Checkshot Survey

What Checkshot survey?

Checkshot survey adalah kegiatan pengukuran waktu tempuh gelombang seisimik
dengan posisi source berada di permukaan dekat dengan lubang bor, dan posisi receiver
berada di lubang bor.
A type of borehole seismic data designed to measure the seismic traveltime from the
surface to a known depth. P-wavevelocity of the formations encountered in a wellbore
can be measured directly by lowering a geophone to each formation of interest, sending
out a source of energy from the surface of the Earth, and recording the resultant signal.
The data can then be correlated to surface seismic data by correcting the sonic log and
generating a synthetic seismogram to confirm or modify seismic interpretations. It differs
from a vertical seismic profile in the number and density of receiver depths recorded;
geophone positions may be widely and irregularly located in the wellbore, whereas a
vertical seismic profile usually has numerous geophones positioned at closely and
regularly spaced intervals in the wellbore.
The seismic reference survey (SRS), often called a seismic check shot survey, is designed
as a calibration mechanism for reflection seismic data. In such a survey, seismic
velocities are measured in the borehole by recording the time required for a seismic
pulse generated by a surface energy source to reach a geophone anchored at various
levels in the borehole.

What Checkshot survey?

Why Checkshot survey?

Checkshot dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data hubungan waktu tempuh dengan
kedalaman (TD Curve) yang sangat berguna untuk konversi waktu ke kedalaman,
mengkoreksi sonic-sonic corrected check-shot *) untuk keperluan pembuatan
seismogram sintetik, memperbaiki kecepatan seismic (velocity scaling), estimasi Q, dll.
Hal ini dikarenakan data sumur berupa kedalaman dan data seismik berupa domain
waktu (TWT) sehingga diperlukan data checkshot untuk konversi domain data depth ke
time dan melakukan well seismic tie.
Data sonic log dan checkshot memiliki kelemahan dan keunggulan masing-masing.
Kelemahan data sonic diantaranya adalah sangat rentan terhadap perubahan lokal di
sekitar lubang bor seperti washout zone, perubahan litologi yang tiba-tiba, serta hanya
mampu mengukur formasi batuan sedalam 1-2 feet.

Sedangkan kelemahan data checkshot adalah resolusinya tidak sedetail sonic. Untuk
menutupi kelemahan satu sama lain ini, maka kita melakukan koreksi dengan
memproduksi sonic corrected checkshot. Besarnya koreksi checkshot terhadap sonic
disebut dengan DRIFT.

Why Checkshot survey?

*) Sonic corrected checkshot (data sonic dikoreksi oleh check shot): hal ini dilakukan karena
diantaranya terjadi perbedaan orientasi ray path (jejak sinar). Jejak sinar seismik pada
survey checkshot relatif tegak lurus terhadap perlapisan batuan sedangkan sonic
cenderung sejajar. Perbedaan ini menghasilkan perbedaan waktu tempuh yang kita kenal
dengan drift curve
sebagai penerjemah domain kedalaman data-data sumur ke dalam domain waktunya data
seismik.
Sebenarnya penerjemahan domain kedalaman ke dalam domain waktu dapat dilakukan
oleh data sumur yaitu log sonic. Log sonic berupa pengukuran transit time yang disingkat
DT dapat diubah menjadi log kecepatan sonic. Kecepatan sonic inilah yang mampu
menerjemahkan domain kedalaman ke dalam domain waktu. Akan tetapi, kecepatan sonic
dalam well seismic tie mempunyai beberapa kelemahan sehingga masih diperlukan data
kecepatan lain yang diperoleh sebagaimana data seismik diperoleh yaitu data checkshot.
Adapun kelemahan data sonic sehingga masih diperlukan data checkshot adalah:
data sonic mengukur volume batuan tidak sebagaimana data seismik mengukur
kandungan frekuensi data sonic jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan data seismik
resolusi vertikal data sonic jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan data seismik

Why Checkshot survey?

The recorded travel times are used to calibrate the sonic log, which then becomes the
basic seismic calibration reference. A time versus depth plot is produced from these data.
The calibrated sonic and the density logs (Figures 21.11 and 21.12) are used to construct a
synthetic seismogram, which allows identification of reflecting horizons by reference to
the seismic response at the wellbore.

Checkshot
and
computed
result

The curve is used to define the

geological formation tops on the
seismic line at the well location for
seismic mapping. Also you can use
this time depth data to create
synthetic seismogram by using sonic
and density logs of the well.

Why Checkshot survey?

kurva waktu
tempuh dan
kedalaman yang dioverlay dengan first
break Check-Shot

sonic
corrected
checkshot

Sinthetic
seismogram

seismik

When Checkshot survey?

Checkshot dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data hubungan waktu tempuh dengan
kedalaman (TD Curve) yang sangat berguna untuk konversi waktu ke kedalaman,
mengkoreksi sonic-sonic corrected check-shot *) untuk keperluan pembuatan
seismogram sintetik, memperbaiki kecepatan seismic (velocity scaling), estimasi Q, dll.

Where Checkshot survey?

How Checkshot survey?

Sumber gelombang biasanya berupa air-gun (500 cu in). Jika survey-nya di darat, air gun
disimpan di dalam sebuah bak air atau kolam. Air-gun digunakan karena
lebih repeatable dibandingkan dinamit. Sedangkan alat perekam sendiri biasanya berupa
geophone accelerator 3 komponen (X,Y,Z) dan berada pada 4 lokasi (4 shuttles) untuk
satu rangkaian alat.
Perekaman dilakukan pada beberapa titik kedalaman lubang bor baik sebelum ataupun
setelah dipasang casing. Interval kedalaman biasanya sekitar 100m atau sesuai dengan
kebutuhan.
The purpose of a velocity survey is to produce a down-going seismic wavelet at the
surface near a well and then to measure the time required for that wavelet to travel to a
known depth where a seismic receiver is positioned in the well. This borehole receiver is
locked successively at several different depth levels, and the vertical traveltime to each
level is measured.[1] Each measurement of the source-receiver traveltime is a checkshot,
and the compilation of all of the traveltime measurements into a time-depth calibration
function is referred to as a checkshot survey.

How Checkshot survey?

Ordinarily, the borehole receiver is first lowered to the deepest checkshot level, and the
traveltime to this deepest receiver position is measured for one or more surface shots. The
receiver is then moved upward a distance of 200, 500, or 1000 ft (61, 152, or 305 m) to
record the checkshot, or vertical traveltime, at successively shallower levels
The tool lowered into the borehole consists of:
- velocity sensitive geophones
- amplifier circuits
- hydraulic anchoring system
At the surface, there will be:
- air guns
- air compressor
- reference hydrophone
- extra surface hydrophones if required
- high speed recorder (self developing film)
- control panel (amplifiers, filters)
- digital tape recorder

How Checkshot survey?

The anchored geophone permits releasing cable tension, thus eliminating transmission
of much of the surface generated noise. This allows the use of an air gun as a power
source thereby obviating explosives and all the attendant safety hazards and logistical
complications.

How Checkshot survey?

Di sini kita akan menghitung bagaimana data checkshot diperoleh (perhatikan Gambar 1).
Parameter yang sudah diketahui adalah
offset: jarak antara sumur dengan source
TVD-SRC: kedalaman receiver dengan ketinggian source terhadap MSL sebagai datumnya
FB: waktu first break yaitu waktu tempuh gelombang langsung yang ditangkap oleh receiver

How Checkshot survey?

How Checkshot survey?

QC Checkshot survey?
QC utama yang harus dilakukan pada rekaman Check-Shot adalah kejelasan first break
yang bersih dari noise baik untuk komponen X,Y ataupun Z dan peningkatan waktu
tempuh sejalan dengan penambahan kedalaman (jika posisi lubang bor vertikal atau
miring). Hal ini akan berbeda jika pada horizontal well. Kualitas data dipengaruhi oleh
kesehatan alat, coupling antara alat dan lubang bor, kehadiran gerowong yang berada
dibalik casing, dll.

Checkshot di bandingkan dengan survei seismic lainnya

Checkshot
Measure only first break event
Larger interval/spacing
Records are in short duration
Record have fixed gain
Single receiver recording system
Single sources
Low resolution data
In check shots, we are focused on only
the first break time which is equal to
the one way travel time between
surface and check points. First break
times are combined with sonic velocity
and density logs to calculate synthetic
seismogram.

VSP
Measure first break and reflected
event
Smaller interval
Records are in longer duration and
record full waveform
Record have variable gain
Multiple sources
High resolution data (more accurate)
The vertical distance between VSP
traces should not exceed one-half of
min, where min is the shortest
wavelength contained in the recorded
VSP wavefield.

VSP source-receiver geometries

Several types of VSPs can be recorded by altering the position of the energy source
relative to the receiver. The term offset is used to describe the horizontal distance
between the source and receiver. If the receiver is directly below the source, the
recorded data are called a zero offset VSP. If there is a significant horizontal distance
between the source and receiver, the recorded data are referred to as anoffset VSP.
Examples of offset and zero offset geometries are shown in Figure 4. A common misuse
of the term offset is in describing the horizontal position of the energy source relative
to the wellhead rather than the position of the source relative to the location of the
subsurface receiver. For this reason, the geometry in Figure 4(d) is an offset VSP, not a
zero offset VSP.

Zero offset
VSP

Offset VSP

Zero offset
VSP

Offset VSP

Posisi source A
baik digunakan
untuk receiver
pada posisi Z1
karena arah
gelombang tegak
lurus
The time-depth calibration
function and velocity analyses
that can be calculated from
checkshot measurements are
more reliable if each sourcereceiver travel path is a vertical
straight line rather than an
oblique, refracted
path.[2] Consequently, if a well is
deviated, then the surface
position of the source should be
readjusted each time the
downhole receiver is moved to a
new depth level, as shown
in Figure 2, so that the travel
path always remains as vertical
as possible.

Posisi source B
baik digunakan
untuk receiver
pada posisi Z2
karena arah
gelombang tegak
lurus
One of the travel paths is usually a
better approximation of a straight
line than the other. For example,
in Figure 3, source position A is
preferred when the receiver is at
depth Z1 but source position B is
the better choice for a receiver at
depth Z2. Usually, the traveltimes
measured for sources A and B are
simply averaged at each receiver
depth because the structural dips
and formation velocities are rarely
known with enough precision to
predetermine which travel path is
the better approximation of a
straight line.