H.H. Munro
Ombretta Pettinato
Copyright SDA Bocconi
Analysis of
comparable
transactions
Discounted
cash-flow
analysis
y (DCF)
(
)
Considerations
paid
in
transactions
involvingg
comparables companies
1.500
x 10
15.000
2.000
13.000
1 000
1.000
13
4
E fondamentale la COMPARABILITA
STEP
1. Determinazione del
campione di societ
comparabili
2 Tipologie di m
2.
multipli
ltipli
ISSUE
3. Interpretazione e scelta
RIFERIMENTO
Sez. I
Sez. II e Sex.III
Sez. IV
I.
INDICATORI
Business
B i
Attivit
Atti it
player)
Prospettiva
p
di crescita
qualit economics
q
Ammontare dei ricavi e ciclo di vita
ecc..)
Presenza geografica
capitale/flottante
Solidit
S lidit finanziaria
fi
i i
Capex
DOVE CERCARE:
Ricerche analisti, studi di settore, database (Bloomberg, Facset,..), esperti del settore,
Rapporto
tra
valori
economiche/patrimoniali/operative
borsistici
grandezze
ENTERPRISE VALUE
EQUITY VALUE
GRANDEZZE FINANZIARIE/OPERATIVE
UNLEVERED
GRANDEZZE FINANZIARIE/REDDITUALI
LEVERED
DEBITO
ENTERPRISE
VALUE
ALCUNE REGOLE
EQUITY
VALUE
Stato Patrimoniale
Stato Patrimoniale
ENTERPRISE
VALUE
ENTERPRISE VALUE
+ Cassa
p
+ Assets non operativi
- PFN
- Debito
= EQUITY
Copyright
SDA VALUE
Bocconi
= EQUITY VALUE
Nel limite del possibile, usare sempre i valori di mercato per le principali voci
patrimoniali di bilancio
In alternativa prendere lultimo bilancio/interim disponibile
VOCI PATRIMONIALI
Equity
Debito
Valore di mercato
Di p ibilit liliquide
Disponibilit
id
Debito bancario
Indebitamento finanziario a BT/LT
Bond/Convertible bond
Altro (Preferred shares, leasing operativo, Pension funds, ..)
VALORE DI RIFERIMENTO
Cassa
Investimenti/Titoli
Cassa "in garanzia" (vincolata)
Valore contabile
Valore di mercato se disponibile
Valore contabile
Valore di mercato (quotazione titolo, P/E)
In alternativa valore contabile ultimo bilancio/interim dispon.
10
Tipologie di multipli
EXCESS CASH
NON OPER.
ASSETS
DEBT
ENTERPRISE
VALUE
EQUITY
VALUE
ASSET SIDE
EQUITY SIDE
EV/SALES
P/E
EV/EBITDA
PEG
EV/EBIT
P/BV
11
Tipologie di multipli
12
NET DEBT
ENTERPRISE
VALUE
EQUITY
VALUE
ENTERPRISE VALUE
- NET DEBT
= EQUITY VALUE
13
MULTIPLI
Price/Earnings
PEG
=PE/growth
Price/Book
Value
CONS
S
li i di calcolo
l l
Semplicit
Diffusione allinterno della comunit
Diff
neii principi
i i i contabili
bili
Differenze
Come il P/E
finanziaria
crescita
Molto utilizzato soprattutto per
imprese che crescono ad elevati tassi
di crescita
14
Trailing multiples:
Current
multiple
Trailing
multiple
Leading
multiple
P0
E T0
P0
E TM
P0
ET1
Where:
ETM
ET1
earnings
i per share
h expectedd for
f the
h next year
E T0
Leading
g multiples:
p
Prezzo (15-09-2009)
EPS
P/E ratio
38,18
2009
1,65
23,1
2010
1,94
19,7
2011
2,23
17,1
15
Analisi del PE
PE ratios for US companies in January 2011
16
Analisi del PE
17
Analisi del PE
18
P/E: i fondamentali
To
T understand
d t d the
th fundamentals,
f d
t l start
t t with
ith a basic
b i equity
it discounted
di
t d
cash flow model
With the dividend discount model:
P0
payout ratio * (1 g )
PE
EPS 0
Ke g
ke g
Ke g
Proposition: Other things held equal, higher growth firms will have higher PE
ratios than lower growth firms.
Proposition: Other things held equal, higher risk firms will have lower PE ratios
than lower risk firms
Proposition: Other things held equal, firms with lower reinvestment needs will
have higher PE ratios than firms with higher reinvestment rates.
Of course, other things are difficult to hold equal since high growth firms, tend
to have risk and high reinvestment rates.
rates
19
If you were looking for the perfect undervalued asset, it would be one
With a low PE ratio (it is cheap)
With high expected growth in earnings
With low risk (and cost of equity)
And with high ROE
In other words,
words it would be cheap with no good reason for being cheap
In the real world, most assets that look cheap on a multiple of earnings
basis deserve to be cheap.
p In other words,, one or more of these variables
works against the company (It has low growth, high risk or a low ROE)
When presented with a cheap stock (low PE), here are the key questions:
20
21
A question
You are reading an equity research report on this sector, and the analyst
claims that Andres Wine and Hansen Natural are under valued because
th have
they
h
low
l
PE ratios.
ti
Would you agree?
Yes
No
Wh or why
Why
h not?
?
22
If we assume that all firms within a sector have similar growth rates and
risk, a strategy of picking the lowest PE ratio stock in each sector will yield
undervalued stocks.
In the simplest form of this approach, firms with PE ratios less than their
expected growth rate are viewed as undervalued.
In its more general form, the ratio of PE ratio to growth is used as a measure of
relative value.
value
CAGR (EPS)
23
24
Analyzing PE/Growth
25
Proposition 1: High risk companies will trade at much lower PEG ratios
than low risk companies with the same expected growth rate.
Corollary 1: The company that looks most under valued on a PEG ratio basis in
a sector may be the riskiest firm in the sector
Proposition 3: Companies with very low or very high growth rates will tend to
have higher PEG ratios than firms with average growth rates.
26
PUNTI CHIAVE
Calcolo del CAGR(Eps)
Calcolo del PEG
27
CAGR (Eps) =
PEG =
Eps09
0,125
1
1 70%
0,043
Eps 07
PE
45,4
0,64 1
CAGR ( Eps )
70
28
Prezzo (15-09-2009)
38,18
2009
1,65
23,1
EPS
P/E ratio
CAGR (Eps)
PEG
2010
1,94
19,7
0,18
1,1
2011
2,23
17,1
0,16
1,1
EV/EBITDA
EPS
P/E
PEG
CAGR (EPS)
Recent Price ($) Mkt Cap. 2008A 2009E 2010E 2009E 2010E 2011E 2009E 2010E 2011E 2010E 2011E 2010E 2011E
Luxury/Accessories
Burberry
Hermes
LVMH
Media
Mediana
Tiffany
4,71
101,00
69,10
$ 3.392
$ 15.600
$ 49.533
8,7x
19,7x
8,9x
8,8x
19,3x
9,8x
8,0x
18,1x
9,2x
0,29
2,76
3,71
0,31
3,00
4,05
0,35
3,35
4,64
16,2
36,6
18,6
23,82
18,63
15,2
33,7
17,1
21,97
17,06
13,5
30,1
14,9
19,50
14,89
2,2
3,9
1,9
2,65
2,20
1,4
3,0
1,3
1,86
1,36
6,9
8,7
9,2
9,9
10,2
11,8
38,18
7,9x
9,9x
8,5x
1,65
1,94
2,23
23,1
19,7
17,1
1,1
1,1
17,6
16,3
4.754
29
E (1 b) ROE BV (1 b)
P
Ke g
Ke g
P
BV
ROE (1 b ) ROE g
Ke g
Ke g
Se ROE=Ke
allora
P
1
BV
The price-book value ratio of a stable firm is determined by the differential between the
return on equity and the required rate of return on its projects
30
EV/ Sales
EV/EBITDA
EV/EBIT
PROS
proxy del
cash flow operativo
p
((ante capex
p )
Non risente in maniera evidente delle
diverse politiche contabili
Permette di prendere in
EV/FCO
CONS
31
32
Oi
Orizzonte
t temporale
t
l
In g
generale il multiplo
p da applicare
pp
ai dati della societ oggetto
gg
di
valutazione:
Selezione dei multipli pi coerenti con loggetto di valutazione
Multiplo medio (semplice o ponderato)
Eliminazione degli estremi
33
Conventional usage
34
Conventional usage
Airline
EV/EBITDA, EV/Sales
Banks
P/BV
Chemicals
EV/EBITDA
Cement
EV/EBITDA, P/E
Drinks
Di k
EV/EBITDA EV/S
EV/EBITDA,
EV/Sales
l
Healthcare
P/E, PEG
Insurance
P/Embedded Value
Mobile Communications
EV/Sales, R&D/Assets
Semiconductors
EV/EBITDA
Engineering
g
g
P/E,
/ , EV/EBITDA
/
Retailing
EV/Sales, EV/EBIT
Utility
Oil
EV/EBITDA
35
2009F (m)
Sales
EBITDA
EBIT
Net Profit
EBITDA margin (%)
EBIT margin (%)
Multiplo
Tod's
703,8
,
EV/Sales
/
141,5
EV/EBITDA
110,2
EV/EBIT
72,1
P/E
20,10%
15,70%
Method
TP
DCF
41,6
Multipli
30,0
Valutazione complessiva
Burberry
1,13
5,90
7,32
10 10
10,10
19,10%
15,40%
weights
50%
50%
35,8
Average
1,4
6,4
7,8
11 2
11,2
1,4
,
6,4
7,8
11,2
EV
953,6
,
905,4
859,0
E
Ebitda
Margin
M
EV/Sales
EV/EBITDA
EV/EBIT
P/E
EBITDA margin (%)
EBIT margin (%)
LVMH
1,58
6,81
8,27
12 35
12,35
23,20%
19,10%
PUNTI CHIAVE
Applicazione del metodo dei multipli
Combinazione dei multipli
Sensitivity analysis
Valutazione attraverso lutilizzo del PEG
Equity Value
1.059,6
,
1.011,4
965,0
809,3
961
30,0
31,6
15%
20%
25%
EV/EBITDA
5,4
6,4
21,13
24,43
27,18
31,61
33 00
33,00
38 50
38,50
7,4
27,73
36,03
44 00
44,00
36
37
38
EV/Ebitda (x)
EV/Ebit (x)
P/E (x)
2009E
2010E
2011E
2009E
2010E
2011E
2009E
2010E
2011E
2009E
2010E
2011E
Benetton
0,8x
0,8x
0,8x
5,5x
5,3x
5,2x
8,3x
8,1x
7,9x
8,7x
8,7x
8,2x
Inditex
2,3x
2,1x
1,9x
10,7x
9,5x
8,5x
15,5x
13,8x
12,1x
21,2x
18,9x
16,8x
Stefanel
0,7x
n.a.
n.a.
n.m.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0,9x
0,9x
0,8x
7,3x
5,8x
4,7x
17,7x
11,2x
8,2x
n.a.
20,8x
14,1x
Societ
Manutailer
Retailer integrati
Aber. & Fitch
Basic Net
1,2x
n.a.
n.a.
5,7x
n.a.
n.a.
7,1x
n.a.
n.a.
7,0x
n.a.
n.a.
Charl. Voegele
0,3x
0,3x
0,3x
5,3x
4,0x
3,3x
n.a.
10,4x
7,7x
n.a
19,5x
11,2x
Esprit
1,8x
1,7x
1,5x
9,2x
8,1x
6,9x
10,3x
9,0x
7,6x
14,2x
12,8x
10,9x
G
Gap
08
0,8x
08
0,8x
08
0,8x
48
4,8x
47
4,7x
46
4,6x
63
6,3x
59
5,9x
61
6,1x
12 7
12,7x
11 8
11,8x
11 5
11,5x
H&M
3,2x
3,0x
2,6x
13,4x
11,7x
10,3x
14,8x
12,9x
11,4x
20,8x
18,2x
16,0x
Pure retailer
Debenhams
0,6x
0,6x
0,6x
n.a.
5,2x
4,9x
n.a.
8,0x
7,4x
n.a.
8,5x
7,4x
Gruppo Coin
0,7x
0,7x
0,7x
8,1x
7,0x
5,4x
20,8x
13,5x
8,9x
n.a
18,5x
10,2x
Next
1,3x
1,3x
1,2x
6,6x
6,5x
6,2x
8,3x
8,1x
7,7x
10,7x
10,3x
9,7x
39
L valutazione
La
l t i
d
della
ll S
Societ
i t quindi
i di articolata
ti l t nelle
ll seguenti
ti ffasi:
i
selezione delle societ comparabili;
stima dei multipli di mercato delle societ comparabili;
identificazione dei parametri cui riferire la valutazione;
stima
ti
d
dellEnterprise
llE t
i Value;
V l
passaggio dallEnterprise Value allEquity Value
40
2010E
2011E
Min
0,7x
0,8x
0,8x
Mediana
0,8x
1,4x
1,3x
Media
1,3x
1,4x
1,3x
Max
2 3x
2,3x
2 1x
2,1x
1 9x
1,9x
Min
0,3x
0,3x
0,3x
Mediana
1,0x
0,9x
0,8x
Media
1 4x
1,4x
1 3x
1,3x
1 2x
1,2x
Max
3,2x
3,0x
2,6x
Manutailer - multipli
EV/Ricavi (x)
Societ
2009E
2010E
2011E
Manutailer
Benetton
0,8x
0,8x
0,8x
Inditex
2,3x
2,1x
1,9x
Stefanel
0,7x
n.a.
n.a.
0,9x
0,9x
0,8x
Min
0,6x
0,6x
0,6x
Basic Net
1,2x
,
n.a.
n.a.
Mediana
,
0,7x
0,7x
,
0,7x
,
Charl. Voegele
0,3x
0,3x
0,3x
Media
0,9x
0,8x
0,8x
Esprit
1,8x
1,7x
1,5x
Max
1,3x
1,3x
1,2x
Gap
0,8x
0,8x
0,8x
H&M
3,2x
3,0x
2,6x
Min
0,3x
0,3x
0,3x
Mediana
0,9x
0,8x
0,8x
Retailer integrati
Pure retailer
Debenhams
0,6x
0,6x
0,6x
Gruppo Coin
0,7x
0,7x
0,7x
Next
1,3x
1,3x
1,2x
Blended - multipli
Media
1,2x
1,2x
1,1x
Max
3,2x
3,0x
2,6x
Min
0,3x
0,3x
0,3x
0,8x
0,8x
0,8x
1,2x
1,2x
1,2x
Max
3,2x
3,0x
2,6x
Blended - multipli
41
ml/$
2009
2010E
Ricavi
3.484
2.929
Ebitda
732
390
Ebit
507
151
Utile netto
314
99
P i i
Posizione
Fi
Finanziaria
i i N
Netta
(422 0)
(422,0)
ml/
Retailer Integrati
Blended
Mediana
Mediana
2009
2010E
2009
2010E
3.484
2.929
3.484
2.929
1,0x
0,9x
0,8x
0,8x
3.580,9
2.494,2
2.832,2
2.403,7
D. PFN @ 31.12.2009
(422,0)
(422,0)
(422,0)
(422,0)
4.002,9
2.916,2
3.254,2
2.825,7
32
36
31
A. Ebitda
Number of shares
89,9
45
42