TUTORA UPC PDN – ALISSON LIMO

CONDICIONALES
• Type 0 – The Zero Conditional

If/ When + S ( I, YOU, WE, THEY, HE, SHE, IT) + present simple, S + present simple.

Esta condicional se usa para verdades universales, por ejemplo:

If water boils, it evaporates – Si el agua hierve, se evapora

If you eat too much, you get fat – Si comes mucho, engordas

If you scare a snake, it bites you – Si asustas a una serpiente, te muerde

• Type I – First Conditional -> probabilidades 50% “will”

If /when + S+ present simple, S+ will + verb infinitive

Este tipo se usa hablar de situaciones posibles, por ejemplo:

If you park here, you will get a fine – Si aparcas aquí, te van a multar

If I save enough money this month, I will buy a new laptop – Si ahorro suficiente este mes, me compraré
un portátil

If you ………………for the weekend, we will go to the cinema – Si vienes para el fin de semana, iremos al
cine

A) COME
B) CAME
C) WERE COME

• Type II – Second conditional -> situaciones hipotéticas u algo imaginario “WOULD”

If/ When + S+ past simple, S+ would + infinitive

If you didn’t live so far, I would visit you more often – Si no vivieras tan lejos, te visitaría más a menudo

If I had a bigger salary, I would buy a house – Si tuviese un salario mayor, me compraría una casa

If I were younger, I would travel more – SI fuera más joven, viajaría más

If I won the lottery, I ………………my life travelling – Si ganara la lotería, me pasaría la vida viajando

A) WOULD SPEND
B) SPENDING
C) WILL SPEND
D) SPEND

• Type III – Third conditional-> son situaciones que ya pasaron y te gustaría cambiar en el presente
“WOULD HAVE”

If/When +S+ past perfect ( HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE) , S + would have + past participle

If I had woken up earlier, I would have arrived on time – Si me hubiera levantado antes, habría llegado a
tiempo
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If I had stayed in my hometown, I would have never found my job – Si me hubiese quedado en mi ciudad,
jamás habría encontrado mi trabajo

If I hadn’t taken the risk, I would have lost a great opportunity – Si no me hubiese arriesgado, habría
perdido una gran oportunidad

PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
DEFINIDO (información relevante, se usa: who, which y that)
NO DEFINIDO(siempre va entre comas (,…………,) y solo usa who y which)

WHO = QUIEN
Se usa sólo cuando el antecedente es una persona.
EJEMPLOS:
That is the girl who I met last week (esa es la chica que conocí la semana pasada)
The woman,who lives in this house, is Spanish (la mujer que vive en esta casa es española)

WHICH= CUAL
Se usa cuando el antecedente es una cosa, animal u objeto
EJEMPLO:
The book, which is on the table, is expensive (el libro que está encima de la mesa es caro)

The book which I read last week is very interesting.

The cat, which is very friendly, is called Tom.

THAT= CUAL Y QUIEN, ESTE REEMPLAZA A AMBOS

Es el más usado ya que se puede utilizar cuando el antecedente hace referencia a personas o
cosas.
Personas → That is the girl that I met last week
Cosas → The book that I read last week is very interesting.

ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS

Propietario Adjetivo Pronombre

1a persona singular my mine

2a persona singular your yours
3a persona singular masculina his his
3a persona singular femenina her hers
3a persona singular neutral its its
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1a persona plural our ours

2a persona plural your yours
3a persona plural their theirs

What do you do with your old books?

I throw them but my sisters give ………………. to charity.

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CUANTIFICADORES

EJEMPLO:

I eat …………. bananas, but i dont like fruits

FOR AND TO

……………………………for ……………………..to………………………
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CONECTORES
Because/ Because of

Son los conectores más comunes para dar razones. La diferencia es que «because» siempre va
seguido de una frase completa y «because of» va seguido de un sustantivo/pronombre. Aquí
tienes algunos ejemplos.

I couldn´t pay attention because I had a strong headache.( No pude prestar atención porque
tenía dolor de cabeza.)

I couldn´t pay attention because of a strong headache. (No pude prestar atención debido a un
fuerte dolor de cabeza. )

They were afraid because there was a terrorist.( Tenían miedo porque había un terrorista)

They were afraid because of a terrorist. -> (Tenían miedo del terrorista.)

She didn´t listen because she was tired. (Ella no escuchaba porque estaba cansada.)

She didn´t listen because of the tiredness. (No escuchaba debido a su cansancio.)

Owing to/ Due to

Estos dos conectores significan «debido a» y se pueden usar tanto al comienzo como en el
medio de una frase. Normalmente, llevan un verbo en infinitivo y, si se quisiera usar una frase
entera, hay que añadirle la estructura «the fact that».

Owing to your bad behaviour we decided to send you on holiday. -> Debido a tu mal
comportamiento, decidimos mandarte de vacaciones.

Due to the bad weather, the concert was cancelled. -> Debido al mal tiempo, el concierto fue
cancelado.

My sister didn´t want to come due to the fact that she has broken a leg. -> Mi hermana no
quería venir debido a que tenía una pierna rota.

They were extremely upset owing to the fact that their son has failed all the exams. -> Estaban
muy disgustados debido a que su hijo había suspendido todos los exámenes.

In order that

Es igual que «in order to«, pero después de «in order that« usamos una frase entera con sujeto
y verbo.

In order that + Sujeto + verbo

The council decided to offer more free leaflets in order that everyone could get one. -> El
consejo decidió ofrecer más folletos para que todos pudieran tener uno.
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My parents didn´t buy anything in order that my brother and I have more money for our
excursions. -> Mis padres no compraron nada para que mi hermano y yo tengamos más dinero
para nuestras excursiones.

'In order to' es seguido por un verbo en infinitivo, y se utiliza cuando estamos hablando sobre
un propósito. El ‘por qué’... por qué lo hacemos. We do something in order to... (Hacemos algo
con el propósito de…).

Sujeto + In order to + verbo

1. I study English in order to get a better job.

(Estudio inglés para tener un mejor empleo)

2. I want a better job in order to earn more money.

(Quiero un mejor empleo para ganar más dinero)

3. I want more money in order to provide a better life for my family.

(Quiero más dinero para brindarle una mejor vida a mi familia)

PRESENTE SIMPLE Y CONTINUO

Simple present

Su formación es muy fácil, se utiliza la forma verbal en presente. Por ejemplo:

Susan lives in London. (Susan vive en Londres).

Present continuous

Se utiliza el auxiliar to be más el gerundio del verbo principal, es decir, la forma acabada en -
ing. Por ejemplo:

I am going to the cinema. (Estoy yendo al cine).

DIFERENCIAS DE USO
La diferencia es muy clara, el present continuous indica acciones que pasan mientras hablas, el
present simple indica acciones habituales o permanentes. Por ejemplo:

Peter goes to the supermarket on Saturdays. (Peter va al supermercado los sábados).

Peter is driving to his office now. (Peter está conduciendo hacia su oficina ahora).

DID
Did es un auxiliar que se usa en inglés en el tiempo verbal llamado pasado
simple.

(¿?) (-)
DID + S+ V INFINITIVO + COMPLEMENTO? S+ DID NOT/ DIDN´T + V INFI + COMPLEMENT
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PARTICIPIO
INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE TRADUCCIÓN
PASADO
Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse
Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Borne /
Bear Bore Soportar, dar a luz
Born
Beat Beat Beaten Golpear
Become Became Become Llegar a Ser
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar
Bid Bid Bid Pujar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Romper
Breed Bred Bred Criar
Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar
Build Built Built Edificar
Burnt /
Burn Burnt /Burned Quemar
Burned
Burst Burst Burst Reventar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Catch Caught Caught Coger
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar
Dig Dug Dug Cavar
Do (Does) Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
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Dreamt /
Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Soñar
Dreamed
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Find Found Found Encontrar
Flee Fled Fled Huir
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
Got /
Get Got Obtener
Gotten
Give Gave Given Dar
Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer
Grind Ground Ground Moler
Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber o Tener
Hear Heard Heard Oir
Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Keep Kept Kept Conservar
Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Lead Led Led Conducir
Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse
Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar
Learnt /
Learn Learnt / Learned Aprender
Learned
Leave Left Left Dejar
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Lend Lent Lent Prestar

Let Let Let Permitir
Lie Lay Lain Echarse
Light Lit Lit Encender
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer
Mean Meant Meant Significar
Meet Met Met Encontrar
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer
Ride Rode Ridden Montar
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Seek Sought Sought Buscar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se)
Sewed /
Sew Sewed Coser
Sewn
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shear Shore Shorn Esquilar
Shine Shone Shone Brillar
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid Resbalar
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Sowed /
Sow Sowed Sembrar
Sown
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Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar

Speed Sped Sped Acelerar
Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear
Spend Spent Spent Gastar
Spilt /
Spill Spilt / Spilled Derramar
Spilled
Spin Spun Spun Hilar
Spit Spat Spat Escupir
Split Split Split Hender / partir / rajar
Spoilt /
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear
Spoiled
Spread Spread Spread Extender
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar
Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar
Sting Stung Stung Picar
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar
Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar
Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse
Take Took Taken Coger
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir
Think Thought Thought Pensar
Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir
Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender
Wake Woke Woken Despertarse
Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto
Weave Wove Woven Tejer
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Weep Wept Wept Llorar

Wet Wet Wet Mojar
Win Won Won Ganar
Wind Wound Wound Enrollar
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse
Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer
Write Wrote Written Escribir