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Francesca Ceccato
Università degli Studi di Padova - DICEA
francesca.ceccato@dicea.unipd.it
Lars Beuth
Deltares – Delft (The Netherlands)
lars.beuth@deltares.nl
Pieter Vermeer
Deltares – Delft (The Netherlands)
pieter.vermeer@deltares.nl
Paolo Simonini
Università degli Studi di Padova - DICEA
paolo.simonini@dicea.unipd.it
Summary
Large deformation problems are quite common in geotechnical engineering, e.g. pile driving, landslides,
underground excavations. Because of mesh distorsions, Finite Element Method (FEM) which takes into account
large deformation effects, such as Updated Lagrangian FEM, is not suitable to analyze these problems.
Advanced techniques have recently been developed to overcome mesh distortion drawbacks. The Material Point
Method is one of them. In the MPM the continuum is discretized by a cloud of material points (MP) which
moves through a background mesh, thereby reproducing the large deformations of the solid. The MP carry all the
properties of the continuum. This note shows the application of the MPM to the penetration of a piezocone in
undrained clay.
Sommario
Problemi di grandi deformazioni sono piuttosto comuni in ingegneria geotecnica e i più diffusi metodi numerici
come i FEM soffrono d’inaccuratezza a seguito di grandi distorsioni della mesh. Per superare questo limite sono
state sviluppate altre tecniche (Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian, metodi particellari e meshless, ecc); tra queste
risulta particolarmente promettente il Material Point Method, che può essere considerato un’evoluzione del
classico FEM Lagrangiano. Il corpo è discretizzato con un insieme di punti materiali, aventi tutte le proprietà del
continuo, che possono muoversi attraverso una mesh computazionale che può essere arbitrariamente modificata.
In questa nota viene presentata un’applicazione del metodo alla penetrazione del piezocono in condizioni non
drenate.
1 Introduction
In the Lagrangian formulation the nodes of the mesh move together with the material; on the contrary
in the Eulerian formulation the material flows through a fixed mesh. In the first case the element mesh
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can suffer from heavy distortions through which the accuracy of calculations deteriorates significantly.
As a remedy remeshing techniques can be employed. In this case state variables must be mapped from
the distorted to the new mesh, but the procedure is not straightforward and additional errors might be
introduced. On the other hand, the Eulerian formulation is not suitable for problems with history
dependent materials, as state variables are not traced for material points, but fixed point in space
(Sulsky et al., 1994). The need to overcome these limitations encouraged research on advanced
numerical methods such as combined Lagrangian-Eulerian methods e.g. Arbitrary Lagrangian
Eulerain method (ALE), meshfree and meshless methods (Li & Liu, 2002).
The Material Point Method (MPM) can be regarded as an extension of the classical Updated
Lagrangian Finite Element Method. It has been successfully applied to many problems of solid
mechanics in the last 20 years. It was first applied to granular material by Więckowski et al. (1999,
2004) and has since then been introduced to geotechnical engineering, see e.g. Coetzee et al. (2005),
Beuth et al. (2007), Alonso & Zabala (2011), Al-Kafaji (2013). This paper presents an application of
the Material Point Method to the simulation of cone penetration in undrained conditions.
Cone penetration testing is a widely-used in-situ test, since it is cost-effective and can be applied to a
wide range of soils; moreover it allows to recognize soil type and estimate mechanical properties. A
deeper understanding of the penetration process leads to a more accurate interpretation of
measurements and a more aware use of the soil parameters in practice.
In section 2 a brief introduction of the MPM is given; a detailed presentation of the formulation
exceeds the purpose of this note. The model for undrained conditions is explained in section 3. The
following section is dedicated to CPT modeling. Here the geometry of the model is described as well
as the features of the contact algorithm, which has been improved in the frame of this research to
model cone penetration in clay. Preliminary results are presented in section 4.4. Conclusions and
future developments close the note.
Figure 1 Movement of material points through the computational grid for a time step; (left) initial
configuration; (centre) incrementally deformed mesh; (right) reset mesh (Beuth, 2012)
3 Undrained conditions
In this study numerical analyses of cone penetration testing are performed for fully saturated clay.
When the rate at which a load is applied on soil is much faster than the rate at which pore pressure is
able to dissipate out of the soil, volume change is prohibited and pore water pressures are generated
that balance, together with effective stresses, the applied load.
With the performed analysis, the total mean stress rate of the undrained soil, ̇ , is split into effective
mean stress, ̇ , and the excess pore pressure, ̇ (effective stress principle). Consideration of strain
compatibility gives:
̇ ⁄ ̇ and ̇ ̇ ,
where Kwater is the bulk modulus of water, n is the porosity and K’ is the bulk modulus of the soil
skeleton. The term Kwater/n can also be written as
( )
( )( )
where u and ’ are the undrained and the effective Poisson ratio respectively. Incompressibility of the
soil implies u close to 0.5.
In this study it is assumed Kw = 28987 kPa, n = 0.3, ’ = 0.25, u = 0.49, and K’ = 3355 kPa. The
strength of undrained clay is modeled by the Tresca model, assuming cu = 20 kPa.
where Nc is the cone factor and 0 the overburden stress. Empirical cone factors are available on the
basis of field investigations. They are supported by theoretical correlations based on analytical or
numerical models of the cone penetration process (see e.g. Robertson, 2009). Analyzing the
correlations between soil properties and tip resistance enables more reliable predictions of soil
properties. This study aims at contributing to this goal.
4.1 Geometry
A 20° slice of the axisymmetric cone penetration problem is considered. The cone is slightly rounded
in order to circumvent numerical problems induced by a discontinuous edge at the base of the cone.
Apart from this modification, the dimensions of the penetrometer correspond to those of a standard
penetrometer: the apex angle is 60º and the horizontal base area is 10 cm2.
Figure 4 Tip stress for different values of adhesion Figure 6 Principal effective stress near the tip for
rough (left) and smooth (right) contact.
References
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