Unin13001-3-1 2005 Een

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Apparecchi di sollevamento
SPECIFICA
TECNICA
Criteri generali per il progetto

Parte 3-1: Stati limite e verica della sicurezza delle strutture di
acciaio
UNI CEN/TS
13001-3-1
SETTEMBRE 2005
Cranes
General design
Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures
La specica tecnica specica, con le parti 1 e 2, le condizioni generali, i requisiti e i metodi per prevenire pericoli di natura meccanica
degli apparecchi di sollevamento attraverso il progetto e le veriche
teoriche.
TESTO INGLESE
La presente specica tecnica la versione ufciale in lingua

inglese della specica tecnica europea CEN/TS 13001-3-1 (edizione dicembre 2004).
ICS
UNI
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di Unicazione
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20133 Milano, Italia
53.020.20
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UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005
Pagina I
PREMESSA
La presente specica tecnica costituisce il recepimento, in lingua inglese, della specica tecnica europea CEN/TS 13001-3-1 (edizione
dicembre 2004), che assume cos lo status di specica tecnica nazionale italiana.
La scadenza del periodo di validit del CEN/TS 13001-3-1 stata
ssata inizialmente dal CEN per dicembre 2007. Eventuali osservazioni sulla specica tecnica devono pervenire allUNI entro dicembre 2006.
La presente specica tecnica stata elaborata sotto la competenza
della Commissione Tecnica UNI
Apparecchi di sollevamento e relativi accessori
La presente norma stata raticata dal Presidente dellUNI ed entrata a far parte del corpo normativo nazionale il 14 settembre 2005.
Le norme UNI sono elaborate cercando di tenere conto dei punti di vista di tutte le parti
interessate e di conciliare ogni aspetto conittuale, per rappresentare il reale stato
dellarte della materia ed il necessario grado di consenso.
Chiunque ritenesse, a seguito dellapplicazione di questa norma, di poter fornire suggerimenti per un suo miglioramento o per un suo adeguamento ad uno stato dellarte
in evoluzione pregato di inviare i propri contributi allUNI, Ente Nazionale Italiano di
Unicazione, che li terr in considerazione per leventuale revisione della norma stessa.
Le norme UNI sono revisionate, quando necessario, con la pubblicazione di nuove edizioni o
di aggiornamenti.
importante pertanto che gli utilizzatori delle stesse si accertino di essere in possesso
dellultima edizione e degli eventuali aggiornamenti.
Si invitano inoltre gli utilizzatori a vericare lesistenza di norme UNI corrispondenti alle
norme EN o ISO ove citate nei riferimenti normativi.
UNI CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2005
UNI
Pagina II
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 13001-3-1
SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
December 2004
ICS 53.020.20
English version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of

competence of steel structures
Appareils de levage charge suspendue - Conception
gnrale - Partie 3-1: Etats limites et vrification d'aptitude
des structures mtalliques
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1: Grenzzustnde

und Sicherheitsnachweis von Stahltragwerken
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 25 November 2003 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
2004 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

worldwide for CEN national Members.
B-1050 Brussels
Ref. No. CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004: E
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Contents
Page
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................5
1
Scope...........................................................................................................................................5
Normative references...................................................................................................................5
Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................6
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.3
4.4
4.5
General ......................................................................................................................................10
Materials ....................................................................................................................................10
Structural members...................................................................................................................10
Connecting devices ...................................................................................................................13
Bolt connections........................................................................................................................13
General ......................................................................................................................................13
Shear and bearing connections .................................................................................................13
Slip resistant connections .........................................................................................................13
Connections loaded in tension..................................................................................................14
Pin connections.........................................................................................................................14
Welded connections ..................................................................................................................14
Proofs of structural members and connections.........................................................................14
5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
Proof of static strength..............................................................................................................14

General ......................................................................................................................................14
Limit design stresses and forces...............................................................................................15
General ......................................................................................................................................15
Limit design stress in structural members ................................................................................15
Limit design forces in bolt connections.....................................................................................16
Limit design forces in pins ........................................................................................................22
Limit design stresses in welded connections............................................................................24
Execution of the proof ...............................................................................................................25
Proof for structural members ....................................................................................................25
Proof for bolt connections .........................................................................................................26
Proof for pin connections..........................................................................................................26
Proof for welded connections....................................................................................................27
6
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.4
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
Proof of fatigue strength............................................................................................................27

General ......................................................................................................................................27
Limit design stresses.................................................................................................................28
Characteristic values of the stress range ..................................................................................28
Weld quality...............................................................................................................................30
Effect of test loads.....................................................................................................................30
Requirements for fatigue testing ...............................................................................................31
Classes S of stress history parameter s....................................................................................31
Simplified method based on service conditions ........................................................................31
Selection based on experience..................................................................................................35
Execution of the proof ...............................................................................................................35
Determination of the permissible stress range ..........................................................................36
Applicable methods...................................................................................................................36
Direct use of stress history parameter ......................................................................................36
Use of class S............................................................................................................................36
Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints..............................................................38
Proof of elastic stability.............................................................................................................38
Annex A (normative) Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and permissible stress range c, c ..39
Annex B (informative) Guidance for selection of classes S due to experience .....................................54
2
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Annex C (normative) Calculated values of permissible stress range Rd ............................................55

Annex D (normative) Design weld stress W,Sd and W,Sd .......................................................................57
D.1
Butt joint ....................................................................................................................................57
D.2
Fillet weld and groove weld with uniform distributed load.........................................................58
D.3
Relevant distribution length under punctiform load ..................................................................59
Annex E (informative) Hollow Sections .................................................................................................60
Annex F (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application ...............71
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements
of EU Directive 98/37/EC ............................................................................................................72
Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................................73
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 13000-3.1:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 Cranes
Safety, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European
Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latavia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001. The other parts are as follows:
Part 1:
General principles and requirements
Part 2:
Load actions
The annexes A, C and D are normative. The annexes B, E and F are informative.
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonised standard to provide one means for the mechanical
design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements of the
Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the
designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting
cranes and components.
This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN 1070.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are
indicated in the scope of this document.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the
provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that
have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this standard.
Scope
This European Standard is to be used together with Part 1 and Part 2 and as such they specify general conditions,
requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification.
NOTE
Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the particular
crane type.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons
during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clauses 4 to 8 of this standard are necessary to reduce or eliminate
the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) Exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) Exceeding temperature limits of material or components;
c) Elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).
This European Standard is applicable to cranes which are manufactured after the date of approval by CEN of this
standard and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types.
NOTE
prCEN/TS 13001-3-1 deals only with limit state method according to EN 13001-1.
As an alternative to the herein presented limit state method using partial safety factors, the allowable stress method
using a global safety factor according to Part 1 and Part 2 may also be applied for special crane systems with linear
behaviour.
As crane structures are basically dynamically loaded only the linear theory of elasticity is applicable and only limited
local plasticity is allowed. The use of the theory of plasticity for calculation of ultimate load bearing capacity is not
allowed.
Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
5
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of, any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 1070:1998, Safety of machinery Terminology.
EN 1990-1:2002, Eurocode Basic of structural design
EN 1993-1-1:1992: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.
EN 10025:1990/A1:1993, Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels Technical delivery conditions
(includes amendment A1:1993).
EN 10045-1:1989, Charpy impact test on metallic material Part 1: Test method.
EN 10113-1:1993, Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels Part 1: General delivery conditions.
EN 10113-2:1993, Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels Part 2: Delivery conditions for
normalized/normalized rolled steels.
EN 10113-3:1993, Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels Part 3: Delivery conditions for
thermomechanical rolled steels.
EN 10137-2:1995, Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered
or precipitation hardened conditions Part 2: Delivery conditions for quenched and tempered steels.
EN 10149-1:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 1: General
delivery conditions.
EN 10149-2:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 2: Delivery
conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels.
EN 10149-3:1995, Hot-rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming Part 3: Delivery
conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels.
EN 10164:1993, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the product
Technical delivery conditions.
EN 12345:1996, Welding Multilingual terms for welding joints with illustrations (trilingual version).
EN 13001-1:2004, Cranes General Design Part 1:General principles and requirements.
EN 13001-2:2004, Cranes General Design Part 2: Load actions.
EN 22553:1994, Welded, brazed and soldered joints Symbolic representation on drawings (ISO 2553:1992).
EN 25817:1992, Arc-welded joints in steel Guidance on quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:1992).
EN ISO 898-1:1999, Mechanical properties of fasteners Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999).
EN ISO 9013:2002, Thermal cutting Classification of thermal cuts Geometrical specification and quality
tolerances (ISO 9013:2002).
EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for design Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003).
EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery Basic concepts, general principles for design Part 2: Technical
principles and specifications (ISO 12100-2:2003).
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
ISO 286-2:1990, ISO system of limits and fits Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance grades and limit deviations for
holes and shafts.
ISO 4306-1:1990, Cranes Vocabulary Part 1: General.
Terms and definitions
3.1
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 292-1, EN 292-2 and EN 1070
and the basic list of definitions as provided in EN 1990-1 apply. For the definitions of loads, clause 6 of
ISO 4306-1:1990 applies.
3.2
Symbols and abbreviations
The symbols and abbreviations used in this Part of the EN 13001 are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Symbols and abbrevations
Symbols,
abbreviations
Description
cross section
AS
stress area of a bolt
ar
relevant weld thickness
D o , Di
outer, inner diameter of hollow pin
diameter (shank of bolt, pin)
do
diameter of hole
e1, e2
distances
Fb
tensile force in bolt
Fd
limit force
FK
characteristic value (force)
Fp
preloading force in bolt
FRd
limit design force
Ft
Fb, Rd
Fb, Sd ; Fbi, Sd
external force (on bolted connection)

limit design bearing force
design bearing force
Fp, d
design preloading force
Fs, Rd
limit design slip force per bolt and friction interface
Ft, Rd
limit design tensile force in bolt
Fv, Rd
limit design shear force per bolt/pin and shear plane
Fv, Sd
design shear force per bolt/pin and shear plane
F,
acting normal/shear force
fd
limit stress
fK
characteristic value (stress)
fRd
limit design stress
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbols,
abbreviations
fu
ultimate strength of material
fub
ultimate strength of bolts
fw, Rd
limit design weld stress
fy
yield point of material
fyb
yield point of bolts
fyk
yield point (nominal value) of material or member
fyp
yield point of pins
Gt
mass of the moving crane parts during a representative working cycle
distance between weld and contact area of acting load
Kb
stiffness (slope) of bolt
Kc
stiffness (slope) of flanges
k*
specific spectrum ratio factor
k(m)
k(m=3)
stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration

stress spectrum factor based on m = 3
lr
relevant weld length
lW
weld length
MRd
limit design bending moment
MSd
design bending moment
inverse slope of /N-curve
NC
notch class
min , max
PS
p1, p2
extreme values of stresses

probability of survival
distances
mass of the maximum hoist load
impact toughness parameter
Rd
design resistance
radius of wheel
Sd
design strain
s(m)
stress history parameter
temperature
thickness
W el
Description
elastic section modulus
characteristic factor for bearing connection
characteristic factor for limit weld stress
general resistance coefficient
Mf
fatigue strength specific resistance factor
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 1 (concluded)
Symbols,
abbreviations
Description
partial safety factor
resulting resistance coefficient
specific resistance factor
Rb
resulting resistance coefficient of bolt
sb
specific resistance factor of bolt
Rm
resulting resistance coefficient of members
sm
specific resistance factor of members
Rp
resulting resistance coefficient of pins
sp
specific resistance factor of pins
Rs
resulting resistance coefficient of slip-resistance connection
ss
specific resistance factor of slip-resistance connection
Rw
resulting resistance coefficient of welding connection
sw
specfic resistance factor of welding connection
dynamic factor
spread angle
width of contact area in weld direction
elongation from preloading
Fb
additional force
additional elongation
slip factor
characteristic value of stress range (normal stress)
characteristic value of stress range (shear stress)
Sd
design stress (normal)
Sd
design stress (shear)
w, Sd
design weld stress (normal)
w, Sd
design weld stress (shear)
Rd
permissible (limit) stress range (normal)
Rd,1
permissible stress range for k* = 1
Rd
permissible (limit) stress range (shear)
Sd
design stress range (normal)
Sd
design stress range (shear)
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
General
4.1
Materials
4.1.1
Structural members
European Standards specify materials and specific values. This standard gives a preferred selection.
For structural members, steel according to following European Standards should be used:
Non-alloy structural steels EN 10025.
Weldable fine grain structural steels in conditions:
normalised (N)
thermomechanical (M) EN 10113-3.
EN 10113-2;
High yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition EN 10137-2.
High yield strength steels for cold forming in conditions:
thermomechanical (M) EN 10149-2;
normalised (N)
EN 10149-3.
Table 2 shows specific values for the nominal value of strength fu, fy and limit design stress fRd (see 5.2). For more
information see the specific European Standard.
Grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards and in Table 2 can be used if the
mechanical properties and the chemical composition are guaranteed by the manufacturer and conform to the
relevant European Standard. If necessary, the weldability shall be demonstrated by the steel manufacturer.
When selecting grade and quality of the steel for tensile members, the sum of impact toughness parameters qi shall
be taken into account. Table 3 gives the impact toughness parameters qi for various influences. Table 4 gives the
required steel quality and impact energy/test temperature in dependence of qi. Grades and qualities of steel other
than mentioned in Table 4 may be used, if the steel manufacturer guarantees and certifies an impact energy/test
temperature, tested according to EN 10045-1.
10
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 2 Specific values of steels for structural members

Nominal strength
Steel
Standard
S235
S275
EN 10025
S355
S355
EN 10113-2
(N)
S420
EN 10113-3
(M)
S460
S460
S500
S550
S620
S690
S890
S960
EN 10137-2
Thickness t
(mm)
fy
yield
2
(N/mm )
fu
ultimate
2
(N/mm )
Limit design stress

for Rm=1,1
fRd, normal
2
(N/mm )
fRd, shear
2
(N/mm )
t16
235
214
123
16<t40
225
205
118
40<t100
215
195
113
100<t150
195
177
102
340
t16
275
250
144
16<t40
265
241
139
40<t63
255
232
134
63<t80
245
223
129
80<t100
235
214
123
100<t150
225
205
118
t16
355
323
186
16<t40
345
314
181
40<t63
335
305
176
63<t80
325
296
171
80<t100
315
287
166
100<t150
295
268
155
430
490
t<16
355
323
186
16<t40
345
314
181
40<t63
335
305
176
63<t80 (N)
325
295
171
80<t100 (N)
315
286
165
100<t150 (N)
295
268
155
450
t<16
420
382
220
16<t40
400
364
210
40<t63
390
355
205
63<t80 (N)
370
336
194
80<t100 (N)
360
327
189
100<t150 (N)
340
309
178
t<16
460
418
241
16<t40
440
400
231
40<t63
430
391
226
63<t80 (N)
410
373
215
80<t100 (N)
400
364
210
418
241
400
231
455
262
436
252
500
289
482
278
564
325
527
304
3<t50
460
50<t100
440
3<t50
500
50<t100
480
3<t50
550
50<t100
530
3<t50
620
50<t100
580
500
530
550
590
640
700
3<t50
690
770
627
362
50<t100
650
760
591
341
3<t50
890
940
809
467
50<t100
830
880
755
436
3<t50
960
980
873
504
11
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 2 (concluded)
Nominal strength
Steel
Standard
Thickness
t (mm)
Limit design stress

for Rm =1,1
fy
yield
(N/mm2)
fu
ultimate
(N/mm2)
fRd, normal
(N/mm2)
fRd, shear
(N/mm2)
S315
315
390
286
165
S355
355
430
323
186
S420
420
480
382
220
S460 (M)
460
520
418
241
455
262
500
289
545
315
591
341
573
331
636
367
618
357
EN 101492
(M)
S500 (M)
all t
500
550
550
S550 (M)
600
EN 10149-3
(N)
S600 (M)
600
t8
650
650
S650 (M)
700
S700 (M)
t>8
630
t8
700
t>8
680
750
Table 3 Impact toughness parameters qi

i
Influence
qi
0T
Temperature T (C)
Yield point fy (N/mm )
Material thickness t (mm)

Equivalent thickness t for solid bars:
t=
12
d
b
b
for < 1,8 : t =
1,8
1,8
h
Stress concentration and notch class c

2
(N/mm ) (see annex A and annex E)
-20 T < 0
-40 T < -20
-50 T < -40
fy 300
300 < fy 460
460 < fy 700
700<fy 1 000
1 000<fy
t 10
10 < t 20
20 < t 50
50 < t 100
t > 100
c > 125
80 < c 125
56< c 80
c 56
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Table 4 Impact toughness requirement and corresponding steel quality for qi
qi 3
4 qi 6
7 qi 9
qi 10
Impact energy/ test

temperature
requirement
27 J / +20C
27 J / 0C
27 J / -20C
27 J / -40C
EN 10025
JR
J0
J2
a)
EN 10113
N, M
N, M
N, M
NL, ML
EN 10137-2
QL
EN 10149
NC, MC
NC, MC
NC, MC
a)
a)
4.1.2
May be used if the steel manufacturer guarantees and certifies an impact energy/test temperature of at least 27 J at
40 C, tested according to EN 10045-1.
Connecting devices
For bolt connections bolts of the property classes 4.6, 5.6, 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9 according to EN ISO 898-1 shall be
used. Nominal values of the strengths:
Table 5 Property classes
Property class
4.6
5.6
8.8
10.9
12.9
240
300
640
900
1 080
400
500
800
1 000
1 200
fyb (N/mm )
fub (N/mm )
4.2
4.2.1
Bolt connections
General
For the purpose of this standard bolt connections are specified as connections, where
bolts are tightened and thus compress the joint surfaces together;
the joint surfaces are secured against rotation (e. g. by using multiple bolts).
4.2.2
Shear and bearing connections
Connections with fitted bolts, where

the loads act perpendicular to the bolt axis and cause shear and bearing stresses in the bolts;
clearance between bolt and hole shall be according to ISO 286-2 tolerances h13 and H11;
at maximum 10 % of the clamping length may be covered by the threaded part of the bolt;
special surface treatment of the contact surfaces is not required.
4.2.3
Slip resistant connections
Connections with high strength bolts of property classes 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9, where
13
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
the loads are transmitted by friction between the joint surfaces;

bolts are tightened by a controlled method to the full preloading state;
the surface condition of the contact surfaces shall be specified and taken into account accordingly.
4.2.4
Connections loaded in tension
Connections with high strength bolts of property classes 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9, where
the loads act in the direction of the bolt axis and cause axial stresses in the bolts;
bolts are tightened by a controlled method to the full preloading state;
fatigue assessment of the bolts shall be done considering the structural features of the joint, e. g. stiffness of
the connected parts and the leverage action caused by the joint geometry;
an even contact over the whole intended contact area of the joint shall be ensured.
4.3
Pin connections
Pin connections are regarded as connections that allow turning of the connected parts.
4.4
Welded connections
Terms for welded joints shall be as given in EN 12345. Symbolic representation on drawings shall be according to
EN 22553.
4.5
Proofs of structural members and connections
It has to be proven that the strains S d do not exceed the resistances Rd :
S d Rd
(1)
The strains Sd shall be determined by applying the loads, load combinations and partial safety factors according
Table 10 of EN 13001-2.
In the following clauses, the resistances Rd are presented as limit stresses f d or limit forces Fd .
For the ultimate limit state, the following proofs shall be delivered:
proof of strength of structural members and connections under quasi-static stress according to 5;
proof of fatigue strength according to 6;
proof of strength of hollow section girder joints under quasi-static stress according to 7;
proof of elastic stability of structural members and special elements according to 8.
5
5.1
Proof of static strength

General
The proof of strength under quasi-static stress protects against excessive deformations due to yielding of the
material or sliding of friction-grip connections as well as against static rupture of structural members or connections.
14
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
The proof shall be delivered for structural members and connections taking into account the most unfavourable
load effects from the load combinations A, B or C according to Table 10 of EN 13001-2: and applying the
resistances according to 5.2.
5.2
Limit design stresses and forces
5.2.1
General
The limit design stresses and forces shall be calculated by:

Limit design stresses
f Rd = function ( f k , R ) or
Limit design forces
FRd = function ( Fk , R )
(2)
where
f k or Fk
are characteristic values (or nominal values)
is the resulting resistance coefficient
is the resistance coefficient
is the general specific resistance coefficient for special parts of this standard
f Rd
NOTE
5.2.2
and
FRd
are equivalent to
R/ m
R = m s
m = 1,1 (see Table 10 of EN 13001-2)
in Figure 2 of EN 13001-1.
Limit design stress in structural members
The limit design stress f Rd , used for the design of structural members, shall be calculated by:
f Rd =
f Rd =
f yk
Rm
f yk
Rm 3
for normal stresses
(3)
for shear stresses
(4)
Rm = msm
with
where
f yk
sm
is the nominal value of the yield point of the material (see Table 2)
is the specific resistance coefficient for material as follows:
For non-rolled material
sm =1,0
For rolled materials (e. g. plates and profiles):
15
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
sm = 1,0 for stresses in the plane of rolling

sm = 1,0 for compressive and shear stresses
For tensile stresses perpendicular to the plane of rolling (see Figure 1):
sm = 1,0 for material in quality classes Z25 or Z35 according to EN 10164

sm = 1,16 for material in quality class Z15 according to EN 10164
sm = 1,34 without quality classification
Figure 1 Tensile load perpendicular to plane of rolling

Hence follow the limit design stresses, which are dependent on the material and the kind of stressing which are
given in Table 2.
5.2.3
Limit design forces in bolt connections
5.2.3.1
Shear and bearing connections
The resistance of a connection shall be determined by applying the limit forces of the individual connecting devices.
The limit design shear force Fv,Rd per bolt and per shear plane shall be calculated by:
Fv , Rd =
f yb A
(5)
Rb 3
R b = m sb
with
where
f yb
is the yield point (nominal value) of the bolt material
is the cross-section of the bolt shank at the shear plane
sb
is the specific resistance factor for bolt connections
sb = 1,0
16
for multiple shear plane connections
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
sb = 1,3
for single shear plane connections
See Table 6 for limit design shear forces as an example.

Table 6 Limit design shear force Fv,Rd per fitted bolt and per shear plane for multiple shear plane
connections
Fitted bolt
Hole diameter
Fv,Rd (kN)
Shank resp.
Fitted bolt material
hole section
2
for Rb = 1,1
(mm)
(mm )
4.6
5.6
8.8
10.9
12.9
M12
13
133
16,7
20,9
44,6
62,8
75,4
M16
17
227
28,6
35,7
76,2
107,2
128,6
M20
21
346
43,5
54,4
116,2
163,2
196,1
M22
23
415
52,2
65,3
139,4
196,0
235,2
M24
25
491
61,8
77,3
164,9
231,9
278,3
M27
28
616
77,6
97,0
206,9
291,0
349,2
M30
31
755
95,1
111,8
253,6
356,6
428,0
The limit design bearing force Fb,Rd per bolt may be calculated by:
Fb, Rd =
with
fy d t
(6)
Rb
R b = m sb
where
e1
3 d 0
= Min
p1
1
3 d 0 4
f ub
fu
e1 2,0 do
e2 1,5 do
(7)
p1 3,0 do
p2 3,0 do
1.0
17
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
Figure 2 Illustration for formula (7)
f ub
is the ultimate strength (nominal value) of the bolt (Table 5)
fu
is the ultimate strength (nominal value) of the basic material (Table 2)
fy
is the yield point (nominal value) of the basic material (Table 2)
is the shank diameter of the bolt
is the minimum of thicknesses of the basic material
sb
is the specific resistance factor for bolt connections
sb = 0,7 for multiple shear plane connections

sb = 0,9 for single shear plane connections
5.2.3.2
Slip-resistant connections
The resistance of a connection shall be determined by applying the limit forces of the individual connecting devices.
For slip-resistant connections the limit design slip force Fs,Rd per bolt and per friction interface shall be calculated
by:
Fs , Rd =
with
( F p, d Ft )
(8)
Rs
Rs = m ss
where:
is the slip factor
= 0,50 for surfaces
blasted metallic bright with steel grit or sand, no unevennesses;
blasted with steel grit or sand and aluminised;
blasted with steel grit or sand and metallised with a product basing on zinc that
causes a friction coefficient of min. 0,5
= 0,40 for surfaces

18
CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)
blasted with steel grit or sand and alkali-zinc-silicate coating of 50 m to 80 m

thickness
= 0,30 for surfaces
cleaned metallic bright with wire brush or scarfing
= 0,20 for surfaces
cleaned of loose rust, oil and dirt
F p ,d
is the design preloading force.
Ft
is an external tensile force in direction of the axis of the bolt (see Figure 3)
It shall be ensured that the used preloading force is greater than or equal to the design
preloading force.
ss
is the specific resistance factor for slip-resistant connections;
ss =1,14
See Table 7 for limit design slip forces using for example a design preloading force of
F p, d = 0,7 f yb As ,
where
f yb
is the yield point (nominal value) of the bolt material (Table 5)
As
is the stress area of the bolt.
19
20
84,3
157,0
245,0
303,0
353,0
459,0
561,0
817,0
M16
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M36
366,0
251,0
206,0
158,0
136,0
110,0
70,3
37,8
8.8
515,0
353,0
289,0
222,0
191,0
154,0
98,9
53,1
10.9
618,0
424,0
347,0
267,0
229,0
185,0
119,0
63,7
12.9
Bolt material
AS
(mm2)
Design preloading
force Fp,d (kN)
stress
area
M12
Bolt
146,0
100,0
82,4
63,2
54,4
44,0
28,1
15,1
0.50
117,0
80,3
65,9
50,6
43,5
35,2
22,5
12,1
87,8
60,2
49,4
37,9
32,6
26,4
16,9
9,1
0.30
0.20
0.50
58,6
40,2
33,0
25,3
21,8
17,6
11,2
6,0
206,0
141,0
116,0
88,8
76,4
61,6
39,6
21,2
165,0
113,0
92,5
71,0
61,1
49,3
31,6
17,0
0.40
124,0
84,7
69,4
53,3
45,8
37,0
23,7
12,7
0.30
Slip factor :
Slip factor :
0.40
10.9
8.8
Bolt material
82,4
56,5
46,2
35,5
30,6
24,6
15,8
8,5
0.20
Limit design slip force F s,Rd (kN)
247,0
170,0
139,0
107,0
91,6
74,0
47,6
25,5
0.50
198,0
136,0
111,0
85,4
73,3
59,2
38,1
20,4
0.40
148,0
102,0
83,3
64,1
55,0
44,4
28,6
15,3
0.30
Slip factor :
12.9
Table 7 Limit design slip force FS,Rd per bolt and per friction interface using a design preloading force F p, d = 0.7 f yb As
prCEN/TS 13001-3-1:2003 (E)
98,9
67,8
55,5
42,7
36,6
29,6
19,0
10,2
0.20
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
5.2.3.3
Connections loaded in tension
The resistance of a connection shall be determined by applying the limit forces of the individual connecting
devices.
In principle the proof of competence has to take into account the stiffnesses of the bolt and the flanges to be
connected (see Figure 3).
Fp
Preloading force in bolt
Bolt elongation from preloading
Ft
External force
Additional elongation
Fb
Tensile force in bolt
Fb
additional force in bolt
Slope Kb Stiffness of bolt

Slope Kc Stiffness of flanges
Figure 3 Force-elongation-diagram
For simplification the limit design tensile force per bolt Ft,Rd may be calculated by:
Ft , Rd =
F p ,d
(9)
Rb
with Rb = m sb
where
F p ,d
is the design preloading force. It shall be ensured that the used preloading force is
greater than or equal to the design preloading force
sb
is the specific resistance factor for connections loaded in tension
sb = 1,0
See Table 8 for limit design tensile forces according to formula (9) using for example a design preloading
force of
F p, d = 0,7 f yb As
where
21
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
f yb
is the yield point (nominal value) of the bolt material (Table 5)
As
is the stress area of the bolt.
Table 8 Limit design tensile force Ft,Rd per bolt in direction of the bolt axis, using a design
preloading force F p, d = 0,7 f yb As
Bolt
stress
area
Design preloading
Limit design tensile force

per bolt
force Fp,d (kN)
Ft,Rd (kN)
AS
Bolt material
for Rb = 1.1
(mm )
5.2.4
Bolt material
8.8
10.9
12.9
8.8
10.9
12.9
M12
84,3
37,8
53,1
63,7
34,3
48,2
57,9
M16
157,0
70,3
98,9
119,0
63,9
88,9
108,1
M20
245,0
110,0
154,0
185,0
100,0
140,0
168,1
M22
303,0
136,0
191,0
229,0
123,6
173,6
208,1
M24
353,0
158,0
222,0
267,0
143,9
201,8
242,7
M27
459,0
206,0
289,0
347,0
187,2
262,7
315,4
M30
561,0
251,0
353,0
424,0
228,1
320,9
385,4
M36
817,0
366,0
515,0
618,0
332,7
468,1
561,8
Limit design forces in pins
The pin of a pin connection shall be designed taking into account bending, shearing and bearing. Therefore
the following simplified system may be assumed:
For pins the following limit design loads shall be taken into account:
Limit design bending moment
with
M Rd =
Wel f yp
(10)
Rp
Rp = m sp
where
Wel
is the elastic section modulus of the pin
f yp
is the yield point (nominal value) of the pin material
sp
is the specific resistance factor for pin connections bending moment sp = 1,0
Limit design shear force per shear plane for pins
22
Fv ,Rd =
1 A f yp
u 3 Rp
(11)
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Rp = m sp
with
where
u=
4
3
for solid pins
4 1+ v + v 2
u=
3 1 + v2
for hollow pins
where
Di
,
DO
Di
is the inner diameter of pin
DO
is the outer diameter of pin
is the cross-section of the pin
sp
is the specific resistance factor for pin connections shear force
sp = 1,0 for multiple shear plane connections

sp = 1,3 for single shear plane connections
Limit design bearing force
Fb, Rd =
d t fy
Rp
(12)
Rp = m sp
with
where
f yp
f
y
= Min
1,0
23
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Figure 4 Pin connections
fy
is the yield point (nominal value) of basic material
is the diameter of the pin
is the minimum of thickness of the basic material
sp
is the specific resistance factor for pin connections bearing force
sp = 0,7 for multiple shear plane connections

sp = 0,9 for single shear plane connections
In case of significant movement between pin and bearing the limit bearing force shall be reduced in order to
reduce wear.
5.2.5
Limit design stresses in welded connections
The limit design weld stress fw,Rd used for the design of a welded connection depends on:
the parent metal to be welded;
the type of the weld;
the type of stress;
the weld quality;
the kind of welding process.
24
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The limit design weld stress fw,Rd shall be calculated by:
f w, Rd =
w f yk
Rw
(13)
Rw = m sw
with
where
w is a factor given in Table 9 in dependence on the type of weld, the type of stress and the material
f yk is the minimal nominal value of the yield points of the parent and weld consumable materials in the
weld joint
sw is the specific resistance factor for welded connections

sw = 1,0
Table 9 Factor w for limit weld stress
w
Direction of
stress
Penetration
Weld with full

penetration or
backwelded
Stress across the
weld direction
Weld without
full penetration
Weld
with/without full
penetration
Stress in weld
direction
5.3
Weld
with/without full
penetration
fyk < 690
690 fyk < 960
fyk 960
(N/mm)
(N/mm)
(N/mm)
Tension
1,0
1,0
0,93
Compression
1,0
1,0
0,93
Tension
0,7
0,7
0,65
Compression
0,8
0,8
0,74
Shear
1/2
1/3
0,54
Tension/
Compression
1,0
1,0
0,93
Shear
1/3
1/3
0,54
Type of stress
Execution of the proof
5.3.1
Proof for structural members
For the structural member to be designed it shall be proven that:
Sd f Rd and Sd f Rd
(14)
where
Sd , Sd
f Rd
are the design stresses

is the corresponding limit design stress according to 5.2.2.
25
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
In case of plane states of stresses it shall additionally be proven that:

2
Sd , x Sd , y Sd , x Sd , y Sd
f Rd , x + f Rd , y f Rd , x f Rd , y + f Rd
(15)
where
x, y
indicate the orthogonal directions of stresses
Spatial states of stresses may be reduced to the most unfavourable plane state of stress.
5.3.2
Proof for bolt connections
For the most unfavourably loaded element of a connection it shall be proven that:
FSd FRd
(16)
where
FSd
is the design force of the element
FRd
is the limit design force according to 5.2.3, in dependence on the type of the connection
and its type of stress, i. e.
limit design shear force Fv,Rd
limit design bearing force Fb,Rd
limit design slip force Fs,Rd
limit design tensile force Ft,Rd
In particular for connections loaded in tension (see 5.2.3.3) the tensile force in the bolt Fb shall always satisfy:
Fb
5.3.3
f yb AS
(17)
Proof for pin connections
For pins, it shall be proven that:
M Sd M Rd
Fv , Sd Fv , Rd
(18)
Fbi ,Sd Fb ,Rd

where
26
M Sd
is the design value of the bending moment in the pin
M Rd
is the limit design bending moment according to 5.2.4
Fv , Sd
is the design value of the shear force in the pin
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Fv , Rd
is the limit design shear force according to 5.2.4
Fbi ,Sd
is the decisive design value of the bearing force in the joining plate i of the pin connection
Fb, Rd
is the limit design bearing force according to 5.2.4
5.3.4
Proof for welded connections
For the weld to be designed it shall be proven that:
w,sd and w, Sd f w, Rd
(19)
where
w,Sd , w, Sd
f w, Rd
are the design weld stresses (see annex D)

is the corresponding limit design weld stress according to 5.2.5
In case of plane states of stresses in welded connections it shall additionally be proven that:
w, Sd , x
f w, Rd , x
w,Sd , y
+
f w, Rd , y

w, Sd , x w,Sd , y w, Sd

+
f w, Rd , x f w, Rd , y f w, Rd
1,1
(20)
where
x,y
indicate the orthogonal directions of stresses.
Spatial states of stresses may be reduced to the most unfavourable plane state of stress.
6
6.1
Proof of fatigue strength

General
The proof of fatigue strength prevents failure or formation of critical cracks of structural members or
connections under cyclic loading.
In general, the proof shall be executed by applying the load combinations A according to Table 10 of
EN 13001-2, setting all partial safety factors p = 1, and the resistances (i. e. limit design stresses) according
to 6.2.
The stresses are calculated as nominal stress concept. A nominal stress is a stress in the parent material
adjacent to a potential crack location, calculated in accordance with simple elastic strength of materials theory,
excluding local stress concentration effects. Annex A and annex E contain the influences of constructional
details and thus include the effects of:
local stress concentrations due to the shape of the joint and the weld geometry;
size and shape of acceptable discontinuities;
the stress direction;
27
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
residual stresses;
metallurgical conditions;
in some cases, the welding process and post-weld improvement procedures.
The effect of additional geometric stress concentration (global stress concentration) shall be estimated with
appropriate methods. This standard does not use other methods like Hot Spot Stress Method. The
bibliography gives information on literature about Hot Spot Stress Method.
For the execution of the proof of fatigue strength the stress history parameters (see 4.3.4 of EN 13001-1) is
needed. Values for this parameter can be determined by simulation, testing or using classes S (see 6.3). Thus
the service conditions and their effect on the stressing of the structure are taken into account.
Mean-stress influence, as presented in EN 13001-1, in structures in as-welded condition (without stress
relieving) is negligible. Therefore the stress history parameter s is independent of the mean-stress and the
fatigue strength is based on the stress range only.
In non-welded details or stress relieved welded details, the effective stress range to be used in the fatigue
assessment may be determined by adding the tensile portion of the stress range and 60 % of the compressive
portion of the stress range or by special investigation (see 6.4).
Uncertainties in assuming the fatigue strength and possible consequences of a damage shall be taken into
consideration by a fatigue strength specific resistance factor Mf according to Table 10.
Table 10 Fatigue strength specific resistance factor Mf
Mf
Inspection and access
Fail-safe
components
Periodic inspection and maintenance
Non fail-safe components

without hazards with hazards for
for persons
persons
1,0
1,15
1,25
1,15
1,25
1,35
Accessible joint detail

Periodic inspection and maintenance
Poor accessibility
Fail-safe structural components are those with reduced consequences of failure, such that the local
failure of one component does not result in failure of the structure or falling of loads.
Non fail-safe structural components are those where local failure of one component leads rapidly to
failure of the structure or falling of loads.
6.2
6.2.1
Limit design stresses

Characteristic values of the stress range
The limit design stress of a constructional detail stressed by fatigue is characterised by the characteristic
value of the stress range c (notch condition). c represents the fatigue strength under 2 10
constant
stress range cycles and a probability of survival of Ps = 97,7 % (mean value minus double standard deviation),
see Figure 5.
28
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The several values c are arranged in a sequence of notch classes (NC) with the constant ratio of 1,125
between the classes (see annex C, first column).
For shear stressing the above is also applicable and c is used instead of c .
The characteristic values of the stress range c resp. c and the related inverse slopes m of the /Ncurve are given in annex A (normative) and annex E (informative) as follows:
Table A.1:
Basic material of structural members;
Table A.2:
Bolted members, connecting devices;
Table A.3:
Welded members;
Table E.1:
Values of inverse slope of the /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for
connections and joints of hollow section girders;
Table E.2:
Values of inverse slope of the /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for lattice type
connections of hollow section girders.
The given values apply for the defined basic conditions. For deviating conditions an appropriate notch class
(NC) shall be selected one or more notch classes above (+ 1 NC, + 2NC, ...) or below (- 1 NC, - 2 NC, ...) the
basic reference class. The effects of several deviating conditions shall be summed up.
Principle figure above
Simplification (see
EN 13001-1)
Key
1
2
Constant stress range fatigue limit

Cut-off limit
Figure 5 Illustration of s/N-curve and ?s c
29
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
6.2.2
Weld quality
c -values in annex A and annex E depend on the quality level of the weld. Quality classes B, C, D shall be
according to EN 25817. In annex E class C is assumed. Usage of lower quality levels than D is not allowed.
For the purpose of this standard an additional quality level B* can be used. The requirements in addition to
those of level B given hereafter define quality level B*.
Additional requirements for quality level B*:
For the purpose of this standard 100 % NDT (non destructive testing) means inspection of the whole length of
the weld with an appropriate method to ensure that the specified quality requirements are met.
For butt welds:
full penetration without initial points;
both surfaces machined or flush ground down to plate surface; grinding in stress direction;
the weld toe post-treated by grinding, remelting by TIG, plasma welding or by needle peening;
eccentricity of the joining plates less than 5 % of thickness of greater plate;
sum of lengths of concavities of weld less than 5 % of the total length of the weld;
100 % NDT.
For parallel and lap joints:
transition angle of the weld to the plate surface shall not exceed 25;
100 % NDT.
All other joints:
full penetration;
transition angle of the weld to the web surface shall not exceed 25;
100 % NDT;
eccentricity less than 10 % of thickness of greater plate.
If TIG dressing is used as a post treatment of the potential crack initialisation zone of a welded joint in order to
increase the fatigue strength, welds of quality class C for design purposes may be upgraded to quality class B
for any joint configuration.
6.2.3
Effect of test loads
The characteristic value of stress range c respective c of a welded detail that was subjected to a test
load (see EN 13001-2, 4.1.4.3) is higher than the value of that detail not subjected to a test load.
30
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
c values of annex A and annex E are related to details as test loaded. Therefore application of these
values requires test loads as given in EN 13001-2.
6.2.4
Requirements for fatigue testing
Details not given in annex A and annex E or consideration of mean stress influence require special
investigation into c and m by tests.
Requirements for such tests are:
test specimen in real size (1:1);
test specimen produced under workshop conditions;
at least 7 tests per stress range level.
Requirements for determination of m and c are:
c shall be determined from numbers of cycles based on mean value minus double standard deviation
in a log/log presentation;
at least one stress range level that results in a number of stress cycles to failure of less than 2104 cycles;
at least one stress range level that results in a number of stress cycles to failure between 1,5106 and
2,5106 cycles.
A simplified method for the determination of m and c may be used:
m shall be set to m = 3;
only stress range levels that result in a number of stress cycles to failure of less than 1105 cycles shall be
used.
6.3
Classes S of stress history parameter s
6.3.1
Simplified method based on service conditions
Determination of the class S (see EN 13001-1) decisively depends on:

the class U of working cycles;
the class Q of the load spectrum;
the factor 2 respective hoisting class HC.
The structure or parts of the structure can be related to a class S according to Table 11 and Table 12
dependent on the classes U, Q and a parameter Gt/( 2 Q), under consideration of an average influence of
the class Dlin and/or class Dang and class P,
where
Gt
is the mass of the moving crane parts during a representative working cycle, such as:
31
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
for a bridge crane: Gt is the mass of the trolley and load lifting attachments;
for slewing cranes:
when considering load supporting slewing parts: Gt is the mass of the jib
transformed to the load suspension point;
when considering non slewing parts: Gt is the mass of the entire slewing parts,
transformed to the load suspension point;
is the mass of the maximum hoist load influencing the part under consideration; (i. e. if
the hoist load is of no influence, Q is set to 0);
is the dynamic factor (see EN 13001-2).
The derivation of Table 11 and Table 12 is based on the damage theory of Corten-Dolan and on the
assumption that the average horizontal displacement of the load centre is about 2/3 of the span or 2/3 of the
maximum working radius.
32
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table 11 Class S for trolley frames and main girders between two supports, as well as for
structures of wall and slewing cranes with constant working radius of the load centre
Class of load
spectrum
Gt
2 Q
Class of total number of working cycles

U0
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U7
U8
U9
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
0
0,25
Q0
0,5
1
S0
S0
S0
S0
S1
0
0,25
Q1
0,5
1
S0
S0
S0
0
0,25
Q2
0,5
1
S0
S0
0
0,25
Q3
0,5
1
S0
0
0,25
Q4
0,5
1
S0
0
0,25
Q5
S1
0,5
1
2
S9
S0
S8
33
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table 12 Class S for stringers, supports and parts of main girders project over the supports, as well
as for structures of wall and slewing cranes with variable working radius of the load centre
Class of load
spectrum
Gt
2 Q
Class of total number of working cycles

U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9
S0
0,25
Q0
0,5
1
S0
S0
S0
S2
S3
S4
S5
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S0
S0
S0
S1
S0
0,25
Q2
0,5
1
S0
S0
S4
S3
S1
S0
S3
S1
Q1
S2
S2
0,25
0,5
S1
S1
S0
S0
S0
S1
0
0,25
Q3
0,5
1
S0
S0
S0
0
0,25
Q4
0,5
1
S0
S0
0
0,25
Q5
0,5
1
2
34
S0
S0
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
6.3.2
Selection based on experience
The members of crane structures may be related to classes S due to experience. If a single class S is used for
the whole structure the most severe class shall be used. Guidance is given in annex B.
6.4
Execution of the proof
For the detail under consideration it shall be proven that:
Sd Rd
(21)
Sd = max min
(22)
where
Sd
is the calculated maximum range of design stresses
max, min
are the extreme values of design stresses resulting from load combinations A according
to Table 10 of EN 13001-2, by applying P = 1 (compression stresses with negative
sign). For design weld stress see annex D. For thermally stress relieved or non-welded
structural members the compressive portion of the stress range may be reduced to 60
%.
Rd
is the permissible stress range
Shear stresses are treated similarly.

For each stress component
x , y and the proof shall be executed separately.
where
x,y
indicate the orthogonal directions of stresses.
In case of non welded details, if the normal and shear stresses induced by the same loading event vary
simultaneously, or if the plane of the maximum principal stress does not change significantly in the course of a
loading event, the maximum principal stress range shall be used.
In case of non welded details with independently varying ranges of normal and shear stresses it shall be
proven that:
Sd , x
m

c, x
mx
s x ( mx )
Sd , y
+
c , y
my
s y( m y )

+ Sd
c
s ( m )
1.0
Mf
(23)
where
Sd , Sd
are the calculated maximum ranges of design stresses
c , c
are the characteristic values of stress range
s(m)
is the stress history parameter
inverse slope of /N-curve (the maximum value of mx, my, m shall be taken as radical
35
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
index)
x, y
indicate the orthogonal direction of normal stresses
indicate the respective shear stress
6.5
Determination of the permissible stress range
6.5.1
Applicable methods
The permissible stress ranges Rd for the detail under consideration shall be determined either by direct
use of stress history parameter s(m) or simplified by use of class S.
6.5.2
Direct use of stress history parameter
The permissible stress range shall be calculated by:
Rd =
(24)
Mf m s(m )
where
Rd
c , m
are the characteristic values of stress range and the respective inverse slope of the log
/log N-curve (see annex A and annex E)
Mf
is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 10)
s (m)
is the stress history parameter (calculated according to the formula of 4.3.4 of EN 130011:1997)
*
NOTE
When s(m) is obtained on the basis of m = 3, the permissible stress range may be calculated using k as
shown in formula (26).
6.5.3
Use of class S
6.5.3.1
Slope m
When the detail under consideration is related to a class S according to 6.3, the simplified determination of the
permissible stress range is dependent on the (negative inverse) slope m of the log /log N-curve.
6.5.3.2
Slope m = 3
In dependence on the S-classes the values of the classified stress history parameter s (m = 3) are as follows:
Table 13 s (m = 3) of classes S
36
Class
SO
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
s(m=3)
0.008
0.016
0.032
0.063
0.125
0.25
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The permissible stress range shall be calculated by:
Rd =
Mf s(m = 3)
3
(25)
where
For
Rd
is the permissible stress range;
is the characteristic value of stress range of details with m = 3 (see annex A and annex E);
s(m=3)
is the classified stress history parameter (see Table 13);
Mf
is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 10).
Mf = 1,25 Annex C gives the values of Rd in dependence on the class S and c .
6.5.3.3
Slope m 3
If the negative inverse slope m of the log /log N-curve is not equal to 3, the permissible stress range is
dependent on the class S and the stress spectrum factor k(m) (see 4.3.4 of EN 13001-1).
The permissible stress range Rd shall be calculated by:
Rd = Rd ,1 k *
Rd ,1 =
k*=m
Mf m s ( m=3)
k ( m = 3)
k ( m)
(26)
(27)
(28)
where
Rd
Rd ,1
is the permissible stress range for k* = 1
k*
is the specific spectrum ratio factor
c , m
are the characteristic values of stress range and the respective inverse slope of the log
/log N-curve (see annex A and annex E)
s (m = 3)
is the classified stress history parameter (see Table 13)
Mf
is the fatigue strength specific resistance factor (see Table 10)
37
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
For
k ( m = 3)
is the stress spectrum factor based on m = 3
k (m)
is the stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration
k(m=3) and k(m)
shall be based on the same stress spectrum that is derived either from calculation or
simulation
Mf = 1,25 and m = 5. Annex C gives the values of Rd in dependence on the class S and c .
6.5.3.4
Simplified method for slope m 3
As k* = 1 covers the most unfavourable stress spectra, Rd ,1 may be used as permissible stress range. The
value of k* may be calculated for k(m=3) and k(m) from the stress spectrum estimated by experience.
Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints
The proof of design strength of hollow section girder joints guards against failure due to:
plasticising of the boom member flange;
plasticising or instability of the boom member web;
shearing of the boom member cross-section;
punching-through of the boom member flange;
tearing-off of the web member with effective cross-section;
local bulging.
The proof shall be executed according to the rules of Eurocode 3, ENV 1993-1-1:1993, annex K.
Proof of elastic stability
The proof of elastic stability prevents structural members from the loss of stability by lateral deformation
(e. g. buckling, bulging).
NOTE
This clause is still under consideration and will be given in a later revision. It is intended to follow the principles
of DIN 18800 and applicable literature.
38
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex A
(normative)
Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and
permissible stress range c, c
Table A.1 Basic material of structural members

c
c
No.
Constructional detail
Requirements
(N/mm )
m=5
1
Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under normal stresses
250
fy 275
280
275 < fy 355
315
355 < fy
Rolled surfaces and

edges,
Surface condition
according to
EN 10163-A3/C3,
No thermal cutting,
No notches or
geometrical notch
effects (e. g.
cutouts)
Flame cut edges,

quality according to
EN ISO 9013-IA
No geometrical
notch effects (e. g.
cutouts)
m=5
Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under normal stresses

200
fy 275
225
275 < fy
39
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.1 (concluded)

c
No.
Requirements
(N/mm )
m=5
Nominal stress
calculated for the
net cross-section
Holes not flame cut,
Bolts may be
present, when these
are stressed
up to 20 % of
their strength
in shear/
bearing
connections
or
Holes in a plate under normal stresses

200
fy 275
225
275 < fy
m=5
4
Plates, flat bars, rolled profiles under shear stress
40
140
fy 275
160
275 < fy 355
180
355 < fy
up to 100 %
of their
strength in
slip-resistant
connections
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.2 Bolted members, connecting devices

c
c
No.
Requirements
(N/mm )
Double shear
Supported single-shear
m=5
The proof of fatigue

strength is not
required for bolts of
slip resistant bolt
connections
Nominal stress
calculated for the net
cross-section
Nominal stress
cross-section
Nominal stress
cross-section
Uniform distribution of
stresses is assumed
Uniform distribution of
stresses is assumed
calculated for
the stress-area of the
(example)
Single-shear
Perforated parts in slip-resistant bolt connections under normal

stresses
200
fy 275
225
275 < fy
m=5
180
m=5
Perforated parts in shear/bearing connections under normal stresses

double-shear and supported single-shear
Normal stress
Perforated parts in shear/bearing connections under normal stresses
single-shear joints, not supported
125
Normal stress
m=5
Fitted bolts in double-shear or supported single-shear joints
140
Shear stress ( c )
355
Bearing stress ( c )
m=5
Fitted bolts in single-shear joints, not supported
100
Shear stress ( c )
250
Bearing stress ( c )
m=3
Threaded bolts loaded in tension
32
Machined thread
45
Rolled thread
bolt, using
Fb
(see
5.2.3.3)
41
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.3 Welded members

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions:
symmetric plate arrangement
fully penetrated weld
Manual or partially mechanized

welding
Components with usual residual

stresses
Angular misalignment < 1
m=3
t1 = t2
or
slope <1:3
Symmetric butt joint, normal stress across the weld
Special conditions:
180
Butt weld, quality level B*
160
Butt weld, quality level B
140
Butt weld, quality level C
Components with considerable

residual stresses (e. g. joint of
components with restraint of
shrinkage)
- 1 NC
- 2 NC
- 4 NC
4 NC
Basic conditions:
m=3
symmetric plate arrangement
Manual or partially mechanised

welding

stresses
Angular misalignment < 1
Special conditions:
Symmetric butt joint, normal stress across the weld

90
42
Butt weld on remaining backing, quality level C

shrinkage)
-1 NC
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.3 (continued)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions:
Supported parallel to butt weld:

e < 2t2 + 10mm
Supported vertical to butt weld:

e < 12t2
Manually or partially mechanized

welding

stresses
t 2 t1 4 mm
Special conditions:

shrinkage)
-1 NC
Influence of slope and thickness
slope 1:3
m=3
3
Unsymmetrical supported butt joint, normal stress

across the butt weld
t 2 t1 :
thickness
140
125
slope 4
1:3
1:2 -1NC
1:1 -1NC
112
>1:1 - 2NC
t 2 t1
10
-1NC
-1NC
-2NC
50
-1NC
-2NC
-2NC
-2NC
-3NC -3NC
> 50
-2NC
-2NC
-3NC
Basic conditions:
m=3
4

Supported parallel to butt weld:
e < 2 t2 + 10mm
Supported vertical to butt weld:

e < 12t2
Manually or partially mechanised

welding

stresses
t 2 t1 10 mm
Special conditions:
Unsymmetrical supported butt joint, normal stress
across the butt weld
90
Butt weld on remaining backing, quality level C

shrinkage)
-1 NC
t 2 t1 > 10 mm
-1 NC
43
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions:

welding
stresses
m=3
t1/t2 > 0,84

Special conditions:
slope 1:1
Slope in
weld or
parent
material

shrinkage)
-1NC
Unsymmetrical unsupported butt joint, stress across

the butt weld
-2 NC
112
t1/t2 > 0,74
-1 NC
100
90
Butt weld quality level C
t1/t2 > 0,63

t1/t2 > 0,50
-2 NC
-3 NC
Basic conditions:
m=3

welding

stresses
Butt joint with crossing welds, stress across the butt

weld
44
125
100
90
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions:
m=3
Normal stress in weld direction

180
Full penetration, continuous weld, quality level B
160
Full penetration, continuous weld, quality level C
140
Partial penetration, continuous welds, quality level C
90
Intermittent weld, quality level C

welding
Special conditions:
Automatic welding,
no initial points
Welding with restraint
of shrinkage
+ 1 NC
- 1 NC
Basic conditions:
m=3
8
Cross or T-Joint, groove weld, normal stress across
the weld
*
125
K-weld, quality level B
112
K-weld, quality level B
100
K-weld, quality level C
80
Semi V-weld on remaining backing quality level B
71
Semi V-weld on remaining backing quality level C
Continous weld
welding
Special conditions:
Automatic welding,
no initial points
Welding with
restraint of shrinkage
+ 1 NC
- 1 NC
Basic conditions:
Continous weld
m=3
Manual or partially mechanized

welding
weld thickness a > 0,8 t
9
Special conditions:
Cross or T-Joint, symmetric double fillet weld, normal

stress across the weld
71
Quality level B
63
Quality level C
Automatic welding,
no initial points
Welding with restraint
of shrinkage
+ 1 NC
- 1 NC
45
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
m=3
10
T-Joint, normal stresses in the plate from bending

90
Quality level B
80
Quality level C
m=3
11
Full penetration weld (double sided) with transverse

compressive load (e. g. wheel)
160
Quality level B
140
Quality level C
m=3
12
Full penetration weld (with backing) with

transverse compressive load (e. g. wheel)
46
125
Quality level B
112
Quality level C
Requirements
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
13
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
m=3
Single fillet weld with transverse compressive

load (e. g. wheel)
63
14
Quality level C
m=3
Single fillet weld with transverse load (e. g.

underslung crab)
63
Quality level C
Basic conditions:
Quality level C
m=3
Continuous weld
distance c between the weld toe
and rim of continuous component
greater than 10 mm
15
Special conditions:
Continuous component with a welded cover plate

90
l 50 mm
80
50 mm < l 100 mm
71
l > 100 mm
Quality level B
Quality level B
+2 NC
+1 NC
Quality level D
c < 10 mm
- 1 NC
- 1 NC
47
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
m=3
Requirements
Basic conditions:
16
Continuous fillet or groove weld
Continuous component with load carrying flange

plate, stress in continuous component at end of
connection
125
17
Flange plate with end chamfer 1:3; edge weld and end
of flank weld in weld quality level B*
Basic conditions:
t0 1,5 tu
m=3

connection
100
Edge weld and end of flank weld in weld quality level B*
m=3
Basic conditions:
18
connection
48
80
Quality level B
71
Quality level C
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions:
m=3
19
Stressed area to be calculated by:
As = t l r
l r = min (bm ,b L + l )
Overlapped welded joint, main plate

*
80
Quality level B
71
Quality level B
63
Quality level C
Basic conditions:
20
m=3
Stressed area to be calculated by:
As = bL (t L1 + t L 2 )
Overlapped welded joint, lap plates

50
Basic conditions:
R 50 mm; 60
m=3
Groove weld or allround fillet weld

Special conditions:
R 100 mm; 45
+1 NC
21
Continuous component with longitudinally mounted
parts, Parts rounded or chamfered
100
Quality level B*
90
Quality level B
80
Quality level C
End welds in a zone of

at least 5 t fully penetrated +2 NC
49
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
Basis conditions:
m=3
22
Allround fillet weld

Quality level B, C
Special conditions:
Continuous component with parts ending

perpendicularly
80
Single fillet weld

Weld quality level B*
-1 NC
+1 NC
Weld quality level D
-1 NC
l 50 mm
71
50 mm < l 100 mm
63
l > 100 mm
Basic conditions:
R 50 mm or 60
m=3
23
parts, welded to edge
100
Quality level B, weld ends in weld quality level B*
90
Quality level B
80
Quality level C
71
Quality level D
t2 t1
Butt weld or all-round fillet weld
Special conditions:
R 100 mm or 45
R < 50mm or > 60
+1 NC
-2 NC
End welds in a zone of at least 5 t2

fully penetrated
+1 NC
Basic conditions
c 10 mm
m=3
24
Continuous component with overlapping parts
50
80
b 50 mm
71
50 mm < b 100 mm
63
b > 100 mm
Quality level C
Special conditions:
*
Quality level B
+2 NC
Quality level B
Quality level D
+1 NC
-1 NC
c < 10 mm
-1 NC
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
Basic conditions:
m=3
25

welding
Plate thickness t 12 mm
c 10 mm
Quality level D not allowed for K
weld
Special conditions:
Continuous component to which parts are welded
transversally
125
Double fillet weld, quality level B*
112
Double fillet weld, quality level B
100
Double fillet weld, quality level C
90
Single fillet weld, quality level B, C
80
Semi V-weld on remaining backing, quality level B, C
Plate thickness t > 12 mm

(Double fillet welds only)
c < 10 mm
K weld instead of double
fillet weld
-1 NC
-1 NC
+1 NC
Quality level D instead

of C
-1 NC
Basic conditions:
m=3
26
Continuous component to which stiffeners are

welded transversally

welding
Plate thickness t 12 mm
c 10 mm
Special conditions:
Plate thickness t > 12 mm
125
Double fillet weld, quality level B*
112
Double fillet weld, quality level B
(double fillets only)

c< 10 mm
-1 NC
-1 NC
100
Double fillet weld, quality level C
80
Single fillet weld, quality level B, C
K weld instead of
double fillet weld
+1 NC
80
Semi V-weld on remaining backing, quality level B, C
m=3
27
Continuous component to which transverse parts or
stiffeners are welded intermittently
63
Quality level C
50
Quality level D
51
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
Requirements
For parts rounded or chamfered:

Basic conditions:
R 50 mm, 60
m=3
Special conditions:
R 100 mm, 45
28
parts, parts through hole
90
Parts rounded or chamfered
56
Parts ending perpendicularly
End welds in the zone

of at least 5 t fully
penetrated
+1 NC
+2 NC
Basic conditions:
m=3
29

welding
Quality level C
Groove weld fully penetrated
Fillet weld thickness a > 0,7 tube

thickness
Flange thickness greater than two

times tube thickness (for middle
figure)
Tubes, normal stress across the weld

90
Butt weld, cylindrical tube
63
Groove weld, cylindrical tube
56
Groove weld, rectangular tube
45
Double fillet weld, cylindrical tube
40
Double fillet weld, rectangular tube
Special conditions:
Quality B
Quality B
+1 NC
+2 NC
Basic conditions:
Quality level C

welding

stresses
m=5
Special conditions:
30

shrinkage
-1 NC
No initial points
Continuous weld under uniform shear flow
52
112
With full penetration
90
Partial penetration
+1 NC
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table A.3 (concluded)

No.
c
c
2
(N/mm )
m=5
Requirements
Basic conditions:
31
Load is assumed to be transferred

by longitudinal welds only
Weld in lap joint, shear with stress concentration

71
Quality level B
63
Quality level C
53
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex B
(informative)
Guidance for selection of classes S due to experience
No.
Operation method
S-class
Hand-operated cranes
S0 S2
Assembly cranes
S0 S2
Powerhouse cranes
S1 S3
Warehouse cranes
intermittent operation
S4 S5
Warehouse cranes, lifting beam cranes,

scrapyard cranes
continuous operation
S6 S8
Workshop cranes
Bridge cranes, skull cracker cranes
Ladle cranes
S6 S8
Pit cranes
S7 S9
10
Stripper cranes, charging cranes
S8 S9
11
Forging cranes
S6 S8
12
Unloaders, stocking and reclaiming bridges,

semi-portal cranes, portal cranes with trolley or
slewing crane
hook service
S4 S6
13
Unloaders, stocking and reclaiming bridges,

semi-portal cranes, portal cranes with trolley or
slewing crane
grabbing or magnet service
S6 S8
14
Travelling conveyor gantries with fixed or sliding

conveyor(s)
15
Shipbuilding cranes, slipway cranes, fitting-out

cranes
16
17
54
Type of crane
Wharf cranes, slewing cranes, floating cranes,

level-luffing slewing cranes
S3 S5
S6 S8
S3 S5
hook service
S3 S5
hook service
S4 S6
S6 S8
18
High-capacity floating cranes, high capacity

gantry cranes
19
Shipdeck cranes
hook service
S3 S5
20
Shipdeck cranes
S4 S6
21
Revolving tower cranes for construction service
S1 S3
S1 S3
22
Erection cranes, derricks
hook service
S1 S3
23
Rail-mounted slewing cranes
hook service
S3 S5
24
Rail-mounted slewing cranes
25
Locomotive cranes, licensed for in-train haulage
26
Loader cranes, mobile cranes
hook service
27
Loader cranes, mobile cranes
28
High capacity loader and mobile cranes
S4 S6
S4 S5
S2 S5
S4 S6
S1 S3
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex C
(normative)
Calculated values of permissible stress range Rd
Table C.1 Details with m = 3 and MF = 1,25

2
NC, c
2
(N/mm )
Rd (/mm )
S0
S1
355
1420,0
1127,1
894,5
S2
713,7
S3
568,0
S4
450,8
S5
357,8
S6
284,0
S7
225,4
S8
178,9
S9
315
1260,0
1000,1
793,8
633,3
504,0
400,0
317,5
252,0
200,0
158,8
280
1120,0
888,9
705,6
562,9
448,0
355,6
282,2
224,0
177,8
141,1
250
1000,0
793,7
630,0
502,6
400,0
317,5
252,0
200,0
158,7
126,0
225
900,0
714,3
567,0
452,4
360,0
285,7
226,8
180,0
142,9
113,4
200
800,0
635,0
504,0
402,1
320,0
254,0
201,6
160,0
127,0
100,8
180
720,0
571,5
453,6
361,9
288,0
228,6
181,4
144,0
114,3
90,7
160
640,0
508,0
403,2
321,7
256,0
203,2
161,3
128,0
101,6
80,6
140
560,0
444,5
352,8
281,5
224,0
177,8
141,1
112,0
88,9
70,6
125
500,0
396,9
315,0
251,3
200,0
158,7
126,0
100,0
79,4
63,0
112
448,0
355,6
282,2
225,2
179,2
142,2
112,9
89,6
71,1
56,4
100
400,0
317,5
252,0
201,1
160,0
127,0
100,8
80,0
63,5
50,4
90
360,0
285,7
226,8
180,9
144,0
114,3
90,7
72,0
57,1
45,4
80
320,0
254,0
201,6
160,8
128,0
101,6
80,6
64,0
50,8
40,3
71
284,0
225,4
178,9
142,7
113,6
90,2
71,6
56,8
45,1
35,8
63
252,0
200,0
158,8
126,7
100,8
80,0
63,5
50,4
40,0
31,8
56
224,0
177,8
141,1
112,6
89,6
71,1
56,4
44,8
35,6
28,2
50
200,0
158,7
126,0
100,5
80,0
63,5
50,4
40,0
31,7
25,2
45
180,0
142,9
113,4
90,5
72,0
57,1
45,4
36,0
28,6
22,7
40
160,0
127,0
100,8
80,4
64,0
50,8
40,3
32,0
25,4
20,2
36
144,0
114,3
90,7
72,4
57,6
45,7
36,3
28,8
22,9
18,1
32
128,0
101,6
80,6
64,3
51,2
40,6
32,3
25,6
20,3
16,1
28
112,0
88,9
70,6
56,3
44,8
35,6
28,2
22,4
17,8
14,1
25
100,0
79,4
63,0
50,3
40,0
31,7
25,2
20,0
15,9
12,6
22,5
90,0
71,4
56,7
45,2
36,0
28,6
22,7
18,0
14,3
11,3
20
80,0
63,5
50,4
40,2
32,0
25,4
20,2
16,0
12,7
10,1
18
72,0
57,1
45,4
36,2
28,8
22,9
18,1
14,4
11,4
9,1
16
64,0
50,8
40,3
32,2
25,6
20,3
16,1
12,8
10,2
8,1
14
56,0
44,4
35,3
28,1
22,4
17,8
14,1
11,2
8,9
7,1
12,5
50,0
39,7
31,5
25,1
20,0
15,9
12,6
10,0
7,9
6,3
11,5
46,0
36,5
29,0
23,1
18,4
14,6
11,6
9,2
7,3
5,8
10
40,0
31,7
25,2
20,1
16,0
12,7
10,1
8,0
6,3
5,0
36,0
28,6
22,7
18,1
14,4
11,4
9,1
7,2
5,7
4,5
32,0
25,4
20,2
16,1
12,8
10,2
8,1
6,4
5,1
4,0
7,1
28,4
22,5
17,9
14,3
11,4
9,0
7,2
5,7
4,5
3,6
6,3
25,2
20,0
15,9
12,7
10,1
8,0
6,4
5,0
4,0
3,2
55
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table C.2 Details with m = 5 and MF = 1,25

Rd, 1 (/mm2)
NC, c
2
(N/mm )
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
355
745,9
649,4
565,3
493,7
430,5
374,7
326,2
284,0
247,2
215,2
315
661,9
576,2
501,6
438,1
382,0
332,5
289,5
252,0
219,4
191,0
280
588,3
512,2
445,9
389,4
339,5
295,6
257,3
224,0
195,0
169,8
250
525,3
457,3
398,1
347,7
303,1
263,9
229,7
200,0
174,1
151,6
225
472,8
411,6
358,3
312,9
272,8
237,5
206,8
180,0
156,7
136,4
200
420,2
365,8
318,5
278,1
242,5
211,1
183,8
160,0
139,3
121,3
180
378,2
329,3
286,6
250,3
218,3
190,0
165,4
144,0
125,4
109,1
160
336,2
292,7
254,8
222,5
194,0
168,9
147,0
128,0
111,4
97,0
140
294,2
256,1
222,9
194,7
169,8
147,8
128,7
112,0
97,5
84,9
125
262,7
228,7
199,1
173,8
151,6
132,0
114,9
100,0
87,1
75,8
112
235,3
204,9
178,4
155,8
135,8
118,2
102,9
89,6
78,0
67,9
100
210,1
182,9
159,2
139,1
121,3
105,6
91,9
80,0
69,6
60,6
90
189,1
164,6
143,3
125,2
109,1
95,0
82,7
72,0
62,7
54,6
80
168,1
146,3
127,4
111,3
97,0
84,4
73,5
64,0
55,7
48,5
71
149,2
129,9
113,1
98,7
86,1
74,9
65,2
56,8
49,4
43,0
63
132,4
115,2
100,3
87,6
76,4
66,5
57,9
50,4
43,9
38,2
56
117,7
102,4
89,2
77,9
67,9
59,1
51,5
44,8
39,0
34,0
50
105,1
91,5
79,6
69,5
60,6
52,8
45,9
40,0
34,8
30,3
45
94,6
82,3
71,7
62,6
54,6
47,5
41,4
36,0
31,3
27,3
40
84,0
73,2
63,7
55,6
48,5
42,2
36,8
32,0
27,9
24,3
36
75,6
65,9
57,3
50,1
43,7
38,0
33,1
28,8
25,1
21,8
32
67,2
58,5
51,0
44,5
38,8
33,8
29,4
25,6
22,3
19,4
28
58,8
51,2
44,6
38,9
34,0
29,6
25,7
22,4
19,5
17,0
25
52,5
45,7
39,8
34,8
30,3
26,4
23,0
20,0
17,4
15,2
22,5
47,3
41,2
35,8
31,3
27,3
23,8
20,7
18,0
15,7
13,6
20
42,0
36,6
31,8
27,8
24,3
21,1
18,4
16,0
13,9
12,1
18
37,8
32,9
28,7
25,0
21,8
19,0
16,5
14,4
12,5
10,9
16
33,6
29,3
25,5
22,3
19,4
16,9
14,7
12,8
11,1
9,7
14
29,4
25,6
22,3
19,5
17,0
14,8
12,9
11,2
9,8
8,5
12,5
26,3
22,9
19,9
17,4
15,2
13,2
11,5
10,0
8,7
7,6
11,5
24,2
21,0
18,3
16,0
13,9
12,1
10,6
9,2
8,0
7,0
10
21,0
18,3
15,9
13,9
12,1
10,6
9,2
8,0
7,0
6,1
18,9
16,5
14,3
12,5
10,9
9,5
8,3
7,2
6,3
5,5
16,8
14,6
12,7
11,1
9,7
8,4
7,4
6,4
5,6
4,9
7,1
14,9
13,0
11,3
9,9
8,6
7,5
6,5
5,7
4,9
4,3
6,3
13,2
11,5
10,0
8,8
7,6
6,7
5,8
5,0
4,4
3,8
56
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex D
(normative)
Design weld stress W,Sd and W,Sd
D.1 Butt joint
Normal weld design stress
W ,Sd =
F
ar l r
W , Sd =
F
a r lr
W ,Sd and shear weld design stress W , Sd are calculated by:
(D.1)
where
F is the acting normal force (see Figure D.1);

F is the acting shear force (see Figure D.1);
a r is the relevant weld thickness;
lr
is the relevant weld length.
Figure D.1 Butt weld

The relevant weld thickness a r is limited to:
a r min (t1 ,t 2 ) .
In general, the relevant weld length lr is given by:
l r = lW 2 a r
(welded non intermittently)
l r = (lWi 2 a r ) (welded intermittently)

i
57
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
where
lW is the weld length (see Figure D.1);

lWi are the weld lengths when welded intermittently (see Figure D.1);
a r is the relevant weld thickness.
D.2 Fillet weld and groove weld with uniform distributed load
Normal weld design stress W,Sd and shear weld design stress W,Sd are calculated by:
W ,Sd =
F
a r1 l r1 + a r 2 l r 2
W ,Sd =
F
a r1 lr1 + a r 2 lr 2
(D.2)
where
F is the acting normal force (see Figure D.2);

F is the acting shear force (see Figure D.2);
a ri are the relevant weld thicknesses (see Figure D.2);
a ri = a i
for case 1;
a ri = a i + a hi
for case 2;
l ri are the relevant weld lengths.
case 1
case 2
Figure D.2 Joint dimensions
58
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
The relevant weld thickness ar is limited to:
a r 0,7 min( t1 , t 2 ) .
For the relevant weld lengths see D.1.
Single sided welds may be used loaded with forces as shown in Figure D.2.
For single sided welds,
W ,Sd and W ,Sd are calculated analogous using the relevant weld parameters.
D.3 Relevant distribution length under punctiform load

For simplification the normal weld design stress w,Sd and shear weld design stress w,Sd may be calculated
using the relevant distribution length under punctiform load:
l r = 2 h tan +
(D.3)
where
lr
is the relevant distribution length ;
is the distance between weld and contact area of acting load;
is the width of contact area in weld direction. For wheels may be set to :
= 0, 2 r with max = 50 mm
where
is the radius of wheel;
2 k is the spread angle. k shall be set to 45 .
Figure D.3 Punctiform load
59
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex E
(informative)
Hollow Sections
Table E.1 Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for connections
and joints of hollow sections girders, m = 5
For site welding the given values of c should be multiplied by the factor 0,9.
No.
c
(N/mm2)
Dimensions
(mm)
Butt joint with I- or V-weld
90
2 < t0 25
90
8 < t0 25
71
2 < t0 8
a)
with weld backing
b)
without backing weld
Requirements
The admissible
mismatch of the
sections due to a
change of the plate
thickness is t0/3, but
not more than max.
2 mm. In case of a
higher mismatch,
especially for a
transverse plate butt
of rectangle hollow
section girders of
different dimensions,
c is reduced to
80 % of the given
values.
Butt joint with I- or V-weld
80
2 < t0 25
80
8 < t0 25
63
2 < t0 8
a)
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
b)
60
with weld backing
without weld backing
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.1 (continued)

No.
c
(N/mm2)
Dimensions
(mm)
Requirements
Transverse plate butt with semi V-welds (tp 2 to )
a) with weld backing
63
2 < t0 25
63
8 < t0 25
56
2 < t0 8
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
b)

a)
56
2 < t0 25
56
8 < t0 25
50
2 < t0 8
with weld backing
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
b)
45
2 < t0 8
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
61
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
(N/mm2)
Dimensions
(mm)
Requirements
40
2 < t0 8
80
l 50
71
50 < l 100
Fillet weld thickness

a = t0
Longitudinally welded outer fin not bearing transverse

loading in y-direction (2 < t0 25)

a:
for
2 < t0 3:a = 2
for
56
100
3 t0 25:a = 0,7t0
l > 100
t6
Transversally welded outer fin with projection, not

bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < to 25),
(b > b0)
Fillet weld
thickness a:
for
90
2 < t0 3:a = 2
6 < t 12
for
3 t0 25:a 0,7t0,
80
80
but not more than

a = 10
12 < t 25
t6
Transversally welded outer fin with projection, not

bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 25),
(b > b0)
Fillet weld
thickness a:
for
71
6 < t 12
2 < t0 3:a = 2
for
3 t0 25:a 0,7t0,
63
62
12 < t 25
but not more than

a = 10
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
(N/mm2)
80
Dimensions
(mm)
t6
Requirements
Transversally welded outer fin without projection, not

bearing transverse loading in y-direction
(2 < t0 25), (b 0,8 d0)
Fillet weld
thickness a:
for
10
71
2 < t0 3:a = 2
6 < t 12
for
3 t0 25:a 0,7t0,
63
100
but not more than

a = 10
12 < t 25
t6
Transversally welded outer fin without projections, not

bearing transverse loading in y-direction (2 < t0 25),
(b 0,8 b0)
Fillet weld
thickness a:
for
11
90
2 < t0 3:a = 2
6 < t 12
for
3 t0 25:a 0,7t0,
80
but not more than

a = 10
6 < t 12
Welded-on hollow section girder, not

transverse loading in y-direction (b,d b0,d0)
12
63
2 < t0 8
bearing

a = t0
63
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
(N/mm2)
10
36
13
16
50
32
Dimensions
(mm)
t0/t = 1
(b,d)/d0 = 0,6
Welded-on hollow section girder, bearing transverse
loading F in y-direction (b,d d0), (2 < t0 8)
t0/t = 1
(b,d)/d0 = 1
t0/t 1
a = t0
(b,d)/d0 = 0,6
t0/t 1
(b,d)/d0 = 0,6
t0/t = 1
(b,d)/b0 = 0,6
Welded-on hollow section girder, bearing transverse

loading F in y-direction (b,d b0), (2 < t0 8)
t0/t = 1
(b,d)/b0 = 1
14
12,5
40
Requirements
a = t0
t0/t 1
(b,d)/b0 = 0,6
t0/t 1
(b,d)/b0 = 0,6
Single butt strap at chamfered end of tube (d0/t0 < 25)
15
80
Pinched end of tube
2 < t0 8
a = 2 t0
Welded double butt strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25)
16
80
Hot-bended strap,
rounded slot milled at
end of tube
2 < t0 8

a = t0
Inserted dovetail strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25)
17
64
71
2 < t0 8

a = t0
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
(N/mm2)
Dimensions
(mm)
End face strap (d0/t0 < 25), (tP 2.5 t0)
18
56
2 < t0 8
Requirements
for the hollow section
girder:
a = t0
for the strap:
a = 0,7 tL
End face strap (b0/t0 < 25), (tP 2,5 t0)
19
45
2 < t0 8

for the hollow section
girder:
a = t0
for the strap:
a = 0,7 tL
Inserted rectangular strap ((b0,d0)/t0 < 25)
20
45
2 < t0 8
a = t0
Mitre joint with I- or V-weld without weld backing,

stressed by bending (d0/t0 < 25), ( 90)
56
8 < t0 25
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
21
50
2 < t0 8
Mitre joint with I- or V- weld without weld backing,

stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), ( 90)
50
8 < t0 25
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
22
45
2 < t0 8
65
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c
(N/mm2)
50
Dimensions
(mm)
Weld
thickness a:
Requirements
Mitre joint with transverse plate and fillet welds,

stressed by bending (d0/t0 < 25), ( 90), (tP 2,5 t0)
2<a8
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
23
45
8 < a 14
Weld
thickness a:
Mitre joint with transverse plate and fillet welds,

stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), ( 90), (tP 2,5 t0)
45
2<a8
Requirements
analogous to No. 1
24
40
8 < a 14
Joint of column and transverse girder with fillet welds,

stressed by bending (b0/t0 < 25), (b0 b + 3 r)
45
Weld
thickness a:
2<a8
Fillet weld thickness a

= t0
where t0 is the
existing
25
minimum plate
thickness
40
66
8 < a 14
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.2 Values of inverse slope of /N-curve m and permissible stress range c for lattice type
connections of hollow section girders, m = 5
Basic symbols for all items
with gap (e 0)
with overlapping (e < 0)
Basic requirements for all items

Bending in individual members should be taken into account when calculating the nominal stress.
b0 , d 0 120 mm. For b0 , d 0 > 120 mm, the given values of c should be multiplied by the factor
f a = 4 120 /(bo , d o )
t 0 12,5 mm
Weld thickness a = min t

Incline of the diagonal members: 35 i 50
(b0, d 0 ) / t0 < 25 ; t 0, / ti 1; 0,6 (bi , d i ) /(b0, d 0 ) 1
Eccentricity
in the plane of the lattice work: 0,5 e /(h0 , d 0 ) 0,25
perpendicular to the plane of the lattice work: 0,02 (b0, d 0 )
Welding under shop conditions. For site welding the given values of c should be multiplied by the
factor 0,9.
67
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c (N/mm2)
Intermediate values by straight-line interpolation!
Requirements
K-gussett with direct strut joint
a) with gap:
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
d i / d 0 = 0,6
36
80
di / d0 =1
45
90
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
d i / d 0 = 0,6
50
80
di / d0 =1
56
90
g 0,3 d 0
g 2 /3di
0,3 q / p 1
b) with overlapping
K-T-gusset with direct strut joint
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
d i / d 0 = 0,6
36
71
di / d0 =1
35
80
0,3 q / p 1
N-gusset with direct strut joint

c) with gap:
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
d i / d 0 = 0,6
18
56
di / d0 =1
25
63
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
d i / d 0 = 0,6
45
80
di / d0 =1
50
90
g 0,3 d 0
g 2 /3di
0,3 q / p 1
d) with overlapping
68
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)

No.
c (N/mm2)
Requirements
T- and X-gusset with direct strut joint
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
d i / d 0 = 0,6
10
16
di / d0 =1
36
50
60 90
Bending of boom member should be

considered!
K-gusset with direct strut joint
e) with gap:
g 0,3 b0
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
bi / b0 = 0,6
32
63
bi / b0 = 1
36
71
g 2 / 3bi
0,3 q / p 1
f)
with overlapping
K-T-gusset with direct strut joint
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
bi / b0 = 0,6
32
56
bi / b0 = 1
36
63
0,3 q / p 1
69
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Table E.2 (concluded)

No.
c (N/mm2)
Requirements
N-gusset with direct strut joint
a) with gap:
g 0,3 b0
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
b i / b 0 = 0,6
29
50
bi / b0 = 1
36
56
g 2 / 3bi
0,3 q / p 1
b) with overlapping
T- and X-gusset with direct strut joint
t 0 / ti = 1
t0 / ti 2
bi / b0 = 0,6
12,5
bi / b0 = 1
32
40
60 90
Bending of boom member should be

considered!
70
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Annex F
(informative)
Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application
Is there a product standard in the following list that suits the application?
EN 13000:2004
Cranes Mobile cranes
prEN 14439:2002
Cranes Tower cranes
prEN 14985:2004
Cranes Slewing jib cranes
WI 00147 032
Cranes Bridge and gantry cranes
EN 13852-1:2004
Cranes Offshore cranes Part 1: General purpose offshore cranes
EN 13852-2:2004
Cranes Offshore cranes Part 2: Floating cranes
prEN 14492-1:2004
Cranes Power driven winches and hoists Part 1: Power driven winches
prEN 14492-2:2002
Cranes Power driven winches and hoists Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 12999:2002
Cranes Loader cranes
EN 13157:2002
Cranes Hand powered cranes
prEN 13155:1998
Cranes Non-fixed load lifting attachments
EN 14238:2004
Cranes Manually controlled load manipulating devices

YES
NO
Use it directly, plus the standards

that are referred to
Use the following:
EN 13001-1:2004
Cranes General design Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2:2004
Cranes General design Part 2: Load effects
prCEN/TS 13001-3-1:2003
Cranes General design Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel
structures
prCEN/TS 13001-3-2:2003
Cranes General design Part 3.2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire
ropes
WI 00147 050
Cranes General design Part 3.3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel
/ rail contacts
EN 13135-1:2003
Cranes Equipment Part 1: Electrotechnical equipment
prEN 13135-2:2000
Cranes Equipment Part 2: Non-electrotechnical equipment
EN 13557:2003
Cranes Controls and control stations
EN 12077-2:1998
Cranes safety Requirements for health and safety Part 2: Limiting and
indicating devices
EN 13586:2003
Cranes Access
prEN 14502-1:2002
Cranes Equipment for the lifting of persons Part 1: Suspended baskets
prEN 14502-2:2002
Cranes Equipment for the lifting of persons Part 2: Moveable cabins
EN 12644-1:2001
Cranes Information for use and testing Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644-2:2000
Cranes Information for use and testing Part 1: Marking
71
CEN/TS 13001-3.1:2004 (E)
Bibliography
Selection of literature that contains information about Hot Spot Stress Method:
[1]
prEN 1993-1-9: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures Part 1-9: Fatigue strength of steel structures.
[2]
IIW International Institute of Welding. Subcommission XV-E-92-244: Recommended Fatigue Design

Procedure for Welded Hollow Section Joints, 2nd edition, June 1999.
[3]
IIW XV-E: Recommended Fatigue Design Procedure for Welded Hollow Section Joints.
Part 1: Recommendations. 1999; Document XIII-1804-99.
Part 2: Commentary, 1999, Document XV-1035-99.
[4]
I. HUTHER, H-P. LIEURADE, L. VELLUET, Contraintes admissibles dans les assemblages souds,
1A4085/1A4087, rapport CETIM, avril 2000.
[5]
IIW document XIII-WG3-06-99, Designers guide for hot spot fatigue analysis, 6. Draft, E. Niemi,
May 2000.
[6]
American Petroleum Institute - API RP 2A-WSD: Recommended practice for planning, designing and
constructing fixed offshore platforms, july 1, 1993, and supplement 1, December 1996.
[7]
Romeijn, A., Stress and strain concentration factors of welded multiplanar tubular joints, Delft
University Press, Delft, 1994, ISBN 90-407-1057-0.
Selection of literature that contains information about hollow sections:

[8]
Zhao, X-L., Herion, S. Packer, J. A., Puthli, R. S., Sedlacek, G. Wardenier, J. Weymand, K., Wingerde,
A. M., van, and Yeomans, N. F.: Design Guide for circular and rectangular hollow section welded joints
under fatigue loading, CIDECT and Verlag TV Rheinland, Cologne, 2000, ISBN 3-8249-0565-5.
[9]
Wardenier, J., Dutta, D., Yeomans, N., Packer, J. A., and Bucak, O.: Design Guide for structural
hollow sections in mechanical applications, CIDECT and Verlag TV Rheinland, Cologne, 1995,
ISBN 3-8249-0302-4.
[10]
Zirn, R.: Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten geschweiter Rohrknotenpunkte und Rohrlaschenverbindungen,

Techni. Wiss. Bericht MPA Stuttgart, 1975, Heft 75-01.
[11]
DIN 18800, Stahlbauten Stabilittsflle.
72
UNI
Ente Nazionale Italiano
di Unicazione
Via Battistotti Sassi, 11B
20133 Milano, Italia
Riproduzione vietata - Legge 22 aprile 1941 N 633 e successivi aggiornamenti.

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Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of

Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1: Grenzzustnde

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Ref. No. CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004: E

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................6

Proof of static strength..............................................................................................................14

Proof of fatigue strength............................................................................................................27

Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints..............................................................38

Proof of elastic stability.............................................................................................................38

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Annex C (normative) Calculated values of permissible stress range Rd ............................................55

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

General principles and requirements

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

Terms and definitions

stress area of a bolt

relevant weld thickness

outer, inner diameter of hollow pin

diameter (shank of bolt, pin)

tensile force in bolt

characteristic value (force)

preloading force in bolt

limit design force

external force (on bolted connection)

design preloading force

limit design slip force per bolt and friction interface

limit design tensile force in bolt

limit design shear force per bolt/pin and shear plane

design shear force per bolt/pin and shear plane

acting normal/shear force

characteristic value (stress)

limit design stress

CEN/TS 13001-3-1:2004 (E)

ultimate strength of material

ultimate strength of bolts

limit design weld stress

yield point of material

yield point of bolts

yield point (nominal value) of material or member

yield point of pins

mass of the moving crane parts during a representative working cycle

distance between weld and contact area of acting load

stiffness (slope) of bolt

stiffness (slope) of flanges

specific spectrum ratio factor

stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration

relevant weld length

limit design bending moment

design bending moment

inverse slope of /N-curve

extreme values of stresses

mass of the maximum hoist load

impact toughness parameter

stress history parameter