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Immagine della copertina per gentile concessione di Stefano Cipriani
PREFAZIONE

Il progetto delle “Raccomandazioni Cliniche in Odontostomato-


logia” è iniziato nel 2009 per volontà dell’allora Referente per l’O-
dontoiatria del Ministero della Salute, Prof. Enrico Gherlone, che
ben illustra, nella presentazione che segue questa prefazione, quali
furono gli obiettivi e le metodologie di lavoro ed i successivi passag-
gi che hanno portato alla pubblicazione di questo nuovo testo.
ANDI ha sempre creduto in questo progetto, impegnandosi in primo
luogo per supportare quello spirito costruttivo che si creò a partire
da quella circostanza, superando le forti divergenze allora esistenti
tra le varie componenti del mondo odontoiatrico.
Grazie alla ritrovata unità di intenti, soprattutto con CAO ed Uni-
versità, si sono poste le basi di una serie di importanti iniziative a
tutela della professione, che ci hanno permesso di presentarci com-
patti di fronte agli interlocutori politici.
Ci troviamo in un periodo di cambiamento epocale in cui l’Odontoiatria italiana ha visto mutare i
paradigmi dell’organizzazione del lavoro e della comunicazione perché è cambiata la società con
i suoi bisogni. Gli studi odontoiatrici vivono, per necessità adattativa, una trasformazione senza
precedenti e la bisogno di avere riferimenti certi è sempre più sentito dai professionisti.
ANDI, dal punto di vista sindacale, ha svolto a pieno titolo il proprio ruolo e la testimonianza della
continua crescita di Iscritti, con il superamento da poco avvenuto della quota di 25.000 Soci, ne è
la concreta dimostrazione.
L’impegno a sostegno della professione, anche dal punto di vista culturale, si è ulteriormente ma-
nifestato con la realizzazione del 62° Congresso Scientifico Nazionale, occasione anche per la pre-
sentazione e la diffusione gratuita a tutti gli Iscritti di questa nuova opera che costituisce comun-
que anche un significativo momento di tutela “sindacale” per i singoli professionisti che devono
considerarla un riferimento costante rispetto all’abbassamento della qualità professionale e degli
onorari, in riferimento al possibile contenzioso medico-legale (non dimentichiamo che la Legge
Gelli, recentemente approvata, ha depenalizzato la responsabilità medica, anche per colpa lieve e
per imperizia, nel caso si siano rispettate le raccomandazioni previste dalle linee guida), rispetto
infine alle verifiche induttive fiscali che spesso non tengono conto del tempo, dei materiali e delle
procedure necessarie alla realizzazione di una prestazione odontoiatrica di qualità.
Alcuni nuovi capitoli di queste Raccomandazioni riguardano poi argomenti particolarmente sensi-
bili circa la difesa del nostro modello professionale, contro l’intrusione di nuove figure e di strutture
commerciali: l’odontoiatria digitale realizzabile nello studio e la comunicazione col paziente.
Nel ringraziare il Ministero della Salute e tutti coloro che, insieme ad ANDI, hanno contribuito alla
realizzazione dell’opera non posso che augurarmi che questo percorso continui anche in futuro, per
poter raggiungere nuovi fruttuosi traguardi per tutta l’Odontoiatria italiana.

Gianfranco Prada
Presidente Nazionale ANDI

3
4
PRESENTAZIONE

Sono molto felice per l’onore che mi è stato offerto di presentare la


nuova edizione aggiornata del progetto “Raccomandazioni cliniche
in odontostomatologia”.
Ricordo che questo progetto è stato da me ideato e subito condiviso
da tutte le componenti odontoiatriche
Ordine dei medici, società scientifiche, collegio dei docenti, associa-
zioni professionali, con l’obiettivo di fornire alla professione indica-
zioni operative sulla realizzazione di tutte le principali operatività
odontoiatriche e di appropriato utilizzo di attrezzature e materiali,
anche per contrastare la tendenza all’abbassamento qualitativo del-
le prestazioni, in un momento in cui operazioni commerciali sia serie
che purtroppo meno serie hanno iniziato a diventare realtà.
Ci si potrebbe chiedere come mai non linee guida, questo semplicemente è dovuto al fatto che le
linee guida presuppongono criteri molto rigidi ed essendo l’odontoiatria nonostante il suo grande
sviluppo scienza giovane non esistevano/esistono un sufficiente numero di evidenze scientifiche atte
a supportarle.
Questa fatica è stato uno dei primi esempi di collegialità del mondo odontoiatrico a tutela della
salute del cittadino troppo spesso preda di mercificazioni della professione ed il fatto che siano state
utilizzate grandemente in odontoiatria forense ne spiega la loro notevole validità e quanto siano
necessarie.
La scienza progredisce e da quel lontano 2009 era necessaria una profonda revisione che è stata
eseguita con tutti i maggiori studiosi di questa materia riuniti in specifici gruppi sotto il coordina-
mento deontologico della CAO e la supervisione professionale riguardo la loro percorribilità for-
nita dalla associazioni professionali. Le società scientifiche assieme al collegio dei docenti hanno
dato un grandissimo contributo di competenze professionali e posso dire che il decreto Gelli in parte
ha seguito la nostra idea originale che ne dimostra l’effettiva positività.
Sono stati inseriti, oltre agli aggiornamenti di rito che si sono manifestati in questo periodo, due
nuovi aspetti che non si potevano oggigiorno tralasciare, parlo della comunicazione e del workflow
digitale che si stanno rivelando non solo il presente ma anche il futuro di questa bellissima specia-
lità così importante per i nostri pazienti.
Un grazie particolare ad ANDI che fino dal lontano 2009 mi è stata vicina e con la quale abbiamo
vissuto e combattuto battaglie storiche per la professione e la tutela della salute pubblica assieme
alla Cao e a tutte le altre componenti ed al Ministero della Salute senza il quale tutto ciò non sa-
rebbe stato possibile.
I nomi di tutti questi attori li conosciamo, personalmente verranno da me portati nel cuore non solo
fino a che mi occuperò di odontoiatria ma fino a che vivrò.
Un grazie a tutto il team di questo lavoro che ha mostrato passione, competenza e professionalità
estrema.
Enrico Gherlone
Presidente nazionale Collegio dei Docenti Universitari
di discipline odontostomatologiche

5
6
Presentazione Ministero 2

7
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