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!!! DRAGI STUDENTI, RADOVI KOJI SU DATI KAO PDF FILES 02a., 02b. i 02c. NISU OBAVEZNA LITERATURA , NEGO INTERESANTNI RADOVI I VIE SU INFORMATIVNOG KARAKTERA tj ZA ONE KOJI ELE DA ZNAJU VIE
SLAJDOVI OD PROLE GODINE SU UBAENI U PREZENTACIJU KAO PODSEDANJE DA TO TREBA DA SE ZNA KAO GRADIVO KURSA
ERITROCITI
VANO!!!!
GRADIVNO IZ KURSA OSNOVE FIZIOLOGIJE IVOTINJA TREBA DA SE ZNA
Who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? Macbeth, V, I, 42, by William Shakespeare
STIM CELIJA
IL-1 IL-6 IL-3 Proeritroblast Mijeloblast Limfoblast
Megakarioblast Rani eritroblast (normoblast) Neutrofilni Bazofilni Eozinofilni mijelocit Promonocit mijelocit mijelocit Intermedijalni Megakariocit Prolimfocit eritroblast Kasni eritroblast Izbacivanje nukleusa Retikulocit Neutrofilni Leu Bazofilni Monocit Leu Eozinofilni Leu Neutrofilni metamijelocit Bazofilni metamijelocit Pucanje megakariocita
Eozinofilni metamijelocit
Eritrocit
Trombociti
Limfocit
ERITROPOEZA
u najranijim stadijumima - umanana kesa, jetra, kotana sr po rodjenju i u toku puberteta - kotana sr adult (zamena crvene pulpe, utom)- grudna kost, rebra,
kim. prljenovi
kod obilnih krvavljenja - jetra, slezina Ribe - bubreg, slezina nemaju kotanu sr (razvija se tek kod Amfiba)
We compared the hematological responses of wild and captive populations of two closely related sharks to a standardized anoxic challenge and during a 12 hr recovery period in normoxia: the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum, Bonnaterre, 1788) and the grey carpet shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum, Muller and Henle, 1838). Compared to normoxic controls, a significant increase in hematocrit (captive 22.3%; wild 35.9%) coupled with a decline in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration occurred in epaulette sharks indicating erythrocyte swelling in response to anoxia. However, the grey carpet shark had a significantly increased hematocrit (captive 27.2%; wild 29.3%), erythrocyte count (captive 37.6%; wild 46.3%) and hemoglobin concentration (captive 31.9%; wild 31.5%), suggesting a release of erythrocytes into the circulation and/or hemoconcentration in response to anoxia. Plasma glucose concentrations were maintained in both wild and captive epaulette sharks and in wild grey carpet sharks during anoxia but increased significantly after 2 hr of reoxygenation (epaulette: captive 55.8%; wild 50.1%; grey carpet shark: wild 70.3%) and remained elevated for 12 hr. Captive grey carpet sharks had an immediate increase in plasma glucose concentrations after anoxia (96.4%), which was sustained for 12hr of reoxygenation. Lactate concentrations significantly increased in captive and wild animals of both species after anoxia, reaching a peak at 2 hr of re-oxygenation. Both species showed significant, yet divergent, hematological changes in response to anoxia and reoxygenation, which may not only prolong their survival and assist in recovery but also reflect their respective ecophysiological adaptations to the extreme environments that they inhabit. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:422438, 2009. r 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ERITROCITI (ERY)
Najveci deo mase uoblicenih elemenata krvi.
Boja krvi potice od Hb (kod coveka 29 pg Hb/ERY broj ERY je oko 4.5 x 1012/L krvi tj oko 717.75 g Hb cirkulise u krvi).
Salamander
Zabe Ribe
54 000
400 000 1x106-1.8x106
42
22 16
http://www.genomesize.com/cellsize/fish.htm Guster Ptice Covek 1x106-1.3x106 2.5x106-5x106 4x106-5.5x106 16 7.5 - 8.5 7.5
Pacov
Koza
6x106-7x106
13x106-15x106
6.0
3.5
http://diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/heme1/avi
Hemoproteus spp.
The erythroid origin of the host cell remains apparent. The organisms have a textured appearance and contain scattered pigment granules; they may nearly encircle the RBC's http://diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/heme1/avi nucleus..
Hb spektrin CA
Sastav ERY
NEORGANSKE MATERIJE: H2O 60-65%, uglavnom slobodna i nesto malo vezana za globuline i globulinsku komponentu Hb. mineralne materije - elektroliti (0.6-0.7%): K+ (410 mg%), Na+ (4.6 mg%), Ca++ (2 mg%) Mg++ (3.6 mg% - vise nego u plazmi).
Sastav ERY
ORGANSKE MATERIJE: 34-39% od ukupne mase ERY Hb + male kolicine globulina, glukoze, nukleoproteida, od lipida lecitin Spektrinska mrezica oblik spektrin-ankirin-membrana CA karbon anhidraza
Chaenocephalus aceratus !!! NEMA RBC, ni Hb ni Mb - nedostatak funkcionalnog gena za b globin - adaptacija =>veoma brz protok krvi !!!
Ice fish (suborder Notothenioidei) produce anti-freeze substances in their bodies that prevent the formation of ice. They also have enzyme systems that are highly efficient and allow them to remain active at low temperatures their activity in water at 32F (0C) is close to that of a temperate water fish at 68F (20 C). They also lack red blood cells (they are translucent, like ice!) for carrying oxygen around their bodies. The RBCs are not needed since oxygen is so highly soluble in cold seawater. This also means that their blood is much thinner, again allowing the fishs metabolism to be much lower great for conserving vital energy. Haemoprotein loss is correlated with dramatic increases in cellular mitochondrial density, heart size, blood volume and capillary bed volume. Evolution of these compensatory traits was probably facilitated by the homeostatic activity of nitric oxide, a key modulator of angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. These natural knockouts of the red blood cell lineage are an excellent genomic resource for erythroid gene discovery by comparative genomics, as illustrated for the newly described gene, bloodthirsty. Fish are generally submitted to spatial and temporal O2 variations and have developed anatomical, physiological and biochemical strategies to adapt to the changing environmental gas availability. Structurally, most fish hemoglobins are tetrameric; however, those from some species such as lamprey and hagfish dissociate, being monomeric when oxygenated and oligomeric when deoxygenated. Fish blood frequently possesses several hemoglobins; the primary origin of this finding lies in the polymorphism that occurs in the globin loci, an aspect that may occasionally confer advantages to its carriers or even be a harmless evolutionary remnant. On the other hand, the functional properties exhibit different behaviors, ranging from a total absence of responses to allosteric regulation to drastic ones, such as the Root effect.
sail-world.com/news.cfm?Nid=64592
Chionodraco hamatus, one of the Antartic's ice fish, can withstand temperatures that freeze the blood of all other types of fish, Census of Marine Life scientists reported today. The ice fish is sometimes called a bloodless or white-blooded fish, because it lost its ability to make hemoglobin during its evolution.This makes the fish a medical curiosity. This finger-length juvenile was photographed during a 2008 expedition to the Antarctic. The photo was released by the Census Marine Life along with pictures of many other marine species that scientists say are found at both poles, even though their cold-water habitat is separated by thousands of miles and the tropics.
Broj ERY u krvi rezultat je dinamike ravnotee izmedju procesa stvaranja ERY (eritropoeze) i procesa propadanja ERY!!!
Vek Ery je 4 meseca svaki dan se zameni oko 10% Ery, a svakog sekunda se se stvara oko 2 miliona Regulacija eritropoeze
HIPOKSIJA
ERITROPOEZA
Oksigenacija krvi - glavni regulator eritropoeze Svako stanje koje br. ERY eritropoezu
1.
4O2
4O2
4O2
4O2 hemoragija
4O2
4O2
+
eritropoeza
4O2
4O2
4O2
4O2
+
eritropoeza
+
3O2 3O2 3O2 3O2 3O2 3O2
16 O2 x n ~ 4x106/mm3
fizicka aktivnost
+
eritropoeza
+
4O2 4O2 4O2 4O2 4O2 4O2
18 O2 x n ~ 6x106/mm3
24h po hipoksiji kree eritropoeza - traje ~7-14 dana (Fe, esencijalne AK, vit. B kompleksa, folna kis., vit. C, etc)
ERITROPOETIN
HIPOKSIJA
-
ERY
ERITROPOEZA
Propadanje ERY
VEK - 100-120 dana (ovek) - cirkuliu u vaskularnom sistemu 25-140 dana.
Starenje ERY - membrana neelastina, krta lako lomljiva, te se protiskivanjem kroz kapilare crvene pulpe slezine lomi.
Fagocitoza ostataka membrane ERY i Hb u plazmi (retikulumske delije crvene pulpe i ret. cel. zidova venskih sinusa, RES). Hb van ERY - nepoznata mat - makrofage globulinski deo Ag.
Eliminacija hema
Hem pucanje 1 metenske veze kratkoiveci prekursor unih boja biliverdin malo u cirkulaciji redukcija bilirubin + proteini plazme
bilirubin-proteinat (cirkulie)
LEUKOCITI
VANO!!!!
GRADIVNO IZ KURSA OSNOVE FIZIOLOGIJE IVOTINJA TREBA DA SE ZNA
Who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? Macbeth, V, I, 42, by William Shakespeare
Leukociti (LEU)
Bela krvna zrnca - branioci organizma
Izgled: nativno - nepravilne, prozrane el.; trajno fiksiran preparat - okrugao oblik; jedro - razliitog oblika; elastinu tanku membranu (ameboidno kretanje) i citoplazmu vie ili manje granuliranu.
Broj LEU
Razliit i usko specifian Ribe Amfibi 10 000 - 90 000 200 000 - 250 000 Stepen evolutivnog razvoja Broj LEU Brze, aktivnije ivotinje Broj LEU
Reptili
Ptice Sisari:
70 000 - 90 000
50 000 - 2 000 000 ovek 4 000 - 11 000 majmun zec koza pacov
LEUKOCITA:
neutrofilni
bazofilni eozinofilni populacija monocita populacija limfocita
Vrste LEU
GRANULOCITI - polimorfonuklearni LEU (16 mm)
Najbrojniji LEU;
kod adulta se razvijaju u kotanoj sri grudne kosti, kimenih prljenova, rebara, humerusa i femura .
Bojenje po Papenhajmu:
neutrofilni eozinofilni
bazofilni
Neutrofilni granulociti
Nukleus do 4 segmenta Citolazma - acidofilna sa neutrofilnim granulama
Eozinofilni granulociti
Nukleus do 2-3 segmenta Citoplazma - ispunjena brojnim, krupnim, eozinofilnim (acidofilnim) granulama (boje se svetlo ruiasto). Napadaju parazite koji su suvise veliki da bi bili fagocitirani i produkuju leukotrijene i aktivirajudi faktor trombocita (PAF) koji su ukljueni u alergije.
Bazofilni granulociti
Nukleus krupan, bubreastog oblika
Citoplazma - ispunjena brojnim, krupnim, tamno plavim (bazofilnim) granulama, koje mogu da maskiraju nukleus. Granule sadre heparin i histamin koji oslobadjaju kada su aktivirani odgovarajucim faktorima - zapaljenske i alergijske reakcije.
Retikuloendotelijalni sistem sistem tkivnih makrofaga Mehanizam: aktivacija makrofaga (limfokini T limfocita) migracija (zavisno od hemotaksinog stimulusa) prodiru i ubijaju bakterije (slino neutrofilima) produkuju 100 razlicitih supstanci (ukljuujudi i
faktore koji deluju na limfocite i druge delije).
MONOCITI (20mm)
Nukleus bubreastog oblika, svetlo obojen.
Citoplazma - ispunjena bazofilnim granulama, nejednake veliine; moe sadrati i malobrojne azurofilne granule.
PACOV
RIBE
LEU organizmu obezbedjuju znacajn odbranu protiv tumora, virusnih, bakterijskih i parazitskih infekcija.
(mikrotubuli i mikrofilamenti) migriraju u zonu infekcije; dijapedeza izmedju endotelnih celija kapilara ulaze u tkiva;
citoplazmaticne granule
fagocitozna sposobnost
Bazofilni GR sadre heparin i histamin koji oslobadjaju kada su aktivirani odgovarajudim faktorima (npr. histamin oslobadjajuci faktor iz T limfocita) i uestvuju u zapaljenskim i alergijskim reakcijama.
Eozinofilni GR napadaju parazite koji su suvie veliki da bi bili fagocitirani i produkuju leukotrijene i PAF koji su ukljueni u alergije.
Hemotaksija Invazija bakterija inflamatorni odgovor organizma (kosna srz - neutrofila; produkti bakterija reaguju sa faktorima iz plazme, sa leukotrijenima, polipeptidima iz limfocita, mastocita ili BGR, i privlace neutrofile u inficirani deo.
Neutrofil krede prema deliji kvasca i fagocitira je. NBT indikator koji pokazuje da neutrofil oksidativnim procesima ubija deliju kvasca. Boja pokazuje stepen i lokalizaciju oksidativnih procesa.
Trombocit
Leukocit
http://diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/clinpath/modules/heme1/avi
TROMBOCITI
VANO!!!!
GRADIVNO IZ KURSA OSNOVE FIZIOLOGIJE IVOTINJA TREBA DA SE ZNA
Who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him? Macbeth, V, I, 42, by William Shakespeare
TROMBOCITI (T)
Krvne plocice - mala granulisana tela 2-4 mm Sisari: 150 000 - 500 000/mm3
Gradja T
Nemaju jedro; prsten mikrotubula na periferiji; Brojne invaginacije membrane + razvijen sistem kanala
kontakt sa ECF Membrana poseduje: receptore za kolagen receptore za Von Wilebrand-ov faktor receptore za fibrinogen
Citoplazma
aktin
miozin glikogen
GRADJA TROMBOCITA
adrenalin
noradrenalin histamin ATP
GRADJA TROMBOCITA
Citoplazma:
granule koje sadrze neproteinske mat. koje se sekretuju iz aktiviranih T (serotonin, adrenalin, noradrenalin, histamin, ATP, ADP..) a granule iz kojih se sekretuju proteini koji ucestvuju u koagulaciji (lipoidni faktor tromboplastina) i PDGF (faktor rasta poreklom iz T) kao i von Willebrand-ov faktor;
hidrolaze u lizozomima aktin
miozin
glikogen
Endotel krvnog suda, posle angioplastije (ballon catheter embolectomy) Brojni T, monocit i ERY.
FUNKCIJE TROMBOCITA
Ucestvuju u hemostazi u zastiti. Hemostaza direktno
(stvaranjem trombocitnog cepa/prstena) 1. ADHEZIJA (AGLOMERACIJA) 2. AKTIVACIJA 3. AGREGACIJA
1. ADHEZIJA (AGLOMERACIJA) Privlacenje T(+) od strane - kolagena (-) laminina (-) von Willebrand. f (-) 2. AKTIVACIJA T vezivanje za kolagen ADP trombin PAF (faktor koji aktivira T, sekretuju ga mon.
neu i T).
Aktivirani T
R
G-protein
Fosfolipaza C
DAG
Degranulacija T
Ca 2+
fosfolipaza A2
Tromboxan A2
doze inhibisu formiranje tromboksana A2 i sprecavaju infarkt miokarda i ishemicne napade menjajuci odnos izmedju tromboksana A2 i prostaciklina iz zida KS.
agregaciju trombocita
antioksidativni kapacitet 1 parce dark cokolade = 4.5 solja caja, 28 casa belog vina i 2 case crvenog
Volonteri (25 gr cokolade / hleb) 6h posle obroka - uzorak krvi manje aktiviranih T nego kontrolna grupa