Documenti di Didattica
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SPERIMENTAZIONE/
tecnologie e paradigmi RESEARCH AND
EXPERIMENTATION
Abstract. Il tema della resilienza applicato alle infrastrutture sportive complesse e da scarsi livelli di resilienza, è ormai diffusa la consapevolezza
è da considerarsi oggi tanto attuale quanto poco indagato in modo organico e
sistemico. Le ripercussioni sociali, economiche e ambientali di queste macro-
che le infrastrutture per lo sport condizionano in modo sostan-
architetture sono, alla scala urbana quanto a quella territoriale, altrettanto strate- ziale le strategie di pianificazione e trasformazione dei luoghi su
giche, specie se valutate in relazione alle evidenti connessioni, nella società con- ampia scala.
temporanea, delle pratiche sportive con il settore della salute e del benessere.
Il quadro che emerge da studi e ricerche riferiti al panorama europeo e italiano
Il contesto italiano presenta alcuni caratteri peculiari per la com-
delle infrastrutture sportive consente di individuare interessanti e innovative ten- prensione del fenomeno, in termini di criticità ma anche di poten-
denze che denunciano, anche in questo settore, una sempre maggiore atten- zialità: la compresenza di grandi manufatti e di impianti di piccole
zione ai temi della resilienza eco-sistematica, urbana e sociale ad esse applicati.
e medie dimensioni su tutto il territorio, in gran parte obsoleti, de-
Parole chiave: infrastrutture sportive, resilienza urbana, paesaggio, multiscalari-
tà, innovazione tecnologica.
gradati o comunque non più adeguati e aggiornati rispetto ai nuo-
vi parametri di qualità richiesti dagli enti di governo dello sport
Premessa: verso un Lo sport nelle sue molteplici ac- (FIGC, UEFA, CONI) e di certificazioni nazionali e internazionali
approccio multi- cezioni sociali economiche e (ISO 50001, LEED, Green Sport Alliance, ecc.); lo status di Bene
disciplinare e multi-scalare culturali esprime oggi uno sce- Culturale che investe parte di questi impianti, molti dei quali sog-
nario particolarmente articolato getti a diversi regimi di tutela1; la natura pubblica delle proprietà; il
e complesso, diretta espressione dell’evoluzione degli stili di vita forte carattere identitario di questi manufatti all’interno delle co-
della società contemporanea in generale. In questo quadro appa- munità urbane.
re evidente come le infrastrutture sportive rappresentino i para- Alcune esperienze avviate presso il Politecnico di Milano nell’ul-
digmi di una nuova visione della società che investe e coinvolge timo triennio sul tema delle infrastrutture sportive2 confermano
tutti i settori produttivi, oscillando da una sua dimensione so- come il contesto italiano, seppur caratterizzato da una cronica
cialmente condivisa e localmente diffusa, a una spettacolare e arretratezza nel settore sportivo-infrastrutturale possa rappre-
globalmente mass-mediatica. sentare un fertile terreno di ricerca, sperimentazione e innova-
In particolare, lo stadio, da sempre campo privilegiato di speri- zione.
mentazione di processi e tecnologie innovative, costituisce oggi
uno degli strumenti cardine di rigenerazione economica e di ri- Logiche insediative tra La ricerca finalizzata alla indivi-
qualificazione sociale, al centro di di un profondo ripensamento stadio urbano e stadio- duazione di Benchmarking per il
in termini di sostenibilità economico-gestionale, sociale e am- città: benchmarking per nuovo stadio di «AC Milan»3 a
bientale sul medio e lungo periodo (Chierici, 2016). il nuovo stadio di «AC supporto e integrazione di uno
Prendendo atto della difficoltà di adeguamento delle strutture Milan» studio di fattibilità per il nuovo
esistenti, caratterizzate da una evidente rigidità morfo-tipologica stadio della società calcistica
milanese si inserisce, dal punto di vista dell’approccio metodolo-
Complex sports Abstract. The theme of resilience applied to Introduction: towards a multi-disci- vironmental sustainability (Chierici,
complex sports infrastructure is as press- plinary and multi-scalar approach 2016).
infrastructure and urban ing a topic today as it is little analysed in Sport today, in its many social, eco- There is now widespread awareness,
resilience: technologies an organic, systematic manner. The social, nomic and cultural senses, represents taking into account the difficulty of up-
economic and environmental repercussions an extremely highly structured and grading existing structures, with their
and paradigms of these examples of architecture are, at complex scenario, a direct expression evident rigidity in morphological and
the urban as much as at the regional scale, of the evolution in lifestyles in con- typological terms and a low degree of
equally strategic, especially evaluated in re- temporary society as a whole. Within resilience, that infrastructure for sport
lation to the impact that the practice of sport it, sports infrastructure is clearly para- influences strategies for the large-scale
has on contemporary society, with clear digmatic of a new vision of society planning and transformation of places.
ramifications for the health sector. An over- which affects and involves all sectors The Italian context presents a number
view coming from studies and researches of production, ranging from its socially of significant themes for an under-
on the current European and Italian sports shared, locally disseminated dimension standing of the phenomenon not only
infrastructure scene makes it possible to to its spectacular, global mass-mediat- in terms of critical issues but also of po-
pinpoint some interesting, innovative trends ed manifestation. tential. Such critical issues include the
which evidence, in this sector as in others, Stadiums, which have always been a coexistence of large-scale artefacts and
ever increasing attention the themes of eco- privileged testing ground for innova- small-to-mid-sized stadiums across the
systemic, urban and social resilience as ap- tive processes and technologies, today country, largely obsolete, run-down
plied to sports infrastructure. constitute a key tool for economic re- or at any rate no longer compliant
generation and social status, and are with or upgraded to the new quality
Keywords: sports infrastructure, urban undergoing a profound rethink in parameters required by sports govern-
resilience, landscape, multi-scalarity, tech- terms of their medium-to-long-term ance bodies (such as FIGC, UEFA and
nological innovation. economic, operational, social and en- CONI in Italy) or by domestic and
international standards (ISO 50001, Location strategies: urban stadiums survey conducted on the whole Metro- posal to increase levels of urban and so-
LEED, Green Sport Alliance, etc.), the and city stadiums. Benchmarking for politan City context, is in keeping with cial resilience; the establishment of new
status of cultural heritage enjoyed by the New AC Milan Stadium the proposal of the “urban stadium” levels of adaptability/flexibility over the
some of these facilities, many of which The research project entitled Bench- model which, in the most modern un- entire life cycle of the stadium through
are protected directly or indirectly as marking for the New AC Milan Stadi- derstanding of the term, is capable of technical and typological innovation.
a result of specific historical or archi- um3, which supports and supplements conferring new levels of resilience at These key themes were broken down
tectural interest1, the fact that they are a design proposal for the new stadium, both the urban and building scale. into sub-themes geared in turn towards
publicly owned, and the strong sense can be framed, in terms of methodo- The research, developed by an engi- guiding design choices. In this scenario
of identity that such artefacts confer on logical approach, within that complex neering company which is already stadiums can be considered as fully-
the urban community. process architecture characterised by internally organised across a range of fledged “urban systems”, the “urban val-
A number of projects undertaken by high levels of integrated multi-discipli- integrated disciplinary fields that tackle ue” of which can be evaluated in respect
the Politecnico di Milano in the last narity and multi-scalarity. The project the project at all of its scales and multi- of environmental and social aspects
three years concerning the issue of site, the former Expo site in Milan’s ple specificities, set out, during the fea- both in negative sense (traffic flows,
sports infrastructure2 confirm that, Portello district, a large area located sibility study phase, a detailed reference volume and surface area covered, waste
with regard to the Italian context, af- within the established city, no longer framework consisting of paradigmatic generation), as in positive impacts (re-
flicted by chronic backwardness in this used or useable in its current form, is examples of football infrastructure. newable energy production, new levels
field but for this very reason a fertile the legacy of location strategies settle- These paradigms were analysed in re- of urban quality, new services and func-
breeding-ground for experimentation ment and socio-economic patterns that lation to a number of specific themes tions for the community, etc.).
and innovation, may lead to interesting are the result of mono-functionality identified for the stadium model: the With regard to the themes outlined
areas of research. and of a single-level plate and building- relationship with the contemporary above, initially the more general theo-
cum-containers devoid of morphologi- city, in the “compact” morphological retical and conceptual research back-
cal or typological variation. The choice understanding of the term and the “ur- ground was sketched out, in terms of
of this area, following a preliminary ban stadium” model as a response/pro- the relationship with the compact city,
specifically in relation to the Italian “urban stadium” in the Portello dis- The location model that emerges from (2016) and the Tottenham Hotspur’s
context, which involves themes such as trict based on a «relationship between the current scenario considers either stadium, London (2018), are based on
identity, the relationship with the exist- pre-existing historical buildings to be redeveloping existing facilities or locat- a strongly iconic, symbolic identity for
ing urban context (regeneration and safeguarded and contemporary needs ing new infrastructure within the dense the stadium in the setting in which they
redevelopment of areas and buildings), […]. This can come about from an in- established urban fabric, proposing ac- are situated – the expression of a recog-
the relationship with cultural heritage, terpretation of places capable of recon- tions to develop infrastructure and nisable “imageability” (Lynch, 1960) –
the theme of building on the built. structing a memory of architecture that reconnect at the urban scale through which is reinforced and supplemented
The benchmarking analysis has been goes beyond the work understood as an detailed, functional, innovative pro- by equipment with a high degree of
developed in detail on fifteen European individual building and of grasping and grammes starting from spaces for technological and functional innova-
urban stadiums which were then ana- interpreting its relationships and invis- sport, well-being and leisure. Against tion which often translates as a radical
lysed, each in terms of: their relation- ible components too» (Faroldi, 2016). this background, the sports infrastruc- reworking of the original artefacts7, or,
ship with the existing infrastructure Specifically, the final outcome of ture sector can claim to be one of the in the best cases, a contemporary, tech-
network (stadium accessibility via the research (which must neverthe- most effective strategic assets in terms nologically advanced redevelopment of
“soft”, sustainable mobility); the func- less be considered an intermediate of its capacity to channel urban regen- a number of first-generation stadiums,
tional framework; aspects concerning step towards potential future steps) eration and constitute a driver of eco- such as in the cases of Stamford Bridge,
the adaptability, flexibility and convert- confirmed the initial objectives and nomic and social development, wheth- London (2018) and the Santiago Ber-
ibility of the structure at the end of its expectations: the urban model for er the project in question be a full-scale nabeu, Madrid (2017).
life cycle; the relationship and impact modern sports infrastructure, espe- repurposing or a reconstruction of the The concept of “urban stadium” which
in terms of size on the urban context. cially for the specific Italian context5, facilities while confirming the location established itself in Europe follow-
All of these elements were analysed in is undoubtedly a winning one, among strategy for them6. The many examples ing the 2008 UEFA European Foot-
qualitative terms4, overall they consti- other aspects with regard to the theme include the Emirates Stadium, London ball Championship which have seen a
tuted an essential framework of refer- of resilience. A number of case studies (2006), the San Mamés Stadium, Bil- number of successful “urban stadium”
ence for modelling a proposal for an represent these trends well. bao (2013), the VTB Arena, Moscow projects, both new (for example Stade
spetto al tema della resilienza e alle sue molteplici declinazioni. mes» a Bilbao (2013), la «VTB Arena» a Mosca (2016) e lo stadio
Alcuni casi-studio bene rappresentano queste tendenze. del Tottenham Hotspurs a Londra (2018), si fondano sulla forte
Il modello insediativo che emerge dallo scenario attuale con- vocazione iconica e simbolica dello stadio per il contesto in cui
templa la valorizzazione di impianti esistenti o la collocazione si collocano – espressione di una riconoscibile “imageability”
di infrastrutture ex-novo all’interno del tessuto denso della città (Lynch, 1960) – che viene rafforzata e integrata da una dotazione
consolidata, proponendo azioni di infrastrutturazione e ricon- ad alta innovazione tecnologica e funzionale spesso tradotta nel-
nessione alla scala urbana attraverso programmi funzionali in- la radicale rivisitazione dei manufatti originari7, o, nei migliori
novativi articolati a partire dagli spazi per lo sport, il benessere dei casi, a un recupero in chiave contemporanea e tecnologica-
e il tempo libero. mente avanzata di alcuni stadi di prima generazione, come nei
In questo quadro il settore dell’impiantistica sportiva si candida casi dello stadio del Chelsea a Londra (2018) e del «Santiago Ber-
come uno degli asset strategici più efficaci in grado di veicolare nabeu» a Madrid (2017).
la rigenerazione urbana e di costituire un volano per lo svilup- Il concetto di “stadio urbano”, consolidatosi in Europa a seguito
po economico e sociale, sia che si tratti di una vera e propria dei Campionati Europei di calcio del 2008 caratterizzati da al-
riconversione sia che si tratti di una ricostruzione degli impian- cune positive esperienze sia per quanto riguarda l’inserimento
ti confermandone la strategia localizzativa6. Esempi come, tra i ex-novo di nuovi impianti («Stade de la Maladiere» a Lucerna,
tanti, l’«Emirates Stadium» a Londra (2006), lo stadio «St. Ma- «Stade de Suisse» a Berna e «St. Jakob Park» a Basilea), che di ri-
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de la Maladière, Lucerne, Stade de Sui- of intervention and objectives. The first by improving technological standards inclusion, racism, sportsmanship in a
sse, Bern, and St. Jakob-Park, Basel) or phase coincided with the presentation (everything regarding cabling and the broad sense, team spirit)12.
redevelopments of existing stadiums of the Dossier for the candidacy which smart management of matches, man- Sports infrastructure historically has
(for example Letzigrund, Zurich)8 was entailed a focus on infrastructural as- agement of media reporting and ac- been lacking in resilience from the
subsequently proposed with advanced pects at the urban scale of the six host cessibility) as well as morphological, structural viewpoint. In contrast, lat-
morphological and technological solu- cities (Bologna, Cesena, Reggio Emilia, technical and typological aspects (ar- est-generation architecture for sport
tions in other countries too, like France San Marino, Udine and Vicenza, sub- rangement, size and layout of spaces has evolved significantly in this respect,
(Stade Jean Bouin and U-Arena, Paris sequently replaced during the second and their performance parameters) as involving knowledge across several
2017) and Italy, a particularly fruit- phase by Trieste) and at the building/ well as parameters required by inter- sectors and disciplines (Allegri, Faroldi,
ful context for developing solutions in stadium scale. The objectives of this national standards and requirements 2016). From governance of the various
keeping with the theme of zero land first phase were limited to drawing up (UEFA) in terms of the organisation of scales of the landscape to the adoption
take and functional density. an overall picture of the current situa- large-scale events; 2) to establish new, of process technologies for the man-
tion, highlighting the strengths of the higher levels of social resilience10 at agement of complex projects; from
Technological and typological in- proposal (which was successful follow- the urban and regional scale through the introduction of innovative prod-
novations for resilience: the Dossier ing evaluation on the part of the compe- actions to create synergies with local uct technologies, using, among other
for Italy’s candidacy to host the 2019 tent bodies of UEFA): links between the public and private organisations with things, sophisticated technology trans-
UEFA European Under-21 Champi- cities, accommodation, synergies with the aim of establishing a strong legacy11 fer operations, to the development of
onship and bolstering of the range of services for the local area, stadium and host city, new management practices connected
The drawing up of the Dossier for Italy’s relating to tourism and culture, redevel- for example by involving schools and with so-called smart approaches, there
successful candidacy to host the 2019 opment of existing facilities, etc. young people in side events (during the has arisen a complex matrix of changed
UEFA European Under-21 Champion- The second phase has two main objec- days leading up to and following the perceptions of the uses and even the
ship9, involves several phases of devel- tives: 1) to regenerate and redevelop the match) to raise their awareness of so- very meanings themselves of sports in-
opment, each one with specific scales stadiums that will host this major event cial issues connected with sport (social frastructure has come to be.
The major events of recent years con- silience” in relation to the capacity of face of new needs not only at the urban to ensure that these elements of the ur-
nected with sport aptly illustrate these large-scale infrastructure to produce but also the building scale (Mehaffy ban system have ever greater adaptive
complex dynamics, which have seen renewable energy at the urban scale, and Salìngaros, 2017). A case in point capacity, leads us to a forward-looking
the theme of resilience – urban, social, such as the Stade de Suisse (Bern, 2005) is the Ekaterinburg Arena built for the reflection on the theme of build-
environmental – as one of the essential and Antalya Arena (Antalya, 2015), or 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, where ing skills that can tackle and manage
elements of planning and policy before, in relation to the use of low-impact, re- technology has been employed to get the processes of planning, designing,
during and after the event. A case in cyclable building and material systems around an initial rigidity of the stadium building and managing the places and
point is the London 2012 Basketball (light, high-performance modular sys- system and its capacity due to the pres- artefacts used for sport (Faroldi et al.,
Arena, designed to be completely de- tems, the use of composite hybrid ma- ence of elements in the vicinity subject 2007).
mountable and recyclable, as is the Pa- terials such as ETFE, PTFE, Teflon and to protection, as is, in a completely dif- A systemic vision of the contributions
lavela Arena for the Winter Olympics others)14. ferent, extreme context, the Ras Abu required from different disciplines,
in Turin 2006, converted into a multi- “Adaptive resilience”15, in contrast, des- Aboud Stadium (Doha, Qatar), com- together with the role of design in
functional hall for concerts and events. ignates the capacity shown by these pletely scalable in relation to capacity, city transformation and governance
A further example is the planned re- major structures in recent years to demountable and transportable. policies, points to the need to activate
development projects for the stadiums adapt to and comply with, in both the urgent, strategic measures capable of
built for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil13. short and medium-to-long term, new A forward-looking reflection: the role fostering the formation of skills, meth-
On the contemporary building scene, a performance and operational stand- of education in the design, construc- ods and approaches that are capable of
number of recurrent trends and para- ards, thereby ensuring high levels of tion and management of sports infra- involving the many sectors concerned.
digms can be identified in the use of usability, safety, comfort and profitabil- structure Italy’s deeply rooted critical issues are
advanced technologies with the aim ity over the entire duration of their life The key themes that characterise the directly proportional to the potential of
of increasing levels of resilience in cycle, while at the same time guaran- current role of sports facilities in the its system of sports infrastructure. The
the sports infrastructure sector. We teeing an ever variable functional mix “promotion” and “production” of urban highly topical nature of the themes and
can speak of “eco-environmental re- that can be more easily adapted in the resilience of man-made environment, the fact that a complete rethink of the
sports infrastructure system at the na- cycle of building systems; from entre- which the theme of resilience stands infrastructure” through teaching, study
tional scale can no longer be delayed, as preneurial management approaches to as a constructive, creative response to and research initiatives in the field of
the research has highlighted, demand the potential for synergy with strategies contemporary needs. architecture and engineering applied to
concrete responses in educational for the promotion of places. Education- sport; Accordo quadro tra CONI Servizi
terms even before operational aspects al courses, then, which aim to transfer NOTES e Politecnico di Milano (scientific di-
are considered. technical, managerial and operational 1. Many stadiums and sports arena in rector: Prof. Emilio Faroldi, 2017), an
A large number of initiatives involve skills that can encompass and interact Italy are listed as totally or partially agreement between the operating
master’s and PhD university courses, with the complex economic, produc- protected under Legislative Decree company of the Italian National Olym-
which have been offered by several state tive, institutional and professional sec- 42/2004, Codice dei Beni Culturali e del pic Committee and the Politecnico di
universities, including the Politecnico tors connected with the main sector in Paesaggio (Cultural Heritage and Land- Milano to establish a collaborative rela-
di Milano, for many years and are cur- question, that of sports infrastructure. scape Code). tionship through training and research
rently undergoing expansion16, in part- The overall picture, then, is one which 2. The following researches are in- activities in the field of sports facilities.
nership with the many institutions that illustrates the importance of seeking cluded in the following initiatives: 3. Research contract between Arup
make up the sports sector and with the out operating models by identifying Convenzione tra Federazione Italiana Italia and the Department of Architec-
main local government bodies. These and setting out best practices on which Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) e Politecnico di ture, Built Environment and Construc-
courses all focus on training qualified to base innovative, virtuous proposals Milano (scientific director: Prof. Emilio tion Engineering of the Politecnico di
experts with high levels of technical that fit the peculiar, complex Italian sit- Faroldi, 2015) an agreement between Milano concerning Benchmarking for
expertise to work in the area of sports uation, while at the same time detailing the Italian Football Federation and the the New AC Milan Stadium (scientific
infrastructure, adopting cross-cutting, the key contribution made by interna- Politecnico di Milano with the purpose director: Prof. Emilio Faroldi, 2015).
multi-disciplinary approaches in line tionally recognised institutions to the of establishing a “laboratory for stud- 4. The analysis has been organized in:
with the transformations which the world of training and education that ies and research into the design, con- 1) location aspects at the urban and
sector is undergoing: from new legis- aim to develop new skills and expertise struction and management of sports regional scale: urban stadium and the
lation to issues connected with the life for future generations, at the centre of infrastructure, particularly football out-of-town stadium and their rela-
al governo del territorio. Tutte evidenziano l’obiettivo di formare dall’altro, puntualizza il fondamentale apporto al mondo della
professionisti portatori di elevati livelli di capacità tecnica in gra- formazione erogata da parte di istituzioni di riconosciuto livello
do di operare nell’ambito delle infrastrutture sportive, secondo atte a configurare nuove competenze per le generazioni future al
logiche e competenze trasversali e multidisciplinari, allineate alle centro delle quali il tema della resilienza si colloca come risposta,
trasformazioni che coinvolgono il settore: dai rinnovati riferi- costruttiva e creativa, alle esigenze della contemporaneità.
menti normativi alle tematiche legate al ciclo di vita dei sistemi
edilizi; dalle logiche gestionali imprenditoriali alla sinergia con NOTE
le strategie di promozione dei luoghi. Percorsi formativi, perciò,
1. Molti stadi e palazzetti in Italia sono sottoposti, in parte o integralmente,
che mirino a trasferire competenze tecniche, gestionali, operati- a tutela ai sensi del D.Lgs. 42/2004 Codice dei Beni Culturali e del Paesaggio.
ve in grado di comprendere e interagire con gli articolati settori 2. Le ricerche in seguito citate si collocano all’interno delle seguenti iniziati-
economico-produttivi, istituzionali e professionali afferenti al ve: Convenzione tra Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) e Politecnico
macro-settore di riferimento delle infrastrutture sportive. di Milano (Responsabile scientifico Prof. Emilio Faroldi, 2015) stipulata con
Un quadro complessivo che delinea da un lato l’importanza della lo scopo di istituire un “Laboratorio di studi e ricerche relativi alla progetta-
ricerca di modelli operativi, tramite l’individuazione e la codi- zione, costruzione e gestione delle infrastrutture sportive, con riferimento,
fica di best practices sulle quali impostare proposte innovative e in particolar modo, a quelle relative al settore calcistico” attraverso iniziative
virtuose calate nella peculiare e complessa situazione italiana; di didattica, studi e ricerche nel campo dell’architettura e ingegneria appli-
04 |
tionships with the context; 2) technical “sacredness” as a result of their strong 2019 UEFA Under-21 Championship 13. One programme to mention is
and typological topics connected with identity-giving character. (scientific director: Prof. Emilio Far- the “Casa Futebol” repurposing pro-
flexibility of use and function and new 8. It can be said that the approach oldi, architectural coordinator: Davide gramme which proposes the conver-
levels of resilience; 3) sustainability adopted for the great event held in Aus- Allegri, 2017) sion of large-scale sports facilities into
of projects over the entire life cycle of tria and Switzerland in 2008 in a cer- 10. When speaking of “social resil- residential housing blocks for the un-
buildings. tain sense led to the birth of the “urban ience”, we refer not only to paradigms derprivileged classes.
5. In Italy, two recent projects to re- stadium” model, applicable in small relating to location (the model of the 14. There are many representative
generate and redevelop existing stadi- and medium-sized European cities. urban stadium as a new contemporary examples of this type of technology,
ums, The Friuli Stadium, Udine, and 9. The Politecnico di Milano’s advi- plaza) or to function (the stadium as which began to come into widespread
the Atleti Azzurri d’Italia Stadium, are sory role on behalf of FIGC, the Italian cultural infrastructure and a service for use at the beginning of the 2000s with
virtuous examples of integrated gov- Football Federation, in drawing up the the city), but also those relating to tech- the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Ja-
ernance. Dossier for Italy’s successful candidacy nology and integrated management re- pan.
6. Outside Italy, the cases that emerge to host the 2019 UEFA European Un- lated to a smart approach. 15. With regard to this type of resil-
are rarely characterised by partial or der-21 Championship (scientific direc- 11. A series of initiatives that range ience, technologies designed to imple-
integral maintenance of existing facili- tor: Prof. Emilio Faroldi, architectural from social commitment to the redevel- ment the functional and operational
ties, above all because of the structural coordinator: Davide Allegri, 2016); a opment of historical and cultural herit- flexibility of architecture are deployed,
shortcomings that they exhibit in func- research contract for work to upgrade age as a legacy for future generations. for example the demounting, reuse,
tional and technological terms. the six stadiums (Mapei Stadium, Reg- 12. The facilities chosen to host events transportability and changes in the
7. This type of approach is typical in gio Emilia, Orogel Stadium, Cesena, connected with the 2019 UEFA Euro- form and dimension of the elements
the United Kingdom, where in the vast San Marino Stadium, San Marino, pean Under-21 Championship will be comprising the stadiums (movable
majority of cases sports facilities do not Renato Dall’Ara Stadium, Bologna, provided with specific spaces for the roofs and stands, movable and/or de-
enjoy specific heritage protection leg- Nereo Rocco Stadium, Trieste and Da- youth programme and volunteer centre mountable pitch, etc.).
islation as such yet possess an aura of cia Arena, Udine) selected to stage the to engage the local community. 16. The many courses offered by the
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