E E 3 2 1

Non-Ideal Transformer
E N G R . M Y R I A M P O L I N A R
Transformer on On-Load
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

An actual transformer has (i) Primary and secondary resistances R1 and R2, (ii)
primary and secondary leakage reactances X1 and X2 (iii) iron and copper losses
and (iv) exciting resistance R0 and exciting reactance X0. The equivalent circuit of
an actual transformer is shown in the Figure.

Primary voltage,
𝑉ഥ1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼ഥ1 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼ഥ1 𝑍1

Secondary voltage,
𝑉2 = 𝐸2 − 𝐼ഥ2 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 = 𝐸2 − 𝐼ഥ1 𝑍2

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 02 of 11

 Simplified Equivalent Circuit
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is drawn by

representing all the parameters of the transformer either on the
secondary or on the primary side. The no-load current 𝐼0 is
neglected as its value is very small as compared to full load
′
current, therefore, 𝐼1 = 𝐼1.

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 03 of 11

Simplified Equivalent Circuit
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

Equivalent circuit when all the quantities are referred to secondary

The primary resistance when referred to
secondary side, its value is 𝑅1 ′ = 𝐾 2 𝑅1 and the
total or equivalent resistance of transformer
referred to secondary, 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 ′ . Similarly,
the primary reactance when referred to
secondary side, its value is 𝑋1 ′ = 𝐾 2 𝑋1 and the
total or equivalent reactance of transformer Total or equivalent impedance referred to secondary side,
referred to secondary, 𝑋𝑒𝑠 = 𝑋2 + 𝑋1 ′ . All the 𝑍𝑒𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑠
quantities when referred to the secondary side There is some voltage drop in resistance and reactance of
are shown. transformer referred to secondary. Hence,
𝑉2 = 𝐸2 − 𝐼ഥ2 𝑅𝑒𝑠 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸2 − 𝐼ഥ2 𝑍𝑒𝑠

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 04 of 11

Simplified Equivalent Circuit
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

Equivalent circuit when all the quantities are referred to secondary:

The primary resistance when referred to secondary side, its value is

′
𝑅1 = 𝐾 𝑅1 and the total or equivalent resistance of transformer
2
′
referred to secondary, 𝑅𝑒𝑠 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 . Similarly, the primary reactance
′
when referred to secondary side, its value is 𝑋1 = 𝐾 2 𝑋1 and the total or
equivalent reactance of transformer referred to secondary, 𝑋𝑒𝑠 = 𝑋2 +
′
𝑋1 . All the quantities when referred to the secondary side are shown.

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 05 of 11

Simplified Equivalent Circuit
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

Total or equivalent impedance referred to secondary side,

𝑍𝑒𝑠 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑠
There is some voltage drop in resistance and reactance of transformer referred
to secondary. Hence,
𝑉2 = 𝐸2 − 𝐼ഥ2 𝑅𝑒𝑠 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸2 − 𝐼ഥ2 𝑍𝑒𝑠

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 06 of 11

Simplified Equivalent Circuit
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

Equivalent circuit when all the quantities are referred to primary:

Secondary resistance referred Secondary reactance referred to
to primary, primary,
′ 𝑅2 ′ 𝑋2
𝑅2 = 2 𝑋2 = 2
𝐾 𝐾
Equivalent resistance referred Equivalent reactance referred to
to primary, primary,
′ ′
𝑅𝑒𝑝 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑋𝑒𝑝 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 07 of 11

Simplified Equivalent Circuit
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

Total or equivalent impedance referred to primary side,

𝑍𝑒𝑝 = 𝑅𝑒𝑝 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑝
There is some voltage drop in resistance and reactance of the transformer
referred to primary side. Therefore,
𝑉ഥ1 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼ഥ1 𝑅𝑒𝑝 + 𝑗𝑋𝑒𝑝 = 𝐸1 + 𝐼ഥ1 𝑍𝑒𝑝

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 08 of 11

Example
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

A 230 V/460 V transformer has a primary resistance of 0.2 Ω and a reactance of 0.5 Ω
and the corresponding values for the secondary are 0.75 Ω and 1.8 Ω respectively. Find
the secondary terminal voltage when supplying 10 A at 0.8 pf lagging.

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 09 of 11

Example
E L E C T R I C A L A P P A R A T U S A N D D E V I C E S

ENGR. MYRIAM J. POLINAR 10 of 11

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