Chapter 1

1.1 Masses of atoms and molecules

Relative atomic mass, Ar
1. Relative atomic mass – the weighted average mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element on
a scale where an atom of carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 units.
Relative isotopic mass
1. Isotope – atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
2. Relative isotopic mass – the mass of a particular isotope of an element on a scale in which an
atom of the carbon-12 isotope has a mass of exactly 12 units.
Relative molecular mass, Mr
1. Relative molecular mass of a compound – the relative mass of one molecule of the compound
on a scale where the carbon-12 isotope has a mass of exactly 12 units.
Relative formula mass
1. Relative formula mass – the mass of one formula unit of a compound measured on which an
atom of the carbon-12 isotope has a mass of exactly 12 units.

1.2 Accurate relative atomic masses

Determination of Ar from mass spectra
1.

1.3 Amount of substance

The mole and the Avogadro constant
1. One mole of a substance – the amount of that substance that has the same number of specific
particles (atoms, molecules or ions) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the carbon-12 isotope.
2. Avogadro constant – the number of atoms in one mole of atoms : 6.02×1023.
Moles and mass
1.

1.4 Mole calculations

Reacting masses
1. 2.

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The stoichiometry of a reaction

1. React 4.0 g of hydrogen with 32.0 g of oxygen we get 36.0 g of water.
(Ar values: H = 1.0, O = 16.0)

Percentage composition by mass

1.

2.

Empirical formulae
1. Empirical formula – the simplest ratio of the different atoms present in a molecule.
2.

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3. 4.

Molecular formulae
1. Molecular formula – the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule.
2.

1.5 Chemical formulae and chemical equations

Deducing the formula
1.

2.

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3.

Balancing chemical equations

1. 2.

Balancing ionic equations

1. 2.

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1.6 Solutions and concentration

Calculating the concentration of a solution
1.

2. 3.

Calculating solution concentration by titration

1.

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Deducing stoichiometry by titration

1.

1.7 Calculations involving gas volumes

Using the molar gas volume
1. Room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
 Temperature – 20℃
 Pressure – 1 atm
2. In r.t.p, one mole of any gas has a volume of 24.0 dm 3.
3.

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Gas volumes and stoichiometry

1.