Ponti FB 2021 - Lezione 05 - Precompressione Rid

Indice
1. Aspetti qualitativi
Lezione #05: 2. Materiali e dispositivi
3. Carichi equivalenti alla precompressione
precompressione di ponti e viadotti 4. Basic longitudinal design
Corso di Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture - A.A. 2021/22
5. Construction strategies
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi 6. Typical cross sections
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale 7. More cable layout and design
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza 8. Transverse design
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it 9. Design of details
Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - A.A. 2021/22 Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - A.A. 2021/22
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Lezione #05: precompressione di ponti
1 3/30/2022
2
Parte I
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3 3/30/2022
4
Aspetti introduttivi
Aspetti qualitativi
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5 3/30/2022
6
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7 3/30/2022
8
Self Weight Flexure Stress in Simply-Supported Beam
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9 3/30/2022
10
Self Weight Plus Uniform Axial Compression Self Weight, Axial and Eccentric Prestress Stresses
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11 3/30/2022
12
Limiting Eccentricities Under Axial Force Only Limiting eccentricities
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13 3/30/2022
14
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15 3/30/2022
16
Aspetti reali
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17 3/30/2022
18
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19 3/30/2022
20
Travi con armature aderente / non aderente
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21 3/30/2022
22
Carico esercizio
Peso proprio
Precompressione
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23 3/30/2022
24
Carico esercizio
Peso proprio
Precompressione
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25 3/30/2022
26
Dettagli
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27 3/30/2022
28
Precompressione con cunei Precompressione con tenditore
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29 3/30/2022
30
Precompressione di cerchiatura Precompressione a fili aderenti: pista
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31 3/30/2022
32
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33 3/30/2022
34
Effetto Hoyer
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35 3/30/2022
36
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37 3/30/2022
38
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39 3/30/2022
40
Precompressione con post-tensione
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41 3/30/2022
42
Anchorage depending on the girder end
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43 3/30/2022
44
Freyssinet Anchor Set
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45 3/30/2022
46
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47 3/30/2022
48
Martinetti
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49 3/30/2022
50
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51 3/30/2022
52
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53 3/30/2022
54
Superfici polignali di testata
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55 3/30/2022
56
Nicchia e rilievo di tiro
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57 3/30/2022
58
Apertura passante di tiro Multi-strand tendon protection systems
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59 3/30/2022
60
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61 3/30/2022
62
Materiali e dispositivi
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63 3/30/2022
64
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65 3/30/2022
66
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67 3/30/2022
68
Testata Testata
viva speciale
Testata
morta
accoppiamento
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69 3/30/2022
70
Testata Testata
speciale speciale
Testata
compatta
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71 3/30/2022
72
Mono-strand systems (trefolo singolo)

• Mono-strand systems are used for post tensioning of concrete slabs, pavements,
separation walls and special concrete structures such as underground car parks,
silos and tanks.
• They can be used for unbonded or bonded applications. The most widely-used is
the unbonded application, where the use of greased and coated strands allows
fast installation of mono-strand tendons without duct placing and absence of bond
between plastic coating and concrete.
• In such a case, the main advantages are:
- strands are covered with special corrosion inhibitor grease and with a proof PE
coating;
- high-performance in-service conditions (SLS);
- possibility to maximize cables’ eccentricity;
- rapidity of installation;
- reduction of cracking phenomena.
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73 3/30/2022
74
Ancoraggi per trefoli singoli Bar Post-tensioning System
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75 3/30/2022
76
Cavi multi trefoli da 15.7 mm / 150 mmq
800/670 =
1,19
1050/950 = 1050/835 =
1,10 1,26
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77 3/30/2022
78
Cavi multi trefoli da 15.2 / 139 mmq Cavi multitrefoli
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79 3/30/2022
80
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81 3/30/2022
82
Confinement and bursting (additional) reinforcement
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83 3/30/2022
84
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85 3/30/2022
86
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87 3/30/2022
88
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89 3/30/2022
90
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91 3/30/2022
92
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93 3/30/2022
94
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95 3/30/2022
96
Carichi equivalenti
alla precompressione
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97 3/30/2022
98
Strutture iperstatiche
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99 3/30/2022
100
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101 3/30/2022
102
Carichi equivalenti autoequilibrati Layering
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103 3/30/2022
104
Layered Model Formulazione di elementi beam
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105 3/30/2022
106
Fenomeni di aderenza/scorrimento Azioni in direzione assiale
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107 3/30/2022
108
Azioni in direzione trasversale Cavo rettilineo baricentrico
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109 3/30/2022
110
Cavo rettilineo eccentrico Nota: sistema equivalente
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111 3/30/2022
112
Cavo rettilineo inclinatto rispetto alla linea d’asse Cavo parabolico simmetrico ancorato agli estremi asse
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113 3/30/2022
114
Equazione del cavo rispetto alla mezzeria
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115 3/30/2022
116
Aspetti geometrici Azioni equivalenti
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117 3/30/2022
118
Nota Cavo parabolico ancorato in sezione intermedie
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119 3/30/2022
120
Carichi equivalenti
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121 3/30/2022
122
Due cavi parabolici
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123 3/30/2022
124
Cavo poligonale Carichi equivalenti
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125 3/30/2022
126
Restraining Moments in Continuous Girders Prestressing Moments for Two-Span Continuous Girder
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127 3/30/2022
128
Total Prestressing Moments for a Two-Span Girder End Span Tendon Profile for Continuous Beams
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129 3/30/2022
130
Interior Span Tendon Profile for Continuous Beam
Rewind
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131 3/30/2022
132
NB
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133 3/30/2022
134
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135 3/30/2022
136
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137 3/30/2022
138
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139 3/30/2022
140
NB
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141 3/30/2022
142
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143 3/30/2022
144
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145 3/30/2022
146
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147 3/30/2022
148
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149 3/30/2022
150
Cavi di precompressione Cable by truss
con Straus7
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151 3/30/2022
152
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153 3/30/2022
154
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155 3/30/2022
156
Beam characteristics: concrete Beam characteristics: steel
E cls = 34290 MPa Area cls = 400 cmq = E acc = 200000 MPa Area trefolo = 1 cmq =
Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - A.A. 2021/22 40000 mmq Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - A.A. 2021/22 100 mmq
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157 3/30/2022
158
testcap A : trefolo con tiro assegnato pari a 400 kN
testcap A : azione assiale sul cls = -394,25 kN
Analisi con tiro iniziale assegnato

Trave semplicemente appoggiata di luce pari a 5m
testcap A : azione assiale sul cavo = 394,25 kN
Sezione di base 10 cm e altezza 40 cm
1 solo trefolo baricentrico di area 1 cmq con tiro pari a 400 kN
modellato esplicitamente con tiro assegnato
Carico verticale in mezzeria pari a 30 kN 1
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159 3/30/2022
160
testcap A : trefolo con tiro assegnato pari a 400 kN + forza testcap A : trefolo con tiro assegnato pari a 400 kN + forza
verticale di 30 kN verticale di 30 kN
testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls
CORRETTO CORRETTO
testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cavo testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cavo
CORRETTO CORRETTO
1 1
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161 3/30/2022
162
testcap A : trefolo con deformazione iniziale assegnata pari

a 0,02
testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls = -9,856 MPa
Analisi con deformazione iniziale assegnata

testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cavo = 394,25
Sezione di base 10 cm e altezza 40 cm MPa
1 solo trefolo baricentrico di area 1 cmq con pretensione
modellata esplicitamente con deformazione iniziale 0,2% assegnata
Carico verticale in mezzeria pari a 30 kN 2
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163 3/30/2022
164
testcap A : trefolo con deformazione iniziale assegnata pari testcap A : trefolo con deformazione iniziale assegnata pari
a 0,02 a 0,02
testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls
CORRETTO CORRETTO
testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cavo testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cavo
CORRETTO CORRETTO
2 2
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165 3/30/2022
166
testcap A : carico assiale assegnato pari a 400 kN 3
testcap A : azione assiale sul cls = -394,25 kN
Analisi con carichi equivalenti (cavo presente)

testcap A : azione assiale sul cavo = 5,75 kN
e precompressione modellata indirettamente con carichi equivalenti
Carico verticale in mezzeria pari a 30 kN
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167 3/30/2022
168
testcap A : carico assiale assegnato pari a 400 kN 3
testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls

CORRETTO
Solo carico verticale (cavo presente)

testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cavo Trave semplicemente appoggiata di luce pari a 5m
NON CORRETTO
Carico verticale in mezzeria pari a 30 kN
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169 3/30/2022
170
testcap A : carico verticale assegnato pari a 30 kN 4 testcap A : carico verticale assegnato pari a 30 kN 4
testcap A : taglio pari a 30/2 kN = 15 kN testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls = +/- 14,0 MPa
testcap A : momento pari a

30/4 kN x 5 = 37,5 kNm testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cavo = 0 MPa
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171 3/30/2022
172
NB
String
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173 3/30/2022
174
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175 3/30/2022
176
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177 3/30/2022
178
truss
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179 3/30/2022
180
Perdite istantanee
di precompressione
string
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181 3/30/2022
182
Friction and Wobble
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183 3/30/2022
184
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185 3/30/2022
186
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187 3/30/2022
188
Perdite di tensione per attrito in curva
Perdite per attrito in curva
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189 3/30/2022
190
Condizione di equilibrio incrementale
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191 3/30/2022
192
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193 3/30/2022
194
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195 3/30/2022
196
15° = 15/180*Π = 15/180*3,14 = 0,262 rad
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197 3/30/2022
198
NB
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199 3/30/2022
200
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201 3/30/2022
202
Perdite per attrito in linea
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203 3/30/2022
204
Perdite di tensione per attrito in rettilineo
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205 3/30/2022
206
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207 3/30/2022
208
Tendon Profile and Angular Deviations
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209 3/30/2022
210
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211 3/30/2022
212
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213 3/30/2022
214
Perdite elastiche
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215 3/30/2022
216
Cadute di tensione per deformazione elastica del cls Cavo risultante
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217 3/30/2022
218
3/30/2022
219 3/30/2022
220
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221 3/30/2022
222
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223 3/30/2022
224
Tiri successivi con costruzione per fasi

Caso con due cavi simmetrici tesati nominalmente allo stesso modo:
se si tirano prima uno e poi l’atro, lo sforzo non è simmetrico
NB: con morphing si aggiorna di volta in volta la configurazione con le successive deformazioni
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225 3/30/2022
226
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227 3/30/2022
228
Sistemi ad armature pretese
Allungamento del cavo
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229 3/30/2022
230
Allungamento del cavo
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231 3/30/2022
232
Rewind
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233 3/30/2022
234
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235 3/30/2022
236
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237 3/30/2022
238
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239 3/30/2022
240
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241 3/30/2022
242
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243 3/30/2022
244
Relaxation losses in strand vs. initial stress
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245 3/30/2022
246
Shrinkage losses (1) Shrinkage losses (2)
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247 3/30/2022
248
Parte II
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249 3/30/2022
250
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251 3/30/2022
252
Basic longitudinal design
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253 3/30/2022
254
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255 3/30/2022
256
Constant depth
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257 3/30/2022
258
Parabolic depth Bridge deck on simple bearings
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259 3/30/2022
260
Bridge deck embedded on piers via R.C. joints
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261 3/30/2022
262
Box girder
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263 3/30/2022
264
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265 3/30/2022
266
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267 3/30/2022
268
The development of box girders
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269 3/30/2022
270
Hammersmith flyover
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271 3/30/2022
272
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273 3/30/2022
274
Basic formwork
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275 3/30/2022
276
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277 3/30/2022
278
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279 3/30/2022
280
Coupling between box-girders
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281 3/30/2022
282
Brotonne cable-stayed Bridge Columbia River Bridge
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283 3/30/2022
284
https://www.asbi-assoc.org/index.cfm/resources/aashto
Tapering
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285 3/30/2022
286
Tapering of the girder
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287 3/30/2022
288
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289 3/30/2022
290
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291 3/30/2022
292
Widening of the girder
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293 3/30/2022
294
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295 3/30/2022
296
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297 3/30/2022
298
Simply supported beam
Details of tendon layout
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299 3/30/2022
300
Anchorage in the top slab Anchorage in the bottom slab
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301 3/30/2022
302
Additional web reinforcement
Continuous construction
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303 3/30/2022
304
Typical post-tensioning layout
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305 3/30/2022
306
Primary and secondary moments (1) Deviations forces
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307 3/30/2022
308
Primary and secondary moments (2) Possible Tendon Layout for Sequentially Cast Spans (1)
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309 3/30/2022
310
Possible Tendon Layout for Sequentially Cast Spans (2) Tendon locations
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311 3/30/2022
312
Main reinforcement for precast girders

0
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313 3/30/2022
314
1 2
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315 3/30/2022
316
3 4
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317 3/30/2022
318
Details of precast simply supported girders Details of precast continuous girders
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319 3/30/2022
320
Segmental construction
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321 3/30/2022
322
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323 3/30/2022
324
a) Classical balanced cantilever construction
Construction strategies
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325 3/30/2022
326
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327 3/30/2022
328
b) Cantilever construction with auxiliary cables
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329 3/30/2022
330
c) Cantilever construction with launching gantry
3/30/2022
331 3/30/2022
332
d) Launching girder
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333 3/30/2022
334
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335 3/30/2022
336
e) Incremental launching method
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337 3/30/2022
338
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339 3/30/2022
340
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341 3/30/2022
342
Typical cross sections
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343 3/30/2022
344
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345 3/30/2022
346
Shear-lag nelle travi a T 3D diffusion of prestressing action
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347 3/30/2022
348
Shear-lag on box girder Effective section of box-girder
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349 3/30/2022
350
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351 3/30/2022
352
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353 3/30/2022
354
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355 3/30/2022
356
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357 3/30/2022
358
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359 3/30/2022
360
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361 3/30/2022
362
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363 3/30/2022
364
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365 3/30/2022
366
Minimal thickness of webs Thickness of the lower slab
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367 3/30/2022
368
Design of the upper gussets Design of the lower gussets
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369 3/30/2022
370
Deflection of the external tendons Breakdown into segments
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371 3/30/2022
372
ps Precast segmental box girders bridges

More cable layout and design
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373 3/30/2022
374
The over-cantilevering construction technique Cantilever construction out from counterweight spans
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375 3/30/2022
376
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377 3/30/2022
378
Cabling principles
• Different types of cables are used:
qCantilever tendons: used for the assembly of consecutive segments
qContinuity tendons: designed to take up the forces resulting from all the
additional structures added to the structure after the construction of the
cantilevers.
• Until the mid-1980s, all the pre-stressing on structures built using the
cantilever method was situated inside the concrete.
• Today, mixed prestressing technology, i.e. featuring tendons both inside and
outside the concrete, is used on a virtually automatic basis in France. For a
structure with three spans, the following sequence of operations applies to
the stressing of these different tendons
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379 3/30/2022
380
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381 3/30/2022
382
Cantilever prestressing
• Cantilever tendons are designed:

qFor the assembly of consecutive segments and to take up negative
moments due to the self weight of the cantilevers and site loads during
the construction phase
qTo help take up negative moments due to dead loads and imposed loads,
along with the external continuity tendons when the bridge is in service.
• These tendons are situated at the area of the upper axis of the bridge deck
in order to act efficiently against negative moments. In virtually all cases,
they are positioned inside the concrete in order to obtain the maximum
effect.
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384
Principle of cantilever tendons on older structures Principle of cantilever tendons on modern structures
• In older designs, these tendons were almost always deviated vertically at their • In conventional modern designs, shear force is reduced by placing the
extremities and their anchorages were positioned inside the webs. The main continuity tendons on the outside of the concrete. Therefore, it is no longer
advantage of this arrangement was to reduce the shear force due to the angle of necessary to drop the tendons down into the webs at their extremities, and
the tendons, which was particularly favorable in proximity to the piers. they can be anchored directly in the upper nodes. The drawbacks of the old
cantilever tendons systems are thus avoided.
• However, this layout also had its disadvantages:
• For upper slabs of common widths (10 to 12 m), one tendon is anchored per
qThe presence of tendons in the webs creates an obstacle during casting web and per segment. For wider upper slabs, it may be necessary to anchor
qThe bulkiness of the anchoring plates requires a large minimum web thickness two cables per web and per segment.
(normally around 45 cm) • Likewise, it is possible to create a recess in the gusset gusset corresponding
qIn accordance with the design regulations, the thickness of a web must be to the size of the anchorages for the additional prestress tendons. Because
reduced by the thickness of a half to one cable duct for the calculation of of this, the dimensions of the upper gusset gussets are directly related to the
shearing stresses, depending on the design rules used number and sizes of the tendon anchor plates and to the position of the
cantilever tendon ducts.
qCantilever tendons undergo significant angular deflections, which results in
significative losses due to friction.
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Cantilever tendon layout: plan view / detail of gussets

The tendons must have
a rectilinear alignment
when they pass
Cantilever tendons
through the joints. In
undergo vertical and
order to guarantee the
horizontal deflections
correct assembly of the
in the upper node.
duct elements, the
Whenever possible, the
alignment of the cables
vertical deflections are
in the passage through
dissociated from the
the joints is usually
horizontal deflections
perpendicular to the
formwork surface of
the facing.
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Comb layout Number of cantilever tendons
• The "comb" cable layout aligns tendons automatically, which simplifies their • Two or four cables can be specified per segment. If, for the aforementioned
installation. Indeed, such a layout: reasons, we decide not to anchor the tendons in the webs and want to avoid
qAlways uses the same points of passage through the joints so that a single increasing the size of the gusset gusset, the optimum number of tendons
facing can be used specified for the end of each segment is two (one tendon per web). This
qReduces the horizontal deflections and thus the losses by chafing
arrangement makes it possible to standardize the reinforcements for the
segments.
qAvoids having curved sections in line with joints
• For very large structures (span > approximately 120 m), a proportion of the
qCreates horizontal deflections throughout the exact length of the segment.
cantilever tendons may be situated outside of the concrete in order to
qIt is also apparent that the anchor plate is automatically angled on the axis of reduce the size of the upper gusset gussets and thus the dead loads
the web in one direction and then in the other.
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Cabling of the final pair of segments Cabling for structures with prefabricated segments
• During the construction of a cantilever, the most unfavorable situation • During the assembly process, lashing bars must be used to hold
generally occurs during the casting of the final pair of segments. The prefabricated segments in place parallel to the extrados until the cantilever
cantilever tendons anchored in this final pair of segments are not tensioned tendon is tensioned. These bars hold the segment temporarily in place while
in the design phase and are therefore not required for the construction of exerting a minimal pressure of approximately 0.2 MPa on the adhesive in the
the cantilever.
segment joint. The segments are generally anchored in a staggered pattern
• Furthermore, experience shows that, because of the presence of the on the vertical ribs built into the inner face of the webs, midway between
external continuity cables which span the entire length of the structure, the segment joints.
there are more cantilever tendons than needed when the bridge is in
service.
• As a result, decks can be designed without the need to anchor cantilever
tendons in the final pair of segments. This final pair then functions
provisionally as reinforced concrete. This arrangement is commonly used for
bridges with prefabricated segments in which the shortness of the closing
segment (20 to 30 cm) makes it impossible to tension these tendons.
3/30/2022
391 3/30/2022
392
Angle of the tendons “Extended cantilever” segments
• In order to reduce the shear stress in certain types of structures, it is • In order to reduce the cast-on-falsework sections close to the abutments, or
possible to drop a proportion of the cantilever cables down into the webs to build spans of different lengths, it may be necessary to construct one or
(generally those of the first segments), according to a design similar to the more segments known as “extended cantilever segments” at a one end of
layouts used in older structures. the bridge only.
• The cantilever is thus asymmetrical, and the cantilever tendons anchored in
these segments may be asymmetrical in relation to the pier. However, they
must be anchored at a sufficient distance from the section on the pier in
order to allow for the dispersion of the prestressing force within this section.
3/30/2022
393 3/30/2022
394
Continuity prestressing Internal continuity cables
• n general, continuity tendons are designed to take up all of the additional

forces applied to the structure after the construction of the cantilevers.
• In older designs, these tendons were all located inside the concrete. They
were aligned in the lower slab at mid-span and were attached to the anchor
blocks protruding over the slab or raised in the webs and anchored inside
recesses built into the extrados of the bridge deck. The large number of
tendons meant that they had to be distributed throughout the entire width
of the lower slab, which led to the development of major pathologies.
• Today, continuity prestressing is generally mixed, i.e., consisting of tendons
situated both inside and outside the concrete.
3/30/2022
395 3/30/2022
396
External continuity cables

• External continuity cables are designed to take up:
qPositive moments in the span due to dead loads (including shrinkage and
the redistribution of forces due to creep) and imposed loads, in tandem
with the internal continuity cables
qNegative moments on the pier due to dead loads and operating loads, in
tandem with the cantilever cables.
• In elevation, they are therefore situated close to the lower slab in mid-span
and close to the upper slab on supports. In order to account for construction
tolerances, approximately 5cm must be allowed between the outside of the
tendon ducts and the concrete of the segment slabs. This minimum distance
will be also observed in relation to the top of the anchor blocks for the
continuity tendons.
3/30/2022
397 3/30/2022
398
Deviators
• The tendons are deflected via the cross beams on piers and intermediate
cross beams (deviators) on the spans, resulting in a polygonal alignment
which is rectilinear per section. The deviators are generally situated between
a third and a quarter of the way along the span
3/30/2022
399 3/30/2022
400
Note Note
• There must be enough external tendons to prevent any structural • Replaceability of external prestressing:
deficiencies in the event of the breaking or removal of a tendon. However, qIt must be possible to replace the external prestressing. More precisely, it
too many tendons could risk overloading the box girder and lead to
maintenance problems. In practice, there are often between three and five must be possible to dismantle it without causing any damage to the
pairs of internal continuity tendons. structure apart from the possible destruction of the cable and its duct.
• It is interesting to note that in a mixed cabling system, the external tendons • Recesses for additional external prestressing:
play a major role in taking up the negative moments on the supports. This qAnchorages for additional prestressing and recesses in the deviators
leads to a significant reduction in the number of cantilever tendons must be designed at outset in order to facilitate any necessary repairs or
compared with older structures in which the cantilever tendons had to take strengthening of the structure. The additional prestressing force must be
up all the negative moments. equal to at least 20 % of the external continuity prestressing force
• If there are no problems of shear force, it is also possible to reduce the determined during the construction of the bridge deck. In practice, at
number of external tendons and to compensate for them in the central least one sheath per web is provided, allowing for the progressive
zones by using additional continuity tendons, which are more economical, as replacement of all the external continuity tendons.
they are shorter.
3/30/2022
401 3/30/2022
402
Anti-vibration systems for external prestressing
• In order to prevent the development of resonance in the external tendons

and avoid the risk of whip action in the event of an accident, one
recommends the installation of intermediate tendon retention devices when
the external part of the cable layout exceeds 15 metres for a road structure
and 10-12 meters for a railroad structure. Experience acquired in this field
has shown that free lengths of approximately 25 m are acceptable.
• Acting as intermediate supports and helping to hold the ducts in place
during their replacement, these devices must be rigid.
3/30/2022
403 3/30/2022
404
3/30/2022
405 3/30/2022
406
3/30/2022
407 3/30/2022
408
3/30/2022
409 3/30/2022
410
3/30/2022
411 3/30/2022
412
3/30/2022
413 3/30/2022
414
3/30/2022
415 3/30/2022
416
3/30/2022
417 3/30/2022
418
Support crossbeam - transmission of torsion Reinforcement of an anchor block
3/30/2022
419 3/30/2022
420
Shear keys Reinforcement of the upper / lower slab
3/30/2022
421 3/30/2022
422
Reinforcement of the upper gusset Reinforcement of the lower gusset
3/30/2022
423 3/30/2022
424
Webs reinforcement Phenomenon specific to massive parts

• The segments on piers are massive parts for which it is advisable to carry out a
specific analysis in order to evaluate the stresses due to thermal shrinkage during
differential cooling in the body of the concrete after hydration of the cement. The
temperatures rise in direct proportion to the volume and thickness of the cast
concrete and its hydration heat.
• This analysis may lead to the development of an optimized sequence of operations
for the segment on pier, taking account of the type of cement and any provisions
that might be implemented in order to promote the regular and homogeneous
cooling of the concrete.
• Whatever the circumstances, it is necessary to use crack control reinforcements
capable of controlling any peripheral cracking in this structure. In addition, this rise
in temperature does not only produce forces; it can also lead to internal chemical
reactions within the concrete itself, known as sulfate reaction. These can cause
severe problems in the structure of the bridge itself.
3/30/2022
425 3/30/2022
426
A large SOP (segment on pier)
Cantilever stability
3/30/2022
427 3/30/2022
428
Principle of cantilever stability Stitching by prestressing

• During the construction of segmental concrete bridges using the balanced
cantilever method, it is necessary to guarantee the stability of the cantilever
arms on their pier before they are joined to the neighboring cantilever or to
the cast-on-falsework section on the end span near to the abutments.
• It is essential to prevent the cantilever from tipping on the pier crosshead. To
evaluate this risk, two types of situations leading to imbalances must be
considered:
- A temporary situation which occurs during construction when the cantilever
is unbalanced due to the weight of a segment that is built or installed before
its symmetrical counterpart is in place, asymmetrical site loads or a rising
wind acting on one of the half-cantilever;
- An accidental situation corresponding to the collapse of a form traveler or
pre-cast segment.
3/30/2022
429 3/30/2022
430
Temporary pilings Stability provided by a single piling
3/30/2022
431 3/30/2022
432
Stability via tendons outside a pier Rear span with counterweight and extended cantilever
3/30/2022
433 3/30/2022
434
Diagram showing pier head design
3/30/2022
435 3/30/2022
436
Stitching of a cast-in-situ segment on pier Adjustment of a prefabricated segment on pier
3/30/2022
437 3/30/2022
438
Temporary situation for cast-in-situ structures Temporary situation for prefabricated structures
3/30/2022
439 3/30/2022
440
Accidental situation for prefabricated structures System of stitching to a pier using tendons
3/30/2022
441 3/30/2022
442
Geometry of the stitching system Forces in tendons and support reactions
3/30/2022
443 3/30/2022
444
Forces applied without detachment from the support Forces applied with detachment from support side A
3/30/2022
445 3/30/2022
446
s Slab bridges
3/30/2022
447 3/30/2022
448
3/30/2022
449 3/30/2022
450
b Beam and slab bridges
3/30/2022
451 3/30/2022
452
Typical precast beam arrangement
3/30/2022
453 3/30/2022
454
In situ beam ladder arrangement Longitudinal arrangement (1)
3/30/2022
455 3/30/2022
456
Longitudinal arrangement (2) Longitudinal arrangement (3)
3/30/2022
457 3/30/2022
458
Beam transportation Beam erection
3/30/2022
459 3/30/2022
460
Gantry for placing beam
3/30/2022
461 3/30/2022
462
3/30/2022
463 3/30/2022
464
Typical reinforcement/prestess arrangement Typical deck reinforcement arrangement
3/30/2022
465 3/30/2022
466
Typical Box Girder Section
g In situ box girder bridges
3/30/2022
467 3/30/2022
468
3/30/2022
469 3/30/2022
470
3/30/2022
471 3/30/2022
472
Longitudinal tendon profile Typical section arrangement
3/30/2022
473 3/30/2022
474
Single box arrangement Twin box arrangement
3/30/2022
475 3/30/2022
476
3/30/2022
477 3/30/2022
478
s Segmental box girder bridges
3/30/2022
479 3/30/2022
480
Balanced cantilever construction of deck
3/30/2022
481 3/30/2022
482
Travelling form arrangement
3/30/2022
483 3/30/2022
484
Balanced cantilever construction with bearings Tendon layout for balanced cantilever construction (1)
3/30/2022
485 3/30/2022
486
Tendon layout for balanced cantilever construction (2) Tendon layout for balanced cantilever construction (3)
3/30/2022
487 3/30/2022
488
Transverse tendons profile and anchorage Casting cell schematic layout
3/30/2022
489 3/30/2022
490
3/30/2022
491 3/30/2022
492
3/30/2022
493 3/30/2022
494
3/30/2022
495 3/30/2022
496
3/30/2022
497 3/30/2022
498
3/30/2022
499 3/30/2022
500
Precast segmental deck erection techniques
3/30/2022
501 3/30/2022
502
Epoxy being spread over joint Temporary prestress for segments
3/30/2022
503 3/30/2022
504
Balanced cantilever erection using a gantry Segment being moved into position
3/30/2022
505 3/30/2022
506
3/30/2022
507 3/30/2022
508
Prop and tie to stabilise cantilever
3/30/2022
509 3/30/2022
510
Segments hang from gantry Underslung truss for span-by-span erection
3/30/2022
511 3/30/2022
512
Progressive placing of segments with props Prestress layout for balanced cantilever deck
3/30/2022
513 3/30/2022
514
Prestress layout for simply supported deck
3/30/2022
515 3/30/2022
516
Ultimate behavior of beam dry joints external tendons
3/30/2022
517 3/30/2022
518
Typical segment arrangement
3/30/2022
519 3/30/2022
520
il Incremental launched box girder bridges
3/30/2022
521 3/30/2022
522
Typical launched deck section Tendon anchorage details
3/30/2022
523 3/30/2022
524
Casting bed behind abutment Typical casting and launching sequence (a)
3/30/2022
525 3/30/2022
526
Typical casting and launching sequence (b) Formwork arrangement
3/30/2022
527 3/30/2022
528
Launching nose on deck
3/30/2022
529 3/30/2022
530
Parte III
3/30/2022
531 3/30/2022
532
Torsion in a Single Cell Box Girder
Transverse design
3/30/2022
533 3/30/2022
534
Torsion in a Two-Cell Box Girder
3/30/2022
535 3/30/2022
536
3/30/2022
537 3/30/2022
538
Cross Section of Shell Element FEM Model Cross Section of Design Example 2 Bridge at the Piers
3/30/2022
539 3/30/2022
540
3D Model for Bridge at the Piers
Remind sulla torsione
3/30/2022
541 3/30/2022
542
Circular Bar Subjected to Torsional Moment Segmented Circular Bar
3/30/2022
543 3/30/2022
544
Kinematic Study (1) Kinematic Study (2)
3/30/2022
545 3/30/2022
546
Kinematic Study (3) Linear Twisting of the Circular Bar
3/30/2022
547 3/30/2022
548
Shear Stresses and Shear Strains in the Circular Bar Element of the Circular Bar
3/30/2022
549 3/30/2022
550
Closed Thin-Wall Shaft Segment of Closed, Thin-Wall Shaft
3/30/2022
551 3/30/2022
552
Equilibrium in the Cross Section Thin Wall Closed Shaft Two-Cell Box Girder Superstructure
3/30/2022
553 3/30/2022
554
3/30/2022
555 3/30/2022
556
3/30/2022
557 3/30/2022
558
Transverse Analysis
Dimensionamento trasversale
3/30/2022
559 3/30/2022
560
AASHTO LRFD Design Truck and Design Tandem Transverse Truck Placement
3/30/2022
561 3/30/2022
562
Tire Contact Area in the Transverse Direction Perspective of Multi-cell Box Girder
3/30/2022
563 3/30/2022
564
Transverse Strip for Approximate Design Method Transverse Strip subjected to two Design Trucks
3/30/2022
565 3/30/2022
566
Developing the Two-Dimensional Transverse Model
3/30/2022
567 3/30/2022
568
3/30/2022
569 3/30/2022
570
Typical Single-Cell Box Girder Cross Section Typical Single-Cell Box Girder Span with Cross Section
3/30/2022
571 3/30/2022
572
One Foot Section of Typical Cross Section
3/30/2022
573 3/30/2022
574
Truck Loads on a Single-Cell Box Girder Span
3/30/2022
575 3/30/2022
576
Truck Location for Transverse Bending Moment Loaded Influence Surface for the Cantilever Wing
3/30/2022
577 3/30/2022
578
Truck Location for Transverse Bending Moment
3/30/2022
579 3/30/2022
580
Influence Surface for Negative Bending at Left End Influence Surface for Negative Bending Right End
3/30/2022
581 3/30/2022
582
Live Load Position for Maximum Positive Bending
3/30/2022
583 3/30/2022
584
Maximum Positive Moment in the Top Slab
3/30/2022
585 3/30/2022
586
Typical Transverse Tendon Layout
3/30/2022
587 3/30/2022
588
Shear Flow in Single Cell Box Girder
Verifiche a taglio
3/30/2022
589 3/30/2022
590
Types and Locations of Girder Cracking Influenza della pendenza del cavo sul taglio
3/30/2022
591 3/30/2022
592
3/30/2022
593 3/30/2022
594
Shear Stress and Shear Flow Around Ducts Effective Depth for Shear Calculations
3/30/2022
595 3/30/2022
596
Actual Stress and Strain by Elastic Analysis Stress and Strain by MCFT
3/30/2022
597 3/30/2022
598
MCFT Forces and Longitudinal Strain
3/30/2022
599 3/30/2022
600
Contribution of haunched slab to shear
3/30/2022
601 3/30/2022
602
Curved Tendon Deviations
Spinte a vuoto cavi curvi
3/30/2022
603 3/30/2022
604
Tendons in Curved Superstructures Multi-Cell Box Girder with Lateral Tendon Loads
3/30/2022
605 3/30/2022
606
Web Flexure Restrained by Top and Bottom Slabs In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Forces
3/30/2022
607 3/30/2022
608
In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Tendon Forces
3/30/2022
609 3/30/2022
610
3/30/2022
611 3/30/2022
612
Concrete Member Completely Coincident with Tendon Post-Tensioning a Curved Plate
3/30/2022
613 3/30/2022
614
Web Transverse (Regional) Bending Moments Parameters for Local Shear and Flexure Design
3/30/2022
615 3/30/2022
616
Effective Length of Failure Plane Effective Length of Failure Plane
3/30/2022
617 3/30/2022
618
Local Moments for Cracking of Concrete Cover
Dimensionamento appoggio pile
3/30/2022
619 3/30/2022
620
Diaframmi sugli appoggi o sulle pile
3/30/2022
621 3/30/2022
622
3/30/2022
623 3/30/2022
624
Concentric Web/Bearing Orientation Eccentric Web/Bearing Orientation
3/30/2022
625 3/30/2022
626
General Shear Friction and Localized Direct Tension Vertical Force Transfer with Inclined Webs
3/30/2022
627 3/30/2022
628
Transverse Post-Tensioning in Diaphragms Shear Flow Resulting from Torsional Forces
3/30/2022
629 3/30/2022
630
A-shaped Torsion Diaphragm V-shaped Torsion Diaphragm
3/30/2022
631 3/30/2022
632
Possible Strut-and-Tie Layout for Diaphragm S&T Considering Monolithic Column Connection
3/30/2022
633 3/30/2022
634
Testate
Design of details
3/30/2022
635 3/30/2022
636
End Anchorage Zones (1)
3/30/2022
637 3/30/2022
638
End Anchorage Zones (2)
3/30/2022
639 3/30/2022
640
Testata morta
3/30/2022
641 3/30/2022
642
Ancoraggi intermedi (Blister)
3/30/2022
643 3/30/2022
644
External anchor pocket
3/30/2022
645 3/30/2022
646
Anchor block
3/30/2022
647 3/30/2022
648
3/30/2022
649 3/30/2022
650
3/30/2022
651 3/30/2022
652
Spinte a vuoto
3/30/2022
653 3/30/2022
654
3/30/2022
655 3/30/2022
656
Arrangements of precast girders on curve
3/30/2022
657 3/30/2022
658
Concrete creep
3/30/2022
659 3/30/2022
660
Typical Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete Concrete strength gain with time
3/30/2022
661 3/30/2022
662
Concrete Modulus of Elasticity with Time Creep of Concrete
3/30/2022
663 3/30/2022
664
Important factors influencing concrete creep
3/30/2022
665 3/30/2022
666
Creep of Concrete (no long-duration transient loads)
3/30/2022
667 3/30/2022
668
CEB-FIP Model Code (1990) Creep coefficient
3/30/2022
669 3/30/2022
670
3/30/2022
671 3/30/2022
672
Creep over time
3/30/2022
673 3/30/2022
674
3/30/2022
675 3/30/2022
676
Shrinkcage Cont.
3/30/2022
677 3/30/2022
678
3/30/2022
679 3/30/2022
680
CONCLUSIONI
3/30/2022
681 3/30/2022
682
Indice
1. Aspetti qualitativi
2. Materiali e dispositivi
3. Carichi equivalenti alla precompressione
4. Basic longitudinal design
5. Construction strategies Richiami analisi limite
6. Typical cross sections
7. More cable layout and design
8. Transverse design
9. Design of details
3/30/2022
683 3/30/2022
684
Primo principio dell’analisi limite
3/30/2022
685 3/30/2022
686
Secondo principio dell’analisi limite
3/30/2022
687 3/30/2022
688
3/30/2022
689 3/30/2022
690
Lezione #05:
precompressione di ponti e viadotti
Corso di Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture - A.A. 2021/22
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it
Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - A.A. 2021/22

3/30/2022
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Indice

Self Weight Flexure Stress in Simply-Supported Beam

Limiting Eccentricities Under Axial Force Only Limiting eccentricities

Precompressione con cunei Precompressione con tenditore

Anchorage depending on the girder end

Freyssinet Anchor Set

Superfici polignali di testata

Nicchia e rilievo di tiro

Apertura passante di tiro Multi-strand tendon protection systems

Mono-strand systems (trefolo singolo)

Ancoraggi per trefoli singoli Bar Post-tensioning System

Cavi multi trefoli da 15.7 mm / 150 mmq

Cavi multi trefoli da 15.2 / 139 mmq Cavi multitrefoli

Confinement and bursting (additional) reinforcement

Carichi equivalenti autoequilibrati Layering

Layered Model Formulazione di elementi beam

Fenomeni di aderenza/scorrimento Azioni in direzione assiale

Azioni in direzione trasversale Cavo rettilineo baricentrico

Equazione del cavo rispetto alla mezzeria

Aspetti geometrici Azioni equivalenti

Nota Cavo parabolico ancorato in sezione intermedie

Due cavi parabolici

Cavo poligonale Carichi equivalenti

Beam characteristics: concrete Beam characteristics: steel

testcap A : trefolo con tiro assegnato pari a 400 kN

testcap A : azione assiale sul cls = -394,25 kN

Analisi con tiro iniziale assegnato

testcap A : trefolo con deformazione iniziale assegnata pari

testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls = -9,856 MPa

Analisi con deformazione iniziale assegnata

testcap A : carico assiale assegnato pari a 400 kN 3

testcap A : azione assiale sul cls = -394,25 kN

Analisi con carichi equivalenti (cavo presente)

testcap A : carico assiale assegnato pari a 400 kN 3

testcap A : sforzo assiale sul cls

Solo carico verticale (cavo presente)

testcap A : momento pari a

Friction and Wobble

Perdite di tensione per attrito in curva

Perdite per attrito in curva

15° = 15/180*Π = 15/180*3,14 = 0,262 rad

Perdite per attrito in linea

Perdite di tensione per attrito in rettilineo

Tendon Profile and Angular Deviations

Cadute di tensione per deformazione elastica del cls Cavo risultante

Tiri successivi con costruzione per fasi

Sistemi ad armature pretese

Allungamento del cavo

Relaxation losses in strand vs. initial stress

Shrinkage losses (1) Shrinkage losses (2)

Basic longitudinal design

Parabolic depth Bridge deck on simple bearings

The development of box girders

Brotonne cable-stayed Bridge Columbia River Bridge

Tapering of the girder

Widening of the girder

Simply supported beam

Details of tendon layout

Additional web reinforcement

Typical post-tensioning layout

Primary and secondary moments (1) Deviations forces

Main reinforcement for precast girders

Details of precast simply supported girders Details of precast continuous girders

a) Classical balanced cantilever construction

15° = 15/180Π = 15/1803,14 = 0,262 rad