Uni en - 13001-3-1 2012

Apparecchi di sollevamento
NORMA Criteri generali per il progetto UNI EN

E U R OP E A Parte 3-1: Stati limite e verifica della sicurezza delle strutture di 13001-3-1
acciaio
MAGGIO 2012
Cranes
General Design
Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of steel structure
La norma specifica, con le parti 1 e 2, le condizioni generali, i

requisiti e i metodi per prevenire pericoli di natura meccanica degli
apparecchi di sollevamento attraverso il progetto e le verifiche
teoriche.
TESTO INGLESE
La presente norma è la versione ufficiale in lingua inglese della

norma europea EN 13001-3-1 (edizione marzo 2012).
La presente norma sostituisce la UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005.
ICS 53.020.20
UNI © UNI
Ente Nazionale Italiano Riproduzione vietata. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Nessuna parte del presente documento
di Unificazione può essere riprodotta o diffusa con un mezzo qualsiasi, fotocopie, microfilm o altro, senza
Via Sannio, 2 il consenso scritto dell’UNI.
20137 Milano, Italia www.uni.com
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012 Pagina I

PREMESSA NAZIONALE
La presente norma costituisce il recepimento, in lingua inglese,
della norma europea EN 13001-3-1 (edizione marzo 2012), che
assume così lo status di norma nazionale italiana.
La presente norma è stata elaborata sotto la competenza della

Commissione Tecnica UNI
Apparecchi di sollevamento e relativi accessori
La presente norma è stata ratificata dal Presidente dell’UNI ed è

entrata a far parte del corpo normativo nazionale il 10 maggio 2012.
Le norme UNI sono elaborate cercando di tenere conto dei punti di vista di tutte le parti
interessate e di conciliare ogni aspetto conflittuale, per rappresentare il reale stato
dell’arte della materia ed il necessario grado di consenso.
Chiunque ritenesse, a seguito dell’applicazione di questa norma, di poter fornire sug-
gerimenti per un suo miglioramento o per un suo adeguamento ad uno stato dell’arte
in evoluzione è pregato di inviare i propri contributi all’UNI, Ente Nazionale Italiano di
Unificazione, che li terrà in considerazione per l’eventuale revisione della norma stessa.
Le norme UNI sono revisionate, quando necessario, con la pubblicazione di nuove edizioni o
di aggiornamenti.
È importante pertanto che gli utilizzatori delle stesse si accertino di essere in possesso
dell’ultima edizione e degli eventuali aggiornamenti.
Si invitano inoltre gli utilizzatori a verificare l’esistenza di norme UNI corrispondenti alle
norme EN o ISO ove citate nei riferimenti normativi.
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012 © UNI Pagina II

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13001-3-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2012
ICS 53.020.20
English Version
Cranes - General Design - Part 3-1: Limit States and proof

competence of steel structure
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1: Grenzzustände
générale - Partie 3-1: Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude und Sicherheitsnachweis von Stahltragwerken
des charpentes en acier
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 February 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13001-3-1:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6
3 Terms ,definitions, symbols and abbreviations .................................................................................7
3.1 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................7
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations ..................................................................................................................7
4 General ................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.1 Documentation .................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Materials for structural members ...................................................................................................... 12
4.2.1 Grades and qualities .......................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.2 Impact toughness ............................................................................................................................... 14
4.3 Bolted connections............................................................................................................................. 16
4.3.1 Bolt materials ...................................................................................................................................... 16
4.3.2 General ................................................................................................................................................. 16
4.3.3 Shear and bearing connections ........................................................................................................ 17
4.3.4 Friction grip type (slip resistant) connections ................................................................................ 17
4.3.5 Connections loaded in tension ......................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Pinned connections ............................................................................................................................ 17
4.5 Welded connections ........................................................................................................................... 18
4.6 Proof of competence for structural members and connections.................................................... 18
5 Proof of static strength ...................................................................................................................... 19
5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 19
5.2 Limit design stresses and forces ...................................................................................................... 19
5.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 19
5.2.2 Limit design stress in structural members ...................................................................................... 19
5.2.3 Limit design forces in bolted connections ...................................................................................... 21
5.2.4 Limit design forces in pinned connections ..................................................................................... 28
5.2.5 Limit design stresses in welded connections ................................................................................. 32
5.3 Execution of the proof ........................................................................................................................ 35
5.3.1 Proof for structural members ............................................................................................................ 35
5.3.2 Proof for bolted connections............................................................................................................. 35
5.3.3 Proof for pinned connections............................................................................................................ 36
5.3.4 Proof for welded connections ........................................................................................................... 36
6 Proof of fatigue strength .................................................................................................................... 37
6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 37
6.2 Limit design stresses ......................................................................................................................... 38
6.2.1 Characteristic fatigue strength.......................................................................................................... 38
6.2.2 Weld quality ......................................................................................................................................... 40
6.2.3 Requirements for fatigue testing ...................................................................................................... 41
6.3 Stress histories ................................................................................................................................... 41
6.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 41
6.3.2 Frequency of occurence of stress cycles ........................................................................................ 42
6.3.3 Stress history parameter ................................................................................................................... 42
6.3.4 Stress history classes S .................................................................................................................... 43
6.5 Determination of the limit design stress range ............................................................................... 45
6.5.1 Applicable methods ............................................................................................................................ 45
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
6.5.2 Direct use of stress history parameter.............................................................................................. 45

6.5.3 Use of class S ...................................................................................................................................... 45
6.5.4 Independent concurrent normal and/or shear stresses .................................................................. 47
7 Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints .................................................................. 47
8 Proof of elastic stability ...................................................................................................................... 47
8.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 47
8.2 Lateral buckling of members loaded in compression ..................................................................... 48
8.2.1 Critical buckling load .......................................................................................................................... 48
8.2.2 Limit compressive design force ........................................................................................................ 49
8.3 Buckling of plate fields subjected to compressive and shear stresses ........................................ 51
8.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 51
8.3.2 Limit design stress with respect to longitudinal stress σ x ............................................................ 53
8.3.3 Limit design stress with respect to transverse stress σ y .............................................................. 55
8.3.4 Limit design stress with respect to shear stress τ ......................................................................... 57
8.4.1 Members loaded in compression ...................................................................................................... 58
8.4.2 Plate fields ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Annex A (informative) Limit design shear force Fv,Rd per bolt and per shear plane for multiple
shear plane connections .................................................................................................................... 60
Annex B (informative) Preloaded bolts ........................................................................................................... 61
Annex C (normative) Design weld stresses σW,Sd and τW,Sd .......................................................................... 63
C.1 Butt joint ............................................................................................................................................... 63
C.2 Fillet weld ............................................................................................................................................. 64
C.3 T-joint with full and partial penetration ............................................................................................. 65
C.4 Effective distribution length under concentrated load .................................................................... 66
Annex D (normative) Values of slope constant m and characteristic fatigue strength Δσc, Δτc.............. 67
Annex E (normative) Calculated values of limit design stress ranges ΔσRd and ΔσRd,1 ............................. 88
Annex F (informative) Evaluation of stress cycles (example) ..................................................................... 90
Annex G (informative) Calculation of stiffnesses for connections loaded in tension ............................... 92
Annex H (informative) Hollow Sections ......................................................................................................... 95
Annex I (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application ................ 107
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC ...................................................................................... 108
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................... 109
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 13001-3-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes”, the
secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001, Cranes – General design. The other parts are as follows:
⎯ Part 1: General principles and requirements;
⎯ Part 2: Load actions;
⎯ Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems;
⎯ Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts;
⎯ Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery;
⎯ Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the
mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety
requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the
user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in
order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are
indicated in the scope of this standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the
provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines
that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard is to be used together with EN 13001-1 and EN 13001-2 and as such they specify
general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes by design and
theoretical verification.
NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of cranes are given in the appropriate European Standard for the
particular crane type.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this standard are
necessary to reduce or eliminate risks associated with the following hazards:
a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) exceeding temperature limits of material or components;
c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).
This European Standard is not applicable to cranes which are manufactured before the date of its publication
as EN and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types (see Annex I).
NOTE EN 13001-3-1 deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1990:2002, Eurocode — Basis of structural design
EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints
EN 10025-2:2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy
structural steels
EN 10025-3:2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for
normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10025-4:2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for
thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10025-6:2004, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat
products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition
EN 10029:2010, Hot rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above — Tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10045-1:1990, Metallic materials — Charpy impact test — Part 1: Test method
EN 10149-2:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming — Part 2:
Delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels
EN 10149-3:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming — Part 3:
Delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
EN 10160:1999, Ultrasonic testing of steel flat product of thickness equal or greater than 6 mm (reflection
method)
EN 10163-1:2004, Delivery requirements for surface conditions of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and
sections — Part 1: General requirements
sections — Part 2: Plate and wide flats
sections – Part 3: Sections
EN 10164:2004, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the
product — Technical delivery conditions
EN 13001-1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions
EN 20273:1991, Fasteners — Clearance holes for bolts and screws (ISO 273:1979)
EN ISO 286-2:2010, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — ISO code system for tolerances on linear
sizes — Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and limit deviations for holes and shafts
(ISO 286-2:2010)
EN ISO 898-1:2009, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts,
screws and studs with specified property classes — Coarse thread and fine pitch thread (ISO 898-1:2009)
EN ISO 5817:2007, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:2003, corrected version:2005, including Technical
Corrigendum 1:2006)
EN ISO 9013:2002, Thermal cutting — Classification of thermal cuts — Geometrical product specification and
quality tolerances (ISO 9013:2002)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 17659:2004, Welding — Multilingual terms for welded joints with illustrations (ISO 17659:2002)
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
3 Terms ,definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 and the basic list of
definitions as provided in EN 1990:2002 apply. For the definitions of loads, Clause 6 of ISO 4306-1:2007
applies.
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
The symbols and abbreviations used in this Part of the EN 13001 are given in Table 1.
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations (1 of 4)
Symbols, Description
abbreviations
A cross section
An net cross section
AS stress area of a bolt
AS shear area of the tear-out section (pinned connections)
a length of plate in buckling
a throat thickness of fillet welds
ar effective weld thickness
b width of plate
c edge stress ratio factor (buckling)
Do, Di outer, inner diameter of hollow pin
d diameter (shank of bolt, pin)
do diameter of hole
E modulus of elasticity
Fb tensile force in bolt
Fd limit force
FK characteristic value (force)
Fp preloading force in bolt
FRd limit design force
Fe external force (on bolted connection)
Fb, Rd limit design bearing force
Fb, Sd; Fbi, Sd design bearing force
Fcs, Rd limit design tensile force
Fp, d design preloading force
Fcr reduction in compression force due to external tension
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
abbreviations
Ft, Rd limit design tensile force in bolt
Ft,Sd external tensile force per bolt
Fv, Sd design shear force per bolt and shear plane
Fvp, Rd limit design shear force per pin and shear plane
Fvp, Sd design shear force per pin and shear plane
Fs,Rd limit design slip force per bolt and shear plane
Fvs, Rd limit design shear force of the connected part
Fvd, Sd design force in the connected part
Fvt, Rd limit design tensile force of the connected part
Fσ,τ acting normal/shear force
f maximum imperfection
fd limit stress
fK characteristic value (stress)
fRd limit design stress
fu ultimate strength of material
fub ultimate strength of bolts
fw, Rd limit design weld stress
fy yield stress of material
fyb yield stress of bolts
fyp yield stress of pins
hd distance between weld and contact area of acting load
I, Ii moments of inertia of members
k stress concentration factor (pinned connections)
Kb stiffness of bolt
Kc stiffness of connected parts
k* specific spectrum ratio factor
km stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration
k3 stress spectrum factor based on m = 3
kσx, kσy, kτ buckling factors
L element length (buckling)
lm gauge length
lr relevant weld length
lW weld length
MRd limit design bending moment
MSd design bending moment
m slope constant of log Δσ/log N-curve
N compressive force (buckling)
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
abbreviations
NC notch class
Nk critical buckling load
Nref reference number of cycles
min σ, max σ extreme values of stresses
PS probability of survival
p penetration of weld
Q shear (evaluation of stress cycles)
qi impact toughness parameter
α cross section parameter (lateral buckling)
αb characteristic factor for bearing connection
αL load introduction factor (bolted connection)
αw characteristic factor for limit weld stress
γm general resistance factor
γmf fatigue strength specific resistance factor
γp partial safety factor
γR resulting resistance factor
γS specific resistance factor
γRb resulting resistance factor of bolt
γsbb, γsbs, γsbt specific resistance factors of bolted connections

γRm resulting resistance factor of members
γsm specific resistance factor of members
γRp resulting resistance factor of pins
γspm ,γsps , γspb ,γspt specific resistance factors of pins
γRs resulting resistance factor of slip-resistance connection
γss specific resistance factor of slip-resistance connection
γRc resulting resistance factor for tension on section with holes
γst specific resistance factor for tension on section with holes
γRw resulting resistance factor of welding connection
γsw specific resistance factor of welding connection
δp elongation from preloading
φ2 dynamic factor
κ dispersion angle (wheel pressure)
κ, κx, κy, κτ reduction factors (buckling)
λ width of contact area in weld direction
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
abbreviations
λx, λy, λτ non-dimensional plate slenderness (buckling)
edge stress ratio (buckling)
ΔF b additional force
Δδ t additional elongation
μ slip factor
ν relative total number of stress cycles (normalized)
νD ratio of diameters
Δσc characteristic value of stress range (normal stress)
Δτc characteristic value of stress range (shear stress)
σe reference stress (buckling)
σb lower extreme value of stress range
σu upper extreme value of stress range
σSd design stress (normal)
τSd design stress (shear)
σw, Sd design weld stress (normal)
τw, Sd design weld stress (shear)
ΔσRd limit design stress range (normal)
ΔσRd,1 limit design stress range for k* = 1

ΔτRd limit design stress range (shear)
ΔσSd design stress range (normal)
ΔτSd design stress range (shear)
4 General
4.1 Documentation
The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:
⎯ design assumptions including calculation models,
⎯ applicable loads and load combinations,
⎯ material grades and qualities,
⎯ weld quality levels, in accordance with EN ISO 5817,
⎯ materials of connecting elements,
⎯ relevant limit states,
⎯ results of the proof of competence calculation. and tests when applicable.
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
4.2 Materials for structural members
4.2.1 Grades and qualities
European Standards specify materials and specific values. This standard gives a preferred selection.
For structural members, steel according to following European Standards should be used:
a) Non-alloy structural steels EN 10025-2;
b) Weldable fine grain structural steels in conditions:
1) normalized (N) EN 10025-3;
2) thermomechanical (M) EN 10025-4;
c) High yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition EN 10025-6;
d) High yield strength steels for cold forming in conditions:
1) thermomechanical (M) EN 10149-2;
2) normalized (N) EN 10149-3.
Table 2 shows specific values for the nominal value of strength fu, fy and limit design stress fRd (see 5.2). The
values given are applicable for temperatures up to 150°C. For more information see the specific European
Standard.
The actual material properties shall satisfy minimum ductility requirements as follows:
⎯ the ratio fu /fy 1,05 and
⎯ the percentage elongation at fracture A7% on a gauge length L0 = 5,65 × S 0 (where S0 is the
original cross-sectional area).
To allow the use of nominal values of plate thicknesses in the proof calculations, the minus tolerance of the
plate shall be equal or better than that of class A of EN 10029:2010. Otherwise the actual minimum value of
plate thickness shall be used. To allow the use of nominal dimensions for other steel products than plates,
their minus tolerances shall be within those of the relevant European standards for those products.
Grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards and in Table 2 may be used if the
mechanical properties and the chemical composition are specified in a manner corresponding to relevant
European standard, and if the material satisfies the following conditions:
⎯ the ratio fu /fy 1,05;
⎯ the percentage elongation at fracture A7% on a gauge length L0 = 5,65 × S 0 (where S0 is the original
cross-sectional area);
⎯ weldability is demonstrated.
NOTE Where it is deemed necessary to check for internal defects, classes of EN 10160 should be specified.
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Table 2 — Specific values of steels for structural members (1 of 2)
Steel Standard Thickness t Nominal strength Limit design stress (γRm=1,1)

mm
fy fu fRdσ, normal fRdτ, shear
2 2
yield ultimate N/mm N/mm
2 2
N/mm N/mm
t ≤ 16 235 214 123
16 < t ≤ 40 225 205 118
S235 340
40 < t ≤ 100 215 195 113
100 < t ≤ 150 195 177 102
t ≤ 16 275 250 144
16 < t ≤ 40 265 241 139
40 < t ≤ 63 255 232 134
S275 430
EN 10025-2 63 < t ≤ 80 245 223 129
80 < t ≤ 100 235 214 123
100 < t ≤ 150 225 205 118
t ≤ 16 355 323 186
16 < t ≤ 40 345 314 181
40 < t ≤ 63 335 305 176
S355 490
63 < t ≤ 80 325 296 171
80 < t ≤ 100 315 287 166
100 < t ≤ 150 295 268 155
t ≤ 16 355 323 186
16 < t ≤ 40 345 314 181
40 < t ≤ 63 335 305 176
S355 450
63 < t ≤ 80 (N) 325 295 171
80 < t ≤ 100 (N) 315 286 165
100 < t ≤ 150 (N) 295 268 155
t ≤ 16 420 382 220
EN 10025-3 (N) 16 < t ≤ 40 400 364 210
40 < t ≤ 63 390 355 205
S420 500
EN 10025-4 (M) 63 < t ≤ 80 (N) 370 336 194
80 < t ≤ 100 (N) 360 327 189
100 < t ≤ 150 (N) 340 309 178
t ≤ 16 460 418 241
16 < t ≤ 40 440 400 231
S460 40 < t ≤ 63 430 391 226
530
63 < t ≤ 80 (N) 410 373 215
80 < t ≤ 100 (N) 400 364 210
3 < t ≤ 50 460 418 241
S460 550
50 < t ≤ 100 440 400 231
3 < t ≤ 50 500 455 262
S500 590
50 < t ≤ 100 480 436 252
3 < t ≤ 50 550 500 289
S550 640
50 < t ≤ 100 530 482 278
EN 10025-6
3 < t ≤ 50 620 564 325
S620 700
50 < t ≤ 100 580 527 304
3 < t ≤ 50 690 770 627 362
S690
50 < t ≤ 100 650 760 591 341
3 < t ≤ 50 890 940 809 467
S890
50 < t ≤ 100 830 880 755 436
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Table 2 — Specific values of steels for structural members (2 of 2)
Steel Standard Thickness t Nominal strength Limit design stress (γRm=1,1)

mm
fy fu fRdσσ, normal fRdττ, shear
yield ultimate N/mm2 N/mm2
N/mm2 N/mm2
S960 EN 10025-6 3 < t ≤ 50 960 980 873 504
S315 EN 10149-2 (M) all t 315 390 286 165
S355 355 430 323 186
S420 EN 10149-3 (N) 420 480 382 220
S460 (M) 460 520 418 241
S500 (M) 500 550 455 262
S550 (M) 550 600 500 289
S600 (M) all t 600 650 545 315
EN 10149-2 (M) t≤8 650 591 341

S650 (M) 700
t>8 630 573 331
EN 10149-3 (N) t≤8 700 636 367
S700 (M) 750
t>8 680 618 357
4.2.2 Impact toughness
When selecting grade and quality of the steel for tensile members, the sum of impact toughness parameters qi
shall be taken into account. Table 3 gives the impact toughness parameters qi for various influences. Table 4
gives the required steel quality and impact energy/test temperature in dependence of Σqi. Grades and
qualities of steel other than mentioned in Table 4 may be used, if an impact energy/temperature is tested in
accordance with EN 10045-1 and specified.
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Table 3 — Impact toughness parameters qi
i Influence qi
1 0≤T 0
-10 ≤ T < 0 1
-20 ≤ T < -10 2
Operating temperature T (°C)
-30 ≤ T < -20 3
-40 ≤ T < -30 4
-50 ≤ T < -40 6
2 fy ≤ 300 0
300 < fy ≤ 460 1
2
Yield stress fy (N/mm ) 460 < fy ≤ 700 2
700 <fy ≤ 1000 3
1 000 <fy ≤ 1300 4
3 Material thickness t (mm) t ≤ 10 0
Equivalent thickness t for solid bars: 10 < t ≤ 20 1
20 < t ≤ 40 2
40 < t ≤ 60 3
60 < t ≤ 80 4
80 < t ≤ 100 5
d b b 100 < t ≤ 125 6
t= for < 1,8 : t =
1,8 h 1,8 125 < t ≤ 150 7
4 Δσc > 125 0

80 < Δσc ≤ 125 1
Characteristic value of stress range Δσc 56< Δσc ≤ 80 2

2
(N/mm ) (see Annex D and Annex H) 40< Δσc ≤ 56 3
30< Δσc ≤ 40 4
Δσc ≤30 5
5 Utilization of static strength (see 5.3.1) σ Sd > 0,75 × f Rd 0
0,5 × f Rd < σ Sd -1

and
σ Sd ≤ 0,75 × f Rd
0,25 × f Rd < σ Sd -2

and
σ Sd ≤ 0,5 × f Rd
σ Sd ≤ 0,25 × f Rd -3
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Table 4 — Impact toughness requirement and corresponding steel quality for qi
qi ≤ 5 6 ≤ qi ≤ 8 9 ≤ qi ≤ 11 12 ≤ qi ≤ 14
Impact energy/ test 27 J / +20°C 27 J / 0°C 27 J / -20°C 27 J / -40°C

temperature
requirement
EN 10025-2 JR J0 J2 a
EN 10025-3 N N N NL
EN 10025-4 M M M ML
EN 10025-6 Q Q Q QL
EN 10149-2 MC MC MC a
EN 10149-3 NC NC NC a
a May be used if the impact toughness is at least 27 J at – 40°C, tested in accordance with EN 10045-1 and specified.
4.3 Bolted connections
4.3.1 Bolt materials
For bolted connections bolts of the property classes (bolt grades) 4.6, 5.6, 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9 in accordance with
EN ISO 898-1:2009 shall be used. Table 5 shows nominal values of the strengths to be used in design
calculations:
Table 5 — Property classes (bolt grades)
Property class 4.6 5.6 8.8 10.9 12.9

(Bolt grade)
f yb (N/mm2) 240 300 640 900 1 080
fub (N/mm2) 400 500 800 1 000 1 200
NOTE The designer should ask the bolt supplier to demonstrate compliance with the requirements regarding the
protection against hydrogen brittleness, for the property classes (bolt grades) 10.9 and 12.9. Technical requirements can
be found in EN ISO 15330, EN ISO 4042 and ISO 9587.
4.3.2 General
For the purpose of this standard bolted connections are connections between members and/or components
utilizing bolts.
In general, bolted connections are tensioned wrench tight.
Where slippage (e.g. caused by vibrations or fluctuations in loading) causes deleterious changes in geometry,
bolts shall be tightened to avoid slippage sufficiently or the joint surfaces shall be secured against rotation
(e.g. by using multiple bolts).
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4.3.3 Shear and bearing connections
For the purpose of this standard shear and bearing connections are those connections where the loads act
perpendicular to the bolt axis and cause shear and bearing stresses in the bolts and bearing stresses in the
connected parts, and where:
⎯ clearance between bolt and hole shall conform to EN ISO 286-2:2010, tolerances h13 and H11 or closer,
when bolts are exposed to load reversal or where slippage may cause deleterious changes in geometry;
⎯ in other cases wider clearances in accordance with EN 20273 may be used;
⎯ special surface treatment of the contact surfaces is not needed.
4.3.4 Friction grip type (slip resistant) connections
For the purpose of this standard friction grip connections are those connections where the loads are
transmitted by friction between the joint surfaces, and where:
⎯ high strength bolts of property classes (bolt grades) 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9 shall be used;
⎯ bolts shall be tightened by a controlled method to a specified preloading state;
⎯ the surface condition of the contact surfaces shall be specified and taken into account accordingly;
⎯ in addition to standard holes oversized and slotted holes may be used.
4.3.5 Connections loaded in tension
For the purpose of this standard connections loaded in tension are those connections where:
⎯ the loads act in the direction of the bolt axis and cause axial stresses in the bolts;
⎯ high strength bolts of property classes (bolt grades) 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9 are used and tightened by a
controlled method to a specified preloading state.
NOTE Bolts in tension that are not preloaded are treated as structural members.
4.4 Pinned connections
For the purpose of this standard pinned connections are connections that do not constrain rotation between
connected parts. Only round pins are considered.
The requirements herein apply to pinned connections designed to carry loads, i.e., they do not apply to
connections made only as a convenient means of attachment.
Clearance between pin and hole shall be in accordance with EN ISO 286-2:2010, tolerances h13 and H13 or
closer. In case of loads with changing directions closer tolerances shall be applied.
All pins shall be furnished with retaining means to prevent the pins from becoming displaced from the hole.
In order to inhibit local out-of-plane distortion (dishing), consideration shall be given to the stiffness of the
connected parts.
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4.5 Welded connections
For the purposes of this standard welded connections are joints between members and/or components which
utilize fusion welding processes, and where connected parts are 3 mm or larger in thickness (except for hollow
sections, see Annex H).
Quality levels of EN ISO 5817 shall be applied, and appropriate methods of non-destructive testing shall be
used to verify compliance with quality level requirements.
In general, load carrying welds shall be at least of quality level C. Quality level D may be applied only in joints
where local failure of the weld will not result in failure of the structure or falling of loads.
Terms for welded joints are as given in EN ISO 17659.
Although the distribution of stresses along the length of the weld may be non-uniform, such distributions can,
for the purposes of this standard, be considered uniform in which case the effective weld length shall not
exceed 150 times the weld thickness a.
Residual stresses and stresses not transferring forces across the weld need not to be considered in the
design of welds subjected to static actions. This applies specifically to the normal stress parallel to the axis of
the weld which is accommodated by the base material.
NOTE When the static tensile strength of a butt joint is tested, the test may be carried out with weld reinforcement not
removed.
4.6 Proof of competence for structural members and connections
The object of the proof of competence is to demonstrate that the design stresses or forces S d do not exceed
the design resistances Rd :
Sd ≤ Rd (1)
The design stresses or forces Sd shall be determined by applying the relevant loads, load combinations and
partial safety factors in accordance with EN 13001-2.
In the following clauses, the design resistances Rd are represented as limit stresses f d or limit forces Fd .
The following proofs for structural members and connections shall be demonstrated:
⎯ proof of static strength in accordance with Clause 5;
⎯ proof of fatigue strength in accordance with Clause 6;
⎯ proof of strength of hollow section girder joints in accordance with Clause 7;
⎯ proof of elastic stability in accordance with Clause 8.
NOTE The deformation and vibrational behaviour of structures should be limited considering the intended use of the
crane.
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
5 Proof of static strength
5.1 General
A proof of static strength by calculation is intended to prevent excessive deformations due to yielding of the
material, sliding of friction-grip connections, elastic instability (see Clause 8) and fracture of structural
members or connections. Dynamic factors given in EN 13001-2 are used to produce equivalent static loads to
simulate dynamic effects.
The use of the theory of plasticity for calculation of ultimate load bearing capacity is not considered acceptable
within the terms of this standard.
The proof shall be carried out for structural members and connections whilst taking into account the most
unfavourable load effects from the load combinations A, B or C in accordance with EN 13001-2 and applying
the resistances according to 5.2.
This standard is based on nominal stresses, i.e. stresses calculated using traditional elastic strength of
materials theory which in general neglect localized stress non-uniformities. When more accurate alternative
methods of stress calculation are used, such as finite element analysis, using those stresses for the proof
given in this standard may yield inordinately conservative results.
5.2 Limit design stresses and forces
5.2.1 General
The limit design stresses and forces shall be calculated from:
Limit design stresses fRd = function ( fk , γ R ) or (2)
Limit design forces FRd = function ( Fk , γ R ) (2)
where
fk or Fk are characteristic values (or nominal values)
γR is the total resistance factor γ R = γ m ×γ s
γm is the general resistance factor γ m = 1,1 (see EN 13001-2)
γs is the specific resistance factor applicable to specific structural components as given in

the clauses below
NOTE fRd and FRd are equivalent to R /γm in EN 13001-1.
5.2.2 Limit design stress in structural members
The limit design stress fRd , used for the design of structural members, shall be calculated from:
fy
f Rd = for normal stresses (3)
γ Rm
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fy
f Rd = for shear stresses (4)
γ Rm 3
with γ Rm = γ m ×γ sm
where
fy is the minimum value of the yield stress of the material (see Table 2)
γ sm is the specific resistance factor for material as follows:
For non-rolled material
γ sm = 0,95
For rolled materials (e.g. plates and profiles):
γ sm = 0,95 for stresses in the plane of rolling
γ sm = 0,95 for compressive and shear stresses
For tensile stresses perpendicular to the plane of rolling (see Figure 1):
Material shall be suitable for carrying perpendicular loads and be free of lamellar
defects.
γ sm = 1,0 for plate thicknesses less than 15 mm or material in quality classes Z25 or
Z35 in accordance with EN 10164:2004
γ sm = 1,16 for material in quality class Z15 in accordance with EN 10164:2004
γ sm = 1,34 for materials without quality classification in accordance with EN 10164,

but conforming to classes S2 and E3 of EN 10160:1999
γ sm = 1,50 without quality classification of through-thickness property
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Key
Figure shows a tensile load perpendicular to plane of rolling where:
1 is the direction of the plane of rolling
2 is the direction of stress/load
Figure 1 — Tensile load perpendicular to plane of rolling
5.2.3 Limit design forces in bolted connections
5.2.3.1 Shear and bearing connections
5.2.3.1.1 General
The resistance of a connection shall be taken as the least value of the limit forces of the individual connection
elements.
In addition to the bearing capacity of the connection elements other limit conditions at the most stressed
sections shall be verified using the resistance factor of the base material.
Only the unthreaded part of the shank is considered effective in the bearing calculations.
5.2.3.1.2 Bolt shear
The limit design shear force Fv,Rd per bolt and for each shear plane shall be calculated from:
f yb × A
Fv,Rd = (5)
γ Rb × 3
with γ R b = γ m × γ sbs
where
f yb is the yield stress (nominal value) of the bolt material (see Table 5)
A is the cross-sectional area of the bolt shank at the shear plane
γ sbs is the specific resistance factor for bolted connections
γ sbs = 1,0 for multiple shear plane connections
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
γ sbs = 1,3 for single shear plane connections
See Annex A for limit design shear forces of selected bolt sizes.
5.2.3.1.3 Bearing on bolts and connected parts
The limit design bearing force Fb , Rd per bolt shall be calculated from:
fy × d × t
Fb,Rd = (6)
γ Rb
with γ R b = γ m × γ sbb
With the requirement
e1 ≥ 1,5 × d 0 (7)
and with the following recommendations for the plate
e2 ≥ 1,5 × d 0
p1 ≥ 3,0 × d 0
p2 ≥ 3,0 × d 0
where
fy is the minimum value of yield stresses of the basic materials and bolt (Table 2, Table 5)
d is the shank diameter of the bolt
d0 is the diameter of the hole
t is the thickness of the connected part in contact with the unthreaded part of the bolt
γ sbb is the specific resistance factor for bolt connections
γ sbb = 0,7 for multiple shear plane connections
γ sbb = 0,9 for single shear plane connections
p1 p 2 e1 e 2 are distances (see Figure 2)

, , ,
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Key
p1 p 2 e1 e 2 are distances used in Equation (7).
, , ,
Arrow shows the direction of force.
Figure 2 — Illustration for Equation (7)
5.2.3.1.4 Tension in connected parts
The limit design tensile force per connected member with respect to yielding, Fcs,Rd , on the net cross-section
shall be calculated from:
f y × An
Fcs,Rd = (8)
γ Rc
with
γ Rc = γ m × γ st
where
An is the net cross-sectional area at bolt holes or pin holes (see Figure 2)
γ st is the specific resistance factor for tension on sections with holes
γ st = 1,2
5.2.3.2 Friction grip type connections
The resistance of a connection shall be determined by summing the limit forces of the individual connecting
elements.
For friction grip type connections the limit design slip force Fs,Rd per bolt and per friction interface shall be
calculated from:
μ × ( Fp,d − Fcr )
Fs,Rd = (9)
γ Rs
with γ Rs = γ m × γ ss
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where
μ is the friction coefficient
μ = 0,50 for surfaces blasted metallic bright with steel grit or sand, no unevenness
μ = 0,50 for surfaces blasted with steel grit or sand and aluminized
μ = 0,50 for surfaces blasted with steel grit or sand and metallized with a product based on zinc
μ = 0,40 for surfaces blasted with steel grit or sand and alkali-zinc-silicate coating of 50 μm to
80 μm thickness
μ = 0,40 for surfaces hot dip galvanized and lightly blasted
μ = 0,30 for surfaces cleaned metallic bright by wire brushing
μ = 0,25 for surfaces cleaned and treated with etch primer
μ = 0,20 for surfaces cleaned of loose rust, oil and dirt (minimum requirement)
Fp,d
is the design preloading force
Fcr is the reduction in the compression force due to external tension on connection (for
simplification
Fcr = Fe may be used).
The applied preloading force shall be greater than or equal to the design preloading force.
γ ss is the specific resistance factor for friction grip type connections (see Table 6)
Table 6 — Specific resistance factor γ ss for friction grip connections
Type of holes
b
Effect of connection Standard Oversized Long- Long-
a
slippage holes and short- slotted slotted
c c d
slotted holes holes holes
a hazard is created 1,14 1,34 1,63 2,00
a hazard is not created 1,00 1,14 1,41 1,63
a
Holes with clearances in accordance with the medium series of EN 20273:1991.
b
Holes with clearances in accordance with the coarse series of EN 20273:1991.
c
Slotted holes with slots perpendicular to the direction of force.
d
Slotted holes with slots parallel to the direction of force.
Short slotted hole: length of hole is smaller than or equal to 1,25 times the diameter of the
bolt.
Long slotted hole: length of hole is larger than 1,25 times the diameter of the bolt. In order to
reduce pressure under bolt or nut appropriate washers shall be used.
Table B.2 gives limit design slip forces using the specific resistance factor value γ ss = 1,14 and a design
preloading force of:
Fp,d = 0,7 × f yb × As ,
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
where
f yb is the yield stress (nominal value) of the bolt material (Table 5)
As is the stress area of the bolt (Table B.2).
5.2.3.3 Connections loaded in tension
This subclause specifies the limit state for a bolt in the connection. The connected parts and their welds shall
be calculated with the general rules for structural members, where the preload in the bolt is considered as one
loading component.
The proof calculation shall be done for the bolt under maximum external force in a connection, with due
consideration to the force distribution in a multi-bolt connection and the prying effects (i.e. leverage).
Proof of competence calculations of a preloaded connection shall take into account the stiffness of the bolt
and the connected parts, see Figure 3. In addition to that, the effect of different load paths of the external
compression force, depending upon the joint construction, shall be taken into account, see Figure 4.
Key
Fp Preloading force in bolt
δp Bolt elongation due to preloading
Fe,t External tensile force
Fe,c External compression force
Δδt Additional elongation, due to external tensile
force
Fb Tensile force in bolt
ΔFb,t Additional force in bolt, due to external tensile
force
ΔFb,c Additional force in bolt, due to external
compression force
Kb Stiffness of bolt
Kc Stiffness of connected parts
Figure 3 — Force-elongation-diagram
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
a) External compression force does not interfere b) External compression force is transferred
with the compression zone under the bolt through the compression zone under the bolt
For simplicity, a symmetric loading with the bolt in the middle is assumed in the figure.
Figure 4 — Load path alternatives for the external compression force
Two separate design limits shall be considered for the external tensile bolt force:
1) the resulting bolt force from the external force and the maximum design preload shall not exceed the
bolt limit design tensile force, Equation (10);
2) the connection shall not open (gap) under the resulting bolt force from the external force and the
minimum design preload, Equation (11).
For connections loaded in tension it shall be proven that the external tensile design force in the bolt Fe,t , does
not exceed either of the two limit design forces Ft1,Rd or Ft2,Rd , see also 5.3.2.
The limit design tensile force per bolt for the bolt yield criteria is calculated from:
Fy / γ Rb − Fp,max
Ft1,Rd = (10)
Φ
with
Kb
Φ =
Kb + K c
and
γ Rb = γ m × γ sbt and Fy = f yb × As
where
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Fy is the bolt yield force,

Fp,max is the maximum value of the preload (see Equation (12)),
fyb is the yield stress of the bolt material,
As is the stress area of the threaded part of the bolt,
is the stiffness ratio factor of the connection, see Annex G,
γ sbt is the specific resistance factor for connections loaded in tension,
γ sb t = 0,91
The limit design tensile force per bolt for the opening criteria of the connection is calculated from:
Fp,min
Ft2,Rd = (11)
γ Rb ⋅ (1− Φ )
where
Fp,min is the minimum value of the preload (see Equation (13)).

The variation of preload due to scatter is taken into account by the maximum and minimum values of the
preload as follows:
Fp,max = (1 + s ) × Fp,d and (12)
Fp,min = (1 − s ) × Fp, d (13)
where
Fp,d is the nominal value of the design preload,

Fp,max is the maximum value of the preload,
Fp,min is the minimum value of the preload,
s is the preload scatter,
s = 0,23 controlled tightening, rotation angle or tightening torque is measured
s = 0,09 controlled tightening, force in bolt or elongation is measured.
The nominal value of the design preload Fp,d value shall not exceed the values given in Table 7. Otherwise,
any value for the preload may be chosen for a particular connection.
Table 7 — Upper limits of preload levels according to method of preloading
Type of preloading method Upper limit of preload

level
Methods, where the bolt is subjected to torque 0,7 Fy
Methods, where only direct tension is applied to the 0,9 Fy
bolt
NOTE For direct tensioning method, the nominal preload is
the residual preload achieved after a possible loss of the
applied preload during the tensioning operation.
See Table B.1 for information on tightening torques.
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For the calculation of the additional force in bolt, the load path of the external compression force shall be
considered, see Figure 4. In a general format, the additional force in bolt is calculated as follows:
ΔFb = Φ × (Fe, t + Fe,c ) (14)
where
ΔFb is the additional force in bolt
Φ is the stiffness ratio factor

Fe, t is the external tensile force (acting on the connection)
Fe,c is the external compression force (acting on the connection). This shall be omitted (i.e.
Fe,c is set to zero in the equation) in cases, where the external compression force does
not interfere with the compression zone under the bolt, case a) in Figure 4.
The additional force in bolt ΔFb shall be used in the proof of fatigue strength of the bolt in accordance with
Clause 6.
5.2.3.4 Bearing type connections loaded in combined shear and tension
When bolts in a bearing type connection are subjected to both tensile and shear forces, the applied forces
shall be limited as follows:
2 2
Ft,Sd F
+ v,Sd ≤ 1 (15)
F F
t,Rd v,Rd
where
Ft, Sd is the external tensile force per bolt
Ft1,Rd is the limit tensile force per bolt (see 5.2.3.3)
Fv,Sd is the design shear force per bolt per shear plane
Fv,Rd is the limit shear force per bolt per shear plane (see 5.2.3.1.2)
5.2.4 Limit design forces in pinned connections
5.2.4.1 Pins, limit design bending moment
The limit design bending moment is calculated from:
Wel × f yp
M Rd = (16)
γ Rp
with γ Rp = γ m × γ spm
where
Wel is the elastic section modulus of the pin
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f yp is the yield stress (minimum value) of the pin material
γ spm is the specific resistance factor for pinned connections bending moment γ spm = 1,0
5.2.4.2 Pins, limit design shear force
The limit design shear force per shear plane for pins is calculated from:
1 A × f yp
Fvp,Rd = × (17)
u 3 × γ Rp
with γ Rp = γ m × γ sps
where
u is the shape factor
4
u= for solid pins
3
4 1 + vD + vD 2
u= × for hollow pins
3 1 + vD 2
Di
where νD = ,
DO
Di is the inner diameter of pin
Do is the outer diameter of pin
A is the cross-sectional area of the pin
γ sps is the specific resistance factor for shear force in pinned connections
γ sps = 1,0 for multiple shear plane connections
γ sps = 1,3 for single shear plane connections
5.2.4.3 Pins and connected parts, limit design bearing force
The limit design bearing force is calculated from:
αb × d × t × fy
Fb,Rd = (18)
γ Rp
with γ Rp = γ m × γ spb
where
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f yp

b =Min f y
1,0

f y is the yield stress (minimum value) of the material of the connected parts
f yp is the yield stress (minimum value) of the pin material
d is the diameter of the pin
t is the lesser value of the thicknesses of the connected parts, i. e. 2 × t1 or t 2 in Figure 5
γ spb is the specific resistance factor for the bearing force in pinned connections
γ spb = 0,6 when connected parts in multiple shear plane connections are held firmly together by retaining
means such as external nuts on the pin ends
γ spb = 0,9 for single shear plane connections or when connected parts in multiple shear plane connections
are not held firmly together
Figure 5 — Pinned connections
NOTE 1 In case of significant movement between the pin and the bearing surface, consideration should be given to
choosing a limiting value below the calculated value of the limit bearing force in order to reduce wear.
NOTE 2 In case of reversing load, consideration should be given to the avoidance of excessive play in the connection.
5.2.4.4 Connected parts, limit design force with respect to shear
The limit design force in a failure mode, where a piece of material is torn out, shall be based upon shear
stress in a critical section. In general, a uniform shear stress distribution throughout the section is assumed.
The limit design shear force is calculated as follows:
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As × f y
Fvs,Rd = (19)
γm ⋅ 3
with
As = 2 × s × t for a symmetric construction as in Figure 6 a) and c),
As = (s1 + s2 ) × t for a construction as in Figure 6 b) (both s1 and s2 shall be greater than c)
where
fy is the yield stress of the material of the structural member in question
As is the shear area of the tear-out section
s,s1,s2 are shear lengths of the tear-out section. For constructions in accordance with Figure 6 the tear-
out section is A-A and shear lengths are determined through a 40 degree rule as indicated.
t is the thickness of the member.
a) type I b) type II c) type III
Figure 6 — Connected parts
5.2.4.5 Connected parts, limit design force with respect to tensile stress
Design shall be based upon the maximum tensile stress at inner surface of the pin hole. Stress concentration
due to geometry of the pin hole shall be considered.
The limit design force for the construction in accordance with Figure 6 a) is determined as follows:
2× b ×t × fy
Fvt,Rd = (20)
k × γ m × γ spt
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with
0,95 1,38 × f y
γ spt = ×
k fu
where
fy is the yield stress of the material of the structural member in question,
fu is the ultimate strength of the material of the structural member in question,
γ spt is the specific resistance factor for tension at pinned connections,
k is the stress concentration factor, i.e. ratio between the maximum stress and the average stress in
the section. For a construction with the geometric proportions as 1 c/b 2 and 0.5 b/d 1 (see
Figure 6a)), the stress concentration factor k may be taken from Figure 7. The clearance between
the hole and the pin are assumed to conform EN ISO 286-2:2010, tolerances H11/h11 or closer. In
case of a larger clearance, higher values of k shall be used.
Figure 7 — Stress concentration factors for a specific type of pinned connection
NOTE Tensile loads or tensile parts of reversing loads only need to be considered within this clause. However,
reversing load situations may require additional considerations where this may result in excessive play or impair
functionality of the connection (see 5.2.4.3).
5.2.5 Limit design stresses in welded connections
The limit design weld stress f w,Rd used for the design of a welded connection depends on:
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⎯ the base material to be welded and the weld material used;
⎯ the type of the weld;
⎯ the type of stress evaluated in accordance with Annex C;
⎯ the weld quality.
Depending on the equation number given in Table 8, the limit design weld stress f w,Rd shall be calculated
either by:
αw × fy
f w,Rd = (21)
γm
or by
α w × f uw
f w,Rd = (22)
γm
where
αw is a factor given in Table 8 in dependence on the type of weld, the type of stress and the material
fy is the minimum value of the yield strength of the connected members under consideration
fuw is the ultimate tensile strength of the weld material (all weld metal)
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Table 8 — Factor for limit weld stress
αw
Type of weld Equation fy > 420
Direction of stress Type of weld Type of stress
material number fy ≤ 420 fy < 930 fy 930
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
Tension or
Full penetration weld 21 1,0 0,93
Stress normal to the compression
Matching weld direction a Tension or
(fy refers to the Partial penetration weld 21 0,90 0,85
compression
welded members)
Stress parallel to the
All welds Shear 21 0,60 0,55
weld direction
Tension or
Full penetration weld 22 0,80 0,85 0,90
Stress normal to the compression
Under-matching weld direction a Tension or
(fy refers to the weld Partial penetration weld 22 0,70 0,75 0,80
compression
material)
Stress parallel to the
All welds Shear 22 0,45 0,50 0,50
weld direction
The values of αw are valid for welds in quality level C of EN ISO 5817:2007 or better.
The proof of the connected members, in accordance with 5.3.1 is always required in addition to the proof of the weld, in accordance with 5.3.4. In case of
connected members from different materials, the proof shall be made for each member separately.
For the definition of full penetration and partial penetration weld see EN ISO 17659.
Matching weld material: weld material with ultimate strength equal or better than those of the connected members
Undermatching weld material: weld material with ultimate strength less than those of connected members
The welds joining parts of built-up members, e.g. flange-to-web connections, may be designed without regard to normal stress parallel to the axis of the
weld, provided the welds are proportioned to accommodate the shear forces developed between those parts.
a
An asymmetric weld is not recommended. However, if used connected members shall be supported so as to avoid the effect of load eccentricity on the weld.
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5.3 Execution of the proof
5.3.1 Proof for structural members
For the structural member to be designed it shall be proven that:
σ Sd ≤ fRd and τ Sd ≤ fRd (23)
where
σ Sd,τ Sd are the design stresses. The von Mises equivalent stress may be used as the design
stress instead.
fRd , fRd are the corresponding limit design stresses in accordance with clause 5.2.2. In case von
Mises is used, fRd is the limit design stress.
In case of plane states of stresses when von Mises stresses are not used it shall additionally be proven that:
2 2 2
σ Sd, x σ σ × σ Sd, y τ
+ Sd, y − Sd, x + Sd ≤1 (24)
f f Rd, y f Rd, x × f Rdσ , y f Rd
Rd, x
where
x, y indicate the orthogonal directions of stress components.
Spatial states of stresses may be reduced to the most unfavourable plane state of stress.
5.3.2 Proof for bolted connections
For each mode of failure of a connection it shall be proven for the most highly loaded member that:
FSd ≤ FRd (25)
where
FSd is the design force of the element, depending on the type of connection, e. g.
Fe,t for connections loaded in tension (see 5.2.3.3)
FRd is the limit design force in accordance with clause 5.2.3,

depending on the type of the connection, i. e.
Fv,Rd limit design shear force
Fb,Rd limit design bearing force
Fs,Rd limit design slip force
Fcs,Rd limit design tensile force per connected member
Ft1,Rd , Ft2,Rd limit design tensile forces
NOTE Care should be taken in apportioning the total load into individual components of the connection.
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5.3.3 Proof for pinned connections
For pins and connected parts, it shall be proven that:
M Sd ≤ M Rd
Fvp,Sd ≤ Fvp,Rd
Fbi,Sd ≤ Fb,Rd (26)
Fvd,Sd ≤ Fvs,Rd
Fvd,Sd ≤ Fvt,Rd
where
M Sd is the design value of the bending moment in the pin
M Rd is the limit design bending moment in accordance with 5.2.4.1
Fvp,Sd is the design value of the shear force in the pin
Fvp,Rd is the limit design shear force in accordance with 5.2.4.2
Fbi,Sd is the most unfavourable design value of the bearing force in the joining plate i of the pin
connection
Fb,Rd is the limit design bearing force in accordance with 5.2.4.3
Fvd,Sd is the design force in the connected part
Fvs,Rd is the limit design shear force in the connected part in accordance with 5.2.4.4
Fvt,Rd is the limit design tensile force of the connected part in accordance with 5.2.4.5
NOTE In multi-pin connections care should be taken in apportioning the total load into individual components of the
connection.
As a conservative assumption in the absence of a more detailed analysis the following equation may be used.
Fb
M Sd = × (2 × t1 + t 2 + 4 × s ) (27)
8
where
Fb , t1, t2 and s are as shown in Figure 5.
5.3.4 Proof for welded connections
For the weld to be designed it shall be proven that:
σ w,sd and τ w,Sd ≤ f w,Rd (28)
where
τ w,Sd, σ w,Sd are the design weld stresses (see Annex C)
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f w,Rd is the corresponding limit design weld stress in accordance with 5.2.5
In case of plane states of stresses (with orthogonal stress components τ w,Sd , σ w,Sd,x , σ w,Sd, y ) in welded
connections it shall additionally be proven that:
2 2 2
σ w,Sd, x σ σ × σ w,Sd, y w,Sd
+ w,Sd, y − w,Sd, x + ≤ 1,0 (29)
f f w,Rd, y f w,Rd, x × f w,Rd, y f w,Rd
w,Rd, x
where
x, y indicate the orthogonal directions of stress components.
6 Proof of fatigue strength
6.1 General
A proof of fatigue strength is intended to prevent risk of failure due to formation and propagation of critical
cracks in structural members or connections under cyclic loading.
In general, the proof shall be executed by applying the load combinations A in accordance with EN 13001-2,
multiplied by the dynamic factors φi , setting all partial safety factors γp = 1, and applying the resistances (i. e.
limit design stresses) according to 6.2. In some applications a load from load combinations B (occasional
loads) can occur frequently enough to require inclusion in the fatigue assessment. The stresses from these
occasional loads shall be handled in the same way as those from the regular loads.
The stresses are calculated in accordance with the nominal stress concept. This document deals only with the
nominal stress method. A nominal stress is a stress in the base material adjacent to a potential crack location,
calculated in accordance with simple elastic strength of materials theory, excluding local stress concentration
effects. The constructional details in Annex D and Annex H contain the influences illustrated in the figures and
thus the characteristic fatigue strength values include the effects of:
⎯ local stress concentrations due to the shape of the joint and the weld geometry;
⎯ size and shape of acceptable discontinuities;
⎯ the stress direction;
⎯ residual stresses;
⎯ metallurgical conditions;
⎯ in some cases, the welding process and post-weld improvement procedures.
The effect of other geometric stress concentrations than those listed above (global stress concentrations) shall
be included in the nominal stress by means of relevant stress concentration factors.
NOTE This standard does not use other methods like Hot Spot Stress Method. The bibliography gives information on
literature about Hot Spot Stress Method.
For the execution of the proof of fatigue strength the cumulative damages caused by variable stress cycles
shall be calculated. In this standard Palmgren-Miner's rule of cumulative damage is reflected by use of the
stress history parameters (see 6.3).
Mean-stress influence, as presented in EN 13001-1, in structures in as-welded condition (without stress

relieving) can be considered but is negligible. Therefore, the stress history parameter s is independent of the
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mean-stress and the fatigue strength is based on the stress range only.
In non-welded details or stress relieved welded details, the effective stress range to be used in the fatigue
assessment may be determined by adding the tensile portion of the stress range and 60 % of the compressive
portion of the stress range (see 6.3.3) or by testing (see 6.2.3).
The fatigue strength specific resistance factor γ mf (given in Table 9) is used to account for the uncertainty of
fatigue strength values and the possible consequences of fatigue damage.
Table 9 — Fatigue strength specific resistance factor γ mf

Accessibility Fail-safe Non fail-safe components
components
without with hazards
hazards for for persons
persons
Accessible joint detail 1,0 1,10 1,20
Joint detail with poor accessibility 1,05 1,15 1,25
„Fail-safe“ structural components are those with reduced consequences of failure, such that a local failure does not
result in failure of the structure or falling of the load.
Non „fail-safe“ structural components are those where a local failure can lead to failure of the structure or falling of
the load.
6.2 Limit design stresses
6.2.1 Characteristic fatigue strength
The limit design stress of a constructional detail is characterized by the value of Δσ c , the characteristic fatigue
strength. Δσ c represents the fatigue strength at 2 ×106 cycles under constant stress range loading and with a
probability of survival equal to Ps = 97,7 % (mean value minus two standard deviations obtained by normal
distribution and single sided test), see Figure 8.
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a)
b)
Key
a) principle
b) simplification using one value for m (see EN 13001-1)
1 Constant stress range fatigue limit
m is the slope constant of the fatigue strength curve. The curves have slopes of −1/ m in the log/log representation.
This standard is based on the use of stress history parameter sm which requires the use of the one slope
simplification of the log Δσ − log N curve as shown in Figure 8b). Other methods are indicated in the
bibliography.
Figure 8 — Illustration of Δσ -N curve and Δσc
In the first column of Annex E the values of Δσ c are arranged in a sequence of notch classes (NC) and with
the constant ratio of 1,125 between the classes.
For shear stresses Δσ c is replaced by Δτ c .
The values of characteristic fatigue strength Δσ c or Δτ c and the related slope constants m of the log Δσ − log N -
curve are given in Annex D (normative) and Annex H (informative) for:
⎯ Table D.1: Basic material of structural members;
⎯ Table D.2: Elements of non-welded connections;
⎯ Table D.3: Welded members;
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⎯ Table H.1: Values of slope constant m of the log Δσ − log N -curve and limit design stress range Δσ c for
connections and joints of hollow section girders;
⎯ Table H.2: Values of slope constant m of the log Δσ − log N -curve and limit design stress range Δσ c for
lattice type connections of hollow section girders.
NOTE Pinned connections are considered in the proof of fatigue strength as structural members. Any additional
notch effect (e.g. welds, holes) in the vicinity of the hole should be taken into account.
The given values apply for the defined basic conditions. For deviating conditions an appropriate notch class
(NC) shall be selected one or more notch classes above (+ 1 NC, + 2NC,...) to increase the resistance or
below (- 1 NC, - 2 NC,...) the basic notch class to decrease the resistance according to Annex D. The effects
of several deviating conditions shall be added up.
6.2.2 Weld quality
Δσ c -values in Annex D and Annex H depend on the quality level of the weld. Quality levels B, C, D shall be in
accordance with EN ISO 5817:2007. In Annex H level C is assumed. Lower quality than level D shall not be
used. For the purpose of this standard an additional quality level B* can be used. The requirements in addition
to those of level B given hereafter define quality level B*.
*
Additional requirements for quality level B :
For the purpose of this standard 100 % NDT (non destructive testing) means inspection of the whole length of
the weld with an appropriate method to ensure that the specified quality requirements are met.
For butt joints:
⎯ full penetration without initial (start and stop) points;
⎯ both surfaces machined or flush ground down to plate surface; grinding in stress direction;
⎯ the weld toe post-treated by grinding, remelting by TIG, plasma welding or by needle peening so that any
undercut and slag inclusions are removed;
⎯ eccentricity of the joining plates less than 5 % of the greater thickness of the two plates;
⎯ sum of lengths of concavities of weld less than 5 % of the total length of the weld;
⎯ 100 % NDT.
For parallel and lap joints (e.g. with fillet welds):
⎯ transition angle of the weld to the plate surface shall not exceed 25°;
⎯ the weld toe post-treated by grinding, remelting by TIG, plasma welding or by needle peening;
⎯ 100 % NDT.
All other joints:
⎯ full penetration;
⎯ transition angle of the weld to the plate surface shall not exceed 25°;
⎯ the weld toe post-treated by grinding, remelting by TIG, plasma welding or by needle peening;
⎯ 100 % NDT;
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⎯ eccentricity less than 10 % of the greater thickness of the two plates.
If TIG dressing is used as a post treatment of the potential crack initialization zone of a welded joint in order to
increase the fatigue strength, welds of quality level C for design purposes may be upgraded to quality level B
for any joint configuration.
6.2.3 Requirements for fatigue testing
Details not given or deviating from those in Annex D and Annex H or consideration of mean stress influence
require special investigation into Δσ c and m by tests.
Requirements for such tests are:
⎯ test specimen representing the constructional detail in actual size (1:1), e.g. material thickness, geometry,
weld and loading;
⎯ test specimen produced under workshop conditions;
⎯ the stress cycles shall be completely in the tensile range;
⎯ at least 7 tests per stress range level.
Requirements for determination of m and Δσ c are:
⎯ Δσ c shall be determined from numbers of cycles based on mean value minus two standard deviations in
a log–log presentation;
4
⎯ at least one stress range level that results in a mean number of stress cycles to failure between 1x10
4
and 5x10 cycles shall be used;
6
⎯ at least one stress range level that results in a mean number of stress cycles to failure between 1,0x10
6
and 2,5x10 cycles shall be used.
A simplified method for the determination of m and Δσ c may be used:
⎯ m shall be set to m = 3;
5
⎯ a stress range level that results in a mean number of stress cycles to failure of less than 1x10 cycles
shall be used.
6.3 Stress histories
6.3.1 General
The stress history is a numerical presentation of all stress variations that are significant for fatigue. Using the
established rules of metal fatigue the large number of variable magnitude stress cycles are condensed to one
or two parameters. Stress histories shall be determined either through stress calculations or measurements, in
both cases simulating the specified crane use.
Stress histories shall be represented in terms of maximum stress amplitudes and frequencies of occurrence of
stress amplitudes. The methods and equations described hereafter are shown for normal stresses, but apply
also to shear stresses.
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6.3.2 Frequency of occurence of stress cycles
For the proof of fatigue strength, stress histories are expressed as single-parameter representations of
frequencies of occurrence of stress ranges by using methods such as the hysteresis counting method
(Rainflow or Reservoir method) with the influence of mean stress neglected.
Each of the stress ranges is sufficiently described by its upper and lower extreme value.
Δσ = σ u − σ b (30)
where
σ u is the upper extreme value of a stress range;
σ b is the lower extreme value of a stress range;
Δσ is the stress range.
6.3.3 Stress history parameter
Stress history parameter sm is calculated as follows, based on a one-parameter presentation of stress

histories during the design life of the crane:
sm = ν × km (31)
where
m
# Δσ i ni
km = ! Δσˆ × (32)
i " Nt
Nt
ν = (33)
N ref
where
ν is the relative total number of occurrences of stress ranges;
km is the stress spectrum factor dependant on m;
Δσ i is the stress range i ;
Δσˆ the maximum stress range;
ni is the number of occurrences of stress range i ;
Nt = ni is the total number of occurrences of stress ranges during the design life of the crane;
i
N ref = 2 × 10 6 is the reference number of cycles;
m is the slope constant of the log Δσ − log N -curve of the component under consideration.
Stress history parameter sm has specific values for different points in a structural component. These values
are related to crane duty and decisively depend on:
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⎯ the number of working cycles;
⎯ the net load spectrum;
⎯ crane configuration;
⎯ the effect of the crane motions on stress variations (traverse, slewing, luffing, etc).
For thermally stress relieved or non-welded structural members the compressive portion of the stress range
may be reduced to 60 %.
Stress histories characterized by the same value of sm may be assumed to be equivalent in respect to the
damage in similar materials, details or components.
Proof of competence for fatigue may be omitted for structural members in cases, where the value of the stress
2
history parameter is lower than 0,001 and the yield stress is 500 N/mm or lower.
Where the design stress always is purely compressive in a uniaxial stress state, and hence crack propagation
cannot occur, a proof of fatigue strength is not required for compressive stresses, however the stresses in the
shear plane have to be taken into account.
NOTE An example for the determination of stress histories by simulation is given in an Annex F.
6.3.4 Stress history classes S
Members of crane structures may be arranged into classes S of the stress history parameter sm. The
classification is based upon m = 3 and is specified in Table 10 and illustrated in the Figure 9.
Where a class S is referred to in the proof of fatigue strength of a member, the value of stress history
parameter s3 shall be taken in accordance with the Table 11.
Where a single stress history class S is used for the calculation of the whole structure, the most severe class
occurring within the structure shall be used.
Table 10 — Classes S of stress history parameter s3
Class Stress history parameter S3

S02 0,001 < s3 ≤ 0,002
S01 0,002 < s3 ≤ 0,004
S0 0,004 < s3 ≤ 0,008
S1 0,008 < s3 ≤ 0,016
S2 0,016 < s3 ≤ 0,032
S3 0,032 < s3 ≤ 0,063
S4 0,063 < s3 ≤ 0,125
S5 0,125 < s3 ≤ 0,250
S6 0,250 < s3 ≤ 0,500
S7 0,500 < s3 ≤ 1,000
S8 1,000 < s3 ≤ 2,000
S9 2,000 < s3 ≤ 4,000
NOTE The classes S01 and S02 do not exist in EN 13001-1 but may be used.
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Key
1 fatigue assessment might not be required
k 3 is the stress spectrum factor based on m = 3
ν is the relative total number of occurrences of stress range
Figure 9 — Illustration of the classification of stress history parameter s for m=3
The diagonal lines for the class limits represent the k 3 to ν relationship for s m = constant in a log/log scale
diagram.
For the detail under consideration it shall be proven that:
Δσ Sd ≤ Δσ Rd (34)
Δσ Sd = max σ − min σ (35)
where
Δσ Sd is the maximum range of design stresses, the same value that is used for Δσˆ in 6.3.3.
maxσ, minσ are the extreme values of design stresses (compression stresses with negative sign).
Δσ Rd is the limit design stress range
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Shear stresses τ are treated similarly.
For each stress component σ x , σ y and τ the proof shall be executed separately (where x,y indicate the
orthogonal directions of stresses), In case of non welded details, if the normal and shear stresses induced by
the same loading event vary simultaneously, or if the plane of the maximum principal stress does not change
significantly in the course of a loading event, only the maximum principal stress range may be used.
6.5 Determination of the limit design stress range
6.5.1 Applicable methods
The limit design stress ranges Δσ Rd for the detail under consideration shall be determined either by direct use
of stress history parameter sm or by simplified method based on the use of class S .
6.5.2 Direct use of stress history parameter
The limit design stress range shall be calculated from:
Δσ c
Δσ Rd = (36)
γ mf × m sm
where
Δσ c is the characteristic fatigue strength (see Annex D and Annex H)
m is the slope constant of the log Δσ − log N curve (see Annex D and Annex H)
γ mf is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 9)
sm is the stress history parameter
6.5.3 Use of class S
6.5.3.1 Slope constant m
When the detail under consideration is related to a class S according to 6.3, the simplified determination of the
limit design stress range is dependent on the (negative inverse) slope constant m of the log Δσ –log N-curve.
6.5.3.2 Slope constant m = 3
Values of stress history parameter s3 corresponding to individual stress history classes S are selected
according to Table 11.
Table 11 — Values of s3 for stress history classes S3

Class S02 S01 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
s3 0,002 0,004 0,008 0,016 0,032 0,063 0,125 0,25 0,5 1,0 2,0 4,0
NOTE Values of stress history parameter s3 shown above are the upper limit values of ranges shown in Table 10.
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The limit design stress range shall be calculated from:
Δσ c
Δσ Rd = (37)
γ mf × 3 s3
where
Δσ Rd is the limit design stress range;
Δσ c is the characteristic fatigue strength of details with m = 3 (see Annex D);
s3 is the classified stress history parameter (see Table 11);
γ mf is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 9).
For the most severe γ mf = 1,25, Annex E, Table E.1 gives the values of Δσ Rd in dependence on the class S
and Δσ c .
6.5.3.3 Slope constant m ≠ 3
If the slope constant m of the log Δσ − log N curve is not equal to 3, the limit design stress range is dependent
on the class S and the stress spectrum factor km.
The limit design stress range Δσ Rd shall be calculated from:
Δσ Rd = Δσ Rd,1 × k * (38)
Δσ c
Δσ Rd,1 = (39)
γ mf × m s3
k
k*=m 3 ≥ 1 (40)
km
where
Δσ Rd,1 is the limit design stress range for k* = 1
k* is the specific spectrum ratio factor
Δσ c , m are the characteristic values of stress range and the respective inverse slope of the
log Δσ - log N-curve (see Annex D and Annex H)
s3 is the classified stress history parameter (see Table 11)
k3 is the stress spectrum factor based on m = 3
km is the stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration
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k 3 and km shall be based on the same stress spectrum that is derived either from calculation or
simulation
For the most severe γ mf = 1,25 and m = 5. Annex E, Table E.2 gives the values of Δσ Rd,1 in dependence on
the class S and Δσ c .
6.5.3.4 Simplified method for slope constants m ≠ 3
k* = 1 covers the most unfavourable stress spectra for cases with m > 3 and sm < 1, and Δσ Rd,1 may then be
used as limit design stress range. The value of k* may be calculated for k3 and km from the stress spectrum
estimated by experience.
6.5.4 Independent concurrent normal and/or shear stresses
In addition to the separate proof for σ and τ (see 6.4), the action of independently varying ranges of normal
and shear stresses shall be considered by:
mx my m
γ mf × Δσ Sd, x γ mf × Δσ Sd, y γ × Δτ Sd
× sm, x + × sm, y + mf
⋅ sm ≤ 1,0 (41)
Δσ c, x Δσ c, y Δτ c

where
Δσ Sd , Δτ Sd are the calculated maximum ranges of design stresses
Δσ c , Δτ c are the characteristic fatigue strengths
sm is the stress history parameter
m is the slope constant of log Δσ − log N curve
x,y indicate the orthogonal directions of normal stresses
τ indicates the respective shear stress
7 Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints

The proof shall be executed in accordance with Clause 7 of EN 1993-1-8:2005, if not otherwise given in
Clause 8.
8 Proof of elastic stability
8.1 General
The proof of elastic stability is made to prove that ideally straight structural members or components will not
lose their stability due to lateral deformation caused solely by compressive forces or compressive stresses.
Deformations due to compressive forces or compressive stresses in combination with externally applied
bending moments, or in combination with bending moments caused by initial geometric imperfections, shall be
assessed by the theory of second order as part of the proof of static strength. This chapter covers global
buckling of members under compression and local buckling of plate fields subjected to compressive stresses.
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NOTE Further information may be found in the bibliography.
8.2 Lateral buckling of members loaded in compression
8.2.1 Critical buckling load
The critical buckling load Nk is the smallest bifurcation load according to elastic theory. For members with
constant cross section, Nk is given in Table 12 for a selection of boundary conditions, also known as Euler’s
buckling cases.
Table 12 — Critical buckling load Nk for Euler’s buckling cases
Euler case no 1 2 3 4 5
Boundary
conditions
Nk π2 ×E×I π2 ×E×I 2,05 × π 2 × E × I 4×π 2 × E × I π2 ×E×I

4 × L2 L2 L2 L2 L2
E is the modulus of elasticity;
I is the moment of inertia of the member in the plane of the figure;
L is the length of the member.
For other boundary conditions or for members consisting of several parts i, with different cross sections, Nk
may be computed from the differential equation, or system of differential equations, of the elastic deflection
curve in its deformed state, which has the general solution:
N
y = Ai × cos( ki × x ) + Bi × sin( ki × x ) + Ci × x + Di , ki = (42)
E × Ii
where
x is the longitudinal coordinate;
y is the lateral coordinate in the weakest direction of the member;
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E is the modulus of elasticity;
Ii is the moment of inertia of part i in the weakest direction of the member;
N is the compressive force;
Ai, Bi, Ci, Di are constants to be found by applying appropriate boundary conditions.
The critical buckling load Nk is found as the smallest positive value N that satisfies Equation (42), or system of
Equations (42), when solved with the appropriate boundary conditions applied.
8.2.2 Limit compressive design force
The limit compressive design force NRd for the member or its considered part is computed from the critical
buckling load Nk by:
κ × fy × A
N Rd = (43)
γm
where
κ is a reduction factor;
fy is the yield stress;
A is the cross section area of the member.
The reduction factor κ is computed from the slenderness λ, which is given by:
fy × A
λ= (44)
Nk
where
Nk is the critical buckling load according to 8.2.1.
Depending on the value of λ and the cross section parameter α, the reduction factor κ is given by:
λ ≤ 0,2: κ = 1,0
0,2 < λ: κ=
1
2 2
[
ξ = 0,5 × 1 + α × (λ − 0,2) + λ2 ] (45)
ξ + ξ −λ
Depending of the type of cross section, the parameter α is given in Table 13.
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Table 13 — Parameter α and acceptable bow imperfections for various cross sections
Buckling f y < 460 N f y ≥ 460 N 2
about mm2 mm
Type of cross section
axis
α δI α δI
1 Hollow sections y− y
Hot rolled 0,21 L 300 0,13 L 350
z−z
y− y
Cold formed 0,34 L 250 0,34 L / 250
z−z
2 Welded box sections Thick welds (a>ty/2)

and y− y
0,49 L 200 0,49 L 200
hy t y < 30 z−z
hz t z < 30
y− y
Otherwise 0,34 L 250 0,34 L / 250
z−z
3 Rolled sections h b > 1,2; y− y 0,21 L 300 0,13 L 350

t ≤ 40 mm z−z 0,34 L 250 0,13 L 350
h b > 1,2;
40 mm < t ≤ 80 mm y− y 0,34 L 250 0,21 L 300
h b ≤ 1,2; z−z 0,49 L 200 0,21 L 300
t ≤ 80 mm
y− y
t > 80 mm 0,76 L 150 0.49 L 200
z−z
4 Welded I sections y− y 0,34 L 250 0,34 L 250
ti ≤ 40 mm
z−z 0,49 L 200 0,49 L 200
y− y 0,49 L 200 0,49 L 200

ti > 40 mm
z−z 0,76 L 150 0,76 L 150
5 Channels, L, T and solid sections
y− y
0,49 L 200 0,49 L 200
z−z
δ I is the maximum allowable amplitude of initial bow imperfection measured over the total length of the member.
L is the length of the member.
In case of a member with varying cross section, the equations in 8.2.2 shall be applied to all parts of the
member. The smallest resulting value of NRd shall be used, and in addition it shall be conform to the following:
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Nk
NRd ≤ (46)
1,2 × γ m
8.3 Buckling of plate fields subjected to compressive and shear stresses
8.3.1 General
Plate fields are unstiffened plates that are supported only along their edges or plate panels between stiffeners.
The limit design stresses provided by this clause ensure that no buckling of plates takes place, i.e. post
buckling behaviour is not utilized. The bibliography gives information on literature about methods using post
buckling behaviour. When using those methods, the effects of post buckling e.g. on fatigue shall be taken into
account.
It is assumed that:
⎯ geometric imperfections of the plate are less than the maximum values shown in Table 14,
⎯ stiffeners are designed with sufficient stiffness and strength to allow the required buckling resistance of
the plate to be developed (i.e. buckling strength of stiffeners is greater than that of the plate field),
⎯ the plate field is supported along its edges as shown in Table 15.
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Table 14 — Maximum allowable imperfection f for plates and stiffeners
Item Type of stiffness Illustration Allowable imperfection f
l
f = m
250
1 General
lm = a, where a ≤ 2b
lm = 2b, where a > 2b
Unstiffened
plates
l
f = m
Subject to 250
2 transverse
compression lm = b, where b ≤ 2a
lm = 2a, where b > 2a
Longitudinal stiffeners in a
3 plates with longitudinal f =
400
stiffening
a
f =
Transverse stiffeners in 400
4 plates with longitudinal
and transverse stiffening b
f =
400
f shall be measured in the perpendicular plane.
lm is the gauge length.
Figure 10 shows a plate field with dimensions a and b (side ratio α = a/b). It is subjected to longitudinal stress
varying between σ x (maximum compressive stress) and ψ × σ x along its end edges, coexistent shear
stress τ and with coexistent transverse stress σ y ,(e.g. from wheel load, see C.4) applied on one side only.
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Figure 10 — Stresses applied to plate field
8.3.2 Limit design stress with respect to longitudinal stress σ x
The limit design compressive stress fb,Rd,x is calculated from:
κx × fy
f b,Rd, x = (47)
γm
where
κx is a reduction factor according to Equation (48);
fy is the yield stress of the plate material.
The reduction factor κx is given by:
κx =1 for λ x ≤ 0,7 (48)
κ x = 1,474 − 0,677 × λ x for 0,7 < λ x < 1,291

1
κx = for λ x ≥ 1,291
λx
2
where
λx is a non-dimensional plate slenderness according to Equation (49);

The non-dimensional plate slenderness λx is given by:
fy
λx = (49)
k x × σ e
where
σe is a reference stress according to Equation (50);

kσx is a buckling factor given in Table 15.
The reference stress σe is given by:
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2
π2 ×E t
σe = × (50)
12 × (1 − ν ) b
2
where
Ε is the modulus of elasticity of the plate;
ν is the Poisson’s ratio of the plate (ν = 0,3 for steel);
t is the plate thickness;
b is the width of the plate field.
The buckling factor kσx depends on the edge stress ratio ψ, the side ratio α and the edge support conditions of
the plate field. Table 15 gives values for the buckling factor kσx for plate fields supported along both transverse
and longitudinal edges (Case 1) and plate fields supported along both transverse edges but only along one
longitudinal edge (Case 2).
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Table 15 — Buckling factor kσx
Case 1 Case 2
Supported along all four Supported along both loaded (end) edges and along only one
edges longitudinal edge.
Type of
1
support
Stress
2
distribution
3 ψ =1 4 0,43
8,2 0,578
4 1>ψ > 0 0,57 − 0,21ψ + 0,07ψ 2
ψ + 1,05 ψ + 0,34
5 ψ =0 7,81 1,70 0,57
6 0 > ψ > −1 7,81 − 6,29ψ + 9,78ψ 2 1,70 − 5ψ + 17,1ψ 2 0,57 − 0,21ψ + 0,07ψ 2
7 ψ = −1 23,9 23,8 0,85
8 ψ < −1 5.98 x (1-ψ)

2
23,8 0,57 − 0,21ψ + 0,07ψ 2
NOTE For Case 1 the values and equations for buckling factors kσx given in Table 15 for plate fields supported along
α ) with α < 1,0 for rows 3 to 6 and
all four edges can give overly conservative results for plate fields (see figure 10 for
α < 0,66 for row 7. For Case 2 the results can be overly conservative for plate fields with α < 2,0 . Further information
regarding alternative values for short plate fields can be found in additional references, see Bibliography.
8.3.3 Limit design stress with respect to transverse stress σ y
Where the transverse stresses are due to a moving load, e.g. travelling wheel load on a bridge girder, the use
of methods utilizing post buckling mentioned in 8.3.1 is not allowed.
The limit design transversal normal stress shall be calculated from:
κ y.fy
f b, Rd , y = (51)
γm
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κy is a reduction factor according to Equation (52);
fy is the minimum yield stress of the plate material.
The reduction factor κ y is given by:
κy =1 for λ y ≤ 0,7 (52)

κ y = 1,474 − 0,677 × λ y for 0,7 < λ y < 1,291
1
κy = for λ y ≥ 1,291
λy2
The non-dimensional plate slenderness λ y is given by:
fy
λy = (53)
a
k y × σ e ×
c
where
σe is a reference stress according to Equation (50);
kσy is a buckling factor determined using figure 11;
a is the plate field length
c is the width over which the transverse load is distributed ( c = 0 corresponds to a theoretical
point load in Figure 11, see C.4)
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Figure 11 — Buckling factor kσy
8.3.4 Limit design stress with respect to shear stress τ
The limit design buckling shear stress is calculated from:
κτ . f y
f b, Rd ,τ = (54)
3.γ m
where
κτ is a reduction factor given by:

0,84
κτ = for λτ ≥ 0,84 (55)
λτ
κτ = 1 for λτ < 0,84
where
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fy
λτ = (56)
kτ .σ e . 3
f yk is the minimum yield strength of the plate material
σe is a reference stress according to Equation (50)
kτ is a buckling factor calculated (for a plate field supported along all four edges) using equations given
in table 16.
Table 16 — Buckling factor kτ
α kτ
4
α>1 kτ = 5,34 +
α2
5,34
α≤1 kτ = 4 +
α2
8.4.1 Members loaded in compression
For the member under consideration, it shall be proven that:
N Sd ≤ N Rd (57)
where
NSd is the design value of the compressive force;
NRd is the limit design compressive force according to 8.2.2.
8.4.2 Plate fields
8.4.2.1 Plate fields subjected to longitudinal or transverse compressive stress
For the plate field under consideration, it shall be proven that:
σ Sd, x ≤ f b,Rd, x and σ Sd, y ≤ f b,Rd, y (58)
where
σSd,x , σSd,y are the design values of the compressive stresses σ x or σ y ;
fb,Rd,x , fb,Rd,y are the limit design compressive stresses in accordance with 8.3.2 and 8.3.3.
8.4.2.2 Plate fields subjected to shear stress
For the plate field under consideration, it shall be proven that:
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τ Sd ≤ f b,Rd,τ (59)
where
τ Sd is the design value of the shear stress;
f b,Rd,τ is the limit design shear stress in accordance with 8.3.4.
8.4.2.3 Plate fields subjected to coexistent normal and shear stresses
For the plate field subjected to coexistent normal (longitudinal and/or transverse) and shear stresses, apart
from a separate proof carried out for each stress component in accordance with 8.4.2.1 and 8.4.2.2, it shall be
additionally proven that:
e1 e2
σ Sd , x σ Sd , y σ Sd , x .σ Sd , y τ
e3
+
− V × + Sd
f
≤1 (60)
f b, Rd , x f b, Rd , y f b, Rd , x . f b, Rd , y
b, Rd ,τ
where
e1 = 1 + κ x4 (61)
e2 = 1 + κ 4y (62)
e3 = 1 + κ x × κ y × κτ2 (63)
and with κ x calculated in accordance with 8.3.2, κ y in accordance with 8.3.3 and κτ in accordance with
8.3.4.
(
V = κx ×κ y )6 for σ Sd , x × σ Sd , y ≥ 0 (64)
V = −1 for σ Sd , x × σ Sd , y < 0
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Annex A
(informative)
Limit design shear force Fv,Rd per bolt and per shear plane for multiple
shear plane connections
Table A.1 and table A.2 give limit design shear forces in relation to the shank diameter and the bolt material
and are independent of the detailed design of the bolt.
Table A.1 — Limit design shear force Fv,Rd per fit bolt and per shear plane for multiple shear plane
connections
Shank Fv,Rd [kN]

Fit bolt diameter Fit bolt material
[mm] for γRb = 1,1
4.6 5.6 8.8 10.9 12.9
M12 13 16,7 20,9 44,6 62,8 75,4
M16 17 28,6 35,7 76,2 107,2 128,6
M20 21 43,5 54,4 116,2 163,2 196,1
M22 23 52,2 65,3 139,4 196,0 235,2
M24 25 61,8 77,3 164,9 231,9 278,3
M27 28 77,6 97,0 206,9 291,0 349,2
M30 31 95,1 111,8 253,6 356,6 428,0
Table A.2 — Limit design shear force Fv,Rd in the shank per standard bolt and per shear plane for
multiple shear plane connections
Fv,Rd [kN]
Shank Bolt material
Bolt diameter
for γ Rb = 1,1
[mm]
4.6 5.6 8.8 10.9 12.9
M12 12 14,2 17,8 37,9 53,4 64,1
M16 16 25,3 31,6 67,5 94,9 113,9
M20 20 39,5 49,4 105,5 148,4 178,0
M22 22 47,8 59,8 127,6 179,5 215,4
M24 24 56,9 71,2 151,9 213,6 256,4
M27 27 72,1 90,1 192,3 270,4 324,5
M30 30 89,0 111,3 237,4 333,9 400,6
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Annex B
(informative)
Preloaded bolts
Bolt sizes in Tables B.1 and B.2 refer to standard series of ISO metric thread and pitch in accordance with
ISO 262.
Table B.1 — Tightening torques in Nm to achieve the maximum allowable preload level 0,7 × Fy
Bolt size Bolt material

8.8 10.9 12.9
M12 86 122 145
M14 136 190 230
M16 210 300 360
M18 290 410 495
M20 410 590 710
M22 560 790 950
M24 710 1 000 1 200
M27 1 040 1 460 1 750
M30 1 410 2 000 2 400
M33 1 910 2 700 3 250
M36 2 460 3 500 4 200
A friction coefficient μ = 0,14 is assumed in the calculations of the preceding
tightening torques. For other values of the friction coefficient the tightening torques
should be adjusted accordingly.
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Table B.2 — Limit design slip force FS,Rd per bolt and per friction interface using a design preloading force Fp,d = 0,7 × f yb × As
Bolt stress Design preloading Limit design slip force Fs,Rd in kN

area force Fp,d in kN γm = 1,1 and γss = 1,14
AS Bolt material
2
mm
Bolt material
8.8 10.9 12.9
Slip factor : Slip factor : Slip factor :
8.8 10.9 12.9 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20
M12 84,3 37,8 53,1 63,7 15,1 12,0 9,0 6,0 21,2 16,9 12,7 8,5 25,4 20,3 15,2 10,2
M14 115 51,5 72,5 86,9 20,5 16,4 12,3 8,2 28,9 23,1 17,3 11,6 34,7 27,7 20,8 13,9
M16 157 70,3 98,9 119 28,0 22,4 16,8 11,2 39,4 31,6 23,7 15,8 47,3 37,9 28,4 18,9
M18 192 86,0 121 145 34,3 27,4 20,6 13,7 48,2 38,6 28,9 19,3 57,9 46,3 34,7 23,2
M20 245 110 154 185 43,8 35,0 26,3 17,5 61,5 49,2 36,9 24,6 73,9 59,1 44,3 29,5
M22 303 136 191 229 54,1 43,3 32,5 21,6 76,1 60,9 45,7 30,4 91,3 73,1 54,8 36,5
M24 353 158 222 267 63,1 50,4 37,8 25,2 88,7 70,9 53,2 35,5 106 85,1 63,8 42,6
M27 459 206 289 347 82,0 65,6 49,2 32,8 115 92,2 69,2 46,1 138 111 83,0 55,3
M30 561 251 353 424 100 80,2 60,1 40,1 141 113 84,6 56,4 169 135 101 67,6
M33 694 311 437 525 124 99,2 74,4 49,6 174 139 105 69,7 209 167 126 83,7
M36 817 366 515 618 146 117 87,6 58,4 205 164 123 82,1 246 197 148 98,5
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Annex C
(normative)
Design weld stresses σW,Sd and τW,Sd

C.1 Butt joint
Normal weld design stress σ W ,Sd and shear weld design stress τ W ,Sd are calculated from:
F F
σ W,Sd = ; τ W, Sd = (C.1)
ar × lr ar × lr
where
F is the acting normal force (see Figure C.1);
F is the acting shear force (see Figure C.1);
ar is the effective throat thickness;
lr is the effective weld length.
Figure C.1 — Butt weld
The effective weld thickness a r is calculated from:
ar ≤ min(t1,t 2 ) for full penetration welds
ar = 2 × ai for double sided symmetrical partial penetration welds
where
ai is the effective throat thickness of either weld
NOTE Single sided partial penetration butt welds with transverse loads are not covered by this standard.
In general, the effective weld length lr is given by:
lr = lW − 2 × ar (for continuous welds)
unless measures are taken to ensure that the whole weld length is effective, in which case l r = l W
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where
lW is the weld length (see Figure C.1);
ar is the effective weld thickness.
t1 , t2 thicknesses of the plates.
C.2 Fillet weld
Normal weld design stress σ W, Sd and shear weld design stress τ W, Sd are calculated from:
F F
σ W,Sd = , τ W, Sd = (C.2)
ar1 × lr1 + ar2 × lr2 ar1 × lr1 + ar2 × lr2
where
F is the acting shear force (see Figure C.2);
ari are the effective throat thicknesses (see Figure C.2) with ari = a ;
lri are the effective weld lengths.
Figure C.2 — Joint dimensions
The effective weld thickness ar is limited to:
ar ≤ 0,7 × min( t1, t2 ) .
For the effective weld lengths see C.1.
Single sided welds may be used loaded with forces as shown in Figure C.2.
For single sided welds, σ W ,Sd and τ W ,Sd are calculated in an analogous manner using the relevant weld
parameters.
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NOTE In the proof of competence the effect of the in-plane shear component due to F coexistent with σ W ,Sd is
taken into account implicitly.
C.3 T-joint with full and partial penetration
Normal weld design stress σ W, Sd and shear weld design stress τ W, Sd are calculated from:
F F
σ W, Sd = , τ W, Sd = (C.3)
ar1 × lr1 + ar2 × lr2 ar1 × lr1 + ar2 × lr2
where
Fτ is the acting shear force (see Figure C.3);
ari are the effective weld thicknesses (see Figure C.3) with ari = a + p ;
lri are the effective weld lengths.
Figure C.3 — Joint dimensions
The effective weld thickness ar is limited to:
ar ≤ 0,7 ⋅ min( t1, t2 ) .
For the effective weld lengths see C.1.
Single sided welds may be used loaded with forces as shown in Figure C.3.
For single sided welds, σ W, Sd and τ W, Sd are calculated in an analogous manner using the relevant weld
parameters.
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C.4 Effective distribution length under concentrated load

For simplification the normal design stresses in the weld and parent material under concentrated load may be
calculated using the effective distribution length as follows:
l r = 2 × hd × tan κ + λ (C.4)
where
lr is the effective distribution length;
hd is the distance between the section under consideration and contact level of acting load;
λ is the length of the contact area.
For wheels λ may be set to: λ = 0,2 × r with λmax = 50 mm
where
r is the radius of wheel;
κ is the dispersion angle. κ shall be set to κ ≤ 45° .
Figure C.4 — Concentrated load
Other calculations for the determination of the design stresses may be used, however the values
for Δσ c and Δτ c in Annex D are based on the calculation presented herein.
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Annex D
(normative)
Values of slope constant m

and characteristic fatigue strength Δσc, Δτc
Where low strength steel is used, the fatigue strength for basic material as shown in Table D.1 can be
governing even in the presence of other details such as those shown in Tables D.2 and D.3. This can be not
only due to the effect of different values of Δσc but also due to the different values of the slope constant m.
Notch classes (NC) refer to the first column of Annex E (see 6.2.1).
Table D.1 — Basic material of structural members (1 of 4)
Detail Δσc
Δ τc Constructional detail Requirements
No. N/mm
2
General requirements:
⎯ Rolled surfaces
⎯ No geometrical notch
effects (e.g. cut outs)
m=5 ⎯ Surface roughness
values before surface
treatment such as shot
blasting
Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under normal stresses
⎯ Surface condition in
accordance with
140 Independent of fy EN 10163 (all parts)
classes A1 or C1 (repair
welding allowed)
140 180 fy 220 ⎯ Surface condition in
accordance with
160 220 < fy 320 EN 10163 (all parts)
1.1
classes A3 or C3
180 320 < fy 500 ⎯ Surface roughness
Rz ≤ 100μm
⎯ Edges rolled or
machined or no free
edges
200 500 < fy ⎯ Any burrs and flashes
removed from rolled
edges
⎯ Surface roughness
Rz ≤ 60μm +1 NC
180 180 fy 220 ⎯ Surface condition in
accordance with
200 220 < fy 320 EN 10163 (all parts)
classes A3 or D3
225 320 < fy 500 ⎯ Surface roughness
Rz ≤ 20μm
Continued on next page
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Table D.1 - Basic material of structural members (2 of 4)
Detail Δσc
No. N/mm
2
250 500 < fy 650
accordance with EN 10163
(all parts) classes A3 or D3
1.1 280 650 < fy 900 ⎯ Surface roughness

Rz ≤ 20μm
⎯ Edges machined or no free
315 900 < fy edges
⎯ Rolled surfaces
⎯ Thermal cut edges
⎯ No geometrical notch effects
(e. g. cutouts)
m=5 Surface roughness values before
surface treatment such as shot
blasting
Edges in plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under normal stresses
(all parts) classes A1 or C1
140 Independent of fy (repair welding allowed)
⎯ Edge quality in accordance
with Table 5 Range 3 of
EN ISO 9013:2002
⎯ Edge quality in accordance
140 180 fy 220 EN ISO 9013:2002
1.2 ⎯ Surface condition in
160 220 < fy 500 Rz ≤ 100μm
⎯ Machine controlled cutting
⎯ Plate surface roughness Rz
≤60μm and edge quality in
180 500 < fy accordance with Table 5
Range 2 of
EN ISO 9013:2002 +1 NC
160 180 fy 220 ⎯ Edge quality in accordance
180 220 < fy 320 EN ISO 9013:2002
200 320 < fy 500 accordance with EN 10163
225 500 < fy 650 ⎯ Plate surface roughness
Rz ≤20μm
250 650 < fy 900
⎯ Mill scale removed before
cutting
280 900 < fy
⎯ Machine controlled cutting
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Detail Δσc
No. N/mm
2
⎯ Nominal stress calculated for the
net cross-section
⎯ Holes not flame cut,
⎯ Bolts may be present as long as
m=5 these are stressed to no more
than 20 % of their strength in
shear/ bearing connections or to
no more than 100 % of their
strength in slip-resistant
connections
Hole edges in a plate under normal stresses
1.3 ⎯ Holes may be punched
80 Independent of fy
100 180 < fy 220 ⎯ Holes machines or thermal cut to a

quality in accordance with Table 5
112 220 < fy 320 Range 3 of EN ISO 9013:2002
⎯ Holes not punched
125 320 < fy 500
⎯ Burr on hole edges removed
140 500 < fy 650 ⎯ Rolled surface condition in
accordance with EN 10163 (all
parts) classes A3 or C3
160 650 < fy ⎯ Plate surface roughness
Rz ≤100μm
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Detail Δσc
No. N/mm
2
⎯ Rolled surfaces
⎯ No geometrical notch effects (e.g.
cut outs)
m=5 ⎯ Surface roughness values before
surface treatment such as shot
blasting
Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under shear stress

⎯ Surface condition in accordance
90 Independent of fy with EN 10163 (all parts) classes
A1 or C1 (repair welding allowed)
90 180 fy 220 ⎯ Surface condition in accordance
with EN 10163 (all parts) classes
100 220 < fy 320 A3 or C3
1.4 ⎯ Surface roughness
112 320 < fy 500 Rz ≤ 100μm
⎯ Edges rolled or machined or no
free edges
⎯ Any burrs and flashes removed
125 500 < fy
from rolled edges
Rz ≤ 60μm +1 NC
112 180 fy 220 ⎯ Surface condition in accordance
with EN 10163 (all parts) classes
125 220 < fy 320 A3 or D3
140 320 < fy 500 Rz ≤ 20μm
160 500 < fy 650 ⎯ Edges machined or no free edges
180 650 < fy 900
200 900 < fy
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Table D.2 —Elements of non-welded connections
Detail Δσc
No. N/mm
2
Double shear
Supported single-shear
⎯ The proof of fatigue
(example) strength is not
m=5 required for bolts of
friction grip type
2.1 bolted connections
Single-shear ⎯ Nominal stress

calculated for the net
cross-section
Perforated parts in slip-resistant bolted connections under normal

stresses
160 f y ≤ 275
180 275 < f y
Perforated parts in shear/bearing connections under normal stresses ⎯ Nominal stress

m=5 calculated for the net
2.2 double-shear and supported single-shear
cross-section
180 Normal stress
Perforated parts in shear/bearing connections under normal stresses ⎯ Nominal stress
m=5 calculated for the net
2.3 single-shear joints, not supported
cross-section
125 Normal stress
m=5 Fit bolts in double-shear or supported single-shear joints ⎯ Uniform distribution
of stresses is
2.4 125 Shear stress (Δτc)
assumed
355 Bearing stress (Δσc)
m=5 Fit bolts in single-shear joints, not supported ⎯ Uniform distribution
of stresses is
2.5 100 Shear stress (Δτc)
assumed
250 Bearing stress (Δσc)
m=3 Threaded bolts loaded in tension (bolt grade 8.8 or better) ⎯ Δσ calculated for the
50 stress-area of the
Machined thread
2.6 bolt, using ΔFb
63 Rolled thread above M30
(see 5.2.3.3)
71 Rolled thread for M30 or smaller
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Table D.3 — Welded members - (1 of 16)
Δσc
Detail
No.
2
N/mm
Basic conditions:
⎯ symmetric plate arrangement
⎯ fully penetrated weld
⎯ Components with usual residual stresses
⎯ Angular misalignment < 1°
t1 = t2
or
m=3
slope <1:3
Symmetric butt joint, normal stress across the

weld
3.1
Special conditions:
⎯ Components with considerable residual
stresses (e. g. joint of components with
restraint of shrinkage) -1 NC
140 Butt weld, quality level B* -2 NC
125 Butt weld, quality level B -4 NC
112 Butt weld, quality level C - 4 NC
Basic conditions:
⎯ symmetric plate arrangement
⎯ Components with usual residual stresses
m=3 ⎯ Angular misalignment < 1°
3.2
Special conditions:
⎯ Components with considerable residual
Symmetric butt joint, normal stress across the restraint of shrinkage) -1 NC
weld
80 Butt weld on remaining backing, quality level C
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Δσc
Detail
No.
2
N/mm
Basic conditions:
⎯ Supported parallel to butt weld:
c < 2⋅t2 + 10mm
⎯ Supported vertical to butt weld:
c < 12⋅t2
Components with usual residual stresses
m=3
slope ≤ 1:3
3.3 t2 - t1 ≤ 4 mm
Unsymmetrical supported butt joint, normal stress Special conditions:

across the butt weld ⎯ Components with considerable residual
⎯ Influence of slope and thickness t2-t1:
thickness ( t 2 − t1 )mm
125 Butt weld, quality level B* slope ≤4 ≤ 10 ≤ 50 > 50
112 ≤1:3 – -1NC -1NC -2NC
Butt weld, quality level B
≤1:2 -1NC -1NC -2NC -2NC
≤1:1 -1NC -2NC -2NC -3NC
100 Butt weld, quality level C
>1:1 - -2NC -2NC -3NC -3NC
Basic conditions:
⎯ supported parallel to butt weld:
c < 2⋅t2 + 10mm
⎯ supported vertical to butt weld:
c < 12⋅t2
m=3 ⎯ components with usual residual stresses
3.4
⎯ t2 - t1 ≤ 10 mm
Unsymmetrical supported butt joint, normal stress Special conditions:
across the butt weld
⎯ components with considerable residual
⎯ t2 - t1 > 10 mm -1 NC
80 Butt weld on remaining backing, quality level C
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Basic conditions:
⎯ components with usual residual stresses
slope
≤ 1:1
slope in
weld or
base
material
m=3 t1/t2 > 0,84

Special conditions:
3.5 ⎯ components with considerable residual

restraint of shrinkage)
Unsymmetrical unsupported butt joint, stress across -1 NC

the butt weld
-2 NC
100 Butt weld, quality level B* ⎯ 0,84 t1/t2 > 0,74 -1 NC

90 Butt weld, quality level B ⎯ 0,74 t1/t2 > 0,63 -2 NC
⎯ 0,63 t1/t2 > 0,50 -3 NC
80 Butt weld quality level C
⎯ 0,50 t1/t2 > 0,40 -4 NC
Basic conditions:
⎯ components with usual residual stresses
m=3
3.6
Butt joint with crossing welds, stress across the butt

weld
125 Butt weld, quality level B*
100 Butt weld, quality level B
90 Butt weld, quality level C
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Δσc
Detail
No.
2
N/mm
Special conditions:
⎯ no irregularities from start-stop-points
m=3 in quality level C + 1 NC
⎯ welding with restraint of shrinkage
3.7 - 1 NC
Normal stress in weld direction
180 Continuous weld, quality level B
140 Continuous weld, quality level C
80 Intermittent weld, quality level C
Basic conditions:
⎯ continuous weld
⎯ full penetration weld
m=3 Special conditions:

⎯ automatic welding, no initial
points + 1 NC
3.8
⎯ welding with restraint of shrinkage
- 1 NC
Cross or T-Joint, groove weld, normal stress across the

weld
*
112 K-weld, quality level B
100 K-weld, quality level B
80 K-weld, quality level C
71 V-weld with backing, quality level C
Basic conditions:
⎯ continuous weld
Special conditions:
3.9 m=3
⎯ automatic welding, no initial
points + 1 NC
⎯ welding with restraint of
shrinkage - 1 NC
Cross or T-Joint, symmetric double fillet weld
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
σ w = F /(2 × a × l )
45 Stress in weld throat
see Annex C
71 Quality level B
Stress in the loaded plate at weld toe
63 Quality level C
m=3
3.10
T-Joint, stresses from bending

Stress calculated with the applied bending
45 Stress in weld throat moment and weld joint geometry taken into
account
80 Stresses in plate at weld toe, Quality level B

71 Stresses in plate at weld toe, Quality level C
3.11 m=3
Full penetration weld (double sided) with transverse

compressive load (e. g. wheel), stress calculated in the web
plate
76
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
112 Quality level B

100 Quality level C
m=3
3.12
Full penetration weld (with backing) with transverse

compressive load (e. g. wheel), stress calculated in the web
plate
90 Quality level B
80 Quality level C
Web thickness t:
m=3 0,5 ⋅ t ≤ a ≤ 0,7 ⋅ t

3.13
with a according to Annex C
Double fillet weld with transverse compressive load, (e. g.

wheel), stress calculated in the web plate
71 Quality level B, C
0,5 ⋅ t ≤ a ≤ 0,7 ⋅ t
with a according to Annex C
3.14 m=3 p1mm for t6mm
t
p≥ for t>6mm
4
Partial penetration weld with transverse compressive load

(e. g. wheel), stress calculated in the web plate
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
71 Quality level B, C
Basic conditions:
⎯ all welds quality level C or better
Special conditions:
⎯ continuous welds (1) over the joint on
both sides of the rail with at least a
length of 3 times h +1 NC
m=3
3.15
Plate with a rail welded on it, rail joints without butt weld or
with partial penetration butt weld, design stress is that
calculated in the plate.
rail joint cut perpendicular or at any other angle, e.g. 45°,
45
p=0,
56 single weld on top of the rail, h > p 0,3 x h
71 welds on top and on the two sides of the rail, h > p 0,2 x h
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
m=3
Basic conditions:
⎯ quality level C
⎯ a and p according to Annex C.3
3.16
Special condition:
Partial penetration weld with transverse load (e. g.
underslung crab), stress calculated in the web plate ⎯ fillet weld with penetration and quality
level B +1 NC
p 1mm for t 6mm ; p≥ t for t > 6mm ;
63 4
0,5 × t ≤ a ≤ 0,7 × t
56 p 1 mm for t > 6 mm ; 0,6 × t ≤ a ≤ 0,7 × t
50 Fillet weld without penetration ; 0,6 × t ≤ a ≤ 0,7 × t
40 Fillet weld without penetration ; 0,5 × t ≤ a < 0,6 × t
Basic conditions:
⎯ quality level C
⎯ continuous weld
⎯ distance c between the weld toe and
rim of continuous component greater
than 10 mm
3.17 m=3
Special conditions:
⎯ quality level B* +2 NC
⎯ quality level B +1 NC
Continuous component with a welded cover plate ⎯ quality level D - 1 NC

⎯ c < 10 mm - 1 NC
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
80 l ≤ 50 mm
71 50 mm < l ≤ 100 mm
63 l > 100 mm
m=3
Basic conditions:
3.18
continuous fillet or groove weld
Continuous component with load carrying flange plate,

stress in continuous component at end of connection
Flange plate with end chamfer ≤ 1:3; edge weld and end of
112
flank weld in weld quality level B*
Flange plate with end chamfer ≤ 1:2; edge weld and end of
100
flank weld in weld quality level B*
Basic conditions:
3.19 m=3 ⎯ continuous fillet or groove weld
⎯ to ≤ 1,5 tu

80
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
80 Edge weld and end of flank weld in weld quality level B*
Basic conditions:
m=3
⎯ continuous fillet or groove weld
3.20

63 Quality level B
56 Quality level C
Basic conditions:
⎯ stressed area to be calculated from:
m=3 As = t × lr
3.21
lr = min( bm , bL + l )
see also detail 3.32
Overlapped welded joint, main plate

*
80 Quality level B
71 Quality level B
63 Quality level C
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Basic conditions:
m=3
3.22 ⎯ stressed area to be calculated from:
As = bL × (t1 + t 2 )
Overlapped welded joint, lap plates

50
Basic conditions:
⎯ R ≥ 50 mm; α ≤ 60°
m=3
⎯ groove weld or allround fillet weld
3.23
Continuous component with longitudinally mounted parts,

Parts rounded or chamfered
90 Quality level B* R ≥ 150 mm or α ≤ 45°
80 Quality level B
71 Quality level C
Basis conditions:
⎯ allround fillet weld
⎯ quality level B, C
3.24 m=3
Special conditions:
⎯ single fillet weld -1 NC
⎯ weld quality level D -1 NC
Continuous component with parts ending perpendicularly
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
80 l ≤ 50 mm
71 50 mm < l ≤ 100 mm
63 100 mm < l ≤ 300 mm
56 l > 300 mm
Basis conditions:
m=3
3.25 ⎯ allround fillet weld
Continuous component with round attachment (stud, bolt,

tube etc.)
80 Quality level C or better
Basic conditions:
⎯ R ≥ 50 mm; α ≤ 60°
⎯ groove weld or allround fillet weld
m=3
Special conditions:
3.26 ⎯ R < 50 mm or ǩ > 60° - 2 NC

welded to edge
90 Quality level B* R ≥ 150 mm or α ≤ 45°
80 Quality level B
71 Quality level C
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Basic conditions
⎯ c ≥ 10 mm
m=3
⎯ quality level C
Special conditions:
3.27
⎯ b ≤ 50 mm and quality
level B +1 NC
Continuous component with overlapping parts
⎯ quality level D -1 NC
80 b ≤ 50 mm
⎯ c < 10 mm -1 NC
71 50 mm < b ≤ 100 mm
63 b > 100 mm
Basic conditions:
⎯ plate thickness t ≤ 12 mm
m=3
⎯ c ≥ 10 mm
⎯ quality level D not allowed for K-weld
Special conditions:
3.28
Continuous component to which parts are welded ⎯ plate thickness t > 12 mm
transversally (Double fillet welds only) -1 NC
112 Double fillet weld, quality level B* ⎯ c < 10 mm -1 NC
100 Double fillet weld, quality level B ⎯ K-weld instead of double

fillet weld +1 NC
90 Double fillet weld, quality level C
⎯ quality level D instead of C -1 NC
71 Single fillet weld, quality level B, C
Partial penetration V-weld on remaining backing, quality
71
level B, C
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Basic conditions:
⎯ plate thickness t ≤ 12 mm
m=3
⎯ c ≥ 10 mm
Special conditions:
⎯ plate thickness t > 12 mm
3.29 (double fillets only) -1 NC
Continuous component to which stiffeners are welded
transversally ⎯ c < 10 mm -1 NC
⎯ K-weld instead of double fillet
112 Double fillet weld, quality level B*
weld +1 NC
100 Double fillet weld, quality level B
⎯ quality level D instead
90 Double fillet weld, quality level C of C -1 NC
71 Single fillet weld, quality level B, C
Partial penetration V-weld on remaining backing, quality
71
level B, C
m=3
3.30
Continuous component to which transverse parts or

stiffeners are welded intermittently
63 Quality level C
50 Quality level D
85
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Basic conditions:
⎯ R ≥ 50 mm, α ≤ 60°
m=3 Special conditions:
3.31
⎯ R ≥ 100 mm, α ≤ 45° +1 NC
⎯ end welds in the zone of at least 5 t
fully penetrated +2 NC

parts through hole
80 Parts rounded or chamfered
m=3
3.32

parts through hole
56 Parts ending perpendicularly
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Basic conditions:
⎯ quality level C
⎯ groove weld fully penetrated
⎯ fillet weld thickness a > 0,7 tube
thickness
⎯ flange thickness greater than two
m=3 times tube thickness (for middle
figure)
Special conditions:
3.33 ⎯ quality B +1 NC
⎯ quality B
*
+2 NC
Tubes under axial and bending loads, normal stresses

calculated in the tube
80 Butt weld, cylindrical tube (case a)
63 Groove weld, cylindrical tube (case b)
56 Groove weld, rectangular tube (case b)
45 Double fillet weld, cylindrical tube (case c)
40 Double fillet weld, rectangular tube (case c)
Basic conditions:
⎯ quality level C
⎯ components with usual residual
m=5 stresses
3.34 Special conditions:

⎯ components with considerable
residual stresses (e. g. joint of
Continuous groove weld, single or double fillet weld under components with restraint of
uniform shear flow shrinkage) -1 NC
112 With full penetration ⎯ no initial points +1 NC
90 Partial penetration
Basic conditions:
3.35 m=5 load is assumed to be transferred by
longitudinal welds only
Weld in lap joint, shear with stress concentration

71 Quality level B
63 Quality level C
87
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Annex E
(normative)
Calculated values of limit design stress ranges ΔσRd and ΔσRd,1
Each value in the first column represents the stress value of a notch class (NC) for basic conditions. +1 NC is
one line above, -1 NC is one line below.
Tables E.1 and E.2 show ΔσRd and ΔσRd,1 for the most severe γ mf = 1,25 .
Table E.1 — Details with m = 3 and γ mf = 1,25

NC, Δσc ΔσRd as a function of notch class stress values and classes S
2
N/mm N/mm
2
S02 S01 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
355 2254,1 1789,1 1420,0 1127,1 894,5 713,7 568,0 450,8 357,8 284,0 225,4 178,9
315 2000,1 1587,5 1260,0 1000,1 793,8 633,3 504,0 400,0 317,5 252,0 200,0 158,8
280 1777,9 1411,1 1120,0 888,9 705,6 562,9 448,0 355,6 282,2 224,0 177,8 141,1
250 1587,4 1259,9 1000,0 793,7 630,0 502,6 400,0 317,5 252,0 200,0 158,7 126,0
225 1428,7 1133,9 900,0 714,3 567,0 452,4 360,0 285,7 226,8 180,0 142,9 113,4
200 1269,9 1007,9 800,0 635,0 504,0 402,1 320,0 254,0 201,6 160,0 127,0 100,8
180 1142,9 907,1 720,0 571,5 453,6 361,9 288,0 228,6 181,4 144,0 114,3 90,7
160 1015,9 806,3 640,0 508,0 403,2 321,7 256,0 203,2 161,3 128,0 101,6 80,6
140 888,9 705,6 560,0 444,5 352,8 281,5 224,0 177,8 141,1 112,0 88,9 70,6
125 793,7 630,0 500,0 396,9 315,0 251,3 200,0 158,7 126,0 100,0 79,4 63,0
112 711,2 564,4 448,0 355,6 282,2 225,2 179,2 142,2 112,9 89,6 71,1 56,4
100 635,0 504,0 400,0 317,5 252,0 201,1 160,0 127,0 100,8 80,0 63,5 50,4
90 571,5 453,6 360,0 285,7 226,8 180,9 144,0 114,3 90,7 72,0 57,1 45,4
80 508,0 403,2 320,0 254,0 201,6 160,8 128,0 101,6 80,6 64,0 50,8 40,3
71 450,8 357,8 284,0 225,4 178,9 142,7 113,6 90,2 71,6 56,8 45,1 35,8
63 400,0 317,5 252,0 200,0 158,8 126,7 100,8 80,0 63,5 50,4 40,0 31,8
56 355,6 282,2 224,0 177,8 141,1 112,6 89,6 71,1 56,4 44,8 35,6 28,2
50 317,5 252,0 200,0 158,7 126,0 100,5 80,0 63,5 50,4 40,0 31,7 25,2
45 285,7 226,8 180,0 142,9 113,4 90,5 72,0 57,1 45,4 36,0 28,6 22,7
40 254,0 201,6 160,0 127,0 100,8 80,4 64,0 50,8 40,3 32,0 25,4 20,2
36 228,6 181,4 144,0 114,3 90,7 72,4 57,6 45,7 36,3 28,8 22,9 18,1
32 203,2 161,3 128,0 101,6 80,6 64,3 51,2 40,6 32,3 25,6 20,3 16,1
28 177,8 141,1 112,0 88,9 70,6 56,3 44,8 35,6 28,2 22,4 17,8 14,1
25 158,7 126,0 100,0 79,4 63,0 50,3 40,0 31,7 25,2 20,0 15,9 12,6
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
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Table E.2 — Details with m = 5 and γ mf = 1,25

NC, Δσc ΔσRd,1
,1 as a function of notch class stress values and classes S
2
N/mm N/mm
2
S02 S01 S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
355 984,3 856,9 745,9 649,4 565,3 493,7 430,5 374,7 326,2 284,0 247,2 215,2
315 873,4 760,3 661,9 576,2 501,6 438,1 382,0 332,5 289,5 252,0 219,4 191,0
280 776,3 675,8 588,3 512,2 445,9 389,4 339,5 295,6 257,3 224,0 195,0 169,8
250 693,1 603,4 525,3 457,3 398,1 347,7 303,1 263,9 229,7 200,0 174,1 151,6
225 623,8 543,1 472,8 411,6 358,3 312,9 272,8 237,5 206,8 180,0 156,7 136,4
200 554,5 482,7 420,2 365,8 318,5 278,1 242,5 211,1 183,8 160,0 139,3 121,3
180 499,1 434,5 378,2 329,3 286,6 250,3 218,3 190,0 165,4 144,0 125,4 109,1
160 443,6 386,2 336,2 292,7 254,8 222,5 194,0 168,9 147,0 128,0 111,4 97,0
140 388,2 337,9 294,2 256,1 222,9 194,7 169,8 147,8 128,7 112,0 97,5 84,9
125 346,6 301,7 262,7 228,7 199,1 173,8 151,6 132,0 114,9 100,0 87,1 75,8
112 310,5 270,3 235,3 204,9 178,4 155,8 135,8 118,2 102,9 89,6 78,0 67,9
100 277,3 241,4 210,1 182,9 159,2 139,1 121,3 105,6 91,9 80,0 69,6 60,6
90 249,5 217,2 189,1 164,6 143,3 125,2 109,1 95,0 82,7 72,0 62,7 54,6
80 221,8 193,1 168,1 146,3 127,4 111,3 97,0 84,4 73,5 64,0 55,7 48,5
71 196,9 171,4 149,2 129,9 113,1 98,7 86,1 74,9 65,2 56,8 49,4 43,0
63 174,7 152,1 132,4 115,2 100,3 87,6 76,4 66,5 57,9 50,4 43,9 38,2
56 155,3 135,2 117,7 102,4 89,2 77,9 67,9 59,1 51,5 44,8 39,0 34,0
50 138,6 120,7 105,1 91,5 79,6 69,5 60,6 52,8 45,9 40,0 34,8 30,3
45 124,8 108,6 94,6 82,3 71,7 62,6 54,6 47,5 41,4 36,0 31,3 27,3
40 110,9 96,5 84,0 73,2 63,7 55,6 48,5 42,2 36,8 32,0 27,9 24,3
36 99,8 86,9 75,6 65,9 57,3 50,1 43,7 38,0 33,1 28,8 25,1 21,8
32 88,7 77,2 67,2 58,5 51,0 44,5 38,8 33,8 29,4 25,6 22,3 19,4
28 77,6 67,6 58,8 51,2 44,6 38,9 34,0 29,6 25,7 22,4 19,5 17,0
25 69,3 60,3 52,5 45,7 39,8 34,8 30,3 26,4 23,0 20,0 17,4 15,2
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Annex F
(informative)
Evaluation of stress cycles (example)
The stress histories at a selected point of the structure depend on the loads, their direction and position during
the use of the crane, as well as on the crane configuration.
The total number of working cycles of a crane during its useful life can be divided into several typical tasks
with the numbers of working cycles corresponding to them.
A task can be characterized by specific combinations of crane configuration and sequence of intended
movements.
Before the sequence of stress peaks occurring during the performance of any task can be evaluated, the
corresponding series of loadings has to be determined first, i.e. the magnitude, position and direction of all
loads.
Key
A System
B Influence lines for bending at selected point j
C Influence lines for shear at selected point j
D Sequences of movements
E Extreme values of bending M and shear Q (φ 2= 1) during sequences of movements
QP, QA QT and MP, MA, MT (T for trolley, P for payload, A for lifting attachment)
Figure F.1 — Example of load and moment variations due to load movements for tasks on a ship
unloader
The unloader handles bulk material from ship to hopper or stockpile, the ranges of points to be served are
given by the arrangement of the ship (points 12, 1 and 11), hopper (point 2) and stockpile (points 31 and 32).
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Figure F.1 shows the different sequences of movements of an unloader for two tasks considered, moving load
from ship (point 11) to hopper (point 2) and moving load from stockpile (point 31) to hopper (point 2).
In the encoded description of each task, the point labels are:
⎯ linked by the sign “+” for working movements (with load) and “-“ for dead movements (without load);
⎯ underlined when the grab (load lifting attachment) is grounded.
The influence lines (representing the influences of loading and its position) for bending moment Mj and shear
force Qj at the selected point j are shown for different loads (T for trolley, P for payload, A for lifting
attachment, i.e. grab).
The description of salient points of the bending moment and shear load variations can be found in Table F.1.
Table F.1 ⎯ Description of salient points in bending moment and shear load variations
Point Trolley position Grab position Acting loads

a 11 Grounded T
b 11 Lifted T,A,P
T,A,P and T,A when load
c 2 Lifted
dropped
d 11 Lifted T,A
e 11 Grounded T
f 31 Grounded T
g 31 Lifted T,A,P
T,A,P and T,A when load
h 2 Lifted
dropped
i 31 Lifted T,A
j 31 Grounded T
The sequences of stresses arising from the bending moment Mj ( σ (t ) = global bending stress) and the shear
force Qj ( τ (t ) = global shear stress) can be determined directly from the influence lines.
Stress cycles can be identified from the resulting sequences of stress peaks using one of the established
stress cycle counting methods, such as the Rainflow counting method or the Reservoir method.
The complete stress history is obtained by summating the individual stress histories taken from the sequences
of movements of all different tasks.
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EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Annex G
(informative)
Calculation of stiffnesses for connections loaded in tension
The determination of stiffnesses of elements for the calculation of bolt joints in tension presented in this annex
applies in the ideal cases shown in Figure G.1 assuming no more than 5 contact surfaces in practical joints.
Adjacent bolts and/or the way of introduction of external forces into the system have great influence on the
additional bolt force and should be considered in actual design.
Figure G.1 — Types of connections loaded in tension
The stiffnesses for connections in tension can be calculated as follows:
The stiffness K c of the connected parts is calculated from:
E
Kc = × Aeq (G.1)
lK
where
Kc is the stiffness (slope) of flanges
E is the modulus of elasticity
lK is the effective clamped length (including all clamped components)
with lK = l1 + l2
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Aeq is the equivalent area for calculation
The calculation of Aeq is in dependence of DA (see Figure G.1):
for DA < d W :
π
Aeq = × ( DA2 − dh2 ) (G.2)
4
for d W ≤ DA ≤ d W + lK :
#
2
π π ! lK × d W
Aeq = 2
× (d W − dh2 ) +
× d W × ( DA − d W ) × ! 3 + 1 − 1
(G.3)
4 8 DA2
"!
for d W + lK < DA
#
2
π π ! lK × d W
Aeq = 2
× (d W − dh2 ) +
× lK × d W × ! 3 + 1 − 1
(G.4)
4 8 (l + d )2
!" K W
where
DA is the diameter of the available cylinder of clamped material
dw is the diameter of the contact area under the bolt head
Aeq is the equivalent area for calculation
dh is the diameter of the hole
lK is the effective clamped length
The stiffness of the bolt can be calculated from
1 1 4 × (l1 + 2 × 0,4 × d ) l2 + 0,5 × d

= × + (G.5)
K b E π × d2 Ar
where
Kb is the stiffness of bolt
E is the modulus of elasticity
l1 is the effective length for tension without thread
l2 is the effective length for tension with thread
d is the shank diameter
Ar is the root area of the bolt (stress area AS may be used instead of Ar, see values in Table B.2)
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
According to the shape of the connected parts, the external load is introduced to the bolt near its end (Figure
G.2, case a)), between the bolt end and the connection plane (case b)) or close to the connection plane (case
c)). This may be considered in calculation of the stiffness ratio factor as follows:
Kb
Φ = αL × (G.6)
Kb + K c
where
Φ is the stiffness ratio factor
Kb is the stiffness of bolt
Kc is the stiffness of connected parts
αL is the load introduction factor, see Figure G.2.
a) αL = 0,9 ...1 b) αL = 0,6 c) αL = 0,3
Figure G.2 — Values for the load introduction factor αL as a function of the connection shape
Case a) is typical for bolted connections in cranes. More precise values can be found in the literature. In cases
where load introduction cannot be reliably specified, a conservative assumption αL = 1 should be used. In
cases where the stiffness ratio factor Φ is determined by finite element analysis of the complete joint, the load
introduction factor αL will become an in-built part of the analysis and the value αL = 1 shall be used with the
Equation (G.6).
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UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Annex H
(informative)
Hollow Sections
Quality level C is assumed for all welds in the details below.
Table H.1 — Values of characteristic fatigue strength Δσc, Δτc with slope constant m=5 - (1 of 7)
For site welding the given values of Δσc should be multiplied by the factor 0,9.
No. Δσc, Δτc Dimensions Constructional detail Requirements

2
N/mm mm
1 90 2 < t0 ≤ 25 Butt joint with I- or V-weld The admissible

mismatch of the
with weld backing
sections due to a
change of the plate
thickness is ≤ t0/3, but
not more than max.
90 8 < t0 ≤ 25 2 mm. In case of a
higher mismatch,
especially for a
transverse plate butt of
rectangular hollow
section girders of
71 2 < t0 ≤ 8 different dimensions,
Δσc is reduced to 80 %
of the given values.
without backing weld
2 80 2 < t0 ≤ 25 Butt joint with I- or V-weld Requirements

analogous to No. 1
with weld backing
80 8 < t0 ≤ 25
63 2 < t0 ≤ 8
without weld backing
95
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
No.
Δσc, Δτc Dimensions
Constructional detail Requirements
2
N/mm mm
Transverse plate butt with semi V-welds (tp ≥ 2 to )
63 2 < t0 ≤ 25 with weld backing
63 8 < t0 ≤ 25
Requirements analogous
3
to No. 1
56 2 < t0 ≤ 8

56 2 < t0 ≤ 25
with weld backing
56 8 < t0 ≤ 25
4
to No. 1
50 2 < t0 ≤ 8
Figure B.1 — Transverse plate butt with semi V-

welds (tp ≥ 2 to )
5 45 2 < t0 ≤ 8
to No. 1
96
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
No.
2
N/mm mm
6 40 2 < t0 ≤ 8 Weld thickness = t0
Figure B.2 — Figure B.3 — Longitudinally welded outer

80 l ≤ 50 fin not bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 ≤
25)
Fillet weld thickness
a:
71 50 < l ≤ 100
for
7
2 < t0 ≤ 3:a = 2
for
56 l > 100 3 ≤ t0 ≤ 25:a = 0,7⋅t0
Transversally welded outer fin with projection, not

100 t≤6 bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < to ≤ 25), (b >
b0) Fillet weld
thickness a:
for
90 6 < t ≤ 12 2 < t0 ≤ 3:a = 2
8
for
3 ≤ t0 ≤ 25:a ≤ 0,7⋅t0,
but not more than
80 12 < t ≤ 25
a = 10
Figure B.4 — Transversally welded outer fin with

80 t≤6 projection, not bearing transverse loading in y-direction Fillet weld
(2 < t0 ≤ 25), (b > b0) thickness a:
for
71 6 < t ≤ 12 2 < t0 ≤ 3:a = 2

9
for
3 ≤ t0 ≤ 25:a ≤ 0,7⋅t0,
63 12 < t ≤ 25 but not more than

a = 10
97
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Table H.1 — Values of characteristic fatigue strength Δσc, Δτc with slope constant m=5 - (4 of 7))
No.
2
N/mm mm
Transversally welded outer fin without projection, not
80 t≤6 bearing transverse loading in y-direction
(2 < t0 ≤ 25), (b ≤ 0,8 d0) Fillet weld thickness a:
for
71 6 < t ≤ 12 2 < t0 ≤ 3:a = 2

10 for
3 ≤ t0 ≤ 25:a ≤ 0,7⋅t0,
but not more than
63 12 < t ≤ 25 a = 10
Transversally welded outer fin without projections, not

100 t≤6 bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 ≤ 25),
Fillet weld thickness a:
(b ≤ 0,8 b0)
for
2 < t0 ≤ 3:a = 2
11 90 6 < t ≤ 12
for
3 ≤ t0 ≤ 25:a ≤ 0,7⋅t0,
but not more than
80 12 < t ≤ 25 a = 10
Welded-on hollow section girder, not bearing

transverse loading in y-direction (b,d ≤ b0,d0)

12 63 2 < t0 ≤ 8
a = t0
98
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
No.
2
N/mm mm
t0/t = 1 Welded-on hollow section girder, bearing transverse loading F in
10 y-direction (b,d ≤ d0), (2 < t0 ≤ 8)
(b,d)/d0 = 0,6
t0/t = 1
36 Fillet weld
(b,d)/d0 = 1
13 thickness
t0/t ≥ 1
16 a = t0
(b,d)/d0 = 0,6
t0/t ≥ 1
50
(b,d)/d0 = 0,6
Welded-on hollow section girder, bearing transverse loading F in

t0/t = 1
6 y-direction (b,d ≤ b0), (2 < t0 ≤ 8)
(b,d)/b0 = 0,6
t0/t = 1
32
(b,d)/b0 = 1
Fillet weld
14 thickness
t0/t ≥ 1
12,5 a = t0
(b,d)/b0 = 0,6
t0/t ≥ 1
40
(b,d)/b0 = 0,6
Single butt strap at chamfered end of tube (d0/t0 < 25)
Pinched end of
15 80 2 < t0 ≤ 8 tube
a = 2 ⋅ t0
Welded double butt strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25)
Hot-bended strap,
rounded slot
milled at end of
tube
16 80 2 < t0 ≤ 8
Fillet weld
thickness
a = t0
99
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
No.
2
N/mm mm
Inserted dovetail strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25)

17 71 2 < t0 ≤ 8
a = t0
Figure B.5 — End face strap (d0/t0 < 25), (tP ≥ 2.5 t0)
Fillet weld thickness for
the hollow section girder:
18 56 2 < t0 ≤ 8 a = t0
for the strap:
a = 0,7⋅tL
End face strap (b0/t0 < 25), (tP ≥ 2,5 t0)
Fillet weld thickness for

the hollow section girder:
19 45 2 < t0 ≤ 8 a = t0
for the strap:
a = 0,7⋅tL
Inserted rectangular strap [(b0,d0)/t0 < 25]

20 45 2 < t0 ≤ 8
a = t0
100
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
No.
2
N/mm mm
Mitre joint with I- or V-weld without weld backing,
stressed by bending (d0/t0 < 25), (ϕ ≥ 90°)
56 8 < t0 ≤ 25
21
to No. 1
50 2 < t0 ≤ 8
Mitre joint with I- or V- weld without weld backing,

stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), (ϕ ≥ 90°)
50 8 < t0 ≤ 25
22
to No. 1
45 2 < t0 ≤ 8
Weld
50 thickness a:
2<a≤8
Mitre joint with transverse plate and fillet welds,
stressed by bending (d0/t0 < 25), (ϕ ≥ 90°), (tP ≥ 2,5
t0)
23
to No. 1
45 8 < a ≤ 14
101
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
No.
2
N/mm mm
Mitre joint with transverse plate and fillet welds,
stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), (ϕ ≥ 90°), (tP ≥ 2,5
Weld t0)
45 thickness a:
2<a≤8
Requirements
24
analogous to No. 1
40 8 < a ≤ 14
Joint of column and transverse girder with fillet welds,

stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), (b0 ≤ b + 3 r)
Weld
45 thickness a:
2<a≤8

a = t0
25 where t0 is the existing
minimum plate
thickness
40 8 < a ≤ 14
102
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Table H.2 — Values of characteristic fatigue strength Δσc with slope constant m=5 for lattice type
connections – (1 of 4)
Basic symbols for all items

with overlapping (e < 0)
with gap (e ≥ 0)
Basic requirements for all items

a) Bending in individual members should be included in the calculated nominal stress
b) b0 , d 0 ≤ 120 mm. For b0 , d 0 > 120 mm, the given values of Δσ c should be multiplied by the factor f a
c) f a = 4 120 /(bo , d o )
d) t 0 ≤ 12,5 mm
e) Weld thickness a = min t
f) Incline of the diagonal members: 35° ≤ Θi ≤ 50°
g) (b0 , d 0 ) / t 0 < 25 ; t0 / ti ≥ 1; 0,6 ≤ (bi , d i ) /(b0 , d 0 ) ≤1
h) Eccentricity
1) in the plane of the lattice work: − 0,5 ≤ e /( h0 , d 0 ) ≤ 0,25
2) perpendicular to the plane of the lattice work: ≤ 0,02 (b0 , d 0 )
i) Welding under shop conditions. For site welding the given values of Δσ c should be multiplied by the
factor 0,9.
103
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Δσc (N/mm2)
No. Intermediate values by straight-line Requirements
interpolation!
K-gussett with direct strut joint
a) with gap:
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2
di / d0 = 0,6 36 80 g ≤ 0,3⋅ d 0
di / d0 = 1 45 90
1 g ≤ 2 / 3⋅ d i
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2
di / d0 = 0,6 50 80 0,3 ≤ q / p ≤ 1
di / d0 = 1 56 90
a. with overlapping
K-T-gusset with direct strut joint
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2
2 di / d0 = 0,6 36 71
0,3 ≤ q / p ≤ 1
di / d0 = 1 35 80
N-gusset with direct strut joint

b) with gap:
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2
g ≤ 0,3⋅ d 0
di / d0 = 0,6 18 56
g ≤ (2 / 3) ⋅ d i
di / d0 = 1 25 63
3
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2
0,3 ≤ q / p ≤ 1
di / d0 = 0,6 45 80
di / d0 = 1 50 90
b. with overlapping
104
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Δσc (N/mm2)
No. Intermediate values by straight-line Requirements
interpolation!
T- and X-gusset with direct strut joint
60° ≤ Θ ≤ 90°
t 0 / t i =1 t 0 / ti ≥ 2
4 di / d0 = 0,6 10 16
di / d0 = 1 36 50
Bending of boom member should be considered!

K-gusset with direct strut joint
c) with gap:
g ≤ 0,3 ⋅b0
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2 g ≤ (2 / 3)⋅ bi
5
bi / b0 = 0,6 32 63
bi / b0 = 1 36 71
0,3 ≤ q / p ≤ 1
with overlapping
K-T-gusset with direct strut joint
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2
6 bi / b0 = 0,6 32 56
0,3 ≤ q / p ≤ 1
bi / b0 = 1 36 63
N-gusset with direct strut joint

d) with gap:
g ≤ 0,3 ⋅b0
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2 g ≤ (2 / 3) ⋅ bi
7
bi / b0 = 0,6 29 50
bi / b0 = 1 36 56
0,3 ≤ q / p ≤ 1
105
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
c. with overlapping
T- and X-gusset with direct strut joint
t0 / ti = 1 t0 / ti ≥ 2 60° ≤ Θ ≤ 90°
bi / b0 = 0,6 6 12,5
8 bi / b0 = 1 32 40
Bending of boom member should be considered!
106
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Annex I
(informative)
Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application
Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application?
EN 13000 Cranes — Mobile cranes

EN 14439 Cranes — Tower cranes
EN 14985 Cranes — Slewing jib cranes

EN 15011 Cranes — Bridge and gantry cranes
EN 13852-1 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 1: General purpose offshore cranes
EN 13852-2 Cranes — Offshore cranes — Part 2: Floating cranes

EN 14492-1 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 1: Power driven winches
EN 14492-2 Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 12999 Cranes — Loader cranes
EN 13157 Cranes — Safety — Hand powered cranes

EN 13155 Cranes — Non-fixed load lifting attachments
EN 14238 Cranes — Manually controlled load manipulating devices
EN 15056 Cranes — Requirements for container handling spreaders

YES NO
Use it directly, plus the standards that are

referred to
Use the following:
EN 13001-1 Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2 Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions

EN 13001-3-1 Cranes — General Design — Part 3-1: Limit States and proof of competence of steel structure
CEN/TS 13001-3-2 Cranes — General design — Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in
reeving systems
CEN/TS 13001-3-5 Cranes — General design — Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks
EN 13135-1 Cranes — Equipment — Part 1: Electrotechnical equipment
EN 13135-2 Cranes — Equipment — Part 2: Non-electrotechnical equipment

EN 13557 Cranes — Controls and control stations
EN 12077-2 Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and indicating devices
EN 13586 Cranes — Access
EN 14502-1 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 1: Suspended baskets
EN 14502-2 Cranes — Equipment for the lifting of persons — Part 2: Elevating control stations
EN 12644-1 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644-2 Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking
107
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential

Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive Machinery 2006/42/EC.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of
this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the
relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within
the scope of this standard.
108
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
Bibliography
[1] EN 1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
[2] EN 1993-1-5:2006, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures — Part 1-5 : Plated structural elements
[3] EN 1993-1-9, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-9: Fatigue
[4] EN 22553:1994, Welded, brazed and soldered joints — Symbolic representation on drawings
(ISO 2553:1992)
[5] EN ISO 4042:1999, Fasteners — Electroplated coatings (ISO 4042:1999)
[6] EN ISO 15330:1999, Fasteners — Preloading test for the detection of hydrogen embrittlement — Parallel
bearing surface method (ISO 15330:1999)
[7] ISO 262:1998, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — Selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts
[8] ISO 9587:2007, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Pretreatment of iron or steel to reduce the risk of
hydrogen embrittlement
[9] IIW International Institute of Welding. Subcommission XV-E-92-244: Recommended Fatigue Design
Procedure for Welded Hollow Section Joints, 2nd edition, June 1999
[10] IIW – XV-E: Recommended Fatigue Design Procedure for Welded Hollow Section Joints
⎯ Part 1: Recommendations. 1999; Document XIII-1804-99
⎯ Part 2: Commentary, 1999, Document XV-1035-99
[11] Hobbacher, A.: IIW International Institute of Welding. IIW-1823-07 ex XIII-2151r4-07/XV-1254r4-07:

Recommendations for fatigue design of welded joints and components, December 2008
[12] I. HUTHER, H-P. LIEURADE, L. VELLUET, Contraintes admissibles dans les assemblages soudés,
1A4085/1A4087, rapport CETIM, avril 2000
[13] E. Niemi, W. Fricke, S.J. Maddox, Fatigue analysis if welded components; Designer's guide to the
structural hot-spot stress approach, September 2006
[14] American Petroleum Institute – API RP 2A-WSD: Recommended practice for planning, designing and
constructing fixed offshore platforms – Working Stress Design, December 1,2000
[15] Romeijn, A., Stress and strain concentration factors of welded multiplanar tubular joints, Delft University
Press, Delft, 1994, ISBN 90-407-1057-0
[16] Zhao, X-L., Herion, S. Packer, J. A., Puthli, R. S., Sedlacek, G. Wardenier, J. Weymand, K., Wingerde, A.
M., van, and Yeomans, N. F.: Design Guide for circular and rectangular hollow section welded joints
under fatigue loading, CIDECT and Verlag TÜV Rheinland, Cologne, 2000, ISBN 3-8249-0565-5
[17] Wardenier, J., Dutta, D., Yeomans, N., Packer, J. A., and Bucak, O.: Design Guide for structural hollow
sections in mechanical applications, CIDECT and Verlag TÜV Rheinland, Cologne, 1995, ISBN 3-8249-
0302-4
[18] Zirn, R.: Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten geschweißter Rohrknotenpunkte und Rohrlaschenverbindungen,

Techni. Wiss. Bericht MPA Stuttgart, 1975, Heft 75-01
109
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
EN 13001-3-1:2012 (E)
[19] DIN 18800-2:2008, Stahlbauten — Stabilitätsfälle — Knicken von Stäben und Stabwerken
[20] Klöppel, K. and Scheer, J., “Beulwerte ausgesteifter Rechteckplatten“, W. Ernst und Sohn
[21] Klöppel, K. and Möller, K., “Beulwerte ausgesteifter Rechteckplatten, Band II“, W. Ernst und Sohn
[22] Protte, W.: Zum Scheiben und Beulproblem längsversteifter Stegblechfelder bei örtlicher Lasteinleitung
und bei Belastung aus Haupttragwirkung.Stahlbau 45 (1976), pages 251-252
110
UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012
UNI
Ente Nazionale Italiano Riproduzione vietata - Legge 22 aprile 1941 Nº 633 e successivi aggiornamenti.
di Unificazione
Via Sannio, 2
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NORMA Criteri generali per il progetto UNI EN

La norma specifica, con le parti 1 e 2, le condizioni generali, i

La presente norma è la versione ufficiale in lingua inglese della

La presente norma sostituisce la UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005.

UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012 Pagina I

La presente norma è stata elaborata sotto la competenza della

La presente norma è stata ratificata dal Presidente dell’UNI ed è

UNI EN 13001-3-1:2012 © UNI Pagina II

Cranes - General Design - Part 3-1: Limit States and proof

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 February 2012.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

6.5.2 Direct use of stress history parameter.............................................................................................. 45

⎯ Part 1: General principles and requirements;

⎯ Part 2: Load actions;

⎯ Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts;

⎯ Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery;

⎯ Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks.

This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.

a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);

b) exceeding temperature limits of material or components;

c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).

EN 1990:2002, Eurocode — Basis of structural design

EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints

EN 10045-1:1990, Metallic materials — Charpy impact test — Part 1: Test method

EN 13001-1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements

EN 13001-2, Crane safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions

ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General

3 Terms ,definitions, symbols and abbreviations

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.2 Symbols and abbreviations

Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations (1 of 4)

Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations (2 of 4)

Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations (3 of 4)

γR resulting resistance factor

γS specific resistance factor

γRb resulting resistance factor of bolt

γsbb, γsbs, γsbt specific resistance factors of bolted connections

Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations (4 of 4)

ΔσRd limit design stress range (normal)

ΔσRd,1 limit design stress range for k* = 1

The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:

⎯ design assumptions including calculation models,

⎯ applicable loads and load combinations,

⎯ material grades and qualities,

⎯ weld quality levels, in accordance with EN ISO 5817,

⎯ materials of connecting elements,

⎯ relevant limit states,

⎯ results of the proof of competence calculation. and tests when applicable.

4.2 Materials for structural members

4.2.1 Grades and qualities

a) Non-alloy structural steels EN 10025-2;

b) Weldable fine grain structural steels in conditions:

1) normalized (N) EN 10025-3;

2) thermomechanical (M) EN 10025-4;

d) High yield strength steels for cold forming in conditions:

1) thermomechanical (M) EN 10149-2;

2) normalized (N) EN 10149-3.

⎯ the ratio fu /fy 1,05 and

⎯ the ratio fu /fy 1,05;

Table 2 — Specific values of steels for structural members (1 of 2)

Steel Standard Thickness t Nominal strength Limit design stress (γRm=1,1)