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Practical Transformer
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Transformer Winding Resistance
▪ In an actual transformer, there is always present some resistance of the primary
and secondary windings.

▪ A transformer is shown whose primary and secondary windings have resistances

of 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 respectively.

▪ Due to this resistance, there is some voltage drop in the two windings, 𝐼1 𝑅1 in
the primary and 𝐼2 𝑅2 in the secondary.

▪ The inclusion of the winding resistances dictates that the terminal voltage is not
equal to the induced emf.
z Shifting of Winding Resistance
▪ It would now be shown that the resistances of the two windings can be transferred to
any one of the two windings.
▪ The advantage of concentrating both the resistances in one winding is that it makes
calculations very simple and easy because one has then to work in one winding only.
▪ It will be proved that a resistance of 𝑅2 in secondary is equivalent to 𝑎2 𝑅2 in primary
1
and 𝑅1 in primary is equivalent to 2 𝑅2 when shifted in the secondary.
𝑎

2
1
𝑅01 = 𝑅1 + 𝑎 𝑅2 𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + 2 𝑅1
𝑎
R01 = equivalent resistance referred to the primary side
R02 = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side

1
2 𝑅
𝑎 𝑅2 𝑎2 2
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Transformer Winding Leakage Reactance

▪ Not all of the flux created by a winding confines itself to the

magnetic core on which the winding is wound.

▪ Part of the flux, known as the leakage flux, does complete its path
through air. Therefore, when both windings in a transformer carry
currents, each creates its own leakage flux.

▪ The primary leakage flux set up by the primary does not link the
secondary. . Likewise, the secondary leakage flux restricts itself to
the secondary and does not link the primary. The common flux that
circulates in the core and links both windings is termed the mutual
flux.
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Transformer Winding Leakage Reactance
▪ Hence, in effect, it is equivalent to a small choker or inductive coil in
series with each winding such that voltage drop in each series coil
is equal to that produced by leakage flux.

▪ The leakage flux associated with either winding is responsible for

the voltage drop across it. Therefore, we can represent the voltage
drop due to the leakage flux by a leakage reactance

▪ The terms X1 and X2 are known as primary and secondary leakage

reactances respectively
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Shifting Winding Reactancee

▪ It may be noted that leakage reactance can also be transferred

from one winding to the other in the same way as resistance.
1
𝑋01 = 𝑋1 + 𝑎2 𝑋2 𝑋02 = 𝑋2 + 𝑎2 𝑋1
X01 = equivalent reactance referred to the primary side
X02 = equivalent reactance referred to the secondary side
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Shifting Winding Impedance
▪ The total impedance of the transformer as referred to primary is given by

𝑍01 = 𝑅01 2 + 𝑋01 2

In complex form 𝑍01 = 𝑅01 + 𝑗𝑋01

▪ Similarly, the total impedance of the transformer as referred to secondary is

given by

𝑍02 = 𝑅02 2 + 𝑋02 2

In complex form 𝑍02 = 𝑅02 + 𝑗𝑋02

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Shifting Impedances

▪ A 50-kVA, 4,400/220-V transformer has R1 = 3.45 Ω, R2 = 0.009

Ω. The values of reactances are X1 = 5.2 Ω and X2 = 0.015 Ω.
Calculate for the transformer

▪ (i) equivalent resistance as referred to primary

▪ (ii) equivalent resistance as referred to secondary

▪ (iii) equivalent reactance as referred to both primary and

secondary

▪ (iv) equivalent impedance as referred to both primary and

secondary
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Non-Ideal Transformer

A nonideal transformer represented in terms of an ideal transformer with winding

resistances and leakage reactances.

In the case of a non-ideal transformer,

𝐸1 𝐼2 𝑁1
= = =𝑎
𝐸2 𝐼1 𝑁2
𝑉1 = 𝐸1 + 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋1 𝐼1
𝑉2 = 𝐸2 − 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋2 𝐼2
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Sample Problem

▪ A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V, 60-Hz, step-down transformer

has the following resistance and leakage-reactance
values: 𝑅1 = 4 Ω, 𝑅2 = 0.04 Ω, 𝑋1 = 12 Ω, and 𝑋2 = 0.12
Ω. The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated
load of 0.866 power factor, calculate the following:

▪ (a) the induced emfs 𝐸1 and 𝐸2

▪ (b) the input voltage 𝑉1

 Iron-loss Current and
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Magnetizing Current
▪ The core of a non-ideal transformer has finite permeability and core
loss.

▪ Therefore, even when the secondary is left open (no-load condition) the
primary winding draws some current, known as the excitation current,
from the source.

▪ It is a common practice to assume that the excitation current, 𝐼0 , is the

sum of two currents: the core-loss current, 𝐼𝑤 , and the magnetizing
current, 𝐼𝜇 .

𝐼𝑜 is the vector sum of 𝐼𝑤 and 𝐼𝜇 ,

hence 𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑤 2 + 𝐼𝜇 2 𝐼𝜇

𝐼𝑤 : 𝐼𝑤 = 𝐼𝑜 sin ∅𝑜
𝐼𝜇 = 𝐼𝑜 cos ∅𝑜
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Core Loss Resistance and
Magnetizing Reactance
The core-loss component of the excitation current accounts for the
magnetic loss (the hysteresis loss and the eddy-current loss) in the
core of a transformer.
▪ If 𝐸1 is the induced emf on the primary side and 𝑅0 , is the
equivalent core-loss resistance, then the core-loss current, 𝐼𝑤 is
𝐸
𝐼𝑤 = 𝑅1
0
▪ The magnetizing component of the excitation current is responsible
to set up the mutual flux in the core. Since a current-carrying coil
forms an inductor, the magnetizing current, 𝐼𝜇 , gives rise to a
𝐸
magnetizing reactance, 𝑋0 . Thus,𝐼𝜇 = 𝑗𝑋1
0
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Equivalent Circuit of a Practical
Transformer
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Simplified Circuit

▪ When operating at or near rated load the component of primary current is

significantly greater than the exciting current 𝐼𝑝 ≫ 𝐼0 , (𝐼0 is 1 to 3 per cent of
𝐼𝑝 ), hence neglecting the exciting current will not cause serious error in
calculations involving transformer behavior under rated or near rated load

▪ However when making calculations less than 25% rated load, the no load
components must be considered if significant errors un the current
calculations must be avoided

▪ Thus, the circuit diagram may be considerably simplified

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PROBLEM 2
▪ A 75 KVA, 4800-240 V, 60 Hz, single phase
transformer has the following parameters expressed
in ohms:
𝑅𝐿𝑆 = 0.006 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 2.488 𝑅𝑓𝑒,𝐻𝑆 = 44,202
𝑋𝐿𝑆 = 0.0121 𝑋𝐿𝑆 = 4.8384 𝑋𝑚 𝐻𝑆 = 7798.6
The transformer is operating in step-down mode,
delivering one-half rated load at rated voltage and 0.96
𝑃𝑓 lagging. Determine:
(a) The equivalent impedance of the transformer
referred to the high side.
(b) The input impedance of the combined transformer
and load
(c) The actual input voltage at the high side
(d) The input impedance if the load is disconnected
(e) The exciting current for the condition in (d)
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