Uni en Iso 7438

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Materiali metallici
NORMA
EUROPEA
Prova di piega
UNI EN ISO 7438
OTTOBRE 2005
Metallic materials
Bend test
La norma specica il metodo per la determinazione della capacit

dei materiali metallici di sottostare a deformazione plastica
mediante piegatura.
TESTO INGLESE
La presente norma la versione ufciale in lingua inglese della

norma europea EN ISO 7438 (edizione giugno 2005).
La presente norma la revisione della UNI EN ISO 7438:2001.
ICS
UNI
Ente Nazionale Italiano
di Unicazione
Via Battistotti Sassi, 11B
20133 Milano, Italia
77.040.10
UNI
Riproduzione vietata. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Nessuna parte del presente documento
pu essere riprodotta o diffusa con un mezzo qualsiasi, fotocopie, microlm o altro, senza
il consenso scritto dellUNI.
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UNI EN ISO 7438:2005
Pagina I

PREMESSA NAZIONALE
La presente norma costituisce il recepimento, in lingua inglese, della norma europea EN ISO 7438 (edizione giugno 2005), che assume cos lo status di norma nazionale italiana.
La presente norma stata elaborata sotto la competenza degli enti
federati allUNI
UNIMET - Unicazione Metalli non Ferrosi
UNSIDER - Ente Italiano di Unicazione Siderurgica
La presente norma stata raticata dal Presidente dellUNI ed entrata
a far parte del corpo normativo nazionale il 13 ottobre 2005.
Le norme UNI sono elaborate cercando di tenere conto dei punti di vista di tutte le parti
interessate e di conciliare ogni aspetto conittuale, per rappresentare il reale stato
dellarte della materia ed il necessario grado di consenso.
Chiunque ritenesse, a seguito dellapplicazione di questa norma, di poter fornire suggerimenti per un suo miglioramento o per un suo adeguamento ad uno stato dellarte
in evoluzione pregato di inviare i propri contributi allUNI, Ente Nazionale Italiano di
Unicazione, che li terr in considerazione per leventuale revisione della norma stessa.
Le norme UNI sono revisionate, quando necessario, con la pubblicazione di nuove edizioni o
di aggiornamenti.
importante pertanto che gli utilizzatori delle stesse si accertino di essere in possesso
dellultima edizione e degli eventuali aggiornamenti.
Si invitano inoltre gli utilizzatori a vericare lesistenza di norme UNI corrispondenti alle
norme EN o ISO ove citate nei riferimenti normativi.
UNI EN ISO 7438:2005
UNI
Pagina II

EN ISO 7438
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM
June 2005
ICS 77.040.10
Supersedes EN ISO 7438:2000
English version
Metallic materials - Bend test (ISO 7438:2005)

Matriaux mtalliques - Essai de pliage (ISO 7438:2005)
Metallische Werkstoffe - Biegeversuch (ISO 7438:2005)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 June 2005.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
2005 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

worldwide for CEN national Members.
B-1050 Brussels
Ref. No. EN ISO 7438:2005: E

EN ISO 7438:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 7438:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164
"Mechanical testing of metals" in collaboration with Technical Committee ECISS/TC 1 "Steel Mechanical testing", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2005, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2005.
This document supersedes EN ISO 7438:2000.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 7438:2005 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 7438:2005 without any
modifications.

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ISO
7438
Second edition
2005-06-15
Metallic materials Bend test

Matriaux mtalliques Essai de pliage
Reference number
ISO 7438:2005(E)
ISO 2005

ISO 7438:2005(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
1
Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Symbols and designations .................................................................................................................. 1
Principle ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Test equipment ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Test piece .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Interpretation of results........................................................................................................................ 7
Test report ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Annex A (informative) Determination of the bend angle from the measurement of the
displacement of the former.................................................................................................................. 8
ISO 2005 All rights reserved
iii

ISO 7438:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 7438 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals, Subcommittee
SC 2, Ductility testing.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7438:1985), which has been technically revised.
iv


INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO 7438:2005(E)
Metallic materials Bend test
Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic materials to undergo
plastic deformation in bending.
This International Standard applies to test pieces taken from metallic products, as specified in the relevant
product standard. It is not applicable to certain materials or products, for example tubes in full section or
welded joints, for which other standards exist.
Symbols and designations
Symbols and designations used in the bend test are shown in Figures 1 and 2 and specified in Table 1.
Table 1 Symbols and designations
Symbol
Designation
Unit
Thickness or diameter of test piece (or diameter of the inscribed circle

for pieces of polygonal cross-section)
mm
Width of the test piece
mm
Length of the test piece
mm
Distance between supports
mm
Diameter of the former
mm
Angle of bend
Internal radius of bend portion of test piece after bending
mm
Displacement of the former
mm
Distance between the plane including the horizontal axis of supports

and the central axis of the rounded portion of the former before test
mm
Distance between the vertical planes including the central axis and the
vertical axis of each support and the vertical plane including the
horizontal central axis of the former after test
mm
degrees
Principle
The bend test consists of submitting a test piece of round, square, rectangular or polygonal cross-section to
plastic deformation by bending, without changing the direction of loading, until a specified angle of bend is
reached.
The axes of two legs of the test piece remain in a plane perpendicular to the axis of bending. In the case of a
180 bend, the two lateral surfaces may, depending on the requirements of the product standard, lie flat
against each other or may be parallel at a specified distance, an insert being used to control this distance.

ISO 7438:2005(E)
4
4.1
Test equipment
General
The bend test shall be carried out in testing machines or presses equipped with the following devices:
a)
bending device with two supports and a former as shown in Figure 1;
b)
bending device with a V-block and a former as shown in Figure 2;
c)
bending device with a clamp as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1
Figure 2

ISO 7438:2005(E)
Key
1
2
clamp
former
Figure 3
4.2
Bending device with supports and a former
4.2.1 The length of the supports and the width of the former shall be greater than the width or diameter of
the test piece. The diameter of the former is determined by the product standard. The test piece supports and
the former shall be of sufficient hardness (see Figure 1).
4.2.2
Unless otherwise specified, the distance between the supports, l, shall be:
( D 3a ) r
a
2
(1)
and shall not change during the bend test.
4.3
Bending device with a V-block
The tapered surfaces of the V-block shall form an angle of 180 D (see Figure 2). The angle is specified in
the relevant standard.
The edges of the V-block shall have a radius between 1 to 10 times the thickness of the test piece and shall
be of sufficient hardness.
4.4
Bending device with a clamp
The device consists of a clamp and a former of sufficient hardness; it may be equipped with a lever for
applying force to the test piece (see Figure 3).
Because the position of the left face of the clamp could influence the test results, the left face of the clamp (as
shown in Figure 3) should not reach up to or beyond the vertical line through the centre of the circular former
shape.

ISO 7438:2005(E)
5
5.1
Test piece
General
Round, square, rectangular, or polygonal cross-section test pieces shall be used in the test. Any areas of the
material affected by shearing or flame cutting and similar operations during sampling of test pieces shall be
removed. However, testing a test piece, the affected parts of which have not been removed, is acceptable,
provided the result is satisfactory.
5.2
Edges of rectangular test pieces
The edges of rectangular test pieces shall be rounded to a radius not exceeding the following values:
3 mm, when the thickness of the test pieces is 50 mm or greater;
1,5 mm, when the thickness of the test pieces is less than 50 mm and more than or equal to 10 mm
(inclusive);
1 mm when the thickness is less than 10 mm.
The rounding shall be made so that no transverse burrs, scratches or marks are formed which might
adversely affect the test results. However, testing a test piece, the edges of which have not been rounded, is
acceptable, provided that the result is satisfactory.
5.3
Width of the test piece
Unless otherwise specified in the relevant standard, the width of the test piece shall be as follows:
a)
the same as the product width, if the latter is equal to or less than 20 mm;
b)
when the width of a product is more than 20 mm:

(20 r 5) mm for products of thickness less than 3 mm,
between 20 mm and 50 mm for products of thickness equal to or greater than 3 mm.
5.4
Thickness of the test piece
5.4.1 The thickness of test pieces from sheets, strips and sections shall be equal to the thickness of the
product to be tested. If the thickness of the product is greater than 25 mm, it may be reduced by machining
one surface to attain a thickness not less than 25 mm. During bending, the unmachined side shall be on the
tension-side surface of the test piece.
5.4.2 Test pieces of round or polygonal cross-section shall have a cross-section equal to that of the product,
if the diameter (for a round cross-section) or inscribed circle diameter (for a polygonal cross-section) does not
exceed 30 mm. When the diameter, or the inscribed circle diameter, of the test piece exceeds 30 mm up to
and including 50 mm, it may be reduced to not less than 25 mm. When the diameter, or inscribed circle
diameter, exceeds 50 mm it shall be reduced to not less than 25 mm (see Figure 4). During bending, the
unmachined side shall be on the tension-side surface of the test piece.

ISO 7438:2005(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4
5.5
Test pieces from forgings, castings and semi-finished products
In the case of forgings, castings and semi-finished products, the dimensions of the test piece and sampling
shall be as defined in the general delivery requirements, or by agreement.
5.6
Agreement for test pieces of greater thickness and width
By agreement, test pieces of a greater width and thickness than those specified in 5.3 and 5.4 may be
subjected to the bend test.
5.7
Length of the test piece
The length of the test piece depends on the thickness of the test piece and the test equipment used.
Procedure
WARNING During the test, adequate safety measures and guarding equipment shall be provided.
6.1 In general, tests are carried out at ambient temperature between 10 C and 35 C. Tests carried out
under controlled conditions, where required, shall be made at a temperature of (23 r 5) C.
6.2 The bend test shall be carried out using one of the following methods as specified in the relevant
standard:
a)
a specified angle of bend is achieved under an appropriate force and for the given conditions (see
Figures 1, 2 and 3);
b)
the legs of the test piece are parallel to each other at a specified distance apart while under an
appropriate force (see Figure 6);
c)
the legs of the test piece are in direct contact while under an appropriate force (see Figure 7).

ISO 7438:2005(E)
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
6.3 In the bend test to a specified angle of bend, the test piece shall be placed on the supports (see
Figure 1) or on the V-block (see Figure 2) and bent in the middle between supports by the action of a force.
The angle of bend, , can be calculated from the measurement of the displacement of the former as given in
Annex A.
For the three methods (Figures 1, 2 and 3), the bending force shall be applied slowly so as to permit free
plastic flow of the material.
In case of dispute, a testing rate of (1 r 0,2) mm/s shall be used.
If it is not possible to bend the test piece directly to the specified angle in the manner described above, the
bend shall be completed by pressing directly on the ends of the legs of the test piece (see Figure 5).
In a bend test requiring parallel legs, the test piece may be bent first, as indicated in Figure 5, and then placed
between the parallel plates of the press (see Figure 6), where it is further formed by application of a force to
obtain parallelism of the legs. The test may be carried out with or without an insert. The thickness of the insert
shall be as defined in the relevant standard or by agreement.
An alternate method of test is that of bending over a former (see 4.4).

ISO 7438:2005(E)
6.4 If specified, the test piece, after its preliminary bending, shall be further bent between the parallel plates
of the press, by application of a force, to obtain direct contact between the legs of the test piece (see Figure 7).
Interpretation of results
7.1 The interpretation of the bend test shall be carried out according to the requirements of the product
standard. When these requirements are not specified, absence of cracks visible without the use of magnifying
aids is considered as evidence that the test piece withstood the bend test.
7.2 The angle of bend, specified in product standards, is always considered as a minimum. If the internal
radius of a bend is specified, it is considered as a maximum.
Test report
The test report shall include the following information:

a)
a reference to this International Standard;
b)
identification of the test piece (type of material, cast number, direction of the test piece axis relative to a
product, etc.);
c)
shape and dimensions of the test piece;
d)
test method;
e)
any deviation from this International Standard;
f)
test result.

ISO 7438:2005(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Determination of the bend angle from the measurement
of the displacement of the former
This International Standard specifies the determination of the bend angle, D, of a test piece under force. The
direct measurement of this angle is complicated. For this reason, the method of calculation of this angle from
the measurement of the displacement, f, of the former is proposed. The bend angle, D, of the test piece under
force can be determined from the displacement of the former and the values given in Figure A.1, as follows:
sin
p u c W u ( f c)
p 2 ( f c) 2
W u p c u ( f c)
p 2 ( f c) 2
cos
(A.1)
(A.2)
where
W
c
p 2 ( f c) 2 c 2
25 a
(A.3)
D
2
(A.4)
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure A.1 Values for the calculation of the bend angle, D


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Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

La norma specica il metodo per la determinazione della capacit

La presente norma la versione ufciale in lingua inglese della

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Supersedes EN ISO 7438:2000

Metallic materials - Bend test (ISO 7438:2005)

Metallische Werkstoffe - Biegeversuch (ISO 7438:2005)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 June 2005.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

Ref. No. EN ISO 7438:2005: E

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

EN ISO 7438:2005 (E)

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Metallic materials Bend test

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Symbols and designations .................................................................................................................. 1

Test equipment ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Test piece .............................................................................................................................................. 4

Test report ............................................................................................................................................. 7

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Metallic materials Bend test

Symbols and designations

Thickness or diameter of test piece (or diameter of the inscribed circle

Width of the test piece

Length of the test piece

Distance between supports

Diameter of the former

Internal radius of bend portion of test piece after bending

Displacement of the former

Distance between the plane including the horizontal axis of supports

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

bending device with two supports and a former as shown in Figure 1;

bending device with a V-block and a former as shown in Figure 2;

bending device with a clamp as shown in Figure 3.

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Bending device with supports and a former

and shall not change during the bend test.

Bending device with a V-block

Bending device with a clamp

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Edges of rectangular test pieces

Width of the test piece

when the width of a product is more than 20 mm:

Thickness of the test piece

ISO 2005 All rights reserved

Licenza d'uso concessa a ITIS A. MALIGNANI per labbonamento anno 2005.

Test pieces from forgings, castings and semi-finished products

Agreement for test pieces of greater thickness and width