t h t Q P Q P
. .
’ ’ ’
nes an t an s a va a e o n so a are a
r i gh t g l t th r d t r i g h t g l t A 8 d A B
, ,
’ ’
an es o on e ano e an a an es o an
r p ti l y F i d th l
es ec f Q
ve n e oc u s o
q ti —
. .
T k th
a e t AB A B y = m
as = ;
e e
3 = — ua ons o
’ ’
x, z c 1 : nt r z c
rdi t f P P 8 —m ;8 — w h r
.
, , , .
Th t h en e coo na es o d
’
a re a once, 0 c, e e a an
L t Q b (5 7 f) t h i PQ i p rp d i l r
, ,
ri bl
, , , .
8
,
ar e va a es . e e , 7 , ,
e n s nce s e en cu a
to A8 ’
i
s nce P
'
Q is p rp d i l r t
e en cu a o A B
’ ’
—
(f B)
i
s nce P Q is p rp d i l r t
e en cu a o P Q,
’
(f 8 =O
, ) + () ) (3 )
r c .
T o fi nd t h e e q u a ti o n t o t he l oc us we h a ve t o e limi t n a e on a nd . 8
t
,
be we e n
—7 2
{ — 22
r lt i
Th e e s u s e as il y fo u n d t o be 7
-
7,
c
w h ch i r pr
e ese n s t
p r l id m ~
9
a h y e bo o .
(1 + 7” 1
II . A x es p a r tl y r ecta n
g u la r . If we t ak e OP an d CO as
a x es o f as a n d y ,
i nst e a d of th e b i se c t o r s of th e gles an
be twe en th e m ,
w e h a ve a y s s emt of a x es in wh i ch t he
a n g l es Z O X , YO Z are r igh t a n l es
g and th e an
g l e X O Y is th e
a n gl e b t w e en e th e l i n e s . Th e e q ti on s t o
ua A8 ,
A S
’ ’
r fe r e d
e r
to th i s sys e m ar e
t
, y = 0, z =c ; m= 0 ,
z
Ex 2 P, P a r e va a b e
’
ri l p i t
o n s o n t wo g ve n n o n in e sec n g i t r ti -
li t tl t Fi d r rtd
. .
n e s a n d P P is o f c o n s an e n g h 2k t h e su face g e ne a e
’
n .
by P P
’
k q ti —li t
.
T
a e a s th e e u a t t h = 0 z = c ; n = o z c h en
o n s o e n e s
y , ,
.
P a n d P are (0L, 0 , c), (O, , —c), wh e e a a n d ,8 a r e va i ab e s

’
Th e
B r . r l .
ti ’
e u a on s t o P P a r e
q
(I )
64 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [ C I1 -
. I II .
EX 9 S h e w th a t th e l oc u s o f t h e m id pi t -
o n s of li ne s o f co n s a n t t
l th i h h th i r t r m iti tw gi li ll i p
. .
e ng wh c a ve e ex e es o n o ve n ne s is a n e se
wh o s e ce n t r bi t t h
e d wh
sec s e S D an o se a xe s a r e e q u a ll y i nc li dne to
t h e ne s li .
Ex 1 0 pi tm th t th li j i i g th f t f th
A o n o ve s so a e ne o n n e ee o e
p rp d i l r f r m it t t w g i l i bt d r igh t g l t
. .
'
e en cu a s o o o ve n n e s su en s a an e a
th m id p i t
e f th i r - S h w th t it l
o n i o h yp r b l i e S D . . e a s oc u s s a e o c
c yl i d r n e .
Ex 1 1 Pr th t t h l f l i wh i h m t th l i
ove a e oc u s o a ne c ee s e n es
i
. .
3 1:i m = t ; d t h
x, z r l : i c an e c c e s
2 2
(g
c ni xz ) c(g z 0 mm )
2
a
z
m2(22
T HE V OL U M E OF A T ETR A HEDR ON .
51 . To fi n d the vo l u m e i n ter m s o f the co or di n a tes o f the

ver ti ces, the a xes bei n g r ec ta n g u l a r .
If A, B ,
C ar e (as, , y, , (902 , y, , (x3 , 9 3 z 3 ) th e
1 ,
e
q ua ti on t o th e pl a ne AB C is x, g ,
z, 1 = 0 , or
x, , g, , z
, , 1
93
21 92 1 2
21
1
x3 , y3 , 2
3 , 1
w y, , z, ,
1 +g z
, ,
x
, ,
1 +z 1 z
,
9 2 1 2 3 32 1 1 x2 , 92 1 x 9 Z
“l “1 9
21 2 ,
21 1 2, 21 2
93 1 2
3 1 1 2
3 1
3 1 7
3 3 1
1 50
3 1 93 1 zs
The e q u a ti on to t h e pl ane A B C ca n a l so be w r itt e n
(2)
L et A d en o t e th e a ea r AB C ; th en its p r j e c ti on s
o on t he
pl an es YO Z Z O X X O Y a e c os m A cos 8 A co s y A
, ,
r .
, ,
.
, .
re sp e c ti ve l y B t th e p r j c ti o n s f A B C on t h e p l n e
. u o e o , , a
YO Z a e (0 y r ( y
0 ( 9
O ,
n d t h e r fo
, , th e , , , , 3 1
a e re
a r ea o f t h e p r oj e ti o n f A B C i g i v n in m g n it u d e a n d
c o s e a
si n b
g y A y 1 Th r e f o r e we h av
, , z
, ,
e e
9 21
2 21 1
93 1
75
3 1 1
'
c os ec . A= g, , z
, , 1 in m a gn it u d e an d s i gn .
9 21
3 21 1
2
3 , 1
§5 1 ] TH E V O L UM E OF A T ETR A H ED R ON 65
H en ce ,
us n i g t h e si m i l a ex r p r i one ss s fo r cos 8 A
,
. a nd
co s
y A .
,
e q u a ti on (1 ) m a
y be w r itt n e
2A(x cos g c os , 8 + 2 co s y ) 53
1 1 y, , z
,
s 211 A, by
50 2
21 92 1 2
5153 1 93 1 2
3
N o w th e a b so l u e t m e a su r e of -
29 A is t h e vo l u m e o f the
t e t r a h e d r on O A B C a n d we c a n i n t r o d u c e p os iti ve a n d
,
n e g a ti v e vo l u m e by d e fi n i n g t h e v o l u m e O A B C t o be %p A
wh i c h is p os iti ve o r n e g a ti v e a cc o r di n g a s t h e di r e c ti o n o f
r o ta ti on d et e r m i n e d by ABC is p ositi ve or n eg a ti ve for th e
pl an e A B C (p is p ositi ve as in ,
We m ay t h e n w r it e
Vo l O A B C . Vo l O C AB . V o l O BC A .
4 23 1 , y] , z
l
V ol C EAO
.
=% x2 , y, , 25
2
—\ o l 7
1
. O AB C , e tc .
CU2
1
9 2’
Z2
51 3 ’ 93 1 23
z
50
1 , yl , l
93 3 1 93 1 2
3
If D is th e p oi nt (x4 y, , ,
c h an g i n g th e o rigin to D,
we h a ve
V ol . DA BO g r az
,
—x
, ,
g,
—g , , z, —z ,
93 2 —9 41 92
—9 41
Z
2
_ Z
96
3
—93 41 93
—9 41
za
93 9 41
z
—e 1
58 1 1 91 1 21 1 1 _ l
B
‘
93 4 , 94 1 Z
4 1
1
902, 9 21
2
21
1 $
1 1 91 1
2
1 1
1
m3 a 93 > 2
3 ,
1 9 2,
Z 2’ 1
904 1
94 1 941
1 1 9
1
3 1 93 1 75
3 1
1
S i n c e th e s i gn of d e t e r m i n an t is c h an g e d wh e n two
a
a dj a c e n t r o ws o r col u m n s a r e i n t e r ch a n g e d it follo ws t h a t ,
Vol . DA BO Vol . ADB C V ol AB D C

. V ol AB C 0 .
,
e tc .
B G
. . E
66 C OOR D I N A T E GEOM E T R Y [c a 1 11.
Ag am , S nc i e
9 11 91 1
z
, , 1 “9 71 1 1 1 zl
50
21 92 1 2
2 1
1 96
2 1 92 1 Z
2
50
3 1 93 1 23 1 1 $
3 1 93 1 2
3
58 4 , 94 1
2
1
4 1 1
V ol A B C D . Vo l O A B C . Vo l O B C D
.
V o l C O DA . Vol . O DA B .
S i nce th e d e p en d on th e p ositi on
vol u m e A B C D d oe s n ot
o f th e o r i g i n t h i s m u s t be t r u e f o r a ll p o s iti o n s o f 0
,
.
C or I f 0L 6 y 6 a r e t h e p e r p e n di c u l a r s fr om a ny
. , , ,
p o i n t 0 t o th e f a c e s A B C B C D C D A D A B o f a g i ve n t e t r a , , ,
he dro n a oc l— bB— —
l cy l do is c on s ta n t w h e r e a b 0 cl a r e
‘
- - -
, , ,
ce r ta i n c o n s ta n t s .
Ex 1 A, , C a r e (3 , 2, B —2 , 0, (O , O, F ind the
l
. .
oc u s o f P if t h e vo l PA B C = 5 . . A ns . 2x + 3 g 4z = 3 8 .
EX 2 T he l eng th s of t wo pp it d g
o os e e es of a t tr
e ah e dr on are
t r gl b t w th
.
a , b, h e1 S D
. . is e q l ua t o cl , an d th e an e e e en em to 9 pr o ve
a bd s in 9
Ex 3 is t h e S D be we e n t wo g
AA
’
t i ve n li n e s, a nd B B ,
’
are
ri l p i t t t t t t
. .
l
. .
va ab e o n s on h e m su ch h a t he vo u me AA
'
BB ’
is c on s an .
Pr t t
o ve l h a t h e o c u s o f t h e m id o n o f pi t
-
BB ’
is a hy p rb l e o a wh o s e
ym p t t
as p r ll l o es a re a a e t o th e ne s li .
Ex 4 If 0 A, B
C , D a r e a ny fi ve o n s, a nd pi t 392 , 293 , p , ar e
r j ti i li pr th t
. . , ,
th e p o ec ons o f O A , C B , 0 0 , O D 0 11 a n y g ve n ne , o ve a
p, V ol 0 8 0 0 .
—p 2 . V ol O C D A + p3
. V ol O D A B —p V l O A B C = O
.
, o . .
Ex 5 r th t th P o ve a l
e v o um e of a t t r h d r n t w f wh i d
e a e o o o os e s es
t t l g th i t r i gh t l i i t t
,
p
. .
ar e o f c o ns a n en an d li e u on
g ve n s a n es, s co ns an ,
an d th t t h l a f it e oc u s o s cen tr e o f g r ity i t r i gh t l i
av s a s a ne .
Ex 6 I f A, B C, D a re pl
co r dA B C D
a na th i r
an
' ’ ’ ’
ar e e
th t V l A B C D —V l A B C D
,
pr j ti
, ,
pl pr
. .
,
’ ’ ’ ’
o ec on s o n a ny a ne , o ve a o . o . .
Ex 7 L i n e s ar e d r wn in a a gi d i r ti th r gh th r ti
ve n ec on ou e ve ce s
t tr h dr n t m t th pp it f i A B C D
. .
A, B
C , D of a e a e o o ee e o os e ace s n
’
,
’ ’ ’
—3
, ,
r t t
,
P o ve h a V o l . V ol A . BC D .
*
Ex 8 . . Fin d th e v o l um e of th e t tr
e ah e d ron th e e q u a t i o ns to
wh o s e fa c es are 2, 3 , 4 ,
L e t th e pl a n e s co rr p d i
es on ng to r = 1 , 2, 3 , 4 be 8 0 0 , C D A, D AB ,
AB C es r p ti l y ec ve a nd let A a
, b, , cl d, Th e n g, ,
“
, , ,
21 621 C21 d2
“ 3 1
63 v 0
3 1
d,
1
64 7 C4 1 d4
§5 1 ] TH E V OL U M E OF A T E TR A H E D RO N 67
th e coo rdi t na e s o f A, a re
g i ve n by
1
x1
AI
_ .
1/
B1
1 3
C1
1
61 ,
wh e r e A
a nd th r f r
e e o e th e vo u m el is g i ve n by
if A l /D b B 1/D 1 1 1 1 A1 , 8 11 Cl, Dl
A2/D 2, e tc . 6 0 1 0 20 3 0 4 A 2, etc .
-
A3
°
GD , D zD 3 D 4
(C S m ith .
, A lg ebr a , p .
*
Ex . 9 . T he l e ng th s of d
th e e g e s O A , 0 8 , 0 0 of a t tr
e ah e dr on
CA BG a re a , b, c, a n d th e l
a n g e s B O C , C O A , AO B a re A, p , u ; find
th e lvo u m e
S pp th t d i r ti i r rr d t
.
u os e a th e ec o n - cos n e s of O A, OB C C , e fe e o
r t g l r “ th
,
ec a n u a a xe s r
th o u gh 0 a re l, , i n n1 Z2, m 2, n2 Z3 , m3 , n3 en
rd i t
,
the c oo n a es o f A ar e l ,a , m 1 a , n ,a , e tc .
Th r f re e o e 6 V o l O A B C = l ,a ,
. . m, a , n ,a l
U) , W ) ,
l 3 o, m3 c, 723 0
-
l
: a be El l z, El , l 2, El , l 3 i a be 1, co s v, cos u
,
1
7
.
El l l z, El f , El 2l 3 co s V, 1, c os A
2l , 23 , l lg, 2b, 2
c os 1 ,
1 co s A, 1
(C f g27
.
,
Ex .
(0 11 . I V.
CH APTE R IV .
CHAN GE OF A XE S .
52 . C X , C Y , C Z ; O f, 0 17, O f
- ar e t wo se s of t ctan g u l ar
re
ax es th r o u g h a c o m m on o r ig i n 0 , an d th e di r e c ti o n c osi n es
-
of f O f r,e f e rr e d t o O X C Y C Z
0 17, O ,
l m n ; Z m n ; , , , a re
, , , ,
, 2,
f
z, ,
l 712 n P n
y p o i n t h a s c o o r di n t e s as y z
a f r e d t o a re e r
“
g 3 3
.
, , , , , ,
O X C Y o z and f 7 5
, , fe r re d to O f 0 7 O s We h ave to
, 1 ,
°
re , 1 , .
FIG 26 . .
ex p r e ss
gf z in t er ms of f ,
17,
g an d th e di r e c ti on c os i n es
-
,
a n d vi ce ver sa — .
7
I n th e a cco m pa ny i n g fig u r e ,
O N, N M , M P re p r e sen t f ,
17,
f ,
an d OK ,
K L, L P re p r es n t e a,
g ,
z . P r oj e c ti ng OP an d O N,
N M , M P o n O X , O Y, O Z in
/
tu rn ,
we o bt i n
a
as : l 1 €+ l 2fl + Z3 ?
= §
z n
f l
- n n+ n
z 3
TH RE E PE RPE N D C U L A R L I N E S I
An d p r oj e c ti ng a nd OK “
O s in t u r n
OP , K L, L P on o f , 0 17, ,
we ob a n t i m pg
5 : l i q:
,7 1233 my
f : l3 a: 01
i n3z .
Th e e q ati
u on s (1 ) an d (2) can d e r i ve d fr om th e
be
a bo vec h em e wh i c h m ay be
s ,
c on st r u ct e d as fo ll o ws : A ffi x
to t h e c o l u m n s a n d r o w s t h e n u m b e r s a g z f 7 an d )
, , , 1 ,
in th e s q u a r e c o mm o n t o th e c o l u m n h ea d e d a: a n d th e
ro w h ea d e d
5 p l a c e t h e c osi n e o f t h e a n l e b e t w e e n O X
, g
and O f , i . e
. l, ,
a n d so o n . To o b t a i n th e va l u e o f to, m u l ti l y p
th e num b r s in th e x c l mn by th n m b e r s
e -
o u e u a t t h e l e ft
of th e i r esp ec ti ve r o ws a n d dd t h p r od u c t ; to ob ta i n
r a e s
th e v l o f f m l ti p l y t h e n u m b e r s in t h e
a ue ,
u
f —o w by t h e r
n u m be s t t h e h ea d o f t h e i r r p e c ti ve o l m n s a n d a dd
r a s es c u ,
th e p r o d c t s Sim i l rly
u n.
y o t h r o f t h e q ati o n s (1 ) ,
a e e ua
a n d (2) m y be d r i v e d a e
“
.
Co rS i n c e a} y z a e l i n e a r f u n c ti o n o f f 7 S t h e
.
, ,
r s ,
1 , ,
d e g r e o f n e q ti on is n al te r d by t r an s fo r m ti o n fr om
e a ua u e a
a n
y o n e s t o f r e c ta n u l r
e
g xe t o n
y o t h e r F o it is a a s a . r
e vid en t t h t th e d eg r a c a n n ot be r i s d N ith r ca n it ee a e . e e
be l owe r d s i n c e in c h an g i n g g a i n t o t h e o r i g i n a l a x e s
e , a ,
it wou l d r e q u i r e to b r ai se d e .
R e l at ions be t wee n t h e di e t
53 . r c ion -
cos n s of i e t h r ee
mut uall y p e rp e ndicu l ar line s We h a v e .
l, 2
m, 2
n,
2
1 , tgt3 Wt 2m 3 n 2n 3 O ,
2=
l3 + 2 f
17i
3
2 -
n
3
1 ,
O .
70 COOR D I N A T E G E OM E T R Y [on . W .
Fr om th e se onc d an d th i r d e qu a ti on s o f (B ) , we d er i ve
ll
l m, ,
/E (ni zn 3
e in n z
s )
l, ,
m2 ,
23 , Cor .
la 1 m3 ’
Th e r e f or e if D 1
N m, n i l
‘
, , , ,
N
2 1 m2 ,
”
2
N
3 1 m3 , 79 3
l, D n —
( 2 3 ni 3 n 2) m,
m ,
D n 2l 3 —n 3 l z
( ) , n, D l ni —l
( 2 3 3 2)
7n .
S i m i lar ly ,
l2 O(m 3 n , m 2 D (n 3 l , n2 O (l 3 n t ,
l s D (” 9 1 9 2 1 m s D (n , l 2 79 3 D
M u l ti pl y i n g th e fi r s t c ol u m n o f e qu a ti on s (E ) by l, , Z3
r esp e c ti vely a n d a ddi ng we o bta i n
, ,
l, , an
l, , m
Z3 , m3 ,
a n d sim i l ar l y ,
m f + rnf + m 3 n
1
2
+n (C )
M u l ti p l y i ng th e c d c ol u m n by
se o n n
, , n z, we obt a i n
in th e sa m e wa y ,
m ,n , n t zn 2 ni 3 n 3 O,
a nd s i m i l a r ly ,
n l
, ,
n 2l 2 n ,,l 3 0,
l ,m , l zm2
f
O .
( )
D
Th e e q ati on s (C )
u an d
( ) D can be d e r i ve d at on e c fro m th e
co n sid e r a ti on th a t l , l , Z3 ; m , m g m g ; n , n ,
, , , , , , n3 are
t h e di r e c ti o n c os i n e s o f O X O Y OZ r e fe rr e d t o O
f 0 17, O f
-
, , , .
Th e m e t h o d d o p t e d sh e ws t h a t t h e fou r se t s (A ) (B ) (C ) (D )
a
, , ,
a r e n o t i n d e p e n d e n t a n d it c a n be sh e w n a s a b o v e t h a t i f
, ,
e it h e r o f t h e t wo di ssi m i l a r s e t s
(A) (B ) ; (C ) (D ) be g i ve n , , ,
th e o th e r t w o c a n be d e d u c e d .
S u pp ose t h a t a p l a n e L M N (fi g 27) c u ts o ff t h r ee p o s iti ve .
seg m e n t s o f u n it l e n t h fr o m t h e a x e s O
g f 0 7 O f Th en i f . 1 , .
72 COORD I N A TE G E OM E T R Y [o n W .
54 S e ct ion of a sur fac e by a g ive n p l ane

. Th e f o ll o w .
in g m e t h o d o f t r a n s fo r m a ti on ca n be a pp l i e d w it h a d va n t a g e
wh e n th e se c ti o n o f a g i ve n su r fa c e by a g i ve n p l a n e
pass n ig t h r o u h t h e o r i i n is t o be c o n sid e r e d
g g .
L e t t h e e qu a ti o n t o th e pl a n e be wh e r e
l a n d n is p o s iti ve
, .
T a k e a s O f t h e n e w a x i s o f 2 th e n or m al to t h e p l a n e
, ,
wh i ch p a sse s t h r o u g h 0 a n d m a k e s a n a cu t e a n gl e w it h
O Z T h en t h e e q u a ti on s t o
. r e fe rr e d to O X O Y 0 2 a r e , , ,
T a k e a s 0 17 t h e n e w g a x i s th e l i n e in
,
-
,
th e p l a n e ZO S w h i c h is a t r i gh t a n g l e s t o O § a n d m a k e s a n
‘
a c u t e a n g l e w it h OZ Th en c h o ose 0 5 th e n e w ac a x i s a t -
.
, ,
r i h t a n l es t o O ; a n d O s o t h a t t h e sy st e m 0 5 0 7 O f
g g 1
§ a nd , , 1 ,
ca n be br o u g h t t o c o i n c id en c e w it h O X O Y 0 2 T h e g i ve n
, ,
.
Fm . 28 .
p la n e is $0 17, a nd S i n ce isigh t a n gl es to O § an d On
at r .
it is a t r i gh t a n gl es t o 0 2 wh i c h l i es in t h e p l a n e (0 7 1 .
H e n c e O f l i e s in t h e pl a n e X O Y a n d t h e r e f o r e is t h e l i n e
,
o f i n t e r se c ti o n o f t h e g i ve n p l a n e a n d t h e p l a n e X O Y Th e .
e q u a ti o n t o th e p l a n e is t h e r e fo r e i f A u 1 , , ,
1
ar e t h e di r e c ti o n c os i n e s o f 0 17
,
-
,
mA
1”
wh e n c e A . _L _
3 54] A USE F UL TR A N S FO RM ATIO N 73
B u t 0 1; m a k e s a n a c u t e a n g l e wit h OZ a n d t h e e fo e 11 is , r r
p
o s iti ve , a n d t h e e o e t h e n eg a ti ve r f r
i g n m u s t be ta k e n in S
th e a m i g u ity b
—m n
.
An d i c 0 5 is a t r i g h t
s n e an l
g es to O 1; an d O f,
by § 5 3 (E ) ,
th e di r e c ti on c os i n e s o f O f
-
ar e
n /t —n w ,
l v —n A ,
WLA —l /t ;
—m l
i . e . 0 .
H e n c e we h a ve t h e s c h em e
“
5
Ex 1 S h e w th a t th e pr j ti o ec on o f a c o n c i is i
a c o n c of th e sa me
p i
. .
s ec e s
ti t
.
Th e e q ua on g) s ax
2
+ 2hxg + by
2
r pr
e ese n s a
cyl i d n e r wh o s e g e n e rtr
p r ll l t OZ d p
a o s gh th
a re a a e o an ass th r ou e
con ci z= 0 , f (r , g ) =0 Th q ti f( e e ua o ns r,
t r i wh i h t h pl t th
. .
r pr
.
th e c u
'
e ese n ve n c e a ne cu s e
cyl i d n e r a nd t h e pr j ti f th i r
o ec t h pl = 0 i th
on o i s cu ve o n e a ne z s e co n c
q ti
, .
C h a ng e t h e a xe s a s a b d th o ve , a n t th r b m e e ua o ns o e cu ve ec o e
c = o. a
(
an d th r f re e o e th e r
c u ve is t h e con c i gi ve n by
C 0
=
,
a
g
e
(1 372 + 0,
2
am 2h l ni bl z l ni n (a b) h n (l 2
wh e r e
l2 m2
h
’
l2
2
n (
a lz 2hl ni
l 2 + 711 2
’ ’
2 2 2
b (h ab )
’
h a n
E 2 0
z ’
h b ab
’ ’
3
a O as h .
74 COOR D I N A TE C E OM ET RY [an iv .
Ex 2 A ll pl ti f rf r pr
an e se c on s o a su ace e ese n e td by an e q u a tio n
i
.
d d gr
.
o f t h e s e co n e ee a r e con c s .
T a k e co o rdi t th t pl
na e a xe s s o ti i a a a n e s ec on s z= 0 th e e q u a ti on t o
th e su rf ace i ft r tr
s, a f r m ti e f t h f rm a ns o a on, o e o
bg 2 + cz2 2fg z + 2g zx + 2br y + 2na + 2rg + 2wz

'
a s:
2 1
d=o .
The se c ti on by t h e pl ane X O Y is t h e co n c i wh os e e q u a ti on s are

z = 0,
2
ax + 2hr g bg + 2u x + 2ng + d = 0
2
.
Th e su rf ac e s r pre e se n e td by e q u a ti o ns o f th e se co n d d gr e ee a r e th e
c oni c oi d s .
EX 3 p r ll l pl A ll a a e an e se c ti ons of a c o n co i id i mi l r d ar e s a an
i i l rl it t d i
. .
s m a y s ua e c o n cs
rd i t pl y t m
.
T k th a e e c oo na e ane z= 0 p r ll l t
a a e o a s f p r ll l
s e o a a e
pl ane ti Th q ti
se c on s e e ua o ns to th ti e se c on s by t h p l =l e a n es z c,
th
.
z =l ’
c a re en,
z = k, 2hxg by2 2x (glc + u ) 2

clc + 2wk + cl = 0 ,
1
)
2 2
by 2x (g k ) ch 2u lc
’ ’ ’
?
2br y cl
’
z la , at u r
'
:
0 .
H e nc e the s ec ti
i m i l r d i m i l rly it t d i
o ns a r e s a an s a s ua e con cs .
Ex 4 Fi d th d iti n th t t h e ti conf th rf o ns a e s ec on o e su ace

1 by t h pl p h l d b (i ) prbl
. .
l + g+ = e ane x 1n nz s ou e a a a o a,
(ii ) an ell i p (iii ) hy p rb l se , a e o a .
(I t i ffi i t t
s su mi th
c en ti by th pl
o e xa ne e sec on e an e
wh i h by E
c 3 i i m i l r i Th q ti t t h pr j ti f
x s a s a co n c e e ua on o e . o ec on o
th i ti bt i d by l i m i ti g b tw
.
pl
.
, ,
s se c th on =0 i
on e an e z s o a ne e na n 2 e e en
th e e q ti ua ons d t h pr j ti i an e o ec on s a
i f th m p i )
co n c o e sa e s ec e s .
A Fns . p r b l l / m /b / 0 t
or a a a o a
2
a
z
n
z
e ,
e c .
Ex 5 F i d th d iti t h t th
n e ti c onf + bg = 2 by on a e se c on o ax
2 2
z
l d b r t g l r h y p rb l
, .
=
l + mg +
x p h nz s ou e a e c an u a e o a .
( S i r
n ce t g l r h y p r
e c an b l d t
u a i g r l pr j t ei t o as o no n ene a o ec n o
r t g l r h yp r b l it w i ll i th i mi
, ,
ec an u a e b o as, ry t n s ca se , e n e ce ssa o e xa ne
t l ti r pl
,
=0 b
L h e ac u a f th se c f by
on o t h l + g +
e su y th ace e an e x 7n nz e
m th d f
e o o A ns .
E 6 X F i d t h d iti n t h t t h ti
e co n f + bg + =1 b
o ns y a e s ec on o ax
z 2
ez
2
ld b ir l
. .
l + my + =
x p h nz s ou e a c c e .
A ns . l = 0, m 2
( c
—b) ; or m = o1 7&
2
(fl
= O, l (b —a
)
z
n -
.
EX 7 . . If is a c ir l r cu a s ec ti on of
A r z + B g 2 + C z2 + 20 xg = 1 ,
pr o ve th t a (B C)l 2
2O l m + (A C) ni
2=
0 .
EX 8 P r th t th e t r i ity f th e ti on of =z b
—
rg
o ve a e cce n c o s ec .
y
i gi
. .
lx -l- nig -l nz z o, s by ve n
2
25
Ex pl i a n th e r es u l t wh en n =0 .
5 ]
5 5 E X A M PL E S OF PL A NE S ECT ION S
Ex 9 . . S h ow h a if t t
(1 2 2 + by ?
03
2
2
fye 2g za + 21 mg1
211g d
be tr
r m d by h g f r d i t fr m
a ns f o e t f r t g l r c an e o coo n a es o o n e se o ec a n u a
t
a xe s o th r w t h t h m ri g i th
a no pr i
e + b+ 1 e sa e o n, e ex e ss o n s a c,
u
2
+ + v
z
r m m lt r d
i0
2
e l a u na e e I n va u e .
Ex 1 0 Tw t fr t g l r
. . t h r gh mm ri gi 0
o se s o ec an u a a x es ou a co on o n
m t p r wh
h t r i O i P Q R P Q R P r th t ’ ’ ’
ee a s e e o se c e n e s n o ve a
, , , , .
V o l O P Q R = A: V o l O P Q R
’ ’ ’
. . .
Ex 1 1 r f rr d t r t
. T he e q u a ti on s e e e o e c an
gul r a a x es, of th r ee
—
.
m t ll y p r p d i l r pl
,
u ua e —l — en cu a a n es , are r nl r =0 7l r2 2; 3
p y
Pr th t if (g 7 f) i t d i t
r r ,
ove a l fr m , 1 , s a a s a nce c o eac h f th m o e ,
5‘
(11 271 + 1220 2 l ap s) 7

7 771 2 0 2
7
‘
l m ap s)
‘
l, -
l2 + l 3 n21 + n1 2 + n1 3
n, + n 2 + n3
Ex 1 2 I f t h e
. a x es of x, g, z a re r t
ec a ng u a l r pr ,
o ve th t a the
tit ti
.
s u bs u o ns
5 77 C 5 2s S
« 17 C
’ 3’
s /2 s /e 93 J G 93 J 2
g i vetr a a ns f o rm ti a on to a no th r e se t o f r t ec an
gu l r a a xe s i n wh i ch th e
pl ane be co m es t h e pl a ne and h e n ce pr o ve th t a
th ti e sec on o f th e r
s u fac e by th e pl a ne x +g + z= 0
i ir l
s a c c e of r di
a us 92 a .
*
55 If r e c t ang l r a x s a n d O f 0 7 O g
'
. O X, C Y , 0 2 are u a e , ,
1 ,
ar e o bl i qu e a x es wh ose di r e c ti o n c osi n es r f rr e d to -
,
e e
O X, O Y , 0 2 , are l, m , ,,
n, ; lz , 711
2 ,
n, ,
l, m 3
, , t h e n p ro
jec tin
g on o x, C Y , o z ; o f , o n, as in § ,
5 2 we o b t a i n
x l 1 $ + Z2)? Z3 ? )
3/ 7771
1 5 M 217 m3;
1 5+ +
z : ” 7929
co s v+ §c os n
f ee s u + 1 7+ §c o s A
{ co s h
wh e re th e an
g l es no ; (0 5 5 , 0 13 are A , u , 11
,
. The q a ti ns
e u o
(B ) c a n a l so be d e d u c e d fr om ( ) yb Am u l ti l i
y gn p in t r n by u
l, ,
771
1 , n , , e tc .
,
an d a ddi n g . Ag a i n f r o m (A) , ,
l, , in e tc .
, e tc .
l m
/
.
l in
76 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM ETRY [ CE W .
B y m ea n s of ( ) A an d (C ) we can t r a n sfo r m f r om re ct
ang u l a r to o bl i q u e a x e s a n d n ic e no-nsa .
C or . S in ce a, g ,
z are l i n ea r f un c ti o n s of
5
°
an d
vi ce ver sa , q u ti n i u n al t r e d by
th e deg r e e of y an e a o s e
t a n sfo m a ti o n fr om r
r r r t o o b l i qu e a x s o f r m ec t a ng u l a e r o
o bl i q e t o r e c t n g l a r
u x s Th t r a n s fo r m a ti o n fr m o n e
a u a e . e o
se t o f o b l i q u e x es t a n o t h r ca n b p fo r m ed by in
a o e e er ,
t odu c in g
r se t o f ect ng l a a x s in t h a b o v e t w o st e p
r a u ar e ,
e s,
a nd h n c in t h i s m os t g e n era l c a s
e e th d eg r e e o f th e e e
e q ua ti o n i u n a l t e r e d by t h s t r a n sfo r m ti n e a o .
E 1X Th q ti i tr
e e f r m d by h g
ua on s ans o e c an e
fr m r t g l r b i g bl i q
. .
o ec an th w u a d h
a x es ,
g e ne a xes e n o u e, an a v1 n
dr t
i i pr p r t l t
ec i on - cos n e s o o i ona o
4, 93 —1 ,
-
1 ; 4, —1 .
Sh ew th t th
a e n e w eq u a ti on is
Ex . 2 I f P, Q , R a r e f) r ,
r = 1, 2 3 r f rr e e e d to a se t of
liq t r r ig i 0 pr th t
.
, ,
ob ue a x es h o u g h a n o n ,
o ve a
“
6 . V ol O PQ R .
f“ 7 f
i 1 1,
,
1, c os 11 , c os a
j
1
$2 {2 I, A
'
7 C O S V, CO S
1 72 ,
$3 1
7 3
7 , £3 003 Ma C OS A, 1
(U se 55 (B ) cf . 51, Ex .
*
E xamp l es I .
T h e g no mon o f a su n a is i n t h e m e
1 a n a t a n e e va di l ri di l ti on A
l l tit d t l ti
.
(e q u a t o t h e a u e ), and t h e s u n is du e eas a t a n e e va on a
Fi d l t t k it li
.
n t h e a n g e 9 h a t h e sh a o w m a e s w h t h e N a n d S d . . n e of
d l
t h e ia .
2 F i nd . th e e q u a ti o n s to the li ne th r o u gh (1 , 1 , 1 ) wh i ch mCe ts
l
t
bo h t h e li nes
x
2 3 4
a z 2y = 3 g a n d sh e w th t a it s i trn e
15 15 5
t dl
(
se c i o n w i th th e s ec o n i ne i s —’
26 5?
3 I f 0 A, ,
C C h a ve OB d i r ti ec o n- r ti
a os l , , ni r , n, , r = 1 , 2, 3 ;
i t l pl
.
and O A , OB
C C b sec t h e
’ ’ ’
a ng e s BOC , C O A , AO B , t h e a ne s
BOB C O C p t h r li
,
o u gh
’
th e
’ ’
AO A , ,
ass ne
as z
g
l , -l- l 2 -
l3 m 1 + 7n2 + m3 n, + n 2 + n3
4 P is a gi ve npi t o n a nd P M , P N a r e th e e p rp d i l r f r m P en cu a s o
pl k l ith th
.
t o th e a ne s Z O X XO Y O P m a e s a n g e s 9, B y w a , e
d t h (r t rd i t pl th t
,
pl l r) Pr
.
,
a nes OMN an e ec a n
gu a co o na e a ne s . o ve a
2
9 2 2
B z
‘
c ose c cos ec a . c ose c co se c y .

C II . iv .
] E X A M PL E S I .
77
5 . S h e w th a t t he l oc u s o f l in e s w h i ch m e e t h e lines t
a; i a . /
1 z
0 s in a 4 c os on
l
. .
at th e sam e a n e is
g
(say co s a . a z s in s in a . a
g c os on =
) 0 .
6 F i nd the l oc us of a tr ig h t l i
s a ne i
wh c h m e e s O X t a nd th e
ir l th t t h d i t t pi t
.
c c e z = h, so a e s a nce be wee n t h e o n s of
s ec ti on is s f e2 + 11 2 .
7 . Ifth r r t ee e c an g u a l r a x es be rttdo a e a bou t th e li ne

x
A 7
7/
.
z
7
1
1
i t w p iti d i r ti i
.
n o ne os o n s , a nd the ec o n - c o s n es o f th e ne w a xe s r f rr d
e e e
to th e ol d a r e l , , m,, n , , e tc ; . th en if
ll (7772723 1 A(7223 ”2 ) l s) V (52 mi )
a sol if 9 is t h e a ng e l th r o u gh wh i ch the s
ys t em is rttd o a e ,
2 9 1
2 2
2 2 41 + v
8 . I f t h e sh o e s s rt t di t b tw a n ce s e een li nes 1 , 2, 3 are p r ll l

a a e to
li nes t
4 , 5, 6 , h e n t h e sh o rt t di t es s an ces t
be wee n t h e li n es 4, 5 , 6 a re
p r ll l
a a e to the li
nes 1 , 2, 3 .
9 A ny th r ee n o n - n e sec t r tii ng li ne s ca n be m a d e th e e dg es o f a
— z—
.
r ll l i p d d if t h l i £ y fi —
‘
y
7
1 ” r ’
Pa a e e p e an e n es a re 2, 3 ,
l t f th dg
,
t h e e ng h s o e e es ar e
8
1 2
—8
1 3 1
—
7 2 Y3 l l , m1 , ”
1 9
Z2, mzi 792 l 21 m2) 722
l s, m3 , 723 Is, m3 , "3
C o ns i d r th
e i t ri r e c a se wh e r e th e d e n o m na o s ze o .
10 C A C B 0 0 d g f p r ll l p i p d d R i t h r r ar e e es o a a a e e e an s e c o ne
O p p it t O O P d R Q p rp d i l r t t h p l A B C
.
, ,
os e o an ar e e en cu a s o e a ne
I f th fi g r i r t g l r
.
C m p r t h l g th
.
o f OP
a e d RQ e en d s o an e u e s ec an u a an
Oi tk rig i d t h pl AB C i gi
.
s a e n as o by n, a n e a ne s ve n
PQ h d i r ti i pr p r ti l t l —3 l m —3 m
as ec —3
o n -co s n e s o o o na o
‘
1
,
‘
l
,
n 1
‘
n,
a nd P Q 2= O R2 9 O P2 .
di
1 1 O S is t h e a g on a o f t h e c u be o f wh ch O P, O Q , O R a re e g es l i d .
O U i s the ag o na of th e di
a a e e
p e o f w h l
c h O Q , O R , 0 8 a re p r ll l p i d i
d
e g e s , a nd C V a n d C W a r e f o m e s m a y n t h e coo na e s r d i i l rl F i d rd i t
di p r ll l i p d i
.
o f U, V , W, a n d if C T is t h e a g o na o f t h e a a e ep e o f wh c h l
O U, C V , O W a r e e g es , s h e w h a O T c o n c e s w h O S a nd h a d t t i i d it t t
OI “
: 5 OS .
12 n Fi d q
t h e e u a o n s t o t h e s a gh ti tr i t l i ne th r o ugh t he o rigi n
i t ri t l li ti
.
wh ch m ee s at g h a ng e s t h e n e wh o se e q ua ons a re
)
c x + (e a )g + (a b) z,
and rd i t
fi n d th e coo na e s o f th e pi t o n s o f s ec ti on .
1 3 F i d th l n e o cu s o f a p o n i t wh i ch m o ves so th t a the r ti
a o of i ts
di t f r m t w gi li t t
.
s a nces o o ve n ne s is c o ns a n .
78 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM ET RY [C H . Iv .
14 A li neis p r ll l
a a e to the pl ane
g + z= 0 i t r t th i r l
and n e se c s e c c es
rf it g r t
.
z= 0 z =a , =
2 2 2
x + g 0 fi nd t h e su ace e ne a e s .
15 Fi d n th e e q u a ti o n t o th e su rf a ce ge ne r t d by t r i gh t l i
a e a s a ne
i li d i t r t th ll i p
.
wh ch is p r ll l t
a a e o th e ne g z mx , z = nx , a n n e se c s e e se
1, z= 0 .
16 A pl a ne t ri a ng e , sl id es a , b, e, is pl d th t th
a ce so a e m id o n s pi t
-
id (r ec t a ng u l r) S h w th t l t
.
of th e s es a re on the axes a e a t h e eng h s

i t r pt d i
.
n e ce e 0 11 the a x es a r e g ve n by
z1 = b2 + c2 < ou r —e ns ,
an d th t a th e co o rdi t n a es of th e ve r ti ce s ar e —l
,
i n, n
) , (l , —ni , n ) ,
—n
(l , i n,
) .
17 L i n e s are dr a wn to mee t t wo g v e n i li ne s a n d t o uc h th e r i gh t
ir l r l i d r wh i g th r di
.
c cu a cy n e os e ax s is t h e S D (l en 2c), a nd a us 0
Fi d t h rf g r t d
. .
.
n e su ace e ne a e .
18 Th ti f + bg + = 1 by th pl
e se c on o ax
2 2
cz
2
e an e lx + mg + nz = p is
p r b l f l t r t m 2L P r th t
.
a a a o a o a us ec u . ov e a
2 2 2 2 % 2
/ /b / ) }( m2
2 2
L (l a 711 71 e z
I ? n2 )/a bc .
19 A li ne m o ve s s o a s t o i tr t
n e se c th e li ne z = 0, x =
g ; an d th e
ir l th t q ua ti
.
Pr
-
2= 2 2 2= 2
r ; y = 0,
2
c c es
g + z z +x r . o ve a th e e on t o
th l e o c us i s
—y)2 .
b
20 . th t —
P r o ve
—
—0 r pra t p a
i rz
f pl z x x
e
e es e n s a a o a ne s
g g
-
wh l i f i t r ti i q ll y i l i d t th
ose ne o n e sec on s e
'
ua nc ne o e a xes .
21 F i d t h rf g r t d by t r i gh t l i wh i h r l
n e su ace ene a e a s a ne c e vo ves
b t gi t r i gh t l i t t t di t f r m it
.
a ou a ve n s a dm k ne a a co n s a n s a nce o an a es
a g i g l
ve n a n w ith it e .
22 S h w t h t + g + —3 g 3 g = 1 r pr t rf
2 2 2
. e 3 a 2
1
z f x zx z e ese n s a su ac e o
r l ti
e vo u b t th l ion a ou d fi d th q ti
e ne t th an n e e ua on s o e
g rt g r
ene a i n cu ve .
23 L L L 1 th r g i 2, t r i gh t l i a d th d i r ti
3 ar e ee f ve n s a n es n e ec o ns o
t r i gh t gl F i d th l f th l i j i i g th
.
,
L 1 and L 2 a re a an es n e oc u s o e ne o n n e
f t f t h p rp d i l r f r m y p i t
.
ee o e e en L t L d L
cu a s o an o n on
3 o I an 2 .
24 T h d f d i m t r f th ll i p =
e en s o a e e s o e e se z c, are
j i d t th rr p d i g d f t h j g t f p r ll l
.
o ne o e co es on n en s o e con u a es o a a e
d i m t r f th ll i p
a e e s o e e
— F i d th q ti tse z e . n e e ua on o
th e surf g r t d by th j i i g l i
ac e e ne a e e o n n ne s .
25 A d B tw p i t
an gi plar e d AP BQ o o n s on a ve n a ne an are
tw li i gi d i r ti t right S h w th t f l l
,
gl
.
o n es n ve n t AB ec o ns a an es o e a or a
t t d th t ll h
.
l i PQ p r ll l t th pl A P B Q i
ne s a a e o e a ne, : s co n s a n ,
an a a su c
li li i id
,
ne s e o n a co n co .
26 Th r t A f t r i gl A B C l i
e ve ex gi l i ; AB d
o a an e es o n a ve n ne an
th r gh g i p i t ; B d C l i gi pl
.
AC p a ss ou ve n ; h w
o n s an e on ve n a n es s e
th t t h l
a f BC i
e i id
ocu s o s a co n co .
so C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E TR Y [ CH I V.
38 pi t fF r gi v
ou ri bl l i l i enth f f
o n s o a va a e ne e on e a c es o a
q d r i l t r l pr i m Sh w th t y t h r p i t f t h l i d r i b
.
ua a e a s e a an o e o n o e ne esc es
l i wh i h i p r ll l t th dg f th pr i m
.
a ne c s a a e o e e es o e s .
3 9 Th l f th h r m i e j g t f P w ith r p t t th
oc u s o e a on c con u a es o es ec o e
tw p i t i wh i h t th r gh P t p i r f pl
.
o y
o n s n c i
an se ca n ou c u s 3. a o a n es s
t h p l r f P w ith r p t t t h pl
e o a o P r v th t th q ti es ec o e an es . o e a e e ua on
t th p l r f w it h r p t =0 =0 i = 0 wh r
o e ) o a t o z, es ec o u ,
v , s , e e
1 1
u, i th r s l t f b tit ti g g
e e su f g io t su S h w s u n x, , , z, ,
or r
.
, ,
z n u, e c . e
l th t th p l r f P with r p t t t h p i r f pl
a so a e o a s o th t f rm es ec o e a s o ane s a o
a t r i h d r l g l t th ple a i th r
an pl r l i e cu o se a n es n ee co an a nes .
40 A y l i m t th f n B C D C DA D A B AB C
ne f
ee s t tr e aces ,
o a e a
B C D Pr th t th mid p i t f
.
, ,
h d ABC D i
’ ’ ' ’
e ron A n , , , _
o ve a e - o n s o
pl r
.
' ’ ’ ’
AA B B C C D D an a
'
, , ,
ar e co .
41 I f t h r t g l r dA e a x es a r e th gl b tw ec an u a an , ,
u , v ar e e an es e ee n
li f i t r ti f th pl
.
,
th e ne s o n e se c =1 2 3 on o e an e s r , , ,
pr th t o ve a
“ b 11 l 01
“ 6
?
0
21 21 2
[73 5 C
3
1
(Za , A
z 2 z
2 412
2
cos co s ja 2
0 0 8 11 2 cos A c os p . cos v )
s1 n As1 n si n v
42 The e q u a t i o ns x = Az + u, g = (A3 —u) , wh e r e A

prmtr dtr i t f li Fi d th l u f
.
a nd u ar e a a e e s, e e m n e a sy s e m o n es n e oc s o
th wh i h i t r t th i P r th t t w l i e f t h y t m
,
.
os e c n e s ec e z -a x s ove a o n s o e s s e
p th r gh y g i p i t l t h g i p i t l i rt i
.
ass ou an ve n o n u n e ss e ve n o n es o n a ce a n
cur wh ve , i fi it m b r f l i p th r gh it d fi d th
en an n n e nu e o n es ass ou an n e
q ti
,
e t th
ua r o ns o e c u ve .
C HA PTER V
T HE SPHERE .
56 E q uat ion t o a sp h e r e
. I f t h e a x e s a r e r ec ta n g u l ar .
q
th e s u a r e o f th e di st a n c e b e t we e n th e o i n t s P (n, g , z ) p , , , ,
2 ) is
and Q 192 2 g i ve n by 1
a n d t h e r e fo r e t h e e q u a ti o n t o t h e s phe r e wh o se ce nt r e is
P an d wh ose r di
a us is of l e n g th r ,
is
Any e q ti on
ua of t h e fo m r
+ a y + a z + 2a m
2 z
a ce wz + cl
2vg + 27 0
ca n be w r itt e n
—a cl
4—
( 2) 111
it
6
2
9 1 71
v 2 +
a
z
+o +u
2
66
2
z
an d t h er e for e r e p r ese n t s a sp h e r e wh ose c en t r e is
u
an d r di u
a s
J “+ 1)
2 2
+ 20
2_
ad
,
(1. a
Ex 1 F i nd th e e q u a ti o n t o the s ph r e e wh o s e cen tr e is (2, -

3 , 4)
r di
. .
a nd 5 An s x
2
+g +
3 2 —4x + 6
a us . . z
g
Ex 2
. . F i nd th e cen tr e a nd r dia us of th e s ph r g i
e e ve n by
x
2
+g +
2
z
2 —2x + 4g —6 z = 1 1 . A ns .
(1 ,
5 .
Ex 3
. . S h ew th t t h q ti
a e e ua on
=O
( x 9 2
1
) Z1 )( Z Z
2 )
r pr
e ese n s t th e s ph r e e on the j oi n of (n, , g ,, (2 2
1
, g 2, 2
2 ) as di ame e tr .
Ex 4
. . F i nd th q ti e e ua on to th e s ph r t h re e ou g h th e pi t o n s
—1
(0 , 0 . 0 1. (0 , 1 , ,
2, (i .
2,
A ns .
--
i )
z
2
253) —1 1 z 0 .
B G . .
F
OOR D I N A TE G E OM E T R Y
.
82 C [C H . v .
Ex 5 Find the e q u a ti o n t o t h e s h e e wh p r i ch p ass e s th r o u gh th e

p i t( ir l
. .
2=
z=O x +
2 2
o n on, , 8, ) a nd t h e c c e a y
y ,
.
A ns .
—a 2) .
Ex 6 . .
Fi nd th e e q u a ti o n s t o t h e s ph r t h r
e es o u gh th e c i rc l e
. x
2
+y
2-
F z =
2
9, 2x + 3 y + 4z = 5
and i( ) th ri g i (ii ) t h p i t (1 2
e o n, e o n , ,
A i( ) — 1 8 —27 —3 6 = 0 ; z
ns y x
—
.
ii
( ) 2 3 y 4 —22 = O x z .
Ex 7 T h pl A B C wh q ti i e an e os e e ua on s /
z c: 1 , mee t s
Fi d q ti t d t r m i ir ir l
. .
,
th i A B C
e a xe s n n e ua ons o e e ne t he c cu m c c e of
th t ri l t i r i t tr
.
, ,
e g A B C
an d b t h
e d f t ,
an o a n e co o n a es o l s c en e .
Ans . x
2
+y +
2
z
2 —d x —by —cz = 0 ;
2 2
(b
z 4
) b(c 2 2
) ( IT )
“ ‘
c ar
‘
a 0 (F ,
*
Ex 8 I f th e a x es are o b l iq u e, fi nd t h e e q u a ti on t o th e s ph r e e
tr r di
. .
wh o se ce n e is (x 1 , y1 , zl ) , a n d a us
A ns . 20 9 2
1 ) cos A :
7
3
.
*
EX 9 P r o ve th t a th e n e c e ssa ry an d s u fii cie n t co n d iti o ns th at
q u a t i on
.
th e e
ax
2
b 2
+ y + cz
2
2fyz + n x+ Wax y 2u x +
r f rr d t
e e e o ob liq u e a x e s, sh ou l d r pr e e se n t a s ph r e e , are
a = b= c f 9 1.
co s A cos y . cos v
1
1 —S 7
P r o ve t h t th r d
a e a i us i s
a
!
A
wh e r e
a, a cos v, a co s 1a , 14 an d A_ 1, cos v cos ,u

_,
a cos v, a, a c os 1) c o s V, 1, c os A
a c os
pt , a c os A, a, w c os p, co s A, 1
u, v, w, d
57 Tang e nt s and t ang e nt p l ane s If

. . P, ( x1 , y1 , z
l ) an d
Q (x2
, , y2 , z
z ) ar e p o i n ts o n th e s h e e p r the n
w1 + y1 + 2 1
2 2 2
an d t h e r e fo r e
( x
1
56 2 x1 06 ‘
i '
y2) (3/ 1 199 + (Z 1

Zz ) (z 1 22 ) 0 '
N o w th e di r e c ti o n c osi n e s o f PQ a r e p r o p o r ti o n al to -
90 —90 — — z g a n d i f M is t h e m id p o i n t o f P Q a n d
2 yl c
yz l
-
1 , z ,
O is t h e o r i g i n t h e di r e c ti on c o si n e s o f 0 M a r e p r o p o r ti on a l
,
-
to x1 + x2 z +z T h e r e f ore PQ is a t r i h t a n l e s
1 2 ,
g g .
84 C OOR D I N ATE G E OM E TR Y [c m v .
T he p int
o on th i s l i n e ,
wh o s e di st an c e f r om O is r, h as
co o r di n a t es 0 6+ l r , 8 —
H a n d l i es th e ph e r e
,
nr ,
y + nr, on s
<
BF BF BF
2
r l— + m + e o
86
.
,
a
,
Th is ti on i ve s t h e l e n t h s o f O P a n d O Q a n d h e n c e
ua
q g e g ,
O P O Q i s g i ven by F (OL 8 y ) /a wh i c h is th e sa m e f o r a ll
.
, , , ,
se c a n t s t h r o u g h 0 .
fin i ti n
De o . T h e m easu r e of OP OQ . is t h e p ower of 0
w it h r p c t t es e o th e Sph r e e .
2
If 8 1
z 50
2
y
2
2 2u 1 x 20 1 g 2w1 z cl
,
0,
S2 5 93
2
5
2q 21 0 22 dz 0
are th e q ti n s to t w
e ua o o ph e r e th e l o o f p oi n ts wh ose
s s, cu s
pow r w ith r sp e c t to
e s e th e p h e r s s q l i t h e p l an e
e ar e e ua s
g i ve n by
SI S or 2(u1 —u 2)
oc + 2(v1 uz) y + 2(w1 —w ) z + cl
2 1
d2 0 .
Th i s pl a ne is c al le d the radi cal p l ane of t h e t wo s ph e r e s .
I t is e vid en tly at r ight an

g l e s t o th e line j o i ni ng th e
c en t r e s .
The r a d i ca l
p l a n es f
o thr ee sp her es ta ken two by two
p a ss thr ou g h on e li n e .
(Th e e q ti on s to
ua th e l i n e are S 8 2= S 3
Th e r a d i ca l l a n es
f f h er es ta ken two by two
p o ou r s
p
p a ss thr o u g h on e
p oi n t .
(T h e p int
o is
g i ve n by
The eq u a ti on s to an
y two sp her es ca n be p u t i n the f or m
(T a k e th e l i n e j in ing
o th e cen tres as x ax s
-
i an d th e
r di
a p l anc al e as
Th e q ti one ua wh r e A i ccp r e s a a a
met r r ep r s nt
e , y s t m o f p h r s
e e n
y t wo f wh i c h
s a s e s e e a o
h ve th
a m r di c l pl ne Thsa
p h e re a
e e sa id to be
a a a e . e s s r
c oa xa l .
gss] E X A M PL E S 1 1 . 85
Ex 1 . P r o ve th t a t h e m e m be r s of the c o a xa l s ys e t i tr t
m n e se c o ne
th r t th r tr t t r rd i
.
ano e ,
o u c h o n e a no e , or do n o t i n e se c o ne a no h e , acc o n
g
as d O
§ .
Ex 2 S h aw th t a th e ce n tr es o f t h e t wo ph e
s r es of th e sy s e m t
i r r di pi t
. .
w h c h h a ve ze o -
a u s a re a t the o n s (i J: : d, O, (T h ese a re th e
l im it ing p oints -
of t he s
ys t em .
)
Ex 3 . . S he w th a t the e q u a ti on —d = 0 wh e e r
p r m t r r pr t y t m f ph r p i g t r
,
u an dv are a a e e s, e es e n s a s s e o s e es ass n h o ugh

t h l i iti g p i t y t m tti g
.
,
e m f th n do n s o e s s e an cu n
e very m m b r f t h t y t m t r i g h t g l
e e o a s s e a an es .
EX 4 Th l . f p i t wh .p w r with r p t t t w
e oc u s o o n s os e o e s es ec o o
gi ph r
ve n i s t t r ti i ph r
e es l with th
are n a co n s a n a o s a s e e coa xa e
tw g oph r i ve n s e es .
Ex 5 S h w th t th ph r wh i h t t w g i
. . ph r l g
e a e s e es c ou o ve n s e es a on
gr t i r l ea ll p t h r gh t w fi d p i t
c c es a ass ou o xe o n s .
Examp l e s I I .
A s he 1 . p r f t t r di p
e o t h r g h th r i g i 0
co ns a n a us r a sse s ou e o n, a nd
(r t g l r ) i A B C P r th t t h l
,
u ts th e a xe s ec a n u a f n , , o ve a e oc us o th e
t p rp d i l r f r m O t t h pl A B C i g i by
.
fo o o f th e e en cu a o o e an e s v en
2 ? — —2 —2
) (x + y
2 2
( )
v
12 Z Z
2 P is a va r i bl p i t
a e o n on a i
g ve n ne a n d A , li B C it s
are
pr j ti Sh e w th a t p r p t r
.
,
o ec on s on the a xe s t h e s he e O A B C a ss e s h o u gh
fi d ir l
.
a xe c c e .
3 A pl a ne p t h r gh fi d p i t (
a ss e s ou a xe o n a, b, c) a n d c u s t h e t a xe s
S h w t h t th l tr
.
in A , B , C . e f th a e oc u s o e cen e of the s h e e C A p r BO i s
I f th e h e e
4 t r
a o n a s o f an oc ah e
g on n e s ec di
at
gh l i tr t ri t t dr
t p rp d i l r r p i t i t r ti
.
an l
g es, t h e f e e o f t h e e e n c u a s f o m t h e o n o f n e se c o n
t o th e fa c e s o f t h e o c ah e o n l ie o n a s h e e t dr
I f a , a ; b, ,8 ; c , y p r
t di tr
.
r
a r e t h e m e asu e s o f t h e s e g m e n s of t h e a g o na s, th e c e n
5 n, f)
e ( , l
o f t h e s h e e is
g ve n by p r i
th e d i ag o n a s l bi gt k e n rd i t Pr
a t h t th p i t
e n a s c oo n a e a xe s o ve a e o n s
r p r p d i l r m t t h pp it f l li th ph r
.
wh e e t he e en cu a s ee e o os e ac e s a s o e on e s e e .
P 5 r o ve t h t th l af th t f ph r
e wh i h p
ocus o e c e n re s o s e es c ass
t r gi p i t d t h g i pl i
.
h o u gh a ve n o n an d ou c a ve n a ne s a coni co i .
6 . Fi n d th l f th
e t r f ph r t h t p th r g h
oc us o e cen es o s e es a ass ou a
g pi i ve n o n t d i t r p t fi d l g th
an n e ce gi t r i gh t l ia xe en on a ve n s a ne .
7 Fi n d th l f th
e t r f ph r f
ocu s o t t r di e ce n es o s e es o c o ns a n a us
th r g h g i p i t d t h g i l i
.
wh h p ic as s ou a ve n o n an o uc a . ve n ne .
86 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E TR Y [C H . v .
8 P r o ve th t a th e ce n tr es o f s ph r e es wh iht c o u ch th e li ne s
g
= mx
c g
= —mx~
i id
,
2: -
c, l ie u p on th e c o n co
,
9 I f th pp it d g f t t r h d r e o t r i gh t
os
g l eth e es o a e a e on a re a an es e
t r f g r ity i t h m id p i t f t h l i j i i g t h p i t f
.
cen e o av s e -
o n o e ne o n n e o n o
rr
co n c u f t h p rp di l r d th
en c e o t r f th i m ibi g
e e en c u a s an e c en e o e c rc u scr n
sph r e e .
1 0 I f th pp it d g f t t r h d r e o t r i gh t
os
g l th
e e es o a e a e on are a an es e
m id p i t d t h f t f t h p rp d i l r l i
.
-
f th dg
o n s o e e p es an e ee o e e en cu a s e u on
a s ph r wh e e t r i th tr f g r ity f th t t r h d r
o se cen e s e ce n e o av o e e a e on .
1 1 Th m f th q r e f th
su i t r p t m d by g i
o e s ua es o e n e ce s a e a ve n
S ph r
.
e e y th r m t ll y p rp d i l r l i
on an t h r gh fi d
ee u ua e en cu a n es ou a xe
p i ti
o n t t s c o ns a n .
1 2 W ith y p i t P f g i pl
an t p h r
o n i o a ve n an e as c en re a s e e s
d r i b d wh r d i q l t t h t g t f r m P t gi
.
e sc e o se a i us s e ua o e an en o o a ve n
s ph r P r th t ll h ph r p th r gh t w fi d p i t
e e . o ve a a su c s e es as s ou o xe o n s .
13 I f . t h pl d rf g i by e a ne a n su a ce ve n
i t r ti
n e s ec n a c i rc l e of r dia us a .
14 . If r is t h e r dia u s of the c ir l c e
2
x
pr o ve th t a
2
d) (l 2
m 2 2
) (mm )
2
(n u l w) 2
(l v ma ) 2
( r n nr .
15 P r ove th t a th e e qu a ti on s to th e ph r th t p th r gh th
s e es a ass ou e
pi t d t h t h pl 2g z 1 1
.
o n s (4, 1 , O), (2, 3, (1 ,

O, O), an 2
ou c e ane x ,
ar e
r
2
+y +
2
2
2 —6x + 2y
1 6 2 1 0 2x + 50g 492 86 O
+ g +
.
1 6 P o ve h a t h e e q u ar t t ti t on ph r o a s e e, i
wh ch es in t h e li oc a nt t
t r d i t pl r
.
i o f t h e fo m
O XY Z a n d ou ch e s t h e co o na e a n e s, s
2 2 2
x +y + z
P r t h t i g
ov er l t w p h r a b n en e a o s e e s c an e d r wn t h g h g i a rou a ve n
p i t t t h th
o n rd i t pl
o ou c d f e coo na e an e s, an i nd f wh t p t n or a osi i o s of
th p i t t h
e ph r o n (i ) r l (ii ) i i d
e s e e s ar e ea c o nc en t .
17 A i p i t OX d B C V s a o n on an on so th t t h g l O A B
a e an e is
t t di m t r i r l d r b d wh l
.
ose an e i s
con s a n O AB n as a e e a c c e is e sc i e
p r ll l t O Z P r th
a a e AB
o r i th . ov e at as va es e Cl I C e l g ‘
rt t e ne a es e c on e
2
2x 2 s in 2a 0
*
: .
1 8 PO P i s a v ar a b e am e e i l d i t r f th ll i p o e e se z = O,
ir l d ri d pl P P Z Z tr
.
an d a c c e is e s c be in t h e an e
’ ’
on PP
'
as d i am e e .
r t t
P ove ha as P P v a es , t h e c c ri
’
i r l g r t th e e ne a e s e su r face
2 2
y /b )
2 2 2 2
(33 +y 2 ) $
CH V L
'
CHAPTER V I .
T HE C ON E .
59 . E qu at ion t o a con e . A c on e is a su rf c g n e r ate d

a e e
by t r a i g h t l i n e wh i c h p asse s t h r o u g h a
a s a fi x e d po in t n d
i n t e r se c ts a g i ve n c u r ve I f th e g i ve n p o i n t 0 sa y be .
, ,
c h ose n as o r i g i n t h e e q u a ti o n t o t h e c o n e is h o m o e n e o us
, g .
F or if P (cc g z ) is a n y p o i n t on t h e c o n e cc g z sa ti sfy
’ ’ ’ ’ ’ '
, , , , , ,
t h e e q u a ti on A n d s i n c e a n y p o i n t o n O P is o n th e
.
c o n e a n d h a s co o r di n a t e s (lex lcg t h e e q u a ti o n is a l so
’ ’
, , ,
s a ti s fi e d by ha hy lez fo r a l l va l u e s o f h a n d t h e re fo r e
’ ’ ’
, , ,
m u st be h o m o g e n e o u s .
C or If. is a g e n e r a t o r o f t h e c o n e r e
p r e se n t e d by th e h om og en e ou s e q u a ti o n f (ac y a) = 0 th e n , , ,
=0 C n ve r s el f r e c ti o n r a ti os
f ( l,
an n ) ,
o y i t h e
. d i of a ,
-
s t ra i g h t l i n e w h i c h a l w a y s p a sse s t h r o u g h a fi x e d p o i n t
sa ti s fy a h o m o g e n e o u s e q u a ti o n t h e l i n e is a g e n e r a t o r o f ,
a c o n e w h o se v e r t e x is a t t h e p o i n t .
Ex 1 T he li ne wh e r e 2l 2 + 3 7n2 is a
rtr
. .
g e ne a o o f th e co n e 2x 2 + 3 g 2 52 = O .
Ex 2 L ne s i a wn dr
h o u gh t h e p o n t r i t( on, 8 , y) wh ose d i r ti
ec on
r ti ti rt
. .
,
a l + bm + cn = 0
2 2 2
sf
a o s sa y g e ne a e the co n e
2
a (r .
B) + c z
(
Ex 3 She w th t a the e q ua ti on t o th e r i gh t i r l r c cu a co ne wh ose
rt rt l gl
. .
ve ex is O ,
a x1 s OZ ,
an d s e m i - ve ica an i
e a ,
s t a il ga .
Ex 4 T h e ge ne a e r l q ti ua on to th e co n e of th e s e co n d d gr e ee
i p t r
. .
wh c h a ss e s h o u g h th e i a xe s s f ge + g a r + hr y = 0
T h e g e ne r l q ti t t h
a e ua on o e co ne o f th e se c o n d d gr e ee is
ar
e
?
by? 02
2
Qf gz 2g zx 2hay
/ 0,
a nd th i s is t o be Sa ti s fie d by th e di re c ti o n- a r ti os o f th e a xe s , t e by
. .
0,
3 59 ] EQ U A T I ON To A C NE O 89
Ex 5 A c o ne of th e sec o n d d gr e e e ca n be fo u n dt p o a ss th r ou
gh
rr t l
. .
a ny fi ve conc u en i ne s .
EX 6 A co n e o f be fo u n t o a s s h o u g h
th e se co n d d gr e e e ca n d p t r
t r t lr t r ri i
. .
a ny t wo se s o f ec a n u a
g a xe s h o u g h t h e s a m e o
g n .
k rd i t
Ta e o n e s et a s c o o na e a xes , a nd l e t t h e d e c o n cos ne s o f th e i r ti -
i
t r
o h e s be l , m , n l ; Z
, l 2,
m2, n z ; l 3 , 711 3 , n 3 T h e e q ua o n to a c o n e ti
ti i rdi t t i
.
c o n a n ng t h e c o o na e a x e s is I f h s c o n e a so l
ti
co n a ns t h e fir t
s t wo a x e s o f t h e s e c o n se t , d
m l n l + g n 1 l , + hl 1 ni 1
f 0,
f mzn2 l
g 22n+ lzl 771
2 2 0 .
Th e re fo r e ,
i
s nce ml n l mzn 2 m 3 n3 0, e tc .
,
f m3
n3 g n3 l 3 hl 3 nz3 O
so t h t th
a e c o n e c on a n s ti th e r e ma n n i i g ax s i .
Ex 7 q ti
T h e e ua o n t o t h e c o ne w h o se ve rt ex is t h e o ri g i n
p th r r i t r ti pl
.
a n d w h i ch as se s o u g h t h e c u ve o f n e se c on of th e a ne
= 3 2
lx + mg + nz p a n d t h e s u fa ce a x + bg + cz 2=
l is r
Ex 8 Find th e e q u a ti o ns t o th e c o ne s w ith ve rt e x at the o r igi n

ihp th r r i
. .
wh c as s ou
gh t h e cu ve s
g ve n by
(i )
(ii ) by ? l a; mg
?
a t 22, nz p
(iii ) 1,
(i ) (x mg b(l n my 2
A ns . +g
2 nz ) nz ) O
(ii ) (a x mg
2
2e (la '
nz )
(iii )
2
/ )
2
( /
2 2 2
42 17 a . 2 c
Ex 9 The pl a ne m ee t s th e c oo rd i t na e a xe s in
r th t th q ti rtd li
. .
A, B
C P o ve a e e ua o n t o th e c o ne g e ne a e by ne s
dr r m t th ir l
.
,
awn f om Ot o ee e c c e A B C is
6 c
f t)
a
“ ( ) ff
'
a b
EX 1 0 F i nd th e e qu a ti
on to th e wh o s e v e e x is t h e
co n e rt o ri g i n
ir l t t t
. .
a nd ba s e t h e c 2
a nd s h o w ha t h e s ec i o n of th e
‘
c e, i 7/ + z
‘
.
z
a,
co n e b
y a a ne pl p r ll l t a a e o th e pl a ne X O Y is a h y e bo a pr l .
A ns .
Ex 1 1 She w th t th q ti
a e e ua on t o th e co ne wh o se ve rt ex is t h e
<z)
. .
rigi r =/ f ( xh
l
‘
fie
o n and ba se th e cu ve z c, r, g)
= 0 is
f 7
.
a
90 C OOR D N A TE I GEOM E TR Y [0 11 VI .
60 . Ang l e be t wee n l ine s in which a p l ane cut s a cone .
We find it c on ven i e n t t o i n t r o d u ce h e r e t h e foll o wi n g

no a t ti on , t o wh i ch we sh a ll a d h e r e t h r ou g h ou t t h e book .
D E a, h , g
12 , h f
9 > t
.
c
he f
z
B ca g
a
C ab h 2
ab
,
8a 80
I eo I eo l ee
Th e t d en t
s u c a n ea s i ly ve r i fy t h a t
B C —F = a D 2
, CA—G 2=
bo ,
AB —H = 2
co
O H —A F = f D ,
HF —B G = g D ,
FG —C t D
I n wh a t foll ows we u se P 2
to d e n ot e
a, h , g , u
h , h , f , r
g, f , c, w
u , v, w ,
0
(Au
2
8 0
2
Cw 2
2F uw '
2q 2Hu v) .
The a xes be in g r ecta n

g u la r to fi nd the a n gl e between the
li n es i n whi ch the p l a n e u x + vy + wz = 0 cu ts th e co n e
f (cc , g ,
z ) a ce
2
by 2
2f ye Qgefp 2hacy 0 .
I f th e l i n e ac
/l g /ni /
z n l i e s in th e p l an e ,
i f it l i es on t he cone ,
f (l , m , n =
) o .
El i m i n a te n b e t we en (1 ) a n d an d we o bt i n a
l2
(c u
2
'
aw
2
2gwu ) 2l m (hw 2
on e —f a w n )
( m
f 2
cn
2
bw 2
2f e w) 0 .
(3 )
N o w t h e di r e c ti o n — c osi n e s of th e t w o l i n es of se cti on
sa ti s fy t h e e q u a ti o n s (1 ) a n d t h e r e f o r e t h ey sa ti s fy
92 C OOR D I NA T E GE OM E TR Y
61 . Condit ion of t ang e ncy of p l ane a nd c on e . If P O,
or (1 )
t h en sin and t h er e fo r e t h e l i n es o f se cti on c o i n c id e , or
th e p la n e to ch es u th e c on e . E q u a ti on ()
1 sh e ws t ha t th e
l ine {E i e th e n or m a l t h r o ug h 0 t o th e pl an e is a
vu w
. .
,
en e r to r a of th e c on e
g
S i m i l a r ly
i c we h a ve 8 0 F a D a n d t h e c o rr e 2=
,
s n e ,
sp on din g e q u a t i o n s a t t h e h ea d o f p a r a g r a p h 60 it fo l l o ws ,
th a t a n o r m a l t h r o u g h t h e o r ig i n t o a t a n g e n t p la n e to t h e
c on e (2) is a g e n e r a to r o f th e c on e
+ 2fye + n 2hxy
2
aa
z
by 2
02 a: 0,
ie
. . of t h e g i ve n c on e t h e r e for e su c h
. Th e t w o c ones a r e
th a t o f th e n o r m a l s d r a wn t h r o u h t h e
e a c h is t h e l o c u s g
o r i g i n t o t h e t a n g e n t p l a n es t o t h e o t h e r a n d t h e y a r e o n ,
th a t a cc ou n t sa id to be r ec ip r oca l .
3 2 2
Ex 1 . r th t t h
. P + bg
o ve a e co n e s ax
2 2
+ cz = 0
2
a nd f .
ar e r i pr l
ec o ca .
a 0
Ex 2 P r th t t g t pl o ve t a an en a n es o th e c on e lg z + mzx + nxg = 0
t r i gh t gl r t r f th
. .
ar e a t g an es o ene a o s o e co n e
l 2 2
x rn
2 2
g n
2~2
2m ng z Q i zl ex 2l mxg 0 .
EX 3 . P r o ve th t p rp d i l r d r
a e en cu a s a wn f r om th e o rig i n to t an g e n t
pl
.
a n es to th e co n e
3 9 2 + 4g 2 + 5 22 + 2g z + 4zx + 6 xg = 0
9
lie on th e cone 3 3
2
+ 6ye l Ozx =0 .
Ex 4 Sh ew th t a th e g e n e rl
a eq u a ti on to a co n e i
wh ch o u ch e s t
r d i t pl
. .
th e c oo na e an es is a i r? 62g ? 2 2
c z c g/ z 20 a m: 2a bxg = O .
62 Condit ion t h at t h e cone h as t h r ee mu t u all y p er

.
p en di cu l ar g e n e r at or s Th e c o n diti o n t h a t t h e p l a n e
. s h ou l d
cu t th e c on e in p e r p en di c u l r a
g e ne a o s r t r is
:
f (u ,
v, w) .
(1 )
If a l so th e no rm al to the pl an e l i es on th e con e , we h a ve
f( u , v,
f
w) = 0 ,
an d t h e r e fo r e a 1) + 0 O .
—6 3 ] TA N G E N C Y OF P L A N E A N J) CON E 93
In t h i s c ase th e c on e h as t h r e e m u t u a lly p e r p e ndi c u l a r

e n e r a t o r s v iz t h e n o r m a l t o t h e p l a n e a n d t h e t wo er ~
g ,
.
, p
e n dic u l ar l i n e s in w h i c h t h e p l a n e c u t s t h e co n e
p .
If t h e c o n e h a s a n i n fi n it e n u m b e r o f se t s O f
m u t ua l ly p e r p e n di c u l a r g e n e r a t o r s F o r i f u x + vy + wz = 0 .
be a n y p l a n e wh o se n o r m a l l i es o n t h e c o n e t h e n ,
f( u , v, i v ) : 0 ,
an d t h ere fo r e =
f( u , v, w) ,
i c
s n e
H e n c e by ,
p l an e c ts th e c n e in p e r p en di c l r
th e u o u a
g e n e r to r s Th
a s n
y
. p l an t h r ug h t h e ar i g i n w h i c h i e ou o s
n o r m l t o a g e n e r a t o r o f t h e c on
a t s th e c o n in p p n e cu e er e
dicu l a l i n es r th e r e ,
t wo g e n r a t o r s o f th c n e t
or are e e o a
r ig h t a ng l s to on e n oth e an d t r i g h t a ng l es to ny
e a r, a a
i v e n e ne r t r a o
g g .
Ex 1 : I f
. r i gh t i r l r a h th
f m t ll y p rp d i l r
c cu a co n e as re u ua e en cu a
g r t r
e n e a o s, t h m i r ti l e se g l i t R/Q -
(C f E 3
ve ca an e s an
‘
. . x .
,
E x 2 S h w th t th e wh r t i t th r i g i
a e co n e d o se ve ex s a e o n an
wh i h p th r gh th f i t r ti
. .
c asse s r ou f th e ph r
cu ve o n e se c on o e s e e
d y pl t
an di t f r m th
an ri g i h
a ne a a s a n ce a o e o n, as
th r m t lly p rp d i l r g r t r
ee u ua e en cu a e ne a o s .
Ex 3 . Pr . th t th o ve + bg a e co ne ax
2 2
h as th r m t lly p rp d i l r t g t pl
ee u ua if
e en cu a an en a ne s
EX . 4 . If
f g2
i
r pr e e se n t o ne Of a se t of th r ee t ll y p r
mu ua e v
p e n dic u l a r g e ne a r t r f th o s o e c o ne 5 2/ z Szx 3 rg = 0 , fi n d th q ti e e ua o ns
t r
.
,
to the o h e t wo .
A ns . x =
g = —z ,
4x 5g = 20 a
Ex 5 th t th pl P r o ve a e ane lx + mg + nz = 0 cu s t th e co n e
“
. .
2
(b ) ( )g ( c v
. c a a b) e? Qfg z 2g z v . t g 0
in p rp d i l r l i if
e en cu a n es
(b c ) +
l 2
( c a m2
) + (a b) n2 + 2f mn + 2g n l + 2hl m = 0 .
63 . E quat ion t o c on e wit h g ive n con c i for base . To

fin d the eq u a ti o n to the con e whose ver tex i s the p o in t
and ba se the c on i c
(on , B , y)
n
2
f( + 27m g + bg + 2gcc
2
x,
y) s a cc +c : 0 , z : 0 .
94 C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E T R Y [C H . V I.
Th e e
q ua ti on s to an
y l i n e th r o ug h (0 L ,8
, , y) are
cc —OL _ y B
l
an d th e l i n e m e e ts th e pl an e z = 0 in t h e p oi n t
( —
OLly ‘
, ,
—
B my ,
Th i s p oi n t is on th e g i ve n c o n i c i f f (O( .
-
ly
'
i . e . if —
f( 8) y
0t ,
,
m) = 0 , (1 )
wh e r e If we el im inate l a n d 772
.
be t we en th e e q u a ti on s to th e l in e an d b t i n th e
we O a
e qu ti on t th e l c s f l i n s wh i ch p s
a o o u o e a s th r o g h (a B y )
u , ,
a n d i n t r se c t t h c on i c i e th e q ti o n t o
e e , . . e ua the c on e . Th e
r es l t is u
Th is q ti on m y be t
e ua a r an s o f rme d as f o l l o ws
Th e co ffic i e n t o f y is
e
?
f< a
f
o o 4
— +<
y a
— a .
—
y B)
f( a +w a , 8 +y
an d th e c o e ffi c i en t of —z y is
f —
(a: a >—+ <
§
y B) a
I f fl at g ) be m a d e h o m og en e o u s by m e a n s
, o f an a u x i l i a ry
va r i a b l e t w h i c h is e u a t e d t o u n ity a f t e r q di ffe r e n ti a ti on ,
we h a v e by E u l e r t h eo r e m
’
. , s ,
af
:
e
al
cag at ? f (oc e t)
53
.
, ,
T he r e fo r e th e c o ffi c i en t O f e ~ Z
y be com es
f af
.
.
g
96 C OOR D I N A T E GE O M E TR Y [CH . VI .
mu s t cu t th e co n e (1 ) in p rp d i l r l i
e en cu a n es ; (ii ) th e li n e s o f se c ti on
of the pl a n e a nd the c o nes (1 ) an d (2) t
m u s be h a m on r i lly
ca co n u j g t a e
Fr
.
om
f me g wu hu v O .
A gai n, fo u r li ne s a r e r i ll y j g t if th i r pr j ti
h a mon ca con u a e e o ec o ns o n
an y pl an e a r e r
h a m on i lly j g t
ca d th q ti t th p
con u a e, an e e ua o ns o e ro
j ti
ec on s o n z = 0 ar e o b t i d by l i m i
a ne ti g b t w th q ti e na n z e ee n e e ua o ns
to t h pl e an e a nd co n e s , a n dh th y e n ce e a re
z 2 2
) +g (
2 2 2
x (a 10 cu c vxy bu; cv ) 0, z 0
2
g ux + xg (f u + g v ez 0 .
Th e r e fo r e th e con d iti (ii ) g i ve s

on
f v(a w w )
‘
2 ? 3 2
cu ) +g (
u b c v cu v (f u + g v wh)
(cf S m ith
.
, Conic S ections, p .
te . .
f
a vw+
(4)
F r om (3 ) an d we ob a n ti
f h
_ .
u (b e) v e ( b)
2 .
Sh ew th t t h
a e b i trse c o s in E x 1 . a sol l ie on th e co ne
+ (a
2
(c )v
2
Eu hr fi (b )
c u a 0 .
3 p t h r gh t h
T wo r g=0 =4 ;
c o n es ass ou e cu ves z
2
ax
d th y h r t t h pl = 0 m t th m
. ,
mm
an e a ve a co on ve ex e a ne z ee s e
i tw
n i th t i t r t i f r
o co n c s y li p i t
a S h w th t t h
n e s ec n ou co n c c c o n s . e a e
vert l i ex th rf e s on e su ace
4 Pl th r g h O X d C Y i l d
a ne s ou gl Sh w th t an nc u e an an e a e a
th i r l i f i t r ti l i
. .
e ne o th n e se c on e s on e con e
5 A y pl . wh rm l l i
n th
an e os e n o a e s on e c on e
cu s t th e su rf ac e 1 in r t
a e c an g u a l r h y p rb e ol a
6 . F i nd th e a ng e l t
be we e n t h e l i gi
nes ve n by
an an /
— + — + —
b c c d a b
7 . S h e w th a t t h e a ng e l t
be w een t h e li n es gi v en by
a + bzx + cx = 0
z
cg g
is 7r /2 if bu t 7r /3 if
8 . S h e w th a t th e pl a ne a x + bg + cz = 0 cu s t th e co n e
z + a v + xg =0
g
in t wo li ne s i li d
nc ne a t an a n
g l e
tan
—1 b+ 2
c
2
2bc Zea 2a b) }
bc + ca + a b
a nd by co n s i d ri
e ng th e va l ue of th i s e xp r i e ss o n wh e n
sh e w t h t th a e co n e is of r e vol u ti o n , a nd th t it a s i
a x s is a nd
ve r ti l gl
ca an e tan
“
1
2J 2 .
CH .
vi .
] E X A M PL E S I I I .
97
9 . The a xe s be i ng r t ec a n g u a l r pr,
o ve th t th
a e c o ne
2 2
x + 4
)
ti
c o n a ns i fi it mb r f ant f th r g r t r m t ll y
n n e nu e o se s o ee e ne a o s u ua
i li d
nc tne gl /3 a an an e 7r .
1 0 Th r gh fi d p i t 0 l i i d r w t m t thr fi d
ou a xe o n a ne s a n o ee ee xe
i t r ti g pl t t pr th t th
.
n e se c i P Q R I f PQ P R i
n a n es n s co ns a n o ve a e
f th l i rt i O
. .
,
l
,
oc u s o i wh e ne s a cone o se v e ex s .
1 1 Th rt f i ( b )
e ve d th g pl t it i th
ex o a co ne s a, c an e z- ane c u s n e
r F (g ) = 0 = 0 Sh w t h t th —
,
t it i t h r
.
c u ve pl
z x e a e ear an e cu s n e cu ve
—a z
, , .
—
(
bx cx
F
x —a x —a
a
1 2 O P a nd O Q a r e t wo s a gh
. t r i t l i t h t r m i t r i gh t g l
n es a e a n a an es
a n d m o ve so h a th e a ne O P Q t t pl lw y p a th r gh t ha i s asse s ou e z- a x s
ri pr th t O Q d r i b th
.
d
I f O P esc be s t h e c o n e F (g /x , o ve a es c es e
e}
c o ne
r
2
F ,
a; z
13 . P r o ve th t a ax
2
2
by? cz
2
2ux 20g 2m cl 0 r pr
e ese n s t a
/a w /c
g
con e if u cl .
14 . P r o ve th t if a
2
s ax
2
b 2
+ g + c2
r pr
e ese n s a co n e , t t h e co o rdi t
n a e s o f t h e ve e x s a s fy t h e e q u a o n s rt ti ti
Fx = 0 , r
F, = 0 , F.= 0 , wh e e t is u s e t o m a e F (v , g , z) h o mo d k
q t d it t r
.
t o u n y a f e di ti e r e n t ia t io n
’
g e n eo u s a n d is e u a e .
15 . P r o ve th t th q ti
a e e ua ons
2g 2 8ye 8 rg
. 6x 4g 22 + 5 = 0 ,
2x 2 + 2g 2 + ln 1 0 2x + 2x + 2g + 26 2
r pr
e e se n t c o nes Wh ose ve r ti ce s a r e 5 (2 ,
2, l) .
16 . Fi d
th e co n on sn ha d iti t t th e li ne s of s ec ti on of th e pl a ne
l x + ni v+ nz = 0 a n d t h e co n es
ld b i id t
t
sh o u e c o nc en .
17 F i nd th e e q u a ti o ns t o th e pl a n es th r ou gh the z- a x s i a nd the
li ti f t h pl
.
n e s of se c on o e a ne u x + vg + wz = 0 a n d co ne f( v,
.
g, e ) z o, a nd
pr o ve th t th pl ta e an e o u ch es t h e co n e if P = 0 .
(T h e a xes m ay be
ob l iq ue .
)
18 r t t
P o ve h a t h e e u a o n t o t h e co n e h o u gh t h e coo q
na e ti t r rd i t
li ti
.
a nd t h e
3
a xe s a n d t h e ne s o f se c o n o f t h e c o n e 1 1 i
'
—
.
pl a ne 7x 5g + z = 0 is l 4g z a nd ha th e o h e t t t r
rtr
co mmo n g e ne a o s O f t h e t w o c o n e s l ie in t h e a ne pl
B OG .
G
98 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E T R Y (on . W .
19 . P r o ve th t th
a e co mm o n g e ne rtr a o s of the co n es
2 2 4 2
( 2 2
50 x
2
(
z z
c a b4) yz ( a 6 0 ) 2 0,
bc -
a
2
ca b2 orb — 0
2
by cz
l ie in t h e pl ane s
a bd: e z = 0 .
z
) (
?
(bc a: a x (
ca :t )
20 . P r ove th t a th e e q u a t io n t o th e c one th r ou gh th e c oo rdi t na e
ax e s a n d th e li n es in wh i ch th e pl ane l + mg + nz = 0
x cu st th e c on e
is
l (bn2 + cm2 2f mn )g z m (cl 2 an
2
2g nl) zx n (
a m2
bl z
2hl m) vy . 0 .
r th t t h q t i
21 P o ve a e e ua on r pr
e t
e se n s a con e
th t t h t h r d i t pl th t ti
.
a ou c es e c oo na e a n e s, a nd a th e eq ua on t o th e
r i pr l
ec i ff
g +
o cag + h =
y 0
c on e s z zx a
22 P r th t t h q t i t
o ve a e e ua on o th e pl a n es th r ou gh
th e o r ig i n
p rp di l r t th l i ti
.
e en
cu a f o e nes o sec on o f th e pl an e l x + mg + nz = 0 a nd
t h e con e a r 2 bg 2 + czz = 0 is
$
2
(bn
2
cm
?
) + g (c
2
an
?
) z
.
2
a
'
( m2 bl z) 2a mng z 2bnl ex 2cl mx3/ 0 .

1 00 C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E TR Y [C H . VII .
wh ose c en t re m o ve s al on
g Z O Z , an d
’
pa sses in t u r n th r ou g h
e ve ry p o i n t be t we e n (0 0 , ,
—c ) a n d + c) . The f c
su r a e
is t h e e l l ip soid, a n d is r e p r e s e n t e d in fi g “29 . The sec tior h

p p r
by a n y l a n e a a l l e l to a c o o r di n a t e l a n e i s a n e ll i pse p '
r
S i m i la l y , we m i g h t sh e w t h a t t h e su r a c e r e rese n t e d f p
q r
by e u a ti on (2) is g e n e a t e d by a va i a l e e ll i se r b p
k
—
2 2 2
x
-r
y—_
i z
- - — l it z
‘
) Z —IC
a l
Z
z c
,
wh o se c ent re m o ve s on
’
Z OZ, p assi n g in t u r n t h r ou g h
e ve ry p o i n t on it . Th e su rf c e
a is t h e h yp erbol oid of
’
one
I
sh e e t , a nd is rep r e se n e t d in fi g . 30 .T h e se c ti o n by an
y
p l an e p a r al l el to on e of th e coo r di n at e p l an e s YO Z o r
is a h y p e b ol a
r .
F IG 3 0
. . FI G . 31 .
Th e rfa c e gi ve n by e q u ti on (3 )
su a a l so
g e n e a e r td by a
va r i b l e e ll i p se wh ose c e n t r e m o ves e ll i se
'
a on Z OZ . The p
is g i ve n by 90 y k —1 2 2 2
2 2 2
a 0
D AME E R I T S A N D D I A M ET R A L P L A N E S 10 1
an d i m ag i n a ry i f
is h e nc e no p rt
a of the
s u rf a c e l i e s be t we e n t h e p l a ne s
'
z : —
l_c
_
-
.
The su rf ce a is th e h y p erbol o i d of t wo sh ee s t , a nd is
re p r e se n t e d in p al l l
fig 3 1 .Th e s e c ti o n by a n y l a n e
. p ar e
to o n e o f t h e c oo r di n t e p l n s YOZ Z O X i hy p b l a a e , s a er o a
If ( y ) is a
az ,
’
n
y p o i n t o n
'
o n e f th z s rf c e
’
o e se u a s,
—y —z ) is lso on it ; h n c e th e o r i g i n b i e c ts l l
,
’ ’
,
a e s a
c h or d o f th e s r f c e wh i ch pass t h r o g h it Th e o r i g i n is
s u a u .
t h o n ly o i n t wh i c h p o sesses t h i s p r o p e r ty a n d s c a ll d
e
p s , i e
t h e c ent T h e su rf c e s a e c ll e d t h c nt l coni oid

re . a r a e e ra c s .
65 . Diamet r al p l ane s and con u g at j e diame t e r s . An

e
q ua ti on of th e fo r m
aa
c
z -
by + 2
ce
2
1
a c en t r a l co n i c o id . Th e e q u ati on s to a ny l i ne
OX a re z z
n, a n d it m e e ts t h e su rfa c e in
l —bh z —c p 2
a
A u ,
) ;
an d h e n c e th e pl
YO Z bi se c ts a ll ch o r d s p ara l l el to O X
an e .
A n y c h o r d O f th e c o n i c o id wh i c h p a ss e s t h r ou g h th e c e n t r e
'
is a diame t er a n d th e p l a n e wh i c h bi se c t s a sy st e m o f
,
p a r a lle l ch o r d s is a diamet ral p l ane T hu s YO Z is t h e .
di a m e t r a l p l a n e wh i ch bi se c ts c h o r d s p a r a l l e l t o O X or ,
sh o r tl y is th e di a m e t r l p l n e of O X S i m i l r ly th
, a a . a , e
di m e t r l p l n es Z O X X O Y b i se c t c h o r d p a r all e l t o C Y
a a a ,
s
and O Z r esp e cti vely T h e th r e e di a m t r a l p l an es YOZ . e ,
Z O X X O Y a e s c h t h a t e a c h b i se c t s c h r d s p a r l l e l t o t h e
, r u o a
l i n e o f i n t e r e c ti o n o f th e o t h e r t wo s T h ey a c l le d . re a
conju g at e diamet T h e di m t e r s X O X Y OY Z O Z
' ’ ’
l p l anes ra . a e , ,
a e s ch th a t t h e pl n e t h r ou h t w o bi c t s c ho r d s
'
r u n a a se
g y
pa r a ll el to th e th i r d T h y c ll e d onj gat d i met e . e ar e a c u e a rs .
I f t h e a x e s a e r e c t n g l r t h e di m t r a l p l n r YOZ a u a ,
a e a es ,
Z O X XO Y , e t r i g h t a n g l es t t h
ar h o r d wh i h t h e y
a o e c s c
bi c t
se D i m t r al p l an
. a wh i ch t r i g h t n g l s to t h
e es a re a a e e
ch o r d s wh i c h t h ey b i e c t a e p i n ip l p l n Th e l i n f s r r c a a es . es o
i n t e r se c ti on o f p r i n c i p l p l n e s a e p ri n i p al axes H e n c a a r c . e
i f th e a x es e ec t n g l a t h q ati n a1 r + c2 = a u i e e u o
° 2
10 2 C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E TR Y [GEL V I I .
re p r ese n t ce n t r l con i c oid s a a f rr e d

re e to its p r i n c i p al a x es
a s c o o r di n a t e
”
x es a .
6 6 A l in e thr ou g h
.
g i ven p o i n t A (0L 6
y ) m eets a a , , ,
c en tr a l co n ico i d a x + by + 0 2
2 2 2=
1 i n P a n d Q ; to n al the
“
fi
l en g ths of A P a n d A Q .
I f l m n a r e th e di r e c ti on r a ti os of a l i n e t h r ou g h A t h e
, ,
-
,
c oo r din at es Of th e p oi n t on it wh o se di st an c e fr om A is r
a r e oc + l r , ,8 + mr y + nr , . If th i s p o i n t is on th e c on i c o id ,
r
2
( al
2
bm 2
en
?
) 2r (a o<l b,8 m c
yn )
—I = 0
.
.
()
1
Th i s e qu a ti on g i ves t wo va l u e s of r wh i c h a re th e
m ea su r es of A P a n d AQ .
Ex 1 I f O D is t h e di am e e t r p r ll l
a a e t o A PQ , A P A O O D 2 is
t t
. . .
c on s a n .
EX 2 . . I f D O D is
’
a ny di am e e tr of th e co n c o
‘
i id a nd CR and OR
’
— 243 2 '
2
di a me e s t r p r ll l t an d
32 83
2 t t
'
are th e a a e o AD AO ,
- is c on s a n .
2
'
Ex 3 I f AD AD m t ,
'
ee th e co n co i id a ga n i in E a nd E
’
,
E +
AD
t t
. .
'
is co n s a n .
AE AE
67 . T ang e nt s and t ang e nt p l ane s I f a a + 63 + .

2 2
1,
th e p o i n t A (0 L 8 y ) is o n th e c o n i c o id ; on e o f t h e
, , ,
va l u es
of r i ve n b t h e e q u a ti o n (1 ) o f § 6 6 is z e r o, a n d A co in
g y
c ide s with o n e o f th e po i n ts P or Q say P , .
I f, a l so ,
th e t wo va l u e s o f r g i v en by t h e e q ti on
ua ar e z er o , i . e . P
and Q c o i n c id e at th e p o i n t (on ,8 , , y ) on t he su r fa c e , a nd
th e l i n e A P Q is a t ang ent t o t h e c on i c o id at A . H e n c e if ,
A, (
on, ,8 y ) is
, a po in t on th e su rfa c e ,
th e co n diti on th a t t he
l in e 2 —7
W
“
l
sh ou l d be a tan gen t at A, is
ana l m c
y n 0 (3 )
If we i mi n at e l m n
el , , bet w een ( )
2 and we O bta i n
th e e q u a ti o n t o t h e l o c u s o f a ll th e ta n g e nt l i n es t h r o ug h
(on ,8 y ) v iz .
—a >
, , , ,
( x aa +c
C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [C H . VII .
EX 3 . . F i n d t h q ti e e ua o ns to the t an
gen t pl a n es to
2x 2 6g 2 + 3 z2 = 5
wh ich p ass th r ou
gh th e li ne x + 9g —3 z = 0 = 3 x 3 g + 6z ~ 5 .
A ns . 2x 1 2g + 9z = 5 , 42+ 6y + 3 2 = a
Ex 4 p ir
p e r p e n dic u l a I
A a ofa n en
g p a n e s t o th e t t l e ll i p i d
so
ti rd
. .
wh o s e e q u a o n , I s f e r e t o r e c ta n g u l a i a xe s , i s
p t r
a ss e s h ou g h t h e xe o n fi dp i t
(0 , 0 , t) S h e w h a h e ne . t t t ir li o f i t r
n e
sect io n li
es o n t h e c o n e
x
2
b2
( + c
2
£ 2) ( 0
2
+ 0
2
ic2) ( z t )2(a 2 + 52) = 0 .
EX 5 Ta ng e n t pl an e s are dr a wn t o th e c o n i idco + b
a v
. z
2
2
+ cz
t r pi t( 8 r th t t
. .
h ou g h t h e o n a , , , y) . P o ve a th e p e 1 p e n dic u l a r s t o h e m
2
f 1 om th e rigi g
o t n e n e ra e the co n e -
c
P r ove th t t ha p e 1 e c1 1 oca l o f th i s co n e is t h e c one
( ax
2
by 2
02
2
)( da
2
b8 2 + cy2 —1 ) bBy c
y )
z
2=
0,
an d h e n ce sh e w h a t th e t t an
gen t pl a ne s e n ve o lp e th e cone
( ax
2
+ by
2
cz
2
l ) (a a .
2
b,8 2 + 0 7 2 1) ( a cne -
l 618 9 + cyz
69 . Th e p ol a r p l ane . We n o w p r o ce e d to d e fi n e t h e
pl r
o a p of a o i n t w it h r e s p e c t to a c on i c o id a n d to fi n d its ,
eq ti n
ua o .
D fin i ti o n
e y c t . A P Q tIf
h r o u g h a g i ve n p o i n t A
an se an , , ,
m e e t s a co n i c o id in P a n d Q t h en t h e l o c u s o f R t h e h a r , ,
m on i c c o nju g a t e O f A w it h r e sp e c t to P an d Q is th e p ol ar ,
of A w it h r esp ec t t o t h e c o n i c o id .
FIG . 32
L et A, R fi
(g 3 2) be t h e poi nt s (on , B , y ), (g , and let
AP Q h a ve di r e cti on -
r a ti os l m , , n . Th e n t h e e q a ti ons
u to
APQ are
se —oc y
_
3
z
69 , 70 ] THE PO L A R P L A N E 10 5
a n d, a s in § 66, r
1 ,
r
, , t h e m e a su r es of A P a n d A O, a r e th e
r oo s o ft
r
2
(a l
2
bm 2
cn
2
) 2r (u ecl m c
y n )
I) : 0 .
L e t p be th e m e a su e o f A R r . Th e n ,
i c
s n e A P, A R, AQ a r e
in h a m o n i c r
o
g e ssi o n , pr r
2
2r 1 r 2 Ct OL
2
bB 2
cy 1
p
E ,
r r aa l m e
y n
An d fr om th e e u a ti o n s
q to th e l i n e
E— =l
p Ot , n
—y = n p ,
th e ref re o
(f -
b + —
B) fi (f v) r
c = - 1)
H e n c e th e l o c u s o f (f , n, is t h e pl ane
g i v en by
a a m+ bBy + c y z =
wh i c h is ca l le d t h e p o l ar p l ane o f (on B y ) , ,
.
Cor . I f A is o n t h e su rfa c e th e p ol a r p l a n e ,
of A is th e
ta n g e n t pl an e at A .
The t d t t h f i l d t ti th i m i l ri ty b t w th
s u en ca n n o a ve a e o no ce e s a e ee n e
eq tiua t rr p d i g l i i t h pl
o ns o co es di onp Th r i
n oc n e a n e an n s ac e e e s a
l gy b t w t h q ti t t h l i
.
l
c ose a na o e een d t h pl th
e e ua o ns o e ne an e an e , e
ci r l d t h ph r t h ll i p
c e an d th
e s ll i p i d t h t g t
e e, e e se an e e so e an en or
p l r d t h t g t pl p l r pl m pl f th i
,
o a an e an E en a ne or o a ane xa es o s
l gy wi ll t t ly r r d it i w ll t t th d m k
.
ana o con s a n ec u , an s e o no e ese an a e
us e o f th l gy id t r m m b r
e a na o f l r lt
as a n a o e e e u se u esu s .
70 . Pol ar l i ne sid e n t t h a t if th e p ol a r pl a n e o f
. It is ev
(CC B y ) p asses t h r o u g h (5 77 f) t h e n t h e p ol a r p l a n e
“
, , , , ,
of ( p a s ses t h r ou h (0L B H c i f h e p ol a r
5 77
S) , ,
g y) e n e t , ,
.
pl a n e o f a ny p oi n t o n a l i n e A B p asse s th r ou g h a l i ne PQ ,
t h e n th e p o l a r p l a n e o f a n y p o i n t o n PQ p a sses t h r o u g h
t h a t p oi n t o n A B an d t h e r e fo r e p a sse s th r ou g h A B T h e
,
.
l i n e s A B a n d P Q a r e t he n sa id to be p ol a r l i nes w it h r e sp e c t
to th e c on i c o id .
T h e p ol a r pl a n e o f B + m r
y + u r ) a n y p o i n t 0 11 , ,
th e l i n e
x_ a —
y B_ Z — y
l n
a owe n/ e
ye bm y on e ) 0 ,
10 6 COOR D I N ATE GE OM E TRY [OH . VI I .
a nd, e v id e n tly ,
f or a ll va l u es o f r , pa sses th r ou
g h t h e l ine
a ocx +
n + y c 2 —1
Th i s is t h er e for e th e p ol r a of th e l i n e
Ex 1 I f P, pl Q
g 2 , 22) are a ny (n, pi t
o n s, the plr
o a of
ith r p t t i
. .
, , ,
a x + bg + cz = l is g v e n by
2 2 2
PQ w es ec o
a rea
s, bgg l czz1 1, bga
/ 2 + 0 222 1
a xfcz .
(H e n ce if P a n d Q ar e o n t h e co n co i id
t h e o a of P Q is t h e pl r li n e of
i t r ti
n e sec o n o f th e t pl t Qa nge n a nes a t P a nd ) .
Ex 2 Pr th t th p l r f g i l i i t h
ov e a e o a o a ve n ne s e ch o rd o f c on a c t t
t g t pl t h r gh t h l i
. .
of t h e t wo an en a n es ou e ne .
Ex 3 . . F i d th q ti t th p l r f t h l i
n e e ua on s o e o a o e ne
—2x = 253/ 1 = 22
it r p t
w h e s e c t o t h e co n c o 222 i id t t tm t
r
P o ve h a i ee s
i id
the c on co i n t wo ea o n s P a nd r lpi t Q an d ve ri t t t g t
fy h a t h e an en
Qp t r i li
,
pla n e s at P a n d ass h o u g h t h e g ve n ne .
g _ y+ 1 z +1
1
Ex 4 F i nd
t h e o c u s of s a gh l t r i t l i d r w t h r gh fi ne s a n ou a xe d
pi t ri t l th i r p l r with r p t
. .
o n
ax + b
(a ,
2
,
2=
y ) at g h B
ang es t o
r t l r
e o a s es ec to
( e c a n g u a a xes)
2
g + cz l .
A ns . Si
x —OL c ) b
—l
0,
Ex 5. r th t l i. P o ve a ne s
2
thr 2
o u gh
2
(at , B , 7) at r i gh t a n g es l to th i r
e
p l r with r p t t
o a s es ec o
a
x
b
g
55
z
:
27)
1 g e ne rt a e th e co ne
(g —B ) (ocz
Wh t i a s th e p ec u l i r ity f th
a wh o e ca s e en a = h?
Ex 6. . F i nd th e co n d iti th t th l i on s a e n es
x —a —B_ x —a — —
B
’ ’
g z
—s
y g z
y
l l
’
n n
sh o u l d b p l r w ith r p t t
e o a es ec o th e c o n co i id
A ns Ea a l = 0 , Eu d l = 0, 2a l l = 0
' ’ ’
. .
F i nd d iti on th t li 2 ” B ld
Ex 7. . the co n
_
a
’
th e ne
7 k
,
m
sh o u
i t r t th p l r
n e se c e o a of th e li ne
x oL
3/ 2
Y w h it r p t t
es ec o the
i i d + bg
co n c o ar .
2 2
0 2
2
1 .
l
,
m
(a a l bBm bB m
’
A ns
' ' '
. c
y n )
(a l l
’
bmm
’
bB B ’
c
yy
'
Ex 8 th t if A B i t r t P r o ve a n e sec s th e pl r o a of t
PQ , h e n P Q i trn e
t t h p l r f A B (A B d PQ
. .
se c s e o a o an a re th e n sa id t o be j
c on u g a e t wi t h
r p t t th i id )
.
es ec o e c o n co .
1 08 O
C O RD NA T E I G E OM E T R Y [C H . vn .
Ex 7 F i nd th e l ocu s of ce n tr es of s ec ti o ns of
2
ax + bg 2 + cz2 = I
i t
. .
wh ch ou c h Bg
2 2
our + 1 .
“
2 2
A ns . by2 cz ) 0
7
72 L ocu s of mid p oint s of

.
-
a syst em
p ar al l e l ch ordsof .
I t follo ws f om e u a ti on s (1 ) r q a n d (2) o f
§ 7 1 t h a t t h e m id
p o i n t s o f c h o r d s wh i c h are p r all el
a to a fi x e d l i ne
as
g 2
l m u
lie in th e pl ane a l as bm y on e 0 .
Th i s is t h e re fo re th e di a m e tr al p l an e wh i c h bi s e c ts th e
pa r al l e l ch or d s (fi g .
FIG . 34
.
C om pr
a e th e e q u a ti ont o th e l oc u s of t h e m id -
pi t
o n s of p r ll l
a a e
c ho rd s of th e e ll i p se
2
aa + b
2=
y
Ex 1 Fi nd th e l oc u s o f th e m id—o p i t f h rdn s o c o s of f th e i
co n co id
ihp t r p i t (f g h)
. .
2=
ax
2
+ bg +
2
cz 1 wh c ass h o ugh t h e o n , ,
.
A ns . dx x —
( f) n /
+ —g + cz z
) ( h) 0 .
Ex 2 Pr th t t h
o ve a e m id o n -
pi t s of ch o rd 2
s of ax + b
2
g + cz
2=
1
i p r ll l t m= o t r
. .
2= 2
wh ch a r e a a e o and ou c h x
2
+g
2
+ z r l ie o n t h e su face
2 2 2
bg (bv
2
.
2
b3/ 2
br 2
) c2 ca: ( bg 2
02
2
cr ) O.
73 Th e l ocu s of t h e t ang e nt s dr awn fr om a g ive n

. .
p oint W h e n t.h e se c a n t A P Q ( g fi b e c o m e s a t a n
gen t ,
.
,
P Q R c o i n c id e a t th e p o i n t o f c o n t a c t a n d h e n c e t h e p o i n t s
, , ,
of c o n ta c t o f a ll th e t a n g en ts fr om A lie on th e p ol a r p l a n e
of A , an d t h e r e fo r e on th e co n i c in wh i c h t h a t pl a n e c u ts th e
su r f ce
a . Th e l o c u s of th e tan g en ts fr om A is t h e r e fo r e th e
con e
g ene a e r t d by l i n es wh i ch pa ss t h r o u gh A a n d i n t e r se c t
73 ] T HE E N V E L P I N G C N E O O 109
th e c on i c in wh i c h th e p o la r pl a n e o f A c u ts th e c o n i c o id .
T h i s c on e is t h e enve l op ing c one w h os e v e r t e x is A We .
m ay fi n d its e q u a ti o n a s fo l lo ws : I f A is (on B y ) a nd t h e , , ,
l i n e A P Q wh ose , e qu a ti o ns a re
w—a —
y B Z —v
l m n
me e t s th e su r a ef c in c oi n c id en t p o i n ts , th e equ a ti on (1 ) of
3 6 ha s e qu a l r oo t s a n d t h r e f o r
,
e e
( l + bm + cn bB + cy
2 2 2 2
)(
2 2
d da 1)
(d ot l m c
yn)
2
.
(1 )
Th e l o c u s of A PQ is t h e r e fo r e th e c on wh ose e q u ti on e a is
[a c - a m be c) c<
z y > 11a oc + t a
m 2
1 1
f ?
[w e a ) bee c) e
ye er .
If S s ax
2
+ by + cz
2 2
1, SI 5 a oc
2
+ bB + c y
2 2
1,
and P z a oc w+ bBy + c y z —1 ,
th i s e
q ua ti on m a y be w r itt en
2 2
(3 2p s,) sl (P s,) , i . e . 3 81 P , or
+ by + c2
2 2
(a x
2
bBy e
y e
Com a p r th q ti t
e e e ua on o the p ir a of t a ng e n s t fr om th e p i t ( B)
o n a ,
to t he e ll i p + bg = 1
se a r
2 2
.
Ex 1 Fi d th l n e oc us o f p i t f r m wh i h t h r
o n s o c eem u ua y p er t ll
t g t li
. .
p e ndicu l ar an en nes c a n b dr w t th
e rf
a n o e su ac e
2
ax + b
2
g + cz
2=
1 .
A ns .
Ex 2 i d r w f r m th Ltr nes a n o e ce n e o f a ce n tr la co n c o i i d p r ll l a a e
r t r f th l pi g rt rt
. .
t th g
o e e ne a o s o e e n ve o n c o ne wh o se ve e x is A g e ne a e a
co ne wh i h i t r t th c i id i n e se c s e co n co n t wo c o n cs wh o s e i pl a n es are
p r ll l t t h p l r pl
a a e f A
o e o a ane o .
EX 3 T h r gh fi d p i t (I ou a xe o n t, 0, 0) p ira s of p rp d i l r
e en cu a
t g t li Sh w th t
. .
an en d r w t th rf
n e s are a n o e su ace e a
th ple t h r gh y p i r t h t h
a ne ou an a ou c es e co n
( —i
v )
se 2
fi
Ex 4 Th e pl ane z = a t
me e s a n y e n ve o ng l pi co n e of
t he s ph r
e e
i i pi t
. .
x2 + g + z2 = a 2 in
2
a co n c wh ch h as a f oc us a t t h e o n (0 , 0 , a ) .
Ex 5 F i nd the l
oc u s of a l um no u si p i t if
o n th e e ll i p i dso
t ir l r t h pl
. .
1 ca s s a c cu a sh a d o w 0 11 e an e
2 2
2 x z
A ns x = 0, 0,
”
.
b
,
g :
a
2
1 10 C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E TRY [c a vn .
Ex 6 I f S = 0 , n = 0 v = 0 a re th e e q u a o n s t o a c on co a n d t wo ti i id
pl pr t t r r t i id i p
. . ,
a n es, o ve h a S + Au v = 0 e p e se n s a c o n c o wh c h a sses
t r i i
h o u g h t h e c o n cs in w h c h t h e g ve n i pl
a n e s c u t t h e g ve n con c o , i i id
and n ei t rpr t
e t h e e q u a o ti
n 8 A u
2
0 .
Ex 7 Pr th t if t r ig h t l i h th r p i t
o ve a a s i id
a ne as ee o n s o n a c o n co ,
it l i wh ll y i id
. .
es o th on e c o n co .
(T h q
e e ti ua § 66
on i i d tity ) ,
s an en .
EX 8 A i id p c on c o th r gh g i p i t A d t h
a sses ou a ve n o n an ou c es a
i i i p i t i i
. .
g ve n co n co d S t l l af th a i wh h i t i m t by t h
o n s o e co n c n c s e e
p l r pl
o a f A
an e o Pr th t l l th t g t f r m A t S li it
o ve a a e an en s o o e on
q ti t t h rt i A
. .
H e n ce fi d thn e e ua I pi g
on f S wh o e e n ve O n c on e o os e ve ex s .
Ex 9 Th ti e f th
se c l p g
on f th
o ll i p i d
e e nv e o In co n e o e e so
r t i P by t h pl i (i )
. .
wh os e ve ex s e ane s a
p r b l (ii) r t g l r h yp rb l F i d th l
a a o a, a ec a n u a f P e o a . n e oc us o
2 2 2
A ns i( ) t ( 0
. 2 :
:
+ 3/
c, — 1
1;
5
Z
74 Th e l ocu s of t h e tang e nt s which ar e p ar all e l t o

.
a g ive n l ine S u pp ose t h a t P Q is a n y c h o r d a n d th a t M is

.
it s m id p o i n t
-
T h e n i f th e l i n e PQ m o ve s p ar all e l t o it se l f
.
ti l l it m e e t s th e su rfac e in c o i n c id en t p oi n ts it b e c om e s a ,
t a n ge n t a n d M c o i n c i de s with th e p o i nt o f c on t a c t T h e r e .
fo r e th e po int of con t a c t o f a t ang en t wh i ch is para llel
FI G . 35.
to i ve n l i n e l i es o n t h e di a m e t r a l p l an e wh i c h bi se c t s a ll
g
ch o r d s p a r a ll el to th e l i n e T h i s p l a n e c u ts th e su rfa c e in .
a c o n i c a n d t h e l o c u s o f t h e t a n e n t s p a r a ll e l t o t h e i ve n
,
g g
l i n e is t h e r e f o r e t h e c yl i n d e r g e n e r a t e d by th e p ar al l e l s to
th e g i ve n l i n e wh i c h p a ss t h r o u gh th e c on i c .
112 C OOR D I N A T E G E OM E T R Y [C H . V1 1 .
th a t i s, th e d i r e c ti on c osi n -
e s of th e ou t wa r d d r a wn -
n or m a l
2
7
4
2
?
if wh e r e p is t h e p e r pen di cu l
’ ' ’
at (ao , y, z ) are , ar
fr o m th e c n t r e e t o th e t an g e n t pl an e at th p o i n t
. Th e
e .
e q u a ti on s t o t h rm t h e r fo r e
’ ’
al at z ) ar e e
e no y ,
I — I z —z
I
L
IZ y y T ) .
10 90 9
1 3/ 292
2
a
2
6
EX 1 . I f th e no rm l a at Pm t ee s th e pr i i p l pl nc a anes in G1 , G2, G3 ,
th t
.
sh e w a
P G] : PG 2 : P G3 = a
2
: 6 2
: 0
2
Pu tti g O f x i
n or n th e e q ua ti o ns t o th e no rm l a ,
we ob a n ti
2
(
r = PG L , e tc
1
.
Ex 2 . . I f P G1 + 2 2
P G2 + P G3 2=
102, fi n d t h e l o c u s of P .
A ns T h e r
. f i t r ti cu ve o n e se c on of the gi ve n e ll i p i d so a nd t he
+12
2 2
x 2
ell p md
i s
5 b E
’
4 4 4
+b+ 2 4 4
1 a c
Ex 3 F i d t h l g th f t h n e en o e no rm l a ch o r d th r ou g h P, an d p r o ve
th t if it i q l t 4 PG P l i
. .
a s e ua o
3, es o n th e con e
2 2
x
5
1
2 ? =0
(
2 ?
20 a ) + 3 (20 b) +
El
.
6
a
A ns .
Ex 4 T h e n o ma r l a t a vari bl p i t P m t th pl a e o n ee s e an e X O Y in
dr r ll l t O Z d q l t A P P r t t
. .
A , a n d A Q is a wn
pa a e o an e ua o o ve h a th e
i
.
l
o c us of is g ve n by Q 2 z 2
x y 3
a
2 —ez + b2’
F i nd t h e oc us l of R if O R is dr aw n f r om t he c en tr q l e e ua and
p r ll l
a a e to A P . Aa s . a h ? "
N? 2
0
4
.
Ex 5 I f th e n o ma s a t P r l an d Q p int o s on th e e ll i p i d i t r t
so n e s ec
ri t p l r w ith r p t t ll i p i d
. .
,
l
, ,
PQ is at g h a ng e s t o i t s o a es ec o th e e so .
76 . Th e nor mal s fr om a g ive n p oint . I f th e n r m l o a
at (
as ,
’
y
’
,
z
’
) p asse t h r s ou
g h a
g i ven p i nt (o or , 8 y)
, , ,
t h en
oc —ao B —y ’ ’
— I Z
y
z
y
6 2
0
2
an d if ea ch of th ese fr c ti on s is e q u a l to A
a ,
“
z
a ot
y
6
+>
”
a
2
a
75, 76 ] THE N O R M AL S 113
Th e r e fore s i n c ,
e ( x
’
, y
’
,
z
’
) is on th e ell i p so id ,
2 2 2 2
a a C
V
Th i s q a ti on g i v s s ix va l u es f A to c h o f wh i ch
e u e o , ea
c o rr esp on d s p o i n t (x y a a n d t h e r e fo r e t h e r e a e
’
,
’
, r
si x p o i n t s o n t h e e ll i p so id th e n o r m a ls t wh i c h p a ss a
th r ou g h (or 8 y ) , , ,
.
E X 1. Pr . th t q ti (3 ) gi
o ve t l t tw r l l
a e ua f A on ves a ea s o ea va u es o ,
(I f H A) i s
ne a
g ti w h
ve A — en 6 d i p iti
:
wh a
‘
a
2
,
-
0
2
, an s os ve en : co
EX 2 P . th t f r r m l t th ll i p i d p th r gh y
r o ve a ou no a s o e e so a ss ou an
p i t f th r f i t r ti f th ll i p i d d t h i id
.
o n o e cu ve o n e sec on o e e so an e co n c o
w ) x
z
)
z
( 6) 50
2
a
? z
a a
2 2 2 2
0
2 z
c a
I t f oll o ws fr om qu ti on s (1 ) th a t th e fe et o f th n o r ma ls
e a e
fr om (on 8 y ) to th e l li p so id l ie o n th th r ee cyl in d e r s
, , . e e
bz<
B
z
0
2
w(v —w) ,
y<
— y> a
2
a .
C mp r t h
o a e q ti t th r t g l r h yp rb l t h r gh th
e e ua on o e ec a n u a e o a ou e
2 2
f t f th r m l f r m th p i t ( B) t th ll i p 2+ f—
ee o e no a s o
Z 1 e o n or, o e e se 7
2 2
.
T h es e c y l i nd e r s h a ve a c o m m o n c u r ve o f i n t e r s e c ti on ,
a n d e qu a ti on s (2) e x p ess th e c oo r di n a t es o f a n p o i n t r
on
y
it in t e r m s of a p r a m e t e r k T h e p o i n ts wh e r e th e c u r ve
a .
m ee ts a g i ven pl an e
ob B wc y
‘
fi Z z
n a oc f
are
g i ve n by d O
C +>
2
x
an d a s t h i s d e t e r m i n es th r ee va lu e s o f k th e p la ne m e e t s ,
th e c u r ve in t h r e e p o i n t s a n d th e c u r ve is t h e r e fo r e a ,
c u bi c cu r ve Th e f ee t o f th e n o r m a l s f ro m 0L 8 y ) to t h e
.
”
, , ,
e l l i p so id a r e t h e r e f o r e t h e s ix p o i n t s o f i n t erse c ti o n o f
t h e e ll i p so id a n d a c e r t a i n c u b i c c u r ve .
I f t h e n o r m a l a t (w y z ) p asses t h r ou g h (0 L ,8 y ) a n d
’ ' ’
, , , ,
ha s di r e c ti on c os i n e s l m n -
, , ,
p L
’
2
a + 7\
l [4
.
C OOR D I N A T E G E O M E TR Y (C H . VI I .
an d t h e r e f or e
(b c
2
)+ (
c
2 [ 2_
(1 ) —0
2
.
l
Th i s sh e ws t h a t th e r m a l wh ose e qu ti ons a
no a re
w—a —
y B z — v
l m n
is a g e n e r a or o f t th e c on e
(b b)_
2
‘
3
oc
x — a —
y B z —y O .
He n c e th e six no r m a ls f r om (or , B , y) lie on a c on e of th e

se o nc d d eg r e e .
Ex 3 I f P is t h e o n (or, , y), pi t B pr th t th l i
o ve a e ne PO , t h e
p r ll l t r p rp d i l r f r m
. .
a a e s h o u gh P t o th e a xes , a n d t h e e en cu a o P t o it s
p l r pl
o a a ne , l ie o n t h e c o n e .
Ex 4 . . S h e w th a t the c u b c cu i r li
ve es o n the co n e .
Ex 5 P r th t t h
o ve a e t
f ee o f t h e s ix n o m al s f o m r r (or B , y) lie on
r f i t r ti ll i p i d
. .
,
th e o f the e a nd t h e c o n e
’
cu ve o n e se c on so
2_ 2 z
b2(c2 _ ) B+ (
2 2 2_
a
2
(b c o
) a c a b2) y
=0
.
+ ’
y
Ex 6 r t r f th wh i h
Th e g e ne t i t h rm l a o s o e co n e c c on a n s e no a s
i pi tt ll i p i d t righ t t th i r p l r
.
r gl
.
f om a g ve n o n o an e so ar e a an es o e o a s
it r p t t t h ll i p i d
w h es ec o e e so .
Ex 7 A i fi dpi t dP r i bl p i t h th t it
s a xe o n an a va a e o n s uc a s
p l r pl i t r i gh t g l t A P Sh w th t th l
. .
o a an e s a f P i th an es o e a e ocu s o s e
bi r th r gh th f t f th rm l f r m A
.
cu c cu ve ou e ee o e no a s o .
Ex 8 If P Q R P Q R th f t o f th i n rm l fr m
' ’ ’
,
a re e ee e s x o a s o
p i t t th ll i p i d d t h pl PQ R i g i by Z + my + = p
. .
, , ,
a o n o e e so an e ane s ve n x nz
th th pl P Q R i g i by
, ,
’ ’ ’
en e a ne s ve n
x
z
i 1
a l
(I f P
’
Q
’
R is g
’
i ve n by e q u a ti on (3 ) o f §76 is t h e
s a me a s
s
>
<
z
l m 5 b Bm
'
2 2
l
’ ’
a a z
0 02 a a c
yn
'
Ex 9 . . I f A, A
’
ar e th e pl o es o f th e pl a n es PQ R ,
AA
’ Z —O A 2
77Conjug at e diamet e r s and conjug at e diame t r al

.
pl ane s of t h e e llip soid I f th e e u a ti o n t o th e e l l i so id

q p .
1 16 C OOR D I NA T E GE OM E T R Y c H . VI I .
l i n es r e fe rr e d to re c ta ng u l a r a xes . The r e fo r e , as in § ,
5 3
we de d u ce ,
2 2 2 2
90 1 902 973 00 : yl z
l
0»
91 y 2
2
b g
,
2 33
1 1
2 1 99
2 2
Z w
g 3
O ,
2
1
2
+ 22
2
+ 2
3
2
0
2
5 wi yl + x29 2 + w3 9 3 = 0 5
£6 2 (y3 2 —2 y )
e tc e tc
1 3 1
i ;
5
. . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 , 0 0 0 0
90
1 , yl ,
2
1
——
1_a bc .
x2, Z
2
x3 , 93 ,
23
If th e a x es to wh i ch the e ll i pso id is f
r e er r e d ar e
re cta n g u la r e q u a ti on s (C ) g i ve
,
’
, on a ddi n
g ,
H e n c e th e q ua r e s on ny th r ee conj u gate
su m of th e s a
s e m i di a m t e r s is c o n st n t
-
e F r m th l st e q ti on we a . o e a ua
d e d c t h a t th e vo l m e o f th p r l l e l e p i p e d wh i c h ha s
u e u e a a
O P O Q O R fo
,
c ot r m i n ou s d g e s is c on st n t n d e qu al
, r e e a a
t o a bc Ag a i n if A A A a e th e a r s Q O R RO P P O Q
.
, I , 2, 3
r ea , ,
and l mm a , , 2 a e th
r ,
di r c ti n co si n s o f th e ,
r e e o -
e
n o r m l s to th e p l n s Q O R R O P PO Q p r oj e c ti n
a a A o n th e
e
g , , ,
1
l a n e m= 0 w e o b t a i n
p ,
s i m i l ar ly m A n A =+
, 1 1
l 2A2 _ , m 2A2
2a 26
bcx3
m 3 A3 —+
ca
_ y3 _
l A “
+ ’ ’ 72 A _
3 3
°
2a 2b 20
‘
*
T h e r e fo r e ,
s q a r i ng a n d ddi ng
u a , we ha ve by , (C
(bW l
2 2 2
A1 2
A 2
A3 z
- 2
0 a
?
(L 5 ) .
77] C NJOU GA T E D A M E T ER S —E X A M PL E S
I 117
Ex 1 . . F i d th q ti
n e e ua on t o t he pl a ne PQ R .
I f th e e q ti i
ua on s =
p, th en lx
l x 2 + my2 + nz2 =p , la 3 + my3 + n z3 = p
Mu l ti ply by xl , x 2 , x3 r p ti l y
es ec ve a nd a dd th en by (o )
’
la ? 33 2 et c .
Th e r q i r d q ti
e u e e ua on is th r f r e e o e
2
1
Ex 2 Sh e w th a t th e pl a ne PQ R t o u c h es the ll i p i d “ e so 1-
-
t r i d f th t gl
. .
2
3
at th e c e n o o e 1 1a n e PQ R .
EX 3 . . Pr th t t h p l
o ve a e o e of t he pl an e PQ R l i th ll i p i d es on e e so
EX 4 The l oc u s o f t h e fo o t of th e p rp d i l r fr m t h
e en cu a o e ce n tr e
t t pl t r t r m iti f th r j g t mi di tr
. .
o he a ne h a me e s
gh t h e ee co n u
ou ex e a e se -
es o
is a 2a ~+ b2y2
EX . 5 r
P o ve h a t h e s u m t t of th e s q ua r es of th e pr j ti o ec o ns of
i li ii t t
.
O P, O Q , O R, ( ) o n a ny n e , ( ) o n a ny pl ane, is co n s a n .
Ex . 6 . She w th t a y t wo
an se s t of c o n u ga e j t dia m e t e 1 s lie on a
c o ne o f th e s ec o n dd r e g ee (C f . . 5 9, E x .
Ex . 7 . She w th t a a ny t wo se s t of con u j ga e t di am e t r l pla a ne s
tou ch a con e o f th e seco n d d gr e ee .

(A ppl y 6 1, Ex .
EX I f t h e a xe s a r e e c a n g u a
8 r t l r fi nd t h e l ocus of th e e qual
t di tr ll i p i d
. .
,
c o nj u g a e am e e s o f th e e so 1 .
l t
I f 2 is t h e e n g h o f o n e o f t h e e q u a
'
l co n u g a e j t di a m e e s,tr
m3 2
'
an d 2
11
1
wh e r l m
e , n a re th e d i r ti ec o n - co s n es i T h e r e fo r e th e di ame e t ri s a
r t r f th
,
.
ge ne a o o e c on e
2
+ 1 —_
2 2 2 2
Q 6 c 64 + bz + c2
—6
2
2 2 2
) l 62 2_ 2 £ 2_ 2 —b2 —0
2( 2( ) + 2 (2c
2a c + 2 c a a .
a b c
Ex 9. . Sh e w th t a th e pl a ne th r ou
gh a p ir a of e q ua l co n u j ga t e
di a me e str t o u ch e s th e co ne Y
b‘ 5
0 )
Ex 1 0 I f A, v a re t he a ng e s l t
be we e n a se t o f e q ua l j
c o n u ga e t
di tr
. .
a m e e s, ‘
3S (bz
1
2
co s i ) -l- co s 2
u
,
. + cc s v
EX 1 1 I f O P, O Q O R a l e e q ua co n j u g a e d iznn e t e i s , a nd S is
. l t '
pl pl p
. ,
th e e of the a n e P Q R , t h e t e t i a h e ch o n S P Q R h a s a n t h of
o y a
Opp t d
o si e e g e s a t gh a ng e s ri t l .
1 18 C OOR D I N A T E GE OM E TR Y [C H . VII .
Ex 1 2 I f O P, O Q , O R a r e j
c o n u ga e t di m t r a e e s a nd
393 ;
t i r pr ti gi li
. .
he oj e c o ns o n two -
n e s , z) 1 7z1 -I 0 27r + 0 7:
-
a ny ve n f
713 7 3 ar e ] 23 3
»
2
t t
, ,
is c o ns a n .
Ex 1 3 I f, h o u gh a g v e n o t rp i t h rd d w p r ll l t i n ,
c o s a r e _ ra n a a e o
q r f th r ti f t h r p ti
. .
O P, O Q , O R , t h e s u m o f t h e s u a es o e a os o e es ec ve
ch o rd
s t o O P, O Q , O R is c o n s a n t t .
Ex 1 4 . . Th l f th p i t f i t r
e o c us ti f th r t g t
o e o n o n e sec on o ee an en
2 2 2
pl a n es to
'
c
+
3—
% g é— + =l w h i h
z
p r-
l l l t j g t
,
d i m t r l c ar e a a e o co n u a e a e a
2 z 2 2
2 2 52 2
pl a nes o f
x 2
1, 1s
x
E
+
y
§+
2 a
+ 4+
c
Wh t d a o es th is
B 3 2 7
F
°
7 2
01
7
th r eo e m beco m e wh e n cz = . 8
,
= '
y l
‘
Ex 1 5 Sh e w th t a c on u j ga e t di am e e s tr sa ti sf
y th e co n d iti on of
t li
. .
Ex 8, . 70 , f or co n u j ga e ne s .
S i n c e th e pl ane PO Q , (fi g b i se ct s a ll ch o r d s of th e
c on i co id wh i c h are p r a a ll e l t o O R , th e l i n e O Q bi se c ts a ll
ch o r d s of th e c on i c R O Q wh i c h a p r al l e l to O R S i m i l r ly re a . a
O R b i s c ts a ll c h o r d s f t h e c on i c w h i h
e pa r a l l el to O Q ; o c a re
a n d t h e r e fo r e O R a n d O Q a e c o nj g t e di a m e t e r s o f t h e r u a
e ll i p se R O Q B u t Q is ny p o i n t n t h e e l l i p s ; t h r e f r e
. a o e e o
OP nd n a
y p i f c o nja
g t e di m e t e r s
a rf t h e e ll i p se in
o u a a o
wh i c h th e di am e t r l p l a n o f O P c u t s th e e l l i p so id a e a e r
c o nj g a t e di am e te r s o f t h e l l i p o id
u e s .
2 2 2
ll i p i d pi t
.
EX 1 6 . . P is 1 d 2
a ny d o n on the e so an a an
are th pr i ip l e f th ti f th ll i p i d by th d i m t r l
nc a a xe s o e se c on o e e so e a e a
pl f OP
ane o Pr th t O P +6 8 d th t Bp = b
o ve a
2z
a
z 2
0
2
(L
2 2
an a a a c,
wh r p i t h p rp d i l r f r m O t t h t g t pl
.
, ,
e e s e e at P en cu a o o e an en an e
EX 17 If 2. d . t h pr i ip l f th s ti
01 anf th are e nc a a xe s o e ec on o e
ll i p i d by th pl pr th t
.
e so e an e o ve a
8 (6 ) Z 6 ( m 1
b) 2
a
2 2
0
2 2
?
2
0
2
0
2 g z
n 2
a ” 627722 2
0 71
2
Z
(Z m2 72
2
)
a
s a
i !
l 6 2
771
2 2 2
0 72
EX 1 8 . . I f P, (30 1 , 3
1 ) is a p i t th ll i p i d
o n on e e so an d 7 1,
7
1
72 , (2) are e x t r m itie es of th e pr i i p l f th
nc a a x es o e sec ti on of the
el li p s0 1 d by t h e d i m t r l pl
a e a a ne o f O P pr th t ,
o ve a
7 17 2
7 7 { 1 62
—
Z
2 l = 0_
(b 2
) + (a
g
'
a
1
1 20 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [c a VII .
T he t a n ge n t plan e at (w
’
, y
'
,
z
’
) h as f o r it s e qu a ti on
’ ’
byy
’
a xx ez z O .
T he pl a ne lx + m y + n z = O t ou c h e s t h e c on e i f
z
/a + 71t /b /c
z 2
l n
r
O .
Th e -
pol r pl a ane of P, (0L 8, , , y ) is

g i v e n by
u -l
occ — bBy l C y z -- :
Th e se c ti o n w h o se c en t r e is a t (on , 8 y ) h as t h e
, , e qu a ti o n
(w —wa
y
: - 0
Th e di a m e t r a l pl ane of th e l i n e is
a l so bm y 0 71 2 O .
t an g en t s d r a wn fr om P (on 8 y ) is t h e
~
Th e l o cu s of th e , , , ,
pa i r o f tan g e n t pl a n es wh ose l i n e of i n te r se cti on is O P .
Th ey ar e g i ve n by
(owe by
2 2
(CHI
?
66 9
C
y (a ocx bBy
Th e di a m e t r a l pla ne of OP is a l so th e p ol a r p l an e of P
F IG . 37 .
C onjugat e diamet ers . L e t O P O Q O R (fi g any th e e

, , ,
. r
c o nj u g at e di a m et e r s o f t h e c on e m ee t a n y l a n e in P Q R , p , ,
.
The pl ane m ee t s t h e c on e in a co n i c ,
an d Q R is t h e l o cu s
of th e h a m o ni c r j c on u g a e s o f t P w it h r p es e c t to t h e o ints p
in w h i c h a n y se c a n t t h r o u g h P c u t s t h e c o n i c ; i e Q R is t h e . .
p ol a r o f P with r e sp e c t t o t h e c on i c S i m i l a r ly RP a n d PQ .
,
a r e th e p o l a r s o f Q a n d R a n d t h e r e fo r e t h e t r i an g l e P Q R
'
is se l f p o l a r wit h r esp e c t to t h e c on i c
- C o n ve r sel y i f PQ R .
,
§ 78] r no r nn r m s o r T H E CO N E
'
1 21
is a ny t r i a ng l e se l f - p o la r wit h r p t to es ec th e co ni c in wh i c h
t he pl an e PQ R c u t s t h e c o n e O P O Q O R a r e c onj u g a t e , , ,
di am e te r s o f th e c o n e F o r th e p o l a r p l a n e o f P pa sse s
.
t h r ou g h th e l i n e Q R a n d t h r o u g h t h e ve r t e x , and t h e r e fo r e
OQR is t h e p ol r p a la n e o f P o r t h e di a m e t r a l ,
pl n e a of O P ;
an d s i m i l r ly O R Pa , , O PQ are th e di a m e t r al pl n a es of OQ
and OR .
EX 1 l
T h e o c u s o f t h e a sy m o p t ti l i c ne s dr a wn f r om O t o th e
i id t ti
. .
2=
co n c o 2
ax + b
2
y + 02 1 is t h e a symp o c c one
Ex 2 . . T h e h y p e bo r l id o s
2 2-
/a /6,
e 2
x 1 fi l
ha ve th e sa me a sy m p t ti o c con e D r aw a i r
f gu e s h e w ng i th e c o n e a nd
p rb l i d
.
th e t wo h y e o o s .
Ex 3 Th ti f
e sec on o hy a p rb l i d by pl
e o o a a ne wh i c h is p r ll l
a a e
t t pl p t ti
. .
to a an
ge n f th
a ne o e asy m i pr
o c co n e s a a a bo a l .
EX 4 . . If pl th r
a ane ou gh t h r i g i t th
e o n cu s e co n e s
z
ou c + j 8y + yfl =
2
in li ne s Wh i ch f o r m a r
h a mo n i pc e nc i l it t
,
o u ch e s the c o ne
0 °
ll wi
F or th e fo o ng e x a m pl es th e a xe s a r e r t ec a n g u a l r .
EX 5 Pl a ne s wh ch i cu t in p rp d i l r
e en cu a
rtr t h
. .
ge ne a o s ou c 2
71
.
b c c a a b
Ex 6 T he li ne s of i t r ti f p ir
n e secf t on o a s o a ng e n t pl a ne s to
t h l g p rp d i l r g rtr
. .
fi=
ax
2
b 3
+ y + cz 0 wh i c h o uc a on e en cu a e ne a o s lie on
th e co n e
a
2
(b+ C) l .
' 2
b2<
c+ 0
2
( Ct b) 3 2 = 0 .
Ex 7 Pe rp d i l r t
en cu a an
g en t pl a nes to ax
2
b 2
+ y +0 2
2=
0 i n t e r sec t
rtr
. .
in ge n e a o s of th e c o ne
+ c (d +
EX 8 I f t h e co n e A J J 2 + pa sses
th r t r f t h ll i p i d t di
. .
s e t o f c o n j u ga e a me
ou
gh a e s o e e so
+ y /b 1 th A é E t () 0 ‘
3 2
,
en a
’
z
'
c
2
.
Ex 9 I f th r j g t di m t r f ee ll i p i d m t th
co n u a e a e e s o an e so ee e
d i r t r ph r i P Q R t h pl
. .
ec o s e e PQ R tn h h ll i p i d
, , ,
e an e o uc es t e e so .
Ex 10 . F i d th q ti t th r m l pl (i t r i gh t g l
. n e e ua on o e no a a ne e a an es
t th t t = O wh i h th r gh
.
pl
.
z 2
o e
g an ) f t h en I by + ane
p o e co n e a x -
2
02 c asse s ou
th g e r t r /l = 3/ /m = /
e ne a o x
A
(b ) z n .
ns
v c c
.
l
1 22 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E T R Y [ c m vu .
EX 11 L i ne s dr a wn th r
o u h th e o
g g n at g a ng es ri i ri h t l to no rm l a
rt
.
pl
.
2 2 z=
an e s o f the co n e a x + by + cz 0 e n e a e t h e cone
g
“
Sb d
2
,
y
+ By + y z =O
2 2 2
Ex 1 2 I f t h e t wo co nes m h a ve
t t r t ll p rp d i l r g r t r
. .
e ac h se s o f h ee m u ua y e en cu a e ne a o s, a n
y t wo pl a nes
i p
wh ch ass h ou gh h e f o u t r t i r r mm g r t r co on e n e a o s are a t r I g h t a ng e s l .
T HE PAR A OL O I D S B .
79 . Th e l ocu s of th e e quat ion

? 2
y 2 x
2
y 22
11 )
5
"
2
7
a ; 5s
2 2
c
Th eq u ati on (1 ) r e p r esen ts th e
e su r a e f c g e ne a e r td by th e
2
x 27 a
va r i bl e e ll i p se z = k i p se r
"
a Th i s ell is i m ag i n a y
7 ,
2
0 0
u nl ess k a nd e h a ve th e s a m e si n ,
g h e n c e th e c en t r e of th e
FI G 3 8
. .
el l i pse l i es on 0 2 i f c >0 an d o n OZ i f<0 Th e se c ti on s

c .
of the su p l ne p r l le l t o
rfa ce by a s a a t h e c oo r di n a t e p l a n e s
YOZ Z O X, p a r abol s F ig 3 8 sh e ws the for m
are a . . and
p iti n o f th e rfa c e fo a p ositi ve va l u e o f c

os o su r . Th e
s r fa c e i
u th e el l i p t ic p arabol oid
s .
1 24 C OOR D I N A T E G EO M E T R Y [ GIL V I I .
81 . D iame t e rs . If A is t h e p o i nt ( 0 L, 6 , y) ,
and th e
e qu ti o ns to
a a l ine th r o u g h A ar e
oz —oc —
y 8 z —y
( )
, _ i on ,
l m n
th e di st an c es fr om A to th e p oin t s of in t erse c ti on of th e
l i ne and th e p a r b l o id
a o ar e
g i ven by
bfim n ) da
2
+ 2y 0 .
If l = m = 0 ,
on e va l u e of r is i n fi n ite ,
t h e r e fo r e a
and
l in e p r a a ll el to t h e — i
z ax s meets t he p a r a b ol o id in on e
poi nt at an i n fi n it e di st an c e ,
an d in a p oi n t P wh o se
di stan c e fr o m A is g ive n by
aa
2
+ b6
2
2y a et
z- —
l bfi
z
2~
y
m —n ) f
222
S u ch a l i n e is c all e d a diamet er, an d P is th e e x r em

t ity of
th e di a m e t e r .
Hence ax
2
+ by bol o id r fe rr d to
2=
2z repr e se n s t a p ar a ,
e e
a tan g n t p nd
e t wo c o nj u g a t
lan e di m e t r a l p l n e s
,
a e a a
t h r o g h th e p o i n t o f c o n t c t a c oo r di n t e p l n
u One a , s a a es .
o f th co o di n t a x is t h di m t e r th r o g h t h e p o i n t
e r a e es e a e u
o f c on t c t I f t h e x es a
a . ct n g l r so t h t th e t n g n t
a r e re a u a , a a e
pl ane a t O is at r i g h t n gl to th e di am t th r g h 0 a es e er ou ,
O i th ve t ex o f th e p r b l o id a n d th e di m e te r t h r g h 0
s e r a a o , a ou
i t h e xis
s T h e o o r di n a t e p l n es YOZ Z O X
a . c e t h en a , ar
p r in cip al p l ane s .
Ex . W h t rf a su ace is r pr
e e se n e t d by t h q ti e e ua on x
y
= 2cz ?
8 2 T ang e nt p l ane s
. We fi n d a s in § 6 7 th e e u a ti on .
, ,
q
p
to t h e t a n g e n t l a n e a t t h e o i n t (or 8 y ) o n th e a r a b ol o id p , , ,
p ,
a wo + bBy = z + y .
If Zx + m y + n z = p is a t ang en t pl ane an d
( 6 0L, , y) is t h e
p o n i t of con t a c t ,
an d th e r e fo r e
—
83 ] TA N G E N T A N D D A M ET R A L I P L AN ES 1 25
O is t h e e q tiua on to
t he tangen t pl an e to th e p r bo l o id
a a wh i c h is p r a a lle l to the
pl ane lx + m y + n z = 0 .
If th e a x e s a r e re c t a ng u la r and
m}
27 04 } m, y n rz ) 0 1, 2
17
.
2
1)
, ,
re p r es n t th r e e
e m u t u a l ly p e r p e n di c u la r t a ng e n t p l a n es ,
we h av e by ,
a dditi o n ,
22 +
an d t h e r e fo r e p i n t f i nt e r se cti on o f t h r e e
th e l ocu s of th e o o
m t l ly p e r p n di la r t n g n t pl n
u ua is a p l n e a t r i g h t
e cu a e a es a
a ng l s to t h e
e x i s o f t h e p r b o l o id a a a .
S h w t h t t h pl 8 —6y =5 t th p r b l i d
.
EX 1 . . e h a e a ne x ~ z o uc es e a a o o
O
a
;
d fi d th r
z, a n d i t f th p i t fn t t e coo na es o e o n o co n ac .
A 723 .
(8 , 9,
Ex 2 . . p rp d i l r t
T wo e en cu a an g e n t pl an e s to th e pr a a bo o l id
i t r t i t r i gh t l i
n e s ec n a s a ne l yi g i n n th e pl ane She w
th t th a e i t h th p r b l
ne ou c es e a a o a
x; 0,
Ex 3 Sh e w th t a th e l oc u s of th e t an
gen t fr s om a p i t( o n 0L, 8 , y)
pr l id i
. .
,
2 2=
t o th e a a bo o M + by 22 is g ve n by
( cm:
2
by? 22) (d on2 . 2y) (
a ce s bfly z
EX 4 F i nd th e l oc u s o f p i t fr
o n s om wh ch h i t r ee mu t ll y p
ua er
t t dr pr l id
. .
a wn a a bo o
p e n dic u l ar a ng e n s c a n be t o th e .
A ns . 2(a + b) 2 1 =0 .
83 . D iame t r al p l ane s . If a l ine OP h as e q tiua o ns
r a l p lan e o f O P t e t h e lo c s
th e di a m e t ,
. . u
o f t h e m id p o i n t s o f c h o r d s p a r a lle l t o O P
-
is g i ve n by ,
a lw+ bm y —n = 0 H n l l di m e t r a l p l n e s a e p a r ll e l
. e ce a a a r a
t o th e a x i s o f t h e p r a b ol o id a n d c o n ve r s l y a n y p l n e a ,
e a
p r al l el t o th e a x i s is a di a m et r a l p l n
a I f O Q wh se a e .
, o
e q u ti on a s a re is p a r a l l l t o t h e di m e t r a l e a
p l ane o f OP
bmm
a lt (1
’ ’
»
0 .
1 26 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM BT R Y [ C PL VI I .
He n ce OP is p r a a ll el to th e di am e t r al pl n e a of O Q, an d th e
di a m e t r a l p l an e s o f O P a n d O Q ar e c o u a nj
g te .
E q u a ti o n (1 ) is th e c o n diti on t h a t t h e l i n es a lw— —
l bm y O :
,
in th e pl a n e sh o u l d be c o nj u a t e
‘
g
di a m e t e r s of th e c o n i c a m + by 270 H e n c e a n y p l an e
2 2=
.
m e e t s a p a i r o f c o nj u g a t e di a m e t r a l p l a n es o f a p ar a bo lo id
in li n es wh i c h a r e p a r a ll e l t o c o nj u ga t e di a m e t e r s o f th e
c on i c in wh i ch th e pl an e m e e t s th e su rfa c e .
EX 1 Th e l ocus of the tr
cen es of a Sys t em of p r ll l pl
a a e an e
ti p r b l id i di m t r
. .
sec ons of a a a o o s a a e e .
E X 2 T h pl 3 + 4y = 1 e ane x is a di a me t r l pla an e o f th e a abo o pr l id

F i d th q ti h r d th r i
. .
5 + 6y = 2
x
2 2
23 n e e -
ua o ns to th e c o o u h (3 , 4 , 5 ) wh c h
g
i t bi t sec s . w 3 _ g/ 4 __z 5
An s
9 10 15
EX 3 Any d i a m e t r a l pl a ne c u s t p r b l id i
t he a a o o n a pr l
a a bo a , a n d
p r ll l d i t r l pl it i q lp r bl
. .
a a e am e a an e s c u t n e ua a a o as .
2 2
x y
84 . Th e nor mal s . If
z
(
é
— = 2z
+ 2 e
re p r e se nt s an e ll i p ti c
p r b
a a olo id ,
r e f e rr d to r e c t n g
e a ula r a x es, th e no r m al at
(az eq
’ ’
) ha s fo
’
, y , z rti n s ua o
I
—90 y y — 50
I 2 —2
I
’
2 1
52
no r m l p sse s t h r ou g h g i v
a a a en p oi n t (a ,
oL — — — " ’
B y y
’
a z
-_ say
, .
y
—
2
z
a ot
Th e r e fo re cc y
2
a a
2
b l82 2
Th i s e q u a ti on g i v es fi ve va lu e s o f A ,
an d h en ce t h ere a r e .
fi ve p oi n ts on th e p r a a bo l o id th e no r m al s at wh i c h p a ss
t h r ou gh a g i v en po i nt .
Ex 1 P o ve r th t t h f t
a e ee of t h e no m a r l fr s om an
y p i tt
o n o t he
pr l id bi r
. .
a a bo o l ie o n a cu c cu ve .
1 28 C OOR D I N A TE GE O M ET R Y [ CH . VI I .
7 . O P, O Q , O R a r e co n ug a e j t di a m e e s of an etr ll i p i d
so
P f
+ + 1
a a a
At Q and R t a ng e n t li n e s a re dr
p r ll l t O P
a wn a a e o a nd pl 172 ar e
t i r di t p rp d i l r f r m O t t t
, ,
he fr m O Th s a n ce s o e e en cu a o o th e an g e n
pl t r i gh t gl Pr th t
.
an e a t OP i an es o s
p . o ve a
62 + 0 2 .
8 . C onj u g a t di
e a m e e s of tr
a rr
?
b1 y? 0 12
2
1 m ee t 0& n (by? 0 22
2
1
in P, Q ,
R . S h e w th a t th e pl an e PQ R t o u ch e s th e co n co i id
2
a3x bgyz 03 2
2
1,
63 62
wh e r e
a3 C3
_
9 . ll i p i d wh i
T he e so ch h as a s co n ug a e j t di t r th t h r
a me e s e ee s t r i gh t
a
l t t i t p ir pp i dg t tr h dr t
ipg
es ha b se c a s of o os t e e es of a e a e on o u ch e s th e
e es .
10 th t th pr j ti
. Sh e w
f th rm l t ll i p i d t
a e o ec on s o e no a s o an e so a
P Q R th
, t r m iti f j g t d i m t r
, , eth pl PQ R
ex e es o c on u a e a e e s on e an e
rr t
,
a re c o n cu en .
1 1 I f th r g h fi d p t P ( B 7) th ou ll i p i d a xe
'
on e e so
p rp d i lar
. o 0 L,
y th r
,
dr w t
, ,
e en cu s a re a n o an ee con
j g t d i m t r t h pl
u a e th r gh th f t f th p rp d i l r
a e e s, e a ne ou e ee o e e en cu a s
p th r gh t h fi d p i t
ass es ou e xe o n
2
a oc
2’ 2’ 2 2 2
+b +0
2 2 2
+6 +c
2
a +6 + c a a
12p rp d i l r b d r w f r m y p i t P t h ll i p i d
If .
e en cu a s e a n o an o n on e e so
t r j g t d i m t r l pl t h r gh t h f t f
.
t o a ny h t h pl
ee c o n u a e a e a an e s, e a ne ou e ee o
th p rp d i l r m t t h
e e rm l t P t fi d p i t wh
en cu a s ee s e no a a a a xe o n o se
di t fr m P i
s a nc e o s
—
im 2 2 2 2
p(b Y 0 0 01 a
wh r p i t h p rp d i l r f r m th
e e st r t t h t g t pl
e e en cu a o e ce n e o e an en a ne
at P .
13 F i nd the l ocu s o f ce n tr e s of sec ti o n s o f a co n c o i i d th t a a re a t a
t t di t tr
.
c o ns a n s a nce f r om th e ce n e .
14 S h e w th a t
r i gh t i r l r th e e q ua ti o ns t o th e c cu a con e s th t p
a a ss
th r gh th (wh i h r t g l r) y t i
.
ou e a x es c a re e c an u a a re zr zx xy =0 .
D d th t t h l i th r gh gi
e uce pi t P
a e nes ou a ve n o n ,
wh c h i ar e
p er
p di l
en t t h i r p l r w it h r p t t
c u ar o e o a s es ec o l ie
up r i gh t i r l r
on a if P l i f th l i
c cu a co n e es o n o ne o e ne s
2 2 2
(
C
2
a ) 3/ ( a
?
b? ) 23 2~
15Ch o s o f a con co rd
wh ch i id i p r ll l t g i d i ar e a a e o a ve n am e e tr d an
t t t i r t r mi ti i t r t li
.
a r e su ch h a th e n o m a s a t h e r l ex e es n e s ec e in fi d
a xe
pl a n e h o u gh t h e t r
g ve n a m e e i di t r .
,
CH V I L .
] E XA M PL E S I V 1 29
1 6 T he e p rp d i l r f r
en cu a s om th e o r ig i n t o t h e face s of t he t tr e a
r ti t r r m l fr p i tt
.
h edr o n w h ose ve th ce s a re e f ee of t h e fo u no a s om a o n o
t h e co n e l ie on t he co n e
2 2
a (b c
)
2 2
.v b(c a ) 3/ (
C CL b)222 O.
1 7 P, Q R P,
'
Q
’
R
’
a re th e f e e t of th e s ix n o rm l f r m p i t a s o a o n
h t th p l
,
ll i p i d r
.
,
P o ve f th
t o th e e
E
so a e o es o e .
? 2 z
{ 21
b
pl a ne s PQ R, P
’
Q
’ ’
R li e on th e su rf ac e 2 4
2
3 (x 2
10 2
0
=0 .
18 . The no rm l a s at P a nd P,
’
pi to n s of th e e ll i p i d so
me e t
pl XO Y i A d A d m k
th e ane n an
’
an a e an
g l es 9, 9 wi h PP
’
t '
.
Pr t h t PA 0 + P A 0 = O
o ve a c os
’ ’
co s
’
.
19 Th rm l t e not a s o a a ll pi to n s of it s i tr
n e
ti w ith ly + m + y = 0 i t r t t h l i
.
s ec on z zx nx n e s ec e ne
20 th t t h p i t Sh e w ll i p i d th arm l t wh i h e o n s on an e so e no a s a c
i t r t gi t r i gh t l i l i r f i t r ti f th
.
n e sec a th ve n s a ne e on e cu ve o n e se c on o e
ell i p i d d so i id an a co n co .
21 Th rm l t e no 1 t p i t f it i t r
a s ti o a o n s o s n e se c on
w ith
.
li th rf e on e su a ce
22 . P r o ve th t a t wo no rm l a s to ax
z
b 2
+ y + cz
2=
1 lie i n t h e pl an e
a nd th t t h a e y ar e a t ri t gh a n g es if l
a bc
p x{ a (b
z
} x
(b
2
m
'
2 2
)1
c a c )
23 The l ocu s o f a pi t o n th e su m of th e s q ua r es o f wh ose no rm l a
di t r ll i p i d t t
.
,
s a n ce s f om th e e so is cons a n ,
is
2—
6x 2
6 2
+ y + 6 2 22
24 . I f th e f e e t of the s ix n o rm l f r
a s om (a , B , y) ar e
=l
y, ( r ,
2,
pr th t 62 022
2
+ 0 72
() 1
2
o ve a
25 . I f t h e fee t of th r ee o f th e no rm l a s f r om P t o th e ll i p i d
e so
2 2 2
t h pl t th r th r
.
l ie in e ane t h e fe e of th e o e ee
l ie in t h e pl an e = 0. a nd P li es on th e li ne
‘
z
( b
‘
2 2
a (b z
c
9
) w b( c a )y c a
I
13 0 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM ETR Y [
e n vn . .
26 I f A , B ar e B1 (a z B2 th e a p ir
of angen l a n es t tp
—
.
, , ,
at the
p oiii ts wh e r e AB cu st th e c on co i id S = a x 2 + by2 + cz2 l = O is
i
g ve n by 3 2p 1 2 2P1 P2P12 “l“ S 1 p 22 = 0
a nd the p ir
a of t a ng e n t pl a n es th t i t r t i
a n e s ec n A B , by
S (3 1 5 2 P21 2) $ 213 1
2 2P1 P2P1 2 8 1 P22 0a
wh e r e 8 1
5 c
y l
2
1, e tc .
Pl z a oLI x —
l bBl y 0
712 1, e tc .
P 1 2= 629 -1 9 2 613 1 3 2 0
7 172 l
27 I f P, (2 3 th e e x t r e mit ies
.
(2 1 , Q ,
R, ,
2
3 ) are
Z
z z
of th r j
ee c o n u g a e se m t i d ia m e t e r s o f th e e ll i p i d
so — 1, a nd
O P = r l , O Q = 9 2, O R = r3 , pr o ve th t
a the equ a ti on to t he s ph r e e
O PQ R can be w i en r tt
—9
( )
xx 1
x
2
+y 2
+ Z
2 ' 2 _
2 1
+ 2 1 + 1 2
2
2
)
xx s 2 223
L 1
a
5 5
" _
0
2
a nd pr o ve th t th l
a f th tr e oc u s o e c en es of s ph r t h r g h t h
e es ou e
a nd th e ex t r miti f th r q l j
e es o ee e ua con u ga e se t mi di m t r i -
a e e s s
2 2 2
1 2(a 2 r2 . 0 2 ) ( a b2
13 2 C OOR D I N A T E GE OM E TR Y [GEL VIII .
c e n t r e o f th e c on i c o id is a l so t h e c en t r e of th e
T he
se c ti o n I f A u v a r e th e di r e cti o n cosi n es o f a se m i
.
, ,
-
di am e t er o f th e c on i c o id o f l e n g th r th e p o i n t (h r m y r )
“
, , ,
is on th e c o n i c o id Th e r e fo r e .
2
2 l AL F” + V
+ bfl +
2 z
ah cu
H en c e t h e se m i di a m e t er s
-
of th e con i coid of l e n g th .
7 ar e
g e n er a t or s of th e c on e
93
2
( a —1 / ()
1
The l i nes c ti on o f t h e c on e a nd p l an e a r e th e sem i

of se
di a m e ter s o f th e c o n i c of l e n g th H e n c e i f r is t h e ,
’
l e n g t h o f e it h e r se m i —a x i s o f t h e c o n i c in w h i c h th e p l a n e
l m+ m y + n z = 0 c u t s t h e c o n i c o id t h e p l a n e t o u c h e s th e ,
con e an d t h e r e fo re
,
2 2 2
L
"
OW 1 g
M ; 1 g
m ; 1
0, (2)
ca m )m
2
2
a bn
2
)
2
{ (b ) l (
2
(a 6)
‘
or r r c c a
T he r oo s o f
t th i s q a d r ti c in
u a
g i ve th e s q a r es
u of the
se m i -
ax es o f th e se c ti on .
If 24 is t h e l e ng th
”
o f an a x s a n d i A, M, V a r e t h e di r e c ti on
c os i n es ,
t h e g i ve n pl an e t o c h es u t h e c on e (1 ) a l on g t h e
l ine a n d t h e r fo e e r is re p r e sen te d by th e
e q u a ti on
Ne w , 1 /r z
) + uz (o O .
7\ (a r 2 —l )
Th er e fo r e (3 )
l m 71.
T h ese d et e r mi ne th e di r e c ti on c osi n es -
of t he ax s i of
l e n g th
S i nce the ex t r m iti

e es of i d i m t r f l g th f th
th e se m -
a e e s o en r o e
i id
co n co l ie u o n t h e s p ph r + 3 4—3 th q ti f th
e e 00
2 12 2
5
7
3
e e ua on o e co n e
t r t bt i d by m k i g t h q ti t t h i id
7 ,
h o u g h h e m m a y be o a ne a n e e ua on o e c o n co
h o m og e n e ou s by m ea ns o f th q ti t th ph r Th t h
e e ua oni o e s e e . us e con e s
i
wh c h is a no th r f r m
e o of e q u a ti on
gee] A X E S or C E N T R A L S E C T ION S 13 3
Ex 1 P r o ve th t a th e a xe s of t h e se c ti on of th e i id
c o n co
pl
. .
ax
2
b 2
+ y + cz
z=
l by t h e a ne l x + 7ny + a z = 0 l ie on th e co n e
l m n
(b c ) 5 + (c
(F r o m e q u a t i o n s (3 ) we d e d uce th t a
l m
a ) —+ (a
n
(b c )X + (c b) —O )
_
fi ;
.
Ex 2 th t t h P r
f E 1 p
o ve th r gh t h r m l t
a e co ne o x . ass e s ou e no a o
t h pl ti d t h d i m t r t w h i h t h pl ti i
. .
e a ne of sec on a nf e a e e o c e ane o s ec on s
d i m t r l pl
a e Pr
a l th t t h
an e p t h r gh t w t f
o ve a s o a e co n e ass e s ou o se s o
j g t d i m t r f th i i d (Cf E 6
.
con u a e a e e s o e co n c o . . x .
,
Ex 3 .
Fi d th l g th f t h
. n f th i g i bye en s o e a x es o e c on cs ve n
(i )
(ii )
2 2
2 +y x
A i( ) 6 4 4 5 (ii ) 3 0 8 76
ns .
, ,
‘
Ex 4 . Pr th t th q ti f th
. o ve i a e e ua on o e co n c
2
2
x + y
2
3 x —2z
/ .
—z = 0 ,
r f rr d t
e e e o it s pri i p l nc a a x es , is a ppr i m t l y ox a e
1 77y 2 = 1
°
Ex 5 . . Pr th t o ve a th e
2
l e ng th s of th e a xe s o f th e sec ti o n of the
?
ll i p i d r l ti 2 pl
$
e so of e vo u on
2
by t h e a ne are
a, ac (l 2
m2 { 0c
2
(l 2
m2) 2 z
c u
a nd th t th a e e q ua ti on s t o th e a xes a r e
Ex 6 . . P r ove th t th r
a e a ea o f th e sec ti on of the e ll i p id
so
2
+y / b 2
z a =
2 z
/ 1
r a bc
by t h e pl an e lx + my + nz = 0 is r p i th p rp d i l r fr m
’ wh e e s e e en cu a o
th e ce n tr e t o th e t a ng e n t pl a ne wh i h i p r ll l t th g i
c pl
s a a e o e ve n a ne .
Ex 7 . . T he sec ti on of the i id
co n co by 1 by t g t
ax
? ?
cz
2
a an en
pl a ne t o th e co ne
2
2
is a r t
l r h y p rb l
ec a n g u a e o a .
Ex 8 Th . ti f hyp r b l i d f
. e Sh t by t g t
sec on o a e o o o one ee a an en
pl t th ym p t ti
a ne o i t w p r ll l t r i gh t l i
e as Wh t i o c co n e s o a a e s a n es . a s
th rr p d i g ti f th h yp rb l id f t w h t wh i h h
e co es on n s ec on o e e o o o o s ee s c as
th m
e sa
ym p t ti ?
e as o c co ne
EX 9 C tr l
. ti . f ll i p i d wh
en r i a t t se c o ns o an e so o se a ea s c o ns a n
lp
e nv e o f th d d gr
e a cone o e se co n e ee .
13 4 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM ETR Y [OH . vu I .
Ex 10 I f A I , A 2, A 3 ar e th e a r eas o f th r ee m u ua y
—2
t ll p rp d i l r e en cu a
tr l ti ll i p i d t t
. .
ons of a n e AI 2
is c o n s an
‘
ce n a se c so ,
.
2 2 2
Ex 1 1 . . O ne of th e a x es o f each sec ti on of th e e ll i p i d
so
a 0
"
by a t a ng e n t pl an e to the co n e y +
2
z
g= 2
x li e s on th e con e
(06 2
W ) 2 ?
A)
?
W h t i t h t r f th
a s e na u e o e se c ti on of th i s con e by a pl ane p r ll l t
a a e o
t h pl
e X O Y ? S k t h th
an e e c e f rmo of th e c on e .
Ex 1 2 P r
. th t t h . o ve a e a xe s o f s e c ti o n s of th e co n c o i id
ax
2
+ by +
2
cz
2 =1
wh chi p ass th r o u gh th e li ne
—3 lie on th e co ne
l m n
b —c —a —b
(m —ny) +
c
(mo l z) +
a
7
z
z
87 . Ax e s of a ny s c t ion of a c nt r al conicoid
e e . L e t th e
eq ti on s
ua ,
re e f rr e d to r e c an t g u la r a x e s, o f th e c on i coid an d
pl n e be
a lzc + m y + n z = p
f
Th e n if 0 , (CL ,8
, , y) is t h e c en t r e of th e se c ti on , th
pl an e is a l so rep r e se n e t d by th e e q a ti on
u
(w
Th e r e fo re
fl
2
10
H en c e CLOL
2
+ b,8 + C y
2 _ ’ sa y .
/a + m /b+ n /c
,
l 2 2 2
,
r
9
1 0
The e qu ati on to th e c on i co id r e fer r e d to pa r a ll e l ax es
t h r o u gh C is
— fi— =
2
+ by + cz + j
2 2
ax c l O ,
d m + by + cz + 2(0tocw+
z 2 2
o
y z ) k 2
0,
re E1 2?
wh e k ?
To
The e q ati on
u to th e p l an e is n ow lax m y n z 0 .
If A , u,
,
u a re t he di r c ti on co si n e s o f l i n o f
e -
a e l e n g th a“
d ra wn f ro m C to th e con i c o id ,
7
2
( Ot )\
2
CV
?
) (AB/1 O
y u
) 7 6
2
0 .
If th e l i n e l i es in t h e g i ve n pl an e
ZA my my O ,
an d t h e r e f o r e by (1 ,
( wax bB/z a
yy O .
13 6 C OOR D I N A T E GEOM ETR Y (on . vu i .
t d t h l d t th t th q ti t t h
The s u th r gh ll
en s ou no e a e e ua on o e co n e ou a
th l i f l g th d r w f r m C t th i d w l d b bt d .
e n es o en r a n o o e co n coi ou e o a i ne
by m k i g t h
a q ti n e e ua on
ax
2
+ bfly + cyz)
ti
h o m og e n eo u s by m e a n s o f t h e e q u a o n I t w ld b ou e
d r
o f t h e f ou r th il p rp w r q r
eg e e, wh e fo r o u r u f th os e e e ui e a co n e o e
dd r
s e co n eg e e p th r g h h l
T h e c o n e c h o s e n a ss e s f l g th ou t e i n es o en r
i i pl t li l id r d
.
wh ch lie in t h e g ve n a n e , a nd h ese db n es a o n e n ee e co n s e e .
Ex 1 OP i g i m i d i m t r f i i ds d a ve n se -
a e e o a c o n co an
pr i i p l m i ti f th d i m t r l
. .
th ar e f th e nc a se -
a xes o e se c on o e a e a
pl f OP
a ne o A pl p r ll l t AO B m t O P i C P r th t ane a a e o ee s n o ve a
pr i i p l ti f th i i d by th i pl
. .
th e f th
nc a a xe s o e se c on o e co n c o s ane ar e
(T a k e O P, 0 A , 0 8 ,
a s co o r di t n a e a xe s .
)
Ex 2 F i nd th e c oo rd i t f th n a es o e ce n tr e a nd t h e e n g l th s of th e
ti ll i p i d 3
.
pl
.
2=
a xe s of th e sec on of th e e so x
2
+ 3y
2
+6 2 1 0 by th e a ne
J
( )
gg1 M
A
A ns .
, , .
5 5 5 15 5
Ex 3 I f O P , O Q , O R a r e co n u g a e s em ame e s t i d i t r f ll i p i d
j -
o an e so
t t ti ll i p i d
. .
pr o ve h a t h e a ea o f t h e s ec o n o f t h e e so by t h e r pl PQ R i a ne s
t wo - h t i rd
s t h e a ea o f t h e a a e ce n a sec o n r p r ll l t r l ti .
2 2 2
F i nd r ti f th ll i p i d £ + z
.
Ex . 4 . th e a ea o f th e se c on o e e so
é
by t h e pl an e
a c
27r 2 z z 2 2 2 if
A ns . 6 c +c a +a 5 .
Ex 5 ° . Find th e l oc u s of th e cen tr es o f s e c ti ons of th e e ll i p i dso
x2 2 2
a
?
1 wh os e a ea r is c o ns an t t ,
A “ x
2
y
z
2
2
x
a.
2
"
y
ar
2
z
z
e?
“
) Tr
2
x?
a
i
t
s
2
2
;
2 2
Ex . 6 . P r ov e th t t a an
gen t pl an e s to
x
d
z
bf 0
2
2
+ 1 = O w h i ch
2 z 2
cut
x
1 ?
-
I
y 2
0
2
1 = 0 in e ll i p ses o f c o n s a n t t r a ea
2
0 h a ve
77 1 th i r p i t
e o n s
2 2 2
1 4
o f co n ac t t on th c
su rf a ce 5
a
7
4
b4
i
0
4
:
c
4 61 2620 2
EX r t t ti wh
P o v e h a t h e a xe s o f t h e
7 tr i P se c on o se cen e s a re
tr t l i i ti t th
.
t h e s a i gh pl
n e s in wh c h t h e f
a ne o se c on cu s e co n e co n
ti i r l r
a n n g th e n o m a s f o m P .
Ex 8 F i d th l g th f t h f th ti nf th rf e en s o e axe s o e s ec ons o e su ace
5 y = 8 by t h pl i( ) + y — = 0 (ii ) 2 + y — = 0
. .
4/ + 5
2z
.
2x x e a n es x z , x z .
Am (i) 2 J R (ii ) 2 2 , ,
.
Ex 9 Pr .th t t h .
f th ti f o ve a e a xe s o e sec on o
f( 7/ ) “ + b3/ + n n + 1 x, a 3 5 33
2 2
02
2 a x
gss] A XE S OF S ECT ION OF PA R A B L O OI D 137
by t h e pl a ne l x + my + nz = 0 f
a re
g i ve n by
m, n )
2
(l
2
m 72
2
) 0,
wh e r e A Eb f t
c - 2
, e c .
Pr ove a so l t h t th a e a xe s a re th e li n es i
in wh ch th e p l a ne cu s t th e co ne
;2 ;
f
(ma my) + (nx La) (lg/
Ex 1 0 . . P r ov e th t t h
a e a x es o f th e s ec ti on of the c on e
? ?
ax by 02
2
0
by t h e pl lx + my + nz =p i
“mw
an e are g ve n by
Z2 m2 72
2
ar o m ?
a br o 2
+
CP
2 2
0 7 +
’
P
2
ZZ 2
wh ere p 0 5 —+ ”
b 0
88 . Ax e s of a g ive n se ct ion of a p ar abol oid . I f th e

e q a ti on s t
u o th e p l an e an d th e a a p r bo l o id are
+ by =
2 z
ax
th e c en t r e Of th e se c ti on (on y ) is g i ve n by
—1
, , ,
CLOL a OL
2
+s —y
l m n p
l /
2 2
—2y
2
+7
p
a
£3
0
W h en c e a OL
2
+ b,8
2
1
2
, sa
y .
C h a ng i n g th e o r ig in to (or 8 y ) an d p r o c e e di ng as in
, , ,
§ 8 7 w e find
, th at A M v,
, »
th e di r e c ti on c osi n es o f a se m i -
di am e t e r of l e n g th r o f th e s e c ti o n sa ti s f t h e e q u a ti on
y ,
2 2 3 2 2
(a h 9
10 0 ,
u v ) O.
Th e sem i di a m e t e r s-
ar e t h e r e fo r e th e l i n e s in wh i c h th e
p l an e c u t s t h e c o n e
(cm
2 °2“ 2 2 2
/ 7
10 0 $9 2
P 0
0 '
H en c e t h e l e n g t h s of th e a x es ar e
g i ve n by
l 2
m 2
ar r —2 0
2+
Wo e
pf
O
a b c 4
n r n T
2 2
p0
2
{ (a 5) e 2
a m 2
bl 2
}7 0 7
0
4 2
m 2
n
?
) 0 ,
and th e di r ec ti on c o s i n e s by
2 2 2
77 0 ) u
{ p0 ) 7
10 0
l m n
13 8 C OOR D I NA T E GEOM E TR Y [GIL VI I I .
Ex 1 . . F i nd t h e l e ng th s of th e a xes of th e sec ti o n of th e pra abo o l id

2 2 2 + y2 = z by t h e pl ane A ns . 18 8 .
EX pl. 2ti th r gh th r t f th p r b l i d
. A a n e sec on ou e ve ex o e a a o o of
r l ti
e vo u +y = 2 m kon x
g l 0 with t h
2
i f th rf
2
az a es a n a n e e ax s o e su ac e
Pr th t it pr i i p l tG
.
o ve a s 0 t 0 nc a a xe s a r e a c o oos e c ,
a co .
Ex 3 Pr t h t th f th ti f th p r b l i d y =
o ve a e a xe s o e sec on o e a a o o x az
i
. .
by t h pl l + my +
e =0 ane
g by x nz are ve n
6 4
72 1 4 a 27 2l 27722n2
'
4a 4l 2m2 (l 2 + m2 72
2
) 0 .
Ex 4 .
2
. Fi nd th e l ocu s of th e ce n tr e s of s ec ti on s o f t he pra abo oi l d
y—= 2z wh
a.
-
b2
. i c h a re o f c o n s an t t r a ea 7r/c
2
.
2 2 2
)
2 2
A ns .
—22 = lc4 .
EX 5 G i ven
th t t h r d i a e a u s o f c u va u e a t a r t r p i tP f
o ni o a co n c
tr i C i q l t C D /
.
r
.
wh o se ce n e s s e ua o
3
a , B
wh e e a a nd , . 8 tha red e a x es a n
C D is th mi di m t r
e se j g t-
a e e con u a e t o C P, fi n d t h e r di f r t r
a us o c u va u e
a t th e ori g i f th n o i e co n c
?
m ) (d mz
2
bl 2 1
l 2
m2 2
) ( )
“
2
Ans .
(Z 72
Ex 6 P l a n e s are dr a wn th r ou
gh a fi dpi txe o n
(on, B l7 )r so th ta
th i r ti l id
,
pr r h yp r
. .
e se c on s o f th e a a bo o ax
2
+ bz a re ec ta ng u a e
b l o as . Pr o ve th t t h y t
a e o u ch t he co n e
(93 0 2
02 — 2
(Z V) _—O
-
0
b b
.
a a
C I RC UL AR SE CT I ONS .
89 . I f F = O th e ,
e q ti on
ua to a co n i c o id , can be t h r own
into t h e fo m S + Au r q u ti on to v= 0 wh e
, re is th e e a a
s ph e r e an d 0 r e p r e sen t pl a n es t h e com m on p oi n ts
u , ,
o f t h e c on i c o id n d p l n s l ie o n t h e s p h r ea n d t h e r e fo ea e e ,
a r
t h e s c ti o n s o f th e c o n i c o id by t h e p l a n e s
e e c i r c l es ar .
90 Th e cir cul ar se ct ions of an e ll ip soid

.
Th e e q u a .
ti o n r e fe rr d to r c t n g l r x es Of th e e l l i p soid
,
e e a u a a , ,
fl
2 2
66 b c
can be w r itt e n in th e fo r m s
5 2
(1.
l2 _
( 0
<
1 1
2
”
+ 31
(5 :
1 40 C OORD I NA TE G EOM E TRY (on . vm .
a re
g i ve n by
—
(ii) § § J z=
z
+bi b
2 2
Va c o .
Th e r di us
a of th e cen t r a l c i r cu l ar se c ti on s of th e h y per
bol oid o f o n e sh ee t is a . T he pl an es
g i ve n by
S Ja 2
+bi
2
m
§ =O
do not p b
m e e t th e h y e r ol o id o f t wo sh ee t s in a n y r e al
poin t s . p
Th ey a r e t h e l a n e s th o u gh th e c e n t r e ar a ll e l r p
to sy s e m s o f t pl a n es wh i c h cu t th e su r a e f c in r ea l c i r cl es .
Ex 1 . . P r o ve th t t h
a e sec ti on of th e h y p rb l i d
e o o
17
7 0
—
2
b2 —c2 = )t is
th e pl a ne
SVa 2 + b2 +
§ r l if A
ea
2
a
z
+ o
z
.
Ex 2 F i nd th e r l
ea ce n tr l i r l r
a c cu a sec ti o ns of th e e ll i p i d
so
—
. .
2 2 2= 2 2=
x 2
+ y +6 2 8 A ns . x 4z 0 .
Ex 3 P r o ve th t a th e pl a n es 22 + 3 2: 5 0 , 2x 32 7 0 me e t
—x2 + 3 y2 +
.
p rb l i d ir l i
.
th e h y e o o in c c es wh ch l ie on th e s h e e p r
1 10 = O .
Ex 4 . . P r o ve th t th r d i
a e a us o f th e c ir l
c e i n wh i ch th e pl an e
—c 2 = )t
2 J a
2
06
2 —0 .
Ex 5 . . F i n d th l e oc u s o f t h e c e n es o f s h e e s o f c on s an tr a p r t t r di u s
2 z 2
[c wh ch i cut th e e ll i p i d 7
so
x
6
2 +
y
2 +
£
—= l in a a of c c es
c
2
5
U se p ir ir l .
(
2 2
z
—1
0
A ns y = 0 , —62 —c‘ l
E
.
Z
2
b
.
Ex 6 C ho rd s of th e e ll i p se a re dr a wn s o a s
k q l g l with it th di t r ir l
. .
to ma e e ua an es s a x e s, a n d o n em as am e e s c c es
a re d ri b d wh pl
esc e o se a ne s are p r ll l
a a e to OZ . P r o ve th t t h a ese
c i r l g r t th ll i p i d
c es e ne a e e e so -
l
93 . Cir cu l ar s ct ions
e of a ny c nt r al
e conicoid . An
e q a ti on
u of th e fo r m
2f yz “
27
f(
2
a
c, y , z ) 0190
2
by 2
02 2gzx n 1
S E C TION S o r C E N TR A L C ON I C OI D S 1 41
r e p r e sen t s c en t ra l c on i co id
a It m a y be W r itt e n
“
.
f , 9 »
Z
)
Hence i f f( y ) :7
c, ,
z
r e p r e se n t s a p a i r o f p l a n e s t h e se p l a n es , cu t th e c oni c o id in
c i r cl es F or a pa i r of p la n es
.
a A, h , 9 =0 .
h , b A , f
g , f ,
c —A
Th i s e q u a ti on g i ve s th r e e va l u es o f A . It w i ll be p r o ve d
la te r , § 1 4 5 ,
th a t t h e se ar e a l ways r ea l ,
and t ha t o n ly th e
m e an val u e i ve s r e a l p l a n e s
g .
Ex 1. . F ind t he re l a ce n tr l i r l r
a c cu a s ec ti ons o f th e i
c on co id
3 x2 5y2 3 22 4 .
Th e e q u at ion may be wr itt en

2
3 x + 5y + 3 z2 + 2
4 =0 .
I f 3 222 + 5y2 3 22 + 2r z —A(2 2 y2

- -
0 r pre e se n s a t p ir
a of pl a n e s,
A3 —1 1 A2 + 3 8 A—4O= O, o r A 2, 4,
.
th
.
:
or 5 F or l
e s e va u e s o f A the
ti
.
e q ua o n t o th e a ne s be co m e s pl
— 2 — 2=
(r z) y O ,
x
z
T he r l ir l r
ea c cu a s ec ti o ns co rr p d th r f r
es on e e o e t o A: 4 a nd hav e
e q u a ti on s x 2+ = 0, x —z —O
y y .
Ex 2 . i n th e
. F d e q u ati ons to th e r l ea cen tr l ir l
a c cu ai s ec ti o ns
o f t h e co nico ids ,
(i ) 5y 2 2
8 2 + 1 8yz 10xy + 27 = O,
(ii ) 2 2
2
5 2
+ y + 22
2 —yz —4zx
(iii ) 6 x2 + 1 3 y2 + 622 l Oyz + 4ar
i( ) ( —2y —5 ) (3
x z x
(ii )
(iii ) 2( + ) x z
2
“
Ex F i d t h q ti ir l r ti o ns o f th e i id
“
. 3 . n e e ua o ns t o th e c cu a sec con co
(5 5l ( l ( l —0
”
yz + + 22: + 32
]2 + +1 .
b d
x z ax + by + cz = w
1 42 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E TR Y [ OH V I I I
. .
EX 4 . . Fi nd th e c on d iti ons th t th q t i
a e e ua on s
f (x ,
1,
l d d t rm i
sh o u ir l e e ne a c c e .
q ti f ( y ) A( r pr t t w pl
‘
2
Th e e ua on v,
.
,
z t
. is t o e ese n o a ne s ,
f wh i h i t h g pl Th e re fo r e
“
o ne o c s e i ve n a ne .
Vi w Mi, H c
e
l
x, 9, )
Z “
» -
A)
Wh en ce , c o m p ri a n
g coe f c e n s offii t y z, zr , 93 1,
5 we ob a n ti
2
2Mm
?
671 2
cm
2
2fi n ) : cl an 2g n l am
g
bl 2
m 2
n
"
l2 l2 m2
(We a ss u m e he r th t
e a l , m, n ar e a l l d i ff r n t f r
e e om z e o r . I f Z= O,
th e co n d iti o ns bec om e g
= lz = 0 , ( c a ) m 2
2f mn + (b
94 . Cir cul ar s ct ions of

e t h e p arabol oids . Th e e qu a ti o n
2
+ by
2=
22 m ay be r
w itt e n in t h e o m s, f r
‘
ax
d
< x +y +
2
z
2 —y (a —b) —a 2
2 2 =0 ,
y + z
2 —m (b—a ) —bz
‘
3 2=
0,
2
6695
2
by 2
(O -c
c
2
Oy - 2 O-
z 22 ) 0 .
Hence i f a, b 0, 00
2
m b) bfl re pr e se n s t r ea l p l a n es
wh i c h m e e t t h e p r ab
a ol o id in c i r cl es , an d th e sy s e m s t of
c i r cu l a r se cti o n s ar e
g i v e n by
xd a mJ a —b—z fi z
u .
If ,
h o we ve r ,
a, or b is ne
g a ti v e ,
th e o nl
y r ea l pl a nes a re
t h ose g i ve n by ax
2
+ by
2=
0 . T he e qu ti on
a
- 2 2
Oy O -
z ZZ O
is th e l i m iti n g fo r m of
kx + lcy + 7c
2 2
( z
as It t en d s t h e r e fo r e t h e sph e r e c on ta i n i n g
to z e o, r an d
t h e c i r c u l a r se c ti o n s is in t h i s c a se o f i n fi n it e r a di u s an d t h e ,
cir c u l a r se c ti o n s a r e c i r c l e s o f i n fi n it e r a di u s i e st r a i h t
g , . .
l in es T h ey a r e th e s t r a i g h t l i n e s in wh i c h th e p l a n e 2
. :
cu ts th e su r fa ce ,
Ex 1 Fi d n th e c ir l r cu a se fl ‘ i o ns o f th e pr a a bo o l id x
2
+ 1 0z2=
2y
i3
. . .
An s . 7
. / 2 A .
Ex 2 F i nd th e r di
u s o f th e c
a i rc l e in wh i ch th e pl a ne
t l id
.
pr
.
cu s th e a a bo o 5 3 x2 + 4 2 = 8 a y A ns . 9
' 2 = ii 1 4
53
.
1 44 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y [GIL V I I I .
Th e u m bilics o f th e h y p rbe olo id of t wo sh e e s t

2 2 2
$ y Z
“ 2
62
0
2
1
a r e r ea l a n d g i ve n by
i ot a /M AJ )
?
i c z —cz
7] 0,
EX 1 . . P r ove th t a th e u m bilics o f the e ll i p i d li

so e on th e s ph r e e
x
2
+y +
2
z =a
2 2 —b2 + oz .
Ex 2 r P o ve th t
a th e p rp d i l r d i t
e en fr m th
cu a s ance o e ce n tr e to
t t pl ll i p i d i /b
. .
th e a ng e n a ne a t a n u n i bili f th c o e e so s ac .
Ex 3 Pr o ve th t a th e t r l i r l r ti
ce n a f th
c cu a se c ons o e con c o i id
t r i gh t gl d th t th
. .
(a are a an e s an a e u m bil ics
gi i A/g 6
3
1
2 6)
by = 0, z=
1
a re ve n x
y
:
a a
z z 2
Ex 4 . . P r th t t h
o ve a e u m bi h c s o f
C Q
t he co n 1 c0 1d
0
(1
t v
+b
y
(1 a
Z
b
1
ar e th e ex t r m iti f th
e es o e e qual c on u j ga t die am e e s tr of th e e ll i p se
2 2
x
+ —b
_
a +b a
— —= 2
2 2
EX 5 P r o ve th t a th e u m bil ics of th e pr a abo o l id 2 Z
‘
‘
z,
“b
. .
2 2
(
2 2
w> b, ar e 0 , i bJ a
2 — b2
2
Ex 6 . d
D e u ce t h e coo rd i t na e s of th e u m bilics of th e e ll i p i d so
r
.
f om t he l e su l t o f E x 4 , 92 . .
E xamp l es V .
1 . P r ove th t if A a I , u
, l , VI A2, 1 2, v2 a r e
14 t h e dir eht io n -cos nes i of the
a x es of a n y pl ti
a n e sec on of the e ll i p i d
so
a
2+
iz +
e
= 1,
MM 111 2“ V 1 V2
m
c b( 2 z
e c
4
’
(a
4
2 . I f A 1 , A2 , A 3 81 , 82, 83
2 2
ai e th e ai ea s of the sec ti o ns of th e
ll i p i d — —+ —+ — th r t di tr l
e so s
2
a
+ 2
zz 2 2
1 , by e e co n u ga e j ame a
pl f
a nes o th e f o m e r r ,
3 . I f A I , A2, A3 ar e th e a r e a s of th e s ec ti o ns o f th e e ll i p i d
so
§ 95 ] E X A M PL E S v . 1 45
by t h e di
t r l pl am e a a ne s of th r ee mu t ll y p rp d i l r
ua e en cu a se m i
diame e t r f l g th
s o en s 71
7
,
7
7
2,
7
7
3 ,
2 2 2 2
2 2
6
)
l; 0
(
AI 2
A 22 A 2
0 66 (1
? 7’
2 _
2
b
) z
4 Th rou gh a g i ve n p o i n t ( ,8 7 ) pl ne s a 1 e di a wn pa rall e l t o
.
or, ,
a
+f + —
t h i e e c on j u ga t e d i a m e t r a l pl a ne s o f t h e e ll i p so i d g
z
fi g c2 =l S h ew .
th t t h
a e sum of th e r ti f th
a os o e a i ea s o f th e se c ti on s by t h
g
plse a ne s
B
2 2
to th e r
a e as o f th e p r ll l d i m t r l pl
a a e a e a a n es i s 3 2
% 2
5 . P r o ve th t t h r a e a ea s o f t he ti sec o ns o f r t t dl t r
g ea e s an eas a ea
2
2
ll i p i d 2 wh i h p t h r gh t h fi d l i
l 2
of the e so + — ‘
c a ss ou e xe ne
2
5
x ar e
” a be wa bc
,
wh e r e 7
-
2 are th f th
e a xe s oti by e sec on
,
l m 77 T
2
l
th e pl an e
a
——+ — = O
ly
b
nZ
c
.
6 . P r o ve t h t tha e sys em s of c t ir l r cu a se c ti ons o f th e con e
a > b> c,
gi by fm/ a th t t h l i ir l r
ve n bi z xf b = A, an d ese a so ve c cu a
are . a
g
sec ti on s o f th e c on e
7 . A ny t a ng e n t pl a ne to a co ne cu s t t he c
yc l i pl
c a nes in li n es
e q u a ll y i nc l i n e d t o t h e g e n e ra t or o f c on a c t t .
8 . A ny p ira of t a n ge n t pl anes t o th e con e a x

2
+ by +
?
02
2=
t th
O cu s e
cy c l i pl c a n es mva bi z b 0 li
:
0 in nes wh ch lie u i p onr i gh t a
c ir l r
cu a c o ne w h ose ax s i is a t r i gh t gl an es to th e a ne o f pl t t
co n ac .
9 pl
. The an e t
c u s a se ri t r l i id wh
e s o f ce n a c on co s ose
pr i i p l pl
nc a r d i t pl
a n es a r e th e c oo na e a n es i r t g l r h yp rb l
n e c an u a e o as
Sh w th t t h w ith r p t t th i id l i
.
e
p l f t h pl
a e o e o e a ne es ec o e c o n co s es on a
c o ne wh t by t h g i pl
ose s e c i o n e ve n an e 1 S a c ir l c e .
10 O P O Q O R
.
, j g t di ar e c on u a e a m t r
e e s f ll i p id o an e so a xes
t f th p p di
,
f r m O t th pl
,
a, b , dS th f
c, a n is e oo o e er en c u ai l o PQ R o e ane
S h w th t t h rt ti f t h
.
e wh a eS con e os e v e ex i s an d b th ase 1 s e se c on o e
ell i p i d by t h d i m t r l pl
so pr e a e a an e a a ll l t th pl
e o PQ R h e a ne as
t t l m i /3
c on s a n vo u e r a n
11 I f tw . h th m y t m
o co n e sf ir l r ti th i r a ve e sa e s s e s o c cu a s ec o ns , e
co mm t g t pl
on t h th m l g p rp d i l r g r t r
an en a nes ou c e a on e en cu a e ne a o s .
2 2
1 2 T he. r m l t th ll i p i d
no a s o e e so
30
+ —
/
+
2
at a ll pi to n s of a
b
2
ce n t r l i r l r ti
a c p r ll l
cu a s ec on a r e a a e to a pl ane th t a ma k e s a n a ng e l
— w it h t h
/
1
ac
t i _ e sec on .
bx a 2 b +cz 2
46 C OO R DI NAT E G E OM E TR Y [ C II-
. VI I I .
13 I f 7 1 , 7 2 are t h e a x es o f a
1 1
cen tr l a s ec ti f on o an ell i p id so ,
a nd
t ti ir l r ti
.
01 , 92 t h e a ng es be wee n t h e sec l o n a nd th e c cu a se c o n s,
( L i
)
C
s in 01 . sin 92
0
2 —0 2
71 72
2 1
,
wh e r r t t dl t
e a a n d c are f th th e g ea e s an e as a x es o e e ll i p i d so .
1 4 T h r gh
. fi d p i t wh i h t h p l f
ou a xe o n c Is e o e o a c i r l r ti f
cu a se c on o
h yp r b l i d z
2
th e
zz2+ e l d r w
o o pl z 2
ar e a n a n es c u tti g th rf
n e su ac e
i r t g l r h y p rb l
n ec a n S h w th t t h
u a tr e o as e a e ce n es o f th hyp rb l
e se e o as
fi d i r l wh pl i p r ll l t y t m f ir l r
.
li
e on a xe c c e o se a ne s a a e o on e s s e o c cu a
sec ti on s .
1 5 Th l f th t r f ti
e f th
oc u s o e ce n es o sec o ns o e co ne m + by +2 2
cz
2=
0,
h th t t h q r f th i t t
.
su c am f th e su i o e s u a es o e 1 a xe s s co ns a n , is
th i id
e c o n co
<)
I
1
)
1
l
2 2_
a + x +6 / +O
1 0
2
l
-
Z + k _ O '
b c a b
r tr l ti : ——+
z2
‘
16 . Th e a ea o f a ce n a sec on of th e e lli so id
p 4
1
2
is
a
c on s an t t Sh . ew th t th
a e a x es o f the sec ti on l ie on th e c o ne
2 —b 2 2
y
)
a
" 4
4 2
a 0 y 62 z
whe r
p is th e is a nce f o m t h e
e d t r ce n tr e of a t a n ge n t pl an e p r ll l t
a a e o
a ny o f t h e anes o f se c o n pl ti .
1
t t
1 7 P 1 o ve h a t h e a ng e n s a t t h e v e t t r ti ces to th e p r b l i ti
a a o c sec o ns
i id r t r f th
.
of t h e co n co + by + c z
2=
l ar e a a p r ll l e t o ge ne a o s o e c on e
2
a (o -
c) b(c a ) 2
c a ( b)2
M
2 + + 2
$ I.
I] 2
18 . P r o ve th t t h a e no rm l a s to ce n tr l a s ec ti o ns o f th e e ll i p i d so
2
Z
wh ch i are o f g i ve n ecc en t r i c it
y e ,
lie on th e co n e
2 x2 s 2 2 2
(1
2 2 2 2
0 e5 ( 2) ( g )( z a x biz/ 2
0 2
2
2)
(1 2
e ) { 01 (6
2 2
0
2
) x
2
bz(0 2 2
c a
2
( bzyz}
2
F i nd th e l ocu s of th e ce n tr es o f se c ti of ons ec c e n t ri ityc e .
19 . P r o ve th t th a e no rm l a at an y p i t P o n of an e ll i p i d so 1 s an ax s i
“
2
o f s ome
pl a ne ti sec on o f th e e ll i p i d I f th ll i p i d 2+
so . e e so 1s
2
and P is th e p i t( o n x
’
, y,
'
s h w t h t t h l g th f t h
e a i i e en o e ax s s
2 2
0
4
?
2
3
1T 4-
76 2-
6
7
wh e r e p is t h e p rp d i l r f r
e en cu a o m the ce n tr e to the t a ng e n t pl a ne
at P .
[ O IL 1x .
C HAPTE R I X .
GE N E RAT IN G LIN E S .
96 . Ru l e d sur f a e s c . i d e r s we h ave
In con e s an d cyl n
e x a m pl e s o f s u r fa c e s wh i c h a r e g e n e r a t e d by a m o vi n g
st ra i g h t l i n e S u c h s u r fa ce s ar e ca ll e d rul ed surfaces We
. .
s h al l n ow pr ove t h a t th e h y p e rbol o i d o f on e s h e e t a n d th e
hyp er bol i c p a r ab ol o id a r e ru l e d su r fa ce s .
2
w 2
y
?
z
The q a t on
e u i 1 , Wt h r e pr es ent s a hy per
bol o id of on e s h ee t ,
m ay be w r itten ,
+ 1
3 a
5
1t a pp ea r s t h t th e h yp e r bol o id i s
a th e l ocu s of th e
l i n e s w h o s e e q a ti on s e u ar
a
+
6
_
a C
— "
X ( 1
b
o o o o o o o o o (1 )
>
a: z 1 y
t — 1 “
(2)
i a fl:
Z 15
wh e r e a nd M a re va ri a bl e p r am ete s
a r . It i s obv i ou sly
i m p o ss i bl e to a ss i gn va l u e s to a an d u so ,
. t h a t th e e q u a ti on s
(1 ) b eco m e id e n ti ca l w it h th e e q u a ti on s H e n c e th e
e q u a ti o n s g i ve t w o di s ti n c t s s t e m s o f l i n e s n o m e m b e r o f
y ,
g wit h a n y m e m b e r o f th e o t h e r As A
'
o n e c o i n c idi n .
a ss u m e s in t u r n a ll r eal va l u e s th e l i n e g i ven by the

e q u a ti on s (1 ) m o ve s so as to c o m p l e t e l y e n e rate t h e h p e r
g y
bo l o id . S i m i l a r l y t h e l i n e g i ve n by th e e q ua ti on s (2)
,
m o ve s a s u v a r i e s so a s t o g e n e r a t e th e hy pe r b ol o id
, , , Th e .
h yp e rb olo i d o f o ne sheet i s t he refore a r ul ed s ur fa ce and

gee] GENERATI N G LI N E S 1 49
can be g e n era t e d in t wo wa y s by th e m oti on of a s t rai g h t

l i ne .
(S e e fi g .
I n l i k e m a nn e r th e e q ati on
u
a
y
wh i ch re p re sen ts a hy p e rb l i c parabol oid

o ,
m a y be w r itte n
—
cars a
'
F I G 41. .
W h en ce it i s e vid en t t h a t th e p a rab ol o id i s t h e l oc u s of .
e it h er of th e va r i a b l e l i n e s g i ve n by
f +E
a b 7t a b
? _ Q E § ,
3 :
Th e hyp erbol i c p a r a bol o id i s t h e re fore a r ul e d s u r fa c e

1 50 C O UR D l N A T E GE O M E TR Y [cm 1 11 .
and c an be g e n e a t e d in t wo r w y s by t h e m o ti on o f a
a
s t ra i g h t l ine (S e e . fi g . r
T h e g e n e a ti n g l i n e s a r e
cc
p rall el
a to on e o f th e fi x e d pl a n e s
FI G 42
. .
Ex 1 . . C P, C Q are a n y c j g t di
on u a e a m e e s of tr t he e ll i p se
z = c.
'
C P, C
’ ’
Q a1 e the c j g t di
on u a e a me e s tr of th e e ll i p se
dr w n -
c, a in t h e sa m e di1 ec t ion s as CP an d C Q . Pr o ve t h t tha e
2 2
hype b l d r t d by ith r PQ PQ
.
1 o 01 1 is g en e a e e e
'
or
’
.
Ex 2 A p o in t , “
m on t h e p a 1 a bo l a y —O cx
2=
2d
is (2cm , 0 ,
2
z,
i‘
pi t pr l —2bzz, i s (0 , 21 m, —20 n 2)
. .
,
a nd a o n 71 , on th e a a bo a x : 0 , og 2 .
Fi d t h l c li pi t w ic
,
n e o us of t he ne s j oi n i n g th e o n s f or h h , (i) m = 7z,
(ii ) an 72 .
A ns
97 S ec t i on of a ru l ed sur fac e by t h e t ang ent l ane at

. p
a p oint S i n c e a h y p e r b ol o id o f o n e s h e e t or a h y p e r b o l i c
.
pa r b l o id i g n e r a t d com pl t ly by h f two y st m s
a o s e e e e ea c o s e
o f t r i g h t l i n e s t h r p a ss t hr o g h a ny p i n t P (fi g
s a ,
e e u o ,
.
o f th r f c t wo g en er a ti n g l i n s n e f om ch sy st m
e su a e, e ,
o i ea e .
Ea c h o f t h s m e t th r face at P in at l ea s t t wo
e e e s e su , ,
co i n c id e n t p o i n t s n d t h e r f o r e t h e l i n e s l ie in t h e t ng n t
,
a e a e
1 52 C OO R D I N A T E GE O M E T R Y [on . 1x .
as th e g e n e ra to r s in wh i h c an
y t an g e n t pl n e a them
m e e ts
are di s ti n c t or co i n c id e n t I f th e g e a . n e r t or s ar e di s ti n c t
t h e t a n g e n t p l a n e s a t di ffe r e n t p o i n t s o f a g i v en
g e n e ra to r
a r e di ffe r e n t (se e fi I f t h e g e n e r a t o r s a r e c o m c ide n t

g , .
,
t h e s a m e p l a n e t ou c h e s t h e s u r fa ce a t a ll p o i n t s o f a g i ve n
n e ra t or
g e .
98 I f thr ee p o in ts of a str a ight l i n e l i e

. on a co n i coi d
the str a ight l i n e l i es wh oll y on the con icoi d .
Th e r di n a t e s o f n y p o i n t on th l i n e t hr o g h (or B y )
coo a e u , , ,
wh o e di r ti o n —
s r a ti o s r l m n e + l 18 + m y + n
ec a e , , ,
ar d r ,
r ,
r.
Th e co n diti on t h a t t h i s p o i n t h o l d l ie o n t h con i co id s u e
F (a9 y z ) = 0 m y be w r itt e n s i n c e F (9 g z ) i s o f t h e
, ,
a ,
3
, ,
s ec on d d eg re e in t h e fo rm ,
I f t hr e e p o i n t s o f th e l i n e lie on th e c o n i co id t h i s ,
e q u a ti o n i s s a ti s fi e d by t hr e e v a l u e s o f r a n d t h e r e fo r e ,
T h e e q u a ti on i s t h e r e fo r e s a ti s fi e d by a ll
va l u e s o f r an d e v e ry p o i n t o f th e
,
l i n e l i e s o n th e
c o n i co id .
99 . To find the co n di ti on s th a t g i ven

a s tr a i ght lin e
s h ou l d be a g en er a tor of a g iven con i c oi d .
L e t th e e qu a ti on s t o t h e c o n i co id a nd l i n e be
am + by + cz
2 2 2z
1 ,
w—a —
v B z _
,
l m n
Th e p oi nt on th e l i n e , ( a l r —
+ , ,B H n r , y + n r
) l i es , on
th e c on co i id i f
(a l bm 2
618 m
‘
3 ?
r
2
on ) 2r (a 0Ll e
y n )
1 0 .
I f t h i s e q u a ti on is an id e n tity t h e l i n e l i es w h ol ly 0 11
,
th e co n i c o id a n d is a e n e r a t o r o f t h e c o n i c o id Th
, g e .
r e qu i r e d con diti o n s are t h e r e fo r e

2 ?
CtOL + C
y
aa l bfim e
y n O , (2)
al
2
bm 2
en
z
O .
9 7—
99] T H E G E N E RA T O R S TH RO UG H A PO I N T 1 53
E q ti
ua on (diti o n t h a t (0L B y ) s h o u l d l ie
1 ) is t h e con , ,
o n t h e su r f a ce ; e q u a ti o n (2) s h e w s t h a t a g e n e r a ti n l in
g e
m u s t lie in t h e t a n g e n t p l a n e a t a n y p o i n t (0 L B y ) o n , ,
it ; a n d f rom (3 ) it fo ll o w s t h a t th e pa r a ll e l s t hr ou g h th e
ce n t r e t o t h e g e n e r a ti n g l i n e s g e n e r a t e t h e a s m p t o ti c co n e
y
z
?
by 2
0
‘
ax cz .
T he t hr e e e q ti
(3 ) sh e w t h a t t h rou gh an y
ua o ns
p oi n t (a B y ) of a ce n t r a l co n i co id two s t r a i g h t l i n e s can
, ,
be d r a wn to lie w h o lly o n th e co n i co id th e di re cti o n r a ti o s ,

-
o f t h e s e l i n e s b e i n g g i v e n by e q u a ti o n s (2) a n d By
L a g ra n g e s id e n tity w e ha ve
’
(a l
g
bB ) 2
(a a l bBi n 2
s ab a ( m Bl )
2
wh e n ce by ,
ab o n (w B)
l
2
cn (4)
The va lu e s of l i n n ar e t h e r e fo r e r eal onl
y if a b and 0
h a ve o pp o it e i g n w h i ch c n o nly b th e ca s i f t wo o f
s s s, a e e
th q e uan titi e s a b c a e p o s iti ve n d on e i s n

, ,
g a ti v er T h e a e .
o n l y r l e d c en t r a l c n i c id i s t h r f r
u t h e h yp r b ol o id o f
o o e e o e e
on e sh t F r o m q a ti on s (2) n d (4 ) we d e d u c e th e
ee . e u a
di r e cti on r ti o s o f t h g n e r a t o r s thr ou g h (0L B y )

-
a e e , , ,
7L
/
T 0
b,8 \
S i m i l a r ly th e , con diti on s t h a t th e l i n e
w — a —
v B _
Z —V
l 771.
s h ou l d be a
ge n e a o r t r o f th e p r b a a olo id (100
2
+ by
2:
22 ar e,
2=
a or
2
+ bB 2y , ( )
1
a ocl ——
l B
b i n —n : O .
(2)
al
z
+ bm
2
O .
(3 )
Eq u a ti on (3 ) is ati fi e d by r l v l of l w o n ly i f
s s ea a u es z
a an d b h v pp o s ite s i g n s T h e only r l ed p a ab ol o id
a e o . u r
1 54 C OO RD I N A TE GE O M E TR Y [c m m .
i s t h e r e fore hy p r bol i c p r b ol o id
th e e a a . Th e di r e cti on r a ti o s -
of th e g e n e ra ti n g l i n e s t hr ou g h (on B , , y ) a r e g i ve n by
m
"
a ng st / T b
T he fo ll o w i n g e xa mpl es s h ou l d be so l ve d in t wo w ay s (i ) by
fa c t ori s i n g t h e e q u a ti on t o t h e s u rfa c e a s in 9 6 (ii ) by m ea n s of
,
th e
c d iti
,
on on s in 99 .
3
Ex 1.
z
.
2
Fi d th
q ua ti ons t o th e g e nera ti n g l i n es of t h e h yp erbo l o i d
n e e
1 w h i c h pass t h ro u g h t h e p o m ts (2 3
x y 2 0
4
+
5 (2 l , , , a
x —Q y
— 3 + 4 JU — Q —
y S Z
—4
“
1 0 -
2 O 3
x -
2 g+1 z —2 y+ 1 e
’
o 3 «
4 3 6 10
Ex 2 . . F i d th
n e e q u a ti on s t o t h e ge nera ti n g l i n e s of th e h y p erbol o i d
w h i c h p ass t h ro g h th e p oi n t 1 O u
, ,
1 —3
A ns x 1 z 3
. v+
1
_ y
_ 1
z
Ex . F i n d th q ti n t o th g n r t r e e ua o s e e e a o s of the h yp erb ol oi d
2 2
w h i ch p t h r g h th e p i n t ( a ss ou o a co s on, 1) s in 01 , O) .
x— c a
g
—h im
os a z . s a .
a s1 n o .
—b co s a . zz i e
Ex 4 F i n d th q ti n t e e ua o s o th e g r ti g l i
ene a f th p r b l i d
n n es o e a a o o
—) = 6 w h i c h p th r g h t h p i t (1 1
. .
e 2 as s ou e o n , ,
a; —1 —
y 1 2 —1 x —l —
/ 1
7 2 —1
A "s
—3 —1 —5
.
’
4 1
T HE SY S E M S OF GENER A T TIN G L INES .
1 00 . We s h all c al l th e sy s t e m s of g e n e ra ti ng l i n e s of th e
hy p e rbol oid of on e sh ee t wh i c h ar e
g i ven by th e e q u ati on s
+
C
_ x 1 I
b c A b ) ,
. o c o n o o o o o o .
[1 1 I l 1 O n i o o c o o e
b
o o o
,
c o
th e A s y s t em -
a n d ,u - sy s t e m ,
re s p ecti vely .
1 56 COO RD I N A TE G E O M ETR Y [0 11 . 1x .
a g i ve n pl an e t hr oug h th e g en e r t or B t th e qu a ti on a . u e
r e d u ces to q ti on (5 ) i f e ua H e n c e n y pl n a a e
t h ro u g h a g n e r a ti n g l i n e i s
e t n g en t p l n e a a a .
Ex D i c t h i t r c ti
s u ss f th A g
e r t r th r gh P w ith
n e se on o e -
en e a o ou
r t r thr gh P w h P d P tr m iti f
.
j g
'
th
’
th e ut -
e ne a o ou en an are e ex e es o a.
d i m t r f t h pri c i p l ll i p ti c c ti
a e e o e n a e se on .
1 03 P er p endic u l ar g ener at or s
. To fi n al th l ocu s f . e o
the p oi n ts f o i n ter secti on p of erp en di cu l a r ge n e r a to rs .
Th e di r e c ti on -
co sine s o f th e 7
1 a nd u
,
-
g en e a o r t rs ar e
g i ven by ,
l /a 77l /b n c / l /a m /b n o
/
h 2 —1 _
2h V l l - -
’
u
,
z —l
Th e con diti on t h a t th e g e n e r tors sho l d
a u be at r igh t
an
g l e s is
“0 —HO
2 2 P —
_o
,
w h ich m ay be w r itt en
—0 X1 + 1 1 0
2 2
,
an d s h e ws t h a t t h e i r p o i n t of i n t er s e cti on
bu w e c —
ox r )
u
,
1 + 7\ ,u
lies on th e di r e cto r s ph ere

—c .
Th e l ocu s i s t h e r e fo r e th e c u r ve o f i n t e r se cti on o f th e
hy pe rb ol o id a n d th e di r ec to r s ph e r e .
Or i f PQ P R a r e perpe n d i c u l a r ge nera tors a nd P N is norm al at P

t ll p rp d i c l r
,
pl
,
by § 102 the a ne s P Q R , P N Q , P N R are m u u a y e en u a

t g t pl
an en a n e s, a n d th r f r P l i
e e o e es o n t h e e o s e d ir c t r ph r e .
1 04 . The p r oj ecti on s of the g en er a tor s of a hyp er bol o id

r i n cip a l l
on a p p a n e a r e ta n en ts to th e
g sec ti o n of the
hyp er bo l oid by the p r in cip a l p l a n e .
T he pr j
o e c ti o n s o f t h e 7\ a n d ,u
g e n era t o r s -
on th e p l a ne
XO Y a r e g i ven by
<
1 v
u 1+ + l _
,
fi l
-
1 0 4] THE S Y S TE M S or GENER A TOR S 1 57
wh i ch m ay be wr itt e n
g
1 2 "
i
t
0 , e tc .
W h e nc e th e e n ve l o pe of th e pr oj ecti on s i s th e e l li p s e
2 2
— £ y
“
Z 0 "
1 _ °
2 2
6
p oj ecti on s on th e p lan es Y O Z Z O X tou ch
S i m i l a r ly t h e , r ,
th e co re s p on di n g pr i n c i p a l s e c ti on s
r .
T h e a b ove q a ti on s t o th e pr oj e cti on s a e id en ti cal i f

e u r
H e nce e q u al val e s o f th e p a rame t e rs g i ve two u
e n era t o r s wh i c h pr oj e c t i n t o t h e s a m e t a n t t o th
g g n e e
e ll i p s e Th e p o i n t o f i n t e r s e cti n P o , ,
o f th e e n e ra t or s i ven b = t i s by 1 02
g g y u
,
.
, ,
1 —t
1
b
l t ,
. o
)
.
i . e
. i s (a cos 0L ,
bsin or , w h er e t s: ta n
<
2 P i s t h e re
fo r e th e po in t on th e pr i n c i pal i pti c s e cti on wh os e
el l
e cc e n tric an l is ca, a n d th e e n e r a t o r s pr oj e c t i n t o t h e
g e g
t a n g en t as
cos s in 1, (fi g .
F ro m § 1 0 3 , t h e di r ec ti o n c o s i n e s
-
of th e A g e n e -
rat o r are
prop or ti on a l t o k g
1 2A
a a b
v 1 >
\
2
1
o r, s i n ce 71 ta n a s in on, 6 cos or
T h e r e fore th e e q u a ti s on to th e A g en e -
rat o r t hrou gh P are
v
f —a c os oc
—b
.
a sin oc co s oz .
S i m i l a r ly th e , e q a ti o n s to t h e
u u
,
-
g e ne a o r t ra re
w—a co sa y
—b s in oz . z
a sin 0L b co s 0 L 0
Ex Pr
t h t th g r t r g i by \ = t
o ve a e en e a o s ve n z p
= l /t p r ll l
ar e a a e
d t h t t h y m t t h p ri c i p l ll i p ti c
. .
, ,
an a e eec ti e n a e se on in t he ex tr m iti f
e es o
a di m t ra e e .
1 58 C OO R D I N A TE G E O M E TR Y [C PL 1x .
1 05 . L et Q (fi gP and be th e p o i n t s on th e pr i n c i pal
, .
e ll i p ti c s ec ti o n w h o s e ecc e n t r i c a n l e s a r e 0 L a n d
g B T h en .
t h e A g en e ra t o r t hro u g h P i n t e r s e ct s t h e u g e n era t or
-
,
-
t hrou g h Q a t th e p o i n t ,
R,
h hu-
l —Nu h —p
b
“
.
C‘ 0
1 + 1 1; 1 -1 71
or
wh e r e and M ta n
W h ence the c oo r di n at e s o f R ar e
w 2
e
2
— ’ b“
s a n
ew
2 2
F ro . 44 .
N o w th e c oo r di n at e s of an y po in t on th e h yp e r bol oid
c an be ex pr e sse d in th e form
a co s 9 se c gt , b sin 0 sec gt ,
c ta n (1)
t h e r e fo r e i f R is th e p oi nt 9 ,
Bl - -
OL 6 a
9
z
an d
915 5 ,
9
S i m i l a rl y , it m ay be s h ewn t h a t
r t r t h r ou g h th e u
,
-
n
g e a o
e
P i n te r s ec t th e A g n e r a t or thr o g h Q a t th po i n t 6
s -
e u e ,
S pp o s n o w t h a t P r e m ai n s fi x e d w h i l e Q va r i
u e so t h a t es ,
on i s con s t a n t a n d
B var i a bl R t h e n m o ve s a l o n g a fi x d e . e
1 60 OOR D I N A TE GE O M E TR Y
C [0 11 I X.
Ex 1 0 . . I t r pr t th q ti
n e e e e ua on
yy
’
2 2 z
(
z ’
)
x y 2 xx zz
2+
a b2 c
2
a
2
62 c
w h re P e p i t th hy p rb l i d
, y,
’
z
’
) is a o n on e e o o .
[ T h q ti r p re e t t h p
ua ir f pl
on t h r g h th ri g i d
e ese n s e a o an e s ou e o n an
th g er t r th t i t r ct t ( y
e ne a o s a n e se a x
’
,
’
Ex 1 1 Pr t h t t h g r t r t h r gh y p i t P
o ve a e en e a o s ou an o n on a
h yp rb l i d p r ll l t t h y m p t t f t h c ti f th hyp r
. .
e o o a re a a e o e as o es o e se on o e e
b l id by
o o y pl w h i c h i p r ll l t th t g t pl
an an e t P s a a e o e an en an e a .
E x 1 2 Pr t h t th g l b t w th g r t r t h r g h P
o ve a e an e e ee n e ene a o s ou
i gi
. .
s by ve n
2a bc
wh e re p p d i c l r fr m th c tr t t h t g t pl
p is t h e er en u a o e en e o e an en ane
a t P d i t c f P fr m th c tr
a n d r is t h e s an e o o e en e .
Ex 1 3 A ll p r ll l p i p d w h i c h h i f t h r dg
a a l g e e e s a ve s x o e1 e es a on
g r t r f gi h yp rb l i d h l m
. .
e ne a o s o a th m ve n e o o ave e sa e vo u e
I f P Q RS i f c f t h p r ll l p i p d d P P Q Q R R
.
’ ’
s o ne a e o e a a e e e an
pp it c r r w m y h t h dg PS R P S R l g
, , ,
' ’ ’ ’
S S are o os e o ne s , e a a ve e e es , a on
g rtr f y t m dg S R P S R P l g g r t r
, ,
' ’
d th
’
e ne a o s o o ne s s e an e e es , a on en e a o s
th r y t m T h t g t pl th r f r
,
d S
’
o f th e o e s t S
s e e an en a n es a an a re e e o e
p r ll l d th r f r 8 8 is d i m t r
.
’
PS R d an ar e a a e an e e o e a a e e
S i m i l r l y PP d R R di m t r L t P S R b ( y
, , .
’ ’
a an ar e a e e s e e 2
, 1, ]
l m f th p r ll l p i p d i
.
, , ,
( y
x 2, ( y 2, Th t h x3 , 3,
en e vo u e o e a a e e e s
t w l ti m t h l m f th t tr h dr O PS R (O i th c tr )
e ve es e vo u e o e e a e on s e en e
D ti g it by V w h
.
,
e no n , e a ve
V =2 3
« 21 = 2a c —1
37 7 22
2 1221 1
3 23 3
, 3
= 2a bc s/ x
l 25 1
2
x
B—
Z2
'
2
x1Z
'
E ;
. .
,
5 2 ,
L a
2
752 x zx s
2
331 -
,
£ 2, E
2 a
2 2
a a
x 1 273 v x 2f s x3
2 2 *
2 2 2
a a a
2 2 2
x 1 _ x 12
2 2
21 31 2 x3
E 2
_
2+ 2 2
1, E 1, E 1 ,
a a b 0
a nd , s n e i c R
’
and S are o n th e t g t pl
an en an e a t P, a nd S on th e t g t
an en
pl a ne a t R,
x x2 a: Z
'
x T3
2—
2 2
2
.
2
.
2
1, 2
6 1
Therefo r e V 2abcsf 1( 4 a bc .
§ 10 6 ] TH E G E N E RA T O R S O F TH E PA R A B O LO I D l 61
Ex 1 4 F i nd th e l c o us o f th c r r Q d Q w h i ch
e o ne s an
'
a re no t
h yp e rbo l o i d
.
th e gv i en .
S i nc e QS a nd PR b i ctse on e a n o th r Q i th p i te ,
s e o n
4 —
( 1 x 2 + x3 , 21
an d h c li
en e es o n the h yp erb ol o i d
2 2
2 2
d
C
Th e
1 06 . syst ems of g ener at or s of t h e h y erbol i p c
p arabol oid W sh ll . r e a now s t a t e th e e s u l t s f o r t h e
2 2
hy p r b l i p r b l id 2
e o c rr s p ndi ng t th s
a a o o
2
co e o o o e
w hi h w h
c pr v d f th h yp r b l id T h i pr f
e a ve o e or e e o o . e r oo
i s l ft
e n r i s f th st d n t
as a exe c e or e u e .
Th p i t f i n t r
e ti
o n f th g n r t r
o e s ec on o e e e a o s
’
a:
93 y_— 2k, y —
2
+
.
’
(,L b a b A
i ”
31 : 91 4 2 Z
i s g i ve n by
Th e di re c ti o n -
co sines of th e g e n e r t rs
a o are
g i ven by
l f
m n l m n
—b fl
.
77
’
a 27V a
a n d h e n c e t h e l o c u s o f t h e p o i n t s o f i n t e r se c ti o n o f er en
p p
dic u l a r g e n e ra t o r s i s th e c u r ve o f i n t e r s e c ti o n o f th e s u r f ace
a nd t h e pl an e 2z + a z
6 2:
0 .
The pl ane
w y__ 2A + lc Z+ Q _ f ”
_
a b a h A
p ss s t hr o g h th e gen e r a t or (1 ) nd i t nge n t p l n e t
a e u a s a a a
t h e p o i n t f i n t r e cti n o f t h a t g e n r to r n d th g e n e r t o r
o e s o e a a e a
of th e u
,
sy s te m g i ven by
-
Th e proj e cti on s o f th e gene r a t o r s on th e p l an e Y O Zs ,

ZO X
e n ve l o p e th e pr i n c i p a l s e c t on s i w ho se e q ti on s
ua are
2z = 0, 2
x = 2a 22
y y .
L
1 62 C OO RD I N A TE GE O M E TR Y [c m IX
An y p o n i t on s econ d p a r a b ol a i s (2a m 0
th e and i f , ,
th e g e n e r a t o r s o f th e A a n d u sy s t e m s c o rr e ,
-
sp o n din g to t h e s e va l u e s proj e c t i n t o t h e t a ng e n t t o th e
pa r b a ola a t i n .
An y p i t o n on th e s u r fa c e i s g i v e n by
w= a r 9 = br sin 9 = 2
2z r c os 29
cos , y , ,
an d th e e q u ati on s to th e g en e a o r t r s t hro gh u r, 9 ar e
x — ar co s9 —
y b r s in 9
_
2
00 8 26
a j: b r ( cos 9——
T s in 9)
EX 1 She w th t a th e an g le bet we en th e g ene a r ti g l i n ne s t h r gh

ou
gi
.
(2, y, )
2 1s ve n by 1
t an
( 2+
2
Ex 2 . th t th q ti
. Pr o ve a e e ua on s
4 = (1 + y b c h 15
x a 9 c os os ( cos z c sinh c cos p 9
‘
: :
,
d t rm i
e e h yp rb l i c p r b l i d
ne a d th t e o a a o o an a t he an gl e be tw ee n the
en e a o s
“
g r t r th r g h 9 qt i g i by ou ,
”
s ven
,
? 2
c h %
{ (b
z
c ) a
4
003
4
0l ““ 0
2 C o s2
) 9 os 295l
T 5 2
C
2
a
2
c os
2
9
Ex 3 . . Pr o ve th t th q ti
a e e ua on s
2x = ae
2¢
, y
:
be l
‘’
c h9 = ¢ i h9
os ,
z ce s n
d t e rm i n
e prb e a h yp erbo l i c a a o o l i d d th t 9 4—4 i c o t t f
an a ) s ns an or
p i t f gi g r t r f y t m t tf
,
o n s o a ve n ene a o o o ne s d 9 I i c s e an () s on s a n or a
gi g r t r f t h th r
,
ve n en e a o o e o e .
Ex 4 Pl d r w th r g h th ri g i
a n es a r e a n ou e o n, 0 , a n d th e e n e rtr
g a o s
th r g h y p i t P f th p r b l i d g i by x2 —y2 = a z Pr
. .
ou an o n o e a a o o ve n . o ve
a e an
—
t h t t h g l b t w t h m i t E wh r
2
e e e en e s an
1 r
e e r is t h e l g th f O P
en o
,
Ex 5 . . F i n d th l c e o us o f th e p r p d i c l r fr m
e en u a s o th e ve rt ex of
2 2
pr l i d 2—1 g rtr f y t
.
th e a a bo o 2 2 t o th e ene a o s o on e s s em
7 7
3 .
Ex 6 p i t f i t r c ti T he o n s o n e se o n of g rtr =
e ne a o s o f a
y wh i c h az are
i cl i d t c t t g l l i c r f i t r c ti f th
. .
n ne a a o ns a n an e a e 0 11 th e u ve o n e se on o e
p r b l i d d t h h yp rb l i d
.
a a o o an e e o o a
’Z - -
l y ta n2a + a 2 = 0 .
164 C OO RD I NA T E GE O M ETR Y [C 11 1x .
p ar al lel e p i p e d i s t ak en a s o ri gi n ,
a nd th e axe s a r e p a r al le l
t o th e e dg e s , the e qu a ti on s t o t he g i v e n l i n e s a r e o f th e
f or m,
1 =
( ) y b, z —c ; (2) z = c , a: —a ; (3 ) y = —b ,
wh e r e 2a 2b 2c , ,
are th e e dg e ; s T h e g en e r al e qu ati on to a
i id t hr ou g h
c on c o the l i ne s (1 ) a n d (2) is
—
(y b) (Z
Wh er e m= a y = , b m e e t s th e su rf a ce we h a ve
41 2
,
2-
4 2z (a 1/ b) uc
,
2
20 (a v-l b) 4a b>
\ O ,
and if x =a ,y = —b i s a
g en e a o r t r thi ,
s e qu a ti on m u s t be
s ati s fi e d f or a ll val u e s o f 2 . T h r f re
e e o
l) (
c a v+ b) c
M _ O V_ ’ A ’
2a h
’
a a
an d th e e q u a ti on to t h e s u r f ac e i s
a e bzx coz
y a be 0
y .
FI G . 46 .
Th e ri g i n e vid en tly b i s ect s a l l c h o r d s o f the su rface

o
w h i c h p ss t hro g h it nd t h e re fo re t he s u r f ce i s a
a u , a a
ce n t r l u r f a ce a n d i s t h e r e f o r
a s a h p e r b o l o id o f o n e s h e e t e
, y .
(C f § 4 7 E x
.
, .
I f th e t hr e e l i n e s a r e p a ra ll el to t h e s am e p l an e l et an y ,
l i n e wh i c h m e e t s t h e m be t a k e n a s z a x i s I f th e l i n e s a r e -
.
A1 8 1 A 28 A 83 ( fi n d t h e z a x i s me e t s t he m in
g a -
2 3
.
, , ,
1 0 9—1 1 1] L I N E S WHIC H M E ET FO UR G I V E N L IN E S 165
CI, 0 2,
C3 , ta k e A1 8 1
as az- a x is and th e p r al l
a el t o A 28 2
t hro u g h C 1 as —
y axi s . T h en th e e q ti o ns m
ua a
y be w r itte n
= 0, = ot ;
() y
1 (2) a: z 0 , Z ()
3 l c
c + m =
y 0 B ,
e z .
Th e e q u ti a on to a co n co i id throu g h th e l i n es (2) a n d (3 ) is
u a
'
(z B)
— )(
,
+ V (Z OL Z
If y = O, is a
g en e a o r t r , th e e q ti ua on
l hx 2
m u s t be s a ti s fi e d fo r a l l va l u e s o f as, a n d t h ere fo re
A= p = Q flB + fl a = 0 ;
a nd h e n ce q ati on to th e su r f c i s
th e e u a e
z { l x (oc
B ) Bn y } or B n y 0 t i .
S i n ce t h e t e r m s o f s ec on d d eg r a e th prod u c t of l i n e r ee r e a
f ctor t h e q ti on r e pre sen t s hy p r bol i c p a ra b lo id

a s, e ua a e o .
1 1 0 T h e st r aig h t l ine s wh i ch meet four g i ven l i nes

.
I f A B C e t hr e e g i v n n on i n t e r s c ti n g l i n e n i n fi n it e
, ,
ar e -
e s, a
n m b r o f s t r i g h t l i n e s c n be d r w n t
u e a m et A B nd C a a o e , ,
a .
F or co n i c o id c a n be d r w n t hr o g h A B C
a nd A a u , , ,
a ,
a e g e n e r a t o r s o f o n e sy s t m s y t h
r A sy s t m d h n ce e , a e -
e ,
an e
a ll th e g n r t r f th
e sy s t e m w i l l i n t r s e c t A B a n d C
e a o s o e a e
-
,
.
, ,
A fo r t h l i n e D w h i c h d o s n ot m e t A B
u , , n d C m ee t s e e , ,
a ,
th e co n i co id in g e n e r a l in t w p oi n t P nd Q n d th e o s a ,
a
e n e r at o r s o f th e s y s t e m t hr o
g h P a nd Q
u e th e o n l y u ar
g
-
l i n e s w h i c h i n t e r s c t t h e fou r g i ve n l i n e A B C De If s , , , .
,
h o we v r D i a gen e ra to r f th e c n i oid t hro g h A B

e ,
s o o c u , ,
a nd C it be l o n g s to th e A sy s t m n d t h r e fo r e all th
,
-
e ,
a e e
en r a t o r s o f th e
e s y s t em m eet ll t h af o r lin s a e u e
g
-
.
,
1 1 1 I f th ee st a ight l i n es ca n b d a wn to m t fou
. r r e r ee r
g i ven n o n - i n ter secti n g li n es A, B , C , D , th en A , B ,

C ,
D are
a con i coi d
gen er a tor s o
f .
f
I the t hr ee l in es i id a re P Q , ,
R, e ach m e e t s th e co n c o
t hr o u gh A B C in t hre e p o i n t s an d is t h e r e fo r e a g e n e ra t or
, , ,
.
H e n ce D m ee t s th e co n i co id in t hr e e p o i n ts viz th e poi n ts , .
o f i n t e r s ec ti on o f D a n d P Q R ; a n d t h e r e fo r e D is a , ,
gen e ra to r .
1 66 O RD I NA TE G EO M E TR Y CO ( x CH . i .
Ex 1 A A ; B B ; C C pi t X OX Y OY Z O Z
’ ’
,
’
are o n s on
’
,
’
,
’
Pr th t B C C A A B g rtr f t d th t
.
. .
, ,
m ’
’ ’
ene a o s o on e s s e an a
ove a y are ,
g r t r f t h t h r y t m f h yp rb l i d
, ,
’ ’
B C C A A B
'
’
are en e a o s o e o e s s e ,
o a e o o .
, ,
E 2X A A B B C C p ir f pp it rti c f k w
’ ’ ’
are a s o o os e ve es o a s e
h g dr w h yp rb l i d Pr t h t AA B B C C
. . , , ,
’ ' ’
ex a on a n on a e o o . o ve a , , a re
c c rr t
on u en .
Ex 3 Th l tit d f t tr h dr e g r t r f h yp r
a u es o a e a e on ar e en e a o s o a e
h t
. .
b l id f
o o o on e s ee
rti c th r gh D A
.
L t A B C D b th
e Th t h pl e e ve es en e an es ou ,
p rp d i c l r t th pl O B O t h r g h D B p rp d i c l r t t h
.
, , ,
e en u a o e an e ou e en u a o e
pl D C A d th r gh D C p rp d i c l r t th pl D A B p
, ,
an e an ou e en u a o e an e ,
ass
t hr gh li Th t l i i t h r f r
, ,
ou 45 E 6
on e §4 4 E ne, x or x a ne s e e o e
c pl r w ith th l tit d fr m A B C d it m t t h l tit d
. .
, , ,
o a na e a u es o an ee s e a u e
fr m D i D d t h r f r it m t l l t h f r l tit d T h c rr
, , ,
o n an e e o e ee s a e ou a u es . e o e
l i t r l t r l tit
,
s
p d i
on
g nh g h A B 0n es m l l t h f ou d ,
a so ee a e ou a u e s,
w h i ch t h r f r g r t r f h yp rb l i d
,
ar e e e o e ene a o s o a e o o .
Ex 4 Pr t h t t h p rp d i c l r t th f c O f t h t tr h d r
o ve a e e en u a s o e a es e e a e on
thr g h t h ir rth c tr g r t r f th pp it y t m
. .
ou e o o en e s ar e en e a o s o e o os e s s e .
Ex 5 Pr th t th l i j i i g A B C D t th c tr f
o ve a e n es o n n o e en es o
c ircl i cri b d i t h tri g l B C D C DA D A B A B C
. .
, , ,
th e es ns e n e an es are
g r t r f hy p rb l i d
, , ,
ene a o s o a e o o .
1 1 2 Th e . t o a h yp er bol oid wh en t wo int er

eq u at i on
sect ing g ener at or s a r e oor dinat e ax es I f t wo i n t e c . r
s e c tin
g g e n e a t o s a r e t ak e n a s x a x i s a n dr y r
a x i s, t h e - -
eq ati on to th e su r f ac e m u st be s ti sfi e d by a ll
u a va l u e s of a
t
w h en y = z = 0 an d by a ll val u e s of y wh en 2 ,
:
S pp o s t h a t it i s
u e
a ce
2
by 2
2f ye 2g zas 2hxy 2u ae 2vy 2202 0 .
T h en we m u s t h a ve
a = u = 0, a nd
an d t h e r e for e th e e q ti on t ak e s th e for m
ua
+ 2f ye
2
02 2hwy 210 2 0 .
S u pp o s e t h a t th e l i n e j o i n i n g th e p oi n t o f i n ter s e c ti o n
now
of t h e e n e r a t or s t o t h e c en t r e i s ta k en as z a xi s T h en
g
-
.
,
s i nce th e g en e r at or s t hr ou g h o pp o s it e e n d s o f a di ame te r
ar e p a rall e l th e l i n e s y = 0 z = 2y ; a = 0 z = 2~y ar e
, , ,
n e ra tor s th e c e n t re be i n W h
g e
g (, 0 0 y) e nce , , .
= 9 = 02
f 7
:
and th e e qu ti on r da e u ce s to
02
2
2hxy 2wz 0 .
C OORDI NA TE GEOMETR Y
Th e sy st e m s of g e ne a r ti ng l i n s e a re
g i ve n by
Ay = z ,
is b — co rr e sp o n d s
Th e az- a x e l on
gs to th e u
,
s
ys tem an d to
Th e g e n e r t r
a o of the A sy s t e m
-
t hr o u g h th e p oi n t
(or ,
0 0)
,
i s g i ve n by ha .
A
ga + w
Th e ta n g e n t p l a n e a t (on O 0 ) is t h e p l a n e t hrou g h t h i s , ,
e n e ra t o r a n d O X It s q ti n i s t h r f r A =z
g e u a o e e o e
y .
,
or ha y z (g oc + w ) 0 .
L et P P ’ ’
0 ) he p int th e — is
( ,
0L, 0, , ( Ot ,
0 ,
o s on x ax .
T hen th e t a ng e n t pl a ne s at P an d P ’
ar e a t r ig h t an l
g es if
0 ,
w9 wh
‘ ‘
z z
t e. . i f
h +9
2 2
)( or
h 2
(11
2
9
2
?
wg
T h r fo r e i f
e e p oi n t h +g
0 C P oP iG is th e 2 ,
o
’
s
c n st n t fo
o a ll p i r s f p rp n di c l r t n g e n t p l n s
r a a o e e u a a a e
t hr o g h 0 X C i c l l d th e nt r l p int o f th e g e n e r a t r
u . s a e ce a o o
0 X I f t h e r i g i n i s t k n at th ce n t r l p o i n t th e q
. o a e e a , e ua
ti on (1 ) m u s t t k e th f or m ococ = con st n t n d t h e r e f r e a e
’
a . a o
g =0 n d
, OLOL —
a w /l T h q ti o n t t h co n i co id
’
2
1
2
. e e ua o e
wh n 0 X i
e
g ner t r n d O i s th s c n tr l p i nt O Z i s
a e a o a e e a o ,
th e n o r m l t O n d t h e x a r t n g ul r is t h e r fo r e
a ,
a a e s ar e ec a a ,
e
by 2
02
2
2f yz 2ha y 2i vz 0 .
Ex F i d th l c f t h rm l t c i c i d t p i t O f
1 n e o us o e no a s o a on o a o n s a
gi g r tr
. .
ve n en e a o
T ki g q ti rm l t ( 0 0 )
.
a n b th t th
a x e s as a ove, e e ua on s o e no a a 0L, ,
are
£1
0
2
h
4 i Th l c
4
7
a
f th r m l i t h r f r th h y p rb l i c
20
. e o us o e no a s s e e o e e e o
p r b l i d w h q ti i h wy I t h O X d O Z g r t r
.
a a o o ose e ua on s xz as an as e n e a o s,
rt t t h ri g i
.
an d it s ve ex a e o n .
E 2 Th
X h r m i c r ti f f r t g t ple th r gh t h
an a on a o o ou an en a nes ou e
r t r i t h h rm i c r ti f th ir p i t f c tac t
. .
sa m g e ene a o s e an a on a o o e o n s o on .
Th t g t pl
e an t i en w h c by 3 8 E 4
an e a s en e, x
h r m i c r ti f th pl
,
.
,
th e an a i on a o o e a nes s
“ 4 OL2 ) (09, 0L
4
2) (0L 1
OL 0L 0L
3 4
O I NT A ND PA RA METER
CE N TRA L 1 69 P
Ex 3 F r fi d g r t r f th m y t m m t y g r t r
ou xe e ne a o s o e sa e s s e ee an e ne a o
pp it y t m r g f c t t h r m i c r ti
. .
of th e o os e s s e In a an e o o ns a n an a on a o .
Ex 4 Fi d th l c f th p rp d i c l r fr m p i t
n e o us o e e en u a s o a o n on a
h yp rb l i d t t h g r t r f y t m
. .
e o o o e e ne a o s o o ne s s e .
T k 0 th p i t
a e ri g i d g r t r th r g h 0
e o n OX as o n, a n a e ne a o ou as
rm l t O O Z t h XO Y i t h t g t pl t O
,
T k th
, .
a e e no a a as ,
en s e an en a ne a
q ti t t h h y p rb l i d i
.
Th e e ua on o e e o o s
2 2ha y
by 2
0 2 2f y e 2gzx ‘
2102 O.
T h e sys t em s o f g rtr
e n e a o s are g ven by
i
Ay = z,
= + n(by +
y n(ez + 2g x + 2fy z
T he l c o us o f th e p rp d i c l r
e en u a s t o th e g rtr
e n e a o s of t h e A-sys t em is
th e c bi c c
u o ne
36 0
32
2 2fvz + by? )
1 14 Th e c ent r al oint and aramet er of dist r ibut ion

*
. p p .
Ta k i n g th e a x e s i n di ca t e d in § 1 1 3 th e e q u a ti o n to th e
c o m co 1 d I s
by 2
oz
?
2f yz 2hxy n 0 ,
Th e e q u ti on s
a t o th e sy s t e m of g ene a o s r t r to wh i c h
0 X b el ong s ar e
0 X be i ng g i ve n by A= O . di r e cti on
Th e -
co sines of a
g e n e r a t o r o f t h i s sy s t e m a r e pr op o r ti on al to
b A —Qf A i l
C
z --
,
23 11 1 2
,
2hA(2f A
and t h e r e f ore th e s h o r t e s t di st a n ce b t we
e en th i s g e n er a o r t
and 0 X h as di re c ti on -
co s i n e s pr o po r ti o n a l to
o ,
2f A —1 , cA .
Henc e th e l i m iti ng p os iti on of th e s h o r te s t di sta n c e . as A

t en d s z e r o i s pa r a ll el to
to , OY . Ag a i n ,
an
y p la n e t h rou g h
th e n e r ato r i s i v n b
g e g e y
y( f
2 A
T h i s pl an e m ee t s O X wh e r e az = w/hlc
f
. It co n a n t i s t he
SD i f 2 —
( f A )( f
1 2 A —1
—4f 7\
—
( b)A c
’
s qua re s a n d h i gh e r p o w e r s o f A b e i n g r ej e c t e d .
COO R DI N A TE G EO M ETR Y
"
1 70 [C11 1 11 .
T h e r e fo r e th e S D. . m eet s O X w h er e
iv c —
( b) A
‘
h (1
S i n ce as ten d s to z e r o w it h A ,
th e l i m iti n g p o s iti on of th e
S D
. . is OY . H e nce th e cen t ra l p o i n t o f g i ve n g n erato i s a e r
th e po in t i n t e r s e c ti o n o f
of e th e g n r t o r a n d t h S h o r t s t
e a e e
di sta nce be t w e e n it a n d a co n s ec u ti v g n ra t or o f t h e e e e :
s a m e sy s t em .
T h e e q u a ti o n r e pr e sents th e p l an e
thr ou g h t h e A g en e r a t o r p a r a ll e l -
to O X T h e r e fo r th e
. e
s ho rt e s t di s ta n ce 8 i s g i ve n by , ,
220 A,
r j e ti ng
e c A 2
,
et c .
A ga i n , i f 9 is th e an gl e bet we en th e g en e r a to r a nd O X ,
beA 2
2f A l
co s 9
(beA
2
2f A 40 2 1 2 4
4 11 1 22191
2
wh en ce, if A
2
an d h i g h r p o w r s b r ej e ct d
e e e e ,
9 2h A .
Th e l i m it Of th e r ti o
a as A t en d s to z e r o i s ca lle d ,
th e p aramet e r of dist r ibut ion of th e g e n e r a t o r O X D e no ti n g .
it by p w e ,
h a ve
2i vA w
'
2hA h
Co r If 0 is th e cen t ral poin t and th e t a n g en t pl an e s at
—p
.
A and
’
A ar e a t r ig h t a n l es 0 A O A
g ,
’
2
.
Ex 1 . . I f th e g rtr
e ne a o <) 1 of th e h y p erbo l o i d
2+ 2 2
1
a b 0
—a —
p_ y b s i n d)
is g i ven by x cos <
an d 9 is t h e an gl e be tw ee n the g ene a o srtr qS

”
and
961 , pr o ve th t a
z 2 2 9 ? 2
b ( 1 a e sin <) s in b c c os ( 1
‘
a <) c os
Sin
~
9 2 2 2
(a
2
i z
cfi b2 i
b )( i i>l b2 ?
)
’
s n co s c 0 a s n < c
and de
1 72 COOR DINA TE GE OM ETRY [c a 1 11 .
2 2
Ex 7 . . F o r th e g en ra tor e of p r b l id “ 2 gi
th e a a o o
2
2 ve n by
a b a b
pr o ve t h t th p r m t r f d i trib ti
a e a a e e o s u on is
c tr l p i t i
2 2
b(a 2-
b + 42
a
a
: b2
an d th t t h
a e en a o n s
2a A 3
26 A3
2 (a 2
b )A ? 2
2
2
4 6 - ” a
2
+b
“ ’
a
2
+b 2
Pr o ve a so l th t a th e c tr l p i t
en a o n s of th e s
ys t e ms of g e ne a o srtr lie on
the pl a ne s
5 £ 3
4
3
Ex 8 IfG is a gi v r t r f hy p rb l i d pr th t th
en g e ne a o o a e o o o ve a e
t g t pl c tr l p i t f G i p rp d i c l r t t h t g t
. .
,
an en a ne a t t h e en a o n o s e en u a o e an en
pl t a ne o t h e a sym p t ti c c w h g r t r f c t c t i p r ll l
o on e o se e ne a o o on a s a a e
to G .
Ex 9 A a of an e s h ou h p ir pl t r g gi g r t r f hyp r a ven en e a o o a e
t c r c pi t d c t i th rm l
. .
bol o id o u h t h e s u fa e a t o n s A d B an a 11 on a n e no a s
pi t O g r t r I f 9 i th gl b t w th m
,.
o n s A an d B f th e ene a o ’ ’
at . s e an e e ee n e ,
p r th t t
ove a an
2
9 — B
A—
,
'
Ex 1 0 If t g t pl
th e t pi tP
an en an e a a o n of a g en erat r c entr l
o a
pi t g l 9 w it h t h t g t pl
. .
,
o n 0 , ma k es an an e e an en an e a t O , p t a n 9 = O P,
wh r e e
p is th e p r m t r f d i tri b ti
a a e e o s u on .
*
Examp l es VI .
1 Pr
t h t th l io ve a e ne is a
r t r f t h h yp rb l i d if
.
g ene a o o e e o o
z=
bmm
’
2
a n d a ll
’ ’ ’ ’
2 2
al bm
’ ’ ’
en p , cn n pp .
2 . Sh e w t h a t th e e q ua ti ons
r pr t f d i ff r t l
e ese n or e en va u es of A e ne a o g rtr s of o ne sys e m t of t he
hy p rb l i d
e o o a nd fi nd t h e e q ua ti o ns to g rtr
e ne a o s
of th th r y t m
e o e s s e .
2 2 2
3 T g t pl w h ch p r ll l g nt
23 2
y
t 7 an en a n es o 4 1, i are a a e t o ta n e
71
.
pl t
a n es o
a
bzczx 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
bz
é
e a 1 a
2 —6 2+ 2 — 2+ 2 2
6 C 0t + 0
cut th e su rf c
p rp d i c l r g r t ra e in e en u a e ne a o s .
4 Th h rt t di t c b t w g r t r f th m
e s o es s a n es e e en e ne a o s o e sa e sy s e m t
dr w t t h d f d i m t r f th pri c i p l ll i p ti c c ti
.
a n a e en s o a e e s o e n a e se on o f th e
2 2 2
hyp rb l i de — 1 li
6
o o th r f c wh q ti 2
e on e su a es ose e ua on s a re
oxy
2 2
x +y
on . E XA M P LE S vi . 73
5 Sh e w t h a t th e sh ort e t d i s t a n c e o f s a ny t wo p rp d i c l
e en u ar
b ers O f th a t syste m o f ge n era tors of t h e p r b l id y (

.
m em a a o o aa: +
w h i c h i p rp n d i c l r t t h
s e e u a o e
y
-
i li
ax s, es in t h pl e a ne
6 Pr v t h t
.
y p i nt o e a an o on th l i e ne s
li es o n rf c th e su a e
an d fi d q ti n e ua o ns to d t rm i n e
e e th e o th r e sy s e m o ft li nes w h i ch l i es
on th rf c e su a e .
7 Th f r e ou co n ico ids , ea ch of wh i ch p th r gh t h r a sse s ou ee o f fou r

gi g rtr
.
ve n n on - m t e r s ec t m g l i nes, h a ve t w c mm o o on e ne a o s .
8 . Pr o ve th t th q ti a e e ua on to th c i c i d th r g h th l i
e on o ou e n es
n = o= v
,
Au + I “ ) l it mv
Au mv
’ ’ ’
l
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
c v
,
u
9 AB C , A B C
’ ’ ’
are t wo tri g l Pm gi th t th l i
ve n an es . o v es s o a e nes
th r gh P w h i ch m t p ir f c rr p d i g i d A B A B ;
.
th e
’ ’
ou ee a s o o es on n s es ,
BC B C ; CA C A
’ ’
,
’ '
c pl r Pr t h t th l c f P i th
a re o ana o ve a e o us o s e
h y p rb l i d t h r g h AA B B
, .
’
d CC
’ ’
e o o ou , , an .
1 0 I f fr m
. fi d pi t h yp rb l i d l i
o a xe o n on a e o o ne s ar e dr w n a to
i t r c t th d i g l f t h q dri l t r l f rm d
n e se e a o na s o e ua a e a s o e by t wo fix d e a nd
tw ri b l g r t r th l i
o va a c pl r
e e n e a o s, es e n e s are o a na .
1 1 Th r g h
. ri b l g r t r ou a va a e e ne a o
x —y = A ,
of th e p r b l id
a a o o —y2 = 2z a pl a ne is dr wn a ma ki g c t t
n a o ns a n
an gl e a w it h th e pl an e v .
-
z
y Fi d n t he l c o us of t h e p i t t wh i ch
o n a
it t ch l id pr
. .
ou es t he a a bo o .
1 2 Pr th l c f th l i
o ve th t
f i t r c ti af tw p p e o us o e ne o n e se on o o er en
pl w h i ch p t h r g h t w fi d i t r c ti g l i i
.
di l cu ar an e s ass ou o xe n o n - n e se n ne s s
a h y p rb l i d w h c tr l c irc l r c ti
e o o p rp d i c l r t th
ose en a u a se o ns a r e e en u a o e
li dh
nes a n t h ir d i m t r q l t th ir h rt t d i t c
ave e a e e s e ua o e s o es s an e .
2
13 P r t h t f t h g r t r
o ve f — 1 b d r w t h r gh
a I e en e a o s o
2
e a n ou
2
.
th p i t w h r it i m t by
e o n s t g tt e e s e a an en o
2
2 1
’
b2(b2 0
2
) a
2
b 2
th y f rm k w q d ri l t r l w ith t w O pp it gl ri gh t gl
e o a s e ua a e a o os e an es an es,
and th th r d i g l f w h i c h i g r t r f t h c l i d r
e o e a o na o s a en e a o o e y n e
2 2 2
14 . Th e no rm l a s
3 9 ;
to p 2
i4-
t f g 7
r t
77r m t 1 at o n s o a e ne a o ee
th e pl =0 an e z at p i t l yi g
o n s tr i gh t l i d f di ff r t
n on a s a ne, a n or e en
g r t r O f th
e ne a o s e sa m y t m th i l i
e s t ch a fi
s e d m s ne ou es xe co c .
1 74 C OO RD I N A TE G E O M E T R Y IC H . 1x .
15 . Pr o ve t h t t h g r t r f + by +
a e 1 t h r gh
en e a o s o ax
2 2
ou
y]
(x2 , y2, 2
2 ) l ie i t h pl
n e anes
(“ l J/3 1 372 1)
‘ ‘
bZ
/ “ 1) 0 21 3 2 2 2
2(a xe: l byy1 0 22

1 l ) (a n t 2 byy2 czz2
16 r t r t
Th eh r gh p i t t h p ri c i p a
e ne a o s l ll i p ti c c ti
g
. ou o n s on e n e se on
2
a:
— 1
7 6 2
o f
6
+2
1 c h t h2 t th cc tri
7 c:
g l f th , su i d bl th a e e en an e o e o ne s ou e e
e cc tri c g l f th th r i t r c t th c r g i by
en an e o e o e ,
n e se on e u ve s ve n
z= : t ct .
2
+ t
1 7 T he pl
. f tri g l wh i ch h fi d c tr f gr ity
anes o an es ave a xe en e o av
a n d h a vet ir rti c
he thr gi tr i gh t l i w h i c h p r ll l
ve es o n ee ve n s a nes are a a e
pl
t o t h e sa m e t ch c f th c d d gr an e , d t h ir i d
ou a on e o e s e on e e e, a n e s es
a re g r t r f thr p r b l i d
ene a o s o ee a a o o s .
1 8 T h c bi c c r
. e u u ve
1 1 l
A w
— y XT Xi ;
‘
R
’
m ee t s c i c i d + by
th e on o ax
z 2
+ c z
2 = l in pi t s ix o n s, a n d th e no rm l a s at
th es e pi t g rtr
o n s are en e a o s o f th e h yp r b l i d
e o o
a ye (B a ) + z (a b) = 0 .
19 t h t t h l c f p i t w h d i t c fr m t w g i
Pr o ve a e o us o a o n ose s a n es o o ve n
li c t t r ti i h yp rb l i d f h t d th t
.
nes a rei n a on s a n a o s a e o o o one s ee an a
t h p r j c ti f th l i th t g t pl t th p i t w h r
,
e o e ons o e n es on e an en ane a e o n e e
it m t t h h rt t d i t c f rm h rm i c p c i l w ith t h
ee s e s o es s an e o a a on en e
g r t r t h r g h th p i t
en e a o s ou e o n .
r t r th r g h P
2 2 2
20 T h g h yp rb l i d 4 4
3 2
.
. e th
ene a o s 1 ou on e e o o -
2 2 2
0
m t t h pl
ee i A
e d Ba ne I f PA P B i c t t fi d t h n an . s o ns a n ,
n e
l c fP
o us o .
21 I f t h m di f t h trie g l PA B i t h l t
e an mpl i o e an e n e as exa e s
p r ll l t th fi d pl h w th t P l i
.
a a e o + By + y = 0
e xe th an e 01 27 z s e a es 0 11 e
rf c
,
su a e
22 I f A d B th tr m iti f c j g t di m t r f th
an are e ex e es o on u a e a e e s o e
pri c i p l ll i p ti c c ti pr t h t t h m d i th r g h P f
.
n a e se o n, o ve a e e an ou o
t h tri
e gl PA B l i
an th ce es on e one
a
2
b2 c
23 . A a nd B a r e th e e x tre m iti e s o f
pri c i p l ll i p ti c th e a x e s of th e n a e
2 2 2
sec ti f on o 1 t h e h y p e rb o l o i d
dT i y li i t h pl
0
2 ,
an s an ne n e an e
of th c ti G G
e se g r t r O f th m y t m G p i g
on 1, 2 are e ne a o s e sa e s s e l a ss n
th r g h A d G th r g h 8 T w h yp rb l i d dr w
.
,
ou an 2 ou o e o o s are a n, one
th r g h T G O Z t h t h r t h r gh T G O Z S h w t h t h
.
ou 1, e o e ou 2, e a e
t h r c m m g r t r f t h h y p rb l i d l i t h r f c
.
, , ,
o e o on en e a o s o e se e o o s e on e su a e
<)
2
— y z x y 2: y
51 2
62 c a b a b
CH AP TE R X .
CON F O C AL C ONI C O ID S .
1 15 . Confoc al conicoids ar e c o n ico ids w h o s e pr i n c i p a l

s ec ti on s h a ve th e s a m e fo c i . T h s thu e e q a ti on
u
2 2
29
y 2
A b —A —A
2
‘ + 2 2
1
a c
re pr e sen t s , f or an
y val u e o f A , a co n co i id f
c o n oca l wit h
2 Z 2
{B y 2
=
+
fl E E ’
i
s n ce th e s e cti o n s of th e c o n ico ids by th e pl n e s Y O Z ZO X
a , ,
XO Y ar e f
c on o c a l co n c i s . A ga i n , i f a r b it r ry val u e s a r e
a
a ss i g n e d to or. in t h e e qu a ti on
z
y
+ 2— 2 + 2— 2
_
0L Ot 5 OL 0
b a ndb e i ng con s t n t s we o b t i n th e e q a ti on to a
0 a , a u s
sy st m o f co n fo ca l c o n ico ids I f t h i form o f equ a ti n be

e . s o
ch o sen to r e pr se n t a co n f ocal 0 i s calle d th e p imary semi

e L r
axis .
The s ecti on s of the p ra bol o id s

a
2 2 2 2
$ y {E y
b —A
+ 22 4
a
Z —A z "
(1
2
t?
p O
by t h e l a n e s Y Z Z O X c on s i s t o f , ,
f
c on oc a l p rabol s
a a , and
he n c e th e p r b
a a o l o id s a r e co n oca l f .
116 . T h e t hr ee confoc al s t h r ou g h a p oint . Thr ou gh

a ny p o in t ther e p a ss thr ee con i co i ds c o n o ca l wi th a g i ven f
e l li so idf — a n ell i s o id a h eet, a n d a
p p yp er b o l o id o
f o n e s,
h
hyp er bo l o id o f two she ets .
T H E CO N FO C A L S TH R O UG H A P OINT 1 77
Th e e q ua ti on
g
z l—
iiA b —A -
‘
z
-
1 r pre es e n ts an
y
a
2
c o n co i id
f
c o n o ca l
w it h th e l l i p s id
c o n o cal f
p a sse s thro g h ( B y ) u or,
e
,
o
,
5 If the
2 2
V
a
2 —A +
b —A 2 +
c
z —A
or —A>
(b —A>(
2
c
z —oc (b 2 z —A>
—62< z— 2— —
c A) (a A) y <
2
a
2
Thi b i c q u ti on in A g i ve s t h pa ra m et e r o f thr e
s cu e a e s e
n foca l s w h i c h p a ss t hr ou h
co
g (Ct B y ) S u pp o s e t h t , , . a
a > b > c W h en .
A 00 1 6 2
; 0
2
1
00 1
f <
A>is
Hn e ce the e q u a ti o n f (A) = 0 has thr e e r ea l r oo t s A 1 , A2 A3

,
s h th
uc a t A, b 2
A, 0
2
A3 .
T h e r for e e th e c o n o ca l f is a h y p r bol o id f
e o t wo s h e et s , a
hy p e r b olo id Of on e S he t e , or a n e ll i p s id o ,
a cc o rdi ng as
A = A1 A2 , , or A3 .
A t e n d s to 0 t h e c on foca l
As 2
i p s o id t e n d s to co i n c id e
el l
w it h th a t p a r t o f th e pl a n e X O Y e n c l o s e d w it h i n t h e e ll i p s e
m 2 2
b 1
3 h p r b =1 ;id an d th e c on o c a lf
z 2+ 2 y o
2
l o of e
c a 0
on e sh e t t n d e t o o i n id e w it h t h t p r t o f t h p l n e
e s c c a a e a
w h i c h l i e s w it h o t th e l l i p s e A A t e nd s t o b th e c n
u e . s
2
o
focal h y p er bol id o f o n s h t t e n d s to i n c id w ith th t

o e ee co e a
p r t f th e pl an Z O X w h i h l i e s b t we e n th t w br nc h
a o e c e e o a es
of th e h y p e r b ol y =
=0 a 1 ; n d th co n foc l
, a e a
h y p r bol o id o f t wo s h e e t s t en d s t o i n cid w it h t h two

e co e e
p o r t i o n s o f th e p l n e w h i c h n c l s d by t h t w
a br n c h ar e e o e e o a es
o f th e h y p e r b o l I f A a th c on f c l i i m g i ry Th 2
a .
,
e o a s a na . e
a b o ve l l i p se n d hy p r bol a a e c l l d th f l ni
e a e r a e e oc a co cs .
Ex 1 Th r p r b l i d c f c l w it h g i
ee a a p r b l id p
o o s on o a a ve n a a o o ass
th r g h g i p i t —t w ll i p ti c d h yp rb l i c
. .
ou a ve n o n o e an o ne e o .
M
1 78 C OO RD I N A TE G E O M E T R Y [C PL x .
Ex 2 Pr
th t th q ti t t h c f c l t h r gh
o ve a e e ua on o e on o a ou th e pi t o n
f c l ll i p w h cc t c gl
. .
of th e o a e sei o se e e n ri an e 1s a . s
2
2
Ex 3 Pr t h t t h q ti t
o ve a e e ua on o th e c f c l w h i ch
on o a h as a sys e m t
f c irc l c ti p r ll l t th pl —y
. .
o u a1 se on s a a e o e a n e 90 : is
2 ? l
x y ‘
2
2
) 6
°
z ? 2 z
(0
2
a
z
)( a
z
b)?
(b2
c
2
)( a b) a 20 e
117 . E lli t ic
c oor dinat es p . S i n ce AI , A2 , A3 ar e th e r oo ts
o f t h e e qu a ti on f(A ) O ,
E
(k A3 }
T h ere for e
2
5
z 2
Ot 7
a
z
‘
—A b2—
A 0
2 —A (a —Az
)(b —A)(o —A) z 2
a g o —A a ) s
(a
?
no
?
mo i
A)
H e n ce , by t h e r ule fo r p r ti a l
a f ra c ti on s ,
xi x" (U Ns A3 )
? 2
A3 )
—0t — 2— 2 2— 2
(6
2 2
) (0
2
a )
2
(0 6 ) (a 6)
2— 2
2 (0 A ) (O
7 — z— 3
0 ) b c )
2
(a (
‘
T he sepr e ss th e c oo r di n ate s 0 L 8 y o f po in t P in
ex , , ,
a ,
t e r m s o f th e p a r a m e t e r s f th con focal s o f g i ve n con i coid o e a
t h a t p a ss t hr ou g h P ; n d i f th e p r a m e t ers g i ve n
a nd a are ,
a
th e o ct a n t in wh i c h P l i e s i s k n o w n th p o s iti o n o f P i ,
e s
u n i q u el y d e t e r m i n e d H e n ce A A A a e call d t h e .
I , 2 .
3
r e
e l l ip t i oo din t
c c o f P w it h r f e r e n c e t o t h
r a es f u nd am e n t l e e a
co n c o i id
m
i
i/ l $215
EX l c°n f°°a l s
fi t fiéi.
a a
zi
’
/t
ZJ z z z
e / . i
2 2 2
a 1 a2 a3
i
( c bi ) (a t
( a
?
a
2
+ a
1
2
<
> c
2
a w >
< . e
~
a
2
+ a
3 >
2
x
? 2 2 2
( a 0 6 0
)
1 80 C OORD I N A T E GE O M E T RY [GEL x .
EX 1 pl
A gi
d t h p r l l l t g t pl
ve n t
ane anc ic id e a a e an en an e o a on o
t di t c p d 1 fr m t h c t Pr t h t t h p m t
. .
ai e a s an es an 00 o e en 1 e ove a e al a e er
f c l c i c i d w h i c h t c h t h pl
.
of th c e on o a on o
p 1 ou es e a ne 1 s o
z
9
2
.
E x 2 Pr th t t h p rp di l fr m t h g t th t g t
o ve a e e en c u ar s o e o1 1 in o e an en
ll i p i d wh i c h t c h it l g it c rv f i t r c t
.
pl
.
t th
a nes o e e so ou a on s u e o n e se i on
w it h t h c f c l w h p m t i A l i
e on o a th c
os e a1 a e e1 s e on e one
2 2 2 2
6g 0 z
-
A
+
a —A +
a —A
Confocal s t ou ch ing g iven l ine

1 20 . Two con i coi ds .
co nfoca l w i th a
gi ven c on i co id tou ch a g i ven l i n e a n d the
ta n g en t p l a n es at the p oi n ts o
f co n ta ct a r e a t r ig h t a n g l es
“y
.
diti on t h a t
x 3 74 -
3 ,
s h ou l d
5
‘
T he c on th e l i ne
1
t ou c h th e c o n i co id
3/
Lx +
t 2
A
'
l
o
z —x
2 2
rn
r
n OL
—71 + —A +
2
0
2
b z
c
z
fim
b z —fi
(Bn y on )
2
l 2
m 2
n
(b — z
h ) (c 2
(l
2 —7\ b —kz
‘
C
Q —X
g i v e s t wo va l u e s of h .
L e t th e e q ti on s to th e t wo
ua co n fo cal s be
2 e 2
56 y z
(1 )
2 z 2
x y £2
a
2 —7\ +
b 2 (2)
2
an d l e t th e l i n e t ou c h th e firs t at
-
P,(n, g ] , , zl ) an d th e
s ec o n d a t Q (x2 , , g z z g), . T h en s i n ce , PQ l i e s in th e tang e n t
p l an e s t o th e con fo cal s a t P an d Q ,
$ 93 zl zz
1 2 Vi i/ 2 33 1 93 2 7
1 1 92
a
2
>
\1
+ 2
b
1 an d
a
Z —A +
b 2
1 °
T h er e fm e , s u bt r a c ti ng ,
“ 1
992 g i g/ 2 Z z
1 2
(a —2
A1 ) (a 2
w h i c h is t h e c on diti o n t h a t th e t a n g en t pl an es s h ou l d be at
r i g h t a n gl e s .
1 20 —1 22] PR OP E R T I E S O F C ON F O L A L S
‘
181
Par ame t er s
1 21 . of confoc a l s t h r ou g h a p oi nt on a
coni coi d If is . P a
p oi n t on a c e n tr a l co n i c oi cl , th e
p a r a m e ter s o
f th e two f
c o n oca l s o
f th e con i coi d wh ic h
p a ss thr o u gh P a r e equ a l to the sq u a r es o
f th e se mi -
a r es
o f the cen tr a l sec ti on f

o th e co n i c oi cl which i s p a r a l l el to
th e ta n g en t p l a n e a t P, a n d th e n or m a l s to th e conf oca l s
at P
a r e p a r a ll el to the a xes .
x y—
L et P, ( x1 , y1 , 2 1 ) l ie on th e o i oi
c n c d
( 7 2+ 2+
-
0
2
1 . T h en
th e p a r a met e r s of th e c on f o c a l s th r o u g h P are
g i ven by t h e
e q tio
ua n
w] 2 2
— 1
z
i
a
z —A l -
b
z —K
B u t th e s q r ua es of th e sem i -
a x e s of th e se c tion of th e
2
o i oi d by th e p l
c n c an e
1
O ar e g iv en by ,
2 2
a: l z
l
z 2 2 + z- z
0 °
a (a r
) c (e r )
T h e r f o r e th e v l u e s o f X a
e a .
re th e v a ues l of r
z
. A ga in ,
the di r ec tion c o s i n e s o f th
-
e se m i -
ax s i of l e ng th r a re
g i ven by
r
2 —
b r 2
z
e —r 2
and th e r e f o r e th e x i s i p a r a l l l to t h n o r m a l t
a
y )s e e a
l ,
z
l
to th e c on f o c l Whos e p r m t r is e q l to
a a a e e ua r
2
.
1 22 L ocu s of p ol e s of p l an e wi t h r esp ec t t o confocal s

. .
The l ocu s of th e p o l e of a g i ven p la n e w i th esp e t to th

s r c e
con i co i ds n or m a l
c on f oca l wi th a
g i ven co n i co id i s the
to the p la n e a t the p i n t o f
o co n ta ct w i th tha t o f
c n o ca l
wh ich tou ches i t .
L et a c on f oc l a be r ep r ese n t e d by
2 2
a
z —P L
b —A
Z
c
2 —7\
and th e g i ve n pl ane by l a + i ng + nz =l .
18 2 C OOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T Le n . x
h n i f (f
T e , , ) 7,
g) is th e pol e o f th e p l ane With r esp ect to
th e c o n f o c l a ,
Wh enc e
f a
z —l
m
—c .
T h e r f o r e th e l oc s o f (g 7 f ) i st r ai g ht l i n e t r i g ht
e u ,
1 ,
s a a
a n l e s to t h e g i v e n p l n A g i n t h e p o l o f t hae pel an e a e
g .
,
with e sp c t to th a t c on f o ca l Whi c h to h e s it is t h p oi n t
r e uc e
o f c on t c t aH n c t h e p oi n t o f c on t c t is on t h l o cu s
. e e a e ,
whi c h is th e r f o r th e n o r m a l to t h e p l an e t t h e p oi n t o f
e e a
c o n ta c t .
1 23 . N or mal s t o t h e t h r ee confocal s t h r oug h a p oint .
Thr ee con i co ids c o nf oca l wi th a g i ven c o n i c oi d

2 Z 2
$
—y Z
f t é
a h
p a ss thr go u gh a
i ven p i n t P ,
a n d P Q P R P S th e n o , , ,
o r m a ls
at P
to th e conf oca l s m eet th e p l a r p l a n e of ,
wi th o P r es
p ect
to the g i ven co n i coi d i n R 8 To p r ove tha t Q , ,

.
PQ pR h o /p z ’
P8 x3 /p 3 ’
wher e p l p 2 p 3 a r e the p erp en di cu la r s fr om the cen tr e to

, ,
th e ta n g en t p l a n es a t P to the conf oca l s a n d A] A2 A3 a r e , , ,
the p a r a m eter s of the conf oca ls .

1 84 C OOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [c m x .
to th e c o mm on
tion o f th e c o n ic oi d n d e n ve l op i ng c on e
sec a
by t h e p l n e Q RS T h r e for
a PQ PR P8
. e e, , ,
are
co nj u g t di am e t r of th c o n e a n d b e i ng m u tu l l y p e
a e e s e , a r
p e n dic l a a e th up r i n ip l
r, x es
r e c a a .
1 26 . E q u at ion t o envel op ing cone . To find th e eq u a
t ion to the e n ve l op in g con e whose ver tex is P f

r e e r r ed to
i ts p r i n cip a l a xes .
q
T h e e u a tio n Wi l l be of th e fo rm
Si n ce t h e t ang e n t p l n s t P to t h con fo c l s a e th a e a e a r e
c oo r di n at e p l a n e s C t h c n t r e o f th e g i v n c o n i c oi d is
, ,
e e e ,
a n d th e q tio n to PC a e a /p = e ua s r
l ,
B t t h c n t r o f t h s c tion O f t h c on e o c o n i c oi d by
u e e e e e e r
th p l n e Q RS l i es o n P C
e a n d th r e f o r its c oo r di n a t s a e e e
are O f th e f o r m hp
.
hp hp n d th e q atio n to th p l n e
l , z, 3 ,
a e u e a
Q R S is ,
(w —7cp ) 0 r = 0 3 3
By § l 23 , t h e p l a n e Q RS m a k es i n te r c e p ts A /p l l , AZ/p g ,
AQ/10 3 on th e a x es , a n d th e r e f o r e it s e q u a tio n is a l s o
,
0
21 519
M 19 3
3 : l .
A1 k2 A3
A B C
he r fo re
W
T e
1 /7\z
an d th e e q tion to th
ua e c on e is
+ 0
AI 7\
1 27 . E qu ation t o conicoid . To fi n d the equ a ti on to the

gi ven con i coi d r ef er r ed to th e n or m a l s to the conf oca l s
thr ou gh P
a s c oor di n a te a x es .
T he e q u tion wi l l
a be o f th e fo rm
2 2 z
90 y z
h 1 23/
0 19 3 2
AI A2 X3
1 (1 )
Th e tr e C (p p p ) b i ec ts al l ho r ds th r o u g h it
c en , l , z , 3
s c .
Th e e q a tio n
u to t he c ho r d p a r a l l l t 0 X e
s e o ar
w—p 1 _ 9
y 72 Z ‘
f’ s
=
1 0 0
EQ U A T ION TO E N V E L P I N G C O N E O 85
a nd h e n ce th e e q tio Ob t i
ua n a ned by S l l bst it u tin
g P1 + 7 B 7
22 »
“
0
2 3
fo r y as. , z, in viz .
,
5
2 2
(19 1 44 2 L fi g 2
“i 2 73
P2 7
_
k
A1 z
A3 A. fi t
t k e s th e f o r m
a Lr 2
+ M =0 . T h e r e fo r e
f
2
1 11
i 2
1’
h AI A2 K3
and th e e q tion
ua t o th e c on ic oi d is
> ml
2 2
a?+ 1 5
p pm M n
9 0
3 + 2 1
:
"
+
a
A1 A A3 A2 A3 A2 A3
Ex 1 If A and
u a re t h e p r m tr a a e e s of the c o nfo l h yp rboloi d
ca e s
throu g h poi nt P
. .
a on th e e llip oi d s
prov th t th p rp nd i ul r fro m t h n tr to th t ng n t pl n
e a e e e c a e ce e e a e a e
at P to t h l lip oi d i
“3 P rov l o th t th p rp nd i ul r to
e e s s . e a s a e e e c a s
OV N ).
th t n g n t pl n
e a to th hy p rboloi d
e a es e e s a re
—H) P (H/ A)
Ex 2 . . I f AI , A2 , A3 are th e p r a a me e s t r of th thr e e e c o n f o ca l s to
‘
Z z
/ 1
-
v a
.
th t p throu gh P prov t h t t h p rp nd i ul r fro m th

a ass e a e e e c a s e ce n tr e to
t P
,
th t n g n t pl n
e a e a e a are
MW MX
/( g t
A1 )
‘
a C
x (A2 MXM A1 )
Ex 3 . . If al ,
bl , 0
1 3 a 2, 62, 02 ; a3 ,
63 , 03 ar e th e a xe s of the
co nf oca l s to 2 2 2
2
1
8
1
2
7
w c hi h p ass throu g h a poi n t (x g ) d p p p , ,
z ,
an l , 2, 3 a re t h e p er p e n
fro m t h
dic u l a rs e ce n tr to th t ng t pl n to t h
e e a en a es e co nf oc a l s a t t h e
poi n t prov th t,
e a
2 2 2
2
P2 —1
al a
2
z
a
‘
0
— .
t
on
?
(a s a .
Ex 4 If al ,
cl ; a 2, 62, 02 ; a3 t h e a xe s
63 C3 a re of th e
o fo l to g iv n o n i oi d throu h
. .
, ,
c n ca e a e c c
g P s w a t h ho
e e a th t qu tio n s,
r f rr d to t h n orm l t P to ith P
,
e e e e a s a t h e c o n f o c a l s , o f t h e c ne s w o
as v rt x n d t h fo l o i
e e b a e ca c n cs a s ases a re
2
2
0
61 2 baz ba2
186 C OO R D I NA TE GE O M E R Y T [C H . x .
EX . rov th t t h d ir tio n o i n
5 . P e a e ec -
c s es of th e four om m o n c
ge n e r tor of t h o n
a ti fy th qu tio n
s e c es sa s e e a s
l2 m2 n
2
(T h e i n t r pt e ce th g n r tor by th llip oi d
s on e se e e a s e e s a re ca ll de th e
bi foc al ch or d f th
s o llip oi d throu g h th poi n t P )
e e s e .
EX 6 . . P rov th t th bifo l hor d

e a f th llip oi d
e ca c s o e e s
2 e 2
—
.
22 y 2
.
throu g h a poi n t P n th urf lie n ri g ht c irc ul r con who o e s ace o a a e se

b
i i t h n orm l t P nd wh
ax s s e m i v rti l n g l i
a a a o s es e -
e ca a e s cos
‘
1
e
wh r A e e th p r m t r
I ,
f th nf c l throu
ar e
g h P /
e h h a a e e s o e co o a s .
N l z
Ex 7 I f t h pl n throu g h t h e e n tr p r ll l to t h t ng n t
e a e c e a a e e a e
pl n t P m t n f th bifo l hord thro gh P in F th n
. .
a e a ee s o e o e ca c s u e
,
PF = d
EX 8 poi n t on th Pi s an
y e c urv f i n t r tio n f n e llip oi d
e o e sec o a s
l g th f th n tr l r d iu f th
. .
an d g iv n o n fo l n d
a i th e c ca a r s e en o e ce a a s o e
ellip oi d w hi h i p r ll l to t h
s c s a a e e t n g n t to t h urv t P I f p i
a e e c e a . s
th p rp n d i ul r fro m t h
e e n tr
e c a e ce e to t h t ng n t pl n to th e llip oi d
e a e a e e s
at P prov th t p i on t n t
, e a r s c s a .
C OR RE SP ON D IN G P OI N T S .
1 28 . TW O p oi n ts , y P, (x , ,
z ) a nd Q (5 , , 77, s itu a t e d
r e sp ec ti ve l y on th e c on icoids
2 e z
x y Z
a r e sa i d to c o rr e sp on d wh en
w fi y —n
’
z
“ r
IT F
’
a oc c
I f P a n d Q a e a n y p o i n ts o n
'
r an el l ip so id a n d P and
the o n di n g p o in ts co n o ca l f ell ip so id
’
Q ar e c or r es
p on a ,
’ ’
PQ P Q .
L et P and Q , ( x, g , z ) (5, , 17,

f) l ie on th e e l l i p soi d
2 2
x y
2+ e
a b 0
2
an d let P ’
a nd Q (x y
’
,
’
,
’
, f
’
) be t h e c o rr esp on di ng
p oi n t s on th e co n f o c l a
—
x
2
y z
+ — + —
a L A b A A z
c
2
1 88 C OO R D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [C H . x .
C hoose r ect a ng u l a r i v n p l n e is th
a xes so th t a th e g e a e
xy p l n -
n d t h e p oi n t o f i n t r
a e a c tio n o f th e g i ve n l i n e se e
a nd
g i v n p l a n e i
es t h o r i g i n L e t t h e fi x e d p oi n t b
e . e
(or 8 y ) n d t h e fi x e d l i n e h a ve e q a tio n
, , , a Th e u s
p l a n e th r o g h (5 n up r a ll e l to
,
t h e,
x
y p l a n e m e t s th
a -
e e
g
g i v e n l i n e in t h e
“
p oi nt fl
n
f) a n d th e r e f o r e t h e ’ ,
di s t a n c e o f (5 n g) fr o m th e l i n e m easu r e d p r a l l e l to
, ,
a
th e g i ve n p l an e is g i ve n by
2
l
H e n ce th e e q tio to th l o c
ua n e us is
(w —v) 2 =k 96
w hi h r p r e
c on i c oi d
e t
se n s a c .
I n (I ) th e q tio n to t h e l o c u s i
e ua s of th e fo r m A¢ ~ u v= 0
a n d in (I I ) o f th e f o r m A wh e r e
a
¢ E
(w —v) 2
.
a nd r e p r esen t p l a n es
v= 0 . I n e ith e r ca se i f ,
is th e e q u a tio n to t h e l o cu s t h e re ,
e q u a tio n S
p r e se n ts a p a i r o f p l a n e s I n (I ) th e p l a n es a r e r e a l in .
,
(II ) th ey a r e i m a g i n a ry bu t t h e l i n e o f i n t e r se c tio n u 0
, ,
z
,
v = O is r e al in b oth c a ses
,
T h e se su gg es t th e f ol l o wi n g .
de fi n itio n o f th e f o c i a n d di r e c t r i ce s of a c o n i c oi d
i s the eq u a ti o n to a con i coi d a n d A 0L ,8 y ca n
,
If ,
be f ou n d so tha t the eq u a ti on S —A¢ = O r ep r esen ts two

, ,
p l a n es ,
r ea l or i m a gi n a r y , (0L , 8
, , y) is a focu s, and the
li ne o f i n ter secti o n f
o th e p l a n es i s the c or r es
p o n di n g
dir ect r ix .
I f th e p l a n e s a r e r ea l w e s h a l l ca l l (0 L 6 y ) a f o cu s o f , ,
th e fi rst s p e c i es i f th ey ar e i m ag i n a ry a f o cu s o f th e
, ,
o
se c n d s p e c i es .
L emma . If the equ a tion F (x , g , z) = O r ep r esen ts a p a ir of p l a n es,

OF O
—F OF
the e
q u a t i ons O, O, 0 r ep r esen t thr ee p l a n es p a ssi ng
5; ag a
thro ug h their l in e f
o i nterse ctio n .
FO C I AND D I R E C R ICE S T 1 89
If ) E uv w hr E by d a nd v E bg
’ ' ’
d,
'
g, z
,
e e u a t cz a x cz
OF OF OF
th en
ax
av a u
8g
bi) b u,
’
82
cv c u,
’
w h e nce the propo itio n i vid n t :

s s e e
*
130 F oc i of el l i p soi d and p ar abol oi ds To find
‘
. . th e
f oc i of the ellip s o id
a
z
+
% + z
Th e e q tion
ua
—7\( —y )
2
—a )
2 2
— + — —1
56
y Z
2 2=
2
z 0
0 b2
C
2
is to r p r en t e es a pai r of p l an es ,
an d h e n ce , by ou r l e mma ,
th e e qu tio n s a
a
i—Mw—a h o ,
—A(y 7\(Z —r ) = 0
a
r e p r esen t th r e e p l a n e s th r o u g h th e l i n e or i n te r se c tio n .
T h e th r ee p l an e s p ass th r o u g h on e l i n e i f
1
0L : 0; or B : O; o r (iii ) 7\
7 2 ,
(
Th e l ine is,
—b 2
()
1 y or ( ) 11 z
z
a ot
or ( )
1 11 x
0
2 —a 2 ’ y _
b 2_
0
2
.
B u t th e l i n e is
l i n e o f i n t e r sec tio n o f t h e p l an es g i ve n
th e
by e q u a tio n a n d th e r e f o r e th e c oo r di n a t e s o f a n y p oi n t .
o n t h e l i n e sa ti s f e q u a tio n T h e r e fo r e su b s tit u ti n
y g ,
fr om th e e q u a tio ns to th e l i n e in e q u a tion we o b t a i n
_
6
2 ?
i
() ~_
y
—0 2
1 , and I n
" '
th 1 s c a se , ot _ 0 .
a b (t
2
1 90 COOR D I N A E GE O M E R Y T T [
CH . X .
H e n ce (i ) ,
th e r e is an i n fi n it n m b e r o f i m ag i na ry f o ci
e u
in th e yz -
p l a n e l y i n g o n th i m a g i n a r y e l l i p s e
e
2
6 2
0
an d th e c o rre sp on din g di r ec t r i ces a re i m agi na ry .
ii
( ) T h e r e is a n i n fi n it e n u m b e r o f r ea l f o c i in th e zx - p l an e
l y i n g on th e h y p e rb o l a
2
x z
“6 2 2
b 2
0
2
1, (th e focal hyp erbol a ) ,
an d th e c o rr e sp on di ng di r ec t r i ce s ar e r ea l .
(iii ) Th e r e is a n i n fi n it e n u m b e r of r ea l f o c i in th e xg p l a n e -
l y i n g on t h e e l l i p e s
2
2 h
z O,
a
2
0
2
b 2
c
l , (t e focal e111 p se ) ,
a nd th e c o rr esp on di ng di r ec t r i ce s a re r ea l
The d i r c t r i x c o rr e sp on di n g to
e a p oi n t (on ,
0 y)
,
on th e
f o c a l hy p e rb o l a h a s e q tio n s ua
CL
and th e r e f o r e si n ce ,
a
z —b2 6
2 —0 2
th e d i r e c t r ic es c o rr esp on ding to p oi n ts
b o l a lie n th e h yp e rb o l i c cy l i n de r
o
m (a
2 2
6 2
) 0
2
)
4 4
a 0
Si m i l rl y th e di r ct r ic e s c o rr e sp on di ng to f o ci
a , e whi ch l ie
on t h e f o c l l l i p se l i on th e ll i p ti c cy l i n de r
a e e e
1 92 C OO R D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [O H . x
.
a nd h e nce thi s p l a n e m e t t h e di r ect r i x e s x f , g z

y in th e
p oi n t P Whose c oo r di n a tes a e
’
,
r
60 — 17 2 2
S 2 _ 2 (f
I I
; 27) Z i
b 0
_ -
x )
°
Th e d i stan ce PP
’
is th e d i t an ce
s P fr om t h e di r ec tr i x
of ,
m ea sur e d p ara ll e l to t h e p l ane . I t is g i ve n by

e __ e
2
b
e
£3 77 )
a
2 — c
2
b 2 -
c
2 2
_ 2
(U
C + 0] ’7
) e e
bo
H e n ce an y p oi n t f o cu s o f th e
on th e f oca l e l l i p se is a
se c o n d sp e c i e s a n d t h e e ll i p s oi d is t h e l o cu s o f a p oi n t
,
who se di st a nc e fr o m a f o c u s of th e se c o n d sp e c i es is p r o
p o r tio n a l to its di stan c e m easu r e d p a r a l l e l to a r e a l ci r cu l a r
,
sec tio n fr o m t h e c o rr e sp o n di n g di r e c t r i x
,
.
B y th e sa m e me thods , we fi n d th a t the poi nt s on th e

pa r ab o l a s
(i ) x = O, —2z + a ; (ii ) y = 0, —2 e +h
e e
a
f oci o f p a r a b o l oi d y h ese pa ra b ol as a
are th e + T re
é b
l
c al ed th e focal p arabol as . Th e c o rr e sp on din g di r ect r i ces
g ene ra te th e cy l i n de r s
(i ) = 2z + a (ii )
2=
g
2
x 2z + b
b
.
,
2
If (0 B , , y) is an
y p oi n t on th e f oca l p a ra bo l a in th e
yz- p l ane ,
—y >}
2
—2z
2
2
s u e
—
2 2 ( 2+ < y+ar
z .
If ( 0L, 0 y ) is
,
an
y p oi n t on th e f o c l p ra b o l a
a a in t h e
ex-
p l a ne ,
§ 1 3 0] F OC I O F PA R A B O L O I D S 1 93
— —v) }
z
y 1
le
2
3
a
b ) s a +y +( z
2
CLCL
Wh en ce th e sp e ci es o f th e f o c i can be de t e r m i n ed i f th e
si n s a n d r e l a ti ve m a n it u de s o f a a n d b a r e
g g g i ve n .
Cor Al l c o n f o c a l c onico ids h a ve t h e sa m e f o c a l c o n i cs

. .
Ex 1 P rov e th a t t h e pro d u t f th e e ce tri iti

. . of th fo l c o c n c es e ca
co ni i u n ity
cs s .
Ex 2 F i n d t h qu tion to t h fo l o ni f t h h y b l id e e a s e ca c cs o e er o o
—2 = O
. .
x
2
+y z . A 723 .
y
—z=0 ,
2x + 3 y = 1 2
e
.
Ex 3 . . If Pi
poi n t n fo l on i t h e orr po nd i ng d ir tri x
s a o a ca c c, c es ec
i nt r t e se c sn or m l t P to t h
th e o ni a a e c c .
Ex 4 If P i
. poi nt n fo l o ni th
. tio n f t h e on i oi d
s a o a ca c c e sec o c c
by t h pl n throu g h P t ri g ht ng l
e a e to th e t ng n t t P to t h a a es a e a e
c on i h a fo u t P
c as c s a .
Ex 5 If P i
. .ny poi n t n th d ir tri x f on i oi d whi h
s a o e ec o a c c c
c orr po nd to fo u 8 t h pol r pl
es s f P pa throu gh 8 nd
c s , e a ane o as ses a
i
s a t ri g ht ng l to S P a es .
Ex 6 T h pol r pl n
. . f ny poi n t A ut t h d ir tri x orr
e a a e o a c s e ec c e
s
p n din g to
o fo u 8 t t h po in t P P rov t h t AS i t ri ght
a c s a e . e a s a
a ng l to S P
es .
Ex 7 I f t h n or m l
. . n d t ng n t pl n t e ny poi n t P f a a a e a e a a o a
c o n i oi d m t pri ip l pl n in t h poi n t N nd th li n Q R Q R i
c ee a nc a a e e a e e ,
s
t h e pol r of N w ith r p t t t h fo l o i th t li
a in t h pri n ip l
es ec o e ca c n c a es e c a
pl n a e .
Ex 8 P rov th t t h r l fo i of
. . on l i upo n t w tr i ght
e a e ea c a c e e o s a
li n throu g h th v rt x (th f al lin )

es e e e e oc es .
Ex 9 P rov th t t h fo al li n
. . of c o n e n or m l to t h
e a y li c e c es a are a e c c
pl n f t h r ipro l o n
a es o e ec ca c e .
Ex 1 0 Th. n v lopi ng
. o n e w ith v rt x P f y tem f n
e e e c s e e o a s s o co
foca l ni id h v t h
co co m fo l li n s d t h fo l li
a e th e sa e ca es , a n e ca n es a r e e
g n e r tor
e f th
a o nfo l hyp erboloi d f n h t th a t p
s o e c ca o o e s ee ass e s
throu g h P
* Examp l es V I I .
1 . v lopi ng o n of n llip oi d h thr m utu ll y

I f the en e c e a e s as ee a
p rp nd i c ul r g n r tor th pl n f o nt t v lop
e e a e o nfo l
e a s e a e o c ac en e es a c ca .
2 T h lo u of t h pol r
. e f g iv e ncli n with rs p t to y t m e a s o a e es ec a s s e
of on f l i h yp rboli c p r boloi d
c oca s s a e a a .
3 Throu g h tr i g ht li n in n f th pri n ip l pl n t ng n t
a s a e o e o e c a a e s, a e
d r wn to y t m f n f l P rov th t t h p m t f
.
pl n a es a r e a a s s e o co o ca s . e a e o s o
co n t t l i in pl n
ac d th t t h n or m l
e t th
a poi nt p a e an a e a s a e se s as s
throu g h fi x d poi n t in t h pri n ip l pl n

a e e c a a e .
C OO R D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [C H . x .
4 . Sh
th t th lo u of th n tr of th e tio n f y t m f
ew a e c s e ce es sec s o a s s e o
co nf al by a g i v n pl n i
oc s tr i g ht li n e a e s a s a e .
5 I f P Q i p rp n d i ul r to it pol r w ith r p t to n llip oi d

. s e e c a s a es ec a e s ,
it i p erp nd i ul r to it pol r w ith r e pe t t ll on fo al llip oi d

s e c a s a s s c o a c c e s s .
6 A ny t n g n t pl n to
. o n m k e qu l n g l with th pl an
a e a e a c e a s e a a es e es
throu g h th e g n rator of on t t nd t h foc l li n e
e e c ac a e a s .
7 Throu g h ny t n g n t to
. on i oi d t w pl n
a e d r wn to
a e a c c o a es a r a
tou h a o nfo l P rov th t th y e qu lly i n li n ed to th e t ang n t
c c ca e a e ar e a c e
pl ne to t h e o n oi d th t on t i n th t n g n t
a c ic a c a s e a e .
8 T h lo u
. f t h i nt r e tio n f thr
e c m utu ll y p e rp n d i ul r
s o e e s c o ee a e c a
pl n a h f w hi h tou h
es eac on fo l i ph re
o c c es a c ca s a s e .
9 Th .m of t h ng l th t ny g n r tor f on mak e with

e su e a es a a e e a o a c e s
th e fo l li n i on t nt
ca es s c s a .
1 0 Th four pl n
. throu gh t w g n r tor O P nd O Q f on
e a es o e e a s a o a c e
and t h fo l li n tou h ri ght ir ul r o n who x i i th li n
e ca es c a c c a c e se a s s e e
of i nt r tio n of t h t n g n t pl n whi h tou h th on lo ng D P
e s ec e a e a es c c e c e a
a nd OQ .
11 .pl n whi h bi t th n gl b tw n t w t ng n t pl n
The a es c sec e a es e ee o a e a es
to o n l o bi t t h ng l b t w en t h pl n o n t i ni ng th ir
a c e a s s ec e a es e e e a es c a e
li n f i n t r e tio n nd th fo l li n
e o e s c a e ca es .
1 2 A o n i oi d of r volutio n i for m d by t h r volutio n o

. c c f n e s e e e a
e llip who fo i
se S n d S P ro se th t t h fo al li n e f th
c ar e a
’
. ve a e c s o e
e n v lopi ng
e o ne who v rt x i P c PS n d P S se e e s ar e a
'
1 3 T h f t of t h n or m l to
. e ee y t m f nf l whi h e a s a s s e o co o ca s c are
p r ll l to fi x d li n li n a r t ng ul r h yp rbol n f w ho
a a e a e e e o ec a a e a o e o se
as y m ptot i p r ll l to t h li n
es s a a e e e .
1 4 A t n g n t pl n to t h
. llip oi d
a e a i tr te e e s n e sec s
th e tw nf l w ho
o p rm tr
co A nd
o ca s P rov th t t h se a a e e s ar e a u
,
. e a e
e n v lopi n g
e o n to t h nf l lo ng th urv of tion h v
c es e co o ca s a e c es se c a e a
co mm o n ec tion whi h li n th o n i oi d
s c es o e c c
1 5 Th e thr pri n ip l pl n i n t r pt
. ee c a a es e ce on an
yn orm l to o n fo l a a c ca
of t h e ellip oi d 1 tw
s ,
o
g m n t w ho
se r tio i
e s se a s
co n t n t A l o th or m l to t h
s a . f s e n a s e co n o ca s l whi h li in g iv nc e a e
pl n lx + my + n = 0
a e p r ll l to t h li z ar e a a e e ne
lx my 71 2
6 2 —0 2 0
2 —41 2 a
2 —b2 '
16 on e th t o n t i n th n orm l fro m P to
Th e c on i oi d
a c a s e a s a c c
fro m P to ll t h
.
co t i
n a n or m l
ns t h e nf l n d it qu tio n
a s a e co o ca s , a s e a
r f rr d to t h or m l to t h
e e e nf l throu g h P
e n oord i n t e a s e co o ca s as c a
ax es is
C H APTER XI .
THE GE N E RAL E QUAT ION . or T HE SE CON D D E GREE .
13 1 . h a ve f ou n d th e e q tions to
I n C h ap t e r VI I . we ua
c e r t i n l oci t t o l r l o t
a
( g a n n p l a,
n es p a p n ees e t c ) c n n e c e d ,
a ,
.
w ith th e c o n i c oi d w h e n t h e c o n i c oi d is r e p r ese n t e d by
,
an e q a tion u r f rr ed to c onj u ga t e di a m e t r a l p l an e s s
e e a
c oo r di n a t e p l an e s W sh a l l in thi s c h a p te r fir st fi n d th e
. e
e q u a tio n s to th e se l o c i wh e n t h e c o n i c oi d is r e p r es en t d e
by th e g n e r a l e q tion o f t h e sec o n d deg r ee a n d th e n

e ua ,
di sc u ss th de t e r m i n tio n o f th e c n t r
e n d p r i n ci p l
a e e a a
p l n e s n d th e t ra n s f o r m a tion o f th e e q u tion wh e n th e
a ,
a a
p r i n ci p a l p l a n e s a e t ak e n as c oo r di n a te p l an es
r .
1 3 2 Const ant s in
. eq u at ion of second deg ree . The
g en e a r l e qu a tl on o f th e s c on d deg r e ee m ay be w r itten
+ by + cz + 2f yz + 2gz x + 2hwy
2
( )
2 2
F cc, y , z s ax
+ 2u x +
m
fl ea, y , z ) 2u m+ 2 ; 2wz + d 0 .
I t c o n t a i n s n i n e di sp o sa bl e c o n st an ts a n d th e r e f o r e a ,
c on i c oi d ca n be f o u n d to sa ti s fy n i n e c o n ditio n s whi c h e a c h
i nv ol ve on e r e l a tio n b e t we en t h e c ons tan ts ; a c o n i c oi d
c a n be f o u n d to p a ss th r o u g h n i n e g i ve n p oi n t s n o f o u r
o f w hi c h a e c o p l a n a r o r to p a ss th r o u g h six g ive n p oi n t s
r ,
a n d to u c h t h e p l a n e X O Y a t t h e o r i g i n o r to p ass th r o u g h ,
th r e e g i ven n on i n te r secti ng l in es -
.
Ex 1 A o i oi d i t o p throu g h g iv o i H w m y
c n c s ass a en c n c . o an
d i po bl o t t w ill it qu tio o t i ? I th u mb r t h
. .
s sa e c ns a n s s e a n c n a n s e n e e
sa m wh e th o ni oi d i to p throu gh g iv n ir l
en e c c s a ss a e c c e
551 3 1 4 33 ] C ON S TA N TS I N E Q UA TI ON 19 7
Ex 2 . . The e qu tio n to
a a c o n i oi d throu g h
c th e c o ni c a= O, is
w h er e a, b, c, d are d i po abl o t t
s s e c n s an s .
Ex 3 . . qu tio n to o n i oi d th t tou h th pl n
The e a a c c a c es e a e z = 0 at
an mb u ili t th e ori g i n nd tou h th pl n lx + my + n =p
c a a c es e a e z is
(l m —p)
z x + y + n z
(Ay + vz )
2=
0,
w h re A
e , p, v are d i po
s l o n tan t
sa b e c s s .
Ex 4 . F i nd th e equ tio n to t h o n i oi d whi h p

a e c c c a s se s throu gh
th e Ci r lec =0 znd t h poi n t (6 O ) (O
,
a e s , ,
c , , b, c ) and
h as t h e z-a x s a s a i ge e a n r tor .
,
Ans . 2am) byz + (2a
1 33 . Point s of int er sect ion of l i ne and con co i id . Th e

eq tio n to th
ua s e s t ra i ght l i n e th r o u g h A, (or , 8
, y )
, w ho se ,
di r c tio n r tios
e -
a ar e l m , , n , are
w—a —
y B Z —y
1 on , 7L
()
1
and th e p oi n t on thi s l i n e who se di sta n c e fr om A is r has

c oo rdi n t a e s or + l r , B —
H n r + n r It l i es on th e c o n i c oi d
.
, y , .
F cc, ( y ,
z ) 0 ,
if (
F 0L + lr , 8
, + m r ,
th a t is i f ,
er eF
+m m
2
F x,a 3 , L
a al8
+n ,
n ) O .
H e n ce th e s t r i g ht l i n e
a m ee ts th e c o n i coi d in t wo p oi n t s
P an d Q , an d t h e m ea su res of AP an d AQ are th e r oots of
th e q tio n
e ua
If (i ) F 0L, ( c , y)
= 0, (ii ) z
g S +m
(iii ) f (l , m , n ) z
0,
e q tio n (2) i s ti sfi d by l l v l
ua s f a o v r y p oi n t
e a a u es o r, r e e
o n th l i n l i n th o n i c oi d Th con ditio (ii ) d (iii )

e e es o e c . e ns an
g i v et w t o f v l f
o se s l m nd th r fo r th r
a u es o g h or a e e e u
a n
y p oi n t n c o n i oi d t w ot r i g ht lai n b dcr w to o s a e s c an e a n
l i who l l y n t h c o n i oi d
e Th y
o p r l l l to th l i ne
e c . e ar e a a e e s
i n whi h th p l n c e a e
BF OF OF
c o oRD i NAT E GE O M E TR Y tn
‘ ’ '
198 o . xi .
cu s t on e f (x y z ) = 0 (c f
th e c T h ey m ay be r l
, , ,
. ea ,
i m ag ina ry o c oi n c i den t as in th cases o f th e hy p er bo l oi d

,
r ,
e
o f o n e s h e e t t h e e l l i p soi d an d t h e c on e r e sp e c ti ve l y
, , , .
13 4 Th e t ang ent p l ane

. I f F (0 t ,8 y ) = 0 . .
, , , A is on t he
c on i c oi d a n d o n e r oot o f e q u a tio n (2) is z e r o
, . A c oi n c i de s
with Po r with Q . If a sl o
l— + m — +n (3 )
é B
b oth r oots of e q tio
P a n d Q c oi n ci de
ua n ()
2 are ze ro ,
and
a t A w hi c h l i s n t h e c o n i c oi d
,
Th e l i n e is th r e f o r
e o . e e a
t ng n t l i n to th e s rf ac a t A If we e l i m i n ate l m 77
a e e u e .
, ,
.
b tw en th e e q tion s to th l i n e a n d qu tion
e e ua we e e a
o b t ai n t h e e q tion to th e l oc s o f th e t n g n t l i n s dra wn
ua u a e e
th r o g h A in l l p ossi bl e di r ec tion s Th e e q a tion is

u a . u
—
(
x a ) ?{ M
FW B) —
§g + < ”2
z
5 o,
an d h ence th e l oc s s a p l an e th e u i ,
t ang ent p l ane at A . Th e
a b o ve e q tion m a y be w r itten ua
aF OF OF OF OF OF
x
a
If ,
n o w, F 9c, ho m og en eou s by th e in t
( y , be m a de r o duc
tion o f n x i l i a ry va r i bl e t w hi c h i e qu a ted to
a au a , s
'
A
un ity
af t r di ffe r en ti a tion e q u a tion (4) is q u i val en t to
e , e
w—
e
aF
a
BF
— J z—
ya r
[a
“ at:
et
2F (OL, ,8 , y , t) , ( u l er
E
’
s T h eo r em ) ,
0 .
Ex 1 . . F i d th e qu tio to th t
n e a ns e an
ge n t pl an e s a t (x
’
, y,
’
z
’
) on
(i ) =
(ii ) x + 2yz =
2 2
xy cz, a .
(i ) = 1, =
’ ’ 2
(u )
’
Ans /
'
. z z xx + 3/ z + zy a .
Ex 2 . . Th e b i se c tor s of th e ang e s l b t w n th li ne ee e es in w c hi h a ny
t a ng en t pl an e to z =
2
4xy mee t s th e pl an x = 0 y = O li
es e in t h e pl a n es
—z = 0
, ,
x +y .
200 C OORD INA TE G EOM ETR Y fn
e . xi .
Ex 9 . . P rov th t e a th e pl an e 2y —2z = 1 is a t an g e n t pl an e to th e
s urf ac e
30
2
+ 222 9yz + 5m 6 ay + 5 x 1 431 + 1 0 z + 6 = 0 .
P rov
l o th t t h e li n of i n t r tio n of t h g iv n pl n n d th
e a s a es e se c e e a e a e
pl n 2x + 3 = 0
a es = O li n th urf, e o e s ace .
Ex 1 0 I f tw
. ni id h v om m on g en ra tor th y tou h
o co co s a e a c e ,
e c
at t w p m t of t h e g n r tor
o o s e e a .
I f t h g e n ra tor i t k n
e x xi e th e e qu tio n to t h c n i oid
s a e as -
a s, a s e o c s are
by2 2
02 + nz 29 256 2hxy v 210 2 O,
’
2wz
’ ’
2 z
by
’ ’ ’
2f yz 2h xy
’
az Qg zx 2vy O .
Th e tan
ge n a n es t pl at (or , O, O) are
yaw n-H 2)
Th ey ar e c oi n i d n t if
c e
11 a . 1) 9a . w
Ha + d ya + w
Thi qu tion g iv
s e v l u of a es t wo a es on .
Ex 1 1 If tw
. ni id tou h
. t th e poi n t f oo mm o n co co s c a re s o a c
g n r tor th y tou h t ll poi n t

e e a ,
f th g er tor nd th g n r tor c a a s o e en e a ,
a e e e a
h th
as m c n tr l poi n t n d p r m t r f d i tri butio n f
e sa e e both
a a a a e e o s or
surf ace s .
Ex 1 2 T ng n t pl n p r ll l to th g iv e n pl n
. . a e a es a a e e a e
o w+ By + yz = O
ar e dr a wnto n i id th t p throu g h t h li n m= 0 y = 0 ;
co co s a ass e es ,
z= O,
x=c . Sh w th t th poi n t of o n t t l i n t h p r boloi d
e a e s c ac e o e a a
(
x a x+ By ) ( By)
'
z c ocz
y
Ex 1 3 . . If on i oi d p
a c c a ss es throu g h ori g i n nd th t ng n t
th e , a e a e
pl ane a t t he orig i n i t k n s a e as z = 0, the e qu tion to t h urf i
a e s ace s
dm
z
by ?
02
2
nz 29230 t y 2m 0 .
EX 1 4 . If r t ng ul r x throu g h
a se t o f ec a a a es a fi x ed poi nt 0 of a
o n i oi d t th on i oi d in P Q R t h pl
.
c c me e e c c , , ,
e an e PQ R mi e e t s th e
n orm l a at 0 in fi x d poi n t
a e .
Ex 1 5 . . If r = 1 , 2, 3 ,
prov e th t th e t a an g e n t pl ane s a t (x
’
, y,
’
z
'
) t o th e c o n ico i ds
() 1 1
i A u
2
Azu zz A3 u 3 2 1,
(ii ) Ma l A 2A3 u3
? fi
zu z
ar e g iv en by (i ) A2u 2u 2 + A3 u 3 u 3
' ’
1,
(ii) Al u l u l
’
Azu zu z
'
A3 ( “ 3
w h er e u,
’
054 5 + bry + crz
' '
EX 1 6 . . P rov e th t a
u 1u2 A1 71 ] ? 2& 1)
l A3 1) ; 0
r pre e se n s a c t o i oi d tou hi
n c c n
g t h e l a n es p u, = 0 n = 0 at
, z
th ir poi n t
e s
o f i n e sectr tio n with th li n e e u = o = v2

l
.
§1 3 5 j T HE PO L A R P L AN E 20 1
13 5 Th e p ol ar p l ane
. I f a ny sec a n t th r o u g h A m e e ts .
th e c o n i c oi d in a n d Q a n d i f R is th e h a r m o n i c c o nj u a t e
P g
of A w ith r e sp e c t to P and Q , th e l o cu s of R is t h e
pol ar of A .
I f A is ( 0L, B , y) and q t io ns to th
the e ua e sec a n t a re
w— —
y B
—
a y Z
l m n
th en 7 th e3 , r
, , me asu r e s of A P a n d A Q , a r e th e r oots
th e e q u a tion
f (l 8 1
2
, ill 71 l r
BOL
i 771
BB
I n
,
1 F a ,
0
H e nc e if R is (f , 77,
f) and th e m e asu r e of AR is p ,
s— =l
p a .
— =
n B mp »
—
f y =n
p .
<
5 2 m B . y ).
a nd th e e q tion to
ua th e l o cu s of (f , t h e p ol ar
be c om es
“
—
”
BF BF
we
BF
“
l i
BF
e a a ; st
BF BF BF BF
05 — +8 l 3 ‘ '
+t
53 55
F
3 1
0, Bt
2F (a o B )
t) B ) Y) t) ;
0 .
Fi d n
Z
qu atio n to pol r 57 Y
‘
EX . 1 . n th e e s t he a of
with r p t to t h
es ec e c o n i oi d F (x y
c , ,
z
) =O .
(C f .
BF BF BF BF BF BF BF
Ex 2 . . P rov e th t th li ne a e s
m -
m —
w B z —
v x —a y
—B
’
z —
v
20 2 COO RD I NA TE GEO M E R T Y [e x x1 .
ar e pol r w ith r p t to t h on i oi d
a es ec e c c F (r , y,
. z ) :
0 if
BF BF BF B F
0 “ ,
+3
9 13 ”
,
+
By 76
l
, BF
i
m
, BF
e
B
_
By
F
BF at:
— +n aF a
_f
EB
f +n af _
m
,
, an d Z
, ,
O, +
aE By BZ a
, , ’
0L
EX 3 . of r t ng ul r x throu g h fi x d poi n t 0 m t
. A ny se t ec a a a es a e ee s
a
g iv n o i oi d in ix po n t
e c P rov th t th
n c m f th qu r of s i s . e a e su o e s a es
t h r tio of t h d i t n
e a f t h poi n t from t h pol r pl n of O to
s e s a ces o e s e a a e
th ir d i t
e fro m O i on t n t
s an ce s s c s a .
(T k 0 a ori g i n n d
e §5 4 E x
as ,
a u se ,
.
Ex 4 P rov th t
. . e a
2
Al li/ 1 A2u22 '
A3 u
3
2
A4U42 0
r pre e se n s a t c on i oi d c w ith r p t tohi h t h t e tr h d ron who e
es ec w c e a e s
fa ce s a r e u l =0
,
u z= 0, u =0
3
=0 i ,
lf o nju g t
u4 s se c a e .
Ex 5 . Fi d th . n e e qu tion to th on i oi d with r p t to whi h

a e c c es ec c
th e t tr h d ro form
e a e n e d by t h oord i n t pl n nd t h pl n
e c a e a es a e a e
is se lf o nj-
c u
g a e,t a nd w hi h p c asses throu gh th e poi nt s —a O, O) ,
'
—c)
,
—b O
(,
O , ), (0 , O, .
< ) (
2 232 )
2
2
Am 4 3/ + 1 =O
+ + +
a b a b c
EX . 6 A ll . c o n ico ids w hi h to u h g iv n o
c t it poi n t c a e c ne a s s of
s ec tio n by a g iv en pl ane h v a o m m on lf onj u g t t tr h ed ro n

e a c se -
c a e e a .
13 6 . Th e envel op ing cone . Th e e q tion s

ua
w—a _
—
y B z —y
l m n
r ep r esen t t n gen t i f e q tion (2) o f

a a ua 1 3 3 h as e q a l r oot
u s .
Th e c o n ditio n f o r qu l r oots is e a
1
< >
2
a
4 F (0L, B , y )f (l m , ,
n ) : l— +m
g g + n f
her e for
T e th e e q tion to th l o
ua e cu s of th e t an
g en s t
dr a wn fr om g i ve n p oi n t ( B y ) is
“( 5 Wi
a or, ,
Os ,
fe —
y B ,
z
V)
—OL)
2 ;
aF
Z
W
(
8
1 )
2 +( z _
Y)
But (
F 0L + 06 —OL 6 + y —B 7 +Z —Y)
—
, .
_
f( OC Ot , y 8
1
Z
—v)
§ %
F
2 + (y B> + F<
a 6 v>
204 COORD I NA TE GEOM ETR Y tn o . xi .
H en ce a ll c ho r ds whi c h a re b i se c t e d at (or B , , y) lie in

th e p l ane g i v en by
— + (z —
?2
a
(w a ) + (y B) V) 3
a g 5 :
Th e sec t ion of the on i coi d c by thi s p l an e is a o i

c n c of
whi c h ( 0L, B , y) is th e c e n t r e .
Ex . F i d th lo u of
n e c s ce n tr of es se c tion s of
a
yz bzw oxy a bc
w hi h tou h
c c 1 .
A 713 . oz
2
.
b
(z cy )
2
B(
2
cx da )
2
y(y
2
a bx )2 4 (d yz cxy )
2
.
13 9 Th e diamet r al p l ane
. E u a tion (1 ) o f 1 3 8 s h e ws . q
th t a t h e m id p oi n t s o f a l l c ho r ds dr a wn p ar a l l e l to a fi x ed
-
l in e
22
.
l m n
’
lie on th e d i am e tr l p la an e whose e q tio n i

ua s
BF BF BF
Ex 1 . . Fi d
n th e ce n tr l ir ul r
a c c a sec tio n s an d u m bil ic s of th e
follo wi ng su rfa c es
(i )
2
x + yz + 2 = O,
(ii ) 4yz 5250 5 9: y

. 8 0,
(iii ) y z 22x x3! 4 O

.
1 $ 2 2
(ii ) 2x + y —a = 0 , x —
+ y 22 = O
2
x g/ z 2\ / x y z x/
2
j:
—5
"
1 5 3 3 ’
16 5 15
(iii ) x + z = 0, th e u m bil ics ar e i m i n ry

ag a
Ex 2 . . P rov e th t a th e u m bilics o f c onic oids tha t a throu g h th ss e

c ir l
c es
z 0, x
2
+y
2=
a
2
x 0, y “p
l ie on t wo e qu l hyp rbol
a e as in t h e zx - pl ane .
Th e p rincip al p l anes A di am e t r a l p l ane whi ch is

1 40 . .
a t r i ht a n l es to t h e c ho r ds whi c h it bi sec t s is a p r i n c i p a l
g g
—
1 3 8 1 4 0] T H E P R I N C I PA L P LA N E S 20 5
p l ane . I f th e a x es ar e r ectang u l a r , th e d i a me t r a l p l a n e
w ho se e q uatio n is
BF BF BF
m
l z 5
5
+ 71
52
or bm +fm + 0 71 )
is at r ig ht l
a n g es t o th e l ine
2 r
5 z
’
l m n
al + hm + g n h l + bm + f n g l +f m + c n
l m 71
If e ac h o f th ese r a tio s is e q u l to 71 th en a ,
T h e r e f o r e A is a r oot o f th e e q tion
ua
a —A h 9 = 0,
—A
, ,
h, b , f
g, f , c —A
or A 3 —f —g —h ) —D = O
2 2 2
,
ED
w here D z a, h , g Or if A Ba
, e tc .
, th e e qu tion m
a a
y
h, 6 , f
9. f , c
be wr itt en
3
A
T hi s e q u a tion is c al l ed th D iscriminat ing Cubi I t g i ves e c .
th r e e v l u es o f A to e c h o f w hi ch c o rr esp on ds a set f
a ,
a o
v a l u es f o r l m n a n d by
z zbstit ti ng th e se se ts in t h
, su u e
eq u a tion aF BF BF
whi c h by m e a n s
, o f th e r e l ation s r e du ce s to
(2)
we o b ta i n th e e q u ations to the th r e p ri n ci p l pl
e a a n es of
th e co n i c oi d .
20 6 COOR D I N A T E GE O M E T R Y [OIL xi .
Ex . F i d th pri ip l pl
n e nc a a n es of th e c o n ico ids
(i ) 1 4x 2 + 1 4y2 + 8 z2 -
4yz —4zx —8 xy + 1 8 x
(ii )
2
3 x + 5y + 2
3z2 —2yz + 2zx
Ans .
(i ) A= 6 , 1 2, 1 8 ; x + y —z = 0 , x
( ) 11 A= 2, 3 , 6 ; x —z —2 = O , x —2y + z —l = o .
1 41 . Condit ion for t wo z er o-r oot s . If D 0 ,

th en
BC CA AB
an d th e r e f o r e A, B, C h a ve
ig n T h e r e fo re i f th e sa m e s .
and a n d th e r e f o r e we h ve a
al s o H e n ce i f th e di sc r i m i n a ti n g cu b i c h as
t wo e r o r oots a ll th e six q ua n titi e s A B C F G H a e
z -
, , , , , , ,
r
z e r o a n d f (w y z ) is a p e rf e c t s q u a r e
, , .
1 42 Case
. of one zer o-root . I f the di sc r i m i n a ti ng cu b c i
h as one z e r o r oot
-
o rr esp on din g p r i nc i p a l p l ane eith e r is
, t he c
at n i n fi n it e di st a n c e o r m y be a n y p l a n e a t r i h t a n l e s
a a
g g
to a fi x e d l i n e F o i f A 0 t h e e q a tion s
. r
§ 40 g i ve
1 , u ,
l m 71.
_ ’
G F c
l m n
1 41
x /A JB ME
T h e se de te r m i n e fi x e d di r ec tio n si n ce A B C ar e n ot
a , , ,
al l z e ro . Th e c o r r e sp o n di n g p r i n c i p a l p l an e h as by § 1 40 , ,
2) th e e q tion
ua
x /A u J Bv J e w
an d is at an i n fin it e di stan c e i f J Au + J Bv+ J Bw 3 EQ or
may be a ny p l a n e t r i g ht n g l es to th e fi x e d l i n e
a a
—
fK jg i t ,
i f J Au + J B v + J C w = Q
I n th e fir st case t h e c on i coi d is a p a r a bo l oi d who se a x is
is in t h e fi x e d di r e c tio n in th e s e c o n d a n e l l i p ti c o r h y p e r
, ,
bolic cy l i n de r o r p a i r o f i n t e r s ec ti n g p l a n e s who se a xi s o r
l i n e o f i n t er section is in th e fi xe d di rection .
20 8 T
C OOR D I N A E GE OM E RY T [OIL x1 .
T HE D I S CR I M I N ATI N G CUB IC .
144 A l l the r oots of th e di scr i m i n a ti n g

. cu bi c a r e r ea l .
T h e e q u a tion m ay be w r itt en ,
¢ (A) E (A —b)(A—c) —f } 2
{ (A
2
b) y + (A o) h + 2fg
2
h }0 .
We m ay a ssu m e a >b> c . C on si de r
—b) (A—c) —f
2
C or r esp on di ng l
va u es o f A and y are
00 , c b ,
F I G 48
. .
H e nc e f r om t h e g r a p h ,
it a pp ears th a t
(fi g . th e
q tion h as r a l r oot s or a n d B s u ch th a t
2
( ) = 0
e ua ip A e ,
< c <b<oc
B
C o n si de r now Wh en A= y =i OO ;
S
T H E D I CR I M I N A TI N G C U BIC
wh e n
A = OL , y {( OL —c) 7i 2
i 2J (
OL—b) (oc
—bi h\ /0L
Wh e r e J et —b J on—c a ,
re r ea l ;
w h en
(g x/ mt c —fifi
wh e r e J IT
J B Jc , B are r ea l .
H en ce fr o m th e g r a p h we se e th a t th e e q u a tion
h as th r e e r ea l r oots A1 A2 A3 su c h th a t, , , ,
T he b o ve p r oo f fa i l s i f
a (X . and
B , th e r oots of th e
e q u a tio n are e qu a l . ho we v r
In th ta c a se , e , we
hav e b= c , and f =0 ; a n d th e r e f o r t h e c b i b e c o m es e u c
(A —a )(A b) —9 —h } - =0 2 2
.
th e r oots of w hi c h a re si l y
ea e n to b a ll r a l
s e e e .
1 45 . T h e fa ct or s of f (c
c , y , z ) I f A is a
r oot o f th e d i sc r i m i n a ti n g cu bic ,
a cc
2
+ 27mg 2
A(nz + y + 2 2
)
is th e
one o f
p r o du c t of t wo f a c to r s o f th e
th e th r ee r oots l e a ds to r
W
l l v a u es o f on,
z . On l y
F or
ea B , y .
(a A) cc + (b 2
A) y + (c 2
A) 2; 2
2f yz + 29 m 2hwy
—
i { hw+ (b + i i z m [hf —(b -
A) 9 l w }
(b M 10 (A,
and th e r e f o re is of th e form
1 1
m
b—
( A) c ox)
wh e r e u an d v are l i n ea r f u n c tio n s o f x, y , z, with r ea l
dx
2
by 2
02
2
2f g/ z 29 290 271 W
1
C c
.
2 —
2s + Az
l t
_
1
b
by fz §
2
+
A
l
(Az Ga ) ' 2
]
if A z O a nd t h ere f0 1 e G2 =AC .
s .
21 0 COOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [O H . x1 .
co e ffi c i en t s R e f e r e n ce to th e g r p h s sh e ws th a t
. a th e s i gn s
o f b— A a n d / (A) f o r A= A A A a e a s f ol l o ws
1z
2, S
r :
1 ,
b —A , M A) .
A = A2 , i .
H en c e fl u y , ,
z ) A(5c + y + 2 2 2 2
) t a k e s t h e f o r m s
—L 2
u
2 —M 2 2
v ,
L u
2 2
M 2 2
i , L u 2 2
+M
2 2
v ,
acc o r din g a s A= A A o r A Th e f ac to r s with r ea l 1 , 2, 3

.
c o e ffi c i e n t s c o rr esp on d th e r e f o r e to th e m ean r oot A 2

.
,
(Cf .
1 46 C ondit ions for

. eq u al r oot s . To fi nd th e co n di
ti on s tha t th e di scr i m i n a ti n g cu bi c shou l d ha ve , (i ) two
q u a l ( ) thr ee
r o o ts e , ii r oots e
qu a l .
T h e cu b c is i
—A h =0
¢ (A) E a , , 9 .
h b_ k
.
) a j
g f ,
— A ,
c
T h e r e f o r e as in , 1 4 1 i f A is a r oot o f th e c u b i c
, ,
(b — A )( c — A —
) f , (e —A a —
)( A) g — (a — A) ( b — A) 2
,
-
h 2
h ave th e sa m e si gn .
(i ) I f A is a r e p ea t e d r oot ,
an d
A) (c —A) —f
2
+< c —x> a —
< >g
x — 2
+< a
m aw n -
P =0 .
an d th e r e f o r e
b —
( A) (0 —
( A) (
C a
—
( A) (b
Cb
and h en c e , ( o rr sp on di n g to
c e F= G H we h a ve a l s o
(a (b (c
A ny on e o f th e th r e t
e se s of c ondi tio ns ,
(c —A)(a —A =
) 9
2
. (a — A) (b (a (A )
’
a —
( w n h = - 2
. (b — xx c —A =
) f (b
2
. (B )
'
b— c —
( A) ( A) =f 2
,
—
( A) (a
c (c ( )
C
’
21 2 C OO R D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [ex xi .
1 47 . Th e p r incip al dir ections . We sh a l l ca ll di r ce

tion s de t e r m i n e d by th e e u a tio n s q
al + hm + g n h l + bm + fn _ g + fm + cn
l
l m n
Bf Bf Bf
2l
fi m
2m
_
an
2n
t h e p rincip al dire ct ions .
If A i s a r oot o f the di scr i m i n a ti n g bi c g ivi n g va l u es

cu
l m
, , n of the dir ecti on -
cos in es o f a p r i n ci a l dir ecti on
p ,
A = f (l m , ,
n ) .
cf af af
l g +m 3 £ +n
ef
Bl Bm Bn
= _
For A =
2l 277i 2n f (l m , , n ) .
1 48 The p r i n cip a l di r ecti on s cor r esp on di n g to two

.
di sti n ct r oots of the di scr i mi n a ti n g cu bi c a r e a t r ight

a n g l es .
I f A1 A2 ,
are th e r oot s ,
and l, m l
, , n, , Z2 , m 2, n 2 are the
c o rr e sp ondi ng di r ec tio n c o si n es th en -
,
3 f
2l 1 A1 2l 2
s e tc .
af af af af ar af
But ll _
+ ml —
H ?“ "
Z2 — + m 2 + n2
Bl z Bi n g a Bl 1 Bni 1 Bn 1
an d th e r ef o r e
(A1 mime 22 22
1 2)
O:
whi c h p r o ves th e p r o p o sition .
1 49 C a ses
. of eq ual r oot s .
(i ) I f A1 A2, A3 , are th e r oots
of th e d i sc r i m i n ti ng cu b i c an d A = A th e r e is a
a , 2 3 , de fi n it e
p r i n ci p a l di r e ction c o rr esp on di n g to A bu t th e e q u a tion s I
Bf Bf Bf
Bl z Bm 2 a
r e du ce to a si ng l e e q u a tion whi c h is sa ti sfi ed by th e
di r e c tion c o s i n e s o f a ny di r ec tion a t r i g ht a ngl e s to
-
th e
p r i nc i a l di r e c tio n c o rr e s o ndi n
p p g to A1
.
I ND E T E R M I NATE PR I N C I PA L D I R EC T IO N S 21 3
S u pp o e th t we h
s a a ve
= ( t —5 M f”
9
h
a nd A _
T h en th e e q tio n
ua s
(a A2) l 2 hm 2 + g u z 0 ,
h l2 (b A2) m 2 + f n , . 0 ,
l + m
g 2 f 2 (c A2) n 2 0
a ll b eco m e ghl z hf m 2 + fgn 2
And i
s n ce th e su m of th e r oots o f th e cu bi c is a b c,
an d h ence th e e q tio
ua n
(a A1 ) l 1 hm 1 + g n 1 0
m ay be wr itt e n
fg l m
l
j g ll. ) h
(1
(f +
g
4
+
h
Th e th r e e q u tions c o rr p o n di ng
e a es to AI th e r fo r e gi v e
e
whi c h de t e r m i n e a de fi n it e p r i n ci pa l di r e c tio n . The i s ng l e
eq tio o rr sp ondi ng to A i
ua n c e
2
s th e c on dition th a t th e
di r tion g i ve n by g h hf fg l
ec s , 2
m2 n2
.
sho l d be
u at r i g ht
an l
g es .
I f we hav e
A2 = A3 = a , g =0 ,
h=0 , and (b—a ) (o
th e e q a tions co rr
u es p o n di ng to A2 an d AI a re
(b u )m2 —
fu z 0,
2
4
ml 2 1
1
b a f
A = A3 = O , th en D = O ,
be = f
2
ca = g2 , ab
an d th e e q uatio n s c o rr es p o n di ng to A2 a nd AI a re
l1 m, n
,
75 J E J ?!
214 COOR D I NA TE GEo ME TR Y [on XI .
(ii ) bi c h a s th r e e e q u a l r oots
I f th e di sc r i m i n a ti n g cu ,
a n y di r e c tion is a p r i n c i p a l di r e c tio n Fo r .
and f = h = 0 a n d t h e e q u a tio n s f o r p r i n c i p a l di r ec tio n s

g ,
r edu ce to l m n
l m n
Th e r ea so n is O bv io u s T h e su rf ac e is a sp h e r e a n d a n y
.
,
p l a n e th r o u g h t h e c en t r e b i se c ts c ho r ds a t r i g ht a n g l es
to it .
To p su m ui ,
if
sc r i m i n a ti n
g c u b i c h as di s ti n c t
th e d
r oo ts th e r e e t h r e e m u t a l l y p e r p e n di c l a r p r i n c i p a l
,
ar u u
di r e c tio n s If it h as two o r th r e e r e p e t e d r oot s th r ee

. a ,
m t a l l y p e r p en di cu l a r di r ec tion s c an be c ho se n who se
u u
di r e c tio n c o si n e s sa ti s f y th e e qu tion s o f § 1 4 7 whi c h

-
a ,
de t e r m i n e th e p r i n c i p a l di r ec tio n s T h e r f o r e in a l l c s . e a se
we ca n t r a n s f o r m th e q tion t ak i n g a s n e w r ec t n g l a r
e ua ,
a u
a x es th r e l i n s th r ou g h th e o r ig i n whose di r ec tion co si n es
e e -
sa ti s fy t h e e q u tio n s a
af af Bf
Bl Bm Bn
2l 2m 2n
wh e r e A is a r oot o f th e d i sc r i m i n a ti ng cu b c i .
1 50 . Tr ansformat ion of f (a y, e) ~
, .
r a n s or m s i n to
f( c
c, y,
z ) t f
L e t o f, o n O § ,
h di r tio
a ve oi l ec n- c s n es l , ml , nl ; Z
2,
m 2,
“
Z m it c o rr e sp o n di ng to t h e r oot s A I A2 AS of th e cu bi c
3 3 s,
.
, , , ,
Th en a = l §+ l n+ l § etc 1 2 3 ,
. e tc .
We h a v a l so e
af af af af af af
,, _ —
1
2A1 (l 1 a my u e
l ) ,
2A1 5 .
A nd s i mi l a rl y ,
af Bf af
l2 —+ m 2 nz — _
2Azu ,
Bcc By aZ
Bf Bf Bf
23 722 72
5 3
53; 3
55
CO O R D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [n o xi
.
1 52 . To deter m i n e the cen tr es o f the con i coid
(
F a, g ,
z ) 0 .
Let (on B
, , y) be a cen tre . C h an g e t h e o r i gi n to (CL B , , y)
an d th e e q tion b co m
ua e es
F (w+ oc y+ B . .
BF BF BF
fl at y Z ) + -U
’
4 WB +Z + F (0L 3 Y) 0
5 B 57
, , .
,
T h e r e f o r e si n ce
,
th e c o e ffi c i e n t s o f as, y , z a re z e ro ,
BF B BF
E 0
BOL BB By
Cor . Th e e q tion to
ua an
y di ame t ra l p l ane is of th e fo rm
BF BF BF
an d th e r e f o r e ny a di a m e t r a l p l a n e pa sse s th r o ug h th e
c en t r e o r c e n t r e s .
1 53 . Th e cent r al p l anes . Th e e q tion s

ua
1 as:
—0 .
2
1 BF
2
1 BF
5 5,
rep r e se n t p l an e s w hi c h we m a y c al l the c ent ral p l anes .
A n y p oi n t c omm o n to th e c e n t r a l p l a n es is a ce n tr e .
M u l ti p l y e q u a tio n s (3 ) by A H , , G r esp ecti ve l y

a n d a dd ; th en si nc ,
e
a A + hH + gG =D and
Au He Gi o
D
Hu + Gu + Fv + C w
5;
1 Fi v
Si m i l a rl y y , ’ z
D
We h a ve to c on si de r th e f l l w o o i ng c a se s , (c f 45) .
I D#
.
=O sing l e
, cen tr e at a (e l l i p soi d h y p e r ,
fi n ite di stance , bo l oid, o r c on e ) .

1 5 2 1 54
-
] THE C E N T R E S 21 7
II . D =O , i l ce n t r t a n (p ra bo l oi d)
s ng e e a a .
i n fi n it di s ta n ce
e ,
III . D = O, l i ne o f c en t r e s a t a (e l l i p ti c o r hy
f i n i t e di s t a n c e p e r bo l ic c y ,
A % O, ( c e n t r a l p l an es l i nde r p a i r ,
p ass th r o u g h o n e o f i n t e r sec t
l i n e an d a r e n ot ing p l an e s ) .
para l l e l ) ,
I V A, . B , C , F, G, H, l i n e o f cen t r e s a t a n (p a r a bol i c cy
all z e ro ,
i n fi n it e di sta n ce l i n de r ) , .
f u ¢ gu (c e n t r a l p l a n e s
p a r a l l e l bu t n ot
c oi nc i de n t ) ,
V . A, B , C , F, G, H, p l a ne o f ce n t r es (pa ir o f p ara l le l ,
a ll ze ro , (c e n t r a l p l a n e s p l a n es) .
c oi n c i de n t ) ,
1 54 . E qu at ion wh en t h e or ig in is at a cent re . If
th e o i oi d h as a cen t r e (0L B y ) a t fi n ite di stan ce
c n c , ,
a ,
and
th e o r ig i n is ch a ng ed to it th e e q u a tion bec om es ,
f< 90 B v)
= 0.
— BF BF
OI , s 1 n ce a
B gL
B
l ‘
-- —
BB
l y
By
'
f (a
'
, y,
T hi s bec om es , on s u bs titu ting the c oo r di n te s a of th e
ce n t r e f o un d in 1 53 ,
Au 2
+8 11
2
Cw 2
2Fuw 2q 2Hu v do
wh e r e S E a, h , g ,
u
h , b , f ,
1)
g , f ,
c, w
u ,
v, w ,
( l
Cor . I f F (a y'
, ,
s
) z
0 r e p r e se n ts a co n e , 8 : 0 a nd D aié O .
21 8 CO O R D I N A E GE O M E R Y T T [OH . x1 .
Ex 1 . . F i d thn e ce n tr es o f t he c o n icoi ds,

(i ) 2
1 4x + 1 4g + 8 ~ 2 2 —4g z —4ex —8 xg + 1 8x
(ii ) 3 x2 + 5g 2 + 3 22 —2g z + 2zx
(iii ) 2x + 2oy2 + 1 8 z2 —1 2g z -1 l 2xg + 22x + 6g ~ 2z —2 = O,

2
(iv ) —8x —1 8g —1 0z + 4 = 0
(v ) —2g z + 2zx —2xg —2x —4g —2z l—
x
2
+g +
2
z3 =O
2 -
,
2 2 2— — — — — =O
( )
vi x + g + z 2g z + 2zx 2xg 2x + 2g 2e 3 . .
(Q ) L
)
3
1
1 (iii )
l
A ns .
(i) "
’ ’ o , ’ ,
th e c e n t ral p l anes
2 6 3 e
3
iv
12
7
p rall l to th li n 1 1 i t h li n of
9 g f
0 2
ar e a e( ) 1
e e , s e e
cen tr v
() t h n
e s, tr l pl a n e p r ll l vi
( )
e x g + = 1 i th
ce a es ar a a e , z s e
pl n O f ntr
a e ce es .
E x 2 I f t h e ori g i n i h ng d to t h e
. n tr th qu tion (i ) nd s c a e ce e, e e a s a
( ) b com
11 e e
n
2
14 4 4
g yz ,
3 x + 5g 2 2
3 2
2
2g z 2ex 2x z =1
/ .
.
Ex 3 . . I f th e ori g i n h ng d to (5 O
is c a e , , or to a ny poi n t on
th e li n e of cen tr es, th e e qu tion (iv) b om
a ec es
5x 2 43/ z 1 4zx + Gxg 1 .
Ex 4 . . P rov th te a t h e ce n tr e s o f c o nic o ids th t p throug h a ass th e

e llip ses z= 0 y
= 0 l i o n th e li n e
'
es
_
O b 4 0
Ex 5 . . lo u of th
T he c s tre f n i id th t p throu gh t w
e ce n s o co co s a ass o
g iv en s tr i g ht li n n d t w
a es a g iv n poi n t i tr i g ht li n e
o e s s a s a .
Ex 6 . . I f F (r , .
g ,
t) o r pr en t a c one th oor d i nat es of th e
=
z, e es s ,
e c
v rte e x sa ti fy th
s e e qu a tio n s
e r 85 a
; a:
Bar Bg Bz Bt
Throu gh th
Ex 7 tio n of
. e se c s a sy s e m t of co n fo cal s
k
by o n e o f th e
pri n p l pl ci n d by a
g iv n pl a n es a a e a ne , c on es a re d ri d esc be P e
. rov
th t th ir v rti l i n on i
a e e ces e o a c c .
Ex 8 P rov th t t h n tr e
. of e a e ce s co nico ids th t pa throu gh th e
a ss
y li n d r
.
cir l x + y = 2 x
c e nd h v O Z
2 2
a a a e as a g e ne a r tor l i th ,
e 0 11 e c e
2 2=
x +g aaz
Ex . 9 . A c on i oi d tou
c ch e s th e a xe s (r t ec an g ul r)a at th e fi xe d
poi nt ( 0 s a, , (O ,
b, O) , (O, O, c) , a nd it s se ctio n by t h e pl n throu gh
a e
th poi n t
e se s is a c ir lc e ew
. Sh th t it a s ce n tr li e es o n t h e li ne
Ex . lo u of
10 . Sh ew th t a th e c s th e ce n tr of nic id whi h
es co o s c
tou h th pl n = 0 t n u mbili t
c e a e z a a c a th e ori g i n tou h th pl n x = c e a e a
throu g h fi d poi n t n c o n i oi d w hi h
,
and p ass a xe o th e z- a xi i s, s a c c
to h th pl n = O t n u m bili
uc es e a e z a a c .
220 COOR D I N A E GEOME TR Y T [c m xi .
N ote root of th d i ri m i n ti n g u bi nn ot b fou n d by

I f th e s e sc a c c ca e
i n p tio th ir i g m y b d t rm i n d by oroll ry of D rt
.
’
ec n, e s ns a e e e e a c a e sca es
“
s
R ul of Si g n
e I f t h root f s : ll r l t h n u m b r of e s o a re a ea , e e
po itiv root i qu l to th n u m b r f h ng f i g n in f (A) ? I n

s e s s e a e e o c a es o s
bov f (M A + 3 X n d th er e e tw h ang of 3 2
th e a e c as e, 16 E
,
a ar o c es
s ig n nd th r for t w po itiv root

,
a e e e o s e s .
Ex 2 R d u . e ce
(i ) x + 3 y + 3
2 2 2
Qy 2x z z
( )11 3 30 2 —y2 — 2 + 6yzz 6 x + 6y —2z —2 = O ,
(iii ) 2y2 + 4 zx + 2x
A ns .
(i ) 03
2
+ 2y + 2 ii
( ) 3 x + 2y2 2
4z2 = 4, (iii ) x
2
+y
2
a =0
z
.
1 56 Ca se B 0 , A u + H?) eo
. : D q .
T here i g l e c en tre t i n fi n ity

is a 1 53
s n If a , ,
A A A a e th r oots o f th e di sc r i m i na ti n g c u bi c
I , 2, 3
r e ,
A #O A
2
0
,
3
I f Z m n a e th e di r ec tion c o si n e s
, 3 , 3 , ,
r -
o f th e p r i n c i pa l di r e c tion c o rr e sp on di ng to A 3 ,
g 3 l fm s
l 0
“ "
0 70
3
M, bm 3 + f n 3 0,
A H G u A + vH + wG
H e n ce it by lD e n ot e a .
Th e p r i n ci p a l p l a n e c o rr e sp o n di n g to X
3
is at i n fi nity ,
w—a —
y fi Z —y
Wh er e th e l ine
,
Z3 m3 ”
3
m ee ts th e rf ac e h
‘
su , we a ve
l3 3 fi OF
r
z
m
fl s 3
l ” 9+ m
+ s +fl + F(OL’ 18 »
§
s
aB
, ,
8a é
whi c h by m e an s , of th e e q tio n o f
ua s 1 4 7, m ay be wr itten
M r
?
2r { 7\3 (l 3 oc 6 n 3 y ) u l3 o m s wn 3
771
3 }
FOX 18 ) 0
Y " ! ?
0 7 + 27er + F (0L B y ) 0
3
, ,
.
h er e f o r e
T a ny l i n e in th e p r i n c i p al di r ectio n co rr e
sp on din g to A3 m e e ts th e su rf ac e in on e p oi n t a t a fi n it e
a n d o n e p oi n t a t a n i n fi n it e di t s a n ce .
so
I f t he l i ne i i
Z3 m3 f
a
g
§ 1 56] RE D U CT I ON O F GE N E R A L EQ UA T I ON 221
is n o r ma l to th e t a n g en t p l a n e at (w
’
, y
’
, a p oi n t of
th e su rface ,
aF at: aF aF
—
2
5
.
. .
l3 m f
3 + 7I 3
21
’ ’
835
,
aa; 82
_
La m3 ”
3
2(u l3 mm
,
2k
H e n ce s uc h p oi n ts as (w ’
, y
’
, z
’
) l ie on th e th r e e p l a n e s
pl g a w+ hy + g z + u —l l a
3
= 0,
pz s hx + by +f z + v —km 3 = 0 ,
ps z
gx + fy + cz + w —Im 3 = 0 .
B ut l3 f9 1 + m 3 p 2 ”
3 1 9
3
“
7 0 ,
th er e f o r e th e th r e e p l a nes p ass th r o gh u a l i ne w hi c h is
ar a ll e l to fi l
P ls m3 ”
3
Th e re f o r e th r e i on l y on e p oi n t o n th e rfa ce at w hi c h
e s su
t h e n o r ma l is p a r a l l e l to t h e l i n e f i Z
T h a t p oi n t
Z m
.
1 7
3 3 3
is t h e vert ex o f t h e s rf a c e I ts c oo r di n a t s a e g i ve n by u . e r
t h e e q u a tio n s (whi c h e q i va l e n t to t wo ar e u
i n d p nden t e q u a tion s ) n d th e q a tio n F (oc y z ) = 0

e e a e u , ,
‘
B ut F x, ( y , z ) = l ac
y 2
5 +
[a(l 3
a
; wa
y 71 2
3 )
f
ax .
vy wz d
.
H en ce a ny t wo of th e e q tion sua (3 ) a nd th e
e q tion
ua
0
de te r m i n e th e ve r te x .
To r edu ce th e g i ven e q u atio n c h ang e , th e o ri g i n to th e

r te x (x Th e e q a tio n beco m e s
’ ’
ve , , y ,
u
OF OF
> — =
fe e, a z +w
a
, + z + F (x y z ) 0
f(x y , ,
Ta k e th e th r e e l i n s th r o g h t h e v r te x in th e p r i nci pa l
e u e
di r e c tio n s a s c oo r di n a t e xe o th t o § h di r ec tio n a s, s a as
co si n es Z 71 n d t h e e q a tio n t r n f o r m i nta u a s s o
3 , 3 ,
21
g
2 ?
A15 X2U :
0
222 C O OR D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [C H . XI .
Th e su rf a ce is th e r e f o r e a p a r a b o l oi d .
Si nce ,
fr o m
er :
eF er :
8F eF er=
61 + m1 0 _
_
+ nl
7
2
am w
’ ,
53 az
th e p r i n c i p a l p l a n es th r ou g h c o r r esp o n din g t o A1 an d A2 p ass

th v r t x
e Th n w c oo r di n t p l n
e e a e th e r e f o r e t h e
. e e a e a es r
t wo p r i n i p l p l n s at a fi n it di st an c e an d th e t a ng en t
c a a e e
p l n e at th e ve r t e x
a .
Ex . 2x 2 + 2y2 + 22 + 2yz QZx

T he d i ri m i ti
sc na ng c u bi c is
A 3
5 A2 + 2A= O .
5 +J I7 5 ”
Wh n g 8 0 2
e K ce H
, , O; 0 , , , 0, say.
Q
F or th pri n ip l d ir tio n orr pon di n g to A
e c a ec c es 3,
213 27723 723 1 O,

Z3 m3 n3
—O .
Z3 m3 723
Th r for e e e
I T U 75
,
lo : u ls ma 3 1 0 71 3 — 1
72
.
T he r d u d qu tio n
e ce e a is th r fore e e 0L x
2 2
, 8y 2 2
35
x
—2 O .
Th e e qu tion a s for t h e v rte ex

g iv e and th e ax s i is
xz y, 2 :
Ex 2 T h e. . follo wi n g qu tio e a ns r pre ese n t p r boloi d F i n d t h

a a s . e
I e d u ce d e a qu tio t h oor d i n t n s, e c a es of t he v t nd th
er ex, a qu tio n e e a s
to t h e a xi s
(i )
.
( ) 11 —g/ —z2 + 2yz —8 x 4y + 8 z —2 = 0

x 1 1 22
A728 (i )
2 2=
.
/ +
"
1 3 2 x ; (1 ,
1 0 0
x 1 R
( —3
(ii ) 8
2
2x (1
'
,
I
1 57 C ase C =O
. : D , A +O .
T here is a l ine of . c en t r es t fi n it e di st a n e
a a c ,
1 53 I I I,
.
)
Th e d i sc r i mi n a ti ng c u bi c h s on e e r o r oota z -
, A3 , g i vi n
g ,
(as l n
§ 1
A H G
Z3 mg
or S i nc e G H = AF °
I /F l /G /
,
l H
224 C O OR D I N A TE GEOM E R Y T [C H . x1 .
I_3 m n3
a nd th ere f ore _ i
5 2 1
a nd ul
3 vm3 + 20 723 : 0 .
He nceth r i li n of ntr e e s a e ce e s, g iv n by
e y + 2 =0 z .
A poi n t n thi li n i 1 O o s e s , ,
C h n ge t h e ori g i n to it and th e
a ,
g iv e n qu tio n b o m
e a ec es
x
2
+ 6y
2 —z2
w hi h r d u es to
c e y c 8
,
2 2=
Ex 2 Wh t urf . . e r pr n t e d by a s aces a r e ese
(i ) 2y 2y + 2 x 2xy x 2 ~
z z
ii
( ) 26 x + 2 Oy + 4y
2 3 6 xy + 5 2x 3 63] 2 z 1 6z + 25 = O ?
An i( ) 6x 2y = 1 i 2x + 3 = 2y = 2 1 ;
s
2 2
, ax s 2
= —l
.
ii
( ) 1 4x + 4 2y
= 1 i x =
y
— 1 2 2
,
ax s z .
Ex 3 P rov e th t th e e qu tio n
. . a a
2
5x 4y2 + 5z2 + 4yz 1 4zx + 4x y + 1 6 x + 1 6y
r pr
e ese n s a t p ir of pl a a nes w hi ch p ass throu g h th li n e e l
a n d are i ncli n d t n e a a ang e l 2 t an
1 58 . Case D : el
f
T he r e is a l i n e o f ce n t r es at i n fi n ity ,
1 53 , If
AI A2 A3 , ,
ar e th e r oot s O f th e di sc r i m i n a ti n g cu bi c ,
A
I f ll , ml , 71 1 ar e th e d i r ec tion c o si n es o f t he p r i nci p l
-
a
di r e c tion o rr esp o ndi ng

c to A si n ce f = bc g = ca a nd
l ,
2
,
2
,
h2=
a b, we h a ve
J EEZI J bc m l on
1
n,
l1 m n1
wh en ce —
;
Jb Jo Jo
.
An d i
s nce u f vg # ,
0 u J E—
v 1 vJ aqEO , or u m l —l # 0 .
L et o f 0 ,
1
7 o f be a se t o f r e c t a n g u l ar a x e s who s e di r ec tion
,
oi
c s n es a r e ll m 1 , , nl ; Z2, m 2, nz; Z3 , m 3 , T h e n Z2 m 2 , ,
Z3 m3 n ,, ti sfy th e e qu a tions f o r p r i n ci p al di r ec tions

sa
“
, , ,
T h e e q ua tio n to th e s u rf a ce r e f e rr e d to 0 5 0 5 ,
is th e r e f o r e
A190 ?
2x (u l 1 mm wn 1 ) + 231 011 2 mm wn z)
2z (u l3 mm,
d 0 .
R E D UCT ION or GENERA L E Q UA T I O N 225
Now ll l2 m l m2 wl n z O ,
a nd we ca n c hoose Z2 m 2
, , to sa ti sfy a l so
u lz vm z f
wn z 0 .
T h en n 2 u l3
( mm m 3)
u (n 2l3 n 3 l2 ) v(m 2n 3 m 3 u z) ,
u ml vl 1 51: 0 .
T he r e fo r e i f u l , 3
um
3
co
m ,
is de n ote d by wl
ul
?
)
2
10
1
20c f
(c w J EY (d u J EY (um/b fa
in r ?
a + b+ c
Wr iti ng u l f o r a ll om , wn th e e q tion
ua to th e
su rf a ce b e c o m es
N a
?
21 0 1 50 2wl z d 0 ,
“
>
2
d 2
me a )
+ E + _ _ _ 1
A1 A, 2w, l
whi c h m ay be r edu ced ,

by c h an ge o f o r i i n to
g ,
271 ) 1
m 2
z 0 .
AI
Th e su rface is th e r e f o r e a pa r ab ol i c cy l i n de r .
l a tu s r ectu m o f a n o r m a l section
‘
Th e
3 n {<
vJ E
1 59 . Case E : u = v =
f g wh .
T h e re is a p l ane o f ce n t r es ,
1 53 ,
A s in C a se D ,
a nd
ZI f
r
fi _
nl
B ut i
s n ce u =
f gv wh ,
u v w
J éi 773 J E
’
u lz um ,
"
u m2 u l3 vm s u m3 0 .
Th e e q tio n to th
ua e su rf a ce th e r e f o r e r educes to
A1 50 ?
d O ,
an d th e su rf a ce is a pai r of p a r a l l e l p l ane s .
B G.
. P
226 COOR D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [OH . XL
1 60 .Redu ct ion wh en t er ms of second deg r ee ar e a

p er f e c t s q ua r e Th e f o l l o w i.
n
g m e tho d o f r e du c tio n is
a pp l i c a bl e to C a ses D and E a n d is t h e m os t s u it abl e ,
m e thod wh e n th e c oe ffici en ts in t h e g i ven e qu a tion ar e
nu m e r i ca l .
Si n ce A = B = C = O, f( x, y , z ) is a p e rf e c t q r
s ua e .
H e n ce
F (cc , y , z) (5/dcc —
f /by + c )
N
-
N
2
+ 2u x 20 3] 2wz + d .
If , (C ase E ) ,
E k th e , e q tion becom es
ua
Ct
(J aw
and r e p r e se n t s a p a i r o f p a r a l l e l p l an e s .
B ut i f (Case D )
, , th e e q tion m
ua a
y be wr itte n
a
2x (AJ —u +
ct ) -
d .
N ow c hoose A so th t th e p l
a a n es
v E 2x < xJ Z
> o —v) + 2z (AJ 5 —d 0
ar e a t r i g ht n g l a es . Thi s r e q u i r es th a t
q + vJ 5+ c
a + b+ c
T h e n t a k e r e ct a n g l a r u a x es with U = O, V = O as n ew
c oo r di n a t e p l a n e s so th a t
and
'
77
and th e e q a tion r ed
u u ce s to
—
5 (a + b
2
c ) 2 E OVJ CL u m .
B u t, by L ag r a n g e
’
s i den tity ,
—
( a + u )
2
} { E x/dOu / cL u )}
2
E s af e
228 COORD I N A E GE O M E R Y T T [C H . XI .
Ex . Re du ce th e follo wi ng qu tio n e a s
(i ) —4x
(ii ) 2x2 + 20y2 + 1 822 l 2yz + 1 2xy + 22x + 6y 22
(iii )
2
3x 24y 2 + 8 z2 + l 6yz l Ozx 1 4xy + 22y + 2z
(iv ) 3 6x + 4y + 2 2
z
2 —1 22x 24xy + 4x + 1 63/ 262 3 = O,
‘
(v) 3 x2 + 7y 2 + 3 22 + l oyz 2zx + 1 0xy + 4x 1 2g 4z + 1 = 0 ,
(vi ) 6g —1 8y
?
z —6 2x + 2x —
y 9x + 5y
( ) 5352 + 26y 2 + 1 0 22 + 4yz + 1 4zx +

vn
n 8x 1 8y l oz +
(viii )
2
4x + 9y 3 + 3 6 z2 3 6yz + 24 zx —1 2x y SOZ + 6 = O,
'
1 0 3 + 1 53/
7
(ix ) 1 1y2 + 1 4yz + 8 3 x + 1 4xy 633 -

22
(x ) 2302 7g 2 222 I Oyz 8 2x 1 0xy + 6 x + 1 231 62 + 5 = O .
A ns (i )
.
(ii )
(iii ) 27y2 = (iv ) 41x 2=
28y,
(v ) 3 x 2
1 222 : 1, (vi ) 26y2= 2J 9
7 z,
(viii )
?
(vu ) 27y 1, 3 5x 6 = 0,
(ix ) 3 x 2 + 4y2 (x)

2
12 + 2y 2~
422 = 0 .
1 6 2 C onicoids
. of r evol ut ion . I f t wo o f th e r oots o f th e
di sc r i m i n a ti n g cu bic are e q l ua and n o t zer o th e e q u a tio n
,
(
F ac, y, z ) =0 r e du c es to
2
S
A1 (x + gr )
o
+
5
0, (1 )
2
)
2
h 1 (zr y 0 , ( )
11
Th e rfac e is th e r e f o r e (i ) a n e l l ipsoid h yp e rbol oid o r

su , , ,, ,
c o n e o f r e vo l u tion (ii ) a p a r a b o l oi d o f r e v o l u tion o r (iii ) a

, , , ,
r i g ht c i r cu l a r cy l i n de r T h e se a r e i f we e x c l u de th e sp h e r e
.
, ,
t h e on l y c o n icoids o f r e vo l u tion a n d th e r e f o r e t h e c on ,
ditio n s th a t F (cc y z ) = 0 sho u l d r e p r e se n t a su r f ac e o f

, ,
r e vo l u tio n ar e th e c on ditio n s th a t th e cu bi c s hou l d h ave a

r e p e at ed r oot di ffe r en t fr om z e r o viz , .
,
>
\ =a
—
7
1 ,
g h
A1 = a , b—
( a ) (c g = 0, h = O;
h1 = b , ( c h=0 ,
=
f 0;
( a —) (bc
f = 0,
1 62 ] CO N I CO I D S o r R EV O L UT IO N 229
If e q tio ns (1 )
ua a r e sa ti fi ed
s ,
F (x, y ,
z ) 2u w+ 2uy + 220 2 + d
m 2
1
A nd th er e fo re a ny p l ane pa ral l e l to th p l e an e O
J 9
cu s t th e i r c l e Th e a x i s o f th s rf ce 8 th e
su rf ac e In a c . e u a 1
l i n e th r ou g h th e c en t r es o f th e c i r c l a r se ctio n th a t is u s, ,
th e p e r p en di c u l r fr o m th c e n t r e o f t h e sp h e r
a e e
2vy + 2wz + d = 0
to th e p l an es o f th e sec tion s . I ts e q tioua n s ar e th er e fo r e

v
— w
f 1
h
Si m i l a rl y i f e qu a tion s (2) ,
ar e sa ti sfi e d ,
the e q u tio n to
a s
th e a x 1 s a re
w+ u /ct fi/
«
l -
v a,/ z + w/a
Ex 1 . Fi d n th e ri ght ir ul r c c a cy li nd r th t ir u ms ri b
e s a c c c e t he
llip oi d
.
e s 2 2
/
2 2 2
06 /a + 2/ /b + 2 c
T he en v lopi ng
e cy li nd r ho e w se g en e r a t OI s a r e
’
p r ll l to
a a e th e li n e
fr/l h as e qu t o n
a i
m2
>
2 2
(2 2 22
Z2 72 I ?) 722
—
2
“
.2
C o nd ition s (1 )
g e iv
2 " 2 2 Z2 2 2
Z m —+
Z2
2 2 921
72 72 721 72
_ = + =
2+
2+ 2+ 2 +7
7
’
2
a
2
a b c b 2
a
z
b c
2
c
2
a 72 c
w hi h n o n l y b ti fi d if
c ca e sa s e a =6 :
c, 0 1 (I f a =
th e llip oi d b o m
e s ph r ec es a s e e , a n d a ny e n v lopi e ng c y linde i is a l g i ht
c y li nd er ) U i n g o n d itio n
. s c s w o bt i n
e a
2
Z 0,:
{ m (a 2 2 -
)c
2
( + 7z
2
a O,
2— 2
c )}
2 2
{n a +l o
2 2
m O, { (
n
2
b2 2 2
a ) + l (b
‘
n = 0, { (
l 2
o
2
62) + m2 (c2
If a > b > c , th e s ec ond o nl y of th e se e qu tio n a s
g iv re l v l u
es a a es fo r
the d ir tio o i
ec n - c s nes o f g n r tor
a e e a ,
v iz .
,
l m 72
I f A is t h e re pe t d root
a e of th e d i ri m i n ti ng u bi
sc a c c,
‘
2 2
“
C
23 0 C OOR D I N A T E GE O M E R Y T [OIL XI .
T he r ed u c d qu tion to th
e e a e cy li n d r i e s
12 2
2
x
2
6 .
EX 2 . . F i d th rig ht ir ul r y li d r th t
n e c c a c n e s a ca n be i ns ri bed
c in
t h e h yp er bo l o l d 2 2
2
x + y
A ns . 4 (x2 + 2y2
Ex 3 . . P rov th t e a
x
2
+y +
2
z
2 —yz —zx —xy —3 x —6y —9z + 21 = 0
r pre e se n s a t p r boloi d of r volutio n
a a e ,
and fi nd t h e c oor d i n te a s of the
fo u c s . A ns .
Ex 4 . . Fi d n the lo u of c s th e v rti
e c es of th e c o ne s of r e volution
th t p a as s throu h g the llip
e se
2
+y /
2 2
x
2
/
a b 1,
2 2 z
2 z
A n s m= O, “
1 3 9 = O’ 2_ 2 2
b 5
.
EX 5 Th e
. . lo u of t h v rti
c s e e ces of ri ght ir ul r o n th t
th e c c a c es a
c ir uc m sc be a n ri llip oi d o n i t
e s c s s s o f t h e fo l o n i ca c cs .
Ex 6 If = 0 r e pr e nt ri g ht o n f sem i verti l
f( y )
'
. . x , ,
z se s a c e o -
ca
an
gl e 0L,
9h
)
bf fg 727 2
a 0 0 3 01
T
"
f 9 k y fi
Ex . 7 . If f( x,
y, z ) =1 r pre e sen s t llip oi d form d by
an e s e the
r volutio n
e n llip of a e se a bo t it u s ma jor x i t h e
a n tri ity of
s, e cce c th e
g n r ti ng llip e i g iv
e e a e s s en by
a + b+ c _ gé
3 —e2 f
Ex 8 . . I f th e a xe s a r e o bliqu e, F (x , y , z
) =0 r pre ese n s a t c o ni oi d
c
of r volution if
e
f( x, y, z ) M 27
2
2
2 29 2 cos A 22x cos pt 2 2:y cos v)
.
is p rf t qu r e
a e ec s a .
H n eh w th t th e four on of r volution th t p
ce s e a c es e a ass throu g h th e
coor d i n t x
g iv n by
a e a wh r
es ar e e e e
a b b
si n
2 B c o s 21
1
2
2 2
a —b a b -
c
2
1 22
2 2
2 K
2 — cos
2
cos
2 2
2 2 2 +
2 2
EX 9 . . Fi d
qu tio n to n the e a s th e ri ght ir ul r on th t tou h
c c a c es a c
th e (re t ng ul r ) oor d i n t pl n
c a a c a e a es .
A ns . Qyz i s i (o ne or thr ee of t h e n ega tive

s ign s be ing t k a en ) .
C OO R DI N ATE G EO ME TRY
H e n c e th e n e w va u e l of S,
'
’
s 1 BF
h’ f
2 Ba
1 BF
24 f
2
.
2 22
, »
1 BF
2 By
1 an 1 er ) 1 as:
” 22 B 7)
if
’
2 ey
’
’
2 ea 2
M u l ti p l y th e n u m b e r s in th e fi r s t th r e e c o l u m n s by
or ,8 r es p e c ti ve l a n d su b t r a c t t h e su m fr o m t h e n u m b e r s
, y , y ,
in th e f o u r th c o l u m n ; th e n a pp l y th e sa m e p r oce ss to th e
r o ws , an d
a. h , g ,
h :
b ) f )
g , f
.
’
C)
1 BF 1 BF 1 BF
’ ’ , u oc +
u8 + wy + ol f
2 Bot Z BB T 2 57
g , f ,
e, w
u, v, w ,
d
T h er efor e S is u na l t e r ed by c h an ge of o r igin .
I f th e a x es be n ow t u r n e d a b o t th e u o r i gin soth a t ’
(
F a, y ,
z ) flxz
, y ,
z ) 2a m v s +d
be c o m es
(
F1 a; , y ,
z ) w
f1 ( y , ,
z ) 2u 1 w 2v1 y 220 1 2 at,
th en F (ac , y ,
z ) M50 2
y
2
2
2
+ 1)
t r n sf o r ms i nto
a
M93
2 2 2
P, x , ( y , z ) +y +z +
If F (w, y, z ) M23
2
y
2
2
2
0 r ep r e sen ts a c on e
F1 2
2, 2 , z )
3 1 63 ]
‘
IN V AR I AN TS 23 3
wi l l a s l o r ep r e se n t th e c on e . A n d A be i ng th e sa m e q u an tity
in b oth e q a tion u s, th e e q tio n
ua s
(1, —A ,
h , u (c
l
—A , hi 91 “= 0
h b—A
, »
1
f ,
1) hp fl v
—N
, ,
1
9 » , C w 91 : wl
u ,
v, w d —A , up w1 d ,
h a ve r oots I n eac h e q u a tion th e c o effi ci en t o f

the sa m e .
A is u n ity a n d th e r e f o r e t h e c o nst a n t t e r m s a r e e q u a l t e
4
, ,
. .
S =S H e n ce S is i n va r i a n t f o r a n y c h a n g e o f r ec t a ng u l a r
'
.
a xes .
Ex . I f f (x , y,
1 . z ) tr fo m i n to m + fig
a ns r s
2 2
x +
y
2
z , prov th te a
or,
,8 , y
a re the s root of th ed i ri m i n ti ng u bi
sc a c c .
Ex 2 . . I f th ori g i n i e s u n lt r d
a e e ,
is i n v r a ian t .
Ex 3 . . If aw
?
by? n z 21a m ,
a x
l
z
61 y? 0 12
2
2f 13/ z 29 1m 21mg
]
a re s i m ult a ne ou l y tr
s a ns for m d e ,
alA bl B 010 2f 1 F + l G 211 1 H
re m i n u n lt r d
a s a e e .
Ex 4 . . If a ny s e t of r t ec a n g ul r a a x es throu gh fi x d ori gi n a e 0
mee t s a g iv en c o i oi d in
n c P, P
’
Q Q ,
’
R, R prov th t
'
,
e a
RR Z
’ '
? '
2
PP QQ
’
OR OR
are c on t nt s a .
Ex 5 Sh w . . e by m ea n s of i n v ri n t x pre io n th t th qu r
a a e ss s a e s a es
of t h pri n ip l e c a a xes of n or m l tio n of t h yli d whi h uv lo m

a a s ec e c n er c c e s
th llip oi d
e e s d who g n e r tor p r l l an se e a s a re a a e
to t h li n e e g iv n by
ar e e
2
Z2 m 2
72
a
2 —r2 + 62 -
r
2
Examp l e s V I I I .
1 . P rov e th t a
5 432 + 5y + 2 2
82 4 »
8 2x + 1 2xv 6 0
r pr e
e se n s a c y tli nd r who ro e se c ss - s e c tio n is an e llip se of e cce n tri ity c
a nd fi nd th qu tio n to th e e a s e ax s i .
23 4 COO R DI N A TE G E OM ETR Y [ca x1 .
2 . F i d th
n e e cc e n tri ity of c a sec tion O f th urf e s ace
2 2 2
x +y + z
by a pl n throu g h th li x =y =
a e e ne z .
3 . Wh a t i th n tur O f th urf
s e a e e s a ce g iv en by
-
1 1f a _ _ s 0 2
f h
,
4 . P rov e th t a th e cy li nd r e a nd r l o n throu gh
ea c e c urv e
i nt r e sec tio n f th o e c o nico ids
2 2 ?
x azz 2cy, y 20 30
a re
g iv en by
b(x 2
20g ) a (y
2
20 x ) = 0 , x
Z —gfl l—
(a -
5 . P rov th t thr
e a ee c on es ca n be dr a wn thro g h u th e c urv O f
e
i nt r e sec tio n O f t h ni e co co ids
a nd th t th ir v rti
a e e c es for m ri ght a -
a ng e l d tri ang e l .
6 P rov th t
. e a
Z2 m2 n2
r pr n t p r boloi d tou hi ng th
e e se s a a a c e s urf a ce
2
ax + by2 + cz2= l at it s
poi n t f tio n by t h pl n lx +
s O s ec e a e 7n
y + n z= L P rov e a sl o th t a its
ax i i p r ll l to t h
s s li n
a a e e e
7 . Sh ew th t th a e co nico ids
(“ bay l ? (d ax 63 9
2
1x 61 3/ “l ‘
0 13 9 ( "
l
”
a 273 ‘ ‘
0 22 1,
2 ““
(
al x a z?l (bi x 63 5 l (
0 1 35 + 0 25
9
“
l“ 1
ar e e qu l in l l r p t
a a es ec s .
8 P rov th t if
. e a a
3
6 3
0
3
3 a bc,
ax
2
+ by +
2
0 2
2
2a yz + 2bzx + 20xy + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + 0l = 0
r pre ese n s e t ith r p r boli e a a a c cy li n d r or h yp rboli par boloi d

e a e c a .
9 . I f F ( y ) = 0 r pr
r,
.
,
z e ese nt y li n d r prov th t
s a c e ,
e a
as as as
Bfi fi
—
B D
’
M y ? )
as as a s
_
+ +
aa ab ac
a nd tha t th e a ear of a n ormal sec tio n is 71
(%S
C OO RDI N ATE GEO M E RY T
19 F i d th q tio to th p r boloi d whi h h
n e e ua n e a a c as
= z —k = 0 x = z + k= 0
y ,
as r tor n d th oth r y t m p r ll l to th e pl ne
g e ne a s a e e s s e a a e a
F i nd l o th oord i n te f th v rt x n d th qu tio n to t h ax i
a s e c a s O e e e a e e a s e s.
20 T h x O f y li n d r th t ir u m ri b n llip oi d nd h v
e a es c e s a c c sc e a e s a a e a
tio n f o n t n t r li n on o n y li with th llip oi d
.
c ro ss - sec o c s a a ea e o a c e c c c c e e s .
21 A o n i oi d tou h t h pl n = 0 nd t by th e n O e z a i s cu
ir l of v ri bl ntr e bu t c onstan t r (pl and b

c c x c es e a a es :
.
,
l = O in t w c c es a a e ce s a 11 a
/ o .
Sh ew t h at th loc u Of th e n tr i e s e c e s
2 2 2
( 2 2
z x
y ) a
y O .
22 poi n t (2
A, B , C
(0 2b th e
(O 0 2 ) nd t h
a re s a, , , , c a e
r t ng ul r A ir l i ir u m ri bed bout t h tri ngl
.
, ,
ax e s a re ec a a . c c e s c c sc a e a e
O AB A o n i oi d p
. throu g h thi ir l nd i u h th t t
c c a ss es s c c e a s s c a i s
tio n by t h pl n x = 0 y 0 a r t ng ul r hy p erbol w hi h
s ec s e a es ,
: re ec a a as c
p t h gh
a ss nd C ; O C
i ou nd A r pe tiv e l y P rov e th t
a , a es c . a
th qu tio n to t h e o n i oi d
e e a c c is
x
2
+y
2
a 26y + 202 = 0 ,
w her e )t a nd
M are p rm tr
a a e e s , a nd th a t th e loc u s Of t he ce n tre s Of
s u h c c o n ico ids is t h e sph r e e
cz = 0
2
x
2
+y
2
+ z ax by .
Sh e w th t th qu tio n to th on i coi d tha t pa

23 a e e a e c sses th rou gh th e
v rti of th t tr h d ro n who e f
.
e ces e e a e s ac e s a r e
= 0, z = O,
y
and u h th t
is s c a th e t a ng e n t pl ane a t eac h v e r tex is p rall e l to
a the
O ppo it fa i s e ce, s
2 —a r y
2 —bz/ z
2 —cz
_ bzw
a
2
b2 C
2 +
a bc
( ayz c ry ) : 0 .
24 th at th e qu atio n to th e e llip oi d i ns ri bed

Sh ow e s c in th e
t tr h d o n who f
.
e a er x= r 0 =0 se a ces a e ,
z , so a s
to tou h h f e t it n t f gr vity i
c eac ac a s ce re o a ,
s
3x 2
3 22 3a
/s 3 2x
— 3 x7/ 3x 3 3/ 3
_
_
z
+
'
ab a
Sh w th t it
e a s ce n tr i t th e ntr
e s a ce e of g ra vity of th t tr h ed ro n e e a
a n d th t it q a s e u a t io n r f rr d to p r ll e l
e e e a a ax e s throu gh th e en tr i c e s
my
;2+ b +
2
x y z 1
_
+ 2 +
6 c ca ab 24
25 . I f th e f t of th
ee e s ix n orm l a s f r om P to th e e llip oi d s
z
+
7
12
l ie upo n a c o ncen tri on i oi d c c c Of r volution
e , the lo u O f P i
c s s th e c on e
2 2 2
z x r 2
.
/ 2
CH . xi .
] E X A M PLE S V III .
23 7
a nd the a x es of sy mm e try of t h e co nico ids l ie on th e c on e
a
2
(b2
c
2
) .v2 a
2
)y
2
+ c
a
m e
b2) z
‘
26 . If r pr nt
e esep ir of s a a
pl ne prov e th t
a s, a the pl a n es b i s ec ti ng th e a ng l be t w e n th m
es e e a re
g iv n bye
x, 3
ax + lzy + g z, fix + by +f z, g x +f y + cz
F
-
l —
G l H 1
-
, ,
27 . P rov th t
e a
(c a o -c
w y) O 2
+ Boo a ) (2 2
7
2
>
<+ B)
a
n 2,8 2x 2 r (QBy 8
Qa ys g/ a .
,
an
y)
2am“ Br Ba ) 25 62043 7 0h
VB
=
) 0
r epr e t
se n s a c
y li nd e r who se a x s i is
x —oc = y 8 =z
.
, y .
| CH . x i 1.
C H APTE R XI I .
T HE IN TE RS E CTI ON OF T WO C ON I COI DS .
1 64 . A ny ts a co n i c oi d in a c on ic an d th e r e fo r e
pl an e m ee ,
a n y p l an e m e e t s t h e c r ve o f i n t r se c tio n o f t wo con ic o ids

u e
in th e f o u r p oi n t s c om m on to t wo c on i c s Th e c u r ve O f .
i n t e r sec tion is th e r e f o r e o f th e f ou r th deg r ee o r is a q uart ic ,
cur ve .
I f th e h a ve c o mm on gen e r a to r a ny p l n e
con ic oids a ,
a
w hi c h do es n ot p a ss th r o u g h it m e t s it in on e p oi n t n d e a
m e ts th e l o c s o f t h e oth e r c o m m o n p oi n t s o f th e c on ico ids

e u
in th r ee p oi n t s a n d th e r e f o r e t h e l o cu s is
, cubi curv a c e .
T h u s th e q r ti c cu r ve O f i n t r sec tion O f t wo c on ico id

ua e s
m y c on si st o f a s t r ai g ht l i n e a n d a cu b i c c r ve
a u .
EX . Th e c o n ic o ids y
2
,
xy = z h v
a e OX o mm o n g n r tor
as a c e e a .
Th ir oth r o mm o n poi n t
e e c s he on a c u bi urv who e e qu tio n m y
c c e s a s a
b w r tt n x t y = t
e 1 =t e z
,
2
,
z
3
,
w h er e t is a p r m tr
a a e e .
Aga in ,
a n a sy m p tot e hi c h
of on e Of t h e t wo c on i cs ,
in w
a g i v e n p l n e c t s t wo c o n ic oids m a y be a r al l e l to a n
a u
p ,
a sy m p tot e O f t h e oth e r I n th t case th c on i cs wi l l i n t e r

. a e
sec t in th r e e p oi n t s a t a fi n it e di s t a n ce a n d t h e l o c u s o f ,
t h e c om m on p oi n t o f th e tw o c o n icoids whi c h a e a t a
s r
fi n it e di stan ce wi l l be a c u b i c cu r ve .
Ex W h v
. th t thr yl i d r p throu gh th f t of
e a e se e n a ee c n e s a ss e ee
th orm l fro m poi t ( B y) to t h o i oi d
e n a s a n on, ,
e c n c
2 2=
ar b 2
+ y + cz 1 .
Th eir qu tio n e a s a re E
y (bz c ) byy + c = O, zx (c a )
=0
x (a
y b) a l ba
g/
-
.
240 C O OR D I N A E GE O M E R Y T T [C H . XII .
of 82 . T h e r e fo r e th e cu b ic c u ve r i n te rsec ts th e c o mm on
g en e a r to r AB at t wo p oi n ts .
L e t A B m ee t t h e r
c u ve in R an d S, a nd l e t P m o ve
a l on g AB ten ds to R Q t en ds to P so th a t in th e
. As P , ,
l i m it PQ is a t ng e n t t R to th e s rface 8 n d th e p l an e
a a u
2 ,
a
o f A B a n d PQ is th e n th e t n g e n t p l an e a t R to th e a
s rf a c e 8
u B t t h e p l a n e o f A B a n d P Q i t ang e n t p l a n e
2
. u s
a t P to th e s rf c S f o r ny p o sition o f P u a A n d th e r e f o r e
e
I
a .
t h e su rf c es 8 nd 8
a h a ve t h s m e t n g e n t p l a n e a t R
1
a
2
e a a .
Si m i l a rl y th s rf ces a l so to c h t S B t we h a ve
,
e u a u a . u
p r o ve d 1 3 4 Ex
, th a t i f two conicoids h ave a c omm on
, .
n e r a to r th to u ch oi n ts o f t h e
g e y ,
t t w o p e
g e n e r a to r a .
H e n c e t h l o cu s o f t h c om m on p oi n t o f t wo c on icoids
e e s
whi c h h v a c om m on g n e r a to r c on si s ts o f t h e g e n e r a to r
a e e
a n d a c b i c c r v e w hi c h p a ss es th r o g h t h e t wo p oi n t s
u u ,
u
o f th e e n e r a to r t w hi c h t h e su rf ac e s to u c h a
g .
Ex 1 . . T he co n icoids 5 x 2 —yz
2x 2
h v a e OZ as a c om m on
g ene a r tor A y pl n throu gh t h g n r tor
. n a e e e e a
is g e n iv by g/ = tx To fi nd w e . h r thi pl n m e t t h u bi urv
e s a e e s e c c c e
o
c mm n o to t h e con ic o ids , s bs u titut in qu tio n (1 ) and e W e a s e
O bt am
x = 0, x (5 + 2t)
x = 0, z z+ 1
poi t orr po nd i n g to x = 0 l i upon th ommon g ner tor

T he n s c es e e c e a .
r i i poi n t f i n t er e tion f t h pl n n d u bi h
T h e e ma n n g O s c o e a e a c c a s,
fro oor d i n t
m (3 ) a nd c a es
a nd
v ri bl p r
B u t t is a a a e a a me e tr th t w m y t k t h qu tio n (5 )
,
so a e a a e e e a s
to r pr n t th e urv
e es e c e . Th e poi n t wh r t h e c urv m e t th
s e e e e s e
co mm o n g en r tor O Z e a are g iv n by t =o t= e 1 Th y the , . e ar e

poi t (0 O l ) (O 0
n s , , , , ,
It i y to v rify th t t h
s e as o m m o n t ng n t
e a e c a e
pl n t th e poi n t
a es a es s are y = 0 , w+ = o
y .
Ex 2 P rov e th t th
. . a e con ico ids
x
2 —y2 —yz + zx + x 2y + z = 0 ,
x
2
2 2
+ y + 3 2
2
4z y + m 2y + z = 0
h a v e x =y = z a s a c o mm on g e ne a r tor . P rov th t th pl e a e a ne
or y t (y z )
t
m ee s th e c u bi urv c c e w hi h on t i
c c a ns th e oth r omm o n poi n t
e c s in t h e
om t
P (4 t2
4t
_
§§ l 6 5 ,
1 6 6 ] CO N I CO I D S W I TH C O M M ON GE N E R A O R T S 24 1
sh w th t th u bi m t th o m m o n g n r tor t th ori g i nd th
e a e c c ee s e c e e a a e n a e
poi n t x =y = d v rify th t t h
z urf h v t h m t g nt an e a e s a ce s a e e sa e an e
pl n t th poi nt
a es a e se s .
1 66 . Conicoids wi t h c ommon g ener at or s T h e c u bi c .
cu r ve m a y de g e n e r a t e i n to a s t ra i g ht l i n e a n d a c o n i c o r
i n to th r e e st rai g ht l i n es .
L et 0 a nd P, (fi g . be t h e p oi n ts of th e c om m o n
g en e a r to rhi c h t h e s rf ac
at to c h a n d l t th e m ea
w r u es u e su e
o f O P be y T k e O P s z a x i s and O s o rigi n
. a Let o x a -
a .
a n d P G be t h oth e r g en r to r s o f th e c o n i c oi d 8 whi c h
e e a
1
p ass th r o u g h 0 n d P T k e O X s w a x i s a n d t h e p a r l l e l
a . a a -
, a
th r o u g h 0 to PG as y a x i s T h n si n ce -
. e ,
m= 0 y = 0 ; , y
= 0, z =0 ; z =
y ,
ar e g e ne a r to r s o f 3 1 > its e q tion m

ua a
y be w r itt e n
2yz 2gzw 21 mg 2y y 0 .
F I G 50 . .
An d i
s n ce th e tang en t p l a n es a t th e o ri g i n and (O ,
0 y)
,
to 8 2
a re y 0 ,
r e p c ti v l y th e e q tion
s e e ,
ua to S 2 is
a
l
w 2
b1 y 2
2yz 29 1 m 2hl cry 2y y O.
()
2
Th e t an
g en t pl ane s a t (O 0 , z ,
’
) to SI and 8 2 are g i ve n by
g z as
’
—y (y gl z
’
w—y (y
an d h en c i f e =
g y1 t h e su rf a ces to u c h a t a ll p oi n ts O f th e
a s . Q .
242 C OOR D I N A E G E O M E R Y T T [ OH . xii .
c om m on g en er a to r 0 2 We sh a l l c on si de r m ean ti m e . th e
c ase w h e r e g ql g F r om (1 ) a nd
z by su bt r ac ti n g
l
.
, we
o bt a i n
a w g)
z
b l
293 h l
h
y
z
O 3/ ( 1 ) ,
whi c h cl ea rl y r ep r e sen t srfa ce th r ou g h th e c omm on a su
p oi n ts of S I a n d 8 2 I t is in g en e r a l a c o n e h a vi ng 0 2 a s
.
,
a g e n e r a to r a n d in g e n e r a l t h e l o c u s O f t h e c o m m o n p oi n t s
, ,
o f S I a n d S 2 is a c u b ic cu r ve whic h l i es u p on t h e c on e .
B u t i f e q u a tion (3 ) re p r e se n t s t wo i n t e r se c ti n g p l an e s t h e ,
.
c u b i c wi l l de g en e r a t e Th e c on dition fo r a p a i r o f p l a n es is
.
bl (g 1 g)
2
O, and h en ce b1 0 .
I f b1 hose e q u a tion s e at 0 z y i g en e r a to
0 , P G, w ar , ,
s a r
of 8 2, a n d e q u tio n (3 ) th e n b e c o m s e q u i va l e n t to
a e
m= 0 ,
a 1x + 2z (gl
H e n ce the c omm on p oi n ts o f SI an d S2 lie u pon a c oni c

in th e p l ane
a-1 w+ QZ (9 1
and t h e t wo c o m m on g en e r a to rs , OZ a nd P G, in th e p l an e
I f, l o
a s , a1 = 0 , o x is g e n e r a to r Of $ 2
. Th e p l an e o f th e
c on ic th en p asses th r o g h 0 X nd is th e r e f o r e a ta ng e n t
u ,
a
p l an e to b oth co n icoids Th e c on i c th e r e f o r e b e c o m es t wo
.
s t r a i ht l i n e s o n e o f w hi c h is O X n d t h e oth e r a e n e r to r a
g , g , a
o f th e o pp osite yste m B t 0 X n d PG a e o f t h e s m e
'
s . u a r a
sy s t e m ,
n d th e c o n i c
a c on s i st s th e r e f o re O f O X nd a f
a
g e n e r a to r whi c h i n t e r sec t s O X a n d P G Th c om p l e t . e e
l o cu s of th e c om m on p oi n t s o f S a n d $ is th e n a sk e w I 2
q u adr i l a t e r a l f o r m ed by fo r comm on g en e ra to r s u .
I f t h e co n icoids tou c h a t a l l p oi n t s o f t h e c om m o n
g e n e r a to r 0 2 ,
a n d e q u a tio n (3 ) b e c o m es
a
1
w +
2
2 h
( 1 h ) 9cy bl y 2
0,
whi c h r e p r esen ts a p a i r o f p l an es th r ou g h O Z .
I f th e se p l a n es ar e di sti n c t th ey m ee t t h e co n ico ids in ,
t wo oth e r c o mm on g e n e r a to r s o f th e O pp o sit e sy st e m to O Z .
I f th ey a r e c oi n c i de n t t h e con ic oids to uc h a t a ll p oi n t s o f a
seco nd c o mm o n g e n e r a to r .
244 C O ORD I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [C H . x1 1 .
Ex . 10 . P rov th t th thr
e a e e e cy li nd r e s
3/ (a z a ( . r (a
p ass throu g h u bi urv hi h li
a c c c e w c es 0 11 th e s urf ace xyz + a 3 =0 .
Ex . 11 . P rov e th t if t h u bi urv a e c c c e
2 2 2
t a
’ 3/ t b t c
m ee t s a c o ni oi d in v n poi n t it li wholl y
c se e s, es on th e c o n i oi d
c .
S h e w th t t h urv li upo n t h yli n d r

a e c e es e c e s
C l
z
yz (b ) c
C zs zx (c —a )
s r
.
y (a b)
and h en th at t h
ce e g e ne r l qu tio n to
a e a a c on i oi d throu g h it i
c s
AC I + I~L 0 2 + VC 3 = O .
P rov th t e a the lo u O f
c s t he c en tre O f s co n ico ids th t p a a ss throu g h
th e curv i e s
(b c —
) ( a ) (a
c c) (b+ c 2a ) yz 22 (b
a nd th t thi urfa e
a s s c is a s lo th e lo u O fc s t h e m id— poi nt O f hord of
s c s
th e curv e .
S h w th t th li n
e a e es
2 s a
y —b —c b —c b —a —a q
J —b
.
’
’ ’ ’
a a c c
ai e as m
y ptoti to t h urv n d th t th lo u of th n tr p
c e c e, a a e c s e ce es ass e s
throu g h th m n d throu gh t h urv

e a e c e .
E x 1 2 P rov th t t h g e n r l qu tio n to a o n i oi d throu g h t h

. . e a e e a e a c c e
cu bi urv g iv n by
c c
x t
e
=t =t e 2
z
3
y
z
, ,
M y Hs — z r — y Hfl
Z
x
?
a nd th t th a e lo c u s O f th e c e n tres O f s u ch co nicoids is t h e s urfa c e

2x3 3 ry + z= 0 .
V rify th t thi urf

e a s s a ce 1s a s l o th lo c e us o f th e mid -
poi n t s Of c hord s
of t h urve c e .
Ex 1 3 . . Th e eq u tion to
a s a c u bi c urv ec ar e
x 33
61 1 1 bl t2 c l t, y 61 26
3
b2t2 czt, z b3 t2 03 t .
P ro ve th t a th e on c e ge ne r at e d by c hord throu gh s th e ori gi n is

g iv wh r
2
en by can v ,
e e
u EA 1x + Ag A3 2, 7) a 8 1 30 B zg/ 8 3 2, w E0 1 36 + C ay -l C 3 z ;
8A
A1 e ta ; A5 a] , 61 , Cl
“6
,
8 011
C2
21 21
“6
3 , 3 1
C3
Sh ew th t th urv li e
a e c e s on ea c h of t he co n ico ids, (t wo of whi h c
h v a e a c om m o n g n r tor) e e a ,
vw= Au ,
= 2=
2
wzt v , 70 Av,
and th t th e lo u O f th
a c s e ce n tr of es c o n ico ids th t p a ass throu g h it i s
21 0 0 0
2
Av) A (mu Au ) O .
§ 1 6 7] IN TE R S E C T I O N O F T WO C O N I C O I D S
Ex 1 4 . . P rov e th t the qu tion

a e a s
a lt+ bl a 2t + bz 1!
{6 4
3/ 9
l 18 1 /5 Ba
‘ ‘
'
”
o
f
d t r mi
e e u bi rv whi h li upo n thr
ne a c c cu e, c es ee c
y li d n e rs w ho se
ge n r tor
e a p r ll l to t h dm t
s a re x a a e e c oo r a e a es .
Ex 1 5 P rov th t th
. . bi urv e g iv n by e a e cu c c e
3 3 ?
1 5 + cl t + d, a 2t + b a d, a3 t
3
63 42 c t
3
( l,,
li e upo n t h
s e co n ico ids
u3 u1 =u n ,, u 2 u u u =n u4 ,
2 2 3 1
w h r e e ul 5 A 1 x + A2y + A 3 2 + A 4 , u2 EB .
l r
.
+ 8 2g + 8 3
2+ 8 4,
u3 E C 4, Dix n l 0
-
3
2+ D4 ;
BA
Al e tc ; As al bl , cl d,
“
’
Ba l
, ,
.
2a b21 0 2; do J
61
3 ,
63 , 03 ,
( A)
a
n b4 1 Ch (1
4
I f A, B , C , D a re th e p om t s
““
(
al
04
,
““
4
2
,
3
4
1
>( bl
64
,
bz
64
,
63
54 ) (
CI
0
1
,
02
0
4
,
03
C
4 >( dl
0 4
7 ,
d2
“
I
4
,
(
(1
4
13
)
ea c h O f th ni id p throu g h t w f t h li n B A A D D C
e co co s a s se s o O e es , ,
.
Th e q u t o ne= =a i r pr n t o n who e v rti

s u3 u l
2
u2 , u u2
4
u3
2
e e se c es s e ce s
are D n d A r p tiv l y
a es ec e .
Th e urv e p cthrou g h A nd D nd tou h B A t A nd

asse s a a c es a a
D C at D .
tr throu gh it l i u bi urf
0
T h e cen es o f c o n ic oids e on th e c c s ace
2(a 4u 2 c4 4 u) (u gu 1 uz
2
) 2 (b, u 1 d4 a 3 )(u4212 na
2
)
( a 4u l b4u 2 c4 u 3 al4u 4 ) (u 2u 3 u 1u
4 ) O .
1 67 Th e cones t h r oug h t h e i nt er sec ti on of t wo coni

.
coids F o u r c on es i n g en er a l p a ss thr o u g h the c u r ve of

.
, ,
i n ter secti on of two g i ven co n i coi ds a n d the ir ve r ti ces a r e ,
the su m m i ts of a tetr a hedr on whi ch i s self p ol a r w i th -
r es
p ec t to a n y c o n ico id thr ou gh the cu r ve o f i n ter section .
I f th e e q tio
ua ns to t h e c o n ic o ids a r e
8 s ar
2
by 2
02
2
2f ys 2g za '
27m g
+ 2 + 20 + 2we + d = 0
u a
z g ,
2h acg
’ ’
2f g z
’ ’
2
by 2g
’ ’ ’
2 2
S
'
a a z c z za
(l
’ '
2w
’
O,
’
2u a; 2c y z
246 C OO R DI N AT E GE OM E TR Y [o n xi i .
th e q tione ua r e p r e se n t s
o ni c oi d th r ou g h
a c th e
cu r v o f i nt r
e e se c tion . T hi s c on i c oi d is a c on e i f
and thi s e q tion g i ves f ou r va l e s O f A I f th ese e

ua u . ar
A A A A th e n (CL 8 y ) th e v e r te x o f th e c on e c o rr e
I , 2, 3 , 4, , , , ,
s o n din
p g to A is g i v en by
1,
8 01 + A1 8 2
; 0 ,
$3 AI S } 0, S y AI S ; O, $ 5 A1 8 3 : 0, ()
1
BS
wh e r e S , e tc . A g a i n th e , p o l a r p l an e of (or B, , y)
Boa
with r esp e c t to 8 + ,a s = 0 h as f or
’
e q tio n ua
(S a + MS Q1 ) l (S y U S/ ) l (S , MS 3) 0,
“” “”
52 Z [ y
whi c h by m e a n s of th e r e l a tion s (1 ) r edu ce s to
=0
' ’
(n yS B zs
,
.
Th e p ol a r p l a n e
o f (0L 6 y ) w ith r esp ec t to a ny c on i c oi d , ,
th r o g h th e cu r ve O f i n t e r sec tio n i th e r e f o r e th e p ol a r
u s
p l a n w ith r e sp ec t to th e c o n i c oi d S
e H e n ce t hi s p l n e is
’
. a
t h p o l r p l a n o f (0L 8 y ) with r e p e c t to th e th r e e c o n es
e a e , , ,
s
c o rr sp o n di n g to A
e A A n d th e r e f o r e p a ss e s th r o u h a
2, g 3 , 4 ,
th e v e r ti ces o f th ese c o n e s T h u s t h e p l n e th r o g h th e . a u
v e r ti ces o f a n y th r ee o f t h e c o n e s i t h e p o a r p l a n e o f th e
l s
f o u r th ve r tex with r e sp ec t to an y c on i c oi d O f th e system .
o rth e f o r ve r ti c s f o r m a s el f —
u p o l te t r a h edr o n
e ar .
1 68 . C onicoids wit h doubl e cont act . I f t wo c o n ico ids
h a v c o m m o n t n g en t p l a n e s
e a at t wo p oi n ts th ey ar e s a id
to h a ve d ubl e cont t o ac .
If two con i co ids ha ve dou bl e o

c n ta c t and the l i n e
j oi n i n g the p in ts o o
f con ta ct is n ot a m on gen er a tor
com ,
th eir cu r ve o f i n ter secti on co n si sts o f two con i cs .
I f th e p oi n ts Of c on tac t a re A an d 8 , an
y th r o u h
pl a neg
AB m ee ts th e co n ico ids in t w o c on i cs whi c h tou ch a t A
a nd B . Ta k e AB as y
-
i
ax s and an y two l i n es th r o u g h
C O OR D I N A TE GEO M E R Y T [C H . xi i .
1 69 . If two c o n i co i ds ha ve two co m m on p l a n e sec ti o n s
th ey tou ch at two p oi n ts , at l ea st .
l i n e o f i n te rse c tion o f th e p l an e s o f th e se c tion s wi l l

Th e
m ee t th e c o n ico ids in t wo c o m m o n p oi n t s A a n d B Th e .
ta ng en ts to th e se c tion s at A ar e tan g e n ts to b oth c on icoids

a t A a n d th e r e f o r e s i n c e t wo t a n e n t s de t e r m i n e th e t a n e n t
, g , g
p l a n e a t a n y p oi n t t h e con ic oids h a ve th e sa m e t an g e n t
,
p l an e a t A Si m i l a rl y th ey tou c h a t B I f o n e p l an e
. .
se c tion c on s i s t s o f t w o e n e r a to r s C A a n d C B t h e co n ic o ids
g ,
a l s o to u c h a t C I f t h e oth e r a l s o c o n si st s o f t wo g e n e r a to r s
.
th e c o n ic o ids to uc h a t th e i r p oi n t O f i n t e r se c tio n a n d t h u s ,
tou c h at f o u r p oi n ts .
T h e a n a l y ti ca l p r oo f is e q u a l l y s i m p l e If 8 0 is t h e .
e q tion to
ua one c n c o i oi d , and
vE 0 ,
0
r e p r sen t t h p l a n e s o f th c om m on
e e e se c tion s , th e e q tion
ua
to th e oth e r c on i c oi d is o f th e f o r m
S hu v 0 .
If A is th e p oi n t (or ,8 , , y) ,
th e n
=O
’ ’
and cl ()
’
u s v . 1
The e q tion to
ua th e ta n g e n t p l a n e at A to th e se c n d o
c o ni c oi d is
M
’ ’
a s, s
y fi 28 S, uv ) 0,
’
,
cu
or, by
whi c h r e p re sen ts th e tangen t p l an e a t A to th e fir st c on i c oi d ‘
H e n ce t h e co n ico ids t o c h a t A a n d si m i l a rl y th ey to u c h
u ,
at B .
1 70 . T h e g en e r a l e q tion to c on i coi d h vi g do bl
ua a a n u e
c o n ta c t ith w th e c ho r d o f c o n t t b i ng = 0 is ac e u ,
2 2
S + 7\u + 2,u u v W O .
For th e t an g e n t p l a n e at A is
’ ’
2,a (u v )
’ ’
al s o, gS B zS
y
S, 2Au u vu 2uoo 0,
o r si n ce
, u o 0 as
’ ’
, , S
y B as
,
S, 0 .
T h u s t h e con ico ids to u c h at A, i m i l a rl y at B

an d s , .
Ag a i n th r e e c o n ditio n s m u st
, be sa ti sfi e d i f a c o n i c oi d is to
1 69 —1 71 ] C I R C UM S C R I B l NG C ON I C O I us 249
to h uc
g i v n a p l ne t g
e i v n p i t n d at h r f a a e o n , a e e o re t he
e n r l eqe a tio n ho l d ua o n t i n th r di p o s bl u c a ee s a e c o ns a n s, t t
g s
whi c h it do es .
Co A f o cu O f
r . c o n i c oi d i s ph r o f ro a s a s e e ze r a di u s
w hi c h h a s do bl c o t a c t w ith t h c o n i c oi d n d t h
u e n e ,
a e c o rr e
s
p o n din
g d i r e c t r i x is t h e c ho r d o f c o n t c t a .
1 71 . Cir cu mscr ibing conicoids . I f t wo c o n ic o ids to c h u
at th r e p oi n ts A B C nd n on e O f th e l i n e B C C A A B i
e , , a s , , s a
c o mm o n e n r a to r th e n t h e c o n ic o id to h a t a l l p oi n t f
g e , s uc s o
th e i r sec tion s by t h e p l n A B C a e .
Si nce th e on ic oid to u h t B a n d C th i r c o m m o n po i n t
c s c a ,
e s
lie in t wo p l a n e s whi ch p a th r o g h B C Si nc ss u , e
th ese pl an es pa ss th r o g h A th y m u s t c oi n c i de in t h e u , e
p l a n e A B C Th e c r v O f i n te r se c tio n f th e s rf ac s c o n
. u e o u e
si s t s th e r e f o r e o f t wo c oi n c i de n t c o n i c in th p l n A B C s e a e ,
a n d t h e su rf ace s to c h t p oi n t O f th i r s c ti n by th u a s e e o e
p l ane .
Wh e n t wo co n ico ids to h uc a t a ll p oi n ts of a p l ane se c tion

on e is sa i d to be c ircu msc ribe d to t h e oth r e .
Ex 1 . . I f t wo c o n ic o ids h v a e a c o m m o n pl a n e s ec tio n th ir oth r

,
e e
p o m t s O f t r tio n l i in n pl n
In e se c e o e a e .
EX 2 I f thr
. .ni id h v om m o n pl n ee co tio n t h pl n co s a e a c a e s ec ,
e a es
O f th ir oth r omm o n tio n p throu g h n li n
e e c s ec s ass o e e .
Ex 3 T h lo u O f. poi nt u h th t t h qu r
e c s th t ng t a s c a e s a e on e a en
fro m it to g iv n ph r i proportio l to th r t ng l o n t i n d by
. .
a e s e e s na e ec a e c a e
it d i t n
s s a fro m t w g iv n pl
ce s i on i oi d whi h h dou bl
o e a nes s a c c c as e
c o n t t w ith t h ph r
ac e s e e .
Ex 4 Tw
. nic id whi h
. ir u m ri b d to third i t r t
o co o s c a re c c sc e a n e sec
in pl n urv
a e c es .
Ex 5 Wh n thr
. . ni id ir u m ri b d to fourth th y
e ee co co s ar e c c sc e a ,
e
i nt r t n pl n urv
e se c I nd rt i n t f th of t h
a e c pl n f
es , a ce a se s o re e e Six a es o
i nt r tio n O fro m h p ir O f ni id p th ou gh
e sec ,
ne ln
e ac a co co s, a ss r one i e .
Ex 6 P rov th t t h
. . llip oi d nd ph g iv n by
e a e e s a s e re e
w2 + bg 2 + 200 , 6 4 v+ 3 6 2 +
.
h v e d ou bl o n t c t nd th t th hord of o t t i = 8 = 2
a e c a ,
a a e c c n ac s r .
,
z .
Ex 7 If
.
y te m O f
. ni id h o mm o o n i
a s tio s co co s as a c n c c se c n, the
pol r pl n w ith r p t to th m f ny poi n t in th pl n of
a a es es ec e o a e a e th e
sectio n p throu g h n li ne ass o e .
25 0 COO RD I N A TE GEO M ETRY [O IL x11 .
Ex 8 . h v t w omm o n g n r tor f th m
. I f t wo co n ic oids a e o c e e a s O e sa e
y t th y h v t w oth r om m on g n r tor
s s e m, e a e o e c e e a s .
EX 9 Th n tr of ni id whi h h v d ou bl e con t t with

. . e ce es co co s c a e ac
th urf e
e s ac
x +b + = l a
2 2
cz
2
y
at it s poi n t s of i n t r tion w ith t h hor d
e s ec e c x = 0t , g = 8,
,
a nd i n t er t se c
th e pl a ne z = 0 in ir l e l i n th li n
a c c ,
e o e e
1: g 1
1 .
a ct bB a b
EX 10 . . A s ph er e of c on t nt r d iu
s a a s r h as d o bl o t t with th
u e c n ac e
e llip oi d s
x
2
7
2
/
.
2
P rov e th t it
O
a s ce n tr e m u t li
s e o n o ne O f th e c on i cs
2
2
2 2
1 W
b a c a a
2
2
2
_ l
c
i — b2 a
2 —b 2
b 2
’
“ 2
0
2
5 2
0
2
0
°
E xa m in
h n th on t t i r l n d wh en th e ph r li wholl y
e w e e c ac s ea a s e e es
withi n t h l ip oi d C f § 1 3 0
e e l s . . .
EX 1 1 If . o n i oi d i ir u m ri b d to ph r v ry t ng n t
. a c c s c c sc e a s e e, e e a e
pl n to th ph r ut t h on i oi d in on i whi h h
a e e s e e c fo u t s e c c a c c c as a c s a
t h poi n t of o n t
e t c ac .
EX 1 2 I f . on i oi d i ir u m ri b d to n oth r on i coi d t h
. a c c s c c sc e a e c ,
e
t ng n t pl n to ith r t n u mbili ut t h oth er in
a e a e e on i f e a a c c s e a c c o
whi h t h u m bili i
c fo ue c s a c s .
Ex 1 3 A n y t w e n v lopi n g o n e
. . f th on i oi d o e c s o e c c
2= 2
ar
2
b
+ g + cz 1
w ho v erti se ces lie on th e c on ce n tri c and h m o oth e ti c on i oi d c c
dx
2
bg/ 2 10 2
h av d ou bl on t t
e e c ac .
EX 14 . The c en tre f ni id whi h h v d ou bl on t t with

s O co co s c a e e c ac
on i oi d th t t h hor d O f on t t i p rall l to a g iv n li n
.
a g iv en c c so a e c c ac s a e e e
l ie in a g iv en pl an e .
Ex I f t wo c n e s
. 15 . o h v om m on ir ul r
a e a c c c a tion th y h v
sec , e a e
d ou l o t t
b e c n ac , a n d th e if li n j oi n i ng th ir v rti
e e e ces m t t h pl nee f e a e o
ir l
t h e c c e in P, t h e c hor d O f on t t i th pol r c ac s e a o f P w ith r p t es ec
to th e c c e ir l .
EX ph ere h d ou bl e o nt t with a n e llipsoi d th e hord

. 16 . If a s as c ac ,
c
of o nt t p r ll l to n f th pri n ip l
c ac is a a nd t h e ng l e o e o e c a a x es . a a e
b t w n t h pl n
e ee of t h o mm on tion of t h ph er e a nd t h e
e a es e c sec s e s
ellip oi d i th m for l l hord p r ll l t g iv n xi
s s e sa e a c s a a e o a e a s .
25 2 COO R D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [C H . x 11 .
Ex 3 pol r f
. . T he a s O a
g iv en li n w ith r p t to th ni id
e es ec e co co s
throu g h i ght g iv poi n t e en s l ie on a h y p rboloi d f n h t

e o o e s ee .
I f AI , (cal , ,8 1 7 1 ) ,
a nd A 2, 3 7)2, poi nt Of th g iv n li n
2 ar e s e e e,
a n d we d ot en e
xS a, + y S sl + S t1 by P
a nd -
l --
l S i2 by Pa m
th en the e qu tio n to a s th e pol r of a A I AZ w ith r p t to es ec t he c o ni oi d

c
r
—O ,
P a 2 + AP aQ
r
—O .
The lo u O f th pol r
c s e a s is th r fore e e
g iv en by
Pa l P 2
1 Paa p
’
al
=0 .
2
Ex 4 pol O f g iv n pl n w ith
. . Th e e a e a e r p t to th
es ec ni id e co co s
throu ghi ght g iv n poi n t li n u bi e e s es o a c c c urv t h i n t r e tion O f
e, e e s c
t w h yp b l d wh h h v
o ero mm o n g n o o1 s ic a e a c e e a r tor
L t A (“ B 7 h A (
.
e
18 I ,
A l a l ) i 2, Cl- ,
2 21 3 » 8 7 ) b thr
3 1 poi n t3 e ee s
of th fi x d pl n Th t h p O f t h fi d pl n w th r p t to
[
e e a e . en e o e e xe a e 1 es ec
th o n i oi d S + AS = O i th poi n t of i n t r
e c c
’
s e e s ec tio n f th pol r pl nO e a a es
of A A A nd th r for i g iv n by
I , 2, 3 ,
a e e e s e
P a2 + Ap = 0, Pa s -P AP =0 .
T he lo u of th pol
c s e e is th r fore e e th e c urv e of i nt r e se c tio n O f the
hyp e r l ) O 10 1 dS
.
Pa z p
r
a3
“
Pa 3 P
r
Pa s p
r
al
—P al p
I
a3
=o o
Ex . 5 . The ce n tr es Of c o n ico ids th t p a a ss throu g h i g ht g iv e en

poi n t s l ie on a c u bi urv c c e .
1 74 C onicoids t h r oug h
. seven g iven p oint s If .
S = 0, S
' ”
= 0, are th e e q tio ua ns to fi x ed con ico ids th r o u g h
th e i v
se ve n
g e n p oi n t s , t h e g e n e r al e q tion to
ua a c o n i c oi d
th r o g h th e p oi n ts is
u
=0 .
()
1
The fi x ed c o n ico ids i n t e r se c t in e i ght p oi n ts who se co
o r di n te s a e g i v n by S = 0 S = O S = 0 a n d th e r e f o r
a r e ,
'
,
”
, e
ev i de n t l
y sa ti s f y t h e q tio n T h e r e fo r a l l c on ico ids e ua e
whi h p ss th r o g h se v e n g i ve n p oi n ts p ass th r o u g h a n
c a u
ei g hth fi x ed p oi n t .
Ex 1 Th e
. . pol r pl n O f a a es a g iv n poi n t w ith r p t to th
e es ec e
co n ic oids w c hi h p throu g h v a ss se e n g iv n poi n t p
e throu g h fi xe d s ass a
poi n t .
Ex 2 T h e. di a me tr l pl n of fi d li n with r p t to t h
a a es a xe e es ec e
throu gh v n g iv n poi n t p throu gh a fi x d

.
co in c oids w c hi h p a ss se e e s a ss e
poi n t .
Ex 3 . Th e pol O f es a
g iv n pl n w ith r p t to t h
e a e es ec e con ico ids
third
.
w hi h p c ass throu g h e v s en g iv n poi nt lie n urf of

e s o a s ace th e
d gre ee .
g1 74] E X AM P L ES IX .
Ex 4 T he tr f t h
ce n i id whi h p
es o throu g h v n g iv e co n co s c a ss se e en
f t h third d g r
. .
poi nt s l ie on a s urf ac e o e e ee .
Ex 5 T he v rti O f t h
e th t p throu gh v n g iv
ce s e c o ne s a a ss se e en
urv e of th i x th d gree
. .
poi nt s l ie on a c e s e .
Examp l es I X .
1 T
t pl n p r ll l to g iv n pl ne
a ng e n d r wn to y t m
a es a a e a e a a re a a s s e
id whi h h v d ou bl o nt t t fi d poi nt w ith g iv n

.
o f ni co co s c a e e c ac a xe s a e
c o n i oi d P rov th t t h lo u f th ir poi n t f o n t t i h yp r
c e a e c s o e s o c ac s a e
b li p r boloi d whi h h
.
o c a a n sy t m of g n r tor p r ll l to t h c as o e s e e e a s a a e e
g iv n pl n e a e .
2 T ng n t pl ne e d r a wn throu g h
a e g iv li n to y t m of
a s ar a en e a s s e
o t t with g iv e n o n i oi d t fi x d poi n t A
.
co ni id w hi h h v
co s c a e c n ac a c c a e s
a nd B P rov th t t h lo u of th poi n t
. e f o nt t i a hy p rboloi d e c s e s o c ac s a e
whi h p c throu g h A n d B
asse s a .
3 T h f t of t h n or m l t
. e o ni oi d fro m poi n t n g iv e n
ee e a s o a c c s o a
s tr ight li n l i n qu rti urv
a e e o a a c c e .
4 T h ed g O A O B 0 0 Of
e p r ll l pip d
es fix d in po itio n
, ,
a a a e e e ar e e s
throu g h fi d li n P ro th t
.
,
a nd t h d i g o n l ple AB C p a a ane ass es a xe e . ve a

t h v rt x oppo it to O li
e e e n u bi urv whi h lis e o es o a c c c e c es on a c ne
th t h O A 0 8 0 0 g n r tor
a as , ,
as e e a s .
5 A v ri bl pl n A B C p
. a throu g h fi d li n d ut th
a e a e a sse s a xe e an c s e
a xe s, whi h r t g ul r in A B C P rov th t t h lo u f th
c are e c an a , , ,
. e a e c s o e
ce nt O f t h ph r D A B O i
re u bi urv
e s e e s a c c c e .
6 T h f t f t h p rp n d i ul r fro m
e ee poi nt ( 8 y) to t h
o e e e c a s a or, , e
d
.
,
g n
e r tor
e a O f t h p r b oloi s
y
= li n tw eu bi urv who a a r ce e o o c c c es se
e qu tio n m y b writt n
a s a e e
2
o a
_ yt + oz t.
7 _
c
y + ,
’
2
1+z t 1 + t2
e, WW W
, 2 73 1 1
2
t l + iz l + iz
7 The s hort t d i t es s a n ce be wee n t h e t fi d li n v = = b xe e . a, z and th e

p r oloi d vy = m t th g
.
,
r tor g = A Ax = O f
g e ne a ,
z, th e a ab . z, ee s e e ne a r tor
in P S h w th t th e lo u
. e a c s o f P i u bi urv whi h li
s a c c c e c es on th e
c
y li nd r e
x
2
z
2
ax be 0 .
8 . Fi d
lo u f th n tr f ni id th t p throu gh
n the c s O e ce es o co co s a a ss a
g iv n o n ie nd ctrai ght li n whi h i t r t t h o i

c a a s e c n e s ec s e c n c .
9 Tw .o n h v e th ir v rti o c t n u m bili of llip oi d nd

es a e e c es a a c an e s a
m t t h t ng t pl n
ee et t h oppo it u m bili i
a en tw ir l w hi h a e a e s e c n o c c es c
cu t t ri g ht ng l
a S h w th t th ir urv aof i t r tio w ith t h
es e a e c es n e s ec n e
e llip oi d l i i
.
s t w pl n h f whi h o n t i n th pol of t h oth r

e n o a e s , e ac O c c a s e e e e .
10 I f o n with g iv n v rt P h d ou bl o t t w i th g iv n
. a c e a e e ex as e c n ac a e
c o ni oi d t h hord of o n t t li i t h pol r pl n of P with r p t

c ,
e c c ac es n e a a e es ec
t tho oni oi d e c c .
25 4 COOR D I N A E GE OM E RY T T [ on . xi 1 .
11 v ri bl pl n A B C m t t h
. A a in A B a e a e ee s e a x es C, a nd is at a
o n t n t d i t n p fro m t h ori g i A on p
, ,
c s a s a ce e n . c e a sses throu g h th e
c urv O f i n t r tio f t h llip oi d w ho
es mi e sec n O e e s se s e a x e s a re O A, C B , 0 0 ,
a nd t h pl n 0 8 0 A B C P rov th t it v ert x li
e a es ,
. e a s e es on the s a ce urf
(1 i J 2) 2
x
-
2
Wh t w
12 . i id tou h t l l poi n t
en f o mm o n g n r tor
o con c o s c a a s O a c e e a
A B t h li ,
j oi ni ng th pol e of ny g iv n pl n e w ith r p t to th m
e ne e s a e a es e c e
i t r t AB
n e se c s .
13 AB i g iv n hor d O f u bi urv P rov th t n i n fi nit

s a e c a c c c e . e a a e
fou d to p throu g h th urv
.
n u m b r of ni id
e n b co co d s ca e n ass e c e an
throu g h A B n d th t n f th w ill tou ch g iv en pl ane whi h
,
a a o e o e se a c
p throu g h A B t g iv n p n t O f A B
.
a sse s a a e e .
Th i i hor d of th urv
e z- ax s s a c e c e
x = t + t, = t3 + t2
2
g ,
rov th t
P e a th e qu tio n to t h on i oi d whi h p
e a throu g h th e e c c c asse s
c urv n d t h e a e z- a xi n d w hi h tou h
s a t h pl n 2x = 3 g a t t h poi n t
c c es e a e e
(0 )
0 , 2) IS
+3 4ex 2iry 4x 4g 0
/z . .
14 . P rov th t th
e a e c o n ico ids
2x 2 —g 2 —z2 -l- 2g z 2xg + 2x 2g = 0 ,
x
2 —g 2 —g z + 3 zv . 2xg 2y + 2e z
0
h v a e a c omm on g en e a r tor 2: =
g z, a n d p a ss throu g h th e c u bi c c urv e
2 03 ?
2x 1)
w hi h tou h
c c es th e g ene r tor
a at 1, 1,
15 . I f t wo con ico ids , C1 and C 2, h v d ou bl

a e o t t n d t h pol e
e c n ac ,
a e
w ith r p t to C of n of th pl
es ec f th 1
o e e an es o e c ommo tion li n n se c s es o
0 2, th n t h pol f t h oth r l o li n C
e e e o e e a s es o 2 .
1 6 F i n d t h lo u
. f th tr of ni ids f r vol ution th t
e c s o e ce n es co co o e a
c ir u m ri b g iv n llip oi d n d p throu gh it ntr
c sc e a e e s a a ss s ce e .
17 P i .n y poi t n th urv f i n t r tio f t w ri g ht on

s a n o e c e o e se c n o o c es
w ho p r ll l nd w ho m iv rti l n g l nd
’
se a x e s a r e a a e a se se e ca a es a re a . a or .
If l c d d th
an d i t n O f P from th v rti prov th t
’
are e s a ce s e e ce s, e a
l
c cos or i l i on t n t
c
’
co s or
’
s c s a .
1 8 If v ri bl on i oi d h d ou bl o nt t w ith
. a a a h of thr
e c c as e c ac eac ee
co nf l it h
o ca s fi d d ir tor ph r as a xe ec s e e .
1 9 P rov th t t w p r boloi d
. e n b d r wn to p throu g h
a o a a s ca e a a ss a
g iv n m ll ir l
e s n g iv n ph r
a n d to to
c h th ph r t g iv n
c e o a e s e e a uc e s e e a a e
poi n t n d prov th t th ir x
,
a opl n r e a e a es a r e c a a .
20 O P n d C O
. th g n r tor
a f h yp rboloi d throu g hare e e e a s o a e a
poi t 0 n t h d ir tor ph r P rov th t th t w p r bol oi d w hi h

n o e ec s e e . e a e o a a s c
c on t i n th n orm l to t h h yp rboloi d t poi n t n O P nd O Q

a e a s e e a s o a
i n t r t in u bi urv who proj tio n n th t ng n t pl n t O

e sec a c c c e se ec o e a e a e a
i
s a
p l n u bi w ith
a thr e cr l m
y p tot e c ee ea as s.
25 6 C OO R D I N A E GE O M E R Y T T [C H . XII .
31 . i d f k w qu d ril t r l A B C D e a lo ng g ner tor

Th e s es o a s e a a e a ar e a s
of hyp rboloi d nd ny tr v r l m t t h hy perboloi d in P P
a e , a a a ns e sa ee s e
I , 2
a nd t h pl n A B C B C D C D A D A B i n A A B 8 P rov e th t
e a es , , , 1, 2, ,, 2
. a
PI A . . P1 8 2 P2A2 P 28 2
32 A urv e i dr wn n t h ph r
c th t t ny
s a o e s e e so a a a
poi nt t h l titu d i qu l to th lo g itu d P rov th t it l o li n
.
e a e s e a e n e . e a a s es o
th e c
y li n d r x + y
= w Sh
e th t t h urv i qu rti urv th t
2 2
c e vr a e c e s a a c c e, a
it qu t io n m y b writt n
s e a s a e e
2
a (l 2a t (1 $ ) 2056
y
H
2’
(1 + t )
2 2
1+t
a nd th t if t 1
a
] , 2, $3 ,
L, are th e v lu
a es of t f or th e four poi nt s in w hi hc
th e curv m t e g iv n pl n z t t
e e s a nyt =1 e a e,
l 2 3 4
.
33 . Th g n r l qu tio n to
e e o n i oi d t hro gh
e a e a a c c u th e fee t of th e
n orma l fro m poi n t to n llip oi d
s a i a e s ,
s
8 + AC ]
w h r
e e r pre n t y li nde r throu g h th f et of th e se c s e e e
n orm l a s
f p r boloi d of r e volutio n th t p
.
P rov th t t h e a e a xe s othrou g h a a s a ass
t h f t f ix o n urr n t n or m l to t h
e ee o s o ni oi d x + by + = l
c c e a s e c c a
2 2 cz
z are
p r ll l to n f th li n
a a e o e o e es
2
2
—a + b+ c a —b+ c a + b —o
34 . P rov th t th o n e a e c e W ho se v e r e x t is (a ,
0, 0 ) a nd base
2 2
2
1
+ 1, x =0
2
i n te r s ec s t th e c neo Wh o v rt
se e ex is (O, b, 0 ) a nd base
2 2
2 x
2
1,
a
in a p r bol
a a a of l tu r e tu m
a s c
C H AP TER XII I .
T HE CONO IDS .
1 75 o n e is th s rf c g ene r a te d by a st r a ig ht l i n e
. A c e u a e
w hi c h p asse s th r o g h a fi x e d p oi n t a n d i n t e r sec ts a g i ve n
u
c y l i n d r is t h e su rf ac
c u r ve nd ,
a a
g n e r t e d by t h e
e e e a
p a r a l l e l s to a g i v n s t r a i g ht l i n e w hi c h i n t e r sec t
e i
g ve n a
c r ve
u T h ese a e t h e m o s t f a m i l i a r o f t h e r u l e d su rf ce s
. r a .
A n oth e r i m p o r t n t c l a ss o f r u l d s rf c e s t h e
a n id m ay e u a ,
co o s,
be de fi n e d as f o l l o ws c o n oi d is th l o c us o f a l i n e whi c h
a e
a l w y s i n t e r sec t
a fi x ed l i n e a n d g i ve n c r ve an d is
s a a u
p a r l l e l to a g i ve n p l a n e I f th g i v e n l i n is at r i g ht
a . e e
a n g l es to t h e g i ve n p l a n t h e l o cu s i r i g ht con oi d e, s a .
Ex T h h y p rboli p r boloi d i
. e o oi d i it i t h lo u of
e c a a s a c n ,
s nc e s e c s
a li n w e hi h i nt r
c e s ec s t t wo g iven li n es a nd is p r ll l to
a a e a
g iv en pl ane ,
50 , E x .
1 76 . Th e e qu at ion t o a conoid . I f th e c oo r di n t a e a x es
be c hosen
th t th e g i ve n l i ne is th e a x i s n d t h e g i ve n
so a z- a
p l a n e th e coy p l a n e th e g e n e r a to r s o f th c on oi d wi l l p r oj c t
-
, e e
th e
g i ve n c r ve o n t h p l a n e sc = 1 in
u c r ve w hoe a u se
eq tion l e t s s pp ose is
ua ,
u L e t P (1 3h
u ,
be , , »
an
y p oi n t o f thi s c u r ve ; th n T h e
g e n r a to r o f e e
t h e c on oi d th r o g h P is th l i n e j oi n i ng P to th e p oi n t
u e
(0 0 , a n d th e r e f o r e h a s e q a tio n s
, u
x y —c _
z
l
1 y1 O
E l i m i n a ti n g y, an d z
,
b e t wee n th ese e q u a tio n s a n d th e
e q tion
ua 2
1 f (y1 ) , we o b ta i n th e e q u a ti on to th e c o noi d ,
viz .
, z
Ex 1 . . Fi d n th e e qu tio n to
a th e ri g ht o noi d
c g ene r t d by li
a e ne s
hi h
w c m ee t O Z, are p r ll l t
a a e o th e pl n XO Y
a e ,
an d i t r t th
n e sec e
c ir lc e 3: a, z
2
7
2
. A 113 . r
?
) O.
258 C O OR D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [c rL xm .
Ex 2 g r ph f i n 9 fro m
T he0 = O to 9 = 2 a i w r pp d o es ,
r 7r, s a e
rou n d t h y li n d r x + y =
. .
e th t t h xtr m iti f t h g r ph
c e
2 2
r
2
so a e e e es o e a
coi n i d n O X L i n p r ll l to th pl n X O Y
c e o d r wn to m t
es a a e e a e ar e a ee
for m d P rov th t t h qu tio n to th on oi d
.
O Z nd th a urv e c e so e . e a e e a e c
th y g n r t i
e e e a e s
_1 2
fi
.
Ex 3 . . P rov th t if
e a r = 2, t h e e qu tio n to
a th e lo uc s o
be c m es
2 ?
2 x
( y ) 2oxy .
(Th e lo c u s is th e cyl indr oi d .

)
FIG . 51 .
Ex 4 urv d r w n n th ri ght yli n d r + y

Th e c e
s t a o e c e x
2 2=
a
2
o as o
ll d th ri g ht r ul r
. .
c t u ll th g n r tor at t h e
a e m e ngl
e ai s
-
sa e a e s ca e e ci c a
h l ix
e Th. oor d i nat es of ny poi n t n it
e c il y e (fi g a o a re e as s en , .
t b g v n by 1
o e i
w= o 9 y = in 0 = 9 t m
e
a c s ,
a s ,
z a an
Th o n oi d g n r t d by li n p r ll l to t h pl n XO Y w hi h
e c e e a e es a a e e a e c
i nt r t th
e sec i n d th h li x i th h l i id (fi g
e z-a x s a Sh w th t e e s e e co ,
. e a
it q n tio n i
s e a
t n y /x wh r
s
E tn z 0 a
”
e e c a, a 0L .
,
Ex 5 L i n p r ll l to th pl n X O Y e d r wn to in ter t O Z
. . es a a e e a e ar a se c
a nd t h urv e c es
w 2 x
2 2
2
()
1 x
2
+y
2_ —7 2 ‘
2
— ’
a
a
2
6 0
2 2
30 2
(ii )
F i d th qu tio to t h o oi d
n e e a n e c n s g en e r teda .
(2 g)
2 2
An s (i ) cr 2 — + g—
é 2
.
7 g) (
2
)(
2
(ii ) (52
2fi 2
2
, ?
1
260 C OOR D I N A T E GE O M E RY T [c n f x m .
EX 2 . . A c u bi c su rf ac e c on t i n a s 27 tr i g ht li n r l i m g i n ry
s a es, ea or a a .
If v = 0, 16
l ,
v1 = O, w = 0 r pr
l nt rbitrary pl n
e e se a a es,
th e qu at on
e i
vw+ k v w = 0 u ul l l
c o nt i n 1 9 d i po bl o n t n t nd th r for n b i d n ti fi d with
a s s sa e c s a s, a e e e ca e e e
a ny u bi qu tio n S ppo th n th t t h qu tio n to t h g iv en
c c e a . u se e a e e a e
s urf h b n thrown i n to thi for m C l rl y t h li n
ace as ee s . ea e es
u =O
,
u1 =0 ; u =0
,
v1 =0 ; wl = 0 ;
f
v= 0 , u =o ; v= 0, v= O, w1 = 0 ;
l
l ie upo n t h urf th at th e s a c e , so e su rf ace c o n tai ns at l east n i ne stra ght i

li n r l or i m g i n ry
es , ea a a
C o n id r n w th
s qu atio n e o e e
uv Ku
l vl
Itr pr nt h yperboloi d of n h t whi h i nter e t th e urfac

e ese s a o e s ee c s c s s e
a t poi n t w hi ch l i in t h pl n
s N w n b ho n e e a e o K ca e c se
so th t thi pl n i t g n t pl to t h h yp rboloi d nd th n t h
a s a e s a an e an e e e a e e
o mm o n poi n t lie upo n th t w g n r tor f t h h yp rboloi d whi h
,
c s e o e e a s o e e c
are in t h pl n Thu th urf con t i n t w oth r tr ig ht li n
e a e . s e s a ce a s o e s a es .
B t in
u s h f t h t of qu n titi
ce eac v w; w
o n b e se s a es u, ,
ul , I ca e
d ivid d i n to g roup f t w in thr w y th r a n i n hyp rboloi d
e s o o ee a s, e e re e e s,
eac h of whi h h t w g n r tor l yi ng upo n t h urf
c as o e e a s e s a ce
rf the refor o n t i n t w n ty — v en trai g ht li n re l or

.
Th e su ace e c a s e se s es, a
i m g i n ry
a a .
1 78 . Th e deg r e e of a sur fac e . If an rb it r a r y s t r ai g ht

a
l i n e m e e ts a su rfa ce in n p oi n ts th e su rf a ce is o f t h e n
th
de g r e e .
C o n si de r t h e su rf a ce r e p r e se n t e d by th e e q u a tio n o f th e
n
th
de g r e e F (5 7 T h e s t r a i g ht l i n e Who se e q u a tion s
, ,
1 ,
ar e
5 x ’7 y g
l m n
m ee ts th e s rf a ce at p oi n ts who se di stan ces fr om (00

u , y,
.
z )
a re
g i ve n by
F (az+ l m z+% 0 p, y p. p) ,
a e 8
F (x, y ,
F
f
I 3 +m
8
+fl
a
ax ay az
< r l3 z +na
)
”
e
+ qn
1
2 ax ay az
T hi s e q u tio n g i ve s a l
n va u es o f p , a n d th e r efo r e th e l i ne
—1 8 0 ] TH E I NF L E X I O N A L T A NGE N TS 61
m ee ts t h e rf c e su a in n p oi n t s . H e n ce th e l oc u s o f an
e q u tio n o f t h e n de g r ee is rf de g r e e
th
a a su a ce o f th e a
t"
.
Cor . A ny pl a n e sec tio n of a s u rf a c e of th e n

th
de g r e e is
a cu r ve of th e n
th
deg r e e .
1 79 Tang ent s
. and t ang ent p l anes I f in . e q tio n
ua
(1 )
of t he l a st p a r a g r a p h ,
F (w, y z ) 0 th e p n
,
:
, oi t (x y , ,
z ) is on
th e s u rf a ce I f a l so .
BF BF BF
l m —
BZ
c Bjy
th e e q ation g i v
u es t wo ze ro va u es o f l p ,
a nd th e l ine m ee t s
th e su rfa ce a t (a) , y ,
z ) in t wo c oi n ci den t poi n ts . If th r f o r
e e e
BF BF BF
’
Bx Bz
a r e n o t a ll z e ro , th e sy s e m o ft l in es w ho se di r ec tion r a tio -
s
sa ti fy e q a tion (2) to u c h e s th e su rf c t (x y ) a n d
s u a e a , ,
z ,
t h e l o cu s o f th sy st e m is th t an g e n t p l n e a t (or y )
e e a , , z ,
w hi c h is g i ve n by
— —
<5 > <
x — + n
—
> o =
§g z
§Z .
I f theq tion to th e rf i m d ho m og n o
ua by e su ace s a e e e us
th i n t r o d tio n f n
e xi l i r
uc y v r i bl t w hi h i q t d o a au a a a e c s e ua e
t u n ity f t r di ff r
o ti tion th q tio to th t ng t
a e e en a ,
e e ua n e a en
p l n m y be r d d
a e ai § 1 3 4 t th f o r m e u ce , as n ,
o e
BF c BF BF
” Sa t 0 .
6 3, at
EX 1 . . F i nd t he e qu tio n to
a th e t a ng e n t pl a ne a t a poi n t (v y .
, ,
z )
of the s urf ac e
5K 7 : a
3
. A ns .
Ex 2 . . Th e f e t of t h
e e n orm l fro m a s a g ive n poi n t to th e cy li d oi d
n r
?
(
2
z r
y ) c y
o ni oi d
.
l ie upon a c c .
1 80 . Th e infi exional t ang ent s T wo v l s o f . a ue
r a tios l zm l , zu ca n be f o n d to s ti sfy th e e q u a tio n s

u a
BF BF BF
l m— +n 0
§5
,
By B2
2 2: Q
B
B F 5 1 B F
Z2
; a
m
By 2
By Bz
26 2 CO OR D I NA TE GEOM ET R Y [C PL xni .
f o r m ed by e q ti ng to
ua ze ro
o effic i en ts o f p a n d p in th e c 2
e q a tio n (1 ) o f § 1 78
u T h l i n e s th r o g h (a) y z ) who s
. e u , , e
di r e c tion s e de t e r m i n e d by th se va l u e s m ee t t h e su rf c e
ar e a
in th r e e c oi n c i den t p oi n t s T h a t is in t h e syst e m o f .
,
tan g e n t l i n es th r ou g h (cc y ) th er e a e t w whi ch h a v , ,

z r o e
c o n t a c t o f hi g h e r o r de r th n t h e oth e r s T h ey a e c a l l d
a . r e
t h e infl exi n l t ang ent s a t (00 y z )

o a T h ey m ay be r e a l , , .
a n d di ti n c t a s in th
s hyp e rb o l oi d o f on e sh e e t r eal a n d
,
e ,
c oi n c i de n t a s in a c o n e o r cy l i n de r o r i m a i na r i n
,
g y a s , ,
th e e l l i p soi d .
T h e sec tion o f t h e s rf ce by t h e t n g en t p l a n e u a t a a a
p oi n t P on it is a c u r ve o f th e n deg r ee a n d n y l i n e th
,
a
th r o u g h P w hi c h l i e s in th tan g en t p l ane m ee ts th e cu r ve e
in t wo c oi n c i den t p oi n ts P is th e r e fo r e a do u bl e p oi n t o f
.
th c r v
e u T h e in fl xio n al t a n g e n t s a t P m e e t th e c u r ve in
e . e
th r e e c oi n c i den t p oi n ts n d a e th e r e f o r e t h e ta ng n t s to
,
a r e
th e c r v u t th e do bl e p oi n t
e a H e n ce i f t h e in fl e x ion l
u .
,
a
t an g n ts th r ou g h P e r ea l a n d di sti n c t P i n o de on th e
"
e ar , s a
c u r ve ; i f th ey a e r ea l a n d c oi n c i den t P is
r cu sp ; i f th ey , a
a r e i m a i n a r y P i a c onj g a t e p oi n t s u
g ,
.
1 81 Th e e qu at ion
. I f th e e q u a tio n to th e
su rf a ce is g i v e n in t h for m n) t h v l es of
-
e e a u
p ,
c o rr e s p on di n g to t h e p oi n t o f i n t e r sec tio n o f t h e su rf a ce
s
a n d th e l i n e
f — w ”
_
y
l m
are
g i v en by
y + m p) ,
z 2 2
B B
W h e re 10
B
,
q _ Q B z 2
’
z
50 B90 2
Bx By By ?”
”
By
H e n c e th e t a n g en t p l a n e at (as y z ) , ,
h as fo r its e q u tion
a
p (Sf
—y ) —(s °
and th e in fl e x ion al t an g e n t s a re th e l i n es o f i nt e r sec tion o f

th e tang en t p l a n e a n d th p a i r o f p l a n es g i ve n by
e
(S r —oc) (q
cooRni NA TE GEO M ETR Y
’
264 [c a xu i .
th e tangen t s at th e si n gu l a r p oi n t Th e l o cu s o f th e syste m .
o f tan gen ts th r o ugh P is th u rfac e e s
—
l
(f qrgia a 2(n z >
a g oz
+
Si ng u l a r p oi n ts a e cl assi fie d acc o r di ng to th e na t u r e o f
r
th e l o cu s o f t h e t a n gen t l i n e s Wh e n t h e l o c s is a p r op e r . u
c on e P is , onic l p oint o
a c conic n de wh n it is a pai
a of r o ,
e r
di sti n c t p l a n es P is bip l an node o

,
bin de wh e n t h e a ar r o ,
b i pl n e s c oi n ci de P is
a nip l an r node o un d ,
a u a r o e .
T h e six t a n g e n t s th r o g h a s i n g l a r p oi n t P (ac y z ) u u , , , ,
whose di r e c tion r a tio s sa ti sfy th e e q a tion s-

u
3
a B
l— + m— +n
ay
-
+ m — -H z—
ay aZ
’
)
h a ve f ou r p oi n t co n t c t with th su rfa c e at P Th ey c o rr e
-
a e .
s on d to t h e in fl e x io n a l t a n e n t s a t a n o r di n a r y p oi n t o f
p g
th e su rf ace .
Ex 1 . . F or th urf e s ace
4 4 4 2
x +y + z + 6xyz + 2x
the ori g in i s a c oni c n od e . Th e lo u c s of th e t a n ge n s a t t th e ori g i n i s

th e con e
2x2
~
T he s ix t an g e n s t w hi h h v e four poi n t on t t
c a - c ac are
x = O, = 0 , 2x + z = 0 ;
y
= 0 x+ z= 0 ;
y ,
EX 2 . . F o r th e s urf ac e
—2y2 —3 22
th e origi n i s a b i no d e . T he s ix t an
ge n s t w ith four poi nt onta t a -
c c re
m= o, 2y + 3 3 = 0 ; y + z =0 ;
y
= 0, 3 z + x = 0 ;
y = 0, z —x = 0 ; z= O, x + 2y = 0 ; z = 0, x —y = 0 .
Th e sectio n f th urf c by th pl n
s o e s a e e a es x y z= 0
h v a e a tripl poi n t t t h e orig n
e a i .
Ex . 3 .Th qu tio n to urf i of th for m

e e a a s ace s e
2
z + u3 + u 4 + n
rov th t th er i u nod t th ori g i n th t t h

P e a e tion f th
s a e a e ,
a e sec o e
surf by t h pl n
ac e 0 h t ipl poi n t t t h ori g i n
e a n d th t t h
e s r
as a i e a e , a a e
th t ng n t th r ou n t d t wi
i ee a e th ta n g n t to t h
s e e, c urf e ce, a r e e e s e s ace
with four poi n t o n t t-
c ac .
S I NGU LA R TA N GEN T P A N E S L 26 31
Ex 4 . . T he e qu tio n to
a a s urf ace is of th e for m
h w th t t h
S e tio n a e se c of the s urf a ce by a ny pl a ne throu g h O Z h as
a cu p t t h e ori g i n
s a .
EX 5 F or t h urf
. . e s ac e
my Wary by? ) dy) 0,

prov e th t t h ori g i n i bi o d
a e th t t h li n of i n ter tio n f s a n e a nd a e e se c o
t h bipl n
e li e n th urf
a es h th t t h pl n + dy = 0 i
s o e s ace . S ew a e a e cx s a
t ng n t pl n t an y poi n t of O Z
a e a e a .
Ex 6 F i nd nd l ify th i ng ul r poi nt of th e urf e

. . a c a ss e s a s s ac s
(i ) x b y
z z g z 3
( a z c
(ii ) xy ? 2 2
x by z a 02 ,
(iii ) 0
2 2
3y 3 0 90 3
2
05 3
(iv ) xy (x + y ) 2
2 3
O z a z a .
A ns (i ) (O O 0 ) i bi no d (ii ) (0 O O) i o i n o d e (iii ) (O O O)
, ,
s e , ,
s c n c
o n i n o d (t h urf i for m d by r volutio

.
, ,
is c c e, e f th s urv ac e s e e n o e c e
—y ) = 0 bout O X ) (iv ) ( )i
2
o n i nod
,
z ,
a a, a ,
a s a c c e .
EX 7 F i nd t h
. . qu tio n to th urf g n r t d by v ri bl
e e a e s a ce e e a e a a a e
c ir l p i ng throu g h t h poi n t (0 0 i ) nd i t r ti ng th ir l
c e a ss e s , , t c a n e sec e c c e
z =0 x +
y
,
=2 g 2
d h w 2
th t t h t ng n t o n t t h o n i l
aa an s e a e a e c es a e c ca
poi nts i n t r t t h pl n = 0 in t h o ni
e sec e a e z e c c
4
‘
2 2 3 2
(0 4a 2
) x c y 4 a c2x .
Ex 8 If e v ery poi n t of a li d r ne aw n 0 11 a s urf ace is a s ng i ul r a
Fi d th o d l li n
. .
poi n t ,
th e li n e is a n oda l li ne . n e n a es o f th e s urf ace s
?
(1) z (
z
y ) .a
;
2 2 2 2
(ii) a z a: ( -
y ) ,
(iii )
A ns . i( ) w= y = 0 ; (ii ) x = y = 0 ; (iii )
EX 9 . . P rov th t th
e a e z- a x s i is a n o d l li n a e on th e s urf ace
an
y poi n t (0 , 0 , 7 ) be i ng a b i n od e at w hi h th t
c e a ng e n t pl a ne s a re
P rov e a s l o th t if a r and g
o h v a e th e sa m e s i g n th r e e are t wo r l ea
u no de s l y i ng on th e n od l li n a e .
Ex 1 0 . . F or th e s urf a ce
2
x 3
3r y z
z r (. xy 0,
prov th t th e
e a z- a x s i is a n od l li na e w ith u n o de s a t th e poi nt s (0 ,
O,
(0 ,
0,
1 83 . S ing u l ar t ang ent p l anes . We h a ve see n th a t the

ta n gen t p l an e at a p oi n t P of a su rf a c e m ee t s t he su rf a c e
in a c u ve r wh ich h as a d o bl p oi n t
u e at P . Th e cu r ve m ay
266 C OO R DI NATE GEOM ETRY [c a xui .
h av oth e r dou bl e p oin ts I f Q is a n oth e r dou bl e p oi n t

e .
,
t h e p l a n e c o n ta i n s t h e in fl e x ion a l t a n g e n ts to th e su rf c a e
a t Q a n d is th e r e f o r t h e t a n g e n t p l an e t Q
. A p l ane
e a .
whi ch is a ta n g e n t p l a n e a t t wo p oi n ts o f a su rf a c e is a
d bl t ang nt p l ane
ou e We m y l i k e wi se h a ve p l an es tou chi ng
e . a
a t th r e e p oi n t s o f th e s rf c e o r t ip l e t ang ent p l ane s nd u a r , a
t ang en t p l a n es to chi n g a t f o u r o m o r e p oin ts of th e

u r
su rf ac e .
O r we m ay h a ve a tangen t p l an e
to u c h es th e whi c h
su rf a c e a t a ll p oi n t s o f c u r ve s th e tang en t pl an e to a
a ,
a
c one o r c
y l i n de r . S u ch a p l an e is a singul ar t ang ent p l ane o r
*
t rop e .
Ex 1 . . F or
th e c b c s u i
a c e u vw+ u 1 v1 w1 = 0 , t h eurf a n es pl
u , = 0, = 0 , w1 = O a r e e a n en
g a n es tripl t t pl .
Thei t n e se c r tio of
n th e pl
a n e u = 0 a n d th e s u i urv
a c e is t h e c b c c e urf
co n i tis s ng of
th e thr tr i ht li
ee s a
g n e s u = u l = 0 , u = v1 = 0 , u = wl = 0
f
.
Th li e se n es for
m a antri l
g e a nd t h e thr v rti
e e e d ou l poi t
c e s ar e b e n s,
so th t a the pl t
a n e a = 0 is a n e n
g t pl
a n e thr poi t
a t ee n s .
Ex 2 . . F i n d th i ng ul r poi t n th urf
e s a n o e s ace
and s h ew th t t h pl n i ai ng ul r te a es 2 zz a ar e s a a ng e n t pl anes .
Ex 3 .S k e t h th form of t h o n
. c e e c e
2 7 2 z 2 2 2 2 z
0 0
5
y a 2 x ( y ) ’
a nd h w th at th pl n 2x/2 y
s e e a es c :
12012
: eac h tou h it a long
c t wo
g r tor
en e a s
Th t o n by pl n p r ll l to XO Y
e se c i s a es a a e ar e l i t
e m n sca es .
EX 4 . P rov th t t h pl n
.
= t e a e a es z : c are s i ng ul r tang nt pl ane to
a e s
th y li n d roi d
e c
T H E A N C H OR R I N G -
.
Ex 5 . . The s urf a ce r td gene a e by t h e r volutio n of ir le a c c e ab out

a li n e i n its pl a ne w hi h it d o
c n es ot i nt r t i ll d th n h
e se c s ca e e a c or -r i ng
or t or e .
I f th e str i g ht li n
a e is th e z- a x s a n i d th e c ir l c e is y = 0 , (x
(a > b) ,
s h w th t th
e a e e qu tio n t
a o th e s urf a ce is
?
a
P rov th t pl n = t b
e i ng ul r t ng n t pl ne
a th e a es z : are s a a e a s .
F* d qu t d i u io of th i g ul riti of urf t h tud t

or an a e a e sc ss n e s n a es s ace s e s en
r f d t B t G m t y f S mf
e e rr e o A i t ti g ou t of
a sse
’
s eo e r o a ces n n e re s n acc n
u f w ith m th od for t h o t u tio f m od l
.
t h p op rti
e r f u bi e es o c c s r ac e s e s e c ns r c n o e s
i g iv
s i C bi S rf
en by W H B l y th
n u K mm
c u Q ti S rf
a ces , . . e . u er s
’
ua r c u a ce
) o t i po itio f t h p rop rti of v iou qu ti

(
q
so n c n a ns an ex s n o e e es ar s ar c
su r a c e s .
26 8 COORD I NA TE GEO M E RY T [C H . XI I I .
ir l n d thi llip l e rl y for m th i n t r

1 . T he c c e a s e se c a e e
tion f t h w v urf
se c o nd t h
e pl n y = 0
a e s a ce a e a e
i mm d i t l y v ri fi d by pu tti ng y qu l to ro
.
T h r ui t e n b es ca e e a e e e e a ze
in t h e qu atio n to t h e urf c w h e n w o bt i n
e s a e, e a
2 2 ?
( z x b ) (0 222 2 2
a x 0 .
Si m il rl y th tio n
a , e s ec s of th e s urfac e by t h e pl a n es x = 0, z = O are
th ir l e nd llip e g iv
e c c s a e s s en by
2
as : 0, (y 2
2
a
?
)( y + z
b 2
c
?
z 2
626 2) O
2 ?
z O, (x y 0
2
) bzyz 0 .
h
F ig 5 3 s e ws a n c a n o f t h e wa e s
. ace ot t v urf .
If the n y t wo o f ese c c e s a nd
o l th ir l e llip se s w hi h h v e
c a
o o
mm n p o m t s l i e i n t h e = 0 , a nd t h e pl poi t iv
.
c a ne
y n s ar e
g en by
ear 02 ac
y
—52 z—z —6 2
.
/
A Cl'f
2 O /
s b c J az
z
FI G . 53 .
T h e wa v e s urf ace con i t f t w h e t

s s s o o s e s, o n e d ri b d
esc e by poi n t s
su h A nd A t h
c as a B nd B ’
,
e oth r by poi n t u h
e s s c as a
’
. The sh t ee s
w ill ro o nl y wh r t h x f th
c ss n tr l tio n e e e a es o e ce a se c s a re eq l ua .
H n e ine c th r s o n l y t w r l ntr l ir ul r tio n n d th

ce e e ar e o ea ce a c c a se c s, a e
r d iu of h i b t h o n l y four poi nt mm n t t h t w h t l i
a s eac s e s co o '
o e o s ee s e
to t h n tr l ir l r tio n nd e t d i t n 6
,
on th n orm l e a s e ce a c cu a sec s, a ar a a s a ce
from t h n tr Th y e ce g iv n by e . e ar e e
“
5 7
7 C
€ _
J a
g -
a 0 « 992 —0 2
a nd ar e thu s th e poi nt f i n t r tion f t h ir l e a nd llip in th

s o e sec o e c c e se e
pl a ney as c e a = O, l rl y houl d b t h s e e ca se .
I f P is o n e of th four poi nt th e se tio n of th urf by t h s, e s ec e s a ce e
pl a n e y = 0 h as a d ou bl poi n t t P nd th pl n y = 0 i n t
e a ,
a e a e s o a
t t pl
a ng e n ane a t P Thi u gg t th t P i
. ing ul r poi nt n th
s s es s a s a s a o e
wa v urf e s ace . C h n g t h ori g i n to P (g 7 f) n oti ng th t

a e e , ,
7 , ,
a
9
z z
$
2
c
2
(
2
,
7 0, 01 + c
T he e qu tio n b o m
a ec es
f) (x§+ 20
?
4 (a m z
§
z
e z b ) (b
z 2
c ) O,
183 ] TH E WA V E S U R FA C E 9 09
a nd hen P i o n i l poi nt Thu t h w v e u f h fou

ce s a c ca . s e a s r ace as r
co n i l poi nt nd th y a e t h poi nt f i nt r t io of t h ir l d
ca s, a e r e s o e se c n e c c e an
ellip w hi h for m t h
se tio n of t h urf by th p l y/ = O
c e s ec e s ac e e a ne .
Si n y pl n
ce tio n f th urf i
an a e urv f th fourth
s ec o e s a ce s a c e o e
d g if t h urf h
e ree , i ng ul r t ng n t pl n t h i nt r tio n
e s ac e as a s a a e a e, e e se c
of t h t ng nt pl n w ith t h urf w i ll o i t f t w oi n i d t
e a e a e e s ac e c ns s o o c c en
co ni or th p l n will tou h t h urf
c s, e t
a l l poi n t
e f o i c e s ac e a a s o a c n c .
A ny pl n w ill m t th
a e o ni in t w poi nt Q nd R t h i ng ul
ee e c c o s a , e s
t g n t pl n in th e li n Q R nd t h urf in urv f t h e fou th
an e a e e , a e s ace a c e o r
d g r whi h Q R tou h t Q nd R C o n id ri ng th n th tio n
e ee c c es a a . s e , e e sec s
urf by th oord i n t pl n w
,
of th e s ace th t y r l i g ul r
e c a e a es, e se e a an ea s n a
t ng nt pl n m u t p throu g h a o mm o n t ng n t to th c ir l nd
a e a e s as s c a e e c e a
ellip e in th e pl n y = 0 Th ir e qu tio n
s a e . e a s a re
=
y 0’ 2 +x =
2 2
bz ; 0 2 + a x =c a
2 2 2 2
:
a nd th e c o mm o n t ang e n s are e a s t il y fou n d to b e g iv en by
=0 / z— 2 /bz
y 7 i N a bx i N
= a be,
or by ax
é cz
§ y O,
w h r (g
e e , 77, i ul r poi nt
f) is o ne of th e s ng a s .
I f t h e e q tio n to t h urf i f (x y
ua e s a ce s , ,
z ) = 0, 0 w h en y = 0 ,
and h n t h t an g n t pl n
e ce t ny poi n t
e e a e a a of th e etc - pl a ne i p arall e l
s
to O Y and th refor th pl n
,
e e e a e
= a be
ax
g cz
{
is l e t d ou bl t ng nt pl
at as a e a e a ne . N o w th e e qu atio n to th e s urf a ce
c an b writt n i n t h
e for m e e
z
b (r 2-
a
2
) (r
2
6 x
2
1
2
0
2
1 73
2
or 2
-
£ 0 1
2
; f}g
2 2
a
f
c
?
) (r
2 a { er -L
1 cz f a be
}0 .
Th er fore th pl n
e e a e ar
g+ cz{ = a bc m e e t s the s urf ace a t poi n t l yi ng s
o n n e f t h e ph r
o o s e es .
b(r 2
‘
b(r 3 c
B u t, s b u tr ti ng ac ,
we see th t a th e c o mm o n poi nt s of th e se s ph er es
l ie in th e pl an e -
f
i g4 .
c a
‘
ax
g ca g : a be .
Thu s th e pl
oth ph r in t h m ir l
a ne mee s b th
s ttio n e es e sa e c c e, or e sec
of th urfe s pl ace o n i t of t w oi i d nt i l
by t h e a ne c d s s s o c nc e c rc e s , an
th r for th pl
e e e i ul r t g n t pl n T h w v urf
e a ne is a s ng a an e a e . e a e s ac e
h a th er e for e four s i ng ul r t ng n t pl n
s a a e a es .
270 COOR D I N A TE GEO M E R Y T [C H . X III .
1 84 . i cat rix I f th e t a ng en t p l ne a nd n o r m a l
Th e ind . a
a t a g i ve n p oi n t o f s rf c b ta k e n a t h e p l n e a u a e e s a
an d th e z a x i s nd t h e q u a t io n to t h e su rf a ce is th e n
-
, a e
j e y) thi e q u tion m y b w r itte n

e = (a , , s a a e
wh e r e p q , , r , s, t are th e va u e s o fl
z 2 2
B2 B2 B z B B 2:
’ ’ ’ ’
ex By s Bx By
at th e o r igi n o r , s n ce i 9
2 q 0,
H e n cei f we c on si de r as a nd y in th e n ei g hbou r hoo d o f

,
th e o r g n to be sm l l q a n titi es o f th e fi st o de
i i a z is u r
’
r r,
o f t h e sec o n d o r de r a n d th e r e f o r e i f we r j e c t t r m s o f t h e
, ,
e e
thi r d a n d hi g h e r o r de r s we h a ve as an a pp r o x i m tio n to , a
t h e s h a p e o f t h e s rf ace t th e o r i g i n th e c o n i c oi d g i ve n by
u a
2 2
2s rx + 2sxy + ty .
his c on i coi d is a p a r bo l oi d i f t+8 a n d a p a r abo l i c

T a r
2
,
c y l i n de r i f t= 8 I n t h e n e i g h b o u r hoo d o f t h e o r i g i n th e
2
r .
se c tio n s o f th s rf c e nd on ic oi d by a p l a ne p a r a l l l to
e u a a c e
th e t a n g e n t p l an an d t n i n fi n itesi m l di t n ce 7 fr o m
e, a a a s a 1.
it c oi n ci de t h e section o f th e co n i coi d is th e c on i c g i ven by

,
z h ,
2h m 2
ty z
,
w hi ch is ca l l ed th e indicat ix r . Th e i n fl e x io na l ta ngen ts are
g i v e n by z 0 ,
7 66
2
28 5133] ty z
0 ,
a n d a r e c eal rl y p a r a ll e l to th e asym p totes o f th e i n di ca t r i x .
H e nc e i f th e i n fl e x ion a l t a n g e n t s a re i m ag i na ry th e i n di ,
c a tr ix is a n e l l i p se a n d th e o r i i n is a n e ll ip t ic p oint o n t h e
g ,
s u rf ace ; i f th e a r e r ea l a n d di s ti n c t t h e i n di c a t r i x is a
y ,
h yp e rb o l a a n d th e o r ig i n is a hyp e rbolic p oint ; a nd i f th ey

,
a r e c oi n c i den t th e i n di c a t r i x is t w o p a r a l l e l st r a i ht l i n e s
, g ,
a n d t h e o r i i n is a p arabol ic p oint
g .
A t a n e l l i p ti c p oi n t t h e s h a p e o f th e su rf a c e is a pp r ox i
m a t e l y th a t o f a n e l l i p ti c p a r a bo l oi d a n d th e r e f o r e th e ,
s u rf a c e l i e s o n o n e s i de o f t h e t a n e n t p l a n e a t th e p oi n t
g .
I t is sai d t o be sync l ast ic in thi s c a s e A t a h yp e rb o l i c .

272 C OO R DI N A TE GE O M E R Y T [OIL X III
the l oc u s of th e F o r a and 1)
p oi n t (cc , y , z ) is a su rf ac e .
c a n be e l i m i n a t e d b e t we e n t h e th r e e q u a tio n s a n d t h e e ,
e l i mi na tion l ea ds to a n e q ua tio n o f t h f o r m F (a3 y e , ,
Th e t ang ent p l ane T o fi nd t h e e q u tio n to th e t ang e nt

. a
p l an e we m ay p r o ce e d th u s Th e e q u a tio n is .
(f ‘
B ut i
s nce as, y , z are fu nction s o f u a n d v,
w u
"
l
“P
yya
Fzzu O
an d a z, Fyy, Fzz, O .
F?!
T he efo re
r
ma ze wa y.)
yu z v z u yv zu xv yu wv
T h ese g i ve th e di r ec tion c osin es o f th e n o r mal -
.
T h e e q u a tion to t h e t an g e n t p l a n e is
5 (I) , 77
y ) C
Ex 1 . . F i d th t
n e an g e n t pl an e at
“
th e poi n t a , 9 ”
on th e h e li oi d
c ,
for whi h c
x = u co s 9, = u sin 0,
y
Ex 2 . . F i d th t
n e a ng e n t pl an e at th e poi nt u, 9 on t h e cy n li d roi d ,
for whi h c
x= 9 y —u m 9 — n 29 u cos s z c s1
, , ,
a n d prov th at it i n t r tion with t h e urf

e s o n i t of tr i g ht
e sec s ace c s s s a s a
li n nd n llip e w ho proj tion 0 th pl ne

e a a e s i th ircl e
se ec 11 e a s e c
( x
2
co s 29 a (
r cos —
9 3/ sin
Ex 3 . P rov th t t h or m l t poi n t n
e a e n a s a s o th e cy li nd roi d for
o n t n t l i n h y p rboli p raboloi d
. ,
w hi h
c 9 is c s a e o a e c a .
Ex 4 P ro v th t t h e qu tio n
e a e a s
“
. .
x = “x i but 01 A ,
“A 2
621 l “ ” ‘
z= “A 3 63 9 + 0 3 A)”
d t rm i
e e ne a h yp rboli p r boloi d if
e c a a A 99 0, a nd a p ira of pl a nes if
A = O, w h er e
A5 a
l ,
c,
“ 21 62) 02
d
3 a
63 1 03
prov th t th qu tio n
“
EX 5 . . If A =
FO, e a e e a s
36 bl t CI V ’
Z
’ y “ 6 A“ l2 2 ,
ee /«
2
»
3 “” 3
c
d t rm i
e e ne a c on e w ho se ve rt x i th ori g i n
e s e a nd w hi h c has as
ge ne r tor
a s th e lines
x cl/ = z/0 3 .
1 8 5] E X A M PLE S X .
273
E xamp l es X .
1 . P rov th t t he urf
e a s ace s
2xyz —a —
2
y
2 '
z
( 2
2 +
'
z z .
ha v e e ac h four o ni c c n od es w ho se c oor d i n t a e s a re
(1 , (1 , —1 ,
—1 ,
1, -
1, —l ,
2 . P rov e th t th urf a e s ace
( x +y + z a )
3 =r .
ya
ha s binodes poi n t
at 0the s (a , , (0 ,
a, (O ,
O, a
) .
3 . P rov th a t t h e li ne 2x =
e a, is a n o d l li ne
a on the s urf ac e
46 22(Z .
‘
a ) by (2x a ) 2
O,
a nd th t th r i u no d t th poi n t wh r it m eet th pl ne y = 0
a e e s a e a e e e s e a .
P rov l o th t t h
e a s tio n f th urf by ny pl n throu gh t h
a e se c o e s ace a a e e
n o d l li na on i t f three tr i ght li n t w of whi h coi n i d e with
e c s s s o s a e s, o c c
t h n o d l li ne
e a .
4 P rov th t t h
. urf e e a e s ac
—Z)2 = 4x2
co n t i n n i nfi n it n u m b r f tr i ght li n
a s a E e e o s a es x a m ne i th e na tur of e
tio n by pl n throu g h t h li n x = 3 y —
.
th e se c s a es e e z O .
5 P rov e th t t h
. qu tio n a e e a
a (y b) (z c
2
) b(x
r pre t o noi d whi h i g n r t d by li n p r ll l to t h pl n
ese n s a c c s e e a e es a a e e a e
X O Y w hi h m t t h li n c =
y
=b S h
ee w l o th t t h n or m l
e to e c
. d , . e a s a e a s
th urfe s t poi n t of t h e g n r tor x/ = y/b = 0 l i

a ce a s n th hyp r e e a a ,
z , e o e e
boli p r boloi d
e a a
y) (aw
2
4 a b(bx cr by a b? ) 02 Q ( 2
b2)2 .
6 . Sh ew th t th
a e e qu tio n a
x
3
+y +
3
z
3 3 xy z = a 3
r pre ese n s t
urf e f re vol ution nd fi nd t h qu tio n to t h
a s ac o ,
a e e a s e
g n r ti ng urv
e e a c e .
7 P rov th t th p rp n d i ul r fro m t h poi n t

e a Q 7 ) to t h
e e e e c a s e ,
n d roi d
.
g e n r tor f
e at h y li s o e c
x= 9 y= i n 9 = in 29 u cos ,
u s ,
z c s
lie n t ho o ni oi d e c c
—0L) (y —a 2
7( v
-
-
(z
8 P rov th t t h e o nl y r ea l li n l yi ng
e a es on th e s urf a ce
x=a, y+ z=0 ; 3/ =a, z + x =0 ; z= a, x +y= 0 .
Sh ew l o th t th e tio n f t h urf by pl n throu gh n of

a s a e s c o e s ac e a a e o e
th li n o n i t of
e se tr i ght li n
es c d o ni D t rm t h
s s s a s a e an a c c . e e i ne e
po itio n f th pl n throu g h t h li
s o = e w hi h m t t h
a e e ne . r a, c ee s e
surf in o ni who e proj tio n n t h y pl n

ace a c rlc s ec o e z- a e i s a Ci c e .
S
27 A .
C OOR D I N A E GE O M E R Y T T [C H . X III .
9 Shi n fin it n u m b r
ew th t a an e e of s ph r e es w ith c en tr es on th e
—a ) = 0
.
xy pl n
- t th urf
a e cu s e s ace at right a ng e s, l
and fi n d t h e lo u f th ir n tr c s o e ce es .
1 0 D i cu. t h for m f t hs urfss e o e s ace
fi z
z
21cx3/ z [6 2332 205k O .
Sh ew th t it i rul d urf nd g iv
a g o m e tri al o n tru tio n
s a e s ac e , a e a e c c s c
for th g n r tor throu g h g iv n poi t of th p r bol in whi h it
e e e a a e n e a a a c
m ee t t h y pl
s n P rov l o th
e crt n y poi n t- it urv
a f ient r e a s a a 0 11 s c e o e
tion with t h ylind r x + y = 2 y i g iv n by
.
z 2
se c e c e a s e
s in 9 cos 0, = 2a cos
2
9, z = c s ec
l ( 9 ta n
y
11 P, P
’
ar e ( a, b, )
c —a —b —c) ; A A ’
ar e (a , b, —c)
—a —c) ; —a —b c) ;
. , , , , ,
b c) and
’ ’
b, B, B are -
a C, C ar e
—b, c), —b
, , , , , ,
(a, ( a, ,
rov th t th qu tio
-
c ) . P e a e e a n t o th e s urf ace
g e ne r t d by
a e a c o ni whi h p throu g h
c c asse s P a nd P a n d n e
’
i tr t sec s
the li n AA es
’
, BB
’
,
C C is
’
“
e 2_ l
)( ) u
o a b c a b 0
2
1 0 '
Sh ew th t thi
o n t i n th li n AA B B C C PA P B
a s s urf a ce c a s e es,
’
,
’
,
’
, , ,
mi n t h h p f th urf ’
t th
’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’
PC P A P B P C P P
,
E
, , ,
. xa e e s a e o e s ace a e
ori g i n S h w t h t ny poi n t n P P i e i n g ul r poi n t nd th t
a a o
’
s a s a , a a
on d or d r (th t i th t th
.
P nd Pa i ng ul r poi n t f th
'
ar e s a s o e se c e ,
a s, a e
lo u f t h t ng n t at P nd P i
c s o e on of t h thir d d g r )
a e s a
’
s a c e e e ee .
12 If A p
. th p r m t r , f th
t ar enf l throu g h poi n t P f
e a a e e s o e co o ca s a o
a n llip oi d
e s n tr 0 prov th t t h poi t n ce e e a e n s o
urf whi h orr po n d to th tion f t h llip oi d by
,
th w v
e a e s a ce c c es e s ec o e e s
t h e d i m tr l pl n
a f OP e g i v n by
a a e o ar e e
an d the c orr pond i ng expr ion obt i ne d by i nter h ang i ng A

es ess s a c a n d 1a .
276 CO OR D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [C H . X IV .
dx d —
x
z
e tc to den ote W oth e r m e an n g e tc u n e ss l w h e re an i

dt Bit
. ’ .
,
is e x p r e ss l y ss g n e d to th e m a L e t th e g i ven p oi n t P be
i .
, ,
d l Q ( 6 6 z + 6z ) be a p oi n t o n th e
( y )
x ,
z a n
, e t ,
x + x x + y , , ,
c u r ve a dj a c n t to P T h en i f
e .
,
2
— (t 6
f )
x —
—
l 6t +x
’
x fif+
lg
2
67
S m l a rl y
i i , y + 6 = + 6
y y y t+ y
z
( it
z + 8z = z + z dt + s
9
Th e e q tio
ua ns to PQ are
—w —
n y
—
f z
at it
( ( it
y +y +
§
N ow ,
as Q t en ds to P, dt t e n ds to ze ro ,
and th e l i m iti n g
p os itio n of P Q th t is
,
a , th e t an
g en t at P , is g i ven by
5 -
90 f —z
m
‘
l ! /
y Z
I f the e q tio
ua ns to th e cu r ve ar e
F, (x, =
) 0, F, (x, )
y , z
y ,
z :
we h a ve w —0
d y +Z - -
a il
a 82
,
BF, B F, BF,
x
,
+y — +z
, ,
_
Bx By Bz
th er e f o r e
y z
’
B F, BF, BF, BF, BF, BF, BF, BF, BF, BF, BF, BF,
B y Bz Bz By Bz Bx Bx Bz Bx By By Bx
wh e n ce th e di r e c tion -
r a tios of t an g en t a e f o u n d
th e r .
C or . Th e t an
g en t at a p oi n t P to th c r ve o f i n t e r e u
sec tio n of t wo su rf a c e s is t h e l i n o f i n t e r ec tio n

e f th i r s o e
t an
g en t pl a nes at P .
—1 89] D I R EC T IO N -
CO S I N E S o r TA N G E N T 27 7
EX . 1 . F i d th qu tio
n e e a ns to the t an
ge n t at th e poi t “9 n
”
o n th e
h lie x
x =a cos 9, =a s in 9, z= k9
y .
EX 2 . . S ew h
a th e th t t a ng e n t at a
p
oi nt of th e c urv f i t r
e o n e
tion
s ec o f th e e ps lli oi d a nd th e c o n fo l whoca se
prm tr
a a e e is A is g e n by iv
EX . 3 S h w th t t h t ng nt t
e a e a e a a ny poi n t of the c urv e w ho se
r f rr d to r t ng ul r x
.
e qu tio na s, e e e ec a a a e s, a r e
x = 3 t, = 3 62
y ,
ma k es a c ns a no t t a ng e l w ith th e li n e
=z
y
1 8 8 Th e di r ecti on
.
-
cos ne s of i t h e t ang ent . I f the a xes
a re r e c ta n g u l a r ,
a nd P, ( x, y, z ) a nd Q ,
—
( ex x -i
‘
, y + 8y , z+ 6z )
a r e a d a ce n j t p oi n ts o f a g i v en c r v e u , t h e m e a su r e of PQ ,
is g i ven by 673 : 6x + 8y + 62
2 2 2
.
L e t th e m easu r e of th e a rc PQ o f t h e cu r ve be 68 . Th e n
sr
Lt — 1, a nd th e r e f o r e
68
cl x
2
_
ds
’
2 ’
2
or x +y +z ,
wh e r e f u n c tion s of an d H e nc e
’
x, y z ar e t x ’ e tc
dt
,
.
th e t l
ac u a dir e c tio n c o si n es o f th e t a ng n t a t
-
e P are
dy
’
olx l
’ '
x y z (
’
” ’ ’
s s 8 ds ds ds
EX 1 . h li x x = co 9 y = in 9
. F o r th e e a s ,
a s ,
z = a 9 t a n 0 L, prov th t e a
$ ur d fro m th poi nt
8
= G a n d th a t th
a S C OL, l e ng th o f th urv e m e e c eas e e
9
wh r 9 = O i
e e 9 c n (C o m p r fi g s a se o . a e .
Ex 2 P rov th t th e l e ng th f t h
. . urv
e a o e c e
—t2) , y
= 2a t2, z = 4 a t,
t
be wee n th e poi t h r
n s w e e t = tl a n d t = t, , is S
h ew a s lo
th t urv h li d r li d r w ho i s a c y c l o nl
.
a th e c e is a e x a w n o n a cy n e se base
a n d m ak n
g a n a n g e o i
f 4 5 w l t h ith
e g e ne a
°
r tor s .
1 8 9 Th e normal p l ane
. Th e l oc u s . of o r ma l s to
th e n a
cu r ve a t a p oi n t P is th e p l a n e th r o u g h P a t r i g ht n g l s to a e
278 COO R D I N A TE GE O M ETR Y [c a x 1v .
th e t an
g en t at P . I f th e a x es a r e r e c ta n g u l a r th e e q tion
ua
to th e n o r m a l p l an e is
(5
1 90 . C ont act of a cur ve and sur fa ce . If P , P, , P, ,
p oi n t s o f a g i ve n c u r ve ,
l ie on a g i ve n s rf ace a n d P P u P , , , , ,,
t en d to P, th e n in t h e l i m it wh e n P P
,
P c oi n ci de
, , , , ,,
w ith P, th e r
c u ve a n d su rf a c e h ve c on tac t o f t h e n o r de r
a
th
at P .
To fi nd the co n d i ti o n s tha t a cu r ve a n d su r a ce shou l d

f
ha ve o
c n ta c t o
f a gi ven or der .
L et th e e q tio ua ns to th e cu r ve a n d su rfa ce be
“
fi x, 9» Z =
) 05
an d let F ) ff
E
Th n th e r oots o f th e qu a tion F (t) = 0 a e th e va l u es o f

e e r
t whi c h c o rr sp on d to t h e p oi n t s o f i n t e r sec tio n of t h e cu r ve

e
a n d s u rf a ce I f t h c u r ve a n d s u rfa c e h v e c on t a c t o f th
. e a e
fir s t o r de r a t th e p oi n t f o r whi c h t = t th e e q u ation , ,
P (t) = O h a s t wo r oot s e q u a l to t n d th e r e f o r e a
dF _
F t1 )
( O a nd
F
E;
dF Bf dx Bf d y Bf dz
a n d c ea l rl y + + 3
d t1 Bx d , By d t1 B
t z dt1
~
I f th e o t t is o f th e secon d o r de r th e e q u a tion
c n ac ,
F (t) = 0
has th r e e r oots e q u a l to t an d th e r e f o r e
dF d FZ
'
dt: diff
An d g e n e r a l l y , i f th e co n tac t is o f th e n
th
o rde r ,
dF a
dt, at, ”
Ex 1 . . Fi d n th e pl an e tha t h as three poi n t o n tact

- c at
,
th e ori g i n
Wi th th e
= t4 —1 ,
cu r ve
x
A ns . 3x
TE T
‘
280 C O O R D I NA GE O M E R Y [C H . x 1v .
h e r f o r e e l i m i n a ti ng
T e , a, b ,
c, d we , o b ta i n th e e q tion
ua
to th e o scu l a ti ng p l an e
—
,
f x— , n y ,
—
f Z =0 .
w
I
Z
, y ,
II II
Z
(I) , y ,
Ex 1 . . Fi dn th e o ul ti n g pl an e
sc a at th e
“
poi n t 9 ”
on th e h li x e
x = a c os 9, y = a s i n 9, z = lc9
[r(x sin 9 —
.
A ns .
y cos 9
Ex 2 For th e urv c e x = 3 l,
y
= 3 t2, z = 2t ,
3
h w th t ny pl n
s e a a a e
d du
. .
m ee t its in thr ee poi nt s an d e ce the e qu tio n to t h o ul ti ng

a e sc a
pl a ne a t it : t, . A ns . 2tl 2x
Ex 3 rov th t th r
P. e a
. thr poi nt n t h u bi x = t + b e e are ee s o e c c a
3
,
y u h th t th o ul ti n g pl ne p throu g h
= 3 ct2 + 3 dt, z = 3 et + , s
f c a e sc a a s ass
th eori i th t
g n, an d poi n t l i in th pl n 3 x + f y= 0
a the s e e a e 06 a .
Ex 4 P nd Q poi n t f urv n d PT i th t ng nt at P
a ar e s o a c e a s e a e .
Q t nd to P i
. .
P rov th t t h li m iti n g po itio n f t h pl n PQ T

e a e s o e a e as e s s
t h o ul ti ng p l n
e sc t P a a e a .
Ex 5 N or m l
. .d r wn from th e poin t ( B y) to th llip oi d
a s are a a , ,
e e s
F i nd t h qu tio n to th o ul ti ng pl t e e a e sc a ane a
( 8 y) of t h
a
, , , bi urv throu g h t h f t of th n or m l
e cu c c e e ee e a s .
A ns .
Ex 6 Sh ew th t th e o n d itio n th t four o n
a c a c sec utiv poi n t
e s of a
urv houl d b
. .
c e s e c opl n r i
a a s
x I
7 y
,
’
3
,
=0
’l " ”
x ’ y ,
z
'N !”
U
,
t
,
z
Ex 7 . . P rove th t t h qu tion
a e e a s
=a ? 2
2b, t 263 t
x n c
, , y a
z
t oz , 2: o3
d t rm i
e e ne a p r bol
a a a, a n d fi nd th e e qu tio n to thi pl an
a s e in w hi h it
c
li e s.
Ex 8 . . Sh e w th t th a e c ur v for whi h e c
b —t by
c —t a —t
c —t a —t b —t
is a pl a ne c u rv e w hi h li
c es in t he pl ane
1 92 To fi n d the. oscu l a ti n g p la n e at a p o i n t
of t n ter section
-
f
o th e su r f a ces fi g ,
77,
The e q tion s to th t
ua e an
g en t a t (x , y , z ) ar e
(f
TH E O C S U LAT I NG P LA N E 28 1
a nd th e r e fo r e th e e q tio to
ua n the o scu l ti ng p l a ane is o f
th e f or m
A { (E
—)¢ l z z
h at thi p l an e sho l d h v
T s u a e c on ta c t of th e sec o nd o r d r e
with th e c u r ve w m st h ve , e u a
(I )
l
fl fl
a nd z +y + z
y
f y fy f
’ ’ ’
a nd x
’ ’
B ut x , z z 0 gbx z
¢ z O,
and th er e f o r e e q a tio n (1 ) i n i de n tity T hi i to b
u s a . s s e
e x p ec t e d i n ce a ny p l a n e th r o g h th e t ng n t to c r v
, s u a e a u e
h s c on t a c t o f th fir st o r de w ith t h e c u r ve
a D i ff r e n ti
e r . e
a ti n g t h e e q u a tio n s w o b ta i n e
f
2
z ..
m
fl
(
u
12 + y +z z )
,
x
’
2
¢ xz y 5
7W Z
952 3 2g
[
2
1
9531 2 22 w¢zx
, ’
gaf f/ 952 W
wh e n ce by (2) t h e e q tio to t h o
ua n e sc u a l ti n g p l a n e is
fm
' ’ ’ ’
z z
x 2y z yz + x qsm
Ex 1 .
-
rov th t t h o u l ti ng pl
. P e a e sc a a ne a t x , , y , , z, ( ) on th e c urv e
o f i nt r e c tio n f t h
e s y li n d r x + = o e c e s
2
8
2 2 2
a , y + z
2= 2
b is g iv en by
Ex 2 . . F i d th o ul ti
n e sc a n
g pl a ne a t a poi n t of the c urv of i nt er
e
se c tio n of th e c o n ic o ids
f a ax
2
b 2
+ y +cz
z
1 = 0,
We h v a e a xx
’
+ byy
’
’
d xx
’
xx 7 1
wh nc e e
7
zz
B
’
wh r A E by
e e B — C E ca a E a B bet
y .
, .
Ag i n f = 2a f 26 f
, “ =2 u a, ”
:
,
c f” =f xy = 0 2a ,
e tc .
Th er for th r quir d qu tion i

e e e e e e a s
w hi h re d u
c ce s to 2 05 Cy? ) = 0 .
28 2 CO OR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [OH . X IV .
Th e qu ation m y b f rth r tr n form ed

e a e u e a s .
W h v e
fa d
e E Cy ( ) =O
a a ) 5 z
z z
a . a , etc .
H e nc th e qu tio n m y b writt n
e e a a e e
2530 13 0 701
3
. a ) Ex 4 B C (B zz
2 2
(8 2
) (0 x
Oy 2
A22
) (Ay 2
8 x
2
),
(0L a)(
B b) (7 c ) .
(
a —a
>
< —
B b>
Ex 3 . . Sh ew th t a at (x
’
, y
’
, a poi n t of i n t r e se c tion of th e thr ee

c o nf oc al s,
2 2 z 2 z
x2 2
2
x , x y ,
y ,
th e o ul ti ng pl
sc a ane of th e c urv e of int r e sec tio n of th e fi rs t t wo
‘S g 1 ven by
1
z
(
z
+ A) b2(b2 A) 2
(c
z
A)
‘
a a c
Ex 4 P rov th t
e a the poi nt s of th e c urv e of in t r e sec tio n of t he
on i oi d
. .
s ph r e e and c c
at w hi h th o c ul ati ng pl
c e s a nes p a ss throu gh th ori g i n e ,
lie on th e o
c ne
—r b —r —r
4—
a c
4 O
+
b —c c —a a —b
y Z
'
°
Th e p r incip al nor mal and binormal

1 93 . T h e re is . an
i n fi n it e n u mbe r o f n o r m a l s to a cu r ve a t a g i ven p oi n t ,
A,
FI G 54. .
on it , th ei r l o cu s is th e n o r ma l p l a n e at A T wo o f th e
an d .
n o r m a l s a re o f sp e c i a l i m p o r t an c e th t whi c h l i s in t h e ,
a e
o scu l a ti ng p l ane a t A n d is c a l l ed th p incip al normal a nd

a e r ,
28 4 C OOR D I NA TE GE O M E R Y T CH . X IV .
T h e re for e
I — —2 22 )
21
l/
l,
2 ) 2 2
w
” /
(x (mx
/
2 z / / u / /
y x yy
” ’ ’ ”
x s x s
and s i m i l a rl y ,
y
/I
S
I
y
/
S
/I
Z S
/
II Z S
I II
Ex 1 . . Prov e th t th p r ll l throu g h th ori g in to th

a e a a e s e e binor mal s
Of h lx
th e e x= 9 y= in 9
i a cos ,
a s , z = lc 9
l i upo n t h ri g ht o n
e e c e
Ex 2 P rov th t th pri n ip l n or m l e a e c a a t o th e h li x i
e s th e n orm l a
to t h yli n d r
. .
e c e .
1 94 Curvat u r e
. . I f A, an d A, ar e p oi n ts of a g i ve n
c u ve sor th a t th e a re A , A, is p o siti ve an d o f l eng th i
( s an d
th e a n l e b e t we e n th e t an
ge n ts at A, and A, is 630 t h e
g ,
530
r a ti
0
of th e ta ng e n t o ve r th e ar e A , A, The r a t e o f c h an g e at A,
Sf d—
is m easu r e d by th e L t f— th a t
( S
, is by
f , a n d i s ca l l ed th e
cu r vat ur e of th e r
c u ve a t A . I t is de n ot e d by 1 /p , and
p
is ca l l e d th e ra diu s of cu rvat u e r .
1 95 T or sion
. . Th e d i r ec tion o f t h e o sc l ati n g p l u ane at
p oi n t of r w hi c h is n o t p l a n e c h n g es th e
'
an c u ve as
a y a
p oi n t desc r i b e s th e c u ve r . I f 61 is th e an g e l b e t we e n
67 "
t h e bin or m al s at A, a n d A th e r a tio g ives t h e a ve a r ge

S
r a te o f c h ang e o f di r e ction o f th e oscu l a ti ng p l an e o ve r t h e

a r e A , A, Th e r at e of c h ange at A ,
is m e a su r e d by t h e L t
ii ,
d;
(
th a t is by a n d i s ca l l ed th e t orsion at A . It is de n ot e d
by 1 /o . a nd o is ca l l e d th e ra diu s of t orsion .
1 93 1 8 7]
-
F R E N ET S
’
FO R M U L A E 28 5
1 96 . Th e sp h er cal i indi cat r i c es . T he fo r m u l a e fo r

cu r va t u r e a n d to r sio n ar e r ea di l y dedu ce d by m e a n s o f
s p h e r i ca l i n di c a t r i c e s whi c h a r e c o n s t r u c te d a s f o l l o ws
, .
F r om th e o r i g i n 0 dra w in th e p ositi v e di r e c tion s o f t h e

, ,
tan g en ts to t h e c u r ve r a dii o f th e S p h e r e o f u nit r a di u s

,
whose c e n t r e is O T h e e xt r e m iti es o f th e se r a dii f o r m a

.
c u r ve on t h e sp h e r e whi c h is t h e sp h e r i c a l i n di c a t r i x o f t h e
tang e nts Si m i l a rl y by dr a w i ng r adii in t h e p ositi v e

.
,
di r e c tio n s o f th e bin or m a l s we c o ns tr uc t t h e sp h e r i c a l ,
i ndicat r i x o f th e binor m a ls .
1 97 F r enet for mu l ae I n fi g s 5 5 , 5 6 l et A , A , A 3
’
. s . .
, , ,
be j
a d ace n t p oi n t i
s o f a g ve n c u r ve a n d l e t O t, O t, o ts , , , ,
be dr a wn in th e sa m e d r ec i
n s as t h e ange n s tio t t
A, T , , A , T , , A3 T 3 ,
a nd 0 b 0 b Ob in t h e sa m e di r e c tion s as th e bin or m a l s
A , B , , A , B , , A3 8 3 ,
T h en t t t , , , , , ,
b, b, b,
, , ,
are j
a d ace n t p oi n t s 0 11 th e
i ndi ca t r i c es o f th e ta n g n t e s an d bin or m a l s .
F I G 55 . .
Si nce O i, and O t, are pa ra l l e l to a dj acen t t ang en t s to the

r
c u ve , l i m iti ng p o sitio n o f th e p l a n e t 0 t, is p a r a l l e l to
th e ,
t h e o scu l a ti n g p l a n e o f th e c u r ve a t A H e n c e th e t a n g e n t ,
.
a t t to t h e i n di c a t r i x t, t, t3 b e in
g t h e l i m iti n g p o s itio n
,
o f t t, is a t r i g ht a n g l e s to t h e b i n o r m a l a t A An d si n c e ,
.
, ,
it is a ta n g en t to th e sp h e r e it is a t r i g ht a ng l es to th e ,
r a di u s O t a n d is th e r e fo r e a t r i g ht a n g l e s to t h e ta n
, ,
ent A T T h e r e fo re th e t a n g e n t a t t, to t h e i ndi ca t r i x
g , ,
.
286 CO OR D I NA TE GE OM E R Y T [c a x iv .
t, t, t3 p a r a l l e l to A, P, t h e p r i n c i p a l n o r m a l a t A , L e t
is , .
u s t a k e a s t h e p o s iti ve di r e c tion o f t h e t a n g e n t to t h e in
dica tr ix t h e p o siti ve di r e ctio n o f th e p r i n c i p a l n o r m a l

, .
FIG . 56 .
Si n c e th e S phe re o f u n it r a diu s
is , th e m e asu r es of th e
a rc t, t, of th e g r ea t c i r c l e in w hi c h th e p l an e t, o t, cu s t
th e s phere ,
a n d of th e an g e l t, o t, are e q l ua , a nd h e n ce t h e
m ea su r e of th e ar c is 63h . L et 6a m e a su r e t h e ar c t, t, of
th e i ndi ca t r i x T h en L t é i l
. I f we t a k e th e a r c s
)E
.
at
o f th e i n dica t r i x n d g r t c i r c l e th r o g h t t in th sa m e
a ea u
, , ,
e
se n se t h e l i m it is + 1 a n d s i n ce w e h a v e fi x e d t h e p o siti v
, , e
di r e c tion o f t h e t n g e nt to t h e i n di ca t r i x a t t w e th u s fi x
a
, ,
th e sig n o f 6th H e n c e w e h a ve i n m ag n it u de a n d si g n
.
,
6s 68 ds
p
_ Lt “— — ()
1
gi
.
8 ( a da
A ga in , t, is th e p oi n t (l , m , a n d th e r e f o r e
, , , by § 1 8 8 ,
th e d i r e c tion -
c o s i n e s o f t h e p o s iti ve t an e n t a t
g t, to th e
i n di ca t r i x a e r dl , dm l dn l
’
da doc doe
dl , dm , dn ,
Wh e n ce lZ , 7712
2 1 3
(l a da da
'
l, dl , m, di n , n, dn—,
by 1 1
“ o
(A )
p d8 p d8 p ES
F u r th e r i f we c on si de r 0 t 0 t O t to be ge n e r to r s o f
, , , , , 3
a a
c o n e o f t h e sec o n d d r e e th p l n es t o t t o t a u l ti re
g e ,
e a
, , , , 3
m a t e l y ta n g e n t p l n s n d th e r f o r e th i r n o r m l s O h O b
a e ,
a e e a
, , ,
a e e n e r a to r s o f t h e r e c i r o ca l c o n H e n c e t h e l i m iti n
r
g p g e .
28 8 COOR D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [OIL X IV .
1 98 . Th e sign s of th e cur vat u r e and t or sion . We

h a ve ag r e d th t th e p ositi ve di r ec tion of t h e tan g e n t at t
e a
,
to th e n dica t r i x t t t
i is th a t o f t h p r i n c i p l n o r m a l
, , 3
e a .
B t i f th e p o iti v di r e tio n o f th p r i n c i p l n o r m l is th a t
u s e c e a a
to w r ds whi c h th c on c vity o f th c r v i t r n ed th e
a e a e u e s u ,
di r e c tion a t t o f th e c t t is th a t o f t h e p o siti ve di r e c tio n

,
ar
, ,
o f th e p r in i p l n or ma l c (s e fi g s 5 5
a T h e r e f o r e 601
, e .
, , ,
a n d p a e a l w y s p o siti ve
r a .
We l so a g r ee d th a t th p o siti ve di r ec tio n o f th e tan ge n t

a e
a t b to t h i n di ca t ri x b b b was th e p o siti ve di r ec tion f

e
, 3 o
, ,
t h e p r i nc i p a l n o r m l Th e di r e c tion a t b o f th e a c b b is
a .
, ,
r
, ,
t h e p ositi ve di r e c tion o f t h p r i n ci p l n o rm l f o r a cu r v
- e a a e
su ch th a t in fi g 5 5 b t is th e opp o it di r e c tion fo a
as .
,
u s e r
c r v e su c h a s th a t in fi g 5 6
u F th e r ve in fi g 5 5 t h e
. . or cu .
,
a pp a r e n t r ot tion o f t h p r i n c i p a l n o r m l a n d b i n o r m a l as
a e a
th e a e i n c r e s
r is th t o f a es l f t h a n ded sc r e w nd su c h
a a e -
, a
cu r ve s a e th e r e f o r e ca l l e d sinist o s m
r F o r s c h a c u rv r r u . u e
6 an d1 a p o iti ve F o th c r v in fi g 5 6 t h e
e re s . r e u e .
,
a pp a r n t r ot tio n is th t o f
e a r i g ht h n ded s r e w n d c h
a a a c a su
-
c r ve s
u e ari d to b d xt r rsum F o thi s c l ass of cu r ve
sa e e o . r
6 an d 1 e n ga ti ve
a ar e .
1 99 To fi nd t h e
. r adius of cur vat ur e .
F r om (A) § 1 9 7 , , by s q r in g
ua a n d a dd n i g w e obtai n
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
dg
o o
z
p
” ’ ” ’
dl x s s x
th e r f o r e e
d é
II I
H e n ce
Zx
I/
z
2S I Il
S
/
x
l/
T h er e fo r e , si n ce and Ex x
’ ”
1
—
20 1 ] TH E RA D I U S or TO R S I ON 28 9
Cor . I f th e c oo r di na t e s a re f u n c tio n s o f s, th e l e n g th of
th e are m easu r ed fr o m a fi xe d p oi n t , so th t a th en
l , s
”
= 0, a nd
1 d z
di y 2
(
x
+
ds ds 2
‘
z 3
p
T het d n t houl d n ot th n logy b t w n th
s u e s e e a a e ee ese form ul a e a nd
tho e for t h r d iu of u v tur of p l n urv
s e a s c r a e a a e c e .
EX D d .
qu tio n (1 ) fro m t h r ul t f E x 1 0
e uce e a e es o .
,
23 .
200 . To f in d the di r ec ti on -
o
c sin es o f the p r in c ip a l
n o m a l a n d bin or m a l
r .
F r om e q u ation s (A ) § 1 9 7 , ,
” ’ ” ’
x s .
-
s x
II I— s z
I/
s
I— I s z
II
y s y
S m l arl y
i i ,
m, _
p
Aga i n ,
si nc e on
,
and l =m n m ,n , ,
Ix II I II
x
I II Ix II
z x z y y
S m l a rl y
i i ,
m, p n
3 p
C om p a r e 1 93 .
Cor . If i s s, we h a ve .
d Z
d ?
'
x
l2 = P
W 2 m2= P
d g s
’
>
d z
z dz d y 2
l3 p
.
ds ds 2
ds ds2
20 1 . T o fi nd t h e r ad u s i of t or s i on . Fr om F ren e t s
'
f o r m u l ae (B ) , ,
we h a ve a nd fr o m 20 0 ,
I II I I/
i
D ffe r en ti ati ng with r esp ec t to t, we o b ta i n
}
l 2S W I l / I l
(y
' II I II
)
I II l
p (y y )
”
2
+ 3 z, s z y Z z
‘
s p ’
—a
x
3
l3 p
my
I n s
)
I III .
z z O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
p
290 COOR D I NA E GE OM E R Y T T [C H . X IV ;
m
.
g 2
3
Si m i l arl y
f + 3 m3 8
’ ”
2
,
s
8
g
/
”
ff
’ ” 8
2
an d +3 n3 8 s
M u l ti pl y (3 ) by l , m , , , n, r e sp ecti ve l y , a nd a dd,
an d we h a ve
I — — III _
) + m 2(z w
II I II I
W
II I I I I I II I , l //
Z y 2 23 2
x s
” ’
—s ”
x
’
wh i c h ,
o n su bsti tu ti n g p for l e tc .
, b eco mes
53 1 I !
1 ,
{3 £13 , 2
9( , 23
” ”
o x , y , z
III III I 'I
EX . 1 . F i d th r d ii
n e a of c urv tur a e a nd tor io n s of th e h eli x
x =a cos 9, y = in 9 a s ,
e = u 9 ta n or .
= sin 9 =a = a t an
'
9
’ ’
x a , y c os ,
z a .
’
2 ’
2 ’
2= ? 2
x +y z a s ec 0t .
a c o 9 s , y
”
a s in 9, z
”
= s = O, ,
=a s in 9 , y
-
a c o s 9, z =0 .
2
1 s 1
2 ’
4 2
p s a se e a .
1 —a s i n 9 ,
a c 9, o s a t an a —t an oi .
.
3 fi
a co s 9, a s in 9, O a Sec a
a sin 9, a co s 9, O
w h en c e o /i
a s n 0L c os or .
Ex 2 . . F or th urv e c e x = 3 t, y
= 3 t2, z= 2t3 , prov th t e a
p
Ex 3 . . F or the c urv e —A2) , y
= 2a A2, z = 4a A,
prov th a t p
e A 2
.
Ex 4 . . F or poi t of th urv
a n e c e of int r e sec tion of th e urf s aces
x
2 —y2 = c2 y
= x ta nh
z
p
—0 '
2x2
_
5
, ,
c
( x=c c s o ht , y =c s i nh t , z = ct .
)
Ex 5 . . F or th e c urv e y = a 1 + 3 A2
( ), z=x /6a A, prov e
th ta
EX 6 . . Fi d
n th e rd a ii of c urvatur e and tor io n s at a poi nt of th e
urv 2= a 2 x z —y
2 2=
c e x +y , az .
5 a z + 1 222
o ’
:
—22
640 9
(x = c co s 9, y = a s in 9, z=a c s o
29 2 C OO R D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [ CH . X IV .
203 . Th e cir cl e of cu r vat ur e . If P, Q , R ar e p oi n ts of

a cu r ve ,
th e l m i iti ng p o ition o f s th e c i rcl e P Q R as Q an d R
t en d to P is th e os l at ing cir l e at P
’
cu c .
F r o m the d fi n ition s o f th e o sc l a ti ng p l n e n d th e
e u a a
cu r v t r e
a u t P it f o l l o ws i m m di t e l y th t th e o sc u l ti n g
a , e a a a
c i r c l e l i es in t h e o scu l a ti n p l a n e at P n d th a t its r a di u a s
g ,
is t h e r a di us f r v t r a t P I t l so f o l l ow th a t th e
o cu a u e . a s
c en tr e o f th e ci r c l e o r th e cent re f curvat ure l i es on th e

,
o ,
p r i n c i p a l n o r m l n d th e r e f o r e its c oo r di n a t e s a
a ,
a re
44 y l m zP Z l l Lz
/
50
240 : fl
' ' ‘ '
’
We ca n e as i ly de du ce t h e r a d u s a n d th e i c oo r di n a te s o f
th e ce n tr e
'
by m e a n s f F r en e t s f r m u l a eo ’
o . If (or , y)
is t h e t ce n r e a n d r t h e r a d u s o f th e c r c l e i i of cu r va tu r e ,
th e e q u a tio n s
(1 )
(f —~y)2 r ()
2
m a y be t k e n to r e p r e sen t it Si n ce t h e sp h er e (2) h s
a . a
th r ee p oi n t co n ta c t with th e cu r ve t (a y z ) difi en ti
-
a s
, , ,
’
er
a ti n g t wi ce with r esp c t to s a nd a pp l yi ng F r en e t s e
’
f o r m u l a e we h av , e
(c
c ( y)
e — (3 ) - 2
q
l (oc 1
—y ) 0 (4 ) ,
l (a3 2
—y ) = —p ()5 .
A n d si n c e t h e n t r e (oc 8
y) l i es in t h e o sc u l ti n g
e c , , ,
a
p l an e , l 3 (a3 e) + 77
4 2 o .
(6 )
S q a re
u a n d a dd and
(w —V) 2 =
p
z
Th e re for e ,
by f
r :
p .
M l ti p l y
u b l Z Z
() y l 2 3
6 , ,
r esp ec ti ve l y ,
a nd a dd, a n d
ac oz . l ,,p .
Si m i l rl y a , y 8
,
m 2p ,
z
y n zp .
Th e re for e oc 93 + l 2p , ,8 y m zp ,
y Z + 7t 2p .
204 . Th e oscu l at ing sp h er e .

If P. Q R , ,
S ar e p oi n ts
o f a cu r ve , th e l i m iti ng p o sition of th e sp h e r e PQ RS a s Q , R
and S t end to P is t h e o scul a t ing sp h ere a t P .

TH E O S C U L AT I N G sr mcnlc
To fi n d the cen tr e a n d r a d iu s o f th e os c u l a t i n g sp he r e .
A ss u m e th t a th e e q tio
ua n is
(f —V)2 = R
h e n f o r f o r p oi n t c o n ta c t t ( y
T ,
u -
a as, ,
we h v e o n di ff r
a e
e n ti tin g th r e
a ti m e w ith r p e c t to
e s es s,
(x
l 1 (cc
l 2(x y)
: —p ,
£ a
3
a >
+ a s
(y as n
w —p ,
or, by l3 (a ‘
w h e re
Wh e n ce ,
as in S 20 3 ,
w e de du ce
z= 2 2 -3
R
'
p +p o ,
oc = x + l
2p
—l3 0 p -
’
B = y+ m
2p
—m3o p -
'
-
n cr
’
, , 3 p .
T he se s h e w th a t th e centre
l ti n g sp he r e o r of th e o s cu a ,
c ent r e of sp h e ri ca l cu r vat u
gre l i e s
o n a l i n e dr a wn th r o u h t h e ,
c e n t r e o f c i r c u l a r c u r va t u r e p a r a l l e l to t h e b i n o r m a l a n d is
di st an t —cr p fr o m th e c e n t re o f c i r cu l a r c u r v a t u r e
,
’
.
Co r I f a c u r ve is dr a w n o n a s p h e r e o f r a di u s a R = a
.
, ,
and th e r e fo r e H e n ce , if p is k n o wn , a ca n be
p 2
de du ce d F r th e r i f w di ff r n ti at
. u ,
e e e e
e l i m i na t e th e c o n st n t a n d o b t i n di ff r n ti l q tio n
a a a a e e a e ua
s a ti s fi e d by a l l sp h e r i c l c r v a u es
EX 1 . . A c urv e d
is ra w n o n a s p e r e h of r d iu a s a so a s to m k a e a
co n t n t ng l
s a it a p e a. w h the la ne o f t h e e qu to S ha r . ew th t t t h
a a e
L
p m t w ho n orth pol r d t n 0, =u i’ 2
0)
o se -
a is a c e 18 p (l s oc a (30 3
COORD INA TE GEO M E R Y T
We h av e, by 20 2, 0
'
=
p c o t 0L .
A 15 0 E4 —
l
l
2 2
a nd { Z
f
,
C)
"
ds
ds
2 a co s 6, th er for e e a sin 9
Wh 6 11 0 8 P dp
/ 2— 2
N a p
In t grati ng
e ,
we obt i n a
xa / —p
Zz —a c o s 9 sec a + b,
w h r e e b is an a rbitr ry on t n t a c s a .
I f p = a wh e n 9 = 7r/2,
. a nd th en
p a (l co s
2
9 se ek )?
Ex 2 . . Fi d n th e e qu tio n to
a th e o ul ti ng
sc a
(1 ,
2, 3 ) on th e c urv e
x = 2t + 1 , = 3 t2 + 2 z= 4 t3 + 3
y , .
A ns . 3x 2
+ 3 52 6x 1 6y —1 8z +
Ex 3 . . F i d qu tio
n r pr n t th o ul ti ng ir l
e a ns to e e se e sc a c c e at (l , 2, 3 )
of t h e c urv i th l t m pl
e n e as e xa e .
A ns . Th qu tio n to th ph r n d 3
e e a e s e e a 2: .
Ex . 4. P rov th t t t h e ori g i n t h
e l t ing ph r e
a a e o sc u a s e of th e c urv e
3
an: alt 3 61 12 y a
2t3
3 62t2 3 c, t, z a gz
3
+ 3 63 t2
3 0 3 t,
is g iv en by x
2
+y
2 2
2 , 2x , 2y, 0
“ “
.
9 (61 0 1 “l“ 620 2 “l“ al a 2a 3

2 ““ 2
3 (1
0 l 02 "
l
‘
261 3 62 ,
2 263
0, cl ,
0
27 03
Ex 5 . . F i d th urv tur
n e c a e and t ors1 o n of th e s ph ri al i nd i ca tri x
e c
of t h t e an t
gen s
d ir tio n o i n e of th t
.
T he ec -
c s s e a nge n t are Z2, m2, n2,
'
and if
Lt g
8a is . a n i n fi n it imal es are ,
? 1 .
1
H en ce , if th e cu rva ture i s
Po
,
2
(iiif —
<
W> ( y
an
2
dz, _
E W
2
?
a
I f th e tor io n i
s s
296 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E R T Y [c a xw .
A ga (mg i
i n from, B th r e for e t h t—ng en t c o s a c o s ,
a nd e e a
c urv ma k e a c on t nt ng l y w ith th axi u h th t

e s s a a e e z -
s s c a
co s
y co s oz co s .
B .
2
We h a v e th erefore 2 8
—
2 0 , 0 :
p t an
7 .
( ) ( )
2 2
l d x fl y ?
S l n ce l
““
5 2
El? a;
Fl o . 58 .
N ow x = r c os 9, y
=r sin 9,
a nd, u i ng d ashe
s s to d ot d iff r ti tio
en e e en a n w ith re pe t to s c s, by
= sin on cos a nd 9
B
’
s in
B
’
r ,
T .
Th er fore e
x
’
=r ’
cos 9 B sin 9
s in , y = "
7 sin 9 + sin B c os 9
'
(r sin 9 + sin B c os 9) B sin 9) 9

'
9
'
s in
”
x cos
B(1 cos B)
2 z 2
s in c os a
Ex 8 . . De du ce e qu tio n a s E x 7, by . d iff r ti ti e en a ng th e e qu tion

a s
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ? 3
x y z ta n 0t , x y z R ,
33 y 7 ,
a nd a ppl yi ng xx
’
yy + zz
’ ’
R c os B .
EX 9 . pri n ip l nor m l to g iven urv

. Th e l o pri n ip l
c a a s a c e are a s c a
n or l to n oth r urv e P rov th t th di t

ma s a e b t w n orr
c . e a e s a n ce e ee c e
sp n d i ng poi n t f th urv i on t n t th t th t ng n t t
e s o e c es s c s a , a
‘
e a e s a
corr po nd i ng poi n t
es i n li n d t o n t n t ng l nd th t th r
s ar e c e a a c s a a e, a a e e
m u t b a li n e r r l tio n be t we n t h
s e urva tur nd tor io n of th
a e a e e c e a s e
g iv n urv
e c e .
I f 0 (x y ) i ,
poi n t n th g iv n urv C t h c orre po nd i ng
, ,
z s a o e e c e,
'
,
e s
poi n t n th oo nd urv h oor d i n t g iv n by

e sec c e as c a es e
=x + t n = m
§ 3 n y + 2
73
gse u E X Annn ms ON C UR VA T U R E A ur i r o ns unt an
w h re e 0 0
’
is of l e ng th I f we for ori g i t
d OTa ke 0 n an , O P, 0 8
t he t a ng e n t pri ip l norm
,
nc a a l nd bi nor l
,
a oo d i t x ma as c r na e a es ,
ml = nl = 0 ; l z = nz = 0 , l a = 7n3 = 0 ,
a nd
'
O is (0 , r, O) . T he t ange n t to t h e sec n o d urv c e is at ri g ht an
g l es
017) m3
(F )
ml t
to O P o r OO a nd th e re fo re 0 t e ml —o + + m2
c r
-
O
T
O aé
, , .
as
.
dr
H e nc e , s m ee m1 = m3 = 0 ,
33
0, a n d 1 i s c ns a n
'
o t t .
i n if f — t
A ga ,
E
z e ,
e c .
,
we h v a e
=t +l
g l 2 % e tc .
th r fore
e e ,
at th e ori g i n ,
C:
a nd th e t a ng e n t to th e se c o n d urv c e m ak e s an an
g l e 9 with O T s uh c
th t ta n 9
/ r (T
1 —9 9
a :
<
1 7 7
'
g
,
th r for
e e e, a t th e ori g i n ,
m
' "
7
'
p l 7 7
f
«
P
2
7
)
p (r
f 0
2
p
B ut th e b i n ormal to th e s ec o d urv
n c e is at ri ght a ng e s l to O P ,
a nd
th refore
e
f5 f
r N If I
"
.
7
Ip m
I
In t g rati ng
e ,
we O btai n
w h re A i
e s an a rbitr ry o n t nt a c s a ,
(
’
7 1
A 1
p (r
a nd thu th r i li r r l tio n b t w n t h urv tu nd tor io

s e e s a ne a e a e ee e c a re a s n .
Ag in t n 9a , A n d th r fo
a 9 i on t t ,
a e e re s c s an .
1 /p
'
7
Thi probl m w fi r t i n v ti g t d by B rtr nd nd u v whi h

s e as s es a e e a ,
a c r es c
sati fy t h o nd itio n
s th t ou t ll d B rt d urv
e c s a re o n a acc n ca e e r an c es .
Ex 1 0 . A urv i proj t d
. pl th or m l to whi h
c e s ec e on a a ne e n a c
m k a ng l
es a nd B w ith t h t g t d bi r m l I f p i th
e s at a e an en an no a .
,
s e
r d iu of urv tur f t h proj tio n prov th t p PJ Q ‘ PS
i “
a s c a e o e ec , e a
s n (A
'
L .
298 C OOR D I NA TE GE OM E R Y T (a
c . m .
L et P be a poi n t
ur n d Q nd R th poi t f th urv
of th e c ve a a e n s o e c e
d t n t 8 fro m P Th n if t h r f t h tri n g l PQ R i d n ot d
.
is a 3 . e ,
e a ea o e a e s e e
by A l = L t ,
§ Si m il rl y for t h proj tio n l L t wh r A a e ec e e
’
,
p p
83
’
t h proj
are tio n f A n d 8 B t A = A sB nd S = S n
e ec s o a 8 . u
’
co ,
a s
'
s s1 or,
wh n t h r ult
e ce e es .
205 . Geomet r ical invest ig at ion of curvat ur e and t or

sion . Th e f o l l o wi n g g e o m e t r i ca l i n v e s ti ga tion o f t h e
r t r
cu v a u e a n d to r sion
i n st r u c ti ve of a cu r ve is .
L et A A A 1 , (fi g 2,
be c on se cu ti v v e r ti c e s o f
3 , . e an
e q u i l a te r a l p o l yg on i n sc r i b e d in a g i ve n c u r ve and ,
let
FI G . 59 .
M1 , M M3 , be t h e m id -
p o i n ts of th e s i des . Pl a n e s
Ml ol sl , M zc zs z , ar e th r o g h M M
dr a wn n orm a l to
u
1 , 2,
th e s i de s . M10 1 ,
M 0 a e th e l i n e s o f i n t e r se c tion O f t h e
2 1
r
p l an e s MI C IS I , M2 0 8 a n d th e p l a n e A A A ; si m i l rl y M 0
2 2 1 2 3
a , 2 2
a nd M 3 O Z lie in t h e p l an e A2A3 A4 , a n d so o n .
T h en C1 t r o f th e c i r c l th r ou g h t h e p oi n t s
is t h e c en e e
A , , A2 , A a n d its l i m iti n g p o s itio n w h e n A an d A ten d 2 3

3 ,
to AI is th e c e n t r e o f cu r va t u r e t A L e t p de n ote t h e a
I
.
3 00 COO R D I NA TE GE OM E TR Y [C H . X IV .
de x t r o r su m ,
a nd 67 is th e r e f o r e n eg ti ve A l so 6p is a .
ne
g ti v
a e so th a t ,
i p o s iti ve
s H en c e i f t h e c o .
,
o r di n a t s f A e O
I
are x, y , a n d tho se O f th e l i m iti n g
z,
p o sitio n o f S e
I
ar 56
0 , yo , z
O,
a
o
—w= p r o e c tion o f
j M 1 0 1 + p roje ction Of C S on 0 X,
Si mi l a rl y ,
d
i =z +
= ms _
yo y+s d
) Z
o
n
P 2 dT 3
Th e p oi n ts 8on sec u ti ve p oi n ts o f a c r ve
1 , 8 2, S 3 , a re c u
w hi c h is t h e l o cu s O f t h e c en t r e s O f sp h e r i ca l cu r va tu r e,
a nd $ 8 8 8
1 2,
a e l ti m a t e l y t n g e n ts to th t l o u
2 3 ,
r u a a c s .
Th e p l a n e 8 8 8 o M 0 8 is
1
l ti m a t e l y an oscu l ti ng
2 3
r
3 2 1
u a
p l an e to th e l o cu s n d h n c e th o scu l ti n g pl an e s O f th e
,
a e e a
l o cu s a e th n o r m al p l n s o f th e c u r ve T h e r e fo r i f
r e a e . e,
63k 6 a, 7 t h e n g l e s b t w e e n dj ace n t t n g n t s n d bi
re a e a a e a
n o r m a l s to th e c r v an d 6 0
3 6 a e t h e a n l es b e tween
u
g e ,
1 , 7 1 r
a dj a ce n t t a n g e n ts a n d bin o m l s to t h e l o cu s r a .
,
Lt 1, an d Lt 1
w
.
67 a
H e n ce ,
i f i n fin ites i m a l r cs O f a th e r ve a n d l o cu s a r e
cu
de n ot e d by 63 a n d 88 1 a n d t h e , c u r va t u r e an d to r s io n o f
th e l o c us by l /p 1 a n d 1 /o 1 '
( s i i
( s
, —L t Os i
(s
,
Lt
PP1 a wal \f l 67 .
67 1
Th e l i m itin g p o sitio n s O f 0 1 8 1 , C 28 1 , are th e g e n e r a r s to

Of a r u l ed su rf a ce whi c h is l l ed th e
ca p ol ar devel op abl e .
Si nce 0 1 8 1 a n d 0 28 1
ar e u l ti m a t e l
y c oi n c i de n t , the p l an e
tou c h es thi s s rf ac e at a ll p oi n ts o f t h g n e ra to r
C IS IC 2 u e e
a n d h e n c e t h e n o r m a l p l a n e s to th e c r ve a e t h e u r
t ngen t p l n e to t h e p o l r d ve l op bl
a a s a e a e .
C OOR D I N A E T S IN TE RM S O F A RC
Ex 1 . .Sh w th t if a i t h d iff ren ti l of

e a s
,
s e e a the a re o f th e lo uc s of
t he ce n tre of ph ri
s l urv tur s e ca c a e,
If (f , 7 ,
7 f) is a poi n t on th e lo u c s, a nd
(l s
e tc .
,
§= w+ l
p 2 N/I i z
p l3
2
.
Th erefore , by F re ne t s ’
form ul a e , a n d s n ce i JR ?
p
3
‘
O
'
'
p,
an
= —a
g
EX 2 . . Ob t i n th re ult from
a e s fig 5 9 . .
dB
Ex 3 . rov e th t
. P a l n
r - R
af?
(r ,
a n d v erify th t a
206 . Coor dinat es in t er ms of 8 . t a n g en t p r i n

I f th e ,
o r m a l n d bi n o r m a l a t a
c ip a l n a g i ve n p oi n t 0 O f a c u r ve e ar
ta k en as c oo r di n a t a x es a n d e ,
8 m e a su r es th e ar c O P, we
may e x p r e s th e c oo r di n a t e s o f
s P in te r ms O f s . We h a ve
s
—sx0 + x0
§
“
wh e r e a
’
o , mo ao are th e v a u es l of a ,
a; at th e
Origin . Si mi l a rl y ,
2 3
8 8
=s
y y0 + 5 9 0 + 6 9 0
2 3
s s
z = sz + e + 2
O
g o
9 0
We h a ve th e r e f o r e to l t m ' ’ ’
e va u a e z e tc
o , yo , o ,
.
Si n ce th e tan g e n t is th e az- a xis ,
=1, =0
’
= 0,
' ’
z
at
o yo 0
.
Si nce th e p r i nc i pa l nor mal is th e y -

a x s, i
w =0
”
il
N
=L z
”
=0
p o ,
P o p o
3 02 . COO RD I N A TE GEO M E R Y T [OH . XIV .
Ag a i n by F r e n et s f o r m u l ae
’
, ,
t, Z3 dl2 _ _
“
l ”
; ols
(Px + P 3 “l
P
—(p y 1 n n1
+
n3
102 +9
u
27
7 0
p 1
T her e for e mo
” ’
“ yo
p p 40 0
T her ef or e , as fa r as th e t e r m s in 8
3
,
we h ave
w—s —
3
8
Gp
2 3
8 8
3/ 2p Gp gp
3
s
:
GPO
Ex 1 . . Sh ew th at th e c urv e c ro s e s s it s osc ul ati ng pl ane at eac h

poi n t .
U n l ess h ng i g n w ith
is ze ro
I f a t ny poi n t l /
,
z c a es s 3 .
,
a , o
t h o ul ti n g pl n i
e sc ai d to b t ti n y a e s sa e s a o ar .
Ex 2 P rov th t t h proj tio n f t h

. . e urv e n th e n ormal pl n
a e ec o e c o a e
a t 0 h u p t 0 Wh t i t h h p t O of th proj tio n n
as a c s a . a s e s a e a e ec s o
t h o ul ti ng pl n
e sc nd ra tify i ng pl n ? a e a ec a e
EX 3 If n d hi g h r po w r of 3
2
n b r je t d
a h w th t t h e e s 3 ca e e c e ,
s e a e
d ir tio n o i n e f th t ng n t p in ip l n r m l nd bi norm l t P
. .
ec -
c s s o e a e r c a o a a a a
'
, ,
a re
g iv n by e
n2 Z3 fl n3
=
1 s /p 0
’
—s/p 1 0 1
I n th e w ng follo i pl 0 nd P
e xam adj e n t poi n t s f
es c urv a a re ac o a e,
a n d t h e a r c O P is of l g th en 3 .
EX 4 . . The a ng l be t w n t h pri n ip l n or mal

e t O nd P i
ee e c a s a a s
Ex 5 . horte t d i t n b t w n th pri ncip l norm al at O

. T he s s s a ce e ee e a s
n d it d ivi d t h e ra d iu of th e c ir c l of
S
a nd P i of l e ng th
s
p a es s e
c urv tur t O in t h r tio p 2 2

a e a e a 0 .
Ex 6 Th
. ng l. th t th hortest d i tance be tween th e tangen t
e a e a e s s s
at O nd P m k
a with t h bi n or m l a t O i /2
a es e a s s o
Ex 7 P rov th t t h e hort e t d i t a nce be t we e n th ta ng ent

. . e a t s s s e s a
3
O an d P is s /1 2p 0
'
SP d b?
Ex 8 . . The o scul ati ng ph eres at O s and P ou t a t a n a n
g e l O
'
It dp
'
3 04 C OOR D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T fC H . X IV .
10 . P rov th t t th poi n t of i n t r tio n of th urf

e a a x +y =
e e sec e s aces 2 2 2
z ,
wh r y = x t an 9 th r d iu of c urv a tur e of t h e i nt e r
e e , e a s
sec tion i s
a (2 +
as
11 Aon t n t i wrapped rou n d right ir ul r
ca e n at ry c s a c, s a c c a
y li nd r r d iu
.
,
c e th t it ax i li lo ng g n r tor S h w th t
a s a , so a s s es a a e e a . e a
for m d ut t h tang nt
,
t h o c l ti n g pl n
e s u a t poi n t f t h rv a e a a O e cu e so e c s e e
pl ane to th e y li n d er t t h poi nt t o n t nt ang l t an /
c a e a a c s a e
‘
l
c a .
9
= o 9 y = in 9 = c h r a c s ,
a s ,
z cos
a
12 . If a ri g ht ir ul r y li nd er o th t it
c urv e is dr a wn on a c c a c s a s
o ul ti ng pl n e t ny poi n t m k
sc a aon t n t ng l with th t n g n t
a a a es a c s a a e e a e
pl ne t t h poi nt to t h y li nd r th n wh n t h y li nd er i de v loped
a a e e c e , e e e c s e
i nto pl ane th e urve d v lop i n to
a , t e n a ry c e e s a ca .
1 3 F or t h e h li x prov t h follo w i n g prop rti e t h n or m l t P e e e es : e a a

to th y li nd r i t h pri n ip l n orm l t P to t h h li x th bi norm l
.
e c e s e c a a a e e e a
a t P m k on t n t ang l w ith t h x i O f t h yli nd r th lo u
a es a c s a e e a s e c e e c s
of th ntr of ir ul r n d ph ri l urv tur i h li ; if P i
e ce e c c a a s e ca c a e s a e x
’
s .
th e nt r of ir ul r urva t r t P P i th e n tr f ir ul r
ce e c c a c u e a ,
s ce e o c c a
c urv tur t P f th lo u
a e a
’
or e c s .
14 A rv i d r w n
. cu ph r of r d iu
e s nd t h pri n ip l
a on a s e e a s a, a e c a
n or m l t poi n t P m k n ng l 9 w ith th e r d iu f th e ph er
a a a a es a a e a s o s e
?
to P P rov th t p =
. 9 1 5g e a a cos ,
:
3 .
d 0
'
15 I f 0 , P ar e a ac e n
. n dj t poi t O f urv n d th s a c e a e ar c O P = s, s e w h
th t a di r
th e t
ffe e nc e be we e n t h e hor d O P nd t h e c a arc O P is 3
3
/ p,
24 2
po r f hi h r th
we s O 3 g e an th e thir d be i ng neg l t ed ec .
1 6 P rov th a t
. e
'
2
1 1+
1
)
ii/
2 fl l
2 fl fz ,
+y +z 2 2+
x
P (T
P
w h r e d h d not d iff renti t io n w ith r p t to
e as es e e e a es ec s .
1 7 I f fro m n y poi n t of urv qu l i nfi n it i mal r f l n g th

a a c e e a es a cs o e 3
ur d lo ng t h urv nd th irc l e O f urv ture th d i t n

.
ar e m eas e a e c e a e c c a ,
e s a ce
be t wee n th e ir x tr m iti i R /6 p e e es s s
3 2
0z
1 8 Th hort t d i tan b t w n o n e utiv adn of ph eri ca l

. e s es s ce e ee c s c e r s
2
c urv a tur e d ivi d e t h rad iu in t h e r tio 2
s e s a
p
p
19 . A c urv e is dr awn o n th e p r boloi d + y T 2p mak i ng

a a x
2 2 - z a co n
s t an t l
ang e at w ith the z ax s
-
i . S h e w th t it proj e t o n n t h e pl
a s c i o a ne
z=0 is g iv en by
Jr 2 —a 2
9
a
wh e re a s
p c ot or a nd fi nd ex pr io n for e ss s i ts c urv tur a e a nd tor io n s .
C H AP . x 1v .
] E X A M P LE S XI .
20 . A c urv is e dr a wn on a s
ph r r d iu
e e, a s a , so as to cut a ll the
me ri d i n a s a t th e sa m e a ng e l a . S h w th t if e a 9 is t h e l titu d of
a e
a ny poi n t of t h e c urv e,
a cos 9 a
3
ta n a .
poi n t Q i t k n n t h bi n or m l t v ri bl poi t P f
21 . A s a e o e a a a a a e n o a
curv o n t t tor o 1 /
e of th t PQ i f o t n t l g th
c s an si n rr so a s o c ns a e n r
'
Sh e w th t th b n or m l f t he urv tr d by Q m k
.
gl
a e i a o c e ace a es a n a n e
with P Q .
22 A poi n t m ov . n ph r f r d iu th t it l titu d i es o a s e e o a s a so a s a e s
equ l to it long itu d P rov th t t (x y )
a s e . e a a , , z
(2a 2 —z2) g —3
wa
. c
,
o
2 2 i 3
(8 a 3 2 f
) t
-
a s
23 A c . urv
ri g ht o n to t ll t h g n r tor
e is dr a wn o n a c e so a s cu a e e e a s
a t t h e sa m e gl S h w th t t h lo u f it anntr f ph ri l e . e a e c s o s ce es o s e ca
curv ture ti fi th e m e c o nd itio n
a sa s es sa s .
24 A urv i d r w n n
. p r boloi d f r vol utio n l tu r tu m
c e s a o a a a o e a s ec 0,
to m k n g l /4 W th t h m ri d i n I n v ti g t t h
,
so as a e a an e 7r i e e a s . es a e e
curv tur nd tor o n t ny po nt i t h for m

a e a si a a i n e s
/p t n <f>(1 3 in t iu kh in m
2 2 2 z fi
)
‘
0 a s c s s ,
/p in I t n <p(1 + 4 c
3 2
6 in f> 4 in qb
0
'
s () a
2
s
4
c s
fi
b i ng t h ng l w hi h h t n t to t h e m ri d i n throu h t h e
4 ) e t e n
g e a
g e c a e e a
poi n t m k with th xi a es e a s .
25 T h n orm l pl n t ny poi n t to t h
e lo u of t h n tr ofa a e a a e c s e ce es
ir ul r urv tur f y urv bi t t h r d iu f ph ri l urv tur
.
c c a c a e O an c e se c s e a s O s e ca c a e
at th orr po ndi ng poi nt of t h g iv n urv e

e c es e e c .
26 A urv i dr w n n ri ght ir ul r o n of miv rti l

. c e s a o a c c a c e se e ca
ng l to t l l t h g n r ti ng li
a e a so a s t n gl B Th o
cu a e e e a ne s a a an e e c ne
i th n d e v lop d i nto
. .
s e pl n S h w th t e e a a e . e a
w hr e e
p , pO r d ii of urv tur t poi n t of th ori g i n l urv
ar e the a c a e a a e a c e
d v lop d urv r p tiv l y
a nd o f t h e e e e c e es ec e .
27 T h oord i n t e f poi nt of urv e c fu n tio n of p r a s O a a c e a re c s a a a
P rov th t t h li n d r w n throu g h ny poi t ( y ) f t h

.
m t r t e e . e a e e a a n .r, ,
z o e
2
urv W th d r t o n o m p oport o n l to f”; d z
1
t“
o :
c e, i l i n thec i -
c s es r i a
a
’ ' ies i e
o ul ti ng pl n t th poi nt nd m k with t h pri n ip l n or m l n

sc a a e a e a a es e c a a a
z
d t
ng l 1
-
a t an e ”W
28 urv i d r wn n yli nd r f r d iu
A c nd t h y li nd
e i s a o a c e o a s a a e c er s
de v lop d i to pl n I f p b th r d iu f urv tur f t h urv

.
e e n a a e . e e a s o c a e o e c e
and p t h e r d iu of urv tur O f t h d v lop d u v

1
t orr po d i g
a s c a e e e e e c r e a c es n n
1 1 i n <j> wh r i th n l th t t h t n nt to t h s
4
i. 2
e e d) s e a g e a e a ge e
p p1
c urv e m ak e s w ith th e g e ne a r tor of th e c
yli nd r th ou g h e r th e poi nt .
B C . .
U
3 06 COOR D I N A E GE OM E R Y T T [c a xw .
29 . th qu l to th r d iu of tor io n
A eng e a l b i ng m r k d ff e a s s , cr , e a e o
a lo to urv f on tan t tor io n prov th t p th

ng t h e bin or ma l s a c e O c s s ,
e a o, e
2 2
i
r d iu of urv tur Of th lo u form d i g iv en by f i> + 2
d
f
2 2
a s c a e e c s so e ,
s r fr
o
P rov a l o th a t t h e d ir tio n o i n
e s f t h e bi n or m l to t h e lo u a e ec c
-
s es o a c s r
V2p0/40 N/2p 0 /2p

'
, .
3 0 A e ng
. l th i m ur d lon g t h pri n ip l n orm l to a c urv
0 s e as e a e c a a s e .
Sh ew a th e th t r d iu f urv tur p f th lo u i g iv n by
a s o c a e, 0, o e c s s e
2 2 2
9 00
'
2
00 )
? 2
L2 0
p 0 0 0 p0 00
p {
p0 0
2 2
p +0
2
(p
2 2
{0 p + 0
2
(p c
23
) }
31With ny poi n t of
. urv v ert x i d ri b d th ri ght
a a c e as e s e sc e e
c ir l r on h vi ng lo t o n t t t th poi n t Sh w th t it i
cu a c e a c se s c ac a e . e a s ax s
li in th pl ne on tai n i ng th b—i n orm l nd t ng en t to t h urv e nd
es e a c e a a a e c a
th t it miv erti l ng l i t n 3 /4p
a s se ca a e s a
1
cr .
32 P i . v ri bl poi n t O f g iv n urv and A fi xed poi n t

s a a a e a e c e a so
th t th a AP= A poi n t Q i t k n n t h t g n t t P
e ar c s . th t s a e o e an e a so a
th t ng n t t Q to th lo u f Q i t ri g ht ng l to t h t ng t
e a e a e c s o s a a es e a en
a t P t t h urv o P rov th t P Q
e = — c wh r ie n
. rbitr ry e a a s, e e a s a a a
c o n t n t P rov e l o th t if A
s a .
; A M ; A i v
a s th a 1 , ,u i , VI 2, s » v2 3 , ts,
3 are e
d ir tio n o i n f th t ng n t pri n ip l norm l nd bi nor m l to
ec -
c s es o e a e ,
c a a a a
t h e lo u c s
an d th at it r d ii of urv tur
s a c a e and tor ion s ar e
o < >
a —s —s>
—pd )
W
’
p ent
33 rov th t th r d iu
. P e a e a s of c urv tu re a , pl , of
c e n tr e of c ir ul r
s urv tur i c a c a e s
g iv en by
”
1 pp )
d
_P
w h er e
p
'
_
dr '
'
With ny poi n t f urv

34 . v ert x i d ri bed th p raboloi d
a o a c e as e s esc e a
O f r vol utio n h vi ng lo t o n t t t t h poi n t P rov th t it l tu

e a c ses c ac a e . e a s a s
r e tu m i qu l to t h d i m t r f th o ul ti ng ph ere
c s e a e a e e o e sc a S .
O8 C OOR D I N A E GE OM E T T RY [O H . XV .
Ex . F i d th n e en v lop
e e o f sp h r es
p O f c o n stan t rad iu s whose cen tre s
l ie o n O X .
T he e qu tion to t h ph r of th
a e s e es e s
ys t em is
(x
w h r i n rbitr ry p r m t r nd i o n t n t T h e h r t ri ti c
e e a s a a a a a e e a r s c s a . c a ac e s
c orr po nd i ng to =
es th g r t r l of t h ph ere a oc i s
. e ea Ci c e e s
(JU
w hi h l i e
c s in th e pl a n e 30 : CL, a n d th e en v lop e is th e
e cy li nd er
2
2
208 . Th e en vel op e to u ches ea ch su r a ce o

f f the s st
y e m at
a ll o i n ts o f the co r r esp o n di n g c ha r a cter isti c

p .
o n i de r th e su rface g i ven
C s by a = on The e q ation to
u s
t h e c h a r a c t e r i sti c a e r
= =0
fl at , z , OL ) O, f c a
e, y ,
z , oc ) .
T heq tion to th e n v l op m y b Ob t i n d by l im i t
e ua e e e a e a e e na
in g or b t w n t h q tio n to th h r t r i ti c n d thi
e ee e e ua s e c a ac e s ,
a s
m y b a ff t d by o l vi g t h
e e q tio f c y
ec e ) =0 s n e e ua n
a
e, ,
z, 0 L
f o r 0L n d b tit ti n g in f ( y
,
a ) C Th
= su w m y s u cc, ,
z , OL . u s, e a
r g r d th q tion fl y
e a ) = 0 Wh r 0c i
e e f n tion
ua ee, ,
z , OL , e e . s a u c
o f (c y g i ven by f x y a ) = 0 s th q tio to th
, , z o
” , , z, a e e ua n e
e n ve l o p Th t ng n t p l n e t (cc y z ) to th
. n v l op is
e a e a e a , ,
e e e e
th r f o r
e e e
a
+f ,
g +f, 0 .
wh e r e t is i nt r o du ced to k e th e e q tion s f O fm = 0
ma ua :
,
ho m og en e ou s . But at a n
y p oi n t o f t h c h a r a c t e r i s ti c e
fm =0 , and th e a b o ve eq ation b ecom es

u
w hi c h r e p r esen ts t p l a n e a t (as y z ) to th e th e t an
g e n , ,
su rf a ce f 0 H en ce th e n v l op e a n d s rf ace h ave th e
. e e u
sa me t a ng n t pl n e at a n y p oi n t O f t h e c h a r c t e r i sti c
e a a .
At y poi t of
ant h h r t ri ti orr po n d i g to = w h v
e c a ac e s c c es n n a 0t , e a e
d = a nd
fxdx + d
f y 3/ f z
+ ol z +fa ou 0 f a
:
a nd th e r for e e
Bu t if ( y r
.
, ,
z ) is a sin g u la i poi n t on th e s urf a cey ) 0 ,
z, or :
,
f , 0, a nd h e nc e th e cli a r a c t e i is t ic
’
p a s se s throu gh th ing l e s u ai
p oi nt . T he lo c us o f th e i g ul r poi n t of
s n a s th e s m face of th e y t m s s s e
20 8 —21 0 ] THE E D GE o r 300
t h e r e fO i e
'
li
e s o n t he e nv lo p F y p i t f t h lo u e th e . oi
-
an o n o e c s e co
i t
e ffi c e n s I n t h e equ tio to t h t
a n t pl t th l p ll e a nwc n a ne o e c ic o e aic a
o thu f il f O u h p i t
ze i , a n d t h e p i O p o s it io n s a s i s e o n s
C id f m pl th v lop of th ig h t o of iv
o ns ei ,
01
n e xa e,
g e e e e e i c ne s en
i
se i n ve i ti l ng l cawho a t 0
li upo U l
e or , d who se x ve i ices e n an se a es ai c
p ai a ll l to O
eZ T h qu tio n to t h
.
y t m nd to t h
e e an v lop s e s s e a e e e e a re
= t n z 2 2
(
i
‘
t
~
y sc 4 aii a ,
a a .
Th lo u of t h
e c i ng ul r O i nt f th y t m i ON d th t ng t
s e s a s O e s s e s ,
an e a en
pl n to t h n v lop n urf
a es e e e d t rm n t t ny po t of
e a c s ac es a re i n e e i a e a a ni
t h lo u
e c s .
209 . Th e edg e of r eg r ess io n . Th e e q tio to th h r

ua ns e c a
a c te r is tic s c o rr p o ndi n g to v l u
es a es 0L a n d + 6 of 0L 0L a a re
(f :
O) a = a,
<
af
(j “
_
0
8 d=a + 8a
Th e c oo r di na t s o f ny c om m o n p oi n t O f th e c h r c t r
e a es a a e
is t ic s sa ti s fy t h f o r e q u tio n s n d th r f o r e sa ti fy th
e u a , a e e s e
e q u a t io n s
af
(f O) (L=CU
(8a ,
0
1t = a + 9 18a
,
x a + 93 5a
,
w h re 9
e
1
an d 92 ar e p r op e r fr a c tio n s H e n c e a s 60 a te n ds .
,
to r o ze , th e c o m m on p oi n t s t e n d to l i m iti ng p o s itio n s
g i v n by
e
Bf B ffi
—
(f Olm (a .
"
t
a
T h l i m iti ng p ositio n s f o r a ll va l u es o f a l ie u p o n a
es e
c u r v e who se e q u a tio n s a r e O b t a i n e d by t h e e l i m i n a tio n o f 1 ( .
b e t we e n e q u a tio n s T hi s l o c u s is ca l l e d t h e e d g e o f
re g re ssion o r c usp i d a l e dg e O f th e e n v e l o p e .
210 . E ach t i ti c to u ch es
ch ar ac e r s the e dg e of r eg r es
sion . We m ay c o n si d r t h q tio n
e e e ua s
f : O ) f a
: 0 ;
wh e r e a is a f u n ctio n O f y a,
"
,
b 2,
y f = 0 to gi v
r epro en ,
se n t two su rf ac s who e se c u r v e o f in t c i s e c t io n is t h e e dg e o f
r eg r ession T h e t an g n t . e at ( as, y , z ) to t h e e dg e o f r e g r e s s io n
3 10 C OO RD I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [C H . XV .
is th e l in e i n t r c tion O f t h ta n g n t p l an
of e se e e es to th e
su rfa ce s . I ts e q a tio n s th re f o r e
u are e
25 +12 0, M a s a i) 0
-
At a ny p n oi t o f th e dg o f r g r ession e e e we h a ve f a
:
f aa
= 0 a n d th e , a b ove e q tion s b c om ua e e
E éfx = O E ffs
w c hi h r p r t th e t an gen t t cc y z to th e cu r ve
e ese n a , , ,
= = 0 i e to a c h a r c t r i sti c
f 0 f , a , . . a e .
EX 1 F i d th v lop of th pl 3 t
. . n d h w e en e e e ane e
.
z
an s e
th t it d g f r g r io i t h urv O f i t r tio f t h urf
a s e e o e e ss n s e c e n e se c n o e s ace s
2=
y xz, xy = z .
EX 2 . . F i d thn e en v lop of th ph r e
e e e s e
—
( a cos
x —a sin 9)2+ z2 = N .
( 2 ? 2 2
A ns . x y 2 a 4 a 2(5c2
EX 3 The v lop O f t h urf f ( y

en e b) = 0 w h r
e e s ace s r,
.
,
z, a , , e e a an d
t r o n t d by t h qu tio ¢ ( b) = 0 i fou n d
. .
b a re p rm a a e e s c n ec e e e a n a, ,
s by
e li m i n ti n g a a a nd 6 b t w n th —
qu tion f 0 qt 0
e
f A ee e e a s : _
_
.
.
¢ a ( b P
EX 4 . The v lop O f th urf f( y
en x b ) 0 wh r
= e e e s aces , ,
z, a , ,
c ,
e e
p r m t r o nn t d by th e qu tion
.
a, b, c are a a b )=0
e e s c d ec e e a c an
id I
, ,
f ar () a re ho m og n ou w ith p t to b fou d by li m i
e e s i es ec a, ,
c, i s n c
na ti ng a, b b tw n th
,
c qu tion f 0 ql> 0
e = = f E Eee e e a s , ,
_ .
¢ a ( bP ( b e
EX . 5 . F i nd th e en v lop of
e e th e pl n a e =O
,
w hr e e
A ns .
EX 6 . v lop f th o ul ti g pl n of urv i rul d

. The en e e o e sc a n a e a c e s a e
su f whi h g n r t d by t h t ng t to th c
r a ce c a nd h th is e e a e e a en s e u r ve , as e
u v for it d g of g
.
,
i e ss i o n
i
c 1 e s e e re .
Th q tio n to t h o ul ti ng pl n i E l
e e ua x) 0 wh r e sc a a e s :
, e e
l m n
s, y 3 a ,
fu tio n O f A h t i t i g iv by
a, ,
z, re nc s s . c a r ac e i s c is en
E l (g x ) 0 E l (§ x ) 0 (F n t form ul ) :
, 2
:
,
re e
’
s ae ,
3?
w e
ll m,
w hi h r pr
c e ese n t t a an g e n t to t h e c urv e .
A poi t n on th e e d g e O f r e g i e ssio n
‘
is g iv en by
E l 3 (g x = ) 0, E l z fé x ) :
0, El
h
w e nc e =
y, ( =z
,
a nd th e poi nt of s th e e dg e of r gre ion
e ss ar e
th epoi t of t h urv
n s e c e .
EX 7 P rov.th t . e a th e e n v lop of
e e th e n or m l pl a a n es dr a wn
throu g h t h g n t o th e c o i g v by
f
e e e ra O i s ne s i en
fiy
2
l 7f f f 3
+b (c (a
f
(b )
'
a c x a +0
3 12 C OO R D I N A TE GE O M ETR Y [on xv .
tr of
be t h e c en es ph rt wo s t r tio
e es o f t h e sy s e m I f th e a OB/8e . .
r i o t t
e m a ns c n s a nd ir tio of
th e ec nd li iti po itio
P P is fi x e T h e m ng s n
’
.
of urv f i t r tio
th e c e O n e sec ph r t d
n o f th e s lo
e es as P en s to P a n
g th e
’
li r t ir l
n e P P is t h e g ea
’
c ph r tr
c e o f th e s hi h
e e, c e nri ht
e P, w c is a t g
l
a n g es t o P P li iti po itio p throu h
B u t a ll t h e m ng
’
s ns ass g th e ex
d i t r throu h
.
of
t r e m i ties th e ame e ho qu tio
g P ,
w se e a n s ar e x = a ,
y B, .
:
a nd th h r t ri ti poi t Th ir lo u
ese a r e t h e c a ac e s c n s p ir
e c s is t h e a of .
pl n e
a s
s ystem a t
21 2 The . en vel op e tou ches ea ch s u r
f a ce o
f the
the c or r esp on di n g c ha r a cter i st c i p o i n ts .
C o n si de r t h e su rf a ce fl ee , y, z , 0 L,
B) =0 . The c h a r a c te r
is tic p oi n ts ar e g i ven by
= 01 = 0’
f f oe ffi z o ’
Th e e q tion to
ua th e e n ve l ope m ay be O b ta i n ed by elim i
ti ng b t w th th r e q u a tio n s a n d thi
na B e0 L an d
e e n ese e e ,
s
m a y be e ffec te d by so l vi ng f = 0 ffi = 0 f or 01 oo , . an d B an d
su bs titu ti n g in f = 0 H e n c e we m a y r e g a r d .
,
fi x, 9, Z , 0L,
wh e re O( a n d
.
B are f u n c tio n s o f ac, y ,
2,
g i v en by fm =0 an d
=
f B O, as th e q tio to t h
e ua n e e n ve l ope . The tan g en t p l ane
at (w y , ,
z ) to th n v l o p h e e e e as th e r e fo r e th e e q u a tio n
+1 2
35) 0 .
But if (a, y
, z ) is a c h a r a c te r i sti c p oi n t fm = 0 a n d ffi ,
z o ,
an d th e e q tion b c om
ua e es
w hi c h r p r e sen ts th e tan g n t p l an t (at y

e e e a , ,
su rf ce T h e r f o r e th e n v l o p
a . en d s rf a c e e e e a u
sa m e t n g en t p l n at c h a r a c t e r i sti c p oi n t
a e a a .
EX 1 . F i d t h v lop f th pl
. n e en e e o e ane
z c os 9 sin sin 9 sin b

g
= l
Ans .
EX 2 . . F i d th
n e en v lop of th pl
e e e a ne
(M —M ) 2
a b c
wh e r e A a nd n a re pr a ame e s tr .
/a
z z
A ns . x 1 .
DE V E LO PA B L E A N D S K E W s ummo ns 3 13
EX 3 rov th t t h n v lop f t h u f
. . P e a e e e e o e s r a ces 7 z, u I;
p r m t r o n t d by t h qu tio M
,
wh r
,
b b =
e e a, ,
c a re a a e e s c ne c e e e a n ( a c ) 0 , is
f ou n d by l m n t ng b b tw n th qu tio n
e i i a i a, , 0 e ee e e a s
f “ O) ()
f z
O) a e r A
q 9
.
( 0
Ex 4 rov th t th n v lop of t h urf

. . P y b l) e a e e e e e s ace s z, a , c, c
p r m t r o n t d by t h qu ti M
, ,
wh r b
e e a,d ,
c, l) =0a re a a e e s c ne c e e e a o n ( a, c, (
a
n df
n d 1 a ho m o
a
g n ou w ith r p t to l d i fou d by
() re e e s es ec a, ) ,
c, , s n
e l m n t ng
i i b 0 l b tw n th
a i ti n f o d
a, c e ee e e
q , , ua o s z
, an
Ji v_
. fi f c
.
( b P ( P C P
( d
EX 5 . . Fi d th n e en v lop of
e e the pl n a e l a; m3/ nz p w h en
(i ) p 2
bm z 2 g z
(ii )
z 2
62m2
‘
c n , a l 2np O .
(i )
(ii ) / = 1,
z
/ g
A ns . 2
r
. a r
2
a
2
2
.
Ex 6 Fi nd th n v lope of pl n th t form with

. . e e e a a e a s the (r e e l:
ang ul r) oor d n t pl n t tr h d o n f o n t nt vol u m 3
a c i a e a e s at e a e r o c s a e c /6 .
A ns 27 7; yz = c3
. . .
EX 7 . . A pl a ne ma k e s i nt r pte ce s a, b, c on th e a x es , so th t a
or
?
b
"
?
c
~
2= —
[C z
Sh w th t it n v lop
e o ni oi d whi h h t h
a e qu l n e es a c c c as e a x es a s e a co
j u g te d i m t r
a a e e s .
EX 8 F ro m poi nt P n th o ni oi d 1 a o e c c ,
p rp nd ul r P L P M PN d r wn to th oord i t pl n Fi nd
.
e e ic a s , ,
are a e c na e a es .
th n v lop
e e f th pl n L M N
e e o e a e .
( ) b § g
A ns . ax ? ( y) ( ) cc
Ex 9 . . A t a ng e n t pl n to t h llip oi d
a e e e s m ee s t
the a xes in A , B , C . S h w th t t h v lop of t h ph r
e a e en e e e s e e O A B C is
R ULE D S URFA CES .
21 3 . S k ew su r fac es and devel o p abl e sur faces . I f in ,
th e e q tion to
ua s a s t r i g ht l i n e
a
= + 0t = bz + B,
oc az , y
6 f u n c tio n s O f a s i n g l e p a r a m e t e r t w e c a n
a, , B CL, are ,
e l i m i n a t e t h e p a r a m e t e r b e t w e e n t h e t wo e q u a tio n s a n d
th u s Ob t ai n a n e q u a tion whi ch r e p r ese nt s a s u rfa ce g e n e ra t e d

by th e l i n e a s t va r i es Th e l o c u s is a r u l e d s u rf a c e .
.
3 14 C OOR D I NATE GE OM E R Y T [GEL xv .
Th e t wo g e n e r a to r s c o rr e sp on di ng to va l u es t , t + dt of
t h e p a r a m e e r a ve t h f o r e q tion s ua
w—oc —
y B w — oc — Soa —
y B ifi
— c
a b a da b 66
T h e r e f o r e i f d is th e sho r test di sta n ce b e t we e n th em
, ,
815
But e tc wh e r e da sh e s de n ot e
7
.
,
di ffe r e n ti a tio n with r e spe c t to t . T h e r e fo re i f , cu be s a nd
hig h e r p o we r s o f St a r e r ej e cte d ,
ba B
l /I I II
6t + a/ _
d
H e n ce d is an i n fin it i m l es a of th e sa m e o rde r s a if 615
t i f oc b th en h av a l so
’ ’
oc b
’ ’
Bu w e e
and th e r e f o r e d is at l st o f
ea
th e o r de r o f 8t I f th r e f o r e it is so sm a l l th a t 615 a n d
3
.
,
e ,
(
2
i n pp r e ci bl d = 0 o r th e two g en e r to r
.
85 3
e ar a a e, , a s ar e
c op l n r T h r e s l t m y b s t t e d th s i f oc b
’ ’
a a . e u a e a u :
c o n se c ti ve e n e r to r s o f t h e
u rf c i nt r act w hi l i f su a e e se
g , e
oc b c o n s c ti v e g e n e r to r s d not i n t r s c t
’ ’
e u a o e e .
I f c on s c ti v e g n e r to r s i n t e r se c t th e su rf c e is
e u e a a a
devel op abl e su rf c i f th ey do n ot i n t e r se t it is a sk w
a e, c ,
e
s rf c
u T h e n m e de v l op a bl a r i se s in thi w y
a e . a If A e e s a .
a n d B B an d 0 c on se cu ti ve g e n r to r s o f a sur f a c e i n t e r
”
, ,
e a ,
se c t t h e p l n e o f B an d C m y be t u r n e d a b o t B u n ti l it
, a a u
c oi n c i d s w ith t h e p l a n
e o f A n d B n d th s th e who l e e a ,
a u
su rf c e m a
y b e d e v e l o pad i n to p l n w itho t t ea r i n
g e a a e u .
C l rl y c on es an d cy l i n d r s m y b so t r e t d a n d a e
ea e a e a e ,
r
th r e f o r de v l op bl con icoids O n th e oth e r h a n d th e

e e e a e .
s ho r t e t di s t n ce b e t we e n c o n sec ti v a e n r to r s o f t h e u e e a
s
g
s m
a sy st m o f a h y p e rb o l oi d o r p a r b o l oi d do e s n o t v n i sh
e e a a ,
so th a t t h e h yp e rb ol oi d o f o n e sh e e t a n d t h e
h ype rb o l i c p ra b ol oi d a e sk e w c on ic oid
a r s .
Ex 1 . Shof E 5 nd 7
ew by m e a n s xs . a , § 20 6 ,
th t t h t ng t
a e a en s
d v lop bl urf
.
to a c urv g n r te e e a e a e e a e s ace a nd th t th e pri n ip l

a c a
n orm a s l g ner t ek w urf a e a s e s ace .

3 16 COO RDI N A TE GE O M E R T Y [ c i—
I xv
. ,
21 5Th e g ener at or s of a devel op abl e

. sur fa ce ar e
t ang ent s t o a cur ve I f t h e e u a tion s . q
b 5 60 2 + B+ B 6t
’
(
’
6t) z + 0 t + oc 6t
’
a: ( a a , y
r ep r ese n t c on se c u ti ve g en e r a to r s o f a de ve l o p abl e su rfa c e ,
th e i r p oi n t o f in t e r sec tion is g i ve n by
66 5
’ ’ ’
a et
Z
17
T h ese ex oo r di n a tes in t e rm s of on p ra m e t r
p r ess th e c e a e
t a n d h e n c e th e l o c s o f th e p oi n t s o f i n ter se c tio n o f co n
, u
sec u ti ve g e n e r to r s o f d ve l o p a bl e is a c r ve
a a e u .
B y di ffe r en ti a tion w e o b t a i n ,
a ( oc a -
0 t 0. b(B b -
6 b) _
7 b
’ ,
az y b 2
,
a
an d th e r e f o r e th e tan ge n t to th e r
c u ve a t (a) , y, 2 ) h as for
e q u a tio n s
f —a
. ; ”
_
y
b f
=a
f f
=
n b§
w hi c h r e p r e se n t th e g en e r a to r th r ou g h (as , y, z ) .
216 . E nvel op e of a p l ane wh ose e q u at ion invol ves one

p ar amet er We h a v e . th t q tio to t se e n t
a t h e e ua n th e a n g e n
p l an e to a de ve l o p a bl e i n v o l ve s on l y on e p a r am e t e r 21 4 , , ,
C on ) . We sh a l l n ow p r o ve a c o n ve r se viz th a t th e , .
,
e n ve l o p e o f a p l a n e w ho se e q u a tio n i n vo l ves o n e p a r a m e t e r
is a de ve l o p a bl e su rf a ce L et .
w here a b c d , , , a re f u n c tio n s o f a p a r a m e te r t ,
be th e
e q u tio n to t h e p l
a ane . A c h a r ac t e r i s ti c is g i ve n by
u = 0, u
’
=0 ,
an d th e r e f o r e si n ce , u an d u
’
tio n s o f g 1
are l i ne a r f unc , 1 ,
th e c h a r a c t e r i sti s c s t r i g ht l i n e
are a n d t h e e n v l o p e is
a s e a
r u l ed su rfa ce . T wo c o n se cu ti ve c h a r a c t e r i sti c e g i ve n by s ar
u = 0, u
’
=0 ;
P R OPE R I E T S OF D E V E L OP A B L E S 3 17
a nd th ese c l a r ly l i in th e p l an
e n d th e r f o r
e e a e e
i n t e r sec t H e n c th n v e l op is de v l o p bl s rf
. e e e e a e a e u a ce .
T h e e dg e o f r eg r e io n o f th e n v e l o p i i v n b ss e e s e
g y
a = 0, u
’
=0 , v. = 0,
an d h en c e i f (x , , y ,
z ) is an
y p oi n t on the ed
g e of r e g r essio n ,
z +d : O .
(1 )
B u t th e oo r di n a t es o f a n y p oi n t on th
c e ed
g e of r g r e e ss io n
are f un c tion s o f t Th e r e f o r e fr o m (1 .
,
a nd m+ b y + e
”
wh e n c e w e th a t th e p l a n e
see h a th r e e s
p oi n t c o n tac t a t ( y ) with t h e e dg o f r g r es io n o r i
as, , z e e s , s
t h e o cu l a ti n g p l n e
s T h u s a d v l o p bl rf
a is t h . e e a e su ace e
l ocu s o f t h e t n g n t s to o r th e e n ve l o p o f th e o c l ti ng
a e ,
e s u a
p l n es o f its e dg e o f r e g r e s io n
a ,
s .
EX 1 . F i d th qu tio to th dg of r gr io f th d v lop
. n e e a ns e e e e e ss n o e e e
l
ab e in E x 2, .
§ 3
21 .
The n poi t of i n t r e se c tio n of c on se c utiv e g e ne r tor

a s is g iv en by
x = 2
3t , = 2t3
y ,
a nd th qu tio n m y be t k n to r pr n t th d g of r g io n
ese e a s a a e e ese e e e e r e ss .
EX 2 F i d t h qu tio n t th d v lop bl urf whi h h v

n e e a s o e e e a e s a ce s c a e
for d g of r g r io n
. .
th follo wi ng urv
e c es e e e ess
i( ) x 6 15 3/ 3 5 z 2 6 ,
2
,
3
ii
( ) x = 0 in 9 a cos s ,
“
,
iii
( ) x = g y
= = /2t e e ,
z x .
An (i ) (my
s .
3 ) 2x
( )
n w =
( o 9 )t ina 3/
c s= ( i 0 + A = ( 9
s + A ) a s n c os z e ,
wh e r (9 nd A e p r m e t r
e a ar a a e s .
(iii )
Ex 3 .
F i n d.t h d g e of r g r io n
e e of t h v lo p f t h n o m l e es s e en e e o e r a
pl n of urv
a es a c e .
A n or m l pl n ag v n by a e is i e
El l (£
A nd by F r e n e t
’
s form ul ae , we h v for th
a e e e dg e of r e g re s s o n , i
El g ($ 51 )
m :
3 18 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [C H . XV .
M ultipl yi ng by l l , 12 Z3 a nd a dd i ng , we d due ce
§ =x+ l
2p
Z3 o p
’
,
a nd s i m il rl y a ,
= =Z
7
) y mzp 771 0 0
3 1 3 C ” 20
1 72 0 0
3 1 3
H e nce , th e e dg of r g r io
e e ess n is t h e lo c us of th e ce n tr e s of s ph eri al c
c urv turea . Th e en v e lop e is th e p ol ar d evel op abl e,
21 7 . Th e condit ion t h at n) sh oul d r ep r esent a

devel op abl e sur fac e If r e p r ese n t s a de v e l o p a bl e
.
) 17
su rf ac e ,
th e e q tion to t h
ua e tang en t p l a n e
p f + qn
—z
i nvo l ve s only o n e p a r a m e t e r . L et 5
p x + qy — z . Th en ,
i f t is th e p r amet e r a ,
=
29 Q f ) $6
an d h en ce by t h e e l i m i n a tion o f t we can e x p r ess p and p
, , (
s f u n c tion s o f N o w i f u n d v f n c tio n s f nd
a
q a .e o ar u a; a
t h e n e c e ss r a n d u ffi c i n t c o n ditio n th a t u s ho u l d be a
y y s a e
a(u , v) f
f u n c ti on of v is
a(w, y )
T her e fore fo r a de ve l o p a bl e su rf ace ,
p m, py = O; th a t is ,
r, s Ti
3: t
A n ece ssa r y con dition is th e r e f o r e t

ra
f
Agai n , 96x , r ac + s
y,
so
c —
Hy a: r, s
9 x, qy 8. t
T her efor e ,
—
if rt s 0
2=
,
gs is a f u n c tion of q . H e nc e th e ,
n e c e ssa ry a n d su f c e n fi i t c o n ditio n is rt
Thi s ma y be prov d e as fol l ow s
l
If u u se : vx f (v) i
and f
ay
and th r foe e re u x vy ny vx 0 .
a (u v)
H e nc e
a (x 31 )
,
-
0 is a n e c e ssa r y c o d itio
n n .
I t is al s o u ffi i t
s c en . F or if u xvy u yvx z 0,
f
ax uy n,,dx u y dy da
Th r fo dse e re if d u z O, a nd h ence the va ri tio

a n of it dp d o
e en s nl
y on
th v i tio of
e ar a n v, o r a is a fu n tion of
c v,
COO R D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [C H . xv .
Ex 10 rov th t th tio n by th
P e a e se c e xy - pl a ne of t h d e velop bl
e a e
r t d bv th t ng n t to t h urv
. .
e c e
g en e a e e a e s
2 z 2
x y 2
“
2 2 2
+y 2+ ?
x 2
2
b 0
is g iv e n by
a
2
(
a
z
0
2
b? (b2 0
2
) ( a
?
z z 2
x
°
3/ 7
Ex 1 1 An e llip oi d
s + 3/ / + /0
b2
z
2 2=
1 is s 2
urrou n d d e by a
ou ndary
. .
l u i ou ri ng
m n s 2
y + 2
2=
a
2
S ew a th e b . h th t of th e
s h d o w t n th pl
a c as o e a n e z = 0 is g e n by iv
2 Z
a
£7
a
).
62 —0 2 d
2_
c
2
°
21 8 . Pr op er t ie s of a g ener at or of a sk ew sur face .
I f A1 8 1 , A28 2 , th r ee c on se ti ve g n e ra to rs
A3 8 3 ar e a ny cu e
o f sk e w su rfa ce
a c o n i c oi d c n b d s r i b e d th r o g h
, a a e e c u
A 8 1
A B
1 ,
A S 2
T he c o n i c oi d wi ll be
2, 3 3
. p r a bo l oi d i f t h e a a
e n e r a to r s e p a r a l l e l to th e sa m
ar p l a n e as in t h e c se o f e
g , a
an
y c o n oi d oth r wi s it ,
w i l l b e a h y p e rb o l oi d
e I f P is a ny
e .
p oi n t n A 8 t h e t w p l n e s th r o g h P n d A 8 A 8
o
2 2,
o a u a
1 1, 3 3
r sp e c ti v l y i n t e r sec t in a st r a i g ht l i n e w hi h m e ts A 8
e e ,
c e
1 1
a nd A 8 in Q n d R s y
3 3
N e w P Q R m e t t h e co n i c oi d
a ,
a . e s
in th r e e l ti m te l y c oi n c i den t p oi n t a n d th r f o r e is a
u a s, e e
e n e r a to r o f t h e c o n i c oi d H e n ce t h e p l a n e o f A B and
g .
2 Z
P Q R is t a n g n t p l a n e t P to t h c o n i c oi d
e B t PQ R l so a e . u a
m e e t s t h su rf c in th r e e l ti m t ely c oi n c i d n t p oi n ts
a e e u a e ,
a n d th e r e f o r e is o n e f t h e in fl e x ion al t a n g n ts th r o g h o e u
P t h e oth r b e i n g t h e g e n e r a to r A 8
,
e T h r f o r e th e 2 2
. e e
p l a n e o f PQ R a n d A 8 is l so th e t ange n t p l n to th
U
a a e e
2 2
s rf a ce a t P
u T h us c o n i oi d c n b
. f ou n d to tou ch a a c a e
i ve n s k e w s rf c e t ll p oi n ts
u f i
a v n g e n e r a to r
a a o a e
g g .
We ca n d du c e m a n y p r o p r ti e f t h e g n r to r s o f a
e e s o e e a
sk e w s rf ace fr o m tho e o f t h
u
g n r a to r s o f t h h y p e r s e e e e
b e l oi d F o e x m p l e it f o l l o w fr om § 1 3 4 E x 1 0 th t
. r a ,
s , .
,
a
i f two sk w su rf ces h v e c o m m on
g e n e r to r th ey to u c h
a a e a a
a t t wo p oi n ts o f th g e n e r to r ; n d fr o m § 1 1 3 E x 1 t h e e a a ,
.
,
l o c s o f th e n o r m a l s to a sk e w rf c a t p oi n ts o f a g i ven
u su a e
e n e r to r is a h y p e rb o l i c p a r a b o l oi d
a
g .
Si n c th e su rfac n d c on i coi d h ve th r e e c onsec ti v

e e a a u e
e n e r a to r s in c o m m o n t h e s ho r t e st di s t an ce a n d a n l e
g g ,
§21 8 ] PR OP E RT I E S or S K EW S U R FA C E S 3 21
be t wee n t h e g i ve n g e n e r a to r a n d a c o ns ec u ti v e g e n e r a to r
a re t h e s a m e f o r b oth H e n c e t h e g e n e r a to r h as t h e sa m e .
c e n t r a l p oi n t a n d p a r a m e t e r o f di s t r i b u tio n f o r t h e s u rf a c e
and c o n i c oi d
h s it f o l l o w th a t i f th t an g n t p l n
. T u s e e a es
at P n d P p oi n t s o f a g i v n g e n e r a to r o f
a
'
, k w s rf c e a s e u a e,
a e a t r i g ht
r n l es
g n d C is t h e c e n t r l p oi n t
a ,
a a ,
CP CP —6 .
'
2
wh r e 6 is th e p a r a m e t e r o f di s t r i b tio n
e u .
Th e l o c o f th e c nt r l p oi n t f y t m f g e n e r to r
us e a s o a s s e o a s
o f sk e w su rface is a cu r ve o n th su rf ac e whi c h is ca l l ed
a e
a l ine of st r ic t i n o .
EX . 1 . P rov th t t h p r boloi d whi h tou

e a e a a c ch e s the h li oi d
e c
y/ x = tan z
/c a t ll poi n t of t h g n r tor
a in 0= y
s e e e a . t s ce s 9, is
c (
i: s
. in 0 c os 0 9) (a; cos s in 9) = 0 .
Prov l o th t t h p r m t r of d i tri butio n of ny g n r tor i

e a s a e a a e e s a e e a s c,
a nd th t t h li n f tri tio n i th
a e i e o s c s e z- a x s .
E X 2 P rov th t t h
. . o n i oi d whi h tou h t h urf 3/ = 4 x
e a e c c c c es e s ace 22 c
‘
-
’
at ll poi n t
a f th g r tor s o i 3/ (x + e d ene a x z z, s an
th t t h n or m l t t h urf
a e t poi n t of t h g
a s r tor l i
o th e s ac e a s e e ne a e on e
p r boloi d
a a x 4 (g
/ z
2 ?
c
Ex 3 F or t h yli ndroi d p ov th t t h p r
e c r e a e a a
m t r f d i t i butio n f t h g
. .
e e o r tor i th p l
s r i fi y 0i o e e ne a n e a ne . r s n z
-
eo s s
2m cos 29 .
EX 4 I f th e li ne w h r e e a, b, a ,
B ar e
d i tri bu tio
.
“
fu t o
nc i ns o f 15, g e ne r t a es a s k e w s urfa c e, th e pr a am e e r o f t s n
for t h e ge ne a is r tor “33 ?
2
?
a b)
(a b
' ’
a
(wh e re
$
li n 0"
1
1
7
EX . 5 . If the e
2 7 ,
g e ne a esr t a s k ew suf r ace , the p r a am e e tr i tri butio for

o f d s n the
r tor i
g e ne
a ma s s wa s)
a s
am, as, dy -
.
dl , d m, da
1, m, n
De du ce th e c o nd itio n th t a th e li n e s houl d g e ne a e rt a d v lop bl

e e a e
s urf ace .
EX 6ppl y th r ult of E x 5 to h w th t th bi m l f
. . A e es . s e a e nor a s o a
g iv urven cf to io n l/ g r t k w
e o urf d th t t h prs o e ne a e a s e s a ce a n a e a ra
m t r f d i tri butio for ny g

e e o r tor i t h orr po nd i g v l u
s n a e ne a s e c es n a e
of
EX 7 .
rov th t t h pri i p l or m l to y urv g n t
. P e a e nc a n a s an c e e e ra e a
s kew s urf t h li of t i tio n of whi h t r t t h n or m l t

ace , e ne s r c c in e se c s e a a a
s o .
X
3 22 C O OR D I N A E GE O M E RY T T [C H . xv .
di ts anc e p o
2 —
/(p i ) fro m
2
urv
2 - n d th t if P Q
cr a ny p ir f th e c e, a a ,
are a o
poi n t s o n n or m la u h th t th t ng nt pl a s t P n d Q to t h
c a e a e an e s a a e
surf ace a r e a t ri g ht ng l C P OQ = a wh r C i t h
e s, e e s e
poi nt o f i nt r tion f t h n or m l n d th li f t t o n
e sec o e a a e ne o s ri c i .
(A ppl y § 20 6 E x 4 ,
s .
,
Ex 8 S h w th t g iv e n
e urv i t h lian e of tri
a tio n of t h k w c e s e s c e s e
n r t d by it bin
. .
s urf ace g e e a e m l s or a s .
= a z + oq = bz +
Ex 9 . . I f t h e l in e x y B
r t
g en e a es a s k ew s urf ac e , th e z -c oord i n te a of th e poi n t wh ere th li n e e
of s tri tio n ro
c c sses th e g e n e r tor
a is
'
2 2
b + (a b az b )
’ ’
’
2
a
Ex 1 0 . . F or th k e s ew s urf ace g e ne ra t d by t h li
e e ne
x + y t = 3 t (1 = z
+ 2zt z (3 M )
y ,
prov th t t h p r m e t r of d i tri bution of

e a e a a e s t h e g e ne a r tor is 3 + 2t2 2
),
an d th t t h l i n e of tri tion i th ur
a e s c s e c ve
x : 3 t, y z 263 .
EX 1 1 I f th e li n e
—a —
. .
—
x y B z
y
l
g e n r t
e a es a s k e w s urfac e , the poi nt of i nt r e sec tio n
s tri tion
c an d th e ge ne r tor
a is
( Hr
cc -
, ,8
-
1 7 + 72r) ,
w h er e
2 (m a
.
'
m 72
Ex 1 2 . r ult f E x 7 nd 8
. De du ce th e es s o s . a .
Ex 1 3 T h li n of tri tio n n
. h yp rboloi d f r volutio n i t h e
e e s c o a e o e s
pri n p l ir ul r tio n
ci a c c a sec .
Ex 14 . Sh w th t t h d i t n m ur d lo ng t h g n r tor
. e a e s a ce ea s e a e e e a
x — o 0 in e a c s s z
in 9 a s
of t h h y p r boloi d
e e fro m t h pri n ip l e llipti c e c a
sec tio n to t h li n of tri tio n i e e s c ,

s
2 2
0 co s i9 (a 2
9 2
0 2 %
c
( a s in s in
2
6 2
co s C )
Examp l e s X I I .
1 . O is a fi xe d poi n t on th e z- a x s a n i d P v ri bl e poi nt
a a a on th e
xy - pl a ne . Fi d n th e en v lop of
e e th e pl a ne throu g h P t ri g ht a ang e s l
to PO .
2 . O is a xe n fi d poi t
o n th e z a x s , a nd a a ab e -
i v ri l pl a ne throu gh 0
cut s t h e avg/ p l a n e in a ne A B n th e e n e li . Fi d v lop e of th epl n a e
throu h g A B at g a n g es ri ht
t h e l a ne A O B l to p .
3 24 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [c m xv .
17 Prov e th t t h pol r pl n f (5 7 f) with r p t to th

. a e a a es o , 7 , es ec e
to
c o n f oca l s th o ul ti ng pl n f u bi ar e e sc a a es o a c c
curv nd th t t h g nera l urf of th e se ond d gr whi h p
e, a a e e s a ce c e ee c a sse s
throu gh th u bi i e c c s
M R ?
9 P) + r (Q
2
w hr e e Ps a bc boxéf —cayn—a bzf, Rs a + b+ c —x § —y ) —z§ r ,
Q E bc + ca + a b
18 . Sh w th t th oord i n t
e a e c a es o f a poi nt n th d g of r g r io n
o e e e e e ss
o f th e r tifyi ng d v lop bl i
ec e e a e, . e. the e n v lop of th re tifyi ng pl n
e e e c a e,
of a c urv g iv n by
e ar e e
=x + e tc
$ E tc .
)
.
,
w h r e tan 9 = p/ P rov l o th t t h d ir tio n o i n e

e oz e a s a e ec -
c s s of th e t a ng e n t
a nd pri n i p l n or m l c proportio n l t l p —l
a t a are a o l 3 cr , e c . Z3 p + l 1 cr , e tc ,
r d ii f urv tur nd tor io n

.
and th t t h a e a o c a e a s a re
p
l
—(sin 9)
g
_
ds i ds d ( t an 9)
ds ds ds
19 . I f the c o nico ids
ia 2 2
g ?
/ z 2 s
Q
Jo a / Z 0 1, a
'
/ al 6
y [ 1 1
o nfo l nd d v lop bl
are c ca a a e e a e is c ir u m ri b d to
c sc e the fi rs t a lo n g it s
curv f i n t r tio n w ith t h
e o e se c e s ec o nd , t he e dg e of r gr io n li
e ess es o n
th on e c e
20 . A d v lop bl urf
e e a e s ace pa ss es throu g h th e c urv es
2=
b) (2z y (a b) (2z a );
prov th t it e a s e dg e of r gr io n li
e e ss es o n th e cy li nd r e
x5
21 . Sh ew th t th e d g of r g r io
a e e e e ss n of th e en v lop
e e of th e pl a ne
is t h e c u bi urvc c e g iv en by
(OH M
3
- 3
6 A
( + )
— — ’ 3” b) (a —b
)
’
( —c b —
) ( c)
(c a
)( a)
h (c a
22 P rov th te a t he de v lop bl urf

e a e s a ce th t a en v lop
e es t he s ph r e e
h y p rboloi d
.
93
.
2
a nd th e e m ee t s th e
pl an e
y
= 0 in t h e c o i n c
en . xv .
l E X A M P ES X I I L .
23 . A d v lop bl
e e a e su rf ac e is dr a wn throu g h th e c urv es
z=c ; a
' 2
+y 2= —c ;
s h ew th t a it s s e c tio
n by t h e a ne pl z= 0 is g iv en by B ,
2y = c os on hr )t co s ,8 , w e e t a n on
t n ,8 : a .
24 I f t h g n
. tor f k w u f m k with th t g t nd
e e e ra o a s e s r ace a e e an en a
pri n ip l n or m l of t h l n of tri tio n ng l who o i n
c a a e i e s c a es se c s es a re
a nd
p prov th
, t SQ wh r p i t h r d iu
e f urv tur
a f th e e s e a s o c a e o e
li n f tri tio n
e o
d sP c .
s
25 P v th t th li n
. f tri tio n n t h
ro e k w urf ce g n r t d
a e e o s c o e s e s a e e a e
b t h li n
v e e
— o 9 y— i 9 x a c s a s n
9 9 c os
9
co s 9 c os s in
2 2
is an e llip se in t h e pl ane 2y + z = 0 , w ho se se m ia x e s a r e a
—2a
w ho se ce n tr e is
5
,
0, O
)
.
C H AP TE R XV I .
C URVAT URE OF S URF A CES .
21 9 . We no w p r oc e e d
to i n ve sti g a t e th e cu r va tu r e t a a
p oi n t o n g i v n su rf
a o f th p l n se c tions o f th e s rf ce
e a ce e a e u a
w hi c h p a ss th r o g h t h e p oi n t
u I n ou i n ve s ti g a tio n we
. r
sh l l m k e
a ase o f t h
u p r o p r ti s o f th e i n di cat r i x de fi n e d
e e e
in 1 84 .
I f th e p oi n t is t a k e n a s o r i g i n th e ,
t an
g en t p l an e a t th e
o rig i n as nay p l an e a n d t h e n o r m a l as
-
,
z- a x i s th
,
e q u a tio n s
e
to t he surf a ce an d i ndi c t r i x
a are
z = h, =
2h r x + 2socy + ty
2 2
220 . Cur vat ur e of nor mal sect i ons t h r ou g h an el lip t ic
p oi nt If 7 i t he i ndi ca t r i x is an el l i pse (fi g
"
. .
,
L e t C be its ce n tre ,
CA an d 0 8 its a x es, a n d l e t C P be an
y
328 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM ETR Y [C H . x V1 .
p ositi ve , th en th e p o siti ve r a dii O f c u r va tu r e are p r o p o r tio n a l

to the s q r Of u a es se m i di t r
am e e s O f th e i n di c t r i xa
z = h,
(11 > O) ,
()
1
an d th eg ti v r d
neii O f c r
a va t r e a u u e a re
,
p r o p o r tio n a l to th e
s q u a r e s O f t h e s e m i di a m e t r s O f t h e i n di ca t r i x e
h ,
2h 7123
2
2swy ty z
, (h O) .
F I G 61
. .
Th e g br a ica l l
se c i t on O f
y g r e a t e s t c u r va tu r e
al e
pa sse s th r o ug h th e r e a l a x i s O f th e i n di c a t r i x a n d th e
n o r m al se c tio n O f a l e br a i ca ll l t u r va t u r e th r o u h t h e
g y e a s c g
r ea l a x i s O f t h e i ndi ca t r i x T hes e i n di ca t r i c e s p r oj e c t
o n t h e cry p l a n e i n to c o nj u a t e h p e rb o l as w ho se c o mm o n
g y
-
a s m p tot e s ar e t h e in fl e x io n a l t a n e n t s
y g A s in
§ 22 0 t h e .
,
s e c tio n s O f r e a t e s t an d l t r v t r a r e t h e p r i n ci p a l
g e as c u a u e
se c tio n s I f t h e a x e s O X a n d C Y lie in t h e p r i n c i p a l
.
sec tio n s t h e e q u a tio n s to th e i n di ca t r i ces a r e
h
“ $92 2
93
2
:t/
(1 ) ” _
’ (2) a
?
5 2
If pl , P2 m e a su r e t h e p r i n ci p a l ra dn in m a g n it u de and
s ign ,
a
g
P2 L
Q7?
an d th e r e f o r e t h e q tion s to th e i n di c t r i ce s
e ua a a re
2 2 2 f 2
a
/
a] l/
y —= 2h
.
h i
(1 ) + (2) +
'
Z z
, ,
Z
P1 P2 P1 P2
C UR VA T UR E O F N O RM A L s ne r i o tvs
'
3 29
a nd the e q tio n
ua tO th e su rf a c e is
2 2
$ 1
2 —
+ i
P1 P
Th e r a di u s O f c u r va t u re o f t h e n o r m a l se c tio n th a t
m a k e s a n a ng l e 9 with th e ear p l a n e is g i ve n by -
1 c os 2
9 i
s n
9
9
+
P P1 P
222 . Cu r vat ur e of nor mal sect ons i t h r ou g h a p ar a
hol ic p oi nt If r é
. th e i n di ca t r i x c on i sts O f t wo s
pa ra l l e l s t ra i ght l i n es (fig ,
. T h e in fi ex ion a l t an g e n t s
F 1 01 .
c oi nc i de , a nd the n orm lhi h c o n t i n th m h

a se c tio n w c a s e as
its cu r va tu r e r o Th e n o r m a l s tio n t r i g ht a n g l to
ze . ec a es
th e se c tio n f e ro c r v t re h
O z m a x i m u m cu r v t r
u a u as a u e .
T h ese t wo se c tio n s a e th e p r i n ci p a l s ec tio n s

r I f O X nd . a
O Y l ie in t h e p r i n c i p l sec tio n s t h e a q u tio n s to t h e ,

e a
i n di c t r i x a e
a r
2 h x a ,
2
wh e r e a = C A T h e fi n it e p r i n c i p l r a di u P i g i v e n by
. a s
1
s
P1 Lt
H e n ce th e e q tio
ua ns to t h e i n di tr i x a n d s rf ace
ca u a re
2 2
x a:
2h 2z =
P1 P1
I f p is th e r a di u s O f c u r v a t u r e O f th e se c tio n OOP whi c h
ma k es a n a n l e 9 w ith t h e p r i n c i a l
g p sec tio n O C A,
‘
2
c os 9
P P1
3 30 CO OR D I NA TE GEO M BT R Y [OIL XV I .
223 . Umbilics . If r =t an d i n di ca t r i x i a
th e s
c i r l n d th e p r i n c i p l s
c e a a ec tio n a e i n de te r m i n t i n l l
s r a e, s ce a
n o r m l s c tio n s h v
a the
e a e sa m e c r v tu r eu Poi n t s at w hi c h
a .
t h i n di c a t r i x is c i r c l r a
e u a re u mbil ics .
224 . Th e cur vat ur e of an obl i qu e sect i on Th e . re
l a tio n b e t we e n th e c u r v a tu r es O f a e a a n o r m a l s c tio n nd n
O bl i qu e se c tion th r ou g h th e sa m e a e s a t n g e n t l i n i s t t e d in
M eunier s T h eor em : I f p 0 a n d p a r e th e r a di i of c u r va tu r e
’
ma l sec ti o n and o bli q u e sec ti o n thr ou g h th e

o
f a n or an
sa m e ta ng en t p , p O co s 9, wher e 9 i s the a n gle between the

s ec ti o n s .
I f th e t an
g en t pl t k en
an e fey p l
at th e p oi n t is a as -
a ne,
th e n orm a l as xi d th e
z a o m m o n t n g n t to
-
s, an c a e th e
se c tio n s as az a x i s t h
-
q ation s to th i n di c t r i x a e
,
e e u e a r
z
’
= h, 271
. rm
?
2swy ty z
,
a n d, (
se e fig .
Th e e q tio n to
ua s QQ
’
ar e
y h ta n 9 ,
an d w he re Q Q m ee
’
t s th e su rf a c e ,
2h r at
?
2sre h t a n 9 th ta n 9
2 2
.
i f (c n d y e s m al l q n titi s O f
“
But a ar ua e t h e fir s t o r de r , it is
Of th e se c on d o r de r n d th e r e f o r to o ,
a e ur deg r e e bf a pp r o x i
Qh
ma tio n ,
hue and h m a y be
?
r ej e c t ed . H e n ce Q V 2 —
r
,
2h/r
g ? Lt p " CO S 6
2h se c 6
°
20 V
The follo i
w ng proof of to
M e u ii ier s t h e ore in is d u e t
B e sa n ’
.
o o t
L e t O T be t h e c m m n a n ge n t to tio
t h e s ec o id r
n s a nd c n s e th e
s h r
p e e w c hi h tou h
c es O T a t O a n d
p a s throu h g dj t
an a ac e n and
ulti t
m a e y c nc e n l oi i d t poi tn on h
ea c tio
s ec n pl
The Of
a ne s th e .
tio
se c ns c u t t h e s ph r ir l
e e in c c es w hi h c i l urv tur
a r e t h e c rc e s o f c a e
at O of t h e s ec ns tio ir l
Th e c c e in t h e pl o t i i or l
a n e c n a n ng t h e n
. ma
r t ir l
is a g ea c c e , a n d t h e oth r
e ll ir l of
is a s m a c c e ph r
th e s e e If C O .
tr r t ir l
is t h e ce n e o f t h e g e a c c e a n d C Of ll ir l
t h e s ma c tri l
c e , th e a ng e
C O C O is g ri ht
a ng e l d
a t C , a nd t h e a n l
g e C O C O is t hl t
e a n g e be w e e n
th e pl
a n es H e n ce t h e
. eth or i
em d i t l follo
mm e a e y ws .
33 2 C OO R D I NA TE GEOM E R Y T [on xvr
EX 4 . rov th t
. P e a at th e ori g i n th e r d iu a s of c urv tur
a e
tio n f th urf
s ec o e s ace
a v
g
2h s y by? 22:
by t h pl n e a e lx my nz 0,
211 1m bl z) 1
(l 2
m 2 2
_1
}
7
is (Z 2
)
‘
Ex 5 . . The lo u c s o f the ce n tr es of urv tur of

c a e sec tio n s
s urf a ce
P1 P2
w h i h pa thro ug h th ori g i n i
c ss e s the s urf a ce g iv en by
2
$
(2 4 2 + 2
2
226 . Pr incip al i i at a p oint of an ell i p soid L e t P

r ad .
be a p oi n t n n e l l i p soi d c en t r e 0
o a Ta k O P s z a x i s , . e a -
an d t h e di a m t l p l a n e O f O P s coy p l n e T h en t ak e th e
e ra a -
a .
p r i n c i p a l x e O f th e c tion O f th e l l i p soi d by th e any p l n

a s se e -
a e
as cc n d y a x es
a Si nc e th e c oo r di n t e a x e s a e c onj g t
-
. a r u a e
di a m t e r s O f t h e e l l i p soi d its e q u a tio n is

e ,
e?
2
2
0L
9 r
wh e r e y = o p a n d 20a a n d , a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l a x es of th e
s e c tio n O f t h e e l l i p soi d b t h e p l a n e th r o u h t h e ce n tr e
y g
whi c h is para l l e l to th et n g en t p l a n e
a at P .
Th e e q tio n
ua s to th e i n di ca t r i x a re z =
y
—k , w h e r e h is
sm a ll and ~ z
210
az y
,
7
T h e r e fo r e i f ,
th e axes Of th e i n di ca t r i x ar e at an d b ,
27coc 2
2c 2
r v
N o w l e t p be th e p e r p e n di c u l a r fr o m t r to th
th e cen e e
tangen t pl a n e a t P ,
and l e t h be th di st a n c
e b e t we e n e
th e p l a n es Of th e i n di c t r i x
a an d th e t a ng en t p l n e T h e n a .
k h
7 P
Th e r e f ore i f , th e p r i n ci p a l r a dii are
p1 and
P2 ,
2 2
6
2
(L ( b2
i a nd = Lt
fl p2 2h
.
29 1)
226 —
229 ] L IN E S or C U R VA T U R E 333
Ex 1 P rov th t e a the pri ip l r d ii

nc a a at a poi nt (r .
y, )
z on t he
llip oi d
. . ,
e s g iv by
a re en
<“ H
2 2 2 2 (
l + 62 2 2 2
)
) c c +a « r-
(1 60
B 2 _ 2
0 (Use
L
my
““
l
‘
l
P i
2
0
2 4
.
P 0
2
Ex 2 t I f PT is a ng e n t to a n om l
r a se c tio n at P on an e lli p oi d
s
t h r d iu
. .
,
e urv tur
a s Of c a e of the s ec tio n i s r
‘
z
/p ,
w h r e e r is t h e tr l
ce n a
r d i p r ll l to PT
a us a a e .
EX 3 I f A, p . are th e p r a am e e s t r of the throu gh poi t

c o n f o ca l s a n
llip oi d
. .
P on the e s th e p i n ip l r dii t P
r c a a a a re
J an J an 3
-
a be a be
Ex 4 . .poi t P of n lli p oi d m t th e pri n ip l
Th e n orm l a at a n a e s ee s c a
pl n throu g h t h m n i in Q nd R I f t h m of t h p i n ip l
a es e ea ax s a . e su e r c a
rad ii t P i qu l to P Q + P R prov th t P li n r l n t l
a s e a ,
e a es o a ea ce ra
i ul r e tio n of th llip oi d
c rc a s c e e s .
EX 5 If P i
. u m bili O f th llip oi d
. s an c e e s
prov th t t h
e rv tur t P f y n orm l tio n th ou gh P i
a e cu a e a O an a sec r s
"
ate
/b .
(S ee §95 ,
Ex .
L I NE S O F CUR V AT UR E .
227 . A cu ve r rfa c e so th a t its t an g en t a t

dr a wn on a su
a n y p oi n t to u c h es o n e O f t h e p r i n ci p a l s ec tio n s O f th e
su r f a c e a t t h e p oi n t is c a l l e d a li n e of cu r vat u r e Th e re .
p ass in g e n e r a l t wo l i n e s O f c u r v a tu r e th ro u g h e v e r y p oi n t
, ,
o f th e s u rf ac e an d t h e t wo l i n e s O f c u r va t u r e th r o u h a n
, g y
p oi n t c u t a t r i ght a n g l e s .
228 L i nes of cu r vat u r e of an el l i p soi d

. T h e t a ng e n ts .
to th e p r i nc i pa l se c tio n s a t a p oi n t P O f an e l l i psoi d wh o s e
c e n t re is O a re p a r a l l e l to t h e a x es O f t h e c e n t r a l s e c tio n o f
t h e e l l i p soi d by th e di a m e t r a l p l a n e o f O P But ,
t h e ta n g e n t s to t h e c u r ve s o f i n t e r se c tio n o f t h e e l l i p s oi d
a n d th e c o n f o c a l h y p e rb o l oi ds th r o u g h P a re a l s o p a r a l l e l
to th e a x es o f t he se c tion T h e r e fo r e t h e l i n e s O f ,
c u r v a t u r e o n th e e l l i p s oi d a r e it s c u r v es O f i n t e r s e c tio n
with c on f o c a l h y p e rb o l oi ds .
229 L i nes of cur vat ur e on a deve l o p abl e su r fa ce

. .
O n e p r i n c i p a l se c tio n a t a n y p oi n t O f a de v e l o p a bl e is
t h e n o r m a l sec tio n th r ou g h t h e g e n e r a to r He nce t he .
e n e r a to r s f o r m o n e s s t e m o f l i n e s O f c u r va t u r e T he
g y .
33 4 COO RD I N A E G EO M E R Y T T [C PL XVI .
oth e r t
o i t O f c r v dr a wn o n th e su rf e to
sy s e m c ns s s u es ac
c ut l l th g e n e r to r
a t r i g ht n g l e s
e I n t h e c as O f
a s a a . e a
c o n e t h e c u r ve O f i n t e r s c tio n
,
f th on an d a n y sp h e r e o e c e e
w hi h h a s its ce n t r
c t th v r te x ts ll t h e g n e r to r s
e a e e cu a e a
a t r i g ht a n g l es a n d th r f o r the c on d y t m o f l i n e s o f
,
e e e se s s e
c r va t u r e c o n i t s o f t h
u r ves O f i n t e r sec tion O f th c on e
s s e cu e
a n d c o n c e n t r i c sp h e r w ho se c n t r e s at t h e ve r te x es e are .
Th e nor mal s t o a sur face at p oint s

23 0 . of a line of
cu r va t u r e A f u n da m e n t a l p r o p e r ty Of l i n e s
. Of cu r va t u r e
m ay be t t
s a e d as f o l l o ws :
If 0 and P are j
a d a cen t and u l ti m a tel y c o i n c ide n t
p o i n ts o
f a l in e o f cu r va tu r e, th e n or m al s to th e s u r a ce f
at O an d P i n ter sec t ; c o n ver sel y , if 0 a nd P a r e a d a cen t j
dr a w n f
a su r a ce a n d th e n or m a ls
p f
oi n ts o u c u r ve on to
the su rf a c e a t 0 an d P i n ter sect the ,
c u r ve is a lin e f
o
cu r va tu r e of th e su rf a c e .
L e t 0 be t h e o r i gin an d l et th e e q tion to th
ua e su rf ac e be
2 2
5” y
-
P1 P2
P wi l l lie on i n di c t r i x an d wi l l h a ve c oo r di n t es
th e a a
r e os 9 ,
r s in 9 , h T h e q tio n s t o th e n o r m a l a t P to t h e
. e ua
su rfa ce are v—
. os 9 y
r c — in 9 — h r s z
r co s 9 r sin 9 1
P1 P2
h e r e fo r e i f th e n o r m a l
T ,
at P is ce p l a n a i
’
w ith th e n o r m a l
a t O i e With O Z
<
,
. .
, 1 1
s in 0 00 8 9 (1 )
Pi
If 0 a nd P a re j
a d ac e n t p oi n t s O f l i n o f cu r vat r a e u e,
s in 9 0 ,
o r cos 9 0, a nd th c o n ditio n (1 ) i
e a ti fi d ; th e r e s s s e
f or e th e n orm l a s at a dj ce n t p oi n t s o f a l i n e O f c r va t r
a u u e
i n te r sec t .
I f th e o r m a l s t O a n d P i nt erse c t cos
n o r sin 9 0
a ,
:
,
an d th e r e f o r O an d P dj c n t p oi n ts O f o n e O f t h
e ar e a a e e
p r i n i p a l s c tion s o th c r ve is l i n e O f c r v t r e
c e ,
r e u a u a u .
Ex Th or m l to llip oi d t it poi t f i t r tio with

e n a s an e s a s n s o n e s ec n
o fo l g r t d v lop bl urf
.
a c n ca ene a e a e e a e s a ce .
3 36 C OOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [C H . x vi .
Ex 2 F or th e su rf ace for m d e by t h e r volution f t n ry

e o a ca e a
d ir tri pri ip l r d ii t any poi nt e
. .
ab out
i ts ec x, (t h e t
c a enoi d ) ,
th e nc a a a ar
e qu l
a and oppo it ig n of s e s .
urf w ho pri n ip l r d ii t h poi nt qu a l a n d of

( A s ace se c a a a eac are e
O ppo it i g n i ll e d minim l f )
s e s s ca a a su r ace .
EX 3 I n th on i oi d form d by t h r vol utio n f

e c tr l o i c e e e o a ce n a c n c
pri ip l r d u v r
. .
a bout n x i a a s th
o ne u b f t h oth r nc a a i s a i es as e c e o e e .
EX 4 A d v lop bl
. . urf i g r t d by t h t g n t to
e e a e s ac e s ene a e e an e s a
g iv n urv
e cP rov th t t t h poi n t Q n t h t n g n t t P wh r
e . e a a e o e a e a ,
e e
(
P Q = l t h pri n ip l r d iu of t h d v lop bl i
0
,
e c a a s e e e a e s .
p
L t t h pl n throu g h Q t ri g ht ng l
e e a to PQ t th o n utiv
e a a es cu e c se c e
g e ne ra tor in N n d M (fig s Th N Q M a o n u t i poi nt ,

. en , ,
a re c se c ve s
FIG . 64
.
of t h pri n ip l
e tion B t t h g l b t w n o n utiv g n r tor
c a s ec . u e an e e ee c s ec e e e a s
is 8314 a nd t h ng l b t w n th e pl n PQ N P Q M i t h ng l
a e e ee e a es ,
s e a e
t
be wee n on c tiv o ul ti g pl n nd th r for i 8 Th for
sec u e sc a n a e s, a e e e s 7 . e re e,
if p 1 is t h pri n ip l r d i
e c a a us ,
M Z
p L t 1 R IVI
Q
8 l
“
“
o
.
Q 7 p
Ex 5 i d t h r d i f urv tur t Q f t h li n f urv tur
F n e a us o c a e a o e e o c a e
of t h d v lop bl
. .
e e e a e .
D r w Q L t ri g ht n g l
a to th o n utiv g n tor Th N Q L
a a es e c sec e e er a . en , ,
a re o n utiv poi n t
c se c th li of rv tur L t Q M N Q Q L
e s on e ne cu a e e , ,
ph r of u n it rad iu who
.
m t th
ee e s tr i Q in b r p tiv l y
e e s s e ce n e s a, c es ec e
Th n if SWi t h ng l b t w n o n utiv t ng n t to t h li n f
.
,
e ,
s e a e e ee c sec e a e s e e o
curv tur a
SW 6
e,
3 p= 8 = b :
0, x ca , 7 a .
Th r for i n th tri ng l b i ri ght ng l d t

e e e, s ce e a e ca s -
a e a a,
8\/f 2
Sip? 87 2:
'
I f P0 is th e rad iu of ur v tur
s c a e of th e li n e of c urv tur ea ,
we h v a e
18
§W
L_
= Lt Lt
po I
’
H e n ce Lt l +
po
z
fi l S W
§ 23 91 EQ U A T ION S TO L I N ES o r C U R V A T UR I
th t th r d iu of tor io n of
“
Ex 6 . . S h ew a e a s s th e li ne o f c urv tura e of
t h e de e v lop bl a e IS
g ?
p (I
)
p (O p
'
'
dp
w h er e
and s of t h d g f r g io
is t h e a re e e e o e re s s n .
EX 7 S h w th t t h
; . li n of urv tur of
e a e es c a e the d v lop bl
e e a e
n r t d b
ge y t n g n t to
e a e h li x pl n urv a e s a e are a e c es .
23 2 . Th e p r i nci p al r a di and i l i ne s o f cur vat u r e t h r o u g h

a p oint of t h e surface y) I n § 225 w h v .
e a e
fo u nd th t i f l m ath e di r c tio n c os i n el ,f th l ,
are e -
s o e
tan g n t to a n o r ma l s tio n f t h s rf c e th r o g h t h e
e ec o e u a u
p oi n t ( y ) t h e r di s f c u r v t r e o f th
a) , , z , c tio n i a u o a u e se s
g i v e n b
y 1 l 2 l m t n} f
r
' ’z
8 a
l 1 1
1)
We h a ve als o p l, qm l n
,
O ,
wh e n c e l ;
2
ml 2
(p l 1 gu l l )
?
1 .
(1 ) an d (2) i n to
> <
t
—
9
f
r 8
—
ZI 2
1 +p 2 f
l
+ 2l l m l p q f 1 +q 2
7
hi s e q tion g i ve t w o v l s f l m whi h o rr p o d
T ua s a ue o
l
:
l , c c es n
to th two sec tion s th r o g h th e p oi n t whi h h v

e
g i v u c a e a en
r di s o f c r v a t r e I f p i
a u p r i n c i p l r di
u u th . s a a a u s, ese
sec tio n s c oi n c i d (c f T h e r e f o r e th p r i n ci p a l r dii

e, . e a
a e
r
g i v n b
y e
( 3)
2 p
1+p 1+q ,
U
or p
2 —
(r t 8 )
2
g
2
) r
f
}
QSP Q + 75
0 4
.
If e q tio n
ua (4 ) is sa ti sfi e d , th e c oi n c i de n t v l es a u of
l1 : m 1
f
ar e
338 COO R D I N A TE GE O M E T RY [C H . XVI .
N ow if PQ is t r i ght l i n who se di r c tion co si n es a e

a s a e e -
r
p r oj tio n n t h e coy p l an e th e
'
a nd
’
l, , m 1 , a
, , P Q i it s s ec o -
,
p r oj e ction s o f P Q an d P
’
t he w an d
’
Q on y
-
a x es a r e ide n ti
c al , an d th e r fo r e e th e g r a d i en t o f P
’
Q w ith r e f e r e n c e to t h e
’
a x es OX a nd CY is m l /l l . H e n ce , fr om t h e di ffe r e n ti a l
e q tio to th
ua n e p r oj e c tio n on th e cr
y
-
p l an e of th e l i ne o f
cu r v t r o rr
a u e c es p o n di n
g to th e r a di u s p is
r s
O or
Ol a?
p
P9 la
whi c h m ay be wr itt e n
M m
u fla e -
n a
I f we l i mi n a t e p /lc b e t we e n th e se e q u a tion s we o b tai n

e ,
th e di ffe r e n ti a l e q u a tio n to t h e p r oj e c tio n s o f t h e t wo l i n e s

o f c u r va t u r e viz , .
,
dx 2
{ 8 ( + 29
1 2 —
) 729
7 0 } cl o
a k {K 2
/ 1 + 9 ) _ q (1 2 '
Q
2
»
{ tp q )} =0
2
+ dy
2
+q
1 . S h ew th t th pri n ipal r d ii
a e c a at a poi n t of th e paraboloi d
g iv n by
t“
22 are e
w h r e e Ic 2=
1 2
22
4 - 3
7
EX 2
. . P rove th at t point f th i nt r a a o e e se c tio n of t he p r boloi d
a a
2 2 z 2
— —A d ii
i A bZ
x
L
§ + 22 n d t h e c o nfo c l i Q th e p 1 in ip l
'
a a --
z c a 1a
A
,
7) a
a blc3
a re 7M,
A.
EX 3
. .
Sh ew th t a th e p i o e c t io n s o n
j t h e xy- pl an of e th e li ne of s
g = 22 iv by
'
c u r va t u l e o f t h e p arabol o id + en
‘
a1 e g
b
x
i (it?) l “
b + o
3 40 C O OR D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [C H . X VI .
A ny poi n t ,
P, on th e s urf e i g iv e n by
ac s
w= a co 9 y = in 9 z
s ,
u s , 09 .
Th e t a ng e n t pl a ne a t P is
—u 9 = 0 ,
r s in 9 y c os 9 +
%
- -
h if p is t h e p erp nd i ul r to the pl fro m the poi nt Q

—
a nd e nce , e c a a ne
“14 4 814 9 4 ,
,
0 8u 89
B ut if
d is t h e di t s a n ce PQ , th e rad iu s of c urv tur a e at P of t he
n or l
m a s ec n tio throu g h Q i g iv s en by
2p 20 8 11 89
Th refore e (
21
2
0 ) 619
2 2
20
Thi g iv tw v lu of
s es o a es d 9 d-u hi h orr po nd to w c c es t h e t wo
tio w ith r d iu p I f p i pri n ip l rad iu
,
se c ns a s . s a c i n g23 2 a s, as ,
we h a ve
c oi n i d n t v lu f 1 9 1
c e a es o 6 20 21 .
2 2
t
u o
H e nc e = it
p
The d i ff r ti l qu tio
e en a e a n to the proj tio n ec s on th e Jay - pl a n e of th e
li n of urv tur
es c a e is da
de f
—
z
: 1
x/u
2
1 -
c
w h re e u a nd 9 are pol r oor d i n t a c a es H e n ce the li ne s of c urv ture

a
tio n f th h li oi d li nd er
.
are th e n i tr e sec s o e e c a nd cy s
2u = c (A e
o —A~ l o "
w hr e e A is an arbitr ry o n t n t a c s a .
Ex 1 1 . . F or th h li oi d = te e c z c an
‘
1 3
a:
, prov th a t e
l,
qz
/ cx c w ?
$
2
)
P “ 2 9 r
u
4 ’ 3 1
a nd d due ce th e r ult es s of fro m th qu tio n of

E x 10 . e e a s 23 2 .
Ex 1 2 . . P rov e th t a a t a poi n t f t h on oi d o e c
= u cos 9, = u sin 9,
. r
y
th e pri n ip l r d ii c a a a re g iv en by
2 2 2 ”
2/0 2 2 2
/cz p ( )
' '
z
p u u u z O
dz
w h re e T
a 9
e tc .
,
a nd leg 1
We h v a
’ cos 9 ’
z
z s in
2
9 + z sin 29
'
e P z
q u u
z
9 co s 9 + z 29 9 —z i
’ ’
2
z s in co s z co s e n 29
2
§ 23 2] E X A M PL ES ON L I N ES OF C U R VAT U R E 3 41
EX . 13 . P rov th t e a at a poi nt of t h urf e s ac e of r vol utio n

e
m= a c os 9 y=, in 9 u s ,
th e pri n ip l r d iic a a a re
3
( +
’
2
1 z
P1 P2
w h e re z
’
e tc . De du ce the r e ult s of 23 1 .
Ex . 14 . F or th urf e s a ce
g (u + J
x =u cos 9, = u sin 9, z = c lo
2
y 11
prov e th t p a , pg .
EX . 15 . Fi d n the pri n ip l c a ra dn at a poi n t of t he c li nd roi d

y
P rov th t e a at a ny poi t n of t h e g e ne ra tor
~
z= m, o n e p r 1 n c 1 pa l r adl u s i s 1 n hn 1 t e a nd the oth r e is
u
wh r e e 21 IS
t h e d 1s t a nce o f t h e p o m t fro m t h e z -a x1 s .
4m
EX 1 6 . . F i d thn e c urv ature at th e ori g i n of th e li nes of urv tur c a e

o f t he s urf ace
~
x
+1
"
_
i
1
-
P1 P2
I f l, m, n a re th e d ir tio o i
ec n - c s ne s o f th e t an
ge n tt o a c urv e a nd 0 .
>
1s t h e a rc ,
fl
(y fl
2
(
1
2 +
p do . ( l et doc
B ut for li n of urv tu
a e c a re ,
2
l { rp q s (1
and for th li n f urv atur th t tou h O X l 1
e e o c e a c es ,
z
, m = n = 0 . A lo
s
t t h ori g i n p = = O ; th r for d i ff e r nti ti n a nd s bs u tituti

a e q g (l ) s e e e e a ,
n
g,
w o bt i n
e a
ds
dm I bl b
d on
‘
r —t r —t ar 8 3/ r —t 1 1
P1 P2
A ga in , p l + g m = n, a nd th e r efor e at the ori g i n
da
rl
z
+ tm
2=
r —
1
da .
P1
all dm da al l
A nd, [ m
+ Tn
W
“
si nce -
72
6 0 Tt
( o d
1. ot .
Th er fore e ,
if p0 is t h e r d iu
a s o f urv a tur of
c e th e li n of urv tur
e c a e
whi h tou h c c es O X,
Si m il rl y th e qu ara ,
s e of the c urv tur of
a e th e li ne of urv tur th t
c a e a
tou h O Y i c es s
3 42 C OOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [C H . X VI .
EX 1 7 . . P rov th t e a th e e qu tion a to an ellip s oi d ca n be pu t in th e
form 2
. 2 2 2 3
22 2 i
P P1 P2 P1 P2 Pz
‘
PI P2 PI
w hr e e oord in t f th
g , n, p a re th e c a es o e ce n tr e .
EX 1 8 H .h w th t t h qu r
. e nce s e a e s a es of th e c urv tur a e s of t he li n es
of urv tur throu g h poi t P
c a e a n a re
09
2 2 2
( a
1A) (6 1 11 ) 64
2 2 2
6 6
Ao —ar w Ar 11 1
3
w h r e e of th o nfo l throu gh P
a nd ,u a r e th e p r a a m e e rs t e c ca e .
EX 1 9 PN PN PN t h n or m l t poi t P to n llip oi d
, ,, 2 are e a s a a n a e s
on fo l h y p rboloi d f n n d t w h t throu g h P
. .
and t h e c ca e s o o e a o s ee s
urv tu t P f t h urv f tio n f t h llip oi d

.
P ov th t t h
r e a e c a re a o e c e o se c o e e s
an d h y p rboloi d of t w h t i (p
e wh r p i th o s ee s s l
‘
l e e l s e
curv tur of t h
a tio n f t h llip oi d by t h pl n P N N n d p
e e sec o e e s e a e
1 a 2
‘
tio n of t h h yp rboloi d of t w h t by t h
,
i th
s urv tur f t h
e c a e o e sec e e o s ee s e
pl n P N N
a e 1 2 .
23 3 . Umbil ics . At an um b i li c th e d i r e c tio ns f th o e
p r i n ci p a l s e c tio n s are i n de te r m i n te ; a th e r e f o r e fr o m e q a , u
tio n s (5 ) o f § 23 2 ,
we h a ve
2
1 +9 _ pq_ p
’
t s lc
w h e r e p is th e r di u s f c u r va t u e o f any n o r m l a o r a se c tio n
th r o u g h th e m b i l i c u .
Ex 1 .F i d t h m bili of th l lip oi d
. n e u cs e e s
B y d iff r ti tio w o bt ie en a n, e a n
x lp — z z
c r .
--
or p :
2 2
C a z
—c J2
O, or g bz z
'
——
<
1 C
P9
Wh e nce
z a
2+ p
2
z
At an u m bili c or
p q (l
H e n ce or u nl e ss
We h v a e a s l o at t h u mbili e c
r l +p2
( )
2
beq 2(0 2 m
‘
3 2 2
a
p (6 0 ) 0
2 g
If a > b> c, g iv i m g i nary v l u

es a a e s of
q .
2 —1)
—
9 0 ,
0 61
COO R D I N A TE GE O M E TR Y [O H . X VI .
e qu tio n to th llip oi d i
a e e s s
2 2 2
x +y 02 2g zx O .
Wh e nc e , a t th e ori g i n ,
we h v a e
at —3 ? .
Br 3a a) at
bar w ar . w” of By
T h r for th d ir tio n f t h li n
e e e ef urv tur throu gh th
ec s o e es o c a e e
ori g i n g v n by
are
t n +t n
i e
a
3
a . a
and t h o n l y r l li n of urv tur throu g h th mbili i t h

e ea e tio n c a e e u cs s e se c
of th llip oi d by t h pri ip l pl n th t o t i n t h mbili

e e s e nc a a e a c n a s e u cs .
S h w th t t h poi n t of int li n
2b
Z
EX 7 . . e ti n f tha e s e i sec o o e e :
3 G
and urf c s a e m bili n th urf n d th t t h

2
are u cs o e s a ce , a a e
di t i n of t h th
1 ec o s li n f urv tur throu gh n u mbili
e 1 ee
y ) es o c a e a c ,
z
are g iv n by e
3
b e c a a
I f P an d Q a re a dj ace n t ulti m t l y oi n id n t poi nt

and a e c c e s of a c urv e
dr aw n o n t h e s urf ac e , the n or m l t P n d Q i nt r
a s a t if a e sec
22 2
2
dx dy
(g 9
"
—3 +E
z
z dx d
y < dx
A lo s ,
we h v a e
x d“2
d 7
2
/ d y zM d
+
a b 0
i
s nc e th e t
t to th urv li in th t ng en t pl a n to t h urf
a n ge n e c e es e a e e s ac e .
If
i
a
th qu tio n
g iv
, thr v l f dx dy d
ese e nd t h a s e ee a ue s o : z z, a e
fir t qu tio n th e n
s e d u to
a 1 e ces
(
ca
’
y bdz) (a dz c dx ) (bdx a dy) = 0 .
23 4 . Tr i p l y -
or t h og onal sy st e ms of su r fac es . Wh e n
th r e t e s o f s rf c s e s c h th a t th r ou g h e c h p oi n t
y s e m s u a e ar u a
in p c th e r e p a ses o n e m e m b e r o f e ch syst e m n d t h e
s a e s a .
,
a
th r e m m b e r s th r o g h an y g i v n p oi n t o t at r i g ht n g l e s
e e u e u a ,
th y ar e tog th e r a i d to f o r m t rip l y rt h g n l y t m o f
e e s a -
o o o a s s e
s rf aces
u Th c o n f oca l s o f i ven c o n i c oi d f o r m su c h a e a
.
g
sy st e m .
We h ve see n th a t th l i n e o f r va t r f a n l l i p oi d
a e s cu u e o e s
ar e i ts c u r ves o f i n t e r se c tio n w ith t h c o n f o c l h p rb o l oi ds e a

y e .
T hi s is a p r ti cu l r c s af a g n e r l th o r e m on t h l i n e
a a e o e a e e s
o f c u r va t r e o f t r i p l y o r tho g on a l sy st m D up in t h or em
u a -
e ,
’
s e ,
whi c h we p r oc e e d to e n n c i t n d p r o ve u a e a .
I f thr ee s
ystem s o
f s u r a c es
f cu t ever ywh er e at r ight
a n g l es, the l i n es o
f c u r va tu r e o
f an
y m em ber o
f on e s ystem
§23 1 ] D U PI N
’
S T H EO R E M 3 15
are i ts cu r ves o f in ter secti o n w ith the m e m ber s f

o the ot he r
two s yste m s .
L e t 0 be a ny p oi n t on a
g i v e n su rfa c e ,
S , ,
of the fi r t
s
s
y t
s e m , a nd rf a ce s o f t h e se c on d a n d
le t S 2 a nd 83 be t h e su
thi rd system s th a t pa ss th r o u g h 0 We h a v e to p r o v e th a t .
t h e c u r ves o f i n t e r se c tio n o f 8 1 w ith S 2 a n d 8 3 a r e t h e l i n e s o f

c u r va t u r e o n S r Th e t a n g e n t p l a n e s a t O to t h e th r e e
.
su rf a c es c u t a t r i g ht a n g l e s T a k e th e m f o r c oo r di n a t e .
p l a n e s Th e e q u a tio n s to th e th r e e s u rf a c e s ar e th en
.
,
to S a
l y
?
2hl yz (1 1 2 2
0,
to 8 2y 2h2zx 11235 3
0,
to 8 3 , 2z + a 3 cc + 2h3 azy + b3 y + 2 2
0 .
N ea r t h e ori gi n , on th e i n t r e c tio n f th
cu r ve of e s o e
su r fa ce s 8 1
and $ 2,
a: a nd
y e o f t h c o nd o r d r o f sm l l
ar e se e a
q uan titi e s ,
h a nd e n ce th c oo di n a t s o f a p oi n t
e f th r e o e
cu r ve a dj c n t to
a e O are 0 0 y Th e t n g e n t p l n e s to
, , . a a
SI a nd S2 at (O 0 y )
, ,
a re , i f y b r ej c t ed g i v en by ?
e e ,
a: h -
+ 1 yy bl y e O
—
,
y l
— y Ct
z
Z —
f hzy x
- z
o,
a nd th y a re t r i g ht
e a an
gl es ;
th e r e fo r e h, 0 .
S i m i l a rl y w h a ve , e
h 2 + h3 : O , h3 + h1 = 0 ,
an d th e r e f o r e h1 h2 113 0 .
H e nce t h e oo r di na te p l n s a t h pl n e s o f th e p r i n
c a e re e a
c ip al se c tio n s a t O o f t h e th r e u rf c e s a n d t h rv f e s a e cu e o
i nt r se c tion o f S n d 8 to ch a p r i n c i p l s tio n o f S
e
I
a
2
u es a ec
I
at 0 B u t O is n y p oi n t o f S
. n d th e r e f o r e t h
a c r ve I , a e u
to u ch es a p r i n c i p a l sec tio n a t a n y p oi n t o f its l ng th n d e , a
th e r f o r e is l i n e f c r v t r S i m i l rl y t h c v f
e a o u a u e . a , e
'
ur e o
i n t e r s c tio n o f S a n d S is l i n f c r va t r e o f 8
e
I 3
a e o u u
1
.
EX 1 . of E x 8 §23 2 prov th t if t w urf

. B y m ea n s t t .
, ,
e a o s a ce s c u a
o t nt
a c ns a l th ir urv of i n t r tio i li n f urv tur
a ng e a n d e c e e se c n s a e o c a e
of n th o e, li n of urv tur f t h oth r ; l o th t if t h
e n it is a e c a e o e e a s ,
a e
curv of i n t r tio n of t w urf

e i li n f urv tur
e se c h o s ac e s s a e o c a e 0 11 ea c ,
th t w
e urf t t a co n t
o s t ng l a ce s c u a s an a e .
EX 2 I f li n f urv tur of
. . urf lia ph r t h
e o c a e a s a ce es on a s e e, e
surf nd ph
ac e a t t o n t n t g l t l l poi nt f th li n
s e re c u a a c s a an e a a s o e e .
3 46 COOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [C H . XVI .
EX 3 . to urf
. I f th e n or m a l s a s a ce a t a l l poi nt of s a pl a ne se c tio n
m k ao n t n t ng l with th pl
e a c s a a e e an e of t h tio n
e sec ,
th e s ec tio n i s a
li n of urv tur
e c a e .
23 5 . C urvat ur e at p o nt s i of a g enerat or of a sk ew
su r fa ce . We h a ve sh e wn th t a a r u l e d c n c d c a n be o i oi
f o u n d to tou c h a g i ve n sk e w su r fa c e a t a s of a ll p oi n t
g i v en
g e n e r a to r I f P i s a n
y p oi n
,
t o f t h e
g e n e r a to r ,
t h e g e n e r a to r s o f t h e c o n i c oi d th r o u g h P a r e t h e in fl e x io n a l
ta n g en ts o f th e sk e w su rf a ce a n d th e r e f o r e th e c o n i c oi d ,
a n d su rf a c e h a v e t h e sa m e i n di c a t r i x a t P H en c e t h e .
s e c tio n s o f t h e c o n i c oi d a n d o f t h e su rf a ce th r o u h P h a ve
g
t h e sa m e c u r va t u r e .
EX I n v ti g t th pri n ip l r d ii of
. es a e k w urf t poi n t
e f c a a a s e s a ce a s o
a g iv n g n r tor
e e e a .
T k t h g n r tor x xi th n tr l poi n t ori g i n nd t h

a e e e e a as -
a s, e ce a as ,
a e
t ng n t pl n t t h ori g i n
a e a
y pl n
e a Th qu tio n t th o ni oi d
e a s an -
a e e e a o e c c
a m e pri n ip l r d ii i th n of t h
.
whi h h c th as e s form c a a s e e
by2 cz = O
2
210 2 2fye 2bt y .
1
.
Wh e n ce a t (r
.
, 0 , 0 ) we h v a e
bw2 2fhx w l - 2 2
ch r .
3
9 w
1
ms
T he pri n ip l r d ii
c a a are th r fore e e g iv en by
A“
“ ‘
2 2
j
.
(682
2f p (8
2
e
a
r :
0,
,
w hr e e 8 is t h e p r
a ame e t r of d i tri bu tion f s or t h e g e ne r tor a .
23 6 . Th e mea sur e of cur vat ur e at p oint a . Gau ss

t t h e f o l l o wi ng m tho d o f
su g g e s e d c r va es ti ma ti n h
e
g t e u
t r o f s rf c e a t g i ve n p oi n t C on si d r
u e a u a c l os d a . e a e
p o r tio n 8 o f th s rf ce w ho a r e is A D r a w fr o m th
, ,
e u a se a . e
c n tr e o f
e sp h r e o f n it r di
a p r l l l to t h e n o r m l s
e u a us a a e s a
to th e su rf c t ll p oi n t f th e b o n d ry of 8 T h e s
a e a a s o u a . e
i n t e r c p t o n t h s rf c e o f th sph r a p o r tio n o f r e a a
e e u a e e e a ,
Who se b o nd ry is a l l ed th e h r g r p h o f t h e p o r tion 8
u a c o o a ,
a n d a is t a k e n to m e a s r e th e wh l vat r f th e u o e c ur u e o
a
p o t on S
r l T h ve r a g.e c r v t r o v r 8es
Z
I f
a P 8 u a u e e 1 . 1
a p oi n t w ithi n 8 th e n L t a a s S i i n d fin it l y di m i ni h e d s e e s
A
,
is th e measure r
of cu vat ure o r sp e cifi c cu rvat ur e a t P .
3 48 C OO R D I N A TE GE O M E T RY [c a XVI .
EX .o n of r vol ution miv rti l ng l

1 . If a c ir u m ri b
e e ,
se e ca a e a c c sc es
l lip oid t h pl n of o t t d ivi d t h urf i nto t w por t io n
,
an e s ,
e a e c n ac es e s ac e o s
who tot l urv tur
se 2 (1 + in ) 2 (l
a c in ) a e s a re 7r s a ,
7.
-
s on .
T h horo g r ph i t h
e ir l of i nt r t io n f th u n it ph r n d
a s e c c e e sec o e s e e a
o ho v rt tr l — 7
th h
e r1
g t n w t
c h n n d en t l n gse
é e ex IS e ce e a se 1 1 ver 1 ca a e a .
E X 2 A y d i m tr l pl n d ivi d
. . n llip oi d i nto t wo portio n
n a e a a e es a e s s
who tot l urv tur
se q la c a es a re e ua .
EX 3 Th m ur f rv tur t poi n t P of th llip oi d

. e e as e o cu a e a a e e s
2 4
w h r p i t h p rp nd i ul r fro m t h
2
y P
2
lb n tr e e s e e e c a e ce e
a
to t h t ng n t pl n t P
e a e a e a .
EX 4 P rov th t t ny poi nt P of t h p r boloi d y + = 4 x

. . e a a a e a a 2
2
2
a ,
th m e ur f u v tur i
eas w h r S i t h poi n t ( O O)
e o c r nd
a e s
2 ’
e e s e a, , ,
a
4S P
th t t h whol urv tur of t h portio n f th e urf
a e e c t ff by t ha e e o s ac e c u o e
<
a
l = x is 2T. 1
P an e x o
a ——
l xo
EX poi nt of g iv n g n r tor f k w urf d i t n t x
. 5 . At a a e e e a o a s e s ace s a
3 2
fro m th n tr l poi nt th m ur f urv ture i
e ce a wh r 8 e eas e o c a s e e
i t h p r m t r of d i tri b utio
s e a a e e s n .
EX 6 I f t h t n g t pl n t ny t w poi n t P nd P of
'
. . e a
g v n en a es a a o s a a 1 e
g n r tor f
e k w urf
e a t ri g ht ng l
o a s nd t h
—— me ur of s ace a r e a a e s, a e ea s es
curv tur t P n d P a [t d R prov th t J E + x/l t i o n t n t

e a a
’
are an I, e a
l s c s a .
EX 7 F i nd th m ur of urv tur t th e poi nt (x y ) n th

. . e e as e c a e a , ,
e o e
surf (y + ) (2x I )
ac e =0 2
e
2
.
EX 8 Th bi n or m l to
. .
g i v n urv g n
e r t k w urf a e a e c e e e a e a s e s a ce .
P rov th t t m e ur of urv tur t poi n t f th urv

a l s ea s e c a e a a o e c e lS
EX 9 Th n or m l to
. . k w urf t poi t of
e g n r tor l i a s a s e s a ce a n s a e e a e
on h yp rboli p boloi d P rov th t t ny poi n t of t h g n r tor

a e c ara e a a a e e e a
nd p r boloi d h v
.
th urfe s ace a th m m ur f urv tur a a a e e sa e e as e o c a e .
C URV ILI N E AR C OOR D IN AT ES .
23 8 . We h a ve se e n , th at th e e qu tio ns a
90 =
f1 (U> V ) » V) ,
Z =
f3 (U , V) ,
wh e r e U and Vrf a ce I f
are p a r am e te r s ,
de te r m i n e a su .
w e a ssi g n a p a r ti c u l a r va l u e to o n e o f t h e p a r a m e te r s say ,
U th en t h e l o c u s o f t h e p oi n t (x y 2 ) a s V va r i e s is a
, , ,
c u r ve o n th e s u rfac e s i n c e a y z a r e n e w f u n c tio n s o f o n e , , ,
p a r a m e t e r I f th e t wo c u r ve s c o rr esp on di ng to U= u
. ,
V p ass th r o u g h a p oi n t P th e p o sitio n o f P m ay be
:
,
I
D R E CT IO N C O S I N E S
-
or T H E N O RM A L 3 19
-
co n si de r ed as de t e r m i n e d by th e va l u es i t a n d o f th e v
p a r m t e rs
a e ,
a n d th e se va l u e s a r e th e n c a ll e d t h e cu r vili nea r
i
c oor d n at e s o f the p oi n t P . T h us a p oi n t on an l l i p soi d is
e
de t e r m i n e d in p o s itio n i f th e p a r a m e te r s o f t h e c o n fo ca l
hyp rbo l oi ds
e whi c h p a ss th r o u g h it a r e k n o wn
n d th e ,
a se
p r a m e t r m ay b t a k e n
a e s t h e c u r vi l i n r c oo r di
e t f as ea n a es o
t h e p oi n t I f o n e o f t h p a r a m e t r s r e m i n s c o n t an t w hi l
. e e a s e
t h e oth e r va r i e s t h e l oc u s o f t h p oi n t i t h e c u r v e
, f e s o
i n te r sec tion o f th e e l l i p soi d a n d th h yp e rb o l oi d whi h e c
c o rr e p o n ds to t h e c o n s t a n t p a r m e t e r
s a .
Ex 1 Th h li oi d i g iv by w= o 0 y/
. e e c i 9 s = 0 en a c s z u s n z 0
Wh t urv orr po d to =
. .
, ,
a c es c t t 9= o
es t t?
n u c o ns a n ,
c ns a n
Ex 2 T h h y p rboloi d f
. . e h t i g iv by
e o on e s ee s en
Wh at c urv orr po nd to es c es A= co ns t a n t , If a nd p
.
a reth urvili n r oord n t

e c ea c i a es of a p o m t o n th e s urf ac e , w a h t is t h e
lo u f th poi n t wh n (i )
c s o e e ( ) Ap k ? ii r-
23 9 . D i r ection cosine s of t h e nor mal t o t h e sur face

- If .
0 , (fi g . is th e p oi n t o f g i ve n rf c e who se c u r vi a su a
U=u U : + 6u
V : u+ dv
Fl b . 66 .
l inea r c oo r di n t s are u v t h e di r ec tio n c o si n

a e o f th e , ,
-
es
t ang en t a t O to t h e c u r ve s U= u V v a p r o p o r tio n l to
s , ,
re a
l
yr »
Z” ; f]
Th r fore i f
e e l ,
m ,
n ar e th e d i r ctio n co i n
e -
s es of t he
n o rm l a at 0 to t h e su rfa ce ,
m y“ n o
n
, z, 0,
3 50 COO R D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [CH . x vi .
Z ux v wu yv yu xv
Wh r e e E M y a
?
zu
z
F my .
G y,,
2
(C f .
Cor . I f 9 de n ot es th e an
g l e NO M
F
cos 9
240 . Th e line ar el ement . An e q tio n b t w

ua e e en th e
cu r vi l i n e a r c oo r di n a t e s o f a p oi n t on a su rfa ce rep r e se n t s a
c u r ve dr a w n o n t h e s u rfa ce We p r o c e e d to fi n d t h e .
r e l a tio n b e twe e n t h e di ffe r en ti a l s o f t h e ar c o f th e cu r ve

a n d t h e c oo r di n a t es .
L e t 0 a n d P (fi g be a djace n t p oi n t s o f t h e c u r ve
,
.
a n d h a ve c a r t e s i a n c oo r di n a t es
(x , y , (cc 699 ,
y 6g , 2 +
a n d cu r vi l i n e a r c oo r di n a t e s
(u ,
v ) , (u v
513 +
y + 6y
z + 7
+ zu 8u + z 0 8v +
and h en c e
if cu b es a n d hi g h e r p o we r s a r e r ej e c t e d .
T h e r e f o r e i f ds is t h e di ffe r e n ti a l o f th e ar e of th e cu r ve ,
i
s nce L t (0 P /88) 1,
2
d s E da 2 2q dv d 2
.
Th e l
va u e of ds g i v e n by th i s q a tio n e u is l
ca l ed th e
l ine ar l
e eme nt of t h e su rf a c e .
EX . F o r th e s urf a ce o f r volu tio n

e ,
ar r -
u co s 0, y
z
u s in 0, d3 2 = (l
F ind f if d s
2= 2 z z
2 du + u d 0
241 Th e p r i nc i p al r a dn and l i nes of cu r vat u r e

. We .
c an fi n d th e p r i n ci p a l r a dii a t a p oi n t o f th e su rface wh e n
3 52 COOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [ gm X V I .
I f p is a p r i n c i p a l r a di u s ,
by (3 ) and
E da + d q +d
“
G dv 7 H
’
F dc F da
’ ’
E du
’ ’
and th e r e f o r f o r l i n e of cu r va t r e
e a u ,
du 2
(E F — E F
’
) — d u d v (G E
’ ’
I
E G
l
F
/
2
Ge r 1 . . T h e m e a su r e of cu r va tu r e is
E ,
E F G *
Cor 2 . . Fo r an u m bi l i c
1
7
F
’
7
°
E a l o b obt i n d follo w
qu t io n (2) m ay a s e a e as s
I f 0 ( y ) i t h poi n t o i d r d
:r d P ( + 8x y i Sy + 8 )
z s e c ns e e ,
an ,
re ,
--
,
g 2
dj n t poi t n n or m l tio n throu gh 0 p t h r d u of

, , ,
i
s an a ace n o a a s ec , ,
e a i s
c urv tur of th e tio n i g i n by

a e e s c ,
s ve
w h r p i th p rp nd i ul r from P to
e e s e e e c a the t a ng e n t pl an e a t 0 . The
e qu tio n to th t g n t pl n i 2X5
a e an e a e s a nd
.r 8x x 824 8r) 824 2 824 8 2) M) et c .
II e nce
6 s
”
2157
Th erefor e, i
s n ce L t OP 2
E da 2 2q dv Gdv2,
H
"
E d zt + 2F d2Ld v 2 '
—G d vz "
p E d u 2 + 2q dv + Gdr 2
Ex . 1 . Fi d n th e pri n ip l r d ii
c a a and li n es of urvature c
s urf ac e z =
f (r , y) .
T k a z
e u - x, v z y, th en
xu = 1, xv = 0 , = 1, =
y, z,
g;
x uu y uu
z xu v = yu v = 0 ,
Zu u 3 m) 3 , Zw =t .
H e nc e E = l + p 2, F =p q, G = 1 + g2, [ 1 2 = E G
E = r , F = s, G = t ;
' ’ ’
a nd o n s u b tituti ng
s in e qu tio n a s (4 ) and we o bt i n a th e e qu tio na s
of
T he s tud t wi l l
thod of u vil i r oord i t d i u d
en fi n d t h e me s c r nea c na e s sc sse
an d pp l i d i
a t t ti
e Dfl ti j G m t y by L P E i
n a rece n h t re a se o n z er en a eo e r . . se n ar ,
(Gi H i l o f r d to Ap p l i ti G m tmq d C l l ’
’ ’
nn e s a s r e e re ca on s eo e ues a a ca
t l W d T r m t i
D if é
i
r en e b g Th
, éo i d S
. wf D e b G a nn e n e r e es a ces , ar ou x eo e r a
D if ml B i
er enz hi e, a nc .
gen ] E XA M PL E S O N LI N E S or C U R VA T U R E 3 53
Ex 2 rul d urf i g n r t d by t h
A e s ac e s e e a e bin o r m a l s o f a g
e iv ne
F i nd t h pri ip l r d ii t poi n t d i
. .
c urv e e nc a a a a s ta n r m t he ct fro u v
r e
oord i n t f t h poi nt
. .
T he c g iv n by
a es o e a re e
= x + l3 7 a =
f
§ 3/ l
' ““ ” 73 7
7
)
:
3
an d a re fu n tio n c s o f s a nd r . T k i ng
a a s s a nd v a r , a n d a ppl yi ng
F re ne t s
’
for mul ae , we o bt ai n
2
-
F = G, G= 1 ,
m 2
I
1 .
, G =0
’
E
’
.
pO
‘
(7 p
Th r fore t h pri n ip l
e e e c a ra dn a re g iv en by
>
2 2 2 2 2
R —
0 ‘ O
“ 0
.
- 3 '
0 0 0
0
p
Ex 3 . . F i nd th e m e as ur of urv tur t t h e li of tri tio n

e c a e a ne s c .
T he urv c e is th e ne li of tri tion n d wh n = O th m ur of

s c ,
a e 7
'
, e ea s e
c urv tur i
a e s
EX 4 ppl y th m tho d of urvili n r oord i n t to prov th t

A e e c ea c a es e a
t h pri n ip l r d iu d v lop bl t d i t n I lo ng gen r tor

. .
e f c a a s o a e e a e a a s a ce a a e a
fro m th e d g f r g r on e e o e essi
0 O
is
(r
p
Ex 5 . ppl y th . A e me tho d of c urvili n r oord i n t to prov th t
ea c a es e a
for t h h li oi d x = — M -
16
d
e e c u cos 9 y=u s in 0 P nd th t a a
P 1
id
, , ,
c
a
t h li ne of urv tur
e s c a e are g iv en by d 6 =
Ex . lo u of poi t
6 . Fi d n th e c s n s on t he h li oi d
e c w hi h c
m ur of urv tur h
e as eg iv v lu c a e as a en a e .
Ex 7 F .th urf . or e s a ce
x u +v u —v
y
a 2 b 2
prov th t th pri n ip l r d
e a e c a a u a re
g iv en by
2 2 2
a bp ka bp (a 2 b 2
av ) lc‘ 0,
w h r
e e 4 16 4 % 3
a
2
a
‘
r ) ?
b
‘
r )
3
‘
a nd th t t h li n of urv tur
a e es c a e ar e g iv en by
Ex 8 . . F or th urf e s a ce
x = 3 u (l
? 2
v ) + 76 ) 3 a? 3 0
2
,
the pri n ip l r d ii c a a a t a ny poi t n are
2l
(l
and th e li n of urv tur es c a e are g iv en by u =a
l ,
w h re e
a re a rbitr ry o n t t a c s an s .
B G . .
3 54 C OOR D I N A T E GE OM E R Y T [c m xv1 .
EX 9 Th e . s qu r of a es th e se m i -
a xe s o f th e c o n fo c a l s throu g h a
o ni oi d
.
poi t n P on th e c c
2 2
v
« 7/ 2
_
+
.
+ _ l
a b c
a re al z a A, bl a b—A ,
a zz a —a ,
bz a b—p, c z
g c- p .
T k i nga A . a nd p as th e c urvili near oor d i n te of c a s th e poi nt prov e ,
th t
k— m
a
Ar
F =G
a
l
b cl a bc
z z z
V / (A
a bc
a bc ()t a ) ’ la )
F \ .
)t p . al bl cl
’
61 60
2 2 2
z a: an d p2
XE
E
’
c a bc
a nd th t t h li n of ur tur
a e es c va e ar e A= co n s t an t , p = c o ns tan t .
If Z m n ,
t h d ir tio n o i
,
a re e ec -
c s ne s th e n ma of t he s or l to urface ,
Ell /
i
ot a El nx u
Elm“ :
We h v a e a s lo VA“ 912 72,

a
Ex 1 0 . . P rov th t if e a F an d F
’
a re ze ro ,
p r a am e tri c urv c es
a re li n es of c urv tur a e .
Examp l es XI II .
1 P rov th t lo ng g iv n li n f urv tur

. e a a a e e o c a e of a c o ni coid , o ne
p r m mp a lr d u v ri th u b f th oth r
a i s a e s as e c e o e e .
2 P rov th t t h pri n ip l r d
. et poi nt O f a e c a a u a a th e s urf a ce
a re g iv n by e
w e hr pi e s th ep rp ndi ul r fro m th ori g i n to th t ng nt pl

e e c a e e a e a ne at
th e poi n t . S h w th t thi
e qu tio n n b writt n in th for m
a s e a ca e e e
i 2
'
2
3 -r + p p 3 5 + rp 3 2 +
rp
and th t if (g
a , f) is a c en tr of pri ip l urv tur
e nc a c a e at (x , y, z
) ,
2r .
—77+ 2z
3 . Fi d n th e pri n ip l r d ii of
c a a th e s urf ace
poi n t s h r
w e e
4 . P rov e th t a th e c on e
x/y
2-- 2
i z
)
p as ses throu gh li n of urv tur of t h p r boloi d xy =
a e c a e e a a aa
3 56 COOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [c m XVI .
De d u th tce a
l
(M
2 2
10
—B62)
(xy
7
d
+p
2
x
h h th t th i n t g r l qu tio n
w h er e p
= —
l fi , a nd e nc e s ew
2
a e e a of th e e a
x
2 1
11: 01
.
‘
W h r e e la is an a rbitr ry o n t n t
a c s a .
2 22 2
x (
2
0 y (b C)
z z
a (a A) 62(b2 1)
a nd dd
th t th li n f rv tur
e uce t h e urv a of i nt r ec tio n
e es o cu a e ar e c es e s
of th llip oi d nd i t nf l
e e s a s co o ca s .
1 5 P rov th t t h m
. ur f urv tur t poi n t f g n r tor
e a e e as e o c a e a s o a e e a
of k w urf v ri
a s e 9 wh r 9 i th
s ng l b tw en th
a ce a es as 0 0 3
4
,
e e s e a e e e e
t ng nt pl n t t h poi t n d t t h n tr l poi nt
a e a es a e n a a e ce a .
16 P rov th t t h
. urf e a e s a ce
4 a 2z2 (x
2
2a ? ) (y ?
h as a li n e o f u m bilic s l y i ng on the s ph r e e
17rul d urf i g r t d by th pri ip l n m l to

A e s ac e s ene a e e nc a ei a s a
pri n ip l n or m l d i t n t
.
g iv n urv ; prov th t t t h poi n t of

e c e e a a e a c a a s a r
fro m t h urv th pri n ip l r d ii

e c g iv n by e e c a a are e
po
Wh t a ar e th e pri ip l r d ii
nc a a poi nt
at s of urv 2
th e c e
'
.
18 . I f l , m, n ar e t h e di1 e c ti n o i n
o c s es o f th orm l t poi n t to
e n a a a
th e s urf ace y) th e e qu tio n f
a or th pri n ip l r d ii n be
e c a a ca
w ritt en
al a
( )
1 1 a(z m)
‘
-
a
i
v
,
+ +
p ar 5 0 y)
”
p
19 . P rov th at t h e o ul ti ng pl
e sc a a ne of the li n of urv atur e
e c of th e
su rf a ce
x
g z
— l y
— --‘
PI P2
w hi h tou h e
c c s O X, m a k es a n a ng e <) l
1 w ith t he pl an e Z O X, s u h th a t
c
2
— p b
5
1 z
tan (
p
2
20 . rov th t for
P e a th e s urf ace form d e by t h e re volutio n of the
t t i bout it xi
ra c r x a s a s
z= a
(
lo g t an
g + c os a ) , u =a i
s n (), i
an d h t t h urf h as poi nt o n t nt m ur e of c urv tu
g a t an y
a e s a ce a c s a e as a re
a
CH X V I. .
] E X A M P L ES XI[l . 3 57
21 . I f th e s urf ace of r volutio e n
it co s 9, = u s in 9,
of y
:
is i ni m l urf f (l
a m af =0 s a ce ,
’
u
”
.
H n eh w th t th o l y r l m i i m l urf of voluti n
c e, s e a e n ea n a s a ce re o is
for m d by th r volutio n of
e t v bout t d
e e t i a c a e na r a i s 1 re c r x .
22 A t poi n t f t h urv f i nt r tio n of t h p r boloi d

a o e c e o e sec e a a
+ y — + = O t h pri d
.
and t h hv
p
b l id
e er ip l
o o r ii of th p r
.
z 2
5
2
0
2
e nc a a e a ra
bo l o id a re i x/ 2) .
23 . Th e r d iu f pri nc ipa l
o n t ny poi n t f it urv of a s o a c e a a o s c
:1
e
i n t r tio with
e s ec on tri ph r v r
n a wh rc ce n c s e e a 1e s as e e
A nd p a th n l th t
ar et h g n r tor throu g h t h
e a poi nt m k es a e e e a e a es
.
g .
w i t h t h fo l li ne e ca s .
24 A tr i g ht li n dr w n throu g h t h v ri bl poi t
. s a e a e a a e n
P, (a c os ( ) f , a si n
p r ll l to
a a e t he ea
rpl ne m k
-
a a e s a n a ng e l 9 w h e re 9 is
,
o m fu tio s e nc n
of oS w ith ,
th e i P rov th t
z- a x s e a t h e m e as ur of urv tur t P f
e c a e a o
r t d by th li n i
.
th urfe s ac e g e ne a e e e s
25v ri bl llip oi d who

. A a e tha oord i n t x tou h
e e s se a x e s a r e c a e a es c es
t h g iv n pl n p x + qy +
e e =l P rov th t t h lo u of t h
a e n tr rz . e a e c s e ce es O f
pri n ip l urv tur t t h poi t of o n t t i

c a c a e a e n c ac s
(p
z ?
x+ 9y + rz +9 H )
fC H . XV I
I .
CH APTE R XV II .
A SY M PT O TI C L INE S .
242 . A c u ve r dr a wn o n a su rf a ce to tou c h a t ea c h
so a s
p oi n t o ne of th e in fl e x ion al t n g en ts th r ou g h th e p oi n t is
a
ca l l e d an a sy mp t ot ic l in e on th e su rf a ce .
243 . Th e di ff er ent i al e q u at i on of asymp t ot ic l ines If .
ll ml 71 a r e t h e di r e c tio n c o si n e s o f t h e t a n e n t to a n
g
-
, ,
,
as
y m p toti c l i n e on th e su rf a c e z
fl ax , y ) w e , h a ve , fr o m
181: r l 1 + 2sl 1 m l + tm 1
2 2
0
Wh e n ce , as in § 23 2 t h e d ffe r e n
, i ti l q tio n o f
a e ua th e pro
je c tio n s o n th e ic
y p l
-
an e of th e as y m p toti c l in es is
1
r ( 90
2
+ 28 dx 0l y t dy 2
0 .
i d n t fr o m th e d fin ition th a t th e sy m p toti c
I t is ev e e a
l i n s o f a h yp e rb o l oi d o f on e sh e t a e th e g en e r a to r s
e e r .
T hi m y be e as i l y v e r i fi d fr o m t h e di ff r n ti l q
s a tion e e e a e ua .
If t e e u
h q tio n to t h e
a h y p rb o l oi d is as /a z
l y/b 1 e
z r
z g
,
>
33
=_
0y 2
_ y
0
2 4 2
p a z
z ’ q bz z ’
fi
_ 04
1
6 2 3
2
Wh enc e th e d ffe r e n i ti a l e q a tion b ec o me s

u
13 2
) ” fil my at “ ay
b?
1
T hi s e q tio n ua is c eal rl y sa ti fi
s ed by t h e t ang n t s to e th e
e l l i p se a = 0, or th e p r oj ction s o f
e th e
COOR DI NA TE GE O M E TR Y H . x v1 i .
T h e r f o r e i f dB is th e diffe r e n ti l o f
e a th e arc o f th e l in e ,
B ut at th e origin , g = 0 .
sin on cos a
T herefor e
.
P1
_
1
l e o t oc
1
6 pl mp g
C or . Th e t wo as m
y pt oti c l in es th r ou g h a p oi n t h a ve
th e sa m e to r sion .
T h e asy m ptoti li n of d v lop bl urf th g n r t r

c es a e e a e s ac e a re e e e a o s,
a nd t h e o ul ti ng pl n of n ym ptoti li n i t h
sc a m t ll a e a as c e s e sa e a a
poi t of
n s th e li n H n B t n f th e i ip l urv
. e ce u o e o e r nc a c a
l
tur esl o ro n d thu th qu t on
1s a s ze v r fi d for
,
a s e e a i is e i e
urf
"
0
d l p bl
e ve o a e s ace s .
For h y p rboloi d f n h t t h ym ptoti li n

a e l o th o o e s ee ,
e as c es ar e a s e
g n
e r tor
e a b t t h o ul ti n g pl n
s, f u
y m ptoti li i e t th sc a a e o as c ne s no e
sa m t l l poi t of t h li n
e a a T h o ul ti ng pl n
n s t h poi n t f e e . e sc a a e a
-
ea c o
l 1
1
th li n i d t r m i n t how v r d h
e e s e e d fi it v lu a e, e e ,
an _ as a e n e a e -
9 9 cr 1 2
a t h poi t T h v l
ea c th r t t wh h th t ng n t pl
n . e a ue is e a e a ic e a e a ne is
t wi ti ng rou d th g n r tor W h v thu s n i n t n f tr i g ht

s n e e e a . e a e a s a ce o a s a
li n w ith d fi it o l ti n g pl n t h poi n t
e a e n e sc u a a e a eac .
Ex 1 . . P rov th t e
9
a th e proj tio n ec s of th e a sy m ptoti li n c es of th e
2
p r boloi d
a a
g iv o n th
y pl n e an -
a e ar e en by w hr e e )x
i
s a n rbitr ry on t nt
a a c s a .
Ex 2 F i d th d iff r n ti l qu tio n to
. . n e e e a e a th e proj tio n of
ec s th e
asy m ptoti li of t h on oi d c n es e c
= 9, = 9,
x u cos
y u sin
f (9) .
U i ng th v l u of p
s e a es , g, r , s, if ,
g iv en in E x 1 2, 23 2, we o bt i n a
M “
(i ) d 9 = o, or (ii ) u
7 0
2
30 .
Fro m (i) 9 rbitr ry nd h n n ym ptoti li n

or, w hr e e 01 . is a a , a e ce o e as c e
throu g h h poi nt i t h g n r tor e ac s e e e a .
F ro m (ii ) = M w h r )t i rbitr ry 2 ’
u ,
e e s a a .
Ex 3 P rov th t th
.
ym ptoti li n
. f t h h li oi d
e a e as c es o e e c
9 y= in 9 = 9 r
.
z u cos ,
u s ,
z c
co n i t f t h g n r tor nd t h urv f i n t r tio n with o x l

s s o e e e a s a e c es o e s ec c a a
r g ht yl d
i c in e rs .
g j 24e EX A MPL ES ON AS Y MPTO T I C LIN ES
Ex 4 . . 1 ’
1 o ve th t a t h e p i o je c t io n on the a
J pl a ne of a n as
y m ptoti c
li n e of the c y l ind 1 o id
c os 9, y a s in 9, m s in 29
is a l e m n sca e i t .
Ex 5 . P ov th t t h
1 e a e p i o e c t io ns o n
j th e . l
J p la ne of the as
ymp
o n oid
.
t o t ic li n es o f th e c
it c o s 9, u s in 9, z = a c m9
y
:
ar e e qui a ng ul r pir l a s a s .
Ex 6 . . P rov th t e a the d iff r ti l qu tio to

e en a e a n proj tio n
th e ec s 0 11
th e x
y
- pl a ne o f the asy m ptoti li n of t h u f
c es e s r ace of r volutio n
e
r
.
=u co s 9, y a s in 9,
Cl
z w h r
e e s E .
’
-- j
du da
Ex 7 . . F i d th ym ptoti li
n e as c n es o f the c on e = u co t (1 .
Ex 8 . . F or th h yp rboloi d e e of re volutio n Zi ,
1 , p ro ve th t a
th e proj tio n ec s of t h e asym ptoti li n c es on the Jo

y
-
pl a ne a r e g iv en by
=a
n se c
(9
w h er rbitr ry o n t t
e on is a n a
. a c s an .
Ex 9 Th .
y m ptoti
. li n f t h t n oi d
e as= c es o e ca e u c cosh f l ie on t he
y li n d r wh r rbitr ry 0
c e s i e e a s a a .
Ex 1 0 Fi n d t h
. ur v tu of t h ym ptoti li n e c a
~
r es e as c es throu g h the
ori g i n n t h f o e sui ace
P
.
i
t
1 z
D ffe i r nti ti ng e a we o bt i na
2
{ 7 l 1 l2
'
s da 12711 1 ) tml m2 }
<
—l a7 Br as as
i
f)
3 at
1 + l l 7i l l l l " ax 2m + 5
71
3
a); ay 37
F or
. o neli ne, l 1 = cos 0L , m l = s in a , [ 0
—s in a ,
1
wh r t e e
g
an a
p? A nd at th e Ol igin , r = L , s = 0, t -
p1 P1 P'
Er
a} a»;
b’ 2
65
aJ
at
ar
at
57}
d. “
h 7
e nce (1 ) be c o m es
p m.»
lJ —
1 ft
p
— .
+ 3 bx P1 + 3 C \ / _
P2
_ p 1
T :
‘
p 207 1 p pl
To o bt i n th a e c u r va t m e of th e oth r li e ne we m ut hs c an
g e t he s ig n
of \ /
EX 1 1 . . Th e n or m l to urf a s a s ace a t poi t f n s o an as y m ptoti li

c ne
g e ne r ta e a sk ew s urf d th t w
ac e , a n e o s uf h v
r aces a e the s a m e me as ur e
of c u v tur
r a e at a n y poi t f t h li
n o e ne .
COOR D i N AT E G E OM ETR Y (o n xm . .
EX 1 2 . . In c urvili n r oord i n t ea c a es th e d iff r ti l qu tio to th

e en a e a n e
a sy m ptoti li n c es is
A ppl y th e m e tho d of urvili n r oord i n t to E x 3

c ea c a es s .
,
4, 6 .
Ex 1 3 . . P rov th t t he y m ptoti li n
a of th urf e as c es e s ac e
x = v ~ 2u r
“ z= e
u —v
,
lie on th e cy li n d r e s
w h ere a an d b ar e a rbitr r y o n t n t
a c s a s .
Ex . 14 . F or t h e s urf ac e
30 u + v u —v nu
2
’
a 2 b 2
the ptoti li n
asy m c es ar e g iv en by w h er e and “
l
a rbitr ry on t n t
a c s a s .
Ex . 15 . F o r th e s urf a ce
—u 3 , z=3 u
2 —3 0 2 ,
t h e a sym ptoti li n i v= n t nt
c es are u co s a .
EX . 16 P rov th t th e
.
y m ptoti li n
e a as c es o n th e s urf a ce o f r e vol u
t on
i
m= a c os 9, = u S in 9,
y
w h er e z= a
( l og t a n 5?
2
cos ( p ) an d u a sin ( 5
3
a re g iv en by d9= : t
GE OD E SI CS .
246 . A cu r ve th t its oscu l ti ng

dr a wn on a su rfa c e so a a
p l a n e a t a ny p oi n t c o n t i n s th n o r m a l to th su rf ce a t a e e a
t h p oi n t i
e g od si I t f o l l o ws th t t h p r i n c i pa l n o r m l
s a e e c . a e a
a t n y p oi n t is t h e n o r m a l to th e s rf ce
a u a .
A n i n fi n it i m a l a c P Q o f a g e o d s i c c oi n c i de s w ith th e
es r e
se c tio n o f th e s rf c e b t h e o sc u l a ti n g p l a n e a t P ; th t is
u a a
y ,
w ith a n o r m a l se c tio n th r o g h P T h e r e f o r e by M e n i e r s
’
u .
,
u
th o r e m th e g e o de si c a c PQ is th e c o f l e as t c r va t u r e
e ,
r ar u
th r o g h P nd Q o r th e sho r test di ta n c e o n th e s rfa ce

u a , s u
b e t w en t wo a dj a cen t p oi n ts P n d Q i l on g th e g o desi c
e a s a e
th r o u g h th e p oi n t s .
3 64 C OORD I NA TE GE O METRY [c H . V
X II .
Si m i l a rl y n i n teg r l f on o f th e qu a ti on s (2) a n d th
,
a a o e e e
e q u a tio n z = f (cc
y ) tog e th e r r e p r ese n t t h e g e o de si cs o f
,
th e su rfa ce z =
f (oc ,
Ex 1 . . F i d th qu tio to th
n e e a ns e ge ode ic s s on t he h li oi d
e c
x = u cos 9, y
=u s n i 9, z= c 9 .
sin 9 dz
F or a ge od i e s c, qx
—p y O, and
p a
9
th erefor e 33
"
cos 9+y
”
s in 9 0
or u
”
O .
B ll t /
th r or
e ef e u
2 ’
(11
2
c
?
) 1 .
H e nce , fro m u (l
?
aj )
r
0
2
)
w hi h g iv
c es, o n i n t g r ti ng
e a ,
l —u Q
w h r [ i n rbitr ry o n t n t
e e c s a a a c s a .
E li m i n ti n g 1 b t w n thiaqu tio n 0 3 e ee s e a a nd e qu tio n a we obt i na

a fi r t i t gr l
s n e
1 c
a
u
wh e nc e th e c o mpl t i nt g r l
e e e a can be fou n d -
in t rm of llipti
e s e c
fu n tion c s .
Ex 2 Fi d n th e d iff r ti l qu tio to t h proj tio

e en a e a n e ec ns on th e
od i
. .
ac
y
-
pl a ne o f t h e ge th urf
e s cs o n
J) e s ac e
t h d ir tio od i
.
I f l , , m] , 71 1 are e oi of th t g t to
ec n -c s n es e an en a ge es c,
1
a nd its
.
is c u 1 va t ure ,
p
l m 2
'
1 --
l 2 1 + t
1
3
1 7 1
1
225 )
l 3 2
P v 1 +p + 9
B u t by E x 1 0 , .
§ 20 4 ,
t he r d iu of urva tur e of
a s c th e p roj ectio n
the xy- pl a ne is p (1
” 3
A nd
Th refor e th r d iu
e e a s of c urv tur of t h proj tio n i
a e e ec s
2 2 2
( +1
1 9 1
9 )( 1
2
(p m 1 l
q 1) (r 11 6171 1 2)
H e n ce , a t a ny poi n t of th proj tio n w h v e ec e a e
f}
3
dif
?
(1 + p
car 2
ul zz
dx p dx 9
air
248 , 21 9] G E OD E S I C S ON S U R FA C E o r R E VO L U T I ON 3 05
249 . Geodesi cs on a su r fa ce of r ev o l u tio n . Th e eq ua
tion to a ny su rf a c e of r e v o l u tio n is o f th fo r m e
=
or Z
f (u )
H e n ce p
—g j and Q —g
f .
u u
f o r a g e odes1 c —q
B ut , o
l w ds
Th erefo re
dwz
dJ 2
d dx dy
9 018 2 cc
?d
0 01
ds y ds m
ds )
dos dy/
H en ce 1
J c,
a;
w her c i e s an a rb it r a r y co n stan t .
C hang e to p o l a r c oo r di n a t es wh e r e ,
a; =u co s 9 =u s in 9t
, y
9+ 119
’ ’ ’
9 t o9 s in s in
’
u c os 9 , y u co s 9 ,
a nd we g e t 11
2
g
Ex . 1 . If a g eode s ic on a s urf ac e of volutio n ut t h
re c s e mer idi n a
at any poi n t l 1 at a n a n
g e
o
u s rn ( ) 1 s c o n t n t wh r i t h
s a , e e u s e d s it n a ce
of th poi n t fro m th i
e e ax s .
d9
W h v in ¢ =
e a w h n e t h r e ult i
e s i m pl y n oth r for m of
u _ ’
e c e s s s a e
d
th t f g249
a o .
3
Ex 2 . D du .th t n ri g ht yli nd r t h g o d i
e ce a h li o a c e e e e s c s a re e ce s .
Ex 3 T h p p d i ul f th v
e t of ri ght o n to t h
er en c ar s r 0 11 1 e er ex a c e e
t n g n t t g iv n g o d i
. .
a e s o a f o t nt l e g th e e s c a re o c ns a en .
I f 0 i th v t x t h p p n d i ul r n to t l t nge n t at
i
s e er e ,
poi n t P
e er e c a o ie a a
O P in <1 o i s ) 11 c sec 0 . s n
Ex 4 . I n v ti g t t h g o d i
. throu g h t w g iv n poi nt
es a e e e es c s o e s 0 11 a
ri g ht on c e .
L t t h poi n t be A n d 8
e e nd t k
s th pl n thro ug h A
a a a e e zr a e .
L t th
e nn e t l ng l of t h
se o b
v e r 1 ca nd t h pl 8 0 7 m k
a e e c ne e a. a e ane a e
nd B d
O
an an
g l 8 w ith t
e h ,p l n Suppo th t A e zr .i t nt a e . se a a a re s a
a an d b fro m t h v rt x e e e
o i lit lo ng 0 A nd d v lop d i nto pl n t h d i t n
.
I f th e c ne s s a a e e e a a e, e s a ce
of t h v rt e from ny t ng n t to t h g od i r m i n u n lt r d
e ex a a e e e es c e a s a e e ,
an d th r for t h g o d i d v l op i n to
e e e etr i ght li ( f § 24 7
e es c e e s a s a ne , c
F i g u 6 7 nd 6 8 r p n t t h o n n d it d v lopm t i nt o
.
r es a e re s e e c e a s e e en a
pl n T h i ul r tio n f th o th ou gh A nd B b o m
a e e c rc a se c s o e c ne r a ec e
ir l of d ii
.
ar cs of o n n tri c ce d b d c c c es 1a (1 a n ,
an
a rc Al D l a1 c AD
D ‘A , OA
B s 1 11 a = y, sa y .
3 66 C OOR D I N A TE GE O M E R Y T [c a x vn .
o d i d v lop i to A 8
T h e ge es c e e s n an d if P ny poi nt a on A1 8 h as
wr f rr d to 0
1 1
pol r coor d n t
, ,
1,
a i a es r , e e e
1 A1 as i niti l li n a e,
a r s in
r9 + br s in (y 1)
1x a b s in
y .
N o w th e r l tio t
e a ns be wee n t h e c
y li d ri l oord i n t
n ca c a es u , 9 in s pa ce
a nd t h e a pol r oord i t c n a es r , in th e pl n a e are
u =r i
s n or , 1
1r = 9 sin or ,
a nd th r efor e e th e c oord i n t a es of an
y poi nt of th e g e od i e s c sa ti fy th
s e
e qu tio na
{
n a s1 n (9 s1 n 6 s in (y 9 s in s i n Ot s in .
y.
(1 )
F I G 67 . . FI G 08 . .
Thi qu tio n r pr n t
s e a y li nd r w hi h i n t r t th
e in t h
ese s a c e c e se c s e co n e e
g od i
e es c .
I f th r 0 0 0 0e a cs e h qu l t t h ir u m f r n of
1 2, 2 3 ar ea c e a o e c c e e ce
i l i n th pl n A D C t h po itio n f 0 8 wh n i dd itio n to
,
th e c rc e e a e ,
e s s o ,
e n a
th urv d tor O A B f t h urf
e c e se c f th o n tw on o e s ac e o e c n e, o e, o, c r
pi t h t
e e s u iv l y d v lo p d i to pl n ;
e e s a re s Os
cc e ss 0 8 e e e e n a a e a re , 1 3
If A nd 8 , a joi d nd t h pl n 2 are tor A o B i w r pp d ne a e a e se c l l 2 s a e
ag i n th
a n o o A 8 b om e c o nd g o d i p i ng throu g h
ne ,
1 2 ec es a s ec e es c ass
A nd B
a nd o m pl t l y u rou d i g t h o
a c S i m il rl y A 8 b
e e s r n n e c ne a 1 3 e
thi d g o d i A 8 ho w v r d o n t l i
.
com es a r e th
es c h t 1 4, e e ,
es o e on e s ee s
th t h v b u roll d fro m th o n nd h
.
a a e ee n th o l y g d i
n e e c e, a e nce e n eo e s cs ,
(in our fi g ur ) throu g h A nd B e tho whi h d v lop i nto A 8

,
a are se c e e 1 ] ,
A 1 8 2 A1 8 3 ,
o d i p th ro g h t w
.
I t is c l e a r fro
m th e g e , a i f (11 4 1 ) g e fi ur th t -
e s cs a ss u o
poi tn s A a nd B , a n d t h e a n le be we e n t h e
g t pl n throu gh th xi
a es e a s
o
o f t h e c n e a n d A a nd B is 8 ,
,
s in 211 7r ) < 7r .
Th equ tio n t o urf

e throu g h ll th g od i throu g h A nd
a s s ace s a e e e s cs a
B n b o bt i n d fro m qu tio (1 ) by writi g (8 4 2 ) i for y

ca e a e e a n n -
1 17 s na
I f A nd B
. .
poi nt
a th m g tor f t h o n
a re s 0 11 e sa e e n e ra o e c e,
So th t if w a to h v ny g od i throu g h A nd B
,
e ar e a e a e es c a ,
Sa L .
B < 7T or
3 68 C OO R D I N A E GE O M E RY T T [OIL x vn .
i n s i n ce
Aga , th e tang n t to e th e g e de s o ic is a tang en t to -
th e c on i c oi d , byy + ezz
’ '
0 ,
—(a a: m + byy
i
+ 0 22
2
r A(Ct w z z
6y 2 2
by (1 )
z
Ap
'
H e n ce , c omb i n i n g (2) an d
’ ’
r
p p r 0 ,
and t he r e f o r e p r is c on s ta n t .
f ;
f
Cor 1 . . Si n ce A i , fr o m (3 ) we de du ce p = i
)
(C f § 226 .
,
EX .
Cor 2 . . I f th e c o n st n t a va u e l of p r is k ,
2
r r
h e n ce a l o ng a g i v en g e odesi c th r adi s o f c r va t r e va r i es e u u u
as th e cu be of th e ce n t r a l r a di u s whi c h is p a r l l e l to t h e a
ta ng n t e
Ex r d iu f urv tur t ny poi n t P of

. 1 . T he a s o c a e a a a ge od i es c
d r wn n o n i oi d f r volutio n i in o n t t r tio t
a o a c c o e s a c s an a o th e r d iu
a s
of urv tur t P f t h m ri d i
c a tio n throu gh P
e a o e e a n se c
If n d [3 th 01 a
e . f t h m ri d i n tion nd p iare e ax s o e e a se c a , s it s r d iu
a s
of urv tur
c a e,
3 a
2 ’2
/
3
P
It ?
a nd we h a v fro m 5250
e
p
:
3 5
5
.
,
3
Ex 2 . . F or
o d e i throu g h an u mbilic p a ll ge s cs ,
r z
ac .
Ex 3 S h w th t t h th e or m o f §250 is a ls tru for the li n

. . e a f e e o e es o
c urv tur of t h o n i oi d
a e e c c .
Ex 4 Th .
o n t n t p h th e am v lu f ll g d ic th at
. e c s a r as s e a e or a eo es s
tou h th e m e li n of urv tur

c sa e c a e .
Ex 5 T wo g d i
.
th t tou h th
.
m li n of urv tur
eo e s cs a c e sa e e c a e
i t r t t poi t P P rov th t th y m k qu l ang l w th

n e s ec a a n . e a e a e e a es r
t h li ne f rv tur throu g h P
es o cu a e .
Ex 6 PT i t h t n g
. . t to g o d i throu gh ny poi nt P n t h e
s e a en a e es c a o
e llip oi d x / l
s nd A Z
a the p r m t r
z- f th a ,
u.
,
ar e a a e e s o e
l throu g h P PT m k e a n a n g l 9 w1 th th e t nge n t to
.
c nfo oc a s . a s e a
25 1 ] C U R VA T U RE AND TO R S I O N o r ( : E o nE s I c s 3 09
th e curv of i nt r tio n f
e e sec o t he e llip oi d s an d t he c o fo l
n ca w ho se
p a ra m t i A
e er P rov th t s . e a
(wh e r e =l
9
A c o s 9 + 11 s in
‘
p r t
) .
Th e tr l
ce n a sec tio p r ll l to n a a e t he t an
ge n t pl a ne at P, re e f rr d e
to it s pri n ip l c a a x h qu tio n
e s, as e a
s i11
2
9 1
1, w h e n ce
r
"
p .
We h v a e a s lo a nd the r ult i mm d i t l y follo w

es e a e s .
Ex 7 . . Th e t an
ge n s t to a g iv en g od i
e n n llip oi d ll tou h
es c o a e s a c
th e sa m e o nfo l c ca .
On o nfo l tou h t h t
e c ca c es e a ng e n t S uppo th t it p r m t r
. se a s a a e e
i
s I f th
v n or m l to t h e a s e llip oi d d nf l throu g h P
e s an co o ca s
oord i n t x
.
a ret k n a e as c a e a es , th qu tio n to th co n v rt P
e e a e e, e ex ,
whi h n v lop
c e t h e o n fo l i
e es c ca s
T he t an g e n t t P to a t h e ge od i es c is a g e ne r tor of thi
a s c o ne , a nd
i
s nce it s e qu tio n a s ar e
r 2
.
g/
cos 9 s in
V :
Ac o s 9 + p ?
. s in
2
9 = c o n sta n t .
Ex 8 . . The o ul ti ng pl
sc a a nes o f th e g e od i tou h t h o nfo l
es c c e c ca .
251 . Th e cu r vat u r e and t or sion of a g eodesi c . C o nsi de r

a g e ode i c th r o g h
s u th e or i g in on th e su rfa c e
w 2
l
2
+ +
PI P2
I f th e tang n t e ma ke s an an g e l 9 with O X ,
th en , at
th e or i gi n ,
t1 c os 9 , m1 si n 9 ,
11
1
0
l 0, m2 0 , n
,
1
h ence ,
03 s in 9 , m3 c os 9 ,
n 0 .
We h a ve , g en e a r l ly ,
l,
Wh en ce ,
di ffe r e n ti a ti n g l , w ith r e sp ec t to or , th e a rc o f th e
g e odesi c ,
an d a pp lyi n g F r en e t s
’
form u l a e ,
i
+ 1H 1 + 12 + q 2
f
2
1
“
3 70 C OOR D I N A TE GE OM E R Y T [on x vn .
wh i c h g 1 ve s , at th e or 1
g 1n ,
c os 9 sin 9 c os 9
+
P
'
0 PI
Si m i l a rl y diffe r en ti a ti ng m
,
2,
we o btai n ,
sin 9 cos 9 sin 9

P
'
0
P2
2
1 c os 9 s in
2
9
El m i i na ti ng a , we h a ve , a r esu l t obta i ned
in 220 221 P p, P2
.
,
El m i i n a ti ng p , we h a ve
1 l
0
‘
sin 9 cos 9
P2 )
Cor 1 . . I f th e su rface is de vel o pabl e , so th a t l 0 ,
PI
0
'
p t a n 9 w e r e 9 is t h e a n g l e a t w
,
h hi ch t h e g e des o ic
c ro ss e s t h e
g e n e ra r r a g e de s c o n to . Fo o i a cy l i n de r , 9 is
c o n st an t h av th e r e s l t o f § 20 2
,
an d we e u .
Co 2 I f a g e o des i c to u c h e s a l i n e o f c r v tu r e
r . . u a ,
its
to r sion is e r o a t th e p oi n t o f c on t ac t
z .
Co 3 I f a g e o desi c p ss s th r ou g h a n u m b i l i c
r . . a e ,
its
to r sion a t th e u m b i l i c is e r o z .
3
(
1
Ex 1 . . Sh e w t h a t
(7
P PI P2 P
Ex 2 . A g e e s c is od i dr a wn o n th e e llip oi d s
Fi d
.
fro m an m b c t o th eu ili ex tr em it y B of th e me an ax is . n its

tor io s n at B .
2 2
a 0
A t B , p1
b
’ p2 b
’
a nd th e refor e
1
cos 9 sin 9
0
A l o p r = ac
s ,
B , p = b, and
1 cos
2
9 sin
2
9
2 2
1 0
1 M ali bu/ et c
?
wh e nce 2 2
11 0
.
O
252 Geodesic
. cur vat ur e . L et P, o, C, fi
(g . be
con secu ti ve p oi n ts o f a r ve t r ace d on a su rfa ce A l o ng
cu .
th e ge o desi c th r o g h P u a n d 0 m e a s u r e o ff a n a r c 0 G e q u a l
3 72 C OO R D I NA TE GE OM E R Y T [C H . x vn .
We h a ve th u s (1) a n oth e r p r oo f o f M eu n i e r s th e o r e m ’
a n d (ii ) th e r e l a tio n b e t w ee n th e g e o des i c a n d o r di n a r

y
c u r va t u r e s o f t h e c u r ve .
Cor I f a c u r ve o f c u r va t u r e p 1
is p r ojec te d o n a p l an e
’
'
th r o u gh th e tan g e n t whi c h m ak e s an a n g l e oz with th e .
osc u l a ti n g p l an e th e r a di u s o f c u r va t u r e o f th e p r oj e c tion
,
is p se c Ot 20 4 E x ,
H e nc e t h e g e o de si c c u r va t u r e
,
.
o f a c u r ve on a su rfa c e is th e c u r va tu r e o f its p r oj e c tion

o n t h e t a n g e n t p l an e to t h e s u rf ac e .
Ex 1 . S h e w th a t th e g e o d i
. urva tures of th e li n es of c urvat ur es c c e
throu gh t h e ori g i n n t h e urf e o s ac
2 2
PI P2 3
bei ng 6 01 02
1 1
,
PI P2 PI P2
‘ '
U se E x 1 6 , .
§ 23 2 .
Ex 2 . . rov th t t th ori g i n t h g od i urvatur of

P e a a e e e es c c e th e
sec tio n o f th rf e x + by = 2 by t h pl a ne lx + my + n = 0 i
e su ac a
2 2
z e z s
n (bl
z
a m?
)
(5 2
m )% 2
Ex 3 . . A c urv e is dr a wn iv rti al ng l
on a ri ght o n c e , se m e c a e on,
so as to cu t a ll t h e ge n r tor
e a t th m ng l 8 P rov th t t
s a e sa e a e ,
. e a a
a di t s a n ce R fro m t he v rt x t h
e
2
urv tur f th ge o d i w hi h
e ,
e c a e o e es c c
B
to u h c es t he c urv e is nd th a t th
g od i urv tur f t h
a e e es c c a e o e
t an oc
si n 8
curv e is 1
EX . 4 . B y m e a n s o f th e r ult of
es s Ex 3 . a nd th e r e s ult of E x 7, .
g 20 4, v rif
e y th e e a n p qu tio ‘
2=
for t h urv e n th o
pg
‘
2
+ p0
“
2
e c o e c ne ,
EX . 5 . If a an d v a r e th ur vi li n r oor d i n t of poi nt o n
e c ea c a es a a
surf a ce a nd t h e p ar a m e t r rc c urv t t r g ht a ng l h w th t t h
es c u a i es, s e a e
g od i
e es c c urv tur of a es th e a p r m tr urv a e ic c es a r e
ad ? OJ E
’
1 1
’ _
J OE eu J GE av
o n i d er t h urv U=
C s L t b th
e c ng l b t wee n t h c l t
e u . e (1) e e a e e e os u a ~
ing pl n nd t h
a n or m l
e tio n throu g h t h t ng n t Th n t h
a e a s ec e a e . e e
1 i w s n
g d
eo urv tur
e s1 c
g cn by a L t l e b th
1s 1 ve e , , 111 ,
2 712 e e
P P 9
d ir tio n o i n of th p n p l n orm al to th urv th n i n i
ec -
c s es e r1 c1 a e c e, e s c e to s
th o m pl m n t of th n gl b t w n t h pri ncip l n orm l to t he
e c e e e a e e ee e a a
c urv U= e nd t h e t ng n t to t h
u a urv V v a e e c e ,
cr u, 72227/ H
/
'
VE
252, 25 3 ] GE O D E I C S TO R S I O N 3 73
l2 dl l at, dz
)
.
ll 1
( 3 —(
2_
l d b2.
a; 5 17
.
’
p ( S Z
a
)
l2 1 1
'
Th e r for e e
.
i
P G 8 1)
pg vm li El a
ale»
—
E r
W
{
1 r
Al 2: v
-
_
J EG J G av J G
th e p arametri c c urv e s ar e a t rig ht a ng es , l Exu xv= 0 , a nd
_ v — 1 _
a
( 2x ” 2 l2 ?
.
2 au 2 an
I l 60 aN/ G
Th er for e e __
Pg 2O x/ E an s/ GE an
E NE
”
1 1
Si m il rl y for t h u v
a e c r e V :
v,
pg J OE av
(Thi s olutio n i t k n fro m B i n hi G m t t D tfie ’
r en zea te
)
'
s s a e a c s eo e r a .
Ex 6 .I f t h e p r m tri c urv
. r t ri g ht ng l
a a e c es a e a a es an d (l is a
fu n tio n f alo ne a nd E fu n tio n f lo n t h p r

c o 1) a c o u a e, e a a me tri urv c c es
ar e g eodesrcs .
EX 7 . B y m e a ns the of pr io n g iv
ex e ss s en in § 241 , E x 9 , h w . s e
od i u v tur
.
th t
a th e s qu r
a es o f t h e g e es c c r a es of th e c es of urv i nt r e
2
. 2 2 .
Z l
li l who p r
. o
.
s ec t ro n of th e e l h pso rd 1 a n d I ts co n fo c a s se a a
g b
me t er s a re A a n d u , are
,
61 1 510 1 a b
z zc2
MA u (u M 3
Sh e w h ow thi r ult m s es a
y be de d u d fro m th t of E
ce a x . 18, 23 2 .
253 . Ge odesi c t o r si on t ng n t t . If OT , (fi g . is t he a e a
O to a c u r ve dr a wn o n a s rf ce n d th o c l ti n g p l n u a ,
a e s u a a e
o f th e c u r ve m ak a n ng l w ith t h n o r m a l ec tio
es a e on e s n
th r o g h O T th n is th e ang l e b e t we e n th e p ri nci p l
u ,
e (1) a
n o r m a l to th e c r v n d t h e n o r m l to t h e s rf
u e a nd
e a a u ac ,
th e r e f o r e
p l q n
2
7,1
2
,
3
.
COS w
T he bi n o r m a l m a k e s a n a n g l e 9 0 t h e n o r m a l to
°
—
i w w ith
th e s u rf a ce L e t u s t a k e a s t h e p o siti ve di r e c ti n o f t h e o
—
.
b i n o r m a l th a t whi c h m ak e a s n a n
g l e 9 0 w w ith t h e n or ma l
°
to th e su rf a c e a nd th e n choo se t h e p ositi v e di r ec tio n o f th e

,
3 74 C OOR D I NA TE GE O M E R Y T [e rr X V II .
tang n t to t he cu r ve o th a t th e ta ng en t p r i n ci pa l n o r ma l
e , s ,
an d b i n o r m l ca n be br o g ht i n to c oi n c i de n c e with O X
a u ,
O Y O Z r e sp ec ti ve l y
,
T h en .
“
l _ m +n
Ps q 3 3
sin to
FI G . 70 .
i
D ffe r e n ti a te with r espec t to s, th e a rc o f th e r
cu ve , a nd
we h a ve , by
Glen c os (0
C OS w
cl <
7
cl
l + m
(p 3 g 3
2
+p + q
2
) (2)
N ow t ak e 0 as th e o r ig i n ,
and l e t th e e q tio n to
ua th e
su rf ace be a;
2
1
PI P
T h en at th e o r i g i n (2) b e co m es
Ol a) c os (1) l3 l 1 m 3 1n 1
f
c os w
(l s P1
'
0
P
L et OT ma ke an a ng e l 9 w ith 0 X .
T h en l1 co s 9 ,
on
,
sin 9 n 1 0 ; an d
, i
s nce n
2
= cos w,
t3 mln, sin 9 c os
m3 —l n 1 3
. co s 9 cos w .
3 76 C O OR D I N A E GE O M B RY T T [c m x vn .
3 . P rov e t h t
a a ny c u r v is a g e e s c
e od i on r tify i ng d v lop bl
it s ec e e a e
or o n lo f itth e c us o s bin o r m a l s, a nd a n as ym ptoti li n n th lo u
c e o e c s
of it pri n ip l n orm l
s c a a s .
4 A g od i i d r
. e es c s a wn .
ou ri g ht o n m iv rti l
a ng l e c e, se e ca a or .
P rov th t t d t n
e a a a 1s a ce R from t h v rt x it urv tur nd tor ion
e e e s c a e a s
are
’
3
R t a n oz . R 3 t an a .
wh e p rp nd i ul r from th v rt x to t h t ng en t
r e p is t h e e e c a e e e e a .
5 P rov th t t h p qu tion of th e proj tion n th xy pl

e a e -r e a ec o e -
a ne of
a g od
.
i n t h urf x + J = 2 i
e es c o e s ac e
2 9 2
da s
w h er e [c isrbitr ry o n t nt
-
an a a c s a .
6 . P rov th t t h proj tio n

e n th a e ec s o e x
y
-
pl a ne o f th e ge od i e s cs o n
t n oi d = o h e g iv n by
t he ca e u cc s
; ar e
w hr rbitr ry o n t n t
e e [C is an a a c s a .
7 G od i . e d rawne n t noi d to ro th m eri d i n

es cs a r o a ca e so a s c ss e a s
ng l w ho wh r th d t n e of t h p n t of
C
at n a n a e se sr e is e e u 13 e 1s a c e or
a
cro i ng f o m th xi P rov th t t h pol r equ atio n to th e ir pro

ss r e a s . e a e a
j ti n
ec th y pl n i
o s on e Ja a e s
-
w hr e e a . isrbitr ry o t n t
an a a c ns a .
8 . A geod i th llip oi d f r volutio n

es c on e e s o e
d
“
a
93
1
cro sse s a me ri d i n a a t a n a ng e l 9 t di t n a a s a ce a frOm th e ax s i . P rov e
th t a a t th e poi n t f o c r o ss r ng it m k n ng l a es a a e
on c os 9
w ith th xi e a s .
9 P rov th t t h qu tion to th proj tio n t h e xy - l a ne p '
. e a e e a e ec s on ot
th g od i
e th urf of r volutio n
e e s cs 0 1 1 e s ace e
x= 9 y= i n 9 = f( l u co s ,
u s ,
e a
e—a
“
=
/
1t s a h a
w h ere a an d a . are a r bitr a ry c o t t ns a n s .
10 . If a ge od i e s c 0 11 a s urf f r volutio n ut th
a ce o e c s e ri i an
me d s at a
c on t nt
s a a ng e , l th e s urf ac e mu t b ri g ht y li nd r
s e a c e .
x v1 1 .
] E X A M PL E S X IV . 3 77
11 I f th e p i n ip l o m l f a u v i nt
r c t fi d l i t h
a n r a s o c r e e rse c a xe ne , e
od i
.
c u v
r e is a g e a u f
es c f volutio n nd t h l ix d li i
0 11 s r a ce o re ,
a e c ne s
the i
a x s o f t he uf s r ac e .
12 . A c urv f whi h E i o n t t i g od i
e or
y li nd
c s c s an s a e es c 0 11 a c e r,
0
l
a nd a c urv e fo r w hi hc
(
8
0
1s c o n t nt
s a 1s a
g e o des 1 c
o
0 11 a c o ne
7
.
( 3
13 Th e curv tur of h f t h b n h f t h urv f i t r

a e e ac o e ra c es o e c e o n e
i t w third t h
.
se ctio n of a surf nd it t ng t pl a ce a urv tur s a en ane s o- s e c a e

ptoti li n whi h tou h t h br n h
o f t h e a sy m c e c c es e a c .
14 $ 8 8 1,
th urf 2, f triply orthog o n l sy t e m th t
3
a re e s ac e s o a a s a
p th ou g h poi n t 0 P ov th t t h g od i u v tu
.
ass r a t O of r e a e e es c c r a res a
g rd d fi t
.
th urv of i t r tio n f t h urf

e c e 8 nd S
n e se c o e s ace s , a 3 ,
re a e rs as a
c u v n t h urf 8 nd th n
r e o e s u v n t h urf 8
a ce 2 a e as a c r e o e s a ce 3
ar e
r p tiv l y t h pri n ip l rv tu f S
es ec e e it tio n by t h t ng nt
c a cu a re o 3 1 11 s se c e a e
pl n to S nd t h p i n ip l urv tu of S in it
a e , a e tio n by t h r c a c a re 2
s s ec e
t g n t pl n t S
an e a e o
3
V rify thi p opo itio for o nfo l n i id
.
e s r s n c ca co co s .
1 5 P ov th t t h
. r ng l th t t h o ul ti ng pl n of t h li n of
e a e a es a e sc a a es e es
c urv tur a t hrou gh poi nt of t h lli p oi d

e
— 1 m k
a w ith e e s a e
th orr po n d i ng pri n ip l tio

e c es c a se c n s a re
—L ) (b2 —p ) (oz —1L )

c
A
V P (a
J
A) t a n
‘
1
tan I 1 , 1
a bc —
(A p )
3 (1
(pm M - 3 1
wh e re A and pt ar e the p r a a me t r of th
e s e c o nfoc a l s throu g h th e poi n t .
M I S CEL L ANE OUS EXA M PL E S
1 . P rov e th t th li n a e es
1
; —26
x
x + 2y + 3 z
ar e c opl a na r ,
a nd fi nd t h e c oord i n t of th ir poi n t
a es e of i nt r e sec tio n .
A ns .
2 . Sho w th t th pl a e a ne s
x —y + z —4 = O ,
2x —y
for m tri a an
g ul r pria s m , a nd ca c l ul te th a e b r d th
ea o f eac hf ace of the
pr m is .
A 713 . dag ,
—
fz m ,
.
3 . F i d th n e a ng e l t
x —7 gi §_ z —4
6 x + 4y 5z = 4 , x
—1
.
-
2 l
s ho w th t th li n a e es in t r e sec t ,
a nd fi nd t h e e qu tio n of
a th e pl a ne
c o n t i n i n g th m
a e .
A ns . 7r /3 , r +y z= 0 .
4 . F i d th qu tio
n e e a ns o f th e n e li dr a wn throu g h th poi n t (3 e ,
4, 1 )
p r ll l to th pl
a a e e ane 2x + y -
z = 5 , so as to i n t r t th li n e s ec e e
x —3 y+ 1 z —2
2
F i nd l o th oord i n te of th poi nt f i nt er tio n nd th e equ tio n
a s e c a s e o s ec ,
a a
of th pl n throu g h th g n li n nd th r quir d li n
e a e e e e a e e e e .
1 iv
—1
2 3 3 7= o , ) , y z+
3
5 . P rov th t t h qu tio n of th p erpen d i l r from

e a e e a s e cu a th e orig i n to
th e li n e are
w(bc b c) ) z ab
(
’ ’ ’ ’
c a
bd) z (cd d)
'
d) + 3] (bd
’ ’ ’
(a d
’ '
56 a c O .
rov th t t h
‘
6 . P e a e p l a n es
0, 2x + 7y + 3 z + 3 :
—0
i n te t r sec th e li n joi ni ng t h poi nt (1 2 (3 —5
e e s , , , ,
1) in poi n t s
whi h fo c rm a h m o n i ng with th g iv n poi n t
ar c ra e e e s .
3 80 C OORD I N A T E G EOM E TR Y
16 th e
. Ob t in
m a e f or t h e
a ans for ul tr for m tio n fro m t of r t a a se ec
an u a
g l r
a xe s O X , O Y , 0 2
,
a se c n to o d r t g ul r t 0 5 0 7 O f
ec an a se , ,
7
, ,
hr
w e e 0
5 es in t h e li
a n e X O Y a n d ma pl k n ng l 9 w ith O X nd es a a e a
O f ma k es a n a ng l 1 w ith e () O Z, v iz .
x
S G —ns in eo s 9 s in l
(),
= s in 9 + c os 0 c o s S
y g n q { co s 9 sin qS ,
A ppl y th e to ho w th t t h se s a e se c tio n of th e s urf a ce
3 x2
by t h e pl ir l of r d iu 2
an e 2x is a c c e a s .
17 I f . n 2 3) th d ir tion o i n , ,
ar e e ec -
c s es of thr ee
m u tu ll y p rp n d i ul r li n
a prov th t
e e c a e s, e a
l
2 2 2
711 71
2 2 771
3 ( 723 ) 772 92
3 3 (771
2 2 3
6
a nd th t a
l l m l n 1 (711 2713 772 72

3 2 ) 127122722(771 3 721 771 72
1 3 ) l 3 m3 723 (m 1 71 2 7112711 ) 21 1213 .
18 . If 0 5, 0 77, O f a re a sec ond se t of r t e c an g ul r a a xe s W se ho

d ir tio o i
ec n - c s n es r f rr d to
e e O X, O Y, O Z
e ar e m, , n , (r = 1 , 2, 3 )
a nd th e proj tio n ec s of 0
5 a n d 0 77 o n t h e pl a ne XO Y m ak e a ng e s l
a nd q w ith O X prov th t , e a
i 71 3
721 71 2
19 Fi d n th e s urf
g e ne a ce r td a e by a v ri bl li n
a a e e w hi h i n t r
c e s ec s t
—a n 3
.
th ep r bol a a as x = 2a m, y = 0 , z z
am ;
z
x = 0,
y
= 2a n
,
z:
‘
,
a nd is
p r ll l to th pl
a a e e a n e aw r
y
/
=0
—y 2 = 4 a z
.
z
A ns . x .
20 A li n e PQ m ov es w ith it s ex tr em iti es o n th e li n es
—mzv
.
y
z
mx , z= c ; y
:
,
2 : —c ,
so as to u bt n d ri g ht ng l s ori g i n
e a a e a t th e Prov th t th fo t of e a e o
t h p rp n d i ul r fro m t h ori g i n to P Q l i
.
urv f i n t r
'
e e e c a e es o n th e c e o e
s e tio n
c f th urf o e s aces
(f/
a
2 2 2
711 x
) (l (
z
2
c
?
) m2
and 7722 0 3
2
y +
2
2
2
c
?
) cxg
/ (l
21 . Li nes a re dr a wn p r ll l to th pl n
a a e e a e to i n t r t th e s ec e
p r bol
a a a 1
2:
4 a m,
1 z= O nd t h
a li n y = o e e ,
z =c . P rov th t th y e
”
a e
g ne r t urf g 2=
e a e the s ac e c
y 4a x (z
22 Fi d n th e s urf a ce
g en e a e r td by a s tr i g ht li n
a e w hi h i n t r
c e sec s t
th e l rme s
3/
= O, z= c ; z= —c
a nd th e h yp rbol e a
gy + 0
2=
0 .
A ns . z
Z —xg/ z c
z
.
23 . P rov th t li n d r
e a es a wn from t h ori g i n e so a s to tou h th ph er c e s e
l ie o n t he c on e
24 . F i n d t h qu tio n e e a s of th e s ph r e es w hi h p c ass throu gh th e c ir l c e
2x + 4y + 5 z = 6
an d tou h th pl c e an e z= 0 .
A ns .
-
2x —4g
/
5 x 2 + 5y 2 + 5 3 3 -
2 v —4 3/
. 52 + 1 = O .
M I S C EL L A N E OU S E X A M P L ES 3 8]
25 . P rov th t e a t he lo u of c s the ce n tr of ph r es s e es w hi h tou h c c t he

t wo h u es
y :
4 mx , z = i c
is t h e s urf a ce . vym cz (l 0 .
26 . P a nd Q a re poi n t s on the li ne s
x= c ;
—m r .
,
z —c
su h t h t P Q i al w y p r ll l to th pl n Z O X
c a s a s a a e e a e . l
’
r o ve th t a th e
cir l n P O d i m t r who pl n i p r ll l t
c e o as a e e se a e s a a e o the pl a ne ZOX
g n e t th urf
e ra es
+m mW
e s ace
1 11
2 2 ? 2 2
y
,
. .
27 . P rov th t e a th e pl a ne
(x
c ut hr
s the s
p e e
in ir l ho
a c n tr i
c e w se c e e s (or B , , y ), a nd th t th qu tio n of t h ph r
a e e a e s e e
w hi h h thi ir l for
c as s c c e a cen tr l a s ec tio n i s
x
2
+y
9
+z
‘
3 —2or (x —u ) —28 (y —v) —2~ (z , y
28 I f . thr ee m utu ll y p rp n d i ul r li n who d ir tio n o i
a e e c a es se ec -
c s nes
a re l , , n, 2 3) d wn fro m t h o i g i n 0 to m t t h
,
a re ra e r ee e
sph r e e in P Q R prov e th t t h qu tio n of t h
, , ,
a e e a e
pl n PQ R i
a e s
(11 Z2 -
(ml 772 +
2 m3 ) y (721 + 712 713 )z a,
a nd th t th r d iu of t h ir l PQ R i
a e a s e c c e s
29 I f A B C t h poi t ( 0 O) (O b 0 ) nd (O O )
, ,
nd t ha re e n s a, , ,
a ,
c ,
a e
r t ng ul r prov th t t h d i m t r of t h i l A B C i
.
, , ,
a xes a r e ec a a ,
e a e a e e e c rc e s
30 . F i d th r d iu
n e a s of the c ir l c e
2x —y
and th e equ tio n of t h ri g h t c ir ul r cyli nd er whi h h
a e c a c as th e c ir l for
c e
a n or m a l tio n se c .
A ns . l ,
5 r + 8y + 5 22 —4yz + 8 zx + 4xy
.
2 9
28y
31 . S ho w th t th pl a e ane 7x + 4y + z = 0 c ut s th e c on es
8y2 3 22 = O, 8 2x Sr g 0
in t h e p ir f p rp nd i ul r li n
sa m e a o e e c a e s , a nd th t th qu tio n of a e e a the
pl n e th ou g h t h oth r t w om m o n g
a r e e o c e ne a r tor of t h o i s e c ne s s
32 A n e llip who a
. f l ng th 2 n d 2b m ov
se se xes ar e o e s a a es
w ith
i ts m a jor i p r ll l to O X nd it m i or i p r ll l to O Y
ax s a a e a s n ax s a a e ,
so th t thr m utu ll y p rp nd i ul r li
a ee b d wn f o m O to a e e c a n e s ca n e ra r
i nt r t it Prov t h t it
e sec tr li . th lli p oi d e a s ce n e es o n e e s
<
?
x 1 I
_ _
-
I)
1 1
1)
1 1
“
(t t
"
.
I
33 ri ht i u l
. T wo g c rc a r c o ne s h v a e a ommon v t
c nd xi d er e x a a s, a n
th ir e iv rti l g l
se m e ca an e s a r e 7r /4 a nd 7r /3 p tiv l y Sho
re s w th t ny ec e . a a
t ng n t pl n to t h e fi
a e a e rs t c ut s the sec o nd in p rp nd i ul r g n r to e e c a e e a rs .
3 82 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E TR Y
34 . O P, O Q , O R , w ho d ir tion o i n l m se ec -
c s es a re , , , , n, . 2,
are thr ee m a y eutu ll p rp d i ul r g n r tor of th o n en c a e e a s e c e
2 2 z=
(1 30 b
+ y +cz 0,
Prov th t th thr pl ne throu g h O P O Q

e a e ee a s , , O R, a t g a ng e s ri ht l
p tiv l y to t h t ng n t pl n whi h tou h
re s ec e e a e a es c c a l o ri g O P, O Q , O R ,
p throu g h t h e li n
ass e
[ 1 l 2l 3 ml m gm3 f
n l n zn s
35 . I f P is any poi n t on th e c urv e of i nt r e s ec tio n of th e llip oi d

e s
—
§ >
< 1
a
2+
% 2+
a nd th e c neo 4 +
z
r z3
2
0 , th e t a ng e n t pl n a e
at to th
P e e llip oi d ut
s c s th e c
y li n d er 1 in an e l lip se of
c on t nt r
s a a ea .
b
36 I f th e a x e s ar e r t ul r fi nd th l en g th of th ho d f
e c ang a , e e c r o th e
o n i oi d x
.
c c
2
4y 422 : 28 w hi h , p r ll l to t h e pl n 3 x 2y + 2
c is a a e a e 2: O,
a nd bi1s
—
t d sec e at th e poi n t
A ns . x/ l5 4 .
37 . F i d th qu tio of th t
n e e a n e a ng e n t pl ane to t h urf e s ace
3 x2 2g ? 6 22 6,
w hi h p c asse s throu g h th e poi n t (2 , 3, a nd is p r ll el to
a a th e li n e
Ans .
38 . P rov th t for
e a al l v lu of )t th pl
a es e an e
—
>
Z
2 =o
a b c
is a t a ng e n t pl ane to th o n i oi d e c c
a nd th at it poi n t of o n t t li
s c ac es o n t he li n e
456 —5 01 y 4s + 3 e
3a 6 —
5c
39 rov th t th tr i g ht li n J oi ni ng t h ori g i n to th poi n t

. P e a e s a es e e s of
c o nt t of o m m o n t ng n t pl n to t h ni id
ac a c a e a e e co co s
z =
2=
ax
2
+ by + c
2 c
1, (a ( c A) 2
1,
ri g ht ng l
ar e a t a es .
40 F i n d t h qu tio n of th t w pl ne th t n b d r
e e a s e o a s a ca e a wn throu gh
th l n xe 4 3 y + 4 = 0 to tou h t h
r e : o n i oi d x + 3 y
,
z c e c c
2 2
A ns . x —9 zj —1 2z = 4 .
41 . F i nd t h poi t of o nt t of th t ng t pl
e n sto th o ni oi d c ac e a en a n es e c c
2x 2 whi h i t t in t h li jo i ng th e poi nt
c n e rs ec e ne in s
—1 13 )
-
1 2, ( ,
1 3 -
—2 —1
An s .
(,
3 , ,
3 84 C OOR D I N A TE G E OM E T R Y
48 rov th t th e lo u of
. P e a c s ce n t 1 e s of sec tio n s of a x
2
b 2
+ y + cz
2=
1
whi h p c th ou g h th lin
ass r e e
x a B Z_
7 rs a c on i c w ho se c e n tr e
01 5
2
bm 2
cn
2
49 I f th e axes ar e ul r
r ec a n
g t
nd P ( Q (
ax
m a ,
23 1 , 2,
o nj u g t d i m t r of t h
. , ,
R, 23 ) are the t m it
e x re f thr i es o ee c a e a e e s e
e llip oi d
s
O
prov th t t h pl n th ou g h t h n tr nd
e a e a es r e ce e a
t h e n or m l a s at P, Q ,
R p throu g h th li n
ass e e
2
£3 )z
2 2 4 2 2 2
a
4
(b c ) x 6 (0 (1. )y 01 6
2 1 22 223 3 9 19 223 21 2223
50 . o nj u g t m i d i m t r of th llip oi d
I f O P, O Q , O R a re c a e se a e e s e e s
2 2
who qu tio n f r d to r t n g ul r x i ; + 6 + = 1 nd t h
se e a
2 re e re ec a a a es s
"
-
2
7
c
, ,
a e
ar of t h tri g l Q O R R O P PD Q
ea s e qu l t h p l n Q O R
an es , ,
a re e a ,
e a es ,
R O P P O Q tou h t h
,
on c e c e
51 . I f P O91 , y , , iti of Q (x2 , yz , R (x 3 , 31 3 , 23 ) are th e ex tr em es

2 2
thr o nj u g t m i d i m t r f th llip oi d ; + 5
ee c a e
2 sep ov a e e s o e e s
2
r e
th t t h o n throu g h th e oord i n t x nd O P O Q O R i g iv n
a e c e c a e a es a , ,
s e
by
x xfl
x
+
y y
l
b 3/
a
1
‘
-
03
nd th o n w hi h tou h
1
2
th oor-d i na t
0 2
2 ,
a e c e c c es e c e
pl an nd th pl n Q O R RO P P O Q by
es a e a es , ,
52 . If o ne a x s o f a ce n i tr l a sec tio n f th o llip oi d

e e s li es
in t h e pl an e the oth r li e es o n th on e c e
53 . I f th e r d iu of
a s th e d ir tor ir l
ec c c e of the o i c n c
is of o n t n t l
c s a e ng th r, prov th t e a the pl a ne o f
th e c n c o i tou h c es th e c on e
54 P rov th t e a the qu l o nj u g t d i m t r of th o i in whi h

e a c a e a e e s e c n c c
o n i oi d 2w + 3 y + 4 1 t h li n m
.
th epl n n + y + a e z =0 ut t h c s e c c
2 2 2
2 : ar e e es
whi h t h pl n e a e c ut t h o n s — —1 0 = O
e c e
2
2
2
c y
/ .
55 I f pl n
. a a e sec tio n of x + by + = 1 h n of it a lo ng
2 2
cz
2
as o e s a x es a
” 2
t h li n
e
X ;
e _ it qu tio n m u t b
s e a s e
( ) ( M: ( A?
2 2 2
A { 1
.
v 0 Cl/
My vz
) .
M I S C E LL AN E O US E X A M P ES L 3 85
56 . P rov th t e a the l e ng th of
s th e se m i -
a xe s o f th e sec tio of
n th e
s urf ac e by t h e pl a ne a re
a a nd —l 2 —m l-
By o n i d ri g th
c i( ) s e ii
( ) l =
n m = n ho w th t t h
e c a s es s a e
urf i h y p r boloi d of r volutio n who

,
s a ce s a i ie d who e se a x s s an se
e qu tio n r f rr d to it pri n ip l x i m + y 2 =
a e e e s c a a es s
z 2
2
2
a
2
.
5 7 P rov th t th
. x f th o ni in whi h t h pl n
e a e a es o e c c c e a e
l x + my + n z = 0
c ut s th e p r boloi d
a a m 2 + by2 = 2z a re th e li n es in w hi h c th e pl a ne c ut s
th e c on e
(a
2 2 2
58 . T he fi xe d pl a n e w hr e e c ut s the
con e in a p r bol
a a a . P rov th t e a th e a x es of a ll
p r ll l p r boli
a a e a a c s ec tio n s l ie in t h pl e ane
a nd th e v rti
e ces on th e li ne
59 I f th e a xe s a re r t e c a ng ul r a a nd a li
ov s ne m e so a s to i nt r t e sec
li n m= y/ = 0 ; x — y = m
.
th e es a, =0 a, z a nd t h e ir l c c e z ,
prov th t it lo u i h y p rboloi d f
e a s cir ul r tio n
s sa e o o n h t w ho
e s ee se c c a se c s
ar ep rp nd i ul r to t h g iv n li n
e e c a e e es .
60 P rov th t t h n tr of ny ph er whi h p e throu g h th

e a e ce e a s e c a ss s e
tio n of t h llip oi d
.
orig i n nd throu g h ir ul
a a c c a r se c e e s
=h
2+ 2+
a 3 5 2
li es o n th e hyp rbol e a
61 . P rov th t t he a e cy l i nd r e s
24a m 25 , 3 42
2
9
h v a e a c omm o n ir ul r c c a s ec tio n fi nd i ng it qu tio n
,
s e a a nd r d iu
a s .
Ans . 4r 1 .
62 Prov th t e a a ny e n v lopi g o n of th o i oi d
e n c e e c n c x
?
222 = a 2,
i tou h t h o i o d
.
w ho se v rt li
e ex es o n th e z-a x s , c es e c n c i at al l po t of
in s a
c ir l c e .
63 . u mbili f
O is llip oi d nd O P i t h or m l ho d
an c o an e s a s e n a c r
throu h T h t n g t pl n
g 0 t O nd P i nt r
. t i l in A B
e a en a es a a e s ec n a e .
P rov th t y o n w ho
e v t x i O nd who b i t h
a an c tio e se er e s a se as e s e sec n
of th llip oi d by pl ne throu g h A B i ri ght ir ul r

e e s a a s c c a .
B c . .
2B
3 86 COO R D I NA T E G E O M ETR Y
64 . I f th ge n e r a t o rs th ro g h a p o i n t P
e u on th e h y p e rbolo i d
1
mee t th e pr i i p l e ll i p ti c s e c ti o n i n A a n d B nd i f th e e cc e n t r i c
nc a a
a n g l e of A i s t h r ee ti me s t h e e cc e n t ri c a n g l e f B p r o v e th a t P l i e s n
,
o o
t h e c u rv e f i n t e rs e c ti o n f t h e h y p e rbolo i d a n d t h e c y l i n de r
,
o o
z 2
y ( 2 0
2
) 4 6222 .
65 . P i s a n ex t r em it y f a n q i j g t d i ame t e r f th e e l l i p s e
If o e u co n u a e o
a n d 2 = + b t h e t w o ge n e r t o rs t h r o g h P of
.
2 2 2
0 a a u
t h e h y p e r bolo i d / + y /b — / = 1 a r e a t ri gh t a n g l e s
,
z 2 2 Z 2 2
x a z c .
66 P a n d D a r e t h e ex t r em iti e s f c o n ju ga t e d i ame t e rs f t h e
. o o
2 2 2
p r i nc i p a l e ll i p ti c s e c ti o n f th e h y p e rbolo i d S i 2 o 1 an d th e
"
ge n e ra t o rs th r ou g h P a n d D for m a s k e w qu ad r i l a t e ra l PQ D R I f
th e a n g l e s Q PR Q O R a r e 20 a n d p r o v e th a t
.
t 9 co t 1 ( co
2
(
2
<) a
2
6 7 A ge n e r a t o r + y —2 = t h r ou gh th e p o i n t (
2 2 2 2
f
'
o x 2 a a co s 0L ,
0 ) i n t e rs e c t s a ge n e r a t o r t h r ou g h t h e p o i n t (
.
i
a s n 0L, 8 i 6 O) 0 , cos a s n
a t a n an g l e 0 P ro v e t h a t 3 c o s cos ( a n d s h ow th a t i f
, , ,
2 2
o<
A A A a r e t h e v e r ti c e s f a r eg ul a r h exag o n i nscr i bed

. .
A I A A 2, 3 4, 5, S o
i n th e p r i nc i p a l c i r c ul a r s e c ti o n t h e ge n e r a t o rs of th e sy s t em
, ,
one
t h r ou gh A A A a n d t h e ge n e ra t o rs f t h e o th e r s y s tem t h ro g h
,
o u
I , 3 , 5
A A A a r e t h e edge s of a c u be who s e volu me i 2 /Q
2, 4, 6 s x a
3
.
68 I f > b s how t h a t t h e p o i n t s f i n t e rs e c ti o n f pe r p e n d i c ul a r
a
2
c o o
x
.
2
ge n e ra t ors f th e h yp e rbolo i d o
b
= 1 lie t h e r ea l c e n t r a l 2
on
Ci r c ul a r s e c t o ns i .
a e
6 9 T h ge n e r a t o rs th r ou g h 8 a n y p o i n t
. e t h e h y p e rbolo i d ,
on
2 z 2
x y
2
+ 2 2
a 6 0
m ee t th p l a n e Zx + my + n = 1 i n t h e p o i n t s P a n d Q T h o th e r
e z e
ge n e ra t o rs t h r ou g h P a n d Q i n t e rs e c t i n R F i n d t h e e qu a ti o n f t h e
.
o
p l a n e PQ R a n d p r o v e t h at i f R a l w ay s l i e s n t h e p l a n e = 0 S l i e s
.
o z
n th e p l a n e
, ,
y l) 0
( l 6 m + z a l )+ 2 2 2
0 m — 2 2 2 2
0 72 71 0
2
3: .
70 I f a h y p e r bolo i d p a ss e s t h r ou g h i edge s f a c u be it m u s t b
. s x o e
fo r med by th e r e v olu ti o n f a h yp e rbol a f e cc e n t r i c ity $ 7 2 abou t a o o
d i ag o n a l f th e c u beo .
71 P r o v e t h a t y h yb b l id w h i c h p a ss e s t h r ou g h t h e
an a xi s
er o o z-
a n d t h e c i rc l e i g i e n by x (x + g
.
+f ) s v z z
I f th e t wo p l a n e s t h a t p a ss t h r ou gh t h e o r i g i n a n d c u t th e h y p e rbolo i d
i n c i rc l e s a r e i nc l i n ed a t a c on s t a n t a n g l e show th a t th e ge n e rat o r on,
w h i c h p a ss e s t h rou g h ( O O) a n d d o e s n o t i n t e rs e c t O Z l i e s n t h e
a, o
tan
,
c o n e (x + ) + y a
2 2 2
or .
72 T h c e n t r e s f
. e ni id t h a t p a ss t h r ou gh t h e c i rc l e
o co co s
2 2= 2 = O,
x + 2 a ,
2/
0.
a n d th p a rabol a x
e
2= 4 ay + a 2
,
z =0 l ie on th e p ar abol a
x = O,
2
2 + 2a y = 0 .
3 88 C OO R D I N A T E GE O M E T R Y
81 S how t h a t t h e n e c e ss a ry a n d s u ff c i e n t c o d iti o n th a t a c o n i c o i d i n
s hou l d b f r e v ol u ti o n i s t h a t it t w sys t em s f r ea l c i rc ul a r s e c ti o ns
.
e o s o o
s hou l d c o i nc i de a n d h e nc e p r o v e th a t ( b fg l y = 1 r e p r e s e n t s a a c zx z
2
c o n i c o i d of r e v olu ti o n i f
,
(a )t ) x + (b 2
A) y + (c2
A) z
z + 2fyz + 29 2x + Wax
y
is a p e r fe c t s qu a re .
8 2 P r o v e t h a t fo r a ll v a l e s
.
,
u of 9, t h e e qu a ti o n
s in 9 —g/ cos 22 01: cos s in 9) = a
2
r e p r e s e n t s a h y p e rbolo i d f r e v olu ti o n a n d th a t t h e a i s l i e s i n
o f x o ne o
t h e c oo r d i n a t e p l a n e s th e c o n e + y =
,
2 2 2
,
or o n x z .
83 P r o v e t h a t t h e ge n e r a l e qu a ti o n f i id f r e v olu ti o n t h a t o con co s o
p a ss th rou g h th e fi ed p o i n t (0 O ) a n d th e p a rabol a y = 4 w
.
2
x ,
i
,
c ,
a ,
s
z
y 4a x + 2Az x + (1
a n d s ho w t h a t t h e i r a xe s e nv e lo p e t h e p a rabol a
y O, ( x 2a ) 2 = e (22 c ) .
84 . P r o v e th a t fo r a ll v a l u e s
, of t h e e qu a ti o n
(A2
1) (
2
2
( z 2my = o
r e p r e s e n t s a h yp e rbolo i d f r e v ol u ti o n wh i c h p a ss e s th r ou gh t h e g i v e n
o
l i n e s y = 0 = m= o z — ; a n d s ho w t h a t t h e a e s f l l s u c h
z c c x o a
h y p e r bolo i d s l i th e p a r abolo i d
, ,
,
e on
85 T h o n l y c o n i c o i d f r e v olu ti o n wh i c h h
e o it c e n t r e a t t h e as s
o r i g i n a n d p a ss e s t h r ou g h t h e p a r abol a = b y = 4 + 4 —b i a
.
2 2 2
z ax a s
r i g h t c o n e who s e s em i v e r ti c a l a n g l e i t a n Q /b
, ,
“ l
s a .
86 F t h e c u rv e
or
—
.
= =3 t 3 2
( 3 t
x t ) y a ,
a ,
p r o v e th at p
= =3
(1 0 a
87 S how t h a t t h e t a n ge n t a t
_ y p o i t t o t h e c u rv e f i n t e rs e c ti o n
an n o
f t h e c y l i n de rs y = 4 = 2a / mak e s a c o ns t a n t a n g l e wit h t h e
.
2 a
o a x,
y
88 . For th e c rv e
u x = 2a bt
, y
= a 2 lo
g t, z = 2 2
b z,
262t2)2
p ro v e th at
P ro v e al s o th at th e ce n tre of c i rc ul a r c u rv a t r e a t ( u x, y , z ) is g i v e n by
2
01 26262
89 r o v e th a t t h e lo c u s f th e fee t f th e p e r p e d i c ul a rs f r o m th e
P o o n
o r i g i n t o t h e t a n ge n t s t o t h e h e l i x = c o s 9 / = s i n 9 = 9 i th e
.
x a 1 a z a s
c u rv e 2 = (2 c o s 9 9 s i n 23 = (2 s i n 9 9 c o s 2 = 9 S ho w
, , ,
x a 1 a z a
t h a t th i s c u rv e l i e s t h e h y p e rbolo i d + y a n d th a t it
.
on 2 z 2 2
x 2 : a
cr o ss e s t h e ge n e ra t o r
,
— y
— si x a c o s oz . a na 2
s in a . cos a . 1
a t r i g h t a n g l e s a t t h e p o i n t wh e r e 9 on . P ro v e al s o th a t
MI S CELL ANE O US E X A M PL E S 3 89
90 . s em i c i rcl e A B A i s d ra w n w it h A O A a s d i ame te r d O
A
’ '
an as
c e n t re a n d a s e c o n d s em i c i rc l e O C A i s de scri bed 0 A a s d iam e t e r 0 11
s o a s t o l i e w ith i n t h e fi rs t T h s em i c i rc l e A B A i s th e n c u t t o f
, ,
’
e ou
th e p a pe r a n d fol ded s o a s t o fo r m a r i g h t c o n e w ith G A a n d O N
.
c oi nc i d i n g a lo n g a ge n e ra to r S how th a t t h e c u rv e th co n e wh i c h on e
th e s em i c i rc l e O C A a ss u me s c a n b r e p re se n ted by th e e q ua ti o n s
.
2 = ( x 3 9 + cos
a co s 2y = (s i n 3 9 + s i n /3 co s 9 a 2 : s a ,
a n d o bt a i n fo r it th r e s ul t s (i ) th e l e n g t h of th e a rc me a s u red f ro m
e
t h e p o i n t ( O /3 ) i s a, ,(ii )
x a
.
+3 9) a n d (iii ) co s
2
,
2 (4 3 c o s 9) a
9
91 Ac u rv e i s d ra w n a s p h e r e of c e n t re 0 s o t h a t th e ta n ge n t a t
on
a v a ri abl e p o i n t P make s a c o ns t a n t a n g l e w it h a fi ed l i n e A i s a
.
,
x
poi n t t h e c u rv e wh e r e t h e o sc ul a ti n g pl a n e p a ss e s th rou gh 0
.
on
S how th a t t h e l e n g t h f th e a rc A P f th e c u rv e i s p r o p o r ti o n a l t o t h e
.
o o
p e r p e n d i c u l a r f ro m O t o th e o sc ul a ti n g p l a n e a t P .
92 P i s a v a r i abl e p o i n t o n a c u rv e C a n d t h e a rc A P mea su red

f r o m a fi ed p o i n t A i s of l e n g t h
,,
.
A d i s t a nc e PT e qu a l t o is
,
x 3 3
mea s u red ba ck w a r d s a lo n g th e t a n ge n t a t P a n d t h e lo c u s of T i s a
, .
c u rv e C I f th e rad ii of c u rv a t u r e a n d t o rs i o n f C a t P a re p a n d
, .
g o 1
a n d t h e r ad i u s f c u rv a t u re of 0 a t T i s p p r o v e t h a t
.
o 2 o,
r)
2
3
d
p
2
(7
P0
93 r o v e t h a t th e t an ge n t t o th e lo c u s f th c e n t re s f c i rc ul a r
P o e o
c u rv a t u re of a c u rv e ma ke s a n a n g l e 9 w it h th e c o rr e s p o n d i n g p ri nc i p a l
.
n o r ma l t o t h e c u rv e s u c h th a t s i n 9 = p/R .
94 I f 89 i s t h e a n g l e be t wee n t h e d of s p h e r i c a l c u rv a t u r e a t ra n
th e e n d s f a n i n fi n it e s i ma l 8 p r o v e th a t
.
o a re 3,
<>
2 2
dR
—1 + p
o dp
95 P i s a v a r i abl e p o i n t a g i v e n c u r v e a n d PQ a l i n e th r ou gh
on
i c ma ke s fi ed a n gl e s who s e c os i n e s a re b w ith th e t a nge n t
.
P wh h x a, c, ,
p r i nc i pa l n o r ma l a n d bi n o r ma l a t P r e s p e c ti v e l y S h ow t h a t f t h e
, ,
lo c u s of PQ a s P m o v e s a lo n g th e c u rv e i s a de v e lo p abl e s u r fa c e
.
,
a r e t h e c u r va t u re a n d t o rs i o n
,
wh e r e p an d
,
‘
1 4
0
at P .
96 S how t h a t t h e edge of r eg r e ss i o n of t h e de v e lo p a bl e s u rfa c e

wh i c h p a ss e s t h r ou g h t h e t wo c u r v e s
.
y
= 2a t
,
z=0 ; x = 0, —3 a l z ,
z= 4a t3
l ies on th e c o n ic o ids
97 a re th e p r i n c i p a l m i x of a n e ll i p s oi d a n d
0 A, 0 8 , D C se a es ,
a re
of l e n g t h s r e s p e c ti v e l y P r o v e tha t th e c u r v a t u re a t A f th e
.
a , b, 0 o
s e c ti o n th e e ll i p s o i d by t h e p l a n e A B C i s
.
of
2(11 20 2 2 2
0 11
3 90 C OO R DI NATE G E OME T R Y
98 . F or t h e s u r fac e 2
2
show t h a t th e p r i nc i p a l ra dn a re
(
s
e
a- m e )?
0
2
20 2
99 s u r fac e i s ge n e r a t ed by a v a r i abl e s t r ai gh t l i n e w h i c h mee t s

A
t h e c i rc l e + y = i n P a n d 0 2 i n Q s o t h a t t h e a n g l e PO X
.
2 2 2
x a
i s e qu a l t o t h e a n g l e O Q P P r o v e t h a t a t y p o i n t f t h e s u r f c e
, , ,
an o a
9 y = s i n 9 = ( — ) c o t 9 a n d t h a t t h e mea s u r e f c u rv a
.
,
x = 1 ¢ c os u z a u o
t u r e of t h e s u rfac e a t P i s —
, , ,
2
a
8
1 00 Th c u rv e i n t h e p l a n e X O Y fo r wh i c h
e = i s r o ta ted 1: ae
5
abou t O Y S how t h a t t h e mea s u re f c u rv a t u r e f t h e s u rfa c e of

.
, ,
o o
r e v ol u ti o n fo r med i a n d th a t th whol e c u r v a t u r e f t h e
.
‘
2
so s -
a e o
p a r t of t h e s u r fac e i n t e rc e p t ed be t w ee n t h e p l a n e Z O X a n d th e
,
pa r a ll e l p l a n e t h r ou g h ( y ) i 2 ( / x, ,
z s 7r x a
3 92 l N D EX
Th e nu mber s r e er t o f p a g es .
C o nico ids t h rou g h e i g ht p o i n ts D i ffe ren ti al eq ua t i ons f as ympt o ti c o

l i n e s 3 58
,
25 1
t h rou g h se v e n po i n t s 252 of ge od esi c s 3 63
.
, .
C o n jug a t e l i n e s p o lar l i n es of l n es of curva t ur e 3 3 8 3 52

.
, , .
see i
d i a me t e rs 1 0 1 1 14 1 20 of s ph e r i cal c u rv es 293
.
, , , .
d i a me t ral p la n es 1 0 1 1 14 1 23 D i re c ti o n co s i n es 1 9 25
, , , .
, .
C o n o i d d e fi n i t i o n a n d equ a t i o n of of t h r ee p e r p e n d i c u lar l i nes 69

, , , .
, , .
of n o r m al t o e ll ip soi d 1 1 1
, , , .
257
C o n s t a n t s i n equ a ti o n s t o th e p la n e o f t an ge n t t o c u rv e 277
.
, .
o f p r i n c i p al n or m al a n d b i n orm al
, , .
34
th e s t ra i g h t l i ne 42
.
,
28 3 289
t h e c o n i c o i d 1 96 o f n o r m al t o su r f ac e 272 3 49
.
, , .
t h s r f ac e of d eg r ee D i r e c t i o n ra t i o s 28 40
.
, , , .
e u 259 n, -
C o n t ac t of r e la ti o n b e t w ee n di ti
.
, , .
i id 246 c on c o s, i rec o n ~c o s n e s
of curv e a n d su r fac e 278 an d 3 0
.
C oor d i n a t es car t es i an 1 D i s cr i m i n a ti n g cub i c 20 5

.
, , .
c y l i n d r i cal 4 r e al it y of roo t s 208

.
, , , .
p o lar 4 c o n d iti o n s fo r e ro r oot s 206

. .
, ,
z -
e ll ip ti c 1 78 co n d i t i o n s f or equ al roo t s 210

.
, , .
c u rv i l i n e ar 3 48 D i s ta n c e b e tw een t wo p o i n t s 6 20
.
, , .
o f a p o i n t o f a cu r v e i n t e r m s o f
.
, , , ,
26 3
o f a p o i n t f ro m a p la n e 3 5
.
3 01
C ro ss ra t i o o f four p la n es 3 8 o f a p o i n t f ro m a l i n e 24
.
, .
C u rva t ur e o f c u rv e 28 4 D o u bl e co n t ac t o f i id 24 6
.
, , .
con co s,
of su r fac es 3 26 D o u bl e tan ge n t pl a n es 266
, , .
, .
o f n o r m al se c t i o n s 3 26 Du pi n s th e o rem 3 44
.
, .
,
’
o f obl i que se c t i o ns 3 3 0
.
, , .
s p e c ifi c 3 46 E d ge o f r eg r es s i o n 3 09
.
,
s ph e r i cal 29 3 299 l m t l i n e ar 3 50
, .
, .
e en
ge o d es i c 3 71 E ll ip s o i d equ at i o n t o 99
, , .
, , .
o f l i n e of curva t u r e 3 3 6 3 41 p r i n c ip al ra d ii of 3 3 2
, .
, , .
o f ge o d es i c 3 69 l i n e s o f curva t ur e o n 3 3 3
.
, , , .
s i g o f 288 E ll ipti c p o i n t o n s u r fac e 270

. .
, ,
n
l i n e s o f 3 3 3 3 52
,
.
, ,
3 26
o n co n i c o i d 3 3 3 En v e lo p e of p lane —o ne p ar a me te r
. .
, ,
o n d eve lo p abl e 3 3 3
.
, ,
3 16
o n sur fac e of r e vol u t i on 3 3 5 En v e lo p es— one p ara me t e r 3 07
. .
,
C urv e equ a ti o n s t o 1 2 275 t wo p ara me t e rs 3 1 1

, .
, .
C u rv e s c u b i c 1 1 3 23 9 245 En v e l o p i n g co n e 1 09 1 8 3 1 8 4 202
. .
, , , .
~
q uar ti c 23 8 c y l i n d e r 1 1 0 203
, , , , .
, , , , .
C urv i l i n e ar coor d i n a t es 3 48 E qu at i o n to s u r fac e 8

,
.
, , .
C u s pi d al e d ge 3 09 t o cy l i n d e r 9
.
, .
, ,
C y l i n d e r e n v e lo pi ng 1 1 0 203 229 t o s u r fac e of r ol u t i on 1 3

, .
, .
ev
C y l i n d ro i d 258 to p lan e 3 2 3 3
.
, , , , .
,
t o c o n e w ith g i v e n base 93
.
, .
, ,
Deg ree o f a su r fac e 259 t o con i c o i d w h e n or i g i n i s a t a

, .
De L o n g c h a m p s 95 c e n t r e 21 7
, .
D e v e lo p abl e p o lar o f c u rv e 3 00 to c o n o i d 257

.
, .
,
De v e l op abl e s u r fac es 3 1 3 3 1 6 E qu a ti o n s t o c u rv e 12
.
, , , .
,
co n d iti o n f or 3 1 8 p ara me t r i c 271 , ,

.
, , .
l i n e s o f c u rva t ur e o n 3 3 3
.
, .
,
t ors i o n o f c u rv e o n 3 70 Fac tors o f

.
,
D i a me t e rs of p arabolo i d 1 24
.
,
( b f gh ) ( z / ) M /: ) 20 9 a c u z
r
2
as
?
l
2
Z
2
D i a me t ral p la n e s o f c e n t ral c o n i Focal e ll i p s e h y pe rbola 1 77 190

.
, .
, ,
p arab o la s 1 92
.
, , , ,
co id 1 0 1 1 14
s,
o f co n e 120 l i es o f co n e 1 93
. .
, ,
n
o f p arab o lo i d 1 23 1 2 F oc i o f i id 1 87
.
, .
, ,
5
co n c o s,
f ge n e ral c o n i co i d 20 4 fo r mu la e 286
. .
, ,
F
’
o t , . re n e s , .
INDEX 3 93
Th e n u mbe rs r e e r f to p a g es .
G au ss m e as u r e o f cur va t u r e 3 46 L oc u s of m i d p o i n t s of parall e l -
Ge n e ra t i n g l i n es o f h yp e rbolo i d 148 c h o rd s 1 0 8 [ 1 5 20 4
, ,
.
o f p ar bol o i d 1 49 o f t a n ge n ts f ro m a p o i n t 10 8
.
, , , , .
a
sy s t ems o f 1 54 1 6 1 of parall e l ta n ge n t s 10 8 20 3
, .
, .
G e n e ra t o r p ro p e r t i es o f a 167 3 20 of i n t e rs e c t i o n of mu t u all y p
, , .
, , .
er
G e n e ra t o r s o f c o n e 8 8 t an ge n t p la n e s
.
, , ,
p nd i l
e c u ar
co n d iti o n t h a t co n e h a s t h r ee
, .
,
1 03 125 , 1 99
m u t u all y p e r p e n d i cular 92 of o l e s of p la n e w ith re sp e c t t
, .
p o
o f c o n i co i d equ a t i o n s t o 15 3 1 97 c o n fo cal 18 1
.
,
e,
i id w ith c o mm o n 23 9 24 1 of c e n t res o f o scula ti n g sph e res

.
, , , .
con co s
of d e v e l opabl e 3 16
.
, , ,
3 00
G e o d e s i cs d e fi n iti o n 3 62
. .
,
d i f e re n ti al eq ua ti on s 3 63 ge n e ti o n f c n i c i d
.
, ,
M a c C u l l agh , ra o o o
o n d e v e l o p abl e 3 63
.
,
1 87
o n su r fac e of r e volu t i o n 3 65 e e f u t e
, . .
M asur o c rva ur 3 46
o n c o ne 3 65 eu n i e th e em , .
, .
M r s or 3 3 0 , 3 3 1 , 3 71
’
o n c o n i coi d 3 67 o i t f g i en i ne
. .
, ,
M id p n o
-
v l ,7
G e od e s i c c u rva t u r e 3 71 p i n ts y s t em f r e l
.
, .
M id o -
of s o p a all
G e o d es i c t or s i o n 3 73 c h o rd s 1 0 8 1 25 204
.
,
M i n i m al sur f ac e s 3 3 6
.
.
, , , ,
H e l i coi d 258 3 3 9 , .
H e l i x 25 8 290 N od al l i n e 26 5
, , .
H orog raph 3 46 N o d e c o n i c 26 4
, , .
, .
H u d so n K umme r s Q u a r t i c S ur N o r m al p lan e 277

, .
, , .
fac e 266 N o r m al p r i n c ip al to cu rv e 282

.
, ,
Hy p e rbol i c p o i n t o n s ur face 270 N or m al s e c t i o n s curva t u re of 3 26

.
, , , , .
N or m als t o e ll ip s o i d equ a t i o n s
.
, , , ,
3 27
Hy p e rbolo i d o f o ne s h ee t eq ua t i o n s i x f ro m a g i v e n p o i n t 1 13
.
, , ,
t o 1 00 1 66 t o parab o lo i d 126
.
, ,
gene ra t o rs of 148 1 53 t o f l 1 82
, , .
, .
c o n o ca s ,
asy m p tot i c l i n e s f 3 5 8 to s u r f c e al o n g a l i n e f c urva

.
, , .
o a o
Hy p e rb o lo i d o f t wo s h ee t s eq u at i on tu re 3 3 4
, .
.
t o 10 1 , .
,
O r i g i n c h a n ge o f 6
.
,
I n d i ca t r i x 270 3 26 O r th o g o n al s y s t em s of s ur f ac es 3 44
, , .
s p h e r i cal o f curv e 285 O sc u la ti n g c i rcl e 29 2

.
, , .
,
l t a n gen t s 26 1 O sc u la ti n g p la n e of c u rv e 279
, , .
, .
I fl i
n e x o na
I n teg ral c u rva t u r e 3 46 of as y m p t o ti c l i n e 3 59

.
, .
,
I n t e r se c t i o n o f th r ee p la n e s 47 O scula ti n g s ph e r e 292
. .
, ,
o f i id 23 8
.
, .
,
co n c o s,
I n var i a n t s 23 1 P arabol i c p o i n t o n su r f ac e 270 3 29

.
P ara bo l o i d e q u a t i o n t o 1 22
. .
, , ,
h im th l ge o d es i c c o n i c o i d P ara me t e r of d i t ib t i 1 69
.
, ,
J oa c s a 0 11 s 1 u o n,
P ara me t e rs f l th r o ug h a
, , ,
3 67 f O c o n o ca s
po i n t o n a con i co id 1 8 1
.
L a g ra n ge s i d e n ti ty 22 P ara me t r i c equ a ti o n s 2 1
.
,
’
7
L i n e ar e l eme n t 3 50 P e r p e n d i c u lar c o n d iti o n t h a t l i
.
, . ,
ne s
L i n e equ a t i o n s t o s t ra i g ht 3 8 40 s h o u l d b 22 3 0
, .
,
p arall e l to pla n e 4 3 P l n e e q u a ti o n t o 3 2 3 3
, . , .
, , ,
a
n o r m al to p la n e 43 th ro ug h th ree p o i n t s 3 4
.
, .
, , ,
o f s t r i c t i o n 3 21 P o i n t d i v i d i n g l i n e i n g i v e n ra t i o
.
, .
,
L i n e s c o p la ar 5 6
, . ,
n 7
i n te r se c ti n g t w o g i v e n l i n es 53 P o i n t s of i n te rs e c ti o n o f l i n e a n d
, , .
i n te rsec t i n g th ree g i v en l i c o n i c o i d 102 1 97

.
,
ne s,
P o lar d e v e l o p abl e 3 00
.
, ,
54
i n t e r se c t i n g fo u r g i v en l i n es 1 65 Po lar l i n e s 10 5 202
. .
,
asy m p t ot i c 3 58 P o w e r of p o i n t w ith r e s p e c t t o
.
, .
, ,
f curv a t ur e 3 3 3 sph e re 8 4
.
,
o , . , .
3 94 IN D E X
The nu mber s r e er f to p a g es
S i n gu lar po i n ts 263
.
Pr i n c ip al a x es 1 0 1
p lane s 1 0 1 124 204 t a n ge n t p l a n e s 26 5
, .
, .
d i re c ti ons 212
,
S k e w s r fac es 3 14
.
, , .
,
n or m al 282
,
S p e c ifi c c u rva t ur e 3 46 ,
. .
ra d ii 3 27 3 3 2 3 3 7 3 50
,
S ph e r e eq ua ti o n to 8 1
. .
,
P robl e m s o n t wo s t ra i g h t l i n es 6 1 S p h e r i cal c u rva t r e 293

, .
, , , , .
,
P roje c ti o n of segme n t 1 5 S t r i c ti o n l i n e o f 3 21
.
, .
,
of fi gu r e 1 7 S ur fac e s i n ge n e ral 259

.
, .
, ,
o f c u rv e 1 9 o f r e v o l u t i o n 1 3 228
, .
, , .
P ro p e r ti es f a ge n e ra t or 1 6 7 3 20 d e v e l o p abl e an d ske w
, .
, , .
o 3 14
,
S yn clas t i c su r fac e 270

. .
, ,
Q uar t i c c u r ve o f i n t e r se c ti o n o f
.
,
c o n ic o ids , 23 8 T a nge n c y o f g i v e n p la n e a n d con i

co i d 92 1 03 1 20 1 24 1 99
.
a d i cal p la ne o f tw o s ph e r es 8 3 T an ge n t p la n e t o s ph e r e 8 2
, , , , , .
R
a d ii p r i n c ip al 3 27 3 3 7 3 5 0 t o con i co i d 1 02 1 24 1 98
. .
, ,
R
a d i us o f curva t u r e 284 288 t o su r fac e 26 1 262 272
, , , , , , , .
R
o f tors i o n 284 289 to r u l e d su r fac e 3 1 5
.
, , .
, , ,
o f s ph e r i cal c u rva t r e 293 299 s i n gu lar 265

.
, , , .
R e c ip rocal c o ne 92 T a ngen t t o c u rv e 275

, , .
, .
R e c t i f y i ng p la n e 28 2 T a n ge n t s in fl x i n l 26 1
, .
, , .
e o a
R e d u c ti o n of gene ral equ a t i o n of T e t ra h e d ro n vol ume of 6 4
. .
, , ,
se c o n d d eg r ee 21 9 227 T o r s i o n ra d i us o f 284
.
, ,
R eg r ess i o n e d ge of 3 0 9 i g n o f 288
.
, , , , .
S
R e vol u ti o n s u r f ac e f eq ua t i o n 1 3 o f as y m pt o ti c l i n es 3 59
, ,
.
, .
O
c o n d i t i o n s th a t con i co i d i s 228 o f ge od es i cs 3 69
.
, , , .
,
l i n es o f c u rva t u r e o n 3 3 5 of c u rv e o n d e v e lopa bl e 3 75
. .
, ,
ge od es i c s o n 3 65 ge o des i c 3 73
, .
, .
R u l e d su r f ac es 1 48 3 1 3 T ra ns for m a t i o n f coor d i n a t es 6 8
. .
, ,
, , . o , ,
75
S al m o n ge n e ra t i o f co n i co i d 1 87 of
.
n o 21 4
S e c t i o n o f s urfac e by g i ve n p la n e
, ,
T r ip l y or th o g o n al s y s t e m s
. .
-
3 44
Tr o p e 26 6
.
, ,
72
co n i co i d w i t h g i v e n c e n t r e
.
, .
Of 1 07,
o f e ll ip s o i d
, ,
20 4 Um bil ic s , 1 43
o f co n i co i d a x e s o f 1 3 1 1 3 4 1 3 7 co n d i t i o n s f or 3 42
. .
,
3 52
S ec tio n s c i rc u lar 1 3 8 ,
U n o d e 264
.
, , , .
, ,
S egme n ts 1
.
, , , .
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AN E LE M E N T ARY T R E AT I S E ON

TH E p resen t el em ent ry t xt boo k em b odi es th e c o r e in

and h a ve c ti o n s o n R u l e d S u rfa ce s C u r vi l in ear

C n e y d L ong ch a m p s n d N i e wen gl o wsk i h a ve b e n

wh o se m e t h o d s g i ve n in his Theor i e des S m f a ces I h a ve

or r esu l s t of th e se c ti on . M an y of t h ese h a ve bee n c on

i n t e r e st a n d e n c ou rag e m en t Pr o f Gi bson has r e a d pa r t o f . .

to his sh r e wd c r iti c i sm s a n d v al u a bl e su gg e sti o n s My .

T he co nd iti on th t a a co n e has th r ee mu t lly

T he e q u a ti o ns of con foca l co n ico ids

THE G EN E R A L E Q UA T ION OF TH E S E CON D D E GR E E

165 . C o nic o ids w h it mm a co

166 . C o n ic o ids w it h mm g rtr

1 68 . C o n ico ids w ith d bl t t ou e c o n ac

169 . C o n ico ids with t w mm pl o co on a ne s ec ti

t h ese c al l e d t h e Cart esian coordinat es of P

w ith the p l a n e a n d f r o n t i n the p os i tive d ir ectio n of th e

5 Cyl indr ical

poi n t P to t h e pl ane X O Y , th e p ositi on of P is d e te r m i ne d

of OP and L titi e s r 9 (15 a r e t h e p ol ar

Cor . If th e axe s ar e r c tan g

all r e a l val e s fr o m — t o + be g i ven to h t h e c u r v

A ns (i ) A sys t e m o f co a x i a l r i gh t cy l i n d e rs (ii ) a sys t e m o f pl a ne s

10 . Th e e qu at ions t o a cur v e . T h e t wo e q u ati on s

su rfa ces . I f th e axes are r ct

Ans 27 2 —2z 1 1 = 0, 2x2 + 2x z + 3 22 —2r 23 1 1 = O,

x x i s eq u a l to the p r ojecti on of the str a igh t li n e A N on X X

(iii ) I f n on e o f th e s id e s of th e t r i a ng l e ABC is p a ra lle l

o pp o it e sid B C of th e t r i ngl e ABC i n t e r n lly A n d

see th a t i f di r e cti on s o f r ota ti on A B C

sa m e s i g n i f cos O is pos iti ve a n d O pp os it e s i n s if c os t)

ar e thei r p r ojecti on s on a n y g i ven p l a n e ,

wher e 9 is the between the p l a n es a n gl e .

wher e 9 i s the a n g l e between the p l a n es .

G 1 B y s b stit ti n g fo cos or cos B c os y in (2) o

(Ch ange th e o ri gi n to P a nd a p ply E x.

(C f E x 2, . . Ans 1 67r/3 , 3 27r/3 , 3 27r/3 ;

th e ne ma k es \v1 t h th e a xe s are e q ual to 5 4

23 . Th e ang l e be t wee n t wo l ine s . If O P and G O ha ve

a nd 9 i s the a n gl e tha t O P m a kes w ith C O .

(Th i s id e n tity is kn o wn as L a gr a n ge s i den ti ty

24 . D ist ance of a p oint fr om a l in e To ﬁ nd the .

) is any p int o 0 11 the l i n e ,

t h e r e fo r e c a ll e d th e direct ion rat ios o f PQ -

If the a x es a r e r ec ta n g u l a r the di r ect ion -

be wee n th e nes w h ose d1 r e c t 1 o n -

E quat ion t o p l ane

(1 1 ) To ﬁ n d the equ a tion to the p l a n e i n ter m s f

3 6 Pl ane t h roug h t h r ee g ive n p oint s

Ex 1 . . F i nd the e q u a ti o n t o the pl ane th r o u gh th e th r p i t

EX 2 . . She w th t a th e fo u rpi t o n s (0 , —1 , O), (2 ,

37 . D ist anc e fr om a p oint t o ap l an e To .

a nd O are on o ppo it s e s id e s of th e pl a n e , c o s Ot , cos B co s y

If d is p ositi ve t h p ositi ve s ig n i e s t o be ta k en , as it g i ves

EX 5. . Th e su m o f the q u a re s of t h e d i sta nce s o f a p o i n t f ro m th e

38 . Pl ane s bise ct ing t h e a ng l s e be t wee n g ive n p l ane s .

To ﬁ nd the p l a n es bisec ti n g the a n g l es be tween th e

re p r esen ts the l oc u s of p oi nts e q idi stan t f r om u t h e g i ve n

r e p r esen t t h e pl n e b sec ting t h e o t h e r a ngl e be t ween the

39 . e q uat ions t o a line E ve r y e qu a ti on o f th e

40 . S ymme t r ical for m of e q uat ions . Th e e qu ti on s toa

L ine t h r oug h t wo p oint s

42 D ir e ct ion r at ios fr om e qu at ions Th e p l an es t h r ou gh