Unin13001-3-1 2005 Een

Licenza d'uso concessa a ENEA CENTRO DI FRASCATI per labbonamento anno 2005. Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola.
Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
Apparecchi di sollevamento
SPECIFICA TECNICA
Criteri generali per il progetto

Parte 3-1: Stati limite e verica della sicurezza delle strutture di acciaio
UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1

SETTEMBRE 2005
Cranes
General design
Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures La specica tecnica specica, con le parti 1 e 2, le condizioni generali, i requisiti e i metodi per prevenire pericoli di natura meccanica degli apparecchi di sollevamento attraverso il progetto e le veriche teoriche.
TESTO INGLESE
La presente specica tecnica la versione ufciale in lingua inglese della specica tecnica europea CEN/TS 13001-3-1 (edizione dicembre 2004).
ICS
53.020.20
UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unicazione Via Battistotti Sassi, 11B 20133 Milano, Italia
UNI Riproduzione vietata. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Nessuna parte del presente documento pu essere riprodotta o diffusa con un mezzo qualsiasi, fotocopie, microlm o altro, senza il consenso scritto dellUNI. www.uni.com UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005 Pagina I
Licenza d'uso concessa a ENEA CENTRO DI FRASCATI per labbonamento anno 2005. Licenza d'uso interno su postazione singola. Riproduzione vietata. E' proibito qualsiasi utilizzo in rete (LAN, internet, etc...)
PREMESSA
La presente specica tecnica costituisce il recepimento, in lingua inglese, della specica tecnica europea CEN/TS 13001-3-1 (edizione dicembre 2004), che assume cos lo status di specica tecnica nazionale italiana. La scadenza del periodo di validit del CEN/TS 13001-3-1 stata ssata inizialmente dal CEN per dicembre 2007. Eventuali osservazioni sulla specica tecnica devono pervenire allUNI entro dicembre 2006. La presente specica tecnica stata elaborata sotto la competenza della Commissione Tecnica UNI Apparecchi di sollevamento e relativi accessori La presente norma stata raticata dal Presidente dellUNI ed entrata a far parte del corpo normativo nazionale il 14 settembre 2005.
Le norme UNI sono elaborate cercando di tenere conto dei punti di vista di tutte le parti interessate e di conciliare ogni aspetto conittuale, per rappresentare il reale stato dellarte della materia ed il necessario grado di consenso. Chiunque ritenesse, a seguito dellapplicazione di questa norma, di poter fornire suggerimenti per un suo miglioramento o per un suo adeguamento ad uno stato dellarte in evoluzione pregato di inviare i propri contributi allUNI, Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unicazione, che li terr in considerazione per leventuale revisione della norma stessa. Le norme UNI sono revisionate, quando necessario, con la pubblicazione di nuove edizioni o di aggiornamenti. importante pertanto che gli utilizzatori delle stesse si accertino di essere in possesso dellultima edizione e degli eventuali aggiornamenti. Si invitano inoltre gli utilizzatori a vericare lesistenza di norme UNI corrispondenti alle norme EN o ISO ove citate nei riferimenti normativi. UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005 UNI Pagina II
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION

ICS 53.020.20
CEN/TS 13001-3-1
December 2004
English version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures
Appareils de levage charge suspendue - Conception gnrale - Partie 3-1: Etats limites et vrification d'aptitude des structures mtalliques Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1: Grenzzustnde und Sicherheitsnachweis von Stahltragwerken
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 25 November 2003 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels
2004 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004: E
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Contents
Page
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................5 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 6 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.4 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 7 8 Scope...........................................................................................................................................5 Normative references...................................................................................................................5 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................6 General ......................................................................................................................................10 Materials ....................................................................................................................................10 Structural members...................................................................................................................10 Connecting devices ...................................................................................................................13 Bolt connections........................................................................................................................13 General ......................................................................................................................................13 Shear and bearing connections .................................................................................................13 Slip resistant connections .........................................................................................................13 Connections loaded in tension..................................................................................................14 Pin connections.........................................................................................................................14 Welded connections ..................................................................................................................14 Proofs of structural members and connections.........................................................................14 Proof of static strength..............................................................................................................14 General ......................................................................................................................................14 Limit design stresses and forces...............................................................................................15 General ......................................................................................................................................15 Limit design stress in structural members ................................................................................15 Limit design forces in bolt connections.....................................................................................16 Limit design forces in pins ........................................................................................................22 Limit design stresses in welded connections............................................................................24 Execution of the proof ...............................................................................................................25 Proof for structural members ....................................................................................................25 Proof for bolt connections .........................................................................................................26 Proof for pin connections..........................................................................................................26 Proof for welded connections....................................................................................................27 Proof of fatigue strength............................................................................................................27 General ......................................................................................................................................27 Limit design stresses.................................................................................................................28 Characteristic values of the stress range ..................................................................................28 Weld quality...............................................................................................................................30 Effect of test loads.....................................................................................................................30 Requirements for fatigue testing ...............................................................................................31 Classes S of stress history parameter s....................................................................................31 Simplified method based on service conditions ........................................................................31 Selection based on experience..................................................................................................35 Execution of the proof ...............................................................................................................35 Determination of the permissible stress range ..........................................................................36 Applicable methods...................................................................................................................36 Direct use of stress history parameter ......................................................................................36 Use of class S............................................................................................................................36 Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints..............................................................38 Proof of elastic stability.............................................................................................................38
Annex A (normative) Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and permissible stress range c, c ..39 Annex B (informative) Guidance for selection of classes S due to experience .....................................54 2
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Annex C (normative) Calculated values of permissible stress range Rd ............................................55 Annex D (normative) Design weld stress W,Sd and W,Sd .......................................................................57 D.1 Butt joint ....................................................................................................................................57 D.2 Fillet weld and groove weld with uniform distributed load.........................................................58 D.3 Relevant distribution length under punctiform load ..................................................................59 Annex E (informative) Hollow Sections .................................................................................................60 Annex F (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application ...............71 Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC ............................................................................................................72 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................................73
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 13000-3.1:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 Cranes Safety, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latavia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001. The other parts are as follows: Part 1: Part 2: General principles and requirements Load actions
The annexes A, C and D are normative. The annexes B, E and F are informative.
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonised standard to provide one means for the mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components. This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN 1070. The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in the scope of this document. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
Scope
This European Standard is to be used together with Part 1 and Part 2 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification.
NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the particular crane type.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this standard are necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards: a) Exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue); b) Exceeding temperature limits of material or components; c) Elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging). This European Standard is applicable to cranes which are manufactured after the date of approval by CEN of this standard and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types.
NOTE prCEN/TS 13001-3-1 deals only with limit state method according to EN 13001-1.
As an alternative to the herein presented limit state method using partial safety factors, the allowable stress method using a global safety factor according to Part 1 and Part 2 may also be applied for special crane systems with linear behaviour. As crane structures are basically dynamically loaded only the linear theory of elasticity is applicable and only limited local plasticity is allowed. The use of the theory of plasticity for calculation of ultimate load bearing capacity is not allowed.
Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These 5
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments). EN 1070:1998, Safety of machinery Terminology. EN 1990-1:2002, Eurocode Basic of structural design EN 1993-1-1:1992: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. EN 10025:1990/A1:1993, Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels Technical delivery conditions (includes amendment A1:1993). EN 10045-1:1989, Charpy impact test on metallic material Part 1: Test method. EN 10113-1:1993, Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels Part 1: General delivery conditions. EN 10113-2:1993, Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels Part 2: Delivery conditions for normalized/normalized rolled steels. EN 10113-3:1993, Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels Part 3: Delivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled steels. EN 10137-2:1995, Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions Part 2: Delivery conditions for quenched and tempered steels. EN 10149-1:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 1: General delivery conditions. EN 10149-2:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 2: Delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels. EN 10149-3:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 3: Delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels. EN 10164:1993, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the product Technical delivery conditions. EN 12345:1996, Welding Multilingual terms for welding joints with illustrations (trilingual version). EN 13001-1:2004, Cranes General Design Part 1:General principles and requirements. EN 13001-2:2004, Cranes General Design Part 2: Load actions. EN 22553:1994, Welded, brazed and soldered joints Symbolic representation on drawings (ISO 2553:1992). EN 25817:1992, Arc-welded joints in steel Guidance on quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:1992). EN ISO 898-1:1999, Mechanical properties of fasteners Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999). EN ISO 9013:2002, Thermal cutting Classification of thermal cuts Geometrical specification and quality tolerances (ISO 9013:2002). EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for design Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003). EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for design Part 2: Technical principles and specifications (ISO 12100-2:2003).
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
ISO 286-2:1990, ISO system of limits and fits Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance grades and limit deviations for holes and shafts. ISO 4306-1:1990, Cranes Vocabulary Part 1: General.
Terms and definitions
3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 292-1, EN 292-2 and EN 1070 and the basic list of definitions as provided in EN 1990-1 apply. For the definitions of loads, clause 6 of ISO 4306-1:1990 applies. 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations The symbols and abbreviations used in this Part of the EN 13001 are given in Table 1. Table 1 Symbols and abbrevations Symbols, abbreviations
A AS ar D o , Di d do e1, e2 Fb Fd FK Fp FRd Ft Fb, Rd Fb, Sd ; Fbi, Sd Fp, d Fs, Rd Ft, Rd Fv, Rd Fv, Sd F, fd fK fRd cross section stress area of a bolt relevant weld thickness outer, inner diameter of hollow pin diameter (shank of bolt, pin) diameter of hole distances tensile force in bolt limit force characteristic value (force) preloading force in bolt limit design force external force (on bolted connection) limit design bearing force design bearing force design preloading force limit design slip force per bolt and friction interface limit design tensile force in bolt limit design shear force per bolt/pin and shear plane design shear force per bolt/pin and shear plane acting normal/shear force limit stress characteristic value (stress) limit design stress
Description
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations

fu fub fw, Rd fy fyb fyk fyp Gt h Kb Kc k* ultimate strength of material ultimate strength of bolts limit design weld stress yield point of material yield point of bolts yield point (nominal value) of material or member yield point of pins mass of the moving crane parts during a representative working cycle distance between weld and contact area of acting load stiffness (slope) of bolt stiffness (slope) of flanges specific spectrum ratio factor
Description
k(m) k(m=3) lr lW MRd MSd m NC min , max PS p1, p2 Q q Rd r Sd s(m) T t W el
stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration stress spectrum factor based on m = 3 relevant weld length weld length limit design bending moment design bending moment inverse slope of /N-curve notch class extreme values of stresses probability of survival distances mass of the maximum hoist load impact toughness parameter design resistance radius of wheel design strain stress history parameter temperature thickness elastic section modulus characteristic factor for bearing connection characteristic factor for limit weld stress general resistance coefficient fatigue strength specific resistance factor
w m Mf
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 1 (concluded) Symbols, abbreviations Description partial safety factor resulting resistance coefficient specific resistance factor resulting resistance coefficient of bolt
specific resistance factor of bolt resulting resistance coefficient of members specific resistance factor of members resulting resistance coefficient of pins specific resistance factor of pins resulting resistance coefficient of slip-resistance connection specific resistance factor of slip-resistance connection resulting resistance coefficient of welding connection specfic resistance factor of welding connection dynamic factor spread angle width of contact area in weld direction elongation from preloading additional force additional elongation slip factor characteristic value of stress range (normal stress) characteristic value of stress range (shear stress) design stress (normal) design stress (shear) design weld stress (normal) design weld stress (shear) permissible (limit) stress range (normal) permissible stress range for k* = 1 permissible (limit) stress range (shear) design stress range (normal) design stress range (shear)
p R S Rb
sb Rm sm Rp sp Rs ss Rw sw 2 p Fb
c c Sd Sd w, Sd w, Sd Rd Rd,1 Rd Sd Sd
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
4
4.1
General
Materials
Structural members
4.1.1
European Standards specify materials and specific values. This standard gives a preferred selection. For structural members, steel according to following European Standards should be used: Non-alloy structural steels EN 10025. Weldable fine grain structural steels in conditions: normalised (N) EN 10113-2;
thermomechanical (M) EN 10113-3.
High yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition EN 10137-2. High yield strength steels for cold forming in conditions: thermomechanical (M) EN 10149-2; normalised (N) EN 10149-3.
Table 2 shows specific values for the nominal value of strength fu, fy and limit design stress fRd (see 5.2). For more information see the specific European Standard. Grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards and in Table 2 can be used if the mechanical properties and the chemical composition are guaranteed by the manufacturer and conform to the relevant European Standard. If necessary, the weldability shall be demonstrated by the steel manufacturer. When selecting grade and quality of the steel for tensile members, the sum of impact toughness parameters qi shall be taken into account. Table 3 gives the impact toughness parameters qi for various influences. Table 4 gives the required steel quality and impact energy/test temperature in dependence of qi. Grades and qualities of steel other than mentioned in Table 4 may be used, if the steel manufacturer guarantees and certifies an impact energy/test temperature, tested according to EN 10045-1.
10
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 2 Specific values of steels for structural members

Nominal strength Steel Standard Thickness t (mm) fy yield 2 (N/mm )
235 225 215 195 275 265 255 245 235 225 355 345 335 325 315 295 355 345 335 325 315 295 420 400 390 370 360 340 460 440 430 410 400 460 440 500 480 550 530 620 580 690 650 890 830 960 550 590 640 700 770 760 940 880 980 530 500 450 490 430 340
Limit design stress for Rm=1,1 fRd, normal 2 (N/mm )

214 205 195 177 250 241 232 223 214 205 323 314 305 296 287 268 323 314 305 295 286 268 382 364 355 336 327 309 418 400 391 373 364 418 400 455 436 500 482 564 527 627 591 809 755 873
fu ultimate 2 (N/mm )
fRd, shear 2 (N/mm )

123 118 113 102 144 139 134 129 123 118 186 181 176 171 166 155 186 181 176 171 165 155 220 210 205 194 189 178 241 231 226 215 210 241 231 262 252 289 278 325 304 362 341 467 436 504
t16 S235 16<t40 40<t100 100<t150 t16 16<t40 S275 EN 10025 40<t63 63<t80 80<t100 100<t150 t16 16<t40 S355 40<t63 63<t80 80<t100 100<t150 t<16 16<t40 S355 40<t63 63<t80 (N) 80<t100 (N) 100<t150 (N) t<16 EN 10113-2 (N) S420 EN 10113-3 (M) 16<t40 40<t63 63<t80 (N) 80<t100 (N) 100<t150 (N) t<16 16<t40 S460 40<t63 63<t80 (N) 80<t100 (N) S460 S500 S550 S620 S690 S890 S960 EN 10137-2 3<t50 50<t100 3<t50 50<t100 3<t50 50<t100 3<t50 50<t100 3<t50 50<t100 3<t50 50<t100 3<t50
11
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 2 (concluded) Nominal strength Steel Standard Thickness t (mm) fy yield (N/mm2)
315 355 420 460 EN 101492 (M) all t 500 550 550 S550 (M) S600 (M) S650 (M) EN 10149-3 (N) t8 t>8 S700 (M) t8 t>8 600 600 650 700 630 700 750 680 618 357 573 636 331 367 650 545 591 315 341 500 289
Limit design stress for Rm =1,1 fRd, normal (N/mm2)

286 323 382 418 455
fu ultimate (N/mm2)
390 430 480 520
fRd, shear (N/mm2)

165 186 220 241 262
S315 S355 S420 S460 (M) S500 (M)
Table 3 Impact toughness parameters qi

i Influence 0T 1 Temperature T (C) -20 T < 0 -40 T < -20 -50 T < -40 fy 300 300 < fy 460 2 Yield point fy (N/mm )
2
qi 0 1 2 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3
460 < fy 700 700<fy 1 000 1 000<fy
Material thickness t (mm) Equivalent thickness t for solid bars:
t 10 10 < t 20 20 < t 50
50 < t 100
t=
d b b for < 1,8 : t = 1,8 1,8 h
t > 100 c > 125
4 0 1 2 3
Stress concentration and notch class c 2 (N/mm ) (see annex A and annex E)
80 < c 125 56< c 80 c 56
12
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Table 4 Impact toughness requirement and corresponding steel quality for qi
qi 3
Impact energy/ test temperature requirement EN 10025 EN 10113 EN 10137-2 EN 10149
a)
4 qi 6
27 J / 0C J0 N, M Q NC, MC
7 qi 9
27 J / -20C J2 N, M Q NC, MC
qi 10
27 J / -40C
a)
27 J / +20C JR N, M Q NC, MC
NL, ML QL
a)
May be used if the steel manufacturer guarantees and certifies an impact energy/test temperature of at least 27 J at 40 C, tested according to EN 10045-1.
4.1.2
Connecting devices
For bolt connections bolts of the property classes 4.6, 5.6, 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9 according to EN ISO 898-1 shall be used. Nominal values of the strengths: Table 5 Property classes Property class
fyb (N/mm ) fub (N/mm )
2 2
4.6
240 400
5.6
300 500
8.8
640 800
10.9
900 1 000
12.9
1 080 1 200
4.2
4.2.1
Bolt connections
General
For the purpose of this standard bolt connections are specified as connections, where bolts are tightened and thus compress the joint surfaces together; the joint surfaces are secured against rotation (e. g. by using multiple bolts). 4.2.2 Shear and bearing connections
Connections with fitted bolts, where the loads act perpendicular to the bolt axis and cause shear and bearing stresses in the bolts; clearance between bolt and hole shall be according to ISO 286-2 tolerances h13 and H11; at maximum 10 % of the clamping length may be covered by the threaded part of the bolt; special surface treatment of the contact surfaces is not required. 4.2.3 Slip resistant connections
Connections with high strength bolts of property classes 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9, where 13
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
the loads are transmitted by friction between the joint surfaces; bolts are tightened by a controlled method to the full preloading state; the surface condition of the contact surfaces shall be specified and taken into account accordingly. 4.2.4 Connections loaded in tension
Connections with high strength bolts of property classes 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9, where the loads act in the direction of the bolt axis and cause axial stresses in the bolts; bolts are tightened by a controlled method to the full preloading state; fatigue assessment of the bolts shall be done considering the structural features of the joint, e. g. stiffness of the connected parts and the leverage action caused by the joint geometry; an even contact over the whole intended contact area of the joint shall be ensured.
4.3
Pin connections
Pin connections are regarded as connections that allow turning of the connected parts.
4.4
Welded connections
Terms for welded joints shall be as given in EN 12345. Symbolic representation on drawings shall be according to EN 22553.
4.5
Proofs of structural members and connections
It has to be proven that the strains S d do not exceed the resistances Rd :
S d Rd
(1)
The strains Sd shall be determined by applying the loads, load combinations and partial safety factors according Table 10 of EN 13001-2. In the following clauses, the resistances Rd are presented as limit stresses f d or limit forces Fd . For the ultimate limit state, the following proofs shall be delivered: proof of strength of structural members and connections under quasi-static stress according to 5; proof of fatigue strength according to 6; proof of strength of hollow section girder joints under quasi-static stress according to 7; proof of elastic stability of structural members and special elements according to 8.
5
5.1
Proof of static strength

General
The proof of strength under quasi-static stress protects against excessive deformations due to yielding of the material or sliding of friction-grip connections as well as against static rupture of structural members or connections. 14
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
The proof shall be delivered for structural members and connections taking into account the most unfavourable load effects from the load combinations A, B or C according to Table 10 of EN 13001-2: and applying the resistances according to 5.2.
5.2
5.2.1
Limit design stresses and forces

General
The limit design stresses and forces shall be calculated by: Limit design stresses
f Rd = function ( f k , R ) or
(2)
Limit design forces where
FRd = function ( Fk , R )
f k or Fk
are characteristic values (or nominal values) is the resulting resistance coefficient is the resistance coefficient
R = m s
m s
NOTE
m = 1,1 (see Table 10 of EN 13001-2)
is the general specific resistance coefficient for special parts of this standard
f Rd
and
FRd
are equivalent to
R/ m
in Figure 2 of EN 13001-1.
5.2.2
Limit design stress in structural members
The limit design stress f Rd , used for the design of structural members, shall be calculated by:
f Rd =
f yk
Rm
f yk
for normal stresses
(3)
f Rd =
with where
Rm 3
for shear stresses
(4)
Rm = msm
f yk
sm
is the nominal value of the yield point of the material (see Table 2) is the specific resistance coefficient for material as follows: For non-rolled material
sm =1,0
For rolled materials (e. g. plates and profiles): 15
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
sm = 1,0 for stresses in the plane of rolling sm = 1,0 for compressive and shear stresses
For tensile stresses perpendicular to the plane of rolling (see Figure 1):
sm = 1,0 for material in quality classes Z25 or Z35 according to EN 10164 sm = 1,16 for material in quality class Z15 according to EN 10164 sm = 1,34 without quality classification
Figure 1 Tensile load perpendicular to plane of rolling Hence follow the limit design stresses, which are dependent on the material and the kind of stressing which are given in Table 2. 5.2.3 5.2.3.1 Limit design forces in bolt connections Shear and bearing connections
The resistance of a connection shall be determined by applying the limit forces of the individual connecting devices. The limit design shear force Fv,Rd per bolt and per shear plane shall be calculated by:
Fv , Rd =
with where
f yb A
Rb 3
(5)
R b = m sb
f yb
A
is the yield point (nominal value) of the bolt material is the cross-section of the bolt shank at the shear plane is the specific resistance factor for bolt connections
sb
sb = 1,0
16
for multiple shear plane connections
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
sb = 1,3
for single shear plane connections
See Table 6 for limit design shear forces as an example. Table 6 Limit design shear force Fv,Rd per fitted bolt and per shear plane for multiple shear plane connections Fv,Rd (kN) Fitted bolt material for Rb = 1,1 4.6
16,7 28,6 43,5 52,2 61,8 77,6 95,1
Fitted bolt
Hole diameter
Shank resp. hole section (mm )

133 227 346 415 491 616 755
2
(mm)
M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 13 17 21 23 25 28 31
5.6
20,9 35,7 54,4 65,3 77,3 97,0 111,8
8.8
44,6 76,2 116,2 139,4 164,9 206,9 253,6
10.9
62,8 107,2 163,2 196,0 231,9 291,0 356,6
12.9
75,4 128,6 196,1 235,2 278,3 349,2 428,0
The limit design bearing force Fb,Rd per bolt may be calculated by:
Fb, Rd =
with where
fy d t Rb
(6)
R b = m sb
e1 3 d 0
= Min
p1 1 3 d 0 4 f ub fu
1.0
e1 2,0 do e2 1,5 do p1 3,0 do p2 3,0 do (7)
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CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Figure 2 Illustration for formula (7)
f ub fu
is the ultimate strength (nominal value) of the bolt (Table 5) is the ultimate strength (nominal value) of the basic material (Table 2) is the yield point (nominal value) of the basic material (Table 2) is the shank diameter of the bolt is the minimum of thicknesses of the basic material is the specific resistance factor for bolt connections
fy
d
sb
sb = 0,7 for multiple shear plane connections sb = 0,9 for single shear plane connections
5.2.3.2 Slip-resistant connections
The resistance of a connection shall be determined by applying the limit forces of the individual connecting devices. For slip-resistant connections the limit design slip force Fs,Rd per bolt and per friction interface shall be calculated by:
Fs , Rd =
with
( F p, d Ft ) Rs
(8)
Rs = m ss
where:
is the slip factor
= 0,50 for surfaces

blasted metallic bright with steel grit or sand, no unevennesses; blasted with steel grit or sand and aluminised; blasted with steel grit or sand and metallised with a product basing on zinc that causes a friction coefficient of min. 0,5
= 0,40 for surfaces

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CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
blasted with steel grit or sand and alkali-zinc-silicate coating of 50 m to 80 m thickness
= 0,30 for surfaces

cleaned metallic bright with wire brush or scarfing
= 0,20 for surfaces

cleaned of loose rust, oil and dirt
F p ,d
Ft
is the design preloading force. is an external tensile force in direction of the axis of the bolt (see Figure 3) It shall be ensured that the used preloading force is greater than or equal to the design preloading force.
ss
is the specific resistance factor for slip-resistant connections;
ss =1,14
See Table 7 for limit design slip forces using for example a design preloading force of
F p, d = 0,7 f yb As ,
where
f yb
As
is the yield point (nominal value) of the bolt material (Table 5) is the stress area of the bolt.
19
prCEN/TS 13001-3-1:2003 (E)
Table 7 Limit design slip force FS,Rd per bolt and per friction interface using a design preloading force F p, d = 0.7 f yb As Limit design slip force F s,Rd (kN) Bolt material 8.8 Slip factor :
12.9 63,7 119,0 185,0 229,0 267,0 347,0 424,0 618,0 146,0 117,0 87,8 58,6 206,0 165,0 100,0 80,3 60,2 40,2 141,0 113,0 82,4 65,9 49,4 33,0 116,0 92,5 69,4 84,7 124,0 63,2 50,6 37,9 25,3 88,8 71,0 53,3 54,4 43,5 32,6 21,8 76,4 61,1 45,8 30,6 35,5 46,2 56,5 82,4 44,0 35,2 26,4 17,6 61,6 49,3 37,0 24,6 28,1 22,5 16,9 11,2 39,6 31,6 23,7 15,8 15,1 12,1 9,1 6,0 21,2 17,0 12,7 8,5 25,5 47,6 74,0 91,6 107,0 139,0 170,0 247,0 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.50
Bolt
stress area 10.9 Slip factor : 12.9 Slip factor :

0.40 20,4 38,1 59,2 73,3 85,4 111,0 136,0 198,0 0.30 15,3 28,6 44,4 55,0 64,1 83,3 102,0 148,0
Design preloading force Fp,d (kN)
AS
Bolt material
(mm2)
8.8
10.9
0.20 10,2 19,0 29,6 36,6 42,7 55,5 67,8 98,9
M12
84,3
37,8
53,1
M16
157,0
70,3
98,9
M20
245,0
110,0
154,0
M22
303,0
136,0
191,0
M24
353,0
158,0
222,0
M27
459,0
206,0
289,0
M30
561,0
251,0
353,0
M36
817,0
366,0
515,0
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
5.2.3.3
Connections loaded in tension
The resistance of a connection shall be determined by applying the limit forces of the individual connecting devices. In principle the proof of competence has to take into account the stiffnesses of the bolt and the flanges to be connected (see Figure 3).
Fp
Preloading force in bolt Bolt elongation from preloading External force Additional elongation Tensile force in bolt additional force in bolt
p
Ft
:
Fb
Fb
Slope Kb Stiffness of bolt Slope Kc Stiffness of flanges
Figure 3 Force-elongation-diagram For simplification the limit design tensile force per bolt Ft,Rd may be calculated by:
Ft , Rd =
F p ,d
Rb
(9)
with Rb = m sb where
F p ,d
is the design preloading force. It shall be ensured that the used preloading force is greater than or equal to the design preloading force
sb
is the specific resistance factor for connections loaded in tension
sb = 1,0
See Table 8 for limit design tensile forces according to formula (9) using for example a design preloading force of
F p, d = 0,7 f yb As
where
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
f yb
As
is the yield point (nominal value) of the bolt material (Table 5) is the stress area of the bolt.
Table 8 Limit design tensile force Ft,Rd per bolt in direction of the bolt axis, using a design preloading force F p, d = 0,7 f yb As Limit design tensile force per bolt Ft,Rd (kN) for Rb = 1.1 Bolt material 8.8
M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M36 84,3 157,0 245,0 303,0 353,0 459,0 561,0 817,0 37,8 70,3 110,0 136,0 158,0 206,0 251,0 366,0
stress area Bolt AS (mm )

2
Design preloading force Fp,d (kN) Bolt material 10.9

53,1 98,9 154,0 191,0 222,0 289,0 353,0 515,0
12.9
63,7 119,0 185,0 229,0 267,0 347,0 424,0 618,0
8.8
34,3 63,9 100,0 123,6 143,9 187,2 228,1 332,7
10.9
48,2 88,9 140,0 173,6 201,8 262,7 320,9 468,1
12.9
57,9 108,1 168,1 208,1 242,7 315,4 385,4 561,8
5.2.4
Limit design forces in pins
The pin of a pin connection shall be designed taking into account bending, shearing and bearing. Therefore the following simplified system may be assumed: For pins the following limit design loads shall be taken into account: Limit design bending moment
M Rd =
Wel f yp
Rp
(10)
with where
Rp = m sp
Wel
is the elastic section modulus of the pin is the yield point (nominal value) of the pin material is the specific resistance factor for pin connections bending moment sp = 1,0
f yp
sp
Limit design shear force per shear plane for pins
Fv ,Rd =
1 A f yp u 3 Rp
(11)
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
with where
Rp = m sp
u=
4 3
for solid pins
4 1+ v + v 2 u= 3 1 + v2
where
for hollow pins
=
Di DO
Di , DO
is the inner diameter of pin is the outer diameter of pin
is the cross-section of the pin is the specific resistance factor for pin connections shear force
sp
sp = 1,0 for multiple shear plane connections sp = 1,3 for single shear plane connections
Limit design bearing force
Fb, Rd =
d t fy Rp
(12)
with where
Rp = m sp
f yp f y = Min 1,0
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Figure 4 Pin connections
fy
d
is the yield point (nominal value) of basic material is the diameter of the pin is the minimum of thickness of the basic material is the specific resistance factor for pin connections bearing force
sp
sp = 0,7 for multiple shear plane connections sp = 0,9 for single shear plane connections
In case of significant movement between pin and bearing the limit bearing force shall be reduced in order to reduce wear. 5.2.5 Limit design stresses in welded connections
The limit design weld stress fw,Rd used for the design of a welded connection depends on: the parent metal to be welded; the type of the weld; the type of stress; the weld quality; the kind of welding process.
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The limit design weld stress fw,Rd shall be calculated by:
f w, Rd =
with where
w f yk Rw
(13)
Rw = m sw
w is a factor given in Table 9 in dependence on the type of weld, the type of stress and the material
f yk is the minimal nominal value of the yield points of the parent and weld consumable materials in the
weld joint
sw is the specific resistance factor for welded connections sw = 1,0

Table 9 Factor w for limit weld stress
w
Direction of stress Penetration Type of stress fyk < 690 (N/mm)
Weld with full penetration or backwelded Stress across the weld direction Weld without full penetration Weld with/without full penetration Stress in weld direction Weld with/without full penetration Tension Compression Tension Compression Shear Tension/ Compression Shear 1,0 1,0 0,7 0,8 1/ 2
690 fyk < 960 (N/mm)

1,0 1,0 0,7 0,8 1/ 3
fyk 960 (N/mm)

0,93 0,93 0,65 0,74 0,54
1,0 1/ 3
1,0 1/ 3
0,93 0,54
5.3
5.3.1
Execution of the proof

Proof for structural members
For the structural member to be designed it shall be proven that:
Sd f Rd and Sd f Rd
where
(14)
Sd , Sd
f Rd
are the design stresses is the corresponding limit design stress according to 5.2.2.
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
In case of plane states of stresses it shall additionally be proven that:
Sd , x Sd , y Sd , x Sd , y Sd f Rd , x + f Rd , y f Rd , x f Rd , y + f Rd
where x, y
(15)
indicate the orthogonal directions of stresses
Spatial states of stresses may be reduced to the most unfavourable plane state of stress. 5.3.2 Proof for bolt connections
For the most unfavourably loaded element of a connection it shall be proven that:
FSd FRd
where
(16)
FSd FRd
is the design force of the element is the limit design force according to 5.2.3, in dependence on the type of the connection and its type of stress, i. e. limit design shear force Fv,Rd limit design bearing force Fb,Rd limit design slip force Fs,Rd limit design tensile force Ft,Rd
In particular for connections loaded in tension (see 5.2.3.3) the tensile force in the bolt Fb shall always satisfy:
Fb
5.3.3
f yb AS
(17)
Proof for pin connections
For pins, it shall be proven that:
M Sd M Rd Fv , Sd Fv , Rd Fbi ,Sd Fb ,Rd

where (18)
M Sd M Rd
is the design value of the bending moment in the pin is the limit design bending moment according to 5.2.4 is the design value of the shear force in the pin
Fv , Sd
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Fv , Rd Fbi ,Sd Fb, Rd

5.3.4
is the limit design shear force according to 5.2.4 is the decisive design value of the bearing force in the joining plate i of the pin connection is the limit design bearing force according to 5.2.4
Proof for welded connections
For the weld to be designed it shall be proven that:
w,sd and w, Sd f w, Rd
where
(19)
w,Sd , w, Sd
f w, Rd
are the design weld stresses (see annex D) is the corresponding limit design weld stress according to 5.2.5
In case of plane states of stresses in welded connections it shall additionally be proven that:
w, Sd , x f w, Rd , x
where x,y
w,Sd , y + f w, Rd , y
w, Sd , x w,Sd , y w, Sd + f w, Rd , x f w, Rd , y f w, Rd
1,1
(20)
indicate the orthogonal directions of stresses.
Spatial states of stresses may be reduced to the most unfavourable plane state of stress.
6
6.1
Proof of fatigue strength

General
The proof of fatigue strength prevents failure or formation of critical cracks of structural members or connections under cyclic loading. In general, the proof shall be executed by applying the load combinations A according to Table 10 of EN 13001-2, setting all partial safety factors p = 1, and the resistances (i. e. limit design stresses) according to 6.2. The stresses are calculated as nominal stress concept. A nominal stress is a stress in the parent material adjacent to a potential crack location, calculated in accordance with simple elastic strength of materials theory, excluding local stress concentration effects. Annex A and annex E contain the influences of constructional details and thus include the effects of: local stress concentrations due to the shape of the joint and the weld geometry; size and shape of acceptable discontinuities; the stress direction;
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
residual stresses; metallurgical conditions; in some cases, the welding process and post-weld improvement procedures. The effect of additional geometric stress concentration (global stress concentration) shall be estimated with appropriate methods. This standard does not use other methods like Hot Spot Stress Method. The bibliography gives information on literature about Hot Spot Stress Method. For the execution of the proof of fatigue strength the stress history parameters (see 4.3.4 of EN 13001-1) is needed. Values for this parameter can be determined by simulation, testing or using classes S (see 6.3). Thus the service conditions and their effect on the stressing of the structure are taken into account. Mean-stress influence, as presented in EN 13001-1, in structures in as-welded condition (without stress relieving) is negligible. Therefore the stress history parameter s is independent of the mean-stress and the fatigue strength is based on the stress range only. In non-welded details or stress relieved welded details, the effective stress range to be used in the fatigue assessment may be determined by adding the tensile portion of the stress range and 60 % of the compressive portion of the stress range or by special investigation (see 6.4). Uncertainties in assuming the fatigue strength and possible consequences of a damage shall be taken into consideration by a fatigue strength specific resistance factor Mf according to Table 10. Table 10 Fatigue strength specific resistance factor Mf Mf Inspection and access
Periodic inspection and maintenance Accessible joint detail Periodic inspection and maintenance Poor accessibility 1,15 1,25 1,35
Fail-safe components
Non fail-safe components without hazards with hazards for for persons persons
1,15 1,25
1,0
Fail-safe structural components are those with reduced consequences of failure, such that the local failure of one component does not result in failure of the structure or falling of loads. Non fail-safe structural components are those where local failure of one component leads rapidly to failure of the structure or falling of loads.
6.2
6.2.1
Limit design stresses

Characteristic values of the stress range
The limit design stress of a constructional detail stressed by fatigue is characterised by the characteristic value of the stress range c (notch condition). c represents the fatigue strength under 2 10
6
constant
stress range cycles and a probability of survival of Ps = 97,7 % (mean value minus double standard deviation), see Figure 5.
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The several values c are arranged in a sequence of notch classes (NC) with the constant ratio of 1,125 between the classes (see annex C, first column). For shear stressing the above is also applicable and c is used instead of c . The characteristic values of the stress range c resp. c and the related inverse slopes m of the /Ncurve are given in annex A (normative) and annex E (informative) as follows: Table A.1: Table A.2: Table A.3: Table E.1: Basic material of structural members; Bolted members, connecting devices; Welded members; Values of inverse slope of the /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for connections and joints of hollow section girders; Values of inverse slope of the /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for lattice type connections of hollow section girders.
Table E.2:
The given values apply for the defined basic conditions. For deviating conditions an appropriate notch class (NC) shall be selected one or more notch classes above (+ 1 NC, + 2NC, ...) or below (- 1 NC, - 2 NC, ...) the basic reference class. The effects of several deviating conditions shall be summed up.
Principle figure above
Simplification (see EN 13001-1)
Key 1 2 Constant stress range fatigue limit Cut-off limit
Figure 5 Illustration of s/N-curve and ?s c
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
6.2.2
Weld quality
c -values in annex A and annex E depend on the quality level of the weld. Quality classes B, C, D shall be according to EN 25817. In annex E class C is assumed. Usage of lower quality levels than D is not allowed. For the purpose of this standard an additional quality level B* can be used. The requirements in addition to those of level B given hereafter define quality level B*.
Additional requirements for quality level B*: For the purpose of this standard 100 % NDT (non destructive testing) means inspection of the whole length of the weld with an appropriate method to ensure that the specified quality requirements are met. For butt welds: full penetration without initial points; both surfaces machined or flush ground down to plate surface; grinding in stress direction; the weld toe post-treated by grinding, remelting by TIG, plasma welding or by needle peening; eccentricity of the joining plates less than 5 % of thickness of greater plate; sum of lengths of concavities of weld less than 5 % of the total length of the weld; 100 % NDT. For parallel and lap joints: transition angle of the weld to the plate surface shall not exceed 25; the weld toe post-treated by grinding, remelting by TIG, plasma welding or by needle peening; 100 % NDT. All other joints: full penetration; transition angle of the weld to the web surface shall not exceed 25; the weld toe post-treated by grinding, remelting by TIG, plasma welding or by needle peening; 100 % NDT; eccentricity less than 10 % of thickness of greater plate. If TIG dressing is used as a post treatment of the potential crack initialisation zone of a welded joint in order to increase the fatigue strength, welds of quality class C for design purposes may be upgraded to quality class B for any joint configuration. 6.2.3 Effect of test loads
The characteristic value of stress range c respective c of a welded detail that was subjected to a test load (see EN 13001-2, 4.1.4.3) is higher than the value of that detail not subjected to a test load.
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
c values of annex A and annex E are related to details as test loaded. Therefore application of these
values requires test loads as given in EN 13001-2. 6.2.4 Requirements for fatigue testing
Details not given in annex A and annex E or consideration of mean stress influence require special investigation into c and m by tests. Requirements for such tests are: test specimen in real size (1:1); test specimen produced under workshop conditions; at least 7 tests per stress range level. Requirements for determination of m and c are:
c shall be determined from numbers of cycles based on mean value minus double standard deviation
in a log/log presentation;
at least one stress range level that results in a number of stress cycles to failure of less than 2104 cycles; at least one stress range level that results in a number of stress cycles to failure between 1,5106 and 2,5106 cycles. A simplified method for the determination of m and c may be used: m shall be set to m = 3; only stress range levels that result in a number of stress cycles to failure of less than 1105 cycles shall be used.
6.3
6.3.1
Classes S of stress history parameter s

Simplified method based on service conditions
Determination of the class S (see EN 13001-1) decisively depends on: the class U of working cycles; the class Q of the load spectrum; the factor 2 respective hoisting class HC. The structure or parts of the structure can be related to a class S according to Table 11 and Table 12 dependent on the classes U, Q and a parameter Gt/( 2 Q), under consideration of an average influence of the class Dlin and/or class Dang and class P, where
Gt
is the mass of the moving crane parts during a representative working cycle, such as:
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
for a bridge crane: Gt is the mass of the trolley and load lifting attachments; for slewing cranes: when considering load supporting slewing parts: Gt is the mass of the jib transformed to the load suspension point; when considering non slewing parts: Gt is the mass of the entire slewing parts, transformed to the load suspension point;
Q
2
is the mass of the maximum hoist load influencing the part under consideration; (i. e. if the hoist load is of no influence, Q is set to 0); is the dynamic factor (see EN 13001-2).
The derivation of Table 11 and Table 12 is based on the damage theory of Corten-Dolan and on the assumption that the average horizontal displacement of the load centre is about 2/3 of the span or 2/3 of the maximum working radius.
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table 11 Class S for trolley frames and main girders between two supports, as well as for structures of wall and slewing cranes with constant working radius of the load centre Class of load spectrum
Gt 2 Q
0 0,25 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S2 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S2 S3 S1 S3 S4 S2 S4 S5 S3 S5 S6 S4 S6 S7 S5 S7 S8 S6
Class of total number of working cycles U0 U1 U2 U3 U4

S0 S1
U5
S1 S2
U6
S2 S3
U7
S3 S4
U8
S4 S5
U9
S5 S6
Q0
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
Q1
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0 S0 S0 S1
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
Q2
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
Q3
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
S0
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
Q4
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
S1 S0
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9 S9
Q5
0,5 1 2 S1 S0 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
S8
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table 12 Class S for stringers, supports and parts of main girders project over the supports, as well as for structures of wall and slewing cranes with variable working radius of the load centre Class of load spectrum
Gt 2 Q
0 0,25 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S2 S1 S2 S3 S0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S2 S0 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S2 S3 S0 S1 S0 S0 S3 S4 S1 S2 S4 S5 S2 S3 S5 S6 S3 S4 S6 S7 S4 S5 S7 S8 S5 S6 S1
Class of total number of working cycles U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9

S0 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S2 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S2 S3 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S3 S4 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S4 S5 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S5 S6
Q0
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
Q1
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
Q2
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
S1
S2 S0
S3 S1
S4 S2
S5 S3
S6 S4
S7 S5
S8 S6
Q3
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
S0 S0 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
S1 S0
S2 S1
S3 S2
S4 S3
S5 S4
S6 S5
S7 S6
S8 S7
Q4
0,5 1 2 0 0,25
S0
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
Q5
0,5 1 2
S0
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
6.3.2
Selection based on experience
The members of crane structures may be related to classes S due to experience. If a single class S is used for the whole structure the most severe class shall be used. Guidance is given in annex B.
6.4
Execution of the proof
For the detail under consideration it shall be proven that:
Sd Rd Sd = max min
where
(21) (22)
Sd
max, min
is the calculated maximum range of design stresses are the extreme values of design stresses resulting from load combinations A according to Table 10 of EN 13001-2, by applying P = 1 (compression stresses with negative sign). For design weld stress see annex D. For thermally stress relieved or non-welded structural members the compressive portion of the stress range may be reduced to 60 %. is the permissible stress range
Rd
Shear stresses are treated similarly. For each stress component where x,y indicate the orthogonal directions of stresses.
x , y and the proof shall be executed separately.
In case of non welded details, if the normal and shear stresses induced by the same loading event vary simultaneously, or if the plane of the maximum principal stress does not change significantly in the course of a loading event, the maximum principal stress range shall be used. In case of non welded details with independently varying ranges of normal and shear stresses it shall be proven that:
Sd , x m c, x
where
mx
s x ( mx )
Sd , y + c, y
my
s y( m y )
Sd + c
s ( m )
1.0 Mf
(23)
Sd , Sd c , c
s(m) m
are the calculated maximum ranges of design stresses are the characteristic values of stress range is the stress history parameter inverse slope of /N-curve (the maximum value of mx, my, m shall be taken as radical
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
index) x, y indicate the orthogonal direction of normal stresses indicate the respective shear stress
6.5
6.5.1
Determination of the permissible stress range

Applicable methods
The permissible stress ranges Rd for the detail under consideration shall be determined either by direct use of stress history parameter s(m) or simplified by use of class S. 6.5.2 Direct use of stress history parameter
The permissible stress range shall be calculated by:
Rd =
where
Mf m s(m )
(24)
Rd c , m
is the permissible stress range are the characteristic values of stress range and the respective inverse slope of the log /log N-curve (see annex A and annex E)
Mf
s (m)
is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 10) is the stress history parameter (calculated according to the formula of 4.3.4 of EN 130011:1997)
*
NOTE When s(m) is obtained on the basis of m = 3, the permissible stress range may be calculated using k as shown in formula (26).
6.5.3 6.5.3.1
Use of class S Slope m
When the detail under consideration is related to a class S according to 6.3, the simplified determination of the permissible stress range is dependent on the (negative inverse) slope m of the log /log N-curve. 6.5.3.2 Slope m = 3
In dependence on the S-classes the values of the classified stress history parameter s (m = 3) are as follows: Table 13 s (m = 3) of classes S Class
s(m=3)
SO
0.008
S1
0.016
S2
0.032
S3
0.063
S4
0.125
S5
0.25
S6
0.5
S7
1.0
S8
2.0
S9
4.0
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The permissible stress range shall be calculated by:
Rd =
where
Mf s(m = 3)
3
(25)
Rd
c
s(m=3)
is the permissible stress range; is the characteristic value of stress range of details with m = 3 (see annex A and annex E); is the classified stress history parameter (see Table 13); is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 10).
Mf
For
Mf = 1,25 Annex C gives the values of Rd in dependence on the class S and c .

Slope m 3
6.5.3.3
If the negative inverse slope m of the log /log N-curve is not equal to 3, the permissible stress range is dependent on the class S and the stress spectrum factor k(m) (see 4.3.4 of EN 13001-1). The permissible stress range Rd shall be calculated by:
Rd = Rd ,1 k *
Rd ,1 = c
(26)
Mf m s ( m=3)
1
(27)
k*=m
where
k ( m = 3) k ( m)
(28)
Rd
is the permissible stress range is the permissible stress range for k* = 1 is the specific spectrum ratio factor are the characteristic values of stress range and the respective inverse slope of the log /log N-curve (see annex A and annex E)
Rd ,1
k*
c , m
s (m = 3)
is the classified stress history parameter (see Table 13) is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 10)
Mf
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
k ( m = 3) k ( m)
k(m=3) and k(m)
is the stress spectrum factor based on m = 3 is the stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration shall be based on the same stress spectrum that is derived either from calculation or simulation
For
Mf = 1,25 and m = 5. Annex C gives the values of Rd in dependence on the class S and c .
Simplified method for slope m 3
6.5.3.4
As k* = 1 covers the most unfavourable stress spectra, Rd ,1 may be used as permissible stress range. The value of k* may be calculated for k(m=3) and k(m) from the stress spectrum estimated by experience.
Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints
The proof of design strength of hollow section girder joints guards against failure due to: plasticising of the boom member flange; plasticising or instability of the boom member web; shearing of the boom member cross-section; punching-through of the boom member flange; tearing-off of the web member with effective cross-section; local bulging. The proof shall be executed according to the rules of Eurocode 3, ENV 1993-1-1:1993, annex K.
Proof of elastic stability
The proof of elastic stability prevents structural members from the loss of stability by lateral deformation (e. g. buckling, bulging).
NOTE This clause is still under consideration and will be given in a later revision. It is intended to follow the principles of DIN 18800 and applicable literature.
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex A (normative) Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and permissible stress range c, c
Table A.1 Basic material of structural members

c
No.
c
(N/mm )
2
Constructional detail
Requirements
Rolled surfaces and edges, Surface condition according to EN 10163-A3/C3, No thermal cutting, No notches or geometrical notch effects (e. g. cutouts)
m=5 1 Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under normal stresses 250 280 315 fy 275 275 < fy 355 355 < fy
2 m=5 Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under normal stresses 200 225 fy 275 275 < fy
Flame cut edges, quality according to EN ISO 9013-IA No geometrical notch effects (e. g. cutouts)
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.1 (concluded)

c
No.
c
(N/mm )
2
Requirements
Nominal stress calculated for the net cross-section Holes not flame cut, Bolts may be present, when these are stressed
m=5 3
up to 20 % of their strength in shear/ bearing connections or

Holes in a plate under normal stresses
200 225
fy 275 275 < fy
up to 100 % of their strength in slip-resistant connections
m=5 4
Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under shear stress 140 160 180 fy 275 275 < fy 355 355 < fy
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.2 Bolted members, connecting devices

c
No.
c
(N/mm )
2
Requirements
Double shear
Supported single-shear m=5 1 (example)
The proof of fatigue strength is not required for bolts of slip resistant bolt connections Nominal stress calculated for the net cross-section
Single-shear
Perforated parts in slip-resistant bolt connections under normal stresses 200 225 2 m=5 180 3 m=5 125 m=5 4 140 355 m=5 5 100 250 m=3 6 32 45 fy 275 275 < fy Perforated parts in shear/bearing connections under normal stresses double-shear and supported single-shear Normal stress Perforated parts in shear/bearing connections under normal stresses single-shear joints, not supported Normal stress Fitted bolts in double-shear or supported single-shear joints Shear stress ( c ) Bearing stress ( c ) Fitted bolts in single-shear joints, not supported Shear stress ( c ) Bearing stress ( c ) Threaded bolts loaded in tension Machined thread Rolled thread Uniform distribution of stresses is assumed Uniform distribution of stresses is assumed Nominal stress calculated for the net cross-section Nominal stress calculated for the net cross-section
calculated for the stress-area of the

bolt, using 5.2.3.3)
Fb
(see
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.3 Welded members

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements Basic conditions: symmetric plate arrangement fully penetrated weld Manual or partially mechanized welding Components with usual residual stresses Angular misalignment < 1 t1 = t2 or
m=3
slope <1:3 Symmetric butt joint, normal stress across the weld Special conditions: Components with considerable residual stresses (e. g. joint of components with restraint of shrinkage) - 1 NC - 2 NC
180
Butt weld, quality level B*
160
Butt weld, quality level B
- 4 NC
140
Butt weld, quality level C Basic conditions:
4 NC
symmetric plate arrangement fully penetrated weld Manual or partially mechanised welding Components with usual residual stresses Angular misalignment < 1 Components with considerable residual stresses (e. g. joint of components with restraint of shrinkage) -1 NC
m=3
Symmetric butt joint, normal stress across the weld
Special conditions:
90
Butt weld on remaining backing, quality level C
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.3 (continued)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements Basic conditions: fully penetrated weld Supported parallel to butt weld: e < 2 t2 + 10mm Supported vertical to butt weld: e < 12 t2 Manually or partially mechanized welding Components with usual residual stresses
m=3 3
slope 1:3 Unsymmetrical supported butt joint, normal stress across the butt weld
t 2 t1 4 mm
Special conditions: Components with considerable residual stresses (e. g. joint of components with restraint of shrinkage) -1 NC Influence of slope and thickness
t 2 t1 :
thickness
t 2 t1
50 -1NC -2NC -2NC > 50 -2NC -2NC -3NC
140 125 112
Butt weld, quality level B* Butt weld, quality level B Butt weld, quality level C
slope 4 1:3 1:2 -1NC 1:1 -1NC >1:1 - 2NC
10 -1NC -1NC -2NC -2NC
-3NC -3NC
Basic conditions: fully penetrated weld Supported parallel to butt weld: e < 2 t2 + 10mm Supported vertical to butt weld: e < 12 t2 Manually or partially mechanised welding Components with usual residual stresses
m=3 4
t 2 t1 10 mm
Components with considerable residual stresses (e. g. joint of components with restraint of shrinkage) -1 NC
Special conditions: Unsymmetrical supported butt joint, normal stress across the butt weld
90
Butt weld on remaining backing, quality level C
t 2 t1 > 10 mm
-1 NC
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements Basic conditions: fully penetrated weld Manually or partially mechanised welding Components with usual residual stresses slope 1:1 Slope in weld or parent material
m=3 5
t1/t2 > 0,84 Special conditions:
Components with considerable

Unsymmetrical unsupported butt joint, stress across the butt weld residual stresses (e. g. joint of components with restraint of shrinkage) -1NC
-2 NC
112 100 90
Butt weld, quality level B* Butt weld, quality level B Butt weld quality level C
t1/t2 > 0,74 t1/t2 > 0,63 t1/t2 > 0,50
-1 NC -2 NC -3 NC
Basic conditions: m=3 6 Components with usual residual stresses Manually or partially mechanised welding
Butt joint with crossing welds, stress across the butt weld 125 100 90 Butt weld, quality level B* Butt weld, quality level B Butt weld, quality level C
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions: m=3 Manual or partially mechanised welding
7 180 160 140 90
Normal stress in weld direction Full penetration, continuous weld, quality level B Full penetration, continuous weld, quality level C Partial penetration, continuous welds, quality level C Intermittent weld, quality level C
Special conditions: Automatic welding, no initial points Welding with restraint of shrinkage + 1 NC - 1 NC
Basic conditions: m=3 Continous weld Manual or partially mechanised welding
8 Cross or T-Joint, groove weld, normal stress across the weld 125 112 100 80 71 K-weld, quality level B K-weld, quality level B K-weld, quality level C Semi V-weld on remaining backing quality level B Semi V-weld on remaining backing quality level C
*
Special conditions: Automatic welding, no initial points Welding with restraint of shrinkage
+ 1 NC - 1 NC
Basic conditions: Continous weld m=3 9 Special conditions: Cross or T-Joint, symmetric double fillet weld, normal stress across the weld 71 63 Quality level B Quality level C Automatic welding, no initial points Welding with restraint of shrinkage + 1 NC - 1 NC Manual or partially mechanized welding weld thickness a > 0,8 t
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
m=3 10
T-Joint, normal stresses in the plate from bending 90 80 Quality level B Quality level C
m=3 11
Full penetration weld (double sided) with transverse compressive load (e. g. wheel) 160 140 Quality level B Quality level C
m=3 12
Full penetration weld (with backing) with transverse compressive load (e. g. wheel)
125 112 Quality level B Quality level C
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
13
m=3
Single fillet weld with transverse compressive load (e. g. wheel)

63 Quality level C
14
m=3
Single fillet weld with transverse load (e. g. underslung crab) 63 Quality level C
Basic conditions: Quality level C m=3 15 Special conditions: Quality level B Quality level B
*
Continuous weld distance c between the weld toe and rim of continuous component greater than 10 mm
+2 NC +1 NC - 1 NC - 1 NC
Continuous component with a welded cover plate 90 80 71 l 50 mm 50 mm < l 100 mm l > 100 mm
Quality level D c < 10 mm
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
m=3 16
Basic conditions: Continuous fillet or groove weld
Continuous component with load carrying flange plate, stress in continuous component at end of connection 125 Flange plate with end chamfer 1:3; edge weld and end of flank weld in weld quality level B*
17
m=3
Basic conditions: Continuous fillet or groove weld t0 1,5 tu Continuous component with load carrying flange plate, stress in continuous component at end of connection
100
Edge weld and end of flank weld in weld quality level B*
m=3 18 Continuous component with load carrying flange plate, stress in continuous component at end of connection 80 71 Quality level B Quality level C
Basic conditions: Continuous fillet or groove weld
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
m=3 19
Basic conditions: Stressed area to be calculated by:
As = t l r
Overlapped welded joint, main plate 80 71 63 Quality level B Quality level B Quality level C
*
l r = min (bm ,b L + l )
Basic conditions: 20 m=3 Stressed area to be calculated by:
As = bL (t L1 + t L 2 )
Overlapped welded joint, lap plates 50
m=3 21 Continuous component with longitudinally mounted parts, Parts rounded or chamfered 100 90 80 Quality level B* Quality level B Quality level C
Basic conditions: R 50 mm; 60 Groove weld or allround fillet weld Special conditions: R 100 mm; 45 +1 NC End welds in a zone of at least 5 t fully penetrated +2 NC
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
Basis conditions: m=3 22 Allround fillet weld Quality level B, C
Special conditions: Continuous component with parts ending perpendicularly 80 71 63 l 50 mm 50 mm < l 100 mm l > 100 mm Single fillet weld Weld quality level B* Weld quality level D -1 NC +1 NC -1 NC
Basic conditions: R 50 mm or 60 m=3 23 Continuous component with longitudinally mounted parts, welded to edge 100 90 80 71 Quality level B, weld ends in weld quality level B* Quality level B Quality level C Quality level D t2 t1 Butt weld or all-round fillet weld
Special conditions: R 100 mm or 45 R < 50mm or > 60
+1 NC -2 NC
End welds in a zone of at least 5 t2 fully penetrated +1 NC
Basic conditions c 10 mm m=3 24 Quality level C
Special conditions: * Quality level B Continuous component with overlapping parts 80 71 63 b 50 mm 50 mm < b 100 mm b > 100 mm Quality level B Quality level D c < 10 mm
+2 NC +1 NC -1 NC -1 NC
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions: Manual or partially mechanised welding Plate thickness t 12 mm c 10 mm Quality level D not allowed for K weld
m=3
25 Continuous component to which parts are welded transversally 125 112 100 90 80 Double fillet weld, quality level B* Double fillet weld, quality level B Double fillet weld, quality level C Single fillet weld, quality level B, C Semi V-weld on remaining backing, quality level B, C
Special conditions: Plate thickness t > 12 mm (Double fillet welds only) c < 10 mm K weld instead of double fillet weld Quality level D instead of C -1 NC -1 NC +1 NC -1 NC
Basic conditions: m=3 26 125 112 100 80 80 Continuous component to which stiffeners are welded transversally Double fillet weld, quality level B* Double fillet weld, quality level B Double fillet weld, quality level C Single fillet weld, quality level B, C Semi V-weld on remaining backing, quality level B, C Manual or partially mechanised welding Plate thickness t 12 mm c 10 mm
Special conditions: Plate thickness t > 12 mm (double fillets only) c< 10 mm K weld instead of double fillet weld -1 NC -1 NC +1 NC
m=3 27 Continuous component to which transverse parts or stiffeners are welded intermittently 63 50 Quality level C Quality level D
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
For parts rounded or chamfered: Basic conditions: R 50 mm, 60 m=3 28 Continuous component with longitudinally mounted parts, parts through hole 90 56 Parts rounded or chamfered Parts ending perpendicularly Basic conditions: 29 Tubes, normal stress across the weld 90 63 56 45 40 Butt weld, cylindrical tube Groove weld, cylindrical tube Groove weld, rectangular tube Double fillet weld, cylindrical tube Double fillet weld, rectangular tube Manual or partially mechanised welding Quality level C Groove weld fully penetrated Fillet weld thickness a > 0,7 tube thickness Flange thickness greater than two times tube thickness (for middle figure) Special conditions: R 100 mm, 45 End welds in the zone of at least 5 t fully penetrated +1 NC
+2 NC
m=3
Special conditions: Quality B Quality B

*
+1 NC +2 NC
Basic conditions: Quality level C m=5 30 Special conditions: Components with considerable residual stresses (e. g. joint of components with restraint of shrinkage -1 NC No initial points +1 NC Manual or partially mechanised welding Components with usual residual stresses
Continuous weld under uniform shear flow 112 90 With full penetration Partial penetration
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.3 (concluded)

No.
c c 2 (N/mm )
Requirements
m=5 31
Basic conditions: Load is assumed to be transferred by longitudinal welds only
Weld in lap joint, shear with stress concentration 71 63 Quality level B Quality level C
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex B (informative) Guidance for selection of classes S due to experience
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Type of crane
Hand-operated cranes Assembly cranes Powerhouse cranes Warehouse cranes Warehouse cranes, lifting beam cranes, scrapyard cranes Workshop cranes Bridge cranes, skull cracker cranes Ladle cranes Pit cranes Stripper cranes, charging cranes Forging cranes Unloaders, stocking and reclaiming bridges, semi-portal cranes, portal cranes with trolley or slewing crane Unloaders, stocking and reclaiming bridges, semi-portal cranes, portal cranes with trolley or slewing crane Travelling conveyor gantries with fixed or sliding conveyor(s) Shipbuilding cranes, slipway cranes, fitting-out cranes Wharf cranes, slewing cranes, floating cranes, level-luffing slewing cranes High-capacity floating cranes, high capacity gantry cranes Shipdeck cranes Shipdeck cranes Revolving tower cranes for construction service Erection cranes, derricks Rail-mounted slewing cranes Rail-mounted slewing cranes Locomotive cranes, licensed for in-train haulage Loader cranes, mobile cranes Loader cranes, mobile cranes High capacity loader and mobile cranes
Operation method
S-class
S0 S2 S0 S2 S1 S3
intermittent operation continuous operation
S4 S5 S6 S8 S3 S5
grabbing or magnet service
S6 S8 S6 S8 S7 S9 S8 S9 S6 S8
hook service
S4 S6
13
grabbing or magnet service
S6 S8
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
S3 S5 hook service hook service grabbing or magnet service S3 S5 S4 S6 S6 S8 S1 S3 hook service grabbing or magnet service hook service hook service grabbing or magnet service hook service grabbing or magnet service S3 S5 S4 S6 S1 S3 S1 S3 S3 S5 S4 S6 S4 S5 S2 S5 S4 S6 S1 S3
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex C (normative) Calculated values of permissible stress range Rd
Table C.1 Details with m = 3 and MF = 1,25

NC, c (N/mm )
355 315 280 250 225 200 180 160 140 125 112 100 90 80 71 63 56 50 45 40 36 32 28 25 22,5 20 18 16 14 12,5 11,5 10 9 8 7,1 6,3
2
Rd (/mm )
S0
1420,0 1260,0 1120,0 1000,0 900,0 800,0 720,0 640,0 560,0 500,0 448,0 400,0 360,0 320,0 284,0 252,0 224,0 200,0 180,0 160,0 144,0 128,0 112,0 100,0 90,0 80,0 72,0 64,0 56,0 50,0 46,0 40,0 36,0 32,0 28,4 25,2
S1
1127,1 1000,1 888,9 793,7 714,3 635,0 571,5 508,0 444,5 396,9 355,6 317,5 285,7 254,0 225,4 200,0 177,8 158,7 142,9 127,0 114,3 101,6 88,9 79,4 71,4 63,5 57,1 50,8 44,4 39,7 36,5 31,7 28,6 25,4 22,5 20,0
S2
894,5 793,8 705,6 630,0 567,0 504,0 453,6 403,2 352,8 315,0 282,2 252,0 226,8 201,6 178,9 158,8 141,1 126,0 113,4 100,8 90,7 80,6 70,6 63,0 56,7 50,4 45,4 40,3 35,3 31,5 29,0 25,2 22,7 20,2 17,9 15,9
S3
713,7 633,3 562,9 502,6 452,4 402,1 361,9 321,7 281,5 251,3 225,2 201,1 180,9 160,8 142,7 126,7 112,6 100,5 90,5 80,4 72,4 64,3 56,3 50,3 45,2 40,2 36,2 32,2 28,1 25,1 23,1 20,1 18,1 16,1 14,3 12,7
S4
568,0 504,0 448,0 400,0 360,0 320,0 288,0 256,0 224,0 200,0 179,2 160,0 144,0 128,0 113,6 100,8 89,6 80,0 72,0 64,0 57,6 51,2 44,8 40,0 36,0 32,0 28,8 25,6 22,4 20,0 18,4 16,0 14,4 12,8 11,4 10,1
S5
450,8 400,0 355,6 317,5 285,7 254,0 228,6 203,2 177,8 158,7 142,2 127,0 114,3 101,6 90,2 80,0 71,1 63,5 57,1 50,8 45,7 40,6 35,6 31,7 28,6 25,4 22,9 20,3 17,8 15,9 14,6 12,7 11,4 10,2 9,0 8,0
S6
357,8 317,5 282,2 252,0 226,8 201,6 181,4 161,3 141,1 126,0 112,9 100,8 90,7 80,6 71,6 63,5 56,4 50,4 45,4 40,3 36,3 32,3 28,2 25,2 22,7 20,2 18,1 16,1 14,1 12,6 11,6 10,1 9,1 8,1 7,2 6,4
S7
284,0 252,0 224,0 200,0 180,0 160,0 144,0 128,0 112,0 100,0 89,6 80,0 72,0 64,0 56,8 50,4 44,8 40,0 36,0 32,0 28,8 25,6 22,4 20,0 18,0 16,0 14,4 12,8 11,2 10,0 9,2 8,0 7,2 6,4 5,7 5,0
S8
225,4 200,0 177,8 158,7 142,9 127,0 114,3 101,6 88,9 79,4 71,1 63,5 57,1 50,8 45,1 40,0 35,6 31,7 28,6 25,4 22,9 20,3 17,8 15,9 14,3 12,7 11,4 10,2 8,9 7,9 7,3 6,3 5,7 5,1 4,5 4,0
S9
178,9 158,8 141,1 126,0 113,4 100,8 90,7 80,6 70,6 63,0 56,4 50,4 45,4 40,3 35,8 31,8 28,2 25,2 22,7 20,2 18,1 16,1 14,1 12,6 11,3 10,1 9,1 8,1 7,1 6,3 5,8 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,6 3,2
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table C.2 Details with m = 5 and MF = 1,25

NC, c (N/mm )
355 315 280 250 225 200 180 160 140 125 112 100 90 80 71 63 56 50 45 40 36 32 28 25 22,5 20 18 16 14 12,5 11,5 10 9 8 7,1 6,3
2
Rd, 1 (/mm2)
S0
745,9 661,9 588,3 525,3 472,8 420,2 378,2 336,2 294,2 262,7 235,3 210,1 189,1 168,1 149,2 132,4 117,7 105,1 94,6 84,0 75,6 67,2 58,8 52,5 47,3 42,0 37,8 33,6 29,4 26,3 24,2 21,0 18,9 16,8 14,9 13,2
S1
649,4 576,2 512,2 457,3 411,6 365,8 329,3 292,7 256,1 228,7 204,9 182,9 164,6 146,3 129,9 115,2 102,4 91,5 82,3 73,2 65,9 58,5 51,2 45,7 41,2 36,6 32,9 29,3 25,6 22,9 21,0 18,3 16,5 14,6 13,0 11,5
S2
565,3 501,6 445,9 398,1 358,3 318,5 286,6 254,8 222,9 199,1 178,4 159,2 143,3 127,4 113,1 100,3 89,2 79,6 71,7 63,7 57,3 51,0 44,6 39,8 35,8 31,8 28,7 25,5 22,3 19,9 18,3 15,9 14,3 12,7 11,3 10,0
S3
493,7 438,1 389,4 347,7 312,9 278,1 250,3 222,5 194,7 173,8 155,8 139,1 125,2 111,3 98,7 87,6 77,9 69,5 62,6 55,6 50,1 44,5 38,9 34,8 31,3 27,8 25,0 22,3 19,5 17,4 16,0 13,9 12,5 11,1 9,9 8,8
S4
430,5 382,0 339,5 303,1 272,8 242,5 218,3 194,0 169,8 151,6 135,8 121,3 109,1 97,0 86,1 76,4 67,9 60,6 54,6 48,5 43,7 38,8 34,0 30,3 27,3 24,3 21,8 19,4 17,0 15,2 13,9 12,1 10,9 9,7 8,6 7,6
S5
374,7 332,5 295,6 263,9 237,5 211,1 190,0 168,9 147,8 132,0 118,2 105,6 95,0 84,4 74,9 66,5 59,1 52,8 47,5 42,2 38,0 33,8 29,6 26,4 23,8 21,1 19,0 16,9 14,8 13,2 12,1 10,6 9,5 8,4 7,5 6,7
S6
326,2 289,5 257,3 229,7 206,8 183,8 165,4 147,0 128,7 114,9 102,9 91,9 82,7 73,5 65,2 57,9 51,5 45,9 41,4 36,8 33,1 29,4 25,7 23,0 20,7 18,4 16,5 14,7 12,9 11,5 10,6 9,2 8,3 7,4 6,5 5,8
S7
284,0 252,0 224,0 200,0 180,0 160,0 144,0 128,0 112,0 100,0 89,6 80,0 72,0 64,0 56,8 50,4 44,8 40,0 36,0 32,0 28,8 25,6 22,4 20,0 18,0 16,0 14,4 12,8 11,2 10,0 9,2 8,0 7,2 6,4 5,7 5,0
S8
247,2 219,4 195,0 174,1 156,7 139,3 125,4 111,4 97,5 87,1 78,0 69,6 62,7 55,7 49,4 43,9 39,0 34,8 31,3 27,9 25,1 22,3 19,5 17,4 15,7 13,9 12,5 11,1 9,8 8,7 8,0 7,0 6,3 5,6 4,9 4,4
S9
215,2 191,0 169,8 151,6 136,4 121,3 109,1 97,0 84,9 75,8 67,9 60,6 54,6 48,5 43,0 38,2 34,0 30,3 27,3 24,3 21,8 19,4 17,0 15,2 13,6 12,1 10,9 9,7 8,5 7,6 7,0 6,1 5,5 4,9 4,3 3,8
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex D (normative) Design weld stress W,Sd and W,Sd

D.1 Butt joint
Normal weld design stress
W ,Sd and shear weld design stress W , Sd are calculated by:
W ,Sd = W , Sd =
where
F ar l r F a r lr
(D.1)
F is the acting normal force (see Figure D.1); F is the acting shear force (see Figure D.1);
a r is the relevant weld thickness; lr
is the relevant weld length.
Figure D.1 Butt weld The relevant weld thickness a r is limited to:
a r min (t1 ,t 2 ) .
In general, the relevant weld length lr is given by:
l r = lW 2 a r
(welded non intermittently)
l r = (lWi 2 a r ) (welded intermittently)

i
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
where
lW is the weld length (see Figure D.1); lWi are the weld lengths when welded intermittently (see Figure D.1);
a r is the relevant weld thickness.
D.2 Fillet weld and groove weld with uniform distributed load
Normal weld design stress W,Sd and shear weld design stress W,Sd are calculated by:
W ,Sd = W ,Sd =
where
F a r1 l r1 + a r 2 l r 2 F a r1 lr1 + a r 2 lr 2
(D.2)
F is the acting normal force (see Figure D.2); F is the acting shear force (see Figure D.2); a ri are the relevant weld thicknesses (see Figure D.2);
a ri = a i a ri = a i + a hi
for case 1; for case 2;
l ri are the relevant weld lengths.
case 1
case 2
Figure D.2 Joint dimensions
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CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The relevant weld thickness ar is limited to:
a r 0,7 min( t1 , t 2 ) .
For the relevant weld lengths see D.1. Single sided welds may be used loaded with forces as shown in Figure D.2. For single sided welds,
W ,Sd and W ,Sd are calculated analogous using the relevant weld parameters.
D.3 Relevant distribution length under punctiform load

For simplification the normal weld design stress w,Sd and shear weld design stress w,Sd may be calculated using the relevant distribution length under punctiform load:
l r = 2 h tan +
where
(D.3)
lr
h
is the relevant distribution length ; is the distance between weld and contact area of acting load; is the width of contact area in weld direction. For wheels may be set to :
= 0, 2 r with max = 50 mm
where
is the radius of wheel;
2 k is the spread angle. k shall be set to 45 .
Figure D.3 Punctiform load
59
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex E (informative) Hollow Sections
Table E.1 Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for connections and joints of hollow sections girders, m = 5 For site welding the given values of c should be multiplied by the factor 0,9. c (N/mm2) Dimensions (mm)
No.
Butt joint with I- or V-weld
Requirements
The admissible mismatch of the sections due to a change of the plate thickness is t0/3, but not more than max. 2 mm. In case of a higher mismatch, especially for a transverse plate butt of rectangle hollow section girders of different dimensions, c is reduced to 80 % of the given values.
90
2 < t0 25
a)
with weld backing
90
8 < t0 25
71
2 < t0 8 b) without backing weld
Butt joint with I- or V-weld 80 2 < t0 25 a) with weld backing
80
8 < t0 25
Requirements analogous to No. 1
63
2 < t0 8 b) without weld backing
60
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.1 (continued) No. c (N/mm2) Dimensions (mm) Constructional detail

Transverse plate butt with semi V-welds (tp 2 to )
Requirements
a) with weld backing

63 2 < t0 25
63
8 < t0 25
56
2 < t0 8
b)
without weld backing
Transverse plate butt with semi V-welds (tp 2 to ) a) 56 2 < t0 25 with weld backing
56
8 < t0 25
50
2 < t0 8 b) without weld backing
Transverse plate butt with semi V-welds (tp 2 to )
45
2 < t0 8
61
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

Transverse plate butt with semi V-welds (tp 2 to ) Fillet weld thickness a = t0
Requirements
40
2 < t0 8
80
l 50
Longitudinally welded outer fin not bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 25)
Fillet weld thickness a: for 2 < t0 3:a = 2 for 3 t0 25:a = 0,7 t0
71
50 < l 100
56
l > 100 Transversally welded outer fin with projection, not bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < to 25), (b > b0)
100
t6
Fillet weld thickness a: for 2 < t0 3:a = 2 for 3 t0 25:a 0,7t0,
90
6 < t 12
80
12 < t 25
but not more than a = 10
80
t6
Transversally welded outer fin with projection, not bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 25), (b > b0)
Fillet weld thickness a: for 2 < t0 3:a = 2 for 3 t0 25:a 0,7t0, but not more than a = 10
71
6 < t 12
63
12 < t 25
62
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

Transversally welded outer fin without projection, not bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 25), (b 0,8 d0)
Requirements
80
t6
10
71
6 < t 12
63
12 < t 25
100
t6
Transversally welded outer fin without projections, not bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 25), (b 0,8 b0)
11
90
6 < t 12
80
6 < t 12
Welded-on hollow section girder, not transverse loading in y-direction (b,d b0,d0)
bearing
12
63
2 < t0 8
Fillet weld thickness a = t0
63
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.1 (continued) No. c (N/mm2)

10
Dimensions (mm)
t0/t = 1 (b,d)/d0 = 0,6 t0/t = 1 (b,d)/d0 = 1 t0/t 1 (b,d)/d0 = 0,6 t0/t 1 (b,d)/d0 = 0,6 t0/t = 1 (b,d)/b0 = 0,6 t0/t = 1 (b,d)/b0 = 1 t0/t 1 (b,d)/b0 = 0,6 t0/t 1 (b,d)/b0 = 0,6
Welded-on hollow section girder, bearing transverse loading F in y-direction (b,d d0), (2 < t0 8)
Requirements
36 13 16
50
Welded-on hollow section girder, bearing transverse loading F in y-direction (b,d b0), (2 < t0 8)
32 14 12,5
40
Single butt strap at chamfered end of tube (d0/t0 < 25) 15 80 2 < t0 8 Pinched end of tube a = 2 t0
Welded double butt strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25) Hot-bended strap, rounded slot milled at end of tube Fillet weld thickness a = t0
16
80
2 < t0 8
Inserted dovetail strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25)
17
71
2 < t0 8
64
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

End face strap (d0/t0 < 25), (tP 2.5 t0) 2 < t0 8
Requirements
Fillet weld thickness for the hollow section girder: a = t0 for the strap: a = 0,7 tL
18
56
End face strap (b0/t0 < 25), (tP 2,5 t0)
Fillet weld thickness for the hollow section girder: a = t0 for the strap: a = 0,7 tL
19
45
2 < t0 8
Inserted rectangular strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25)
20
45
2 < t0 8
Mitre joint with I- or V-weld without weld backing, stressed by bending (d0/t0 < 25), ( 90) 56 8 < t0 25 Requirements analogous to No. 1 50
21
2 < t0 8
Mitre joint with I- or V- weld without weld backing, stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), ( 90) 50 8 < t0 25 Requirements analogous to No. 1 45 2 < t0 8
22
65
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.1 (continued) No. c (N/mm2) Dimensions (mm)

Weld thickness a: 2<a8 23 Requirements analogous to No. 1 45 8 < a 14
Mitre joint with transverse plate and fillet welds, stressed by bending (d0/t0 < 25), ( 90), (tP 2,5 t0)
Requirements
50
Weld thickness a: 45 2<a8 24
Mitre joint with transverse plate and fillet welds, stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), ( 90), (tP 2,5 t0)
Requirements analogous to No. 1 40 8 < a 14
Joint of column and transverse girder with fillet welds, stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), (b0 b + 3 r) Weld thickness a: 2<a8 Fillet weld thickness a = t0 where t0 is the existing minimum plate thickness 40 8 < a 14
45
25
66
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.2 Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for lattice type connections of hollow section girders, m = 5
Basic symbols for all items with gap (e 0) with overlapping (e < 0)
Basic requirements for all items Bending in individual members should be taken into account when calculating the nominal stress.
b0 , d 0 120 mm. For b0 , d 0 > 120 mm, the given values of c should be multiplied by the factor
f a = 4 120 /(bo , d o )
t 0 12,5 mm
Weld thickness a = min t Incline of the diagonal members: 35 i 50
(b0, d 0 ) / t0 < 25 ; t 0, / ti 1; 0,6 (bi , d i ) /(b0, d 0 ) 1
Eccentricity in the plane of the lattice work: 0,5 e /(h0 , d 0 ) 0,25 perpendicular to the plane of the lattice work: 0,02 (b0, d 0 )
Welding under shop conditions. For site welding the given values of c should be multiplied by the factor 0,9.
67
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.2 (continued) No. c (N/mm2) Intermediate values by straight-line interpolation! Requirements K-gussett with direct strut joint a) with gap:
t 0 / ti = 1
d i / d 0 = 0,6
1 36 45
t0 / ti 2
80 90
g 0,3 d 0 g 2 /3di
di / d0 =1
t 0 / ti = 1
d i / d 0 = 0,6
50 56
t0 / ti 2
80 90 b) with overlapping K-T-gusset with direct strut joint
0,3 q / p 1
di / d0 =1
t 0 / ti = 1
2
t0 / ti 2
71 80
d i / d 0 = 0,6
36 35
0,3 q / p 1
di / d0 =1
N-gusset with direct strut joint c) with gap:
t 0 / ti = 1
d i / d 0 = 0,6 di / d0 =1
3 18 25
t0 / ti 2
56 63
g 0,3 d 0 g 2 /3di
t 0 / ti = 1
d i / d 0 = 0,6
45 50
t0 / ti 2
80 90 d) with overlapping
0,3 q / p 1
di / d0 =1
68
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.2 (continued) No. c (N/mm2) Intermediate values by straight-line interpolation! Requirements T- and X-gusset with direct strut joint
t 0 / ti = 1
d i / d 0 = 0,6
4 10 36
t0 / ti 2
16 50
60 90
di / d0 =1
Bending of boom member should be considered! K-gusset with direct strut joint e) with gap:
g 0,3 b0
t 0 / ti = 1
5
t0 / ti 2
63 71
g 2 / 3bi
bi / b0 = 0,6 bi / b0 = 1
32 36
0,3 q / p 1
f)
with overlapping
K-T-gusset with direct strut joint
t 0 / ti = 1
6
t0 / ti 2
56 63
bi / b0 = 0,6
32 36
0,3 q / p 1
bi / b0 = 1
69
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.2 (concluded) No. c (N/mm2) Intermediate values by straight-line interpolation! Requirements N-gusset with direct strut joint a) with gap:
g 0,3 b0
t 0 / ti = 1
7
t0 / ti 2
50 56
g 2 / 3bi
b i / b 0 = 0,6 bi / b0 = 1
29 36
0,3 q / p 1
b) with overlapping T- and X-gusset with direct strut joint
t 0 / ti = 1
bi / b0 = 0,6
8 6 32
t0 / ti 2
12,5 40
60 90
bi / b0 = 1
Bending of boom member should be considered!
70
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex F (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application
Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application? EN 13000:2004 prEN 14439:2002 prEN 14985:2004 WI 00147 032 EN 13852-1:2004 EN 13852-2:2004 prEN 14492-1:2004 prEN 14492-2:2002 EN 12999:2002 EN 13157:2002 prEN 13155:1998 EN 14238:2004 YES Use it directly, plus the standards that are referred to Use the following: EN 13001-1:2004 EN 13001-2:2004 prCEN/TS 13001-3-1:2003 prCEN/TS 13001-3-2:2003 WI 00147 050 EN 13135-1:2003 prEN 13135-2:2000 EN 13557:2003 EN 12077-2:1998 EN 13586:2003 prEN 14502-1:2002 prEN 14502-2:2002 EN 12644-1:2001 EN 12644-2:2000 Cranes General design Part 1: General principles and requirements Cranes General design Part 2: Load effects Cranes General design Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures Cranes General design Part 3.2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes Cranes General design Part 3.3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel / rail contacts Cranes Equipment Part 1: Electrotechnical equipment Cranes Equipment Part 2: Non-electrotechnical equipment Cranes Controls and control stations Cranes safety Requirements for health and safety Part 2: Limiting and indicating devices Cranes Access Cranes Equipment for the lifting of persons Part 1: Suspended baskets Cranes Equipment for the lifting of persons Part 2: Moveable cabins Cranes Information for use and testing Part 1: Instructions Cranes Information for use and testing Part 1: Marking Cranes Mobile cranes Cranes Tower cranes Cranes Slewing jib cranes Cranes Bridge and gantry cranes Cranes Offshore cranes Part 1: General purpose offshore cranes Cranes Offshore cranes Part 2: Floating cranes Cranes Power driven winches and hoists Part 1: Power driven winches Cranes Power driven winches and hoists Part 2: Power driven hoists Cranes Loader cranes Cranes Hand powered cranes Cranes Non-fixed load lifting attachments Cranes Manually controlled load manipulating devices NO
71
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Bibliography
Selection of literature that contains information about Hot Spot Stress Method:
[1] [2] [3] prEN 1993-1-9: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-9: Fatigue strength of steel structures. IIW International Institute of Welding. Subcommission XV-E-92-244: Recommended Fatigue Design Procedure for Welded Hollow Section Joints, 2nd edition, June 1999. IIW XV-E: Recommended Fatigue Design Procedure for Welded Hollow Section Joints. [4] [5] [6] [7] Part 1: Recommendations. 1999; Document XIII-1804-99. Part 2: Commentary, 1999, Document XV-1035-99.
I. HUTHER, H-P. LIEURADE, L. VELLUET, Contraintes admissibles dans les assemblages souds, 1A4085/1A4087, rapport CETIM, avril 2000. IIW document XIII-WG3-06-99, Designers guide for hot spot fatigue analysis, 6. Draft, E. Niemi, May 2000. American Petroleum Institute - API RP 2A-WSD: Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms, july 1, 1993, and supplement 1, December 1996. Romeijn, A., Stress and strain concentration factors of welded multiplanar tubular joints, Delft University Press, Delft, 1994, ISBN 90-407-1057-0.
Selection of literature that contains information about hollow sections:

[8] Zhao, X-L., Herion, S. Packer, J. A., Puthli, R. S., Sedlacek, G. Wardenier, J. Weymand, K., Wingerde, A. M., van, and Yeomans, N. F.: Design Guide for circular and rectangular hollow section welded joints under fatigue loading, CIDECT and Verlag TV Rheinland, Cologne, 2000, ISBN 3-8249-0565-5. Wardenier, J., Dutta, D., Yeomans, N., Packer, J. A., and Bucak, O.: Design Guide for structural hollow sections in mechanical applications, CIDECT and Verlag TV Rheinland, Cologne, 1995, ISBN 3-8249-0302-4. Zirn, R.: Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten geschweiter Rohrknotenpunkte und Rohrlaschenverbindungen, Techni. Wiss. Bericht MPA Stuttgart, 1975, Heft 75-01. DIN 18800, Stahlbauten Stabilittsflle.
[9]
[10] [11]
72
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UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36

Ref. No. CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004: E

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Terms and definitions

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Table 1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations

k(m) k(m=3) lr lW MRd MSd m NC min , max PS p1, p2 Q q Rd r Sd s(m) T t W el

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

thermomechanical (M) EN 10113-3.

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Table 2 Specific values of steels for structural members

Limit design stress for Rm=1,1 fRd, normal 2 (N/mm )

fRd, shear 2 (N/mm )

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Limit design stress for Rm =1,1 fRd, normal (N/mm2)

fRd, shear (N/mm2)

S315 S355 S420 S460 (M) S500 (M)

Table 3 Impact toughness parameters qi

460 < fy 700 700<fy 1 000 1 000<fy

Material thickness t (mm) Equivalent thickness t for solid bars:

d b b for < 1,8 : t = 1,8 1,8 h

t > 100 c > 125

80 < c 125 56< c 80 c 56

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Table 4 Impact toughness requirement and corresponding steel quality for qi

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Proofs of structural members and connections

It has to be proven that the strains S d do not exceed the resistances Rd :

Proof of static strength

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Limit design stresses and forces

Limit design forces where

m = 1,1 (see Table 10 of EN 13001-2)

Limit design stress in structural members

for normal stresses

for shear stresses

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

for multiple shear plane connections

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

for single shear plane connections

Shank resp. hole section (mm )

e1 2,0 do e2 1,5 do p1 3,0 do p2 3,0 do (7)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Figure 2 Illustration for formula (7)

is the slip factor

= 0,50 for surfaces

= 0,40 for surfaces

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

blasted with steel grit or sand and alkali-zinc-silicate coating of 50 m to 80 m thickness

= 0,30 for surfaces

= 0,20 for surfaces

is the specific resistance factor for slip-resistant connections;

prCEN/TS 13001-3-1:2003 (E)