Ôîðìóëà Íüþòîíà-Ëåéáíèöà:

∫ b b

f (x) = F (x) = F (b) − F (a),
a a

b

ãäå F  ëþáàÿ ïåðâîîáðàçíàÿ ôóíêöèè f . Çàïèñü F (x) íàçûâàåòñÿ ïîäñòà-
a
íîâêîé (ñ çàìåíîé íå ñâÿçàíî) è ïðîñòî îáîçíà÷àåò ðàçíîñòü F (b) − F (a).
Ëèíåéíîñòü èíòåãðàëà ïî ôóíêöèè:
∫ b ∫ b ∫ b
αf (x) + βg(x) dx = α f (x) dx + β g(x) dx.
a a a

Ëèíåéíîñòü èíòåãðàëà ïî îòðåçêó:

∫ b ∫ c ∫ b
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
a a c

Ôîðìóëà èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ ïî ÷àñòÿì:

∫ b b ∫ b
′ 
u (x)v(x) dx = u(x)v(x) − u(x)v ′ (x) dx.
a a a

Ôîðìóëà çàìåíû ïåðåìåííîé:

∫ b ∫ β
f (x) dx = f (φ(t))φ′ (t) dt,
a α

ãäå x = φ(t)  ñîáñòâåííî çàìåíà, ïðè÷¼ì ôóíêöèÿ φ äîëæíà áûòü ìîíîòîí-

íîé. Òî÷êè α è β îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ðàâåíñòâàìè a = φ(α) è b = φ(β) â ñëó÷àå,
åñëè φ âîçðàñòàåò è íàîáîðîò, åñëè óáûâàåò.
Ïåðâîîáðàçíûå íåêîòîðûõ ôóíêöèé:
∫ ∫ ∫
xα+1 dx ax
xα dx = + C (α ̸= 1), = ln |x| + C, ax dx = + C,
α+1 x ln a
∫   ∫
dx 1 x − a dx 1 x
= ln   + C, = arctg + C,
x2 − a2 2a  x + a  x 2 + a2 a a
∫ √ ∫
dx dx x
√ = ln |x + x2 ± a2 | + C, √ = arcsin + C.
x ±a
2 2 a −x
2 2 a

Íåêîòîðûå ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòè ïðè x → 0:

sin x ∼ x, tg(x) ∼ x arcsin(x) ∼ x, arctg(x) ∼ x,

ex − 1 ∼ x, ln(1 + x) ∼ x, (1 + x)α − 1 ∼ αx

Ïðè x → ∞ åñòü ýêâèâàëåíòíîñòü an xn + an−1 xn−1 + . . . + a0 ∼ an xn .