Thermal Insulation For Hot-Temperature Service: Company Technical Standard

eni spa
COMPANY TECHNICAL STANDARD
THERMAL INSULATION FOR HOT-

TEMPERATURE SERVICE
03653.ENG.CPI.STD
Rev.01 - December 2007
Previous identification code

03653.VAR.GEN.SPC
Rev.01 – December 2007
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ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of Eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
Eni S.p.A.
Exploration & Production Division
FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
THERMAL INSULATION FOR

HOT-TEMPERATURE SERVICE
03653.VAR.GEN.FUN
Rev. 1
December 2007
1 General Revision Tecnomare MEC Motti Dec.07

0 Issue STIN STIN STIN May.88
REV. DESCRIZIONE COMP: VERIF: APPR: DATE
Il presente documento è RISERVATO ed è di proprietà di ENI E&P. Esso non sarà mostrato a Terzi né sarà utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is CONFIDENTIAL and the sole property of ENI E&P. It shall neither be shown to Third Parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
Eni S.p.A. 03653.VAR.GEN.FUN
Rev. 1 December 2007
Exploration & Production Division Sheet 2 di 69
FOREWORD
Rev. 0 58 Sheets
May 1988
Issue
Rev. 1 69 Sheets
April 2007
General Revision
Structure of the document completely revised in accordance with

procedures 14044.VAR.GEN.RWP and 14045.VAR.GEN.RWP
Added reference to various codes and standards
Revised thermal and phisical properties of mineral wool and updated

reference normative
Added new insulation materials: cellular glass and flexible elastomeric

foam with relevants installation details
Added new finishing materials: stainless steel and non metallic jacketing.
Added paragaphs “Ergonomics”, “Safety” and “Documentation” in

accordance with procedures 14044.VAR.GEN.RWP and
14045.VAR.GEN.RWP.
Updated and revised requirements for quality management and quality

assurance.
CONTENTS
1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references
1.2.1 European normative references
1.2.2 Normative references of ISO, IEC and national organizations
1.2.3 Normative references of other organizations
1.2.4 Legislation
1.2.5 Internal normative references
2 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Definitions
2.2 Operative environment
2.3 Functional requirements
2.3.1 Extent of the insulation

2.3.1.1 General
2.3.1.2 Piping
2.3.1.3 Equipment
2.3.1.4 Tanks
2.3.1.5 Machines
2.3.2 Materials
2.3.2.1 General
2.3.2.2 Mineral fiber blanket
2.3.2.3 Mineral fiber boards
2.3.2.4 Mineral fiber pipe-covering
2.3.2.5 Cellular glass
2.3.2.6 Flexible elastomeric foam
2.3.2.7 Finishing materials
2.3.2.8 Accessories
2.3.2.9 Application range for insulation materials
2.3.3 Insulation supports

2.3.3.1 General
2.3.3.2 Vertical piping
2.3.3.3 Horizontal piping
2.3.3.4 Equipment
2.3.3.5 Tanks
2.3.3.6 Machines
2.3.4 Steam tracing

2.3.4.1 General
2.3.4.2 Installation instruction
2.3.5 Installation prescriptions

2.3.5.1 General
2.3.5.2 Prescription for the Contractor
2.3.6 Installation of mineral fiber insulation on on-shore piping

2.3.6.1 Pipes
2.3.6.2 Bends, valves, flanges, tees and special parts
2.3.7 Installation of mineral fiber insulation on off-shore piping

2.3.7.1 Pipes
2.3.8 Installation of cellular glass insulation on piping

2.3.8.1 Pipes
2.3.8.2 Valves and flanges
2.3.9 Installation of flexible elastomeric foam insulation on piping

2.3.9.1 Pipes
2.3.10 Installation of metal finish on piping

2.3.10.1 General
2.3.10.2 Straight and bending pipes
2.3.10.4 Expansion joints
2.3.11 Installation of the mineral fiber insulation on equipment, storage tanks

and machines
2.3.11.1 General
2.3.11.2 Equipment
2.3.11.3 Storage tanks
2.3.11.4 Machines
2.3.12 Installation of the cellular glass insulation on vessels and storage tanks
2.3.12.1 Vessels
2.3.13 Installation of metal finish on equipment, storage tanks and machines

2.3.13.1 General
2.3.13.2 Equipment
2.3.13.4 Machines
2.3.14 Thickness and insulation classes

2.3.14.1 Calculation of the thickness
2.3.14.2 Data necessary for calculation
2.3.14.3 Personnel protection table
2.4 Ergonomics
2.5 Safety
2.6 Requirements for Quality Management and Quality Assurance
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Measurements
2.6.3 Inspection and testing

2.6.3.1 Inspection of materials
2.6.3.2 Pre-Insulation inspection
2.6.3.3 Inspection during installation of insulation system
2.6.3.4 Final inspection and release
2.6.3.5 Testing
2.6.4 Guarantees
2.7 Documentation
3 SUPPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS
3.1 Appendix A: drawings
1 GENERAL
The present specification describes the general requirements

requested by the Client, the materials to be used, as well as the
instructions to be followed for the supply and installation of insulations
on piping, tanks, equipment and machinery in a high-temperature
service.
With high-temperature service it is intended the service in which the
maximum operating temperature is higher than ambient temperature
and this operating temperature is to be maintained for different
reasons, explained in the present specification.
In additional, the present specification covers personnel protection
requirement when the surface temperature of the items is to be limited
for safety reasons.
Any change to the points expressed in these specifications shall be
approved by the Client and quoted in the Contract.
1.1 Scope
The following scopes are envisaged:

• definition of the extent of the insulations.
• The specifying of the making and installing of the insulation
supports.
• The specifying of the insulations installation systems.
• Definition of the inspection and testing criteria.
1.2 Normative references
Insulation systems and materials shall be in accordance with the

following standards:
1.2.1 European normative references
EN 12086 Thermal insulating products for building

applications - Determination of water vapour
transmission properties
EN 12667 Thermal performance of building materials

and products - Determination of thermal
resistance by means of guarded hot plate and
heat flow meter methods - Products of high
and medium thermal resistance
EN 12939 Thermal performance of building materials

and products - Determination of thermal
resistance by means of guarded hot plate and
heat flow meter methods - Thick products of
high and medium thermal resistance
EN 13469 Thermal insulating products for building

equipment and industrial installations -
Determination of water vapour transmission
properties of preformed pipe insulation
EN 13501 Fire classification of construction products and

building elements - Part 1: Classification using
data from reaction to fire tests
EN 13823 Reaction to fire tests for building products -

Building products excluding floorings exposed
to the thermal attack by a single burning item
EN ISO 10456 Buildings materials and products –

Procedures for determining declared and
design thermal values
EN ISO 8497 Thermal insulation – Determination of steady

state thermal transmission properties of
thermal insulation for circular pipes
1.2.2 Normative references of ISO, IEC and national organizations
IMO Res. A.653 (16) Recommendations on improved fire tests

procedures for surface flammability of
bulkhead, ceiling and deck finish materials
IMO Res. MSC 61 (67) International Code for the Application of Fire
Test Procedure. Annex 1. Part 2 – Smoke and
Toxicity Test and Part 5 – Surface
Flammability Test
ISO 37 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic –

determination of tensile stress-strain
properties
ISO 12241 Thermal insulation for building equipment and

industrial installation – Calculation rules
ISO 5660-1 Reaction-to-fire-test – Heat release, smokes

production and mass loss rate – Part 1: heat
release rate (cone calorimeter method)
UNI Norm 6665/88 Superfici coibentate. Metodi di misurazione
1.2.3 Normative references of other organizations
ASTM A653 Standard specification for steel sheet, zinc

coated (galvanized) or zinc-iron alloy-coated
(galvannealed) by the hot-dip process
ASTM B209 Standard specification for aluminium and

aluminium-alloy sheet and plate
ASTM C177 Standard test method for steady state heat

flux measurements and thermal transmission
properties by means of the guarded-hot-plate
apparatus

transfer properties of horizontal pipe insulation

flux measurements and thermal transmission
properties by means of the heat flow meter
apparatus
ASTM C534 Standard specification for preformed

elastomeric cellular thermal insulation in sheet
and tubular form
ASTM C547 Standard specification for mineral fibre pipe

insulation
ASTM C591 Standard specification for unfaced preformed

rigid polyisocyanurate thermal insulation
ASTM C592 Standard specification for mineral fibre

blanket insulation and blanket type pipe
insulation (metal-mesh covered) (industrial
type)
ASTM C680 Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat

Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures
of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical
Systems by Use of Computer Programs
ASTM C692 Standard test method for evaluating the

influence of thermal insulation on external
stress corrosion cracking tendency of
austenitic stainless steel
ASTM C795 Standard specification for thermal insulation

for use in contact with austenitic stainless
steel
ASTM C871 Standard test methods for chemical analysis

of thermal insulation materials for leachable
chloride, fluoride, silicate and sodium ions
ASTM C1094 Standard guide for flexible removable

insulation covers
ASTM D3014 Standard test methods for flame height, time

of burning, and loss of mass of rigid thermoset
cellular plastics in a vertical position
ASTM E84 Standard test methods for surface burning

characteristics of building materials
ASTM E96 Standard test method for water vapor

transmission of materials
NACE RP0198 The control of corrosion under thermal

insulation and fireproofing materials
NORSOK R-004 Piping and equipment insulation
1.2.4 Legislation
Legge 27 marzo 1992 Norme relative alla cessazione dell’impiego

No. 257 dell’amianto
The legislation of Country other than Italy shall be considered.
1.2.5 Internal normative references
07022.EQP.MEC.STD Vessel insulation supports
07318.EQP.MEC.STD Fixed roof tanks – Insulation rings support
2 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Definitions
In the present specifications definitions have been adopted:

Client / Company: the Company entering into Contract.
Contractor: the firm which undertakes to carry out the works.
Supplier: the firm which undertakes to supply materials or equipment.
Piping: pipes with a maximum diameter of 36” (900 mm) and small
vessels having a diameter up to 24” (600 mm).
Equipment: the columns, the horizontal and vertical vessels with a
diameter of over 600 mm, reactors, exchangers and pipes with a
diameter of over 36”.
Storage tanks: vertical storage tanks of the atmospheric pressure type.
Machines: compressors, turbines, pumps, filters, etc.
2.2 Operative environment
The choice of the insulation materials and insulation thicknesses shall

be based on the environmental conditions of the installation site,
defined by the documents issued for the specific project.
The following factors are to be considered:
• minimum and maximum air temperature.
• Operating temperature of piping and equipments.
• Design temperature of piping and equipments (to define
temperature limit of application of a defined insulation material).
• Average wind speed.
• Materials with which insulation is in contact.
• Presence of corrosive substances.
• Fire risk.
• Moisture formation.
2.3 Functional requirements
2.3.1 Extent of the insulation
2.3.1.1 General
The installing of thermal insulation on piping, tanks and equipment has
the following scopes:
• to keep the calorie losses within established limits.
• To maintain the surface temperature of piping, tanks and
equipment at a pre-established value.
• To limit the temperature drop of a fluid.
• To maintain constant in time a fluid’s temperature in a high-
temperature service.
2.3.1.2 Piping
The piping to be insulated shall be indicated in the P&I diagrams and

engineering detail documents.
In case of conflict, that indicated in the P&I diagrams shall govern; in
particular, the following shall be insulated:
• piping which requires insulation for process reasons.
• Piping where it is necessary to avoid solidification or increased
viscosity of the fluid, due to environmental conditions.
• Those parts of the piping which need to be insulated for the
safety of the personnel.
Further, the insulation shall be extended to the flanged couplings and
to the valves in the following cases:
• on steam and condensate lines.
• When required by the work specifications for process fluids.
• When the insulation of the flanges and valves is envisaged for
personnel protection.
• When heat tracing of flanges and valves is required.
The following items shall not be thermally insulated:
• vent valves.
• Steam traps.
• Filters.
• Those pipes where a heat loss is required.
2.3.1.3 Equipment
The equipment to be insulated shall be indicated in the work

specifications and/or in the individual engineering specifications.
In particular, the following items shall not be insulated:
• equipment that is internally insulated to protect the shell material
from high internal temperatures.
• The exchanger flanges.
• Flanges in general if not included in the cases listed in paragraph
2.3.1.2.
• Legs, saddle and skirts, with the exception of those tracts
indicated in the Data Sheet of the equipment. Skirt, saddles and
legs, if required, may be protected with fireproofing material.
• Any attachment for gangways, steps, valves, etc.
2.3.1.4 Tanks
The tanks to be insulated shall be indicated in the work specifications

and/or in the engineering specifications for the individual items.
As a rule, the above-mentioned specifications shall indicate the
insulation requirements, both for the shell and for the roof.
The nozzles, flanges and any attachments to gangways, steps, etc.,
shall not be insulated.
2.3.1.5 Machines
As a rule, the machine parts for insulation shall be required by the

process and indicated by the Supplier of the machines in question, and
the Supplier shall specify the type of insulation and the installation
instructions.
Should no special prescriptions be provided by the Supplier, then the
machines may be insulated as described in paragraph 2.3.14.4.
2.3.2 Materials
2.3.2.1 General
In this chapter are listed, according to their field of application, the

insulating materials, the finishing materials and the fittings that shall be
used for thermal insulation:
• mineral fiber blankets (metal mesh covered) in accordance with
ASTM C592 for on-shore piping.
• Mineral fiber boards and slabs in accordance with ASTM C612
for on-shore and off-shore equipment and tanks.
• Mineral fiber pipe-covering in accordance with ASTM C547 for
off-shore piping.
• Cellular glass in accordance with ASTM C552 for on-shore and
off-shore piping, equipment and tanks.
• Preformed flexible elastomeric foam in accordance with ASTM
C534 for on-shore and off-shore piping.
Other materials may be used, provided they are approved by the Client
and included in the contract.
2.3.2.2 Mineral fiber blankets
Mineral fiber blankets shall be made by molten rock on a wire net of

zinc-coated steel with hexagonal mesh (with triple torsion) or of
stainless steel for use on stainless steel pipes. Blankets shall be in
accordance with ASTM C592 Type II, with the following amendments:
•
3
minimum density: 80 Kg/m .
• Maximum thermal conductivity at average temperature tested in
accordance with ASTM C177 or C518 (thermal conductivity can
be determined in accordance with EN 12667, EN 12239 or EN
ISO 8497 for pipes):
0.038 W/mK @ 50°C
0.045 W/mK @ 100°C
0.053 W/mK @ 150°C
0.062 W/mK @ 200°C
0.073 W/mK @ 250°C
0.085 W/mK @ 300°C.
• Maximum operating temperature: 650°C in continuous – 750°C
max.
• Maximum non-fibrous material: 10%.

• Maximum content of chlorides for use in contact with austenitic
stainless steel to be in accordance with ASTM C795.
2.3.2.3 Mineral fiber boards
Mineral fiber boards shall be composed by rock wool fibers in

accordance with ASTM C612 type IV, treated with thermosetting resins
and having the following characteristics:
• minimum density: 100 Kg/m3.
accordance with ASTM C177 or C518 (thermal conductivity can
be determined in accordance with EN 12667, EN 12239 or EN
ISO 8497 for pipes):
0.038 W/mK @ 50°C
0.043 W/mK @ 100°C
0.050 W/mK @ 150°C
0.059 W/mK @ 200°C
0.069 W/mK @ 250°C
0.081 W/mK @ 300°C
0.091 W/mK @ 350°C.
max.
2.3.2.4 Mineral fiber pipe-covering
Pipe sections shall be composed by rock wool fibers in accordance with

ASTM C547 Type III, arranged in concentric rings, treated with
thermosetting resins and having the following characteristics:
• minimum density: 120 Kg/m3.
accordance with ASTM C335 (thermal conductivity can be
determined in accordance with EN 12667, EN 12239 or EN ISO
8497 for pipes):
0.038 W/mK @ 50°C
0.044 W/mK @ 100°C
0.051 W/mK @ 150°C
0.061 W/mK @ 200°C
0.073 W/mK @ 250°C
0.087 W/mK @ 300°C
0.103 W/mK @ 350°C.
max.

Regarding fire resistance properties, all mineral wool insulations listed

at paragraphs 2.3.2.2, 2.3.2.3 and 2.3.2.4 shall be as minimum class
A2, s2, d0 in accordance with EN 13501 / EN 13823 (in alternative:
maximum flame spread index 25 and maximum smoke developed index
50 in accordance with ASTM E84).
For offshore applications materials shall be tested in accordance with
IMO Res. A653 (16) and IMO Res. MSC 61(67) Annex 1 Part 2 and 5.
In any case in countries different than Italy, local laws shall be taken
into account.
2.3.2.5 Cellular glass
All cellular glass cutting and shaping shall be carried out in the factory.
Insulation material shall be in accordance with ASTM C552 with the
following amendments:
• minimum density: 125 Kg/m3
accordance with ASTM C177 or C518 for ASTM C552 Type I and
ASTM C335 for ASTM C552 Type II (thermal conductivity can be
determined in accordance with EN ISO 10456, EN 12667, EN
12239 or EN ISO 8497 for pipes):
0.036 W/mK @ -50°C
0.042 W/mK @ 0°C
0.049 W/mK @ 50°C
0.057 W/mK @ 100°C
0.069 W/mK @ 150°C
0.081 W/mK @ 200°C
0.110 W/mK @ 300°C.
• Maximum operating temperature: 480°C.
• Average compressive strength shall not be less than 490 kPa.
• Water vapour transmission: 0 (ASTM E 96 or in alternative EN
13496 / EN 12086).
• Linear coefficient of thermal expansion: 8.5 x 10-6 / °C.
• Fire resistance properties: class A1 in accordance with EN 13501
(or in alternative: maximum flame spread index 5 and smoke
developed index 0 in accordance with ASTM E 84).
For offshore applications, materials shall be tested in accordance
with IMO Res. A653 (16) and IMO Res. MSC 61(67) Annex 1
Part 2 and 5.
In any case in countries different than Italy, local laws shall be
taken into account.
• Percentage of closed cell: 100%.
• Insulation material shall not contain any leachable halides (tested
in accordance with ASTM C871).
2.3.2.6 Flexible elastomeric foam
Flexible elastomeric foam shall not be used for fireproofing purposes

even if in combination with other fireproofing materials.
Flexible elastomeric foam shall be closed cell type and shall be in
accordance with ASTM C534 with the following amendments:
• insulation to be used in contact with austenitic stainless steel
shall be ASTM C534 Type III (halogen free) or equivalent in any
case in accordance with ASTM C795.
•
3
Minimum density: 50 kg/m .
accordance with ASTM C177 or C518 for sheets and ASTM
C335 for tubes (thermal conductivity can be determined in
accordance with EN 12667, EN 12239 or EN ISO 8497 for
pipes):
0.036 W/mK @ -20°C
0.037 W/mK @ -10°C
0.038 W/mK @ 0°C
0.040 W/mK @ 20°C
0.042 W/mK @ 40°C
0.045 W/mK @ 60°C.
• Maximum operating temperature: 100°C.
• Minimum fire resistance characteristics: class B, s3, d0 and class
E, s3, d0 for halogen free type (reference norms EN 13501 / EN
13823). For offshore applications materials shall be tested in
accordance with IMO Res. A653 (16) and IMO Res. MSC 61(67)
Annex 1 Part 2 and 5.
In any case in countries different than Italy, local laws shall be
taken into account.
• Water vapour diffusion resistance factor: µ ≥ 3000 in accordance
with EN 12086.
2.3.2.7 Finishing materials
The finishing materials for each item shall be as follows:

a) smooth aluminium, in accordance with ASTM B209: 3060 H 16,
with the following minimum thickness:
0.6 mm for piping with ∅ ≤ 24"
0.8 mm for piping with ∅ > 24"
0.8 mm for equipment.
b) Steel sheet, zinc-coated (Galvanized) by the hot-dip process in
accordance with ASTM A653. This sheet shall be used only
where fireproofing is also required.
Recommended minimum thickness:
0.5 mm for piping ∅ ≤ 24"
0.7 mm for piping ∅ > 24"
Galvanized steel shall not be used for insulation of stainless steel

piping and equipment.
c) Corrugated steel sheet, pitch 63, depth 32 mm, with the following
minimum recommended thickness:
0.8 mm for tanks.
d) Smooth aluminium sheet in accordance with ASTM B209: Alloy
1060 H 14; this sheet shall be used only for off-shore system and
shall have the following minimum thicknesses:
0.8 mm for piping ∅ > 24"
e) Stainless steel sheet shall be type AISI 316 (AISI 304 can be
used for on-shore applications only) and shall be painted for off-
shore applications.
Recommended minimum thickness:
0.7 mm for piping ∅ > 24”
f) Non metallic jacketing: for pipe insulation, a non metallic
jacketing may be used instead of metallic jacketing except for
fireproofing purposes.
Non metallic jacketing shall be in accordance with the following
requirements:
o flame spread/surface flammability: self extinguishing in
accordance with IMO Resolution A-653 (16).
o Smoke and toxicity: tested in accordance with IMO MSC
61 (67) Annex 1 Part 2.
o Aging: materials shall be tested in accordance with a test
proposed by the Supplier and approved by the Client.
Results shall be subject to the Client for approval.
o Tensile strength ≥ 4.5 MPa: tested in accordance with ISO
37.
o Elongation at break ≥ 10%: tested in accordance with ISO
37.
o Water vapour diffusion resistance factor µ ≥ 50000: tested
in accordance with EN 12086.
o Decomposition: the material shall not decompose at
temperatures from -45°C to 75°C.
Based on tests results from fire characteristics, which shall be
given to the Client, the material can be subject to application
restrictions. Any possible shrinkage or temperature instability of
the non metallic jacketing shall be documented.
2.3.2.8 Accessories
All accessories for perfect execution of work according to workmanship

criteria shall be used, especially:
a) annealed and galvanized iron wire: recommended diameters 1
mm and 1.5 mm.
b) Metal straps: these shall be in stainless steel AISI 316 (AISI 304
can be used for on-shore applications) for aluminium and
stainless steel sheet and in zinc-coated (Galvanized) steel for
electroplated steel sheet. Recommended minimum dimensions:
12 x 0.6, 18 x 0.6 and 24 x 0.6 for tanks.
c) Strap clamps.
d) Self-threading screws: these shall be in stainless steel AISI 316
(AISI 304 can be used for on-shore applications) for aluminium
and stainless steel sheet, and in zinc-coated (Galvanized) or
cadmium plated steel for electroplated steel sheet.
e) Metal mesh: in zinc-coated steel with round section, type
recommended: 10 mm mesh.
f) Shiny aluminium sheet in strips or bands: type recommended:
0.1 mm thickness.
g) Glues, adhesives, marine silicones, anti abrasives etc. shall be in
accordance with the insulation Supplier’s recommendations and
shall be suitable to be applied at the maximum operating
temperature of the insulation material.
2.3.2.9 Application range for insulation materials
The following table summarize the application range for above

mentioned insulation materials:
Insulation Materials Max Piping Equipment and tanks

operating
temperat.
Onshore Offshore Onshore Offshore
Mineral Fiber
650°C X
Blankets
Mineral Fiber Boards 700°C X X
Mineral Fiber
650°C X
Pipe-Covering
Cellular Glass 480°C X X X X
Flexible Elastomeric
100°C X X
Foam
2.3.3 Insulation supports
2.3.3.1 General
The insulation supports, where required, shall be supplied and installed

by the Contractor for the piping, and by the Client for the equipment
and tanks.
The support rings shall not coincide with the pipes, branches or other
impediments.
The support rings shall be manufactured as indicated in Fig. 1

Appendix A and their installation shall be the responsibility of the
Contractor. The rings shall be installed only when the height of the
insulation being laid exceeds 4 meters. The support rings shall be
spaced out at equal minimum distances as indicated below:
a) pipes with a diameter of less than or equal to 6":
o with a temperature up to 350°C: 4÷6 m
o with a temperature in excess of 350°C: 3÷4 m.
b) Pipes with a diameter of more than 6":
o with a temperature up to 350°C: 3÷4 m
o with a temperature in excess of 350°C: 2÷3 m.
2.3.3.3 Horizontal piping
On horizontal pipes with a diameter of 4" or more, insulated with rock

wool blankets, the Contractor has the responsibility of installing spacer-
rings (manufactured as in fig. 2 Appendix A), in order to support the
finish (where metal jacketing is to be applied). These rings shall be
installed with a maximum pitch of 950 mm.
2.3.3.4 Equipment
The support rings shall be manufactured as indicated in the

07022.EQP.MEC.STD or, alternatively in accordance with the standard
defined by executor of the engineering detail subject to Client's
approval.
2.3.3.5 Tanks
On alI the storage tanks the installation of the insulation supports shall
be the Client's responsibility, and shall be manufactured as indicated in
the 07318.EQP.MEC.STD or, alternatively, in accordance with the
standard of the executor of engineering detail, subject to the Client's
approval.
2.3.3.6 Machines
Any insulation supports shall be indicated by the machine's Suppliers,

or studied for each specific case and pointed out in the work
specifications.
2.3.4 Steam Tracing
2.3.4.1 General
For steam traced pipes, the calculation of insulation thickness shall be

carried out assuming as maximum operating temperature the 70% of
the operating temperature of the tracing pipe. This when this
temperature is minor than operating temperature of the traced pipe.
2.3.4.2 Installation instructions
The pipes shall be wrapped in a round section metal net with 10 mm

mesh, held in place by 1 mm galvanized iron wire, and subsequently
enveloped in a shiny aluminium sheet of 0.1 mm thickness.
The insulations shall than be laid according to the instructions indicated
in the following paragraphs, depending on the insulation material
adopted, and as illustrated in fig. 5 Appendix A.
The valves, flanges, pipe-fittings and the special parts attached to
insulated pipes shall be insulated as described in the following
paragraphs, according to the thermal insulation material adopted.
2.3.5 Installation prescriptions
2.3.5.1 General
Before commencing the insulation works, the Contractor shall check

that the condition of the surfaces to be insulated conforms to the
Client's requirements.
Should there be no specific prescriptions, the Contractor is obliged to
clean the surfaces of slag, rust, traces of oil and anything else that
might damage the thermal insulation materials.
2.3.5.2 Prescription for the Contractor
The Contractor shall respect the following prescription:

a) conditions for the work commencement: normally, the laying of
the insulations shall begin when the equipment, the pipes, the
interception devices and the measuring instruments etc. have
been completely assembled and tested.
b) Cleaning of the surfaces to be insulated: after the erection of the
supports and prior the application of the insulations, it is
necessary to check that all the surfaces are perfectly clean and
dry.
c) Name plates: It is imperative to make sure that the plates on the

equipment which indicate the construction and testing data are
not covered by the insulation or the exterior finish, or become
damaged in any way. When the position of these plates does not
permit the simple interruption of the coating, agreements shall be
made with the Client for the most suitable solution.
d) Templates: where the insulation is interrupted, e.g. where there
are support struts, gangways, manholes, observation windows,
etc., the finishing shall be executed using window-templates in
sheet metal of the same thickness as that used for the covering.
e) Cleaning of the work area: the Contractor is responsible for
cleaning-up the work area as the thermal insulation works are
gradually completed.
f) Welding: no welding, for the fixing of scaffolding necessary to the
laying of the insulations shall be executed by the Contractor on
piping, tanks and equipment, unless explicitly authorized in
writing by the Client.
g) In case of insulation of flanged connections of equipment and
piping which contain process gas, insulation system shall be
designed in order to avoid, in case of a leakage of process fluid,
any possible accumulation of sour gas underneath the removable
or fixed jacket (e.g. design to include details such as any gas
leakage from the flange will be directed out of the insulation
jacket through a vent as a neoprene sock with an adequately
long teat applied over the outside of the flanges).
With fixed jacket it is intended a jacket which is not easy to be
disassembled.
h) If the Data Sheets of the equipment require insulation of a part of
supports, skirts and legs welded directly onto the equipment,
these shall be insulated with the same thickness of insulating
material as the equipment itself.
i) Where a non-metallic finish is to be applied over insulation
system, this shall be installed in accordance with manufacturers’
instructions. For application of metal finish refer to paragraph
2.3.10.
2.3.6 Installation of mineral fiber insulation on on-shore piping
2.3.6.1 Pipes
a) Single-layer thermal insulation.

The blankets shall be wrapped, dry without the under-Iayer, to
the piping, leaving the wire net on the external side. They shall be
secured by 1 mm annealed and galvanized iron wire with 250
mm maximum pitch. Subsequently, the edges of the wire net
shall be stitched as described earlier. The lacing shall also
include the top joints of two adjacent blankets which shall be
placed close together.
The Contractor shall carry out the assembly of the spacer-rings
for the support of the finish, according to fig. 3 Appendix A and
paragraph 2.3.3.
b) Multiple-layer thermal insulation.
When the thickness of the thermal insulation is greater than 100
mm, the insulation shall be applied in many layers with all the
joints staggered. Each layer shall have a minimum thickness of
50 mm and be approximately equal to that of the other layers.
The blankets shall be wrapped around the piping leaving the
metal net on the external side. All layers shall be secured by 1
mm annealed and zinc-coated iron wire with 250 mm maximum
pitch for a piping diameter up to 24"; when the piping diameter is
greater than 24”,
the external layer shall be secured by means of zinc-coated
straps.
The lacing shall also include the butt joints of two adjacent
blankets which shall be placed close to each other (see fig. 3
Appendix A).
The installer shall assemble the spacer-rings for the support of
the finish, according to fig. 3 Appendix A and para 2.3.3.
c) Piping for distribution stations, steam tracing, hot water etc., and
related recoveries.
Where possible, and for practical reasons, the pipes shall be
thermally insulated by wrapping them in a single bundle, both for
the insulating material and for the respective finish (see fig. 6
Appendix A). The assembly methods shall be in accordance with
points a) and b) of this paragraph.
d) The filling of gaps.
Where gaps exist, these shall be completely filled in with loose
rock wool.
e) Interruption of insulation.
The insulation of the pipes in the proximity of flanges couplings,
shall be interrupted in order to permit the untying of the tie-rods.
a) Bends, tees and special parts.

Normally, these shall be dry insulated with blankets which will be
rolled, leaving the metal net towards the external side; the
blankets shall be secured with annealed and zinc-coated iron-
wire of 1 mm. Subsequently, the edges of the metal net shall be
laced as described earlier. The lacing shall concern all the joints
between adjacent blankets, which shall be placed adjacently (fig.
4 Appendix A). Only for diameters of less than 4", loose rock
wool may be used.
b) Valves and flanges.
The insulation may be of the fixed or removable type.
The insulation shall cover the thermally insulated surface of
adjacent pipe, and the length of the covering shall be as
indicated in fig. 9 Appendix A.
In the case of manual valves, the insulation shall leave the
stuffing-box free, and for the control valves only the body shall be
insulated, excluding the cover.
2.3.6.3 Vertical piping.
The insulation shall be executed as indicated in paragraph 2.3.6.1. The

support rings for the insulation shall be installed as indicated in fig. 4
Appendix A and paragraph 2.3.3.
2.3.7 Installation of mineral fiber insulation on off-shore piping
2.3.7.1 Pipes

The insulation shall be carried out by means of dry application,
without under-layer, of staggered pipe-coverings.
The pipe-coverings and/or the staves shall be secured with
annealed and zinc-coated iron wire of 1 mm as minimum for
diameters up to 14", while for greater diameters stainless steel or
zinc-coated steel straps of minimum 12 x 0.6 mm shall be used.
The distance for the bindings shall be with a maximum pitch of
250 mm (see fig. 7 Appendix A).
When the thickness of the thermal insulation is greater than 80
mm, the insulation shall be applied in several layers with all the
joints staggered. Each layer shall have a minimum thickness of
30 mm and be approximately equal in thickness to the other
layers.
In order to fix the insulation (for both the internal and external
layer) stainless steel or zinc-coated steel straps shall be used
(minimum 12 x 0.6 mm), held by stainless steel or zinc-coated
clamps.
The distance of the bindings shall be with a maximum pitch of

250 mm.
c) Piping for distribution stations for steam routing hot water etc,
and related recoveries.
Where possible and for practical reasons, the pipes shall be
thermally insulated by wrapping them into a single bundle, both
for the insulating material and for the respective finish (see fig. 6
Appendix A).
These may be thermally insulated with rock wool, or,
alternatively, with fibre cord.
The finish may be executed in sheet, or where possible, with self-
adhesive waterproof tape.
d) The filling of the gaps.
Where gaps and holes exist, these shall be completely filled in
with dry insulating material.
e) Interruption of the insulation.
The insulation of the pipes in proximity of the flanged couplings
shall be interrupted in such a way as to permit the untying of the
tie-rods.
a) Bends, tees and special parts.

All the bends of over 3" shall be dry insulated, with shaped
segments or blocks which shall be secured by means of
annealed zinc-coated iron wire of 1.5 mm (see fig. 8 Appendix A).
The bends and the special parts of less than 4” shall be insulated
with rock wool in pipe-coverings; blankets may be used, when
more practical.
b) Valves, flanges.
Preferably, the insulation shall be of the fixed type. The insulation
shall cover the insulated surface of the adjacent pipe, and the
length of the covering shall be as indicated in fig. 9 Appendix A.
The empty spaces between the surface of the valve or flange and
that of the cap shall be entirely filled with fragments of the same
insulating material.
Should the need for frequent inspection of the valves and flanges
be envisaged, then insulation shall be with rock wool blankets in
removable boxes.
In the case of manual valves, the insulation shall leave the
stuffing-box free, while for the control valves only the body shall
be insulated, excluding the cover.
The insulation shall be executed as indicated in paragraph 2.3.7.1. The

support rings shall be installed as indicated in fig. 8 Appendix A and in
para. 2.3.3.
2.3.8 Installation of cellular glass insulation on piping
2.3.8.1 Pipes
The surface to be insulated shall be clean and free from all traces of
grease, rust, dust and any foreign matter.
The cellular glass insulation shall be applied with staggered and
carefully butted joints. Each section shall be tightly fixed in place with
two self-adhesive, glass fiber reinforced tapes or aluminium lined butyl
rubber, applied with minimum overlap of 150 mm, or stainless steel
straps in AISI 316 (AISI 304 can be used for on-shore applications only)
having minimum dimensions of 12 mm wide x 0.4 thick or 19 mm wide
x 0.5 thick depending on the dimensions of the piping. Wire to fix shells
or segments shall be avoided, due to the wire cutting of the insulation
surface.
When the thickness of the thermal insulation is greater than 80mm, the
insulation shall be applied in several layers with all the joints staggered.
Each layer shall have a minimum thickness of 40 mm and be
approximately equal in thickness to the other layers.
Single layer applications and outer layer of multiple layer applications
shall have a joint sealant applied to all longitudinal and circumferential
joint. The sealant shall be in accordance with the insulation Supplier’s
recommendations and shall be compatible with the maximum operating
temperature of the pipe.
If a sealant suitable for the maximum operating temperature doesn’t
exist, sealing of the joints shall be avoid or a multiple layer application
with the sealant applied on the outer layer only can be taken into
account.
After sealant application the insulation shall be fixed firmly using a band
tensioning system. Insulation fixing straps or tape shall be installed
after having smoothed the joints. Outer surface of the insulation system
shall be coated with a weather resistant mastic (in accordance with the
insulation Supplier’s recommendations) before the installation of the
external jacket, if foreseen. Inner surface of insulation system, in
contact with pipe, shall be coated with an anti-abrasive product (in
accordance with the insulation Supplier’s recommendations) in order to
avoid any damage to the painting or metal surface. Never apply the
anti-abrasive on the pipe it-self. The anti-abrasive shall be completely
dry before applying the insulation material. In figure 16 and 17
Appendix A are shown two typical insulation systems (single layer type
and double layer type). Expansion joint shall be installed where
differential thermal movements are foreseen. The location of expansion
joints shall be determined considering the expected pipe movements.
In addition to expansion joints for a given length of piping, joints shall

also be placed at any direction change in the piping. Expansion joints
shall be installed in the inner and outer insulation layer (see fig. 18
Appendix A).
Vertical lines having support rings shall have a joint immediately below
each support ring (see fig. 19 Appendix A).
Each expansion joint shall be filled with resilient insulation material (low
density glass wool or equivalent). For multi-layer insulation systems a
sliding compound shall be applied between the insulation layers. In
order to avoid any water infiltration the expansion joint of the outer layer
shall be covered with a butyl-rubber sheet (1.2 mm thick). This sheet
shall be sealed and fixed with steel straps.
Insulation of valves and flanges can be realized by mean of a fixed or

removable system.
Where fixed insulation is required, insulation material shall be cellular
glass.
Where removable insulation is required, the insulation system can be
flexible type or rigid type:
• flexible type insulation shall be realized by mean of a flexible
jacket, in accordance with ASTM C1094. Flexible jacket shall be
composed by an inner insulation material in mineral fiber in
accordance with paragraph 2.3.2.2 and by an outer fiber glass
cloth. This outer layer shall be coated with a self extinguish
silicone rubber and shall be suitable to operate up to the
maximum operating temperature of the valve/flange. The flexible
removable jacket shall be wrapped around the fitting and fixed in
place using springs, clips or wires.
• Rigid type insulation shall be realized by mean of a metal jacket
as described in the following paragraph 2.3.10.3 and in fig. 9.
Other removable jacket can be proposed by the Contractor and subject
to Company approval.
2.3.9 Installation of flexible elastomeric foam on piping
2.3.9.1 Pipes
Flexible elastomeric foam is generally used with non metallic jacketing.

Insulation material with pre-applied non metallic jacket can be
accepted. The non metallic jacket shall be in accordance with the
insulation Supplier’s recommendations and shall be applied following
the Supplier’s instructions. Thermal expansion of insulation shall be
taken into account installing the jacketing.
Material expansion with temperature shall be considered in all direction,
including radial where the jacketing material shall be capable to
accommodate the increased volume without causing stresses that
would quickly lead to premature failure of the system. All surfaces shall
be free of oil, dust, water and contamination prior to insulation
application.
Flexible elastomeric foam insulation shall be pre-formed tubular
sections for pipe sizes of 6” and less. On pipes larger than 6” sheet
insulation shall be used. Sheet insulation shall not be stretched around
the pipe.
Elbows, tees, flanges, valves and other fittings shall be insulated with
pre-fabricated covers and shall be overlapped and sealed to the
adjacent pipe insulation (see below 2.3.9.2).
Insulation material shall not be compressed at joints, studs, columns,
hangers etc.
Insulation shall be adhered circumferentially to the pipe at each butt
end of tube or sheet product.
Insulation shall be installed with seams and joints sealed with
rubberised contact adhesive, in accordance with insulation supplier’s
recommendation and suitable for the maximum operating temperature.
Insulation with pre-applied adhesive is not recommended. A brush
coating of adhesive shall be applied to both butt ends to be joined and
to both slit surfaces to be sealed.
All joints on the external polymeric jacket shall be sealed with suitable
sealant (in accordance with Supplier’s recommendations) and shall
have a minimum of 40 mm overlap. Contact adhesive shall be applied
to both surfaces of the overlap joints.
The insulation materials and the external jacketing shall be installed in
such a way that water does not enter the insulation material or between
the insulation and the pipe surface during design life.
Seams shall be staggered when applying multiple layers of insulation.

Minimum voids must be ensured between surfaces and insulation.
When insulation is applied over a single run of trace heating, the
internal diameter is to be 5 mm oversize and 10 mm oversize for
multiple runs of tracing. For use of insulation over trace heating, the
maximum heat output of the trace heating should be taken into
account.
See an example of application onto pipe in fig. 26 Appendix A.
Insulation of valves and flanges can be realized by mean of a fixed or

removable system.
Where fixed insulation is required, insulation material shall be flexible
elastomeric foam.
Where removable insulation is required, the insulation system can be
flexible type or rigid type:
• flexible type insulation shall be realized by mean of a flexible
jacket, in accordance with ASTM C1094. Flexible jacket shall be
composed by an inner insulation material in flexible elastomeric
foam in accordance with paragraph 2.3.2.6 and by an outer fiber
glass cloth. This outer layer shall be coated with a self extinguish
silicone rubber and shall be suitable to operate up to the
maximum operating temperature of the valve/flange. The flexible
removable jacket shall be wrapped around the fitting and fixed in
place using springs, clips or wires.
• Rigid type insulation shall be realized by mean of a metal jacket
as described in the following paragraph 2.3.10.3 and in fig. 9.
Other removable jacket can be proposed by the Contractor and subject
to Company approval.
2.3.10 Installation of the metal finish on piping
2.3.10.1 General
After having bound the thermal insulation and filled holes etc. with
insulating material, the covering sheet of zinc-coated steel, aluminium
or stainless steel – as required – shall be applied.
2.3.10.2 Straight and bending pipes
The sheet shall be duly calendered, flanged and fixed with stainless
steel self-threading screws for the aluminium or stainless steel sheet,
and zinc-coated or cadmium-coated for the galvanized steel sheet, with
a distance of maximum 150 mm one from the other.
Alternatively, the metal finish shall be fixed with straps 12 x 0.5 mm as

minimum, at a distance of maximum 250 mm, and tightened with
clamps or self-closing hooks.
Zinc-coated steel straps shall be used for galvanized steel sheet and
stainless steel straps for aluminium sheets.
On the circumferential joints, the sheets shall be overlapped male to
female. In the longitudinal joints, the sheet shall be flanged in order to
increase the rigidity, and overlapped with the external part facing
downwards to permit the drainage of rainwater.
The surmounting shall, however, always be of at least 50 mm.
For valves and flanges the insulation shall be of the fixed or removable
type. By fixed is meant that the finishing sheet is held tightly onto the
thermal insulation by screws, whereas by removable (two or more
parts) is meant that the finishing sheet with the thermal insulation itself
can be easily removed in order to gain access to the item needing
inspection. The parts which comprise the removable boxes shall be
held in place by means of special self-closing hooks.
The expansion joints shall be made by simply overlapping 50 mm of the

sheet itself.
For the vertical piping the joints shall coincide with the support rings
and the upper sheet shall be laid over the lower one to permit the
drainage of rainwater.
In each joint, the most external sheet shall be strapped.
The joints shall be envisaged with a pitch of 5 meters for an operating
temperature of up to 350°C, and the pitch shall be reduced by 0.5
meters for each temperature increase at 50°C.
For temperatures that exceed 700°C, the pitch shall be 1 meter.
In each joint, the most external sheet shall be strapped.
2.3.11 Installation of the mineral fiber insulation on equipment, storage tanks

and machines
2.3.11.1 General

The slabs shall be applied dry, without under-layer, with all the
joints staggered and held in place as indicated in the following
points, with metal straps.
When the insulation thickness exceeds 80 mm, the insulation
shall be applied in many layers, with all joints staggered. Each
layer shall have a minimum thickness of 30 mm and be
c) The filling of the gaps.

Where gaps, holes or dents exist, these shall be completely filled
in with dry insulating material, held in place, if necessary, by
insulating plastic.
2.3.11.2 Equipment
a) Vertical equipment
o Shell: the sheets and/or shaped staves shall be placed
against the supports and secured horizontally (and where
necessary, vertically) with zinc-coated or stainless steel
straps of 18 x 0.6 mm as minimum, placed at a distance
of maximum 250 mm one from the other (see fig. 10
Appendix A).
The maximum length of these straps shall not exceed 6
meters. Straps of greater length shall be composed of
several tracts and locked together with threaded
couplings.
o Bases: The plates or shaped segments shall be secured
on the bases with zinc-coated or stainless steel straps (or,
where more practical, with zinc-coated iron wire) hooked
to special supports.
Should no supports have been installed on the bases, the
insulation shall be executed as indicated below.
o Heads: the insulation shall be supported by metal straps
hooked on one side to two straps 18 x 0.6 mm as
minimum, drawn over the shell, while on the other side
these straps will be hooked to an 8 mm float ring, which
shall be placed at the top of the head (fig. 10 Appendix A).
Around the edge, the straps shall be spread out at a
maximum distance of 300 mm.
When apt and possible, the heads may be made as flat
surfaces.
This application shall be authorized, as required, by the

Company.
b) Horizontal equipment
o Shell: the plates and/or shaped staves of the lower part
shall be secured with metal straps of 18 x 0.6 mm as
minimum, drawn circumferentially from one insulation
support to another, and placed at a distance of maximum
250 mm from one to another.
Subsequently, the insulation of the upper part of the shell
shall be undertaken by placing the sheets or the shaped
segments against the special supports.
Also the upper part of the insulation shall be secured with
metal straps, as explained above.
o Bases: the insulation shall be carried out as indicated
above in point a).
c) Miscellaneous details
o Skirt, support legs and support saddles: these shall be
insulated only for the tracts immediately adjacent to the
equipment connection, as indicated in figs. 11 and 13
Appendix A.
o Manholes, nozzles, flanges, etc.: the insulation of the
special parts shall be of the fixed type and shall be
executed in such a way as to be removable without
damaging the adjacent insulation.
The Iatter shall be executed in such a way as to aIIow for
the unlatching of the bolts.
Should the need for frequent inspection of these special
parts be envisaged, the insulation shall be performed
using rock wool bIankets contained in removable boxes of
metal sheet, held in place with metal straps and self-
closing hooks, or with levered tie-rods.
The insulation supporting base shall be carefully rendered watertight by

means of a bituminous water-proofing emulsion, and the lowest layer of
the insulation material, at the base of the tank, shall be - if not
otherwise indicated - in cellular glass or a similar material that must be
waterproof (see fig. 14 Appendix A).
The insulation of the roof shall be carried out only when expressly
required by the work specifications.
The plates shall be placed against the supports; these supports shall be
in accordance with standard 07318.EQP.MEC.STD, and horizontally
secured (and where necessary, vertically) with zinc-coated or stainless
steel straps of minimum 24 x 0.6 ÷ 0.8 mm, placed at a maximum
distance of 250 mm one from the other (see fig. 10 Appendix A).
The maximum length of these straps shall not exceed 6 meters.
Straps of greater length shall be composed of several tracts and locked
together with threaded couplings.
2.3.11.4 Machines
Any insulation supports shall be studied as individual cases. The

application of the insulation shall be performed as far as the regularity
of the surface permits, with pipe-coverings, plates or staves, in
accordance with the instructions described in the previous paragraph
2.3.11.1.
Where the irregularity of the surface does not permit these types, the
insulation may be carried out with alternative insulations of simpler
application, subject to the Client's authorization.
When foreseen by the work specifications, the machines may be
insulated with plate-boxes of the fixed kind, filled with rock wool.
2.3.12 Installation of the cellular glass insulation on vessels and storage tanks
2.3.12.1 Vessels
Vessel can be insulated with dry applied segments or with adhered
segments.
a) Vessels with dry applied segments.
Segments appropriate to the shape of the surface to be insulated
shall be dry applied with staggered joints. Staggering the
segments is not needed for vessel heads or other irregular
forms. Segments will be held in place by means of 2 steel straps
per segment for the walls.
For vessel heads some extra floating rings (number depends of
the vessel diameter) shall be used to minimize the number of
steel straps at the centre of the head. The insulation of the
bottom heads, manholes and other individual items shall also be
fixed in place with steel straps attached to support rings welded
onto the body of the vessel (see fig. 20, 22 Appendix A).
b) Vessels with adhered segments.
Segments appropriate to the shape of the surface to be insulated
shall be applied with staggered joints. Staggering the segments
is not needed for vessel heads or other irregular forms.
Segments will be adhered and joints filled with adhesive.
Temporary banding is needed to give adhesive time to set.
Excess of adhesive running out of the joints shall be removed
before it sets. Extra steel straps are not needed when using
adhesive (see fig. 20 and 21 Appendix A).
2.3.12.2 Tanks
Service temperature and the type of tank will guide requirements made
on the insulation system as well as the insulation thickness.
a) Tank wall insulation
Depending on the type of tank, cellular glass insulation can be
applied in various ways: for example, with reference to fig. 23
Appendix A, the insulation, in case of a double wall tank, can be
applied on the outer surface of the inner tank wall or on the inner
surface of the outer tank wall.
Differences from geometrical, cylindrical form of the wall or steel
liner shall not exceed 10 mm for a distance of 2 meters. Local
irregularities, due for instance to welding, may exceed this value
provided that they are adequately treated; for example welded
surfaces can be locally smoothed in order to avoid asperities.
The tank shall be protected from the elements to avoid any water
penetration or condensation during application of the insulation.
The adhesive shall be prepared according to the Supplier's
instructions. It shall be applied with a trowel all-over the slab
surface in order to glue two adjacent edges.
Adhesive will act as a vapour barrier in the joints, which shall be
completely filled; this application guarantees continuity to the
system in order to avoid condensation between steel surface and
insulation layer. Cellular glass slabs shall be laid in rows, starting
at the bottom of the tank. The horizontal and vertical joints in
each layer of insulation shall be aligned. This alignment of joints
filled with adhesive acts as small expansion/contraction joints.
Care shall be taken that the joint thickness ranges from 2 to 3
mm (see fig. 24 Appendix A).
Each slab shall be laid so that it is pressed firmly against the
previous one, thus making the joints perfectly water and water
vapour tight.
Surplus adhesive exuding from joints shall be removed before
adhesive sets. Should any slabs be broken during application,
the resulting joints shall be filled with the adhesive. Steps or
irregularities can be matched by presenting the cellular glass
slab dry to the surface and shaping it locally by abrasion. An
alternative method consists in placing a joint in front of the local
irregularity.
Unprotected edges of slabs shall be covered with a layer of

adhesive, whenever work is interrupted. It is recommended that
work be interrupted if there is rain and that edges shall be
protected as indicated above. This protective layer shall be
removed when work is recommenced.
A movement joint shall be provided at the wall/roof junction. It
should allow differential movement when tank is put into service
(see fig. 25 Appendix A).
Any connection to the tank shall be designed to allow differential
movement between the tank, the insulation and the connection
(piping, stairs, inlet, outlet, etc.). Manholes shall be insulated with
the same insulation thickness as the tank. Anchoring systems
shall be enclosed with resilient insulating material that will allow
them to move. The complete system shall be covered by an
additional layer of cellular glass, applied with adhesive to prevent
any penetration of water or water vapour.
If required a flexible mastic with fabric reinforcement can be
applied over the insulation system as weather barrier. This is
recommended in aggressive atmospheres. Fabric reinforcement
shall be avoided if important differential thermal movements are
expected. The overlap of fabric at joints shall be 10 cm. Ensure
that the mastic is completely dry before applying any compatible
paint.
b) Tank roof insulation (fixed roof only)
Cellular glass insulation shall be applied to the roof using a
suitable adhesive. The application technique is identical as for
the walls.
The best way to start insulation of a large tank roof is to divide it
into 4 or 6 parts and fill each part with slabs adjusted to the
curvature of the roof. With this method cutting is reduced to a
minimum. If there is rain the roof insulation shall be protected to
avoid that water should be trapped between insulation and tank
surface or that water should stay in open surface cells of the
already applied slabs.
A finish on the cellular glass surface can be avoided when it is
applied inside the cavity of a double-containment tank. The
planning of the work shall then make sure that the insulation is
not exposed to water or outside weather, even during erection. If
these conditions are not met, at least a cell filler shall be applied
on the cellular glass surface of the roof. On low-slope surfaces, a
bitumen adhered membrane or a metallic jacketing is
recommended.
If metallic jacketing is to be applied the following instruction shall

be followed both for wall and roof insulation: apply corrugated
metal sheets to the external surface of the cellular glass. If
appropriate due to climatic or mechanical conditions, the external
surface of the cellular glass insulation may first be coated with a
single layer of suitable mastic that will be given enough drying
time before jacket application.
2.3.13 Installation of the metal finish on equipment, storage tanks and

machines
2.3.13.1 General
After having bound the insulations and filled in holes etc. with dry
insulation material, the covering sheet of zinc-coated steel, or
aluminium (depending which is required) shall be applied.
2.3.13.2 Equipment
a) Shell
The sheet shall be suitably shaped, flanged and fixed to the
anchor rings.
The single metal plates shall overlap by at least 50 mm, both on
the longitudinal joints and on the circumferential ones.
The overlapping shall, however, be such as to permit the
The metal plates shall be held in place with self-threading screws
in stainless steel for the aluminium or stainless steel sheet, and
zinc-coated or cadmium-plated steel for the galvanized steel
sheet, with a distance of maximum 150 mm one from the other
and/or with metal bands of minimum 18 x 0.6 mm. Zinc-coated
steel straps shall be used for galvanized steel sheet and
stainless steel straps for aluminium or stainless steel sheets.
The length of these straps shall not exceed 10 meters.
Straps of greater length shall be composed of several tracts and
locked together with threaded couplings.
b) Bases
Except where otherwise indicated in the work specifications, the
finish of the bases shall be carried out as follows:
on the insulated surfaces, sheet sectors shall be applied, and
these shall be radially coupled with overlapping male/male.
The latter surmounts the sheet which cylindrical shell by at least
50 overlapping shall, however, be such as the drainage of
rainwater.
The sectors shall be held in place by stainless steel self-
threading screws for the aluminium sheet, and zinc-coated or
cadmium-plated sheet for the galvanized steel sheet, with a
distance of maximum 150 mm one from the other.
a) Shell
The sheet shall be suitably shaped, flanged and fixed with
anchor rings. The individual metal plates shall overlap by at least
150 mm, both on the longitudinal joints and on the
circumferential ones.
The metal plates shall be held in place with stainless steel self-
threading screws for the aluminium or stainless steel sheet, and
zinc-coated or cadmium-plated steel for the galvanized steel
sheet, with a distance of maximum 150 mm one from the other
and/or with metal straps of minimum 24 x 0.6 mm. Zinc-coated
steel straps shall be used for galvanized steel sheets and
stainless steel straps far aluminium or stainless steel sheets.
The length of these straps shall not exceed 10 meters.
Straps of greater length shall be composed of several tracts and
locked together with threaded couplings.
Corrugated sheets are also acceptable, and these may be
horizontally and vertically arranged.
The covering required in this case shall be of 2 waves in one
direction and of 150 mm in the other direction.
b) Roofs
The finish shall be executed as for the shell, adopting the
following techniques for the edges.
The last sheets shall be folded downwards and overlapped for
the whole circumference of the shell's finishing sheet.
Subsequently, another sheet shall be placed in position and this
shall cover at least 150 mm of the second last finishing sheet of
the roof, and be folded downwards, so as to cover part of the last
finishing sheet (fig. 14 Appendix A).
c) Waterproofing of non-insulated roofs
If roof insulation is not envisaged, the Contractor shall weld,
circumferentially around the roof, for a surmount of 30 mm, a
small gutter, folding over at the corners, which projects 50 mm
beyond the insulation in order to permit the drainage of
rainwater.
This small gutter shall be made in 2 mm thick steel sheet (see
fig. 14 Appendix A)
2.3.13.4 Machines
Unless otherwise indicated in the work specifications or by the Supplier

of the machines, the machines’ finish shall be executed using pre-
fabricated fixed or removable boxes.
The expansion joints shall be made by simply overlapping by 50 mm of

the sheet itself.
For the vertical equipment, the joints shall coincide with the support
rings and the upper sheet shall overlap the lower one, so as to permit
the drainage of rainwater.
The joints shall be envisaged with a pitch of maximum 5 m for an
operating temperature up to 350°C, and the pitch sh all be reduced by
0.5 meters for each 50°C temperature increase.
For temperature greater than 700°C, the pitch shall be 1 meter.
In every joint, the last external sheet shall be strapped.
2.3.14 Thickness and insulation classes
2.3.14.1 Calculation of the thickness
The insulation thickness shall be calculated for each system by means

of special calculation programs (in accordance with ISO 12241 or other
standard approved by the Company, in alternative ASTM C680 can be
used) based on the following considerations:
a) the need to keep the heat loss within certain optimal economic
values (general case).
By the "insulation economic thickness" is meant the thickness
above which the increased cost of the insulation is not amortized
by the related energy saving.
b) The need for the surface temperature to be lower than 60°C for
the personnel safety.
c) The need to keep the heat loss within certain process limits of
the plant in order to assure a determined temperature for a given
range of time.
For the calculation of thicknesses, thermal conductivity coefficients
shall be included increased by a coefficient equal to 10 - 15% of the
value of the same, and depending on the type of insulation.
The thickness shall be calculated in accordance with ISO 12241 or
another standard approved by the Company (in alternative ASTM C680
can be used).
For the piping, the thickness shall be calculated by applying the formula
for cylindrical walls and shall be tabulated in diameters ranging 1/2"
and 36".
For pipes with diameters of Iess than 1 ½”, thicknesses equal to those
calculated for 1 ½” shall be adopted.
For pipes with a diameter of over 36", thicknesses equal to those

calculated for equipment shall be adopted.
For equipment and tanks, the thicknesses shall be calculated by
applying the formula for flat walls.
For equipment with operating temperatures which vary with height, two
insulation thicknesses may be installed, and namely: for half of the
height, a thickness shall be calculated on the basis of the maximum
operating temperature, and for the other half, a thickness shall be
calculated on the basis of the mean temperature between the average
temperature and the minimum temperature.
The thicknesses calculated as explained above, shall always be net of
protective covering and shall be quoted in the lists attached to the work
specifications for each job.
2.3.14.2 Data necessary for calculation
The data necessary for the calculation of the thicknesses, depending

on the scope of insulation are as follows:
a) case described under point 2.3.15.1 a)
o type of thermal insulation material
o type of jacket material
o dimensions of the equipment to be insulated
o cost of the heat
o cost of the insulation
o annual operating hours
o amortization period (in years)
o interest rate
o annual average atmospheric temperature
o average wind speed.
b) Case described under point 2.3.15.1 b)
o maximum surface temperature allowed (if different from
60°C)
o maximum average ambient temperature
c) Case described under point 2.3.15.1 c):
o process requirements (e.g. maximum heat loss, minimum
allowable temperature, maximum range of time at a given
temperature etc.)
o maximum average ambient temperature
Insulation thickness depends from above mentioned parameters and
shall be calculated case by case.
Calculated thickness shall be approved by the Company.
In case of personnel protection, in order to minimize insulation

surfaces, insulation material can be replaced with metal shield for
operating temperature up to 250°C and if no other i nsulation
requirements as heat conservation are specified. Metal shield shall be
mesh guard type (see fig. 27 Appendix A), in alternative a perforated
metal sheet in stainless steel can be used.
Distance of sheet/guard from bare pipe shall be 50 mm up to and
included 10” pipe, 100 mm above 10” pipe.
2.4 Ergonomics
The insulation system shall be installed in way:

• to not obstruct escape ways and walk ways.
• To observe operative requirements.
• To be accessible for safety and maintenance operations.
2.5 Safety
All supplied materials shall be in accordance with this specification in

terms of fire resistance. Provided documentation shall include
assessment of fire and toxic hazard.
Insulation materials shall be asbestos free in accordance with Italian
Law No. 257 - 27 March 1992 “Norme relative alla cessazione
dell’impiego dell’amianto”. The legislation of Country other than Italy
shall be considered.
Insulation for personnel protection shall be envisaged for piping,
equipment and machinery that normally are not insulated, but feature a
service temperature that exceeds 60°C. This protect ion shall be
restricted to areas for manoeuvres or passages for personnel. Said
protection shall be extended 60 cm horizontally and 210 cm vertically
from operative areas or gangways.
2.6 Requirements for Quality Management and Quality Assurance
2.6.1 General
The Contractor shall submit to Company a quality system manual. The

quality system shall include specific Quality Assurance/Quality Control
procedures for the work and test procedures for all materials.
The Quality Control procedure shall include an inspection and test plan
with references to all test procedures, number of samples, acceptance
criteria and frequency of test.
The Contractor shall provide facilities for the inspection of all materials
and application procedures before and during insulation work, up to the
contractual completion date.
Inspection shall be carried out during and after completion of any stage
and before commencement of the following stage, beginning with
material checks and ending with final performance check.
2.6.2 Measurements
Insulation measurements shall be carried out, when installation is

completed, in opposition to the Client’s and Contractor’s duties
according to the UNI Norm 6665/88. Any other measurement system,
for example, computerized, shall be agreed upon by the Parties and
transcribed on the Contract.
The results of the measurements shall be written on appropriate
documents in which the areas, positions or other elements which allow
the real identification of the measured surface must be sufficiently
individualized.
2.6.3 Inspection and testing
If the Contractor sub-contracts all or part of the works, in any case it

shall be his responsibility to ensure adequate inspection of insulation
installation of his sub-contractors.
2.6.3.1 Inspection of materials
Inspection of materials shall be performed either at the Supplier’s

workshop or in the field.
Laboratory test results for insulation materials obtained by independent
test laboratories shall be submitted to the Company prior to the
commencement of the work together with the data sheets,
Manufacturer’s instructions and method statement of the Contractor.
The material shall be delivered in multiple production batches; as
minimum one laboratory test shall be performed at the Supplier’s
workshop and the test result submitted to the Company. For all other
batches a “Compliance Certificate” shall be submitted certifying that the
materials are in accordance with the technical specifications of the first
production batch.
If explicitly specified in the purchase order, a sample of each batch
shall be tested and the results shall be submitted to the Company.
Each batch used on site shall be clearly marked to allow rapid tracing
of the origin of the supply; discrepancies shall be noted.
2.6.3.2 Pre-Insulation inspection
After a piping/equipment system has been “released for measurement”,

a pre-insulation measurement of the system shall be performed by the
Contractor to verify the designed system and “as built” situation.
Deviations shall be notified to the Company.
When the system has been “released for insulation” (normally after
completion of hydrostatic testing, painting and if applicable testing of
heat tracing), the Contractor shall inspect the following:
• surfaces: check for coating appropriateness and clean/dry. The
surfaces shall be washed with fresh water to remove salt
deposits and shall be dried.
• Hangers/Supports: check all hangers and supports, where
required, are of the correct size and properly located.
• Expansion/Contraction joints: check if all positions for installation
of the expansion/contraction joints in the insulation are clearly
defined and marked.
• Clearances: check if sufficient accessibility has been provided for
both the insulation thickness to be applied and the space
necessary for workmen to apply it.
2.6.3.3 Inspection during installation of insulation system
Inspections shall be carried out on material and application to ensure

compliance with the specification.
Contractor shall operate a system such that they can trace the
workman responsible for each insulated component.
Contractor shall check each workman’s work at least once a day and
maintain a record.
2.6.3.4 Final inspection and release
Final inspection shall be conducted by all parties involved when the

system is considered complete or as soon as possible thereafter. After
final completion of a system, a “release for system insulation
completion” document shall be issued.
The application shall be inspected to determine that the insulation is of
the proper thickness and that its materials, workmanship and finishes
meet the specifications. Measurements shall be carried out in
accordance with paragraph 2.6.2.
Non-destructive external tests shall be carried out in order to check the
correct execution of the insulation and of the finish. In special cases,
the test may include the removal of the material already laid in order to
have test specimens.
Insulation system shall be re-installed if required by Company if found

defective upon inspection or not in accordance with agreed procedures.
2.6.3.4 Testing
The Contractor shall submit test reports and adhere to the quality
control requirements on all insulation materials.
2.6.4 Guarantees
The Contractor shall guarantee that the physical and chemical

properties of the materials installed are equivalent or superior to those
requested.
The Contractor shall guarantee, besides the perfect installation of the
insulations, that the insulating materials and the external finish shall not
deteriorate during use, even if continually exposed to operating
temperature limits; and finally, that the completed insulation shall not
feature cracks, shrinkage or interruptions.
2.7 Documentation
A complete list of materials, including Supplier's descriptive technical

literature, performance data, catalog cuts, and installation instructions
shall be submitted to Company for review and approval. The product
number, thickness and furnished accessories for each mechanical
system requiring insulation shall be included. In particular, all materials
supplied shall have appropriate certification demonstrating it meets the
requirements of this specification. All materials shall be suitable for the
ambient and process conditions defined by the Client. Documentation
shall be provided for the insulation systems and materials as follows:
Properties declared shall include, where applicable:
• dimensions.
• Bulk Density.
• Thermal properties and expansion over the design temperature
range.
• Thermal shock resistance for the design temperature range.
• Assessment of Fire and Toxicity Hazard.
• Heat Stability.
• Resistance to Compression.
• Water Absorption.
• Flexural Strength.
• Electrical Conductivity.
• Total Halide Content.
• Assessment of environmental restrictions.
The values declared shall have been determined by the methods

specified in the appropriate standards as listed or otherwise approved
by Company.
Particular care shall be addressed to the design of insulation to avoid
failures induced by thermal expansion in hot service. The Supplier of
elastomeric foam shall submit for Company review and approval a
documented design report to demonstrate that insulation material
expansion has been properly taken into account in all circumstances.
This shall include:
• demonstrated capability of the jacketing to handle foam
expansion.
• Design of gaps.
• Dimensional tolerances design.
• Insulation joints.
• Installation practices issues and all other aspects related to this
potential cause of failure.
Thermal shock test shall be also carried out and results considered in
such design. To minimize thermal expansion effects, gluing method
shall be designed to guarantee compatibility with expansion.
The above mentioned aspects shall be clearly addressed in a design
report to be submitted for Company review and approval.
Written Manufacturer’s instruction for installation shall also be
submitted for Company review and approval.
3 SUPPLEMENTARY ELEMENTS
3.1 Appendix A: drawings
Index
Figure 1: Support ring for the insulation of vertical piping
Figure 2: Spacer rings for finishing supports
Figure 3: Installation with blankets and metal surface finish on
horizontal piping
Figure 4: Installation with blankets and metal surface finish on
vertical piping
Figure 5: Installation for coating on steam-routed piping
Figure 6: Installation methods for insulation regarding distribution
station steam routing, hot water, etc.
Figure 7: Installation methods with pipe-coverings and metal finish
on horizontal piping
Figure 8: Installation methods with pipe-coverings and metal finish
on vertical piping and fittings
Figure 9: Installation methods for removable and fixed boxes on
valves and flanges
Figure 10: Installation methods with plates and/or staves with metal
finish on vertical equipment
finish on horizontal equipment
finish on exchangers
Figure 13: Details of insulation for equipment on skirts or legs
Figure 14: Details of tank insulation
Figure 15: Miscellaneous details
Figure 16: Single layer cellular glass system
Figure 17: Double layer cellular glass system
Figure 18: Contraction joints double layer system
Figure 19: Vertical pipe support with contraction joint. Single layer
system
Figure 20: Vessel insulation. Single layer system
Figure 21: Application method for vessel head segments on
horizontal domed end using suitable adhesive
Figure 22: Application method for vessel head segments dry applied
on horizontal or vertical domed ends
Figure 23: Application on tank wall figure 24: Tank wall insulation
double layer system with mastic outer finish
Figure 25: Tank wall-roof junction movement / contraction joint
Figure 26: Flexible elastomeric foam insulation onto pipe
Figure 27: Mesh guard for personnel protection
FIGURE 1
Support ring for the insulation of vertical piping
FIGURE 2
Spacer rings for finishing supports
FIGURE 3
Installation with blankets and

metal surface finish on horizontal piping
FIGURE 4
Installation with blankets and

metal surface finish on vertical piping and fittings
FIGURE 5
Installation for coating on steam-routed piping
FIGURE 6
Installation methods for insulation regarding

distribution stations steam routing, hot water, etc.
FIGURE 7
Installation methods with pipe-coverings and

metal finish on horizontal piping
FIGURE 8
Installation methods with pipe-coverings and

metal finish on vertical piping and fittings
FIGURE 9
Installation methods for removable

and fixed boxes on valves and flanges
FIGURE 10
Installation methods with plates and/or staves

with metal finish on vertical equipment
FIGURE 11

with metal finish on horizontal equipment
FIGURE 12

with metal finish on exchangers
FIGURE 13
Details of insulation for equipment on skirts or legs
FIGURE 14
Details of tank insulation
FIGURE 15
Miscellaneous details
FIGURE 16
Single layer cellular glass system
1. Anti-abrasive
2. Cellular glass
3. Joint sealant
4. Metal fixing strap
5. Weather resistant mastic
6. Jacket
FIGURE 17
Double layer cellular glass system
1. Anti-abrasive
2. Cellular glass
3. Tape or metal fixing straps
4. Sealant in the joint of the outer layer
5. Metal fixing straps
6. Weather resistant mastic
7. Jacket
FIGURE 18
Contraction joints double layer system
1. Cellular glass
2. Joint (resilient insulating material)
3. Sliding compound
4. Cell filler (if specified)
5. Jacket
6. Sealing material
7. Butyl-rubber sheet ceiling outer expansion joint
8. Metal straps
FIGURE 19
Vertical pipe support with contraction joint

Single layer system
1. Pipe
2. Cellular glass pipe sheets
3. Vertical pipe support
4. Joint (resilient insulating material)
5. Insulation fixing straps
6. Sealant
7. Metal jacket
8. Butyl-rubber sheet ceiling outer
expansion joint
FIGURE 20
Vessel insulation. Single layer system
1. Horizontal vessel with domed ends.

2. Vessel segments
3. Adhesives (if required) suitable for maximum temperature service
4. Manhole insulated with same insulation thickness as vessel (if required)
FIGURE 21
Application method for vessel head segments on

horizontal domed ends using suitable adhesive
1. Adhesion of first segments on about 120° of the circumference.

2. Finishing of the first circumference.
3. Filling of the central part.
FIGURE 22
Application method for vessel head segments dry

applied on horizontal or vertical domed ends.
1. Preassembling of about 3 segments using an adhesive.

2. Placing the remaining segments of the first circumference.
3. Filling of the central part using metal straps.
FIGURE 23
Application on tank wall
1. Insulation on outer surface of single steel tank a = bund wall

2. Insulation on outer surface of inner steel tank
3. Insulation on inner surface of outer steel liner or concrete tank
FIGURE 24
Tank wall insulation double layer

system with mastic outer finish
1. Tank wall
2. Cellular glass
3. Adhesive
4. Mastic weather barrier (if specified)
5. Fabric reinforcement outer finish (if specified)
FIGURE 25
Tank wall-roof junction movement / contraction joint
1. Tank wall
2. Tank roof
3. Cellular glass
4. Adhesive
5. Resilient insulating material
6. Sealer
7. Mastic barrier with fabric reinforcement
FIGURE 26
Flexible elastomeric foam installation onto pipe
a) Placing of the insulation on the pipe.

b) Gluing of the longitudinal joints of the insulation.
c) Gluing of the transversal joints of the insulation.
d) Placing of the non metallic jacket on the insulation.
e) Installation of the non metallic jacket with an overlapping surface.
f) Installation of the next sheet of the non metallic jacket.
g) Sealing of the joints with a suitable sealant.
FIGURE 27
Mesh guard for personnel protection

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COMPANY TECHNICAL STANDARD

THERMAL INSULATION FOR HOT-

Previous identification code

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

THERMAL INSULATION FOR

1 General Revision Tecnomare MEC Motti Dec.07

Structure of the document completely revised in accordance with

Added reference to various codes and standards

Revised thermal and phisical properties of mineral wool and updated

Added new insulation materials: cellular glass and flexible elastomeric

Added paragaphs “Ergonomics”, “Safety” and “Documentation” in

Updated and revised requirements for quality management and quality

1.2 Normative references

1.2.1 European normative references

1.2.2 Normative references of ISO, IEC and national organizations

1.2.3 Normative references of other organizations

1.2.5 Internal normative references

2.2 Operative environment

2.3 Functional requirements

2.3.1 Extent of the insulation

2.3.3 Insulation supports

2.3.4 Steam tracing

2.3.5 Installation prescriptions

2.3.6 Installation of mineral fiber insulation on on-shore piping

2.3.7 Installation of mineral fiber insulation on off-shore piping

2.3.8 Installation of cellular glass insulation on piping

2.3.9 Installation of flexible elastomeric foam insulation on piping

2.3.10 Installation of metal finish on piping

2.3.11 Installation of the mineral fiber insulation on equipment, storage tanks

2.3.13 Installation of metal finish on equipment, storage tanks and machines

2.3.14 Thickness and insulation classes

2.6 Requirements for Quality Management and Quality Assurance

2.6.3 Inspection and testing

3.1 Appendix A: drawings

The present specification describes the general requirements

The following scopes are envisaged:

1.2 Normative references

Insulation systems and materials shall be in accordance with the

1.2.1 European normative references

EN 12086 Thermal insulating products for building

EN 12667 Thermal performance of building materials

EN 12939 Thermal performance of building materials

EN 13469 Thermal insulating products for building

EN 13501 Fire classification of construction products and

EN 13823 Reaction to fire tests for building products -

EN ISO 10456 Buildings materials and products –

EN ISO 8497 Thermal insulation – Determination of steady

1.2.2 Normative references of ISO, IEC and national organizations

IMO Res. A.653 (16) Recommendations on improved fire tests

ISO 37 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic –

ISO 12241 Thermal insulation for building equipment and

ISO 5660-1 Reaction-to-fire-test – Heat release, smokes

UNI Norm 6665/88 Superfici coibentate. Metodi di misurazione

1.2.3 Normative references of other organizations

ASTM A653 Standard specification for steel sheet, zinc

ASTM B209 Standard specification for aluminium and

ASTM C177 Standard test method for steady state heat

ASTM C335 Standard test method for steady state heat

ASTM C518 Standard test method for steady state heat

ASTM C534 Standard specification for preformed

ASTM C547 Standard specification for mineral fibre pipe

ASTM C591 Standard specification for unfaced preformed