INIG19 1073a 57

Corso di Laurea: INGEGNERIA INDUSTRIALE CURR. GESTIONALE (D.M.
270/04)
Insegnamento: MISURE MECCANICHE E TERMICHE
Lezione n°: 57
Titolo: Portata: Metodi deprimogeni ad area variabile: rotametri
Attività n°: 1
Lezione 57
57/01 Portata: Metodi deprimogeni

ad area variabile: rotametri
Corso di Laurea: INGEGNERIA INDUSTRIALE CURR. GESTIONALE (D.M. 270/04)
Lezione n°: 57
Attività n°: 1
MISURATORI DI PORTATA
DEPRIMOGENI AD AREA
VARIABILE E CADUTA DI
PRESSIONE COSTANTE:
ROTAMETRI
Lezione n°: 57
Attività n°: 1
ROTAMETRI: PRINCIPIO DI MISURA
Il rotametro è costituito da un
tubo verticale di forma tronco-
conica al cui interno è disposto TUBO
un galleggiante che al variare
della portata nel tubo assume
GALLEGGIANTE
una certa posizione e pertanto
genera uno strozzamento della
sezione di passaggio del flusso
variabile a seconda della
portata.
FLUSSO
Lezione n°: 57
Attività n°: 1

Alla portata Q il galleggiante rimane in equilibrio
quando le forze agenti su di esso sono in equilibrio.
Tali forze sono:
- P = forza peso o di gravità (cost)
- Fg = forza di galleggiamento (cost)
- Fp = forza verticale di pressione differenziale
- Fv = forza viscosa (attrito tra fluido e pareti del gall.)
Trascurando quest’ultima, all’equilibrio si avrà:
Fg Fp
P = F g + Fp h
P
Lezione n°: 57
Attività n°: 1

Sia ρg, V e Ac la densità, il volume e l’area della
sezione trasversale del galleggiante, g l’accelerazione
di gravità, ρ la densità del fluido, ∆p la caduta di
pressione provocata dall’ostruzione costituita dal
galleggiante, le tre forze agenti sul galleggiante
saranno:
P = ρ gVg Ac
Fg = ρVg ρ gVg − ρVg = ∆pAc = cte

F p = ∆pAc
Essendo il primo membro costante ed essendo tale
anche la sezione trasversale del galleggiante anche la Q
caduta di pressione ∆p sarà costante.
Lezione n°: 57
Attività n°: 1

Essendo v la velocità del fluido, per il teorema di
Bernouilli:
1
∆p = Cρv 2
2
con C il coefficiente di efflusso che tiene conto del
restringimento della vena fluida e dipende dal
numero di Reynolds. Si può scrivere
A=f(h)
(ρ g − ρ )Vg = 12 CρAc v 2 = cte
Se la caduta di pressione o la velocità del fluido
h
rimangono costanti, al variare della portata deve
variare la sezione di passaggio del fluido A=f(h).
Pertanto il rotametro è uno strumento deprimogeno Q
ad area variabile.
Lezione n°: 57
Attività n°: 1

La portata nella sezione A = Atubo-Ac vale:
Q = Av = ( Atubo − Ac ) v
Introducendo v si ha:
2Vg  ρ g 
Q = ( Atubo − Ac ) 
 − 1 A=f(h)
CAc  ρ 
che si può scrivere
C ( Atubo − Ac ) 2Vg  ρ g  h
Q=  − 1

Ac  ρ
1 − [( Atubo − Ac ) / Atubo ]2  Q
Lezione n°: 57
Attività n°: 1

Se la variazione di C con la posizione del galleggiante è piccola e poiché
[( Atubo − Ac ) / Atubo ]2 << 1

si ha:
Q = K ( Atubo − Ac ) = KA(h)
In genere il tubo è costruito con una geometria tale che l’area della sezione del
tubo varia linearmente con la posizione h del galleggiante. Allora la portata può
essere scritta come:
Q = K1 + K 2 h
Lezione n°: 57/S1
Attività n°: 1
Sessione studio 2
Lezione n°: 57/S1
Attività n°: 1
Sessione studio 2
Approfondimenti:
Caratteristiche costruttive e prestazioni
Lezione n°: 57/S1
Attività n°: 1
CARATTERISTICHE COSTRUTTIVE
FORMA DEL GALLEGGIANTE

- corpo tozzo
- stabilità
- prua ad ogiva
- flusso indipendente dal numero di Reynolds
- muniti di filo guida
Lezione n°: 57/S1
Attività n°: 1
CARATTERISTICHE COSTRUTTIVE
La portata dipende dalla densità e viscosità del fluido, ma sagomando
opportunamente la forma del galleggiante si può minimizzare tale
dipendenza rendendo lo strumento insensibile alle variazioni di viscosità del
fluido.
Il tubo in genere è in vetro per poter leggere la posizione del galleggiante su

una scala graduata solidale al tubo.
Oppure il tubo può essere in metallo e la posizione del galleggiante viene
rilevata da un trasduttore di spostamento magnetico.
Lezione n°: 57/S1
Attività n°: 1
CONSIDERAZIONI GENERALI SUI ROTAMETRI

VANTAGGI:
- Economici
- Semplici
- Utilizzabili sia per liquidi che per gas
SVANTAGGI:
- Sensibilità a variazioni di densità, viscosità e temperatura del fluido

- Inadatti a misure dinamiche
- Parti in movimento
- Accesso ottico o sensoristica di posizione del galleggiante
Lezione n°: 57/S1
Attività n°: 1
PRESTAZIONI
- Incertezza 1 - 5 % F.S.
- Campo di misura 10:1
- Diametri 0.16 - 100 mm
- Temperatura massima 100-150 °C
- Viscosità massima 200 cP

Lezione n°: 57/S2
Attività n°: 1
Sessione studio 3
Lezione n°: 57/S2
Attività n°: 1
Sessione studio 3
Esempi di dispositivi di misura di portata deprimogeni ad area

variabile-rotametri:
Analisi del catalogo allegato (5732_ABB_rotametri.pdf)
Lezione n°: 57/S2
Attività n°: 1
ESEMPIO DI ROTAMETRI
Leggere il datasheet allegato (5732__ABB_rotametri.pdf) dove sono descritte diverse

tipologie di rotametro con i relativi dati tecnici.
Variable Area Flowmeters
VA Master
Proven measurement for gases, liquids and steam
Cost-effective measuring system

Indication on site without external power supply
Measurement of even small gas and liquid flows
Independent of electrical conductivity
Versions approved for use in hazardous areas
High reproducibility
ABB Instrumentation
VA Master line – versatile and well-proven
The use of variable area flowmeters in industrial process measurement has been established
for more than 70 years. Their measuring principle is both technically mature and cost-effective.
They feature an amazing design variety and high reproducibility and do not require an external
power supply for measured value indication on site. As a result, they are the appropriate
solution for almost all applications involving the measurement of liquids, gases or steam.
Various metal or glass tube models are available.
B
W=B+F=0 Advantages of Variable Area Measurement
W
F Cost-effective measuring system
Indication on site without external power supply
Visual fluid monitoring (for glass VAF)
Independent of electrical conductivity
Measuring Principle Measurement of even small gas and liquid flows
4…20 mA output signal, HART® communication
Three forces are applied to the float: Measurement of gases with very low pressure
The constant float weight “W”
The buoyant force “B” which depends
on the fluid density Typical industrial fluids to be measured
The flow force “F” which lifts the float
Industry Fluid Medium
The float in the tube always takes a position where Chemical Hydrocarbons, solvents,
all three above-described forces are balanced. demineralized water, gases,
The corresponding flow rate value can be read from steam, etc.
the scale. Petrochemical Petrochemical raw products,
fuel, ethylene, steam, etc.
Plant engineering Compressed air, steam
Food and N2, CO2,
beverages demineralized water, steam
Pulp & paper Compressed air, steam
Metal Cooling systems, air, protective gases
Pharmaceutical Demineralized water
Power and steam
generation Steam, condensate, natural gas
Metal tube – Glass tube
The ABB product range includes both metal tube and glass tube instrument lines
and is used in the widest variety of applications:
Measuring point
z High pressure and z Low-cost solution

temperature z Visual fluid monitoring
z Opaque fluids z Extremely low pressure
z Steam applications z Clear, transparent fluid
z Current and contact output
z HART communication
z Digital display
Metal tube Glass tube
The purgemeters of both product lines are available

with a differential pressure regulator that balances
pressure variations in the system and provides a
constant flow rate. ABB flowmeters can easily handle
very small measuring ranges, e.g. in labs, and high
flow rates for rugged industrial applications.
Application examples in various industries
Analytical Mixing, dosing, monitoring

Automotive Test benches, lubricants, cooling water
Chemical & petrochemical Dosing of dyes/additives,
separation/lubrication
Glass Flame control
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning Ensure constant flow rate
Industrial furnace construction Burner control
Lab Sampling, separation
Agricultural Spraying, e.g. fertilizers
Medical Flow monitoring, anesthesia
Food and beverages Aeration, homogeneous mixture
Oil and gas Rinsing, tanks, boilers
Pulp & paper Ensure constant flow rate
Pharmaceutical Filling, injection
Water & waste water Pump control
Overview metal tube devices
The well-proven, robust metal tube flowmeters are suitable for a wide range of
applications. They have proved their worth for aggressive and opaque fluids or extremely
demanding operating conditions. They are indispensable for applications requiring
high pressure and temperature resistance.
Measuring point
z Flow rate 0.1…120.000 l/h (Qv) water

or 0.008…3,600 m3/h (Qn) air (14.7 psia and 32 °F)
z Stainless steel primary
z Alarm contacts
z 4…20 mA output signal
Metal tube
2.5…120,000 l/h (Qv) water 0.1…3,000 l/h (Qv) water

or 0.1…1,600 m3/h (Qn) air or 0.008…90 m3/h (Qn) air
at 1.013 bar (a) and 0 °C at 1.013 bar (a) and 0 °C
(14.7 psia and 32 °F) (14.7 psia and 32 °F)
FAM540 FAM3200
z Accuracy class 1.6 z Accuracy class 6

z HART communication z Dosing
z Easy configuration z Low-cost device
z Two-line graphical display z Low installation costs
z Current and contact output z Differential pressure regulation
Overview glass tube devices
These universal flowmeters are used in many industries for measuring and dosing
liquids and gases. Due to the combination of various process-wetted materials they
are suitable for even aggressive fluids.
Measuring point
z Flow rate 0.002…17.600 l/h (Qv) water

or 4 cm3/min…520 m3/h (Qn) air at 1.013 bar (a) and 0 °C
(14.7 psia and 32 °F)
z Visual fluid monitoring
z Alarm contacts
Glass tube
0.002…17,600 l/h (Qv) water 0.002…140 l/h (Qv) water

or 4 cm3/min…520 m3/h air or 4 cm3/min…4 m3/h air
at 1.013 bar (a) and 0 °C at 1.013 bar (a) and 0 °C
(14.7 psia and 32 °F) (14.7 psia and 32 °F)
FAG1190 FAG6100
z Accuracy class 1.6 z Accuracy class 1.6...6

z Variety of process connections z Dosing
z Measurement of more than z Low-cost device
140 l/h water or 520 m3/h air z Low installation costs
z Differential pressure regulation
VA Master FAM540
The FAM540 series is based on a modular system offering flowmeters with a simple
indicator or including an advanced electronic transmitter. The combination of the various
models with the different indicators provides suitable flow solutions for each application.
The comfortable operation via the graphical display allows an simple adjustment to
changing operating conditions.
Measuring ranges, water

DN Minimum Maximum Unit
15 (1/2") 3…30 80…800 l/h
25 (1") 28…280 600…6000 l/h
50 (2") 0.4…4.2 2…24 m3/h
80 (3") 0.7…7.0 5…54 m3/h
100 (4") 2.5…25 10…120 m3/h
Measuring ranges, air 1 bar(a) 0 °C
(14.7 psia and 32 °F)
15 (1/2") 0.1…1.2 2.5…25 m3/h
25 (1") 1.5…20 15…180 m3/h
50 (2") 10…125 60…720 m3/h
80 (3") 20…210 150…1550 m3/h
Various application ranges
FAM540 gives the suitable view on the process for Device designs ranging from simple to demanding
each application offering different indicator options: applications
Standard fluid temperature up to 400 °C (750 °F)
Analog indicator with or without alarm contacts Insulation up to flange diameter due to the unique
Analog indicator with electronic transmitter with decouple-proof magnetic follower system
or without display Flameproof enclosure or intrinsically safe to ATEX,
FM, CSA, IEC Ex
The display delivers outstanding advantages like the
simultaneous indication of flow and counter, the Process safety
user-friendly menu-driven operation in clear text, the
configurable switching output as well as the self-testing 4...20 mA with integrated alarm function for
functionality for the simplified commissioning. min. and max. values
Contact outputs according to Namur
All indicators have an excellent instrument read SIL2 certification for devices with alarm contacts
out because the needle`s vibrations are substantially Primaries conforming to NACE per MR-0175
minimized.
Advantages of the Microprocessor Technical Data
Transmitter
Power supply: 10...46 V DC (Ex 10…28 V DC)
Convenient and intuitive operation with Current output: 4…20 mA, load < 750 ohm
clear text configuration Digital output (Namur):
Medium properties can be changed at any time Function selectable in the software
Configuration possible without opening the housing - Alarm: Min, Max or Min-Max
Automatic self-monitoring with error diagnosis - Pulse output: fmax 100 Hz, 1…256 ms
Flow rate values are readable even in case of pulse width
power failure Display: High-contrast LCD with clear text
configuration
Mechanical indicator Indicator w. electr. transmitter

with/without alarm contacts 4...20 mA output with/without display
FAM541 FAM544 FAM545 FAM546

Standard line Sanitary line PTFE liner Heat jacket line
For universal For applications in the For aggressive fluids For temperature-sensitive
application food and beverage/ processes
pharmaceutical industries
DN 15 ...100 (1/2"...4") DN 15...80 (1/2"...3") DN 25...80 (1"...3") DN 25...100 (1"...4")

28 l/h…120 m3/h water 28 l/h…53 m3/h water 230 l/h…27 m3/h water 28 l/h…53 m3/h water
0.83…1550 m3/h air 0.83…1550 m3/h air 9.4…880 m3/h air 0.83…1550 m3/h air
1013 mbar (a) 0 °C 1013 mbar (a) 0 °C 1013 mbar (a) 0 °C 1013 mbar (a) 0 °C
(14.7 psia and 32 °F) (14.7 psia and 32 °F) (14.7 psia and 32 °F) (14.7 psia and 32 °F)
-55...400 °C (-67...750 °F) -40...140 °C (-40...280 °F) -20...125 °C (-4...260 °F) -55...400 °C (-67...750 °F)
Fluid temperature Fluid temperature Fluid temperature Fluid temperature
FAM3200
This small variable area flowmeter with its all-metal design ensures that even under extreme
conditions measuring the flow rate of gases and liquids is straightforward. Opaque fluids,
which are primarily used in the chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries, are
not a problem for this flowmeter.

Size Minimum Maximum Unit
1/4“ 0,1…1 10…100 l/h
3/8“ 10…100 30…300 l/h
1/2“ 40…400 80…800 l/h
1“ 80…800 300…3000 l/h

(14.7 psia and 32 °F)
1/4“ 8…48 500…3100 l/h
3/8“ 500…3200 800…9200 l/h
1/2“ 2000…12500 2000…24000 l/h
Device features Economic Use
Needle valves in the inlet or outlet When designing these devices, special attention was
Differential pressure regulator for constant paid to flexibility and the capability to adapt to the
mass flow prevalent operating conditions. The installation length
Short installation length (only 90 mm) of only 90 mm with horizontal connections allows for
Measuring range up to 3000 l/h (H2O) easy installation in confined spaces. The meter's sturdy
Choice of product-specific scale or neutral all-metal design is easy to service and requires little
percentage scale maintenance.
Cost-saving installation due to threaded

Sturdy Technology connections; no expensive counter-flanges required
Space-saving installation
Process connections with NPT internal threads Robust design
Horizontal or vertical process connections in
1/4“ size
Vertical process connections in 3/8“…1“ sizes
Decouple-proof and non-reactive magnetic
follower system
Robust design
Standard pressure level PN100 with vertical
process connections
Beneficial Versions
Limit contacts are important components in monitoring With the built-in needle valve the flow rate can be
the flow rate of processes. A maximum of 2 contacts both adjusted and regulated. An attached differential
for minimum and maximum alarms is possible. pressure regulator in combination with the needle
The electrical transmitter provides an analog 4…20 mA valve maintains the flow rate independently of any
output signal in 2-wire technology which is proportio- pressure variations. For gas applications the flow
nal to the flow rate. rate in standard volume units is maintained despite
changes in the inlet pressure.
Limit contacts
Electronic transmitter
Needle valve
Differential pressure regulator
Technical Data
Flameproof design
TÜV 03 ATEX 2151
II 1/2 G c T6 or
II 1/2 G EEx c ia IIC T6 or
II 2 D T115 °C
Alarm contacts
- Min./max. “NAMUR contact” proximity switch
- Perm. ambient temperature -20…45 °C (-4...113 °F)
Transmitter
- Rotational angle sensor
- 4…20 mA output signal
- Perm. ambient temperature -20…40 °C (-4...104 °F)
- Not approved for use in hazardous areas
Differential pressure regulator
Max. perm. differential pressure 7 bar
FAG1190
This variable area flowmeter is a cost-effective and universal measuring instrument.
The process-wetted components are available in various materials. Due to the wide range
of different float types and measuring tubes, these devices can be adapted easily to the
prevalent operating conditions.

1/4“ 0.002…0.032 15…135 l/h
1/2“ 4…43 45…419 l/h
3/4“ 14…144 130…1300 l/h
1“ 30…310 420…2800 l/h
1 1/2“ 50…560 400…4800 l/h
2“ 140…1420 3400…17000 l/h

(14.7 psia and 32 °F)
1/4“ 0.2…3 400…4000 l/h
1/2“ 2.4…21.2 30…180 l/min
3/4“ 6…71 110…760 l/min
1“ 12…154 460…2320 l/min
1 1/2“ 30…370 1450…4600 l/min
2“ 60…700 1700…8700 l/min
Device features
Cost-effective measuring system Technical Data

Customer-specific flow units
Visual fluid monitoring Stainless steel housing
Thread and flange connection Process-wetted parts made of 1.4571
Optional alarm contacts for 1/2“ and above Maximum of two adjustable alarm contacts
Measuring tube and float can be replaced II 3 G T6 or II 3 D T85 °C…Tmed
independently of each other EEx nA IIC T6 (alarm only)
Easy tube disassembly through O-ring seals Gasket variants conforming with FDA
FAG6100
The variable area flow meters of the FAG6100 series are designed for measuring, dosing
and monitoring small liquid or gas flows. They are best suited for use as bubbling instruments
for level and density measurement and for flushing differential pressure lines in the lab or in
apparatus engineering.

1/16“* 2…32 80…1160 cm3/h
1/8“ 0.02…0.26 0.8…8 l/h
1/4“ 0.3…4.6 15…135 l/h

(14.7 psia and 32 °F)
1/16“* 0.2…3 3…41 l/h
1/8“ 2…22 20…280 l/h
Device features 1/4“ 15…225 400…4000 l/h
* only available as FAG6142 with 4“ scale length

With the built-in needle valve the flow rate can be
both adjusted and regulated. An attached differential
pressure regulator in combination with the needle
valve maintains the flow rate independently of any
pressure variations. The optional limit contacts are Technical Data
essential components for monitoring the preset flow
rate values. This is how processes can be controlled Robust housing made of Cr-Ni steel (IP 54)
in an optimal way with a single device. Indication on site
Needle valves in the inlet or outlet, as required
Space-saving installation Optional alarm contacts for 1/8“ and higher
Visual fluid monitoring II 2GD c 135 °C (without alarm)
Easy to service snap-in design II 2G c 135 °C (with alarm)
Alarm sensors for monitoring a preset
measuring range (optional)
Differential pressure regulator for constant
fluid flow (optional)
ABB is a leader in power and automation technologies The Company‘s policy is one of continuous
that enable utility and industry customers to improve product improvement and the right is reserved to modify
PB/VA_MASTER-EN Rev. A 03.2010

performance while lowering environmental impact. the information contained herein without notice.
The ABB Group of companies operates in around
100 countries and employs about 117,000 people. Printed in Germany (03.2010)
www.abb.com/flow © ABB 2010
Germany UK Italy USA China

ABB Automation ABB Limited ABB S.p.A. ABB Inc. ABB Engineering (Shanghai) Ltd.
Products GmbH Oldends Lane Via Statale 113 125 E. County Line Rd 32 Industrial Area
Borsigstr. 2 Stonehouse 22016 Lenno (CO) Warminster PA 18974-4995 Kangqiao Town, Nanhui District
63755 Alzenau Gloucestershire GL10 3TA Tel: +39 0344 58111 Tel: +1 215 674 6000 Shanghai, 201319, P.R. China
Tel: +49 551 905 534 Tel: +44 1453 826 661 Fax: +39 0344 56278 Fax: +1 215 674 7183 Tel: +86(0) 21 61056666
Fax: +49 551 905 555 Fax: +44 1453 829 671 Fax: +86(0) 21 61056677
Lezione n°: 57/S3
Attività n°: 1
Sessione studio 3
Lezione n°: 57/S3
Attività n°: 1
Sessione studio 3
Risposta a una domanda di ripasso

Lezione n°: 57/S3
Attività n°: 1
Domanda di ripasso
Descrivere il principio di funzionamento dei misuratori di portata ad area variabile cioè i

rotametri.
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(in questo caso il foglio scritto dovrà essere scansionato e salvato come immagine o in
pdf) e carichi il documento nell’ePorfolio, informando il docente mediante messaggio su
sistema di messaggistica una volta caricato il file.

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Corso di Laurea: INGEGNERIA INDUSTRIALE CURR. GESTIONALE (D.M.

57/01 Portata: Metodi deprimogeni

ROTAMETRI: PRINCIPIO DI MISURA

ROTAMETRI: PRINCIPIO DI MISURA

ROTAMETRI: PRINCIPIO DI MISURA

Fg = ρVg ρ gVg − ρVg = ∆pAc = cte

ROTAMETRI: PRINCIPIO DI MISURA

ROTAMETRI: PRINCIPIO DI MISURA

ROTAMETRI: PRINCIPIO DI MISURA

[( Atubo − Ac ) / Atubo ]2 << 1

FORMA DEL GALLEGGIANTE

Il tubo in genere è in vetro per poter leggere la posizione del galleggiante su

CONSIDERAZIONI GENERALI SUI ROTAMETRI

- Sensibilità a variazioni di densità, viscosità e temperatura del fluido

- Campo di misura 10:1

- Diametri 0.16 - 100 mm

- Temperatura massima 100-150 °C

- Viscosità massima 200 cP

Esempi di dispositivi di misura di portata deprimogeni ad area

Leggere il datasheet allegato (5732__ABB_rotametri.pdf) dove sono descritte diverse

Proven measurement for gases, liquids and steam

Cost-effective measuring system

Various metal or glass tube models are available.

z High pressure and z Low-cost solution

Metal tube Glass tube

The purgemeters of both product lines are available

Application examples in various industries

Analytical Mixing, dosing, monitoring

demanding operating conditions. They are indispensable for applications requiring

high pressure and temperature resistance.

z Flow rate 0.1…120.000 l/h (Qv) water

2.5…120,000 l/h (Qv) water 0.1…3,000 l/h (Qv) water

z Accuracy class 1.6 z Accuracy class 6

are suitable for even aggressive fluids.

z Flow rate 0.002…17.600 l/h (Qv) water

0.002…17,600 l/h (Qv) water 0.002…140 l/h (Qv) water

z Accuracy class 1.6 z Accuracy class 1.6...6

indicator or including an advanced electronic transmitter. The combination of the various

changing operating conditions.

Measuring ranges, water

Various application ranges

Mechanical indicator Indicator w. electr. transmitter

FAM541 FAM544 FAM545 FAM546

DN 15 ...100 (1/2"...4") DN 15...80 (1/2"...3") DN 25...80 (1"...3") DN 25...100 (1"...4")

not a problem for this flowmeter.

Measuring ranges, water

Measuring ranges, air 1 bar(a) 0 °C

Device features Economic Use

Cost-saving installation due to threaded

This variable area flowmeter is a cost-effective and universal measuring instrument.

prevalent operating conditions.

Measuring ranges, water

Measuring ranges, air 1 bar(a) 0 °C

Cost-effective measuring system Technical Data

Measuring ranges, water

Measuring ranges, air 1 bar(a) 0 °C

* only available as FAG6142 with 4“ scale length

PB/VA_MASTER-EN Rev. A 03.2010

www.abb.com/flow © ABB 2010

Germany UK Italy USA China

Risposta a una domanda di ripasso

Descrivere il principio di funzionamento dei misuratori di portata ad area variabile cioè i

Lo studente risponda alla domanda mediante un programma di videoscrittura o a mano