Derivate

Derivatele functiilor elementare Derivatele functiilor complexe

1 (𝑢𝑛 )’=n𝑢𝑛−1 ⋅ 𝑢′ 𝑢′
c’=0; x’=1 (lnx)’= (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 u)’=
𝑥 𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑛 𝑛−1 1 𝑢 𝑢 𝑢′
(𝑥 )′=n𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥)′= (𝑒 )’=𝑒 ⋅ 𝑢′ (√𝑢)’=
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎 2√ 𝑢
(𝑒 𝑥 )′=𝑒 𝑥 (√𝑥)′=
1
(𝑎𝑛 )’=𝑎𝑛 lna⋅ 𝑢′ 1
( )’=
−𝑢′
2√ 𝑥 𝑢 𝑢2
𝑢′
(𝑎 𝑥 )’=𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎 1
( )’=
−1 (sinu)’=cosu⋅ 𝑢′ (arcsinu)’=
𝑥 𝑥2 √1−𝑢2
1 −𝑢′
(sinx)’=cosx (arcsinx)’= (cosu)’=-sinu⋅ 𝑢′ (arccosu)’=
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑢2
−1 𝑢′ 𝑢′
(cosx)’=-sinx (arccosx)’= (tgu)’= (arctgu)’=
√1−𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 1+𝑢2
1 1 −𝑢′ −𝑢′
(tgx)’= (arctgx)’= (ctgu)’= (Arcctgu)’=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 1+𝑢2
−1 −1 1
(ctgx)’= (arcctgx)’= (lnu)’= ⋅ 𝑢′
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑢

Reguli de derivare:
(𝑓 ± 𝑔)′=f’ ± g’
(𝛼𝑓)’= 𝛼𝑓’
(f⋅g)’=f’g + fg’
𝑓 𝑓′ ⋅𝑔−𝑓⋅𝑔′
( )’=
𝑔 𝑔2

Exemplu:
1−𝑥2 (1−𝑥2 )′(1+𝑥2 )−(1−𝑥2 )(1+𝑥2 )′ −2𝑥(1+𝑥2 )−(1−𝑥2 )2𝑥
1−𝑥 2 ( )′
1+𝑥2 (1+𝑥2 )2 (1+𝑥2 )2
(√1+𝑥2 ) ′= =
2√1−𝑥2
=
2√1−𝑥2
1−𝑥2
2√
1+𝑥2 √1+𝑥2 √1+𝑥2

−2𝑥(1+𝑥 2 )−(1−𝑥 2 )2𝑥 √1+𝑥 2 2𝑥(−1−𝑥 2 −1+𝑥 2 )⋅(√1+𝑥 2 ) −2𝑥√1+𝑥 2

= ⋅ = =
(1+𝑥 2 )2 2√1−𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2 )2 ⋅2√1−𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2 )2 √1−𝑥 2
 Limite
Operatii cu ±∞ :
∞+a=∞, ∞+∞=∞,
-∞+a=-∞, -∞-∞=-∞
∞; a > 0
∞⋅𝑎 = {
−∞; a < 0
∞; a < 0
-∞ ⋅ 𝑎 = {
−∞; a > 0
𝑎 𝑎 ∞; a > 1
= 0; = 0; 𝑎∞ = {
∞ −∞ 0; 𝑎 Є(−1,1)
OBSERVATIE: de obicei la limite se da factor comun si la numitor si la
numerator x-ul cu puterea cea mai mare
Exemplu de limite
1) lim (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5) = 12 − 6 + 5 = 0
𝑥→1
1 3 1 3
2) lim (−𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3) = lim 𝑥 2 (−1 + + ) = ∞2 (−1 + + )=−∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥2 ∞ ∞2
2 2
𝑥+2 𝑥(1+𝑥) 1+∞ 1+0 1
3) lim = lim 1 2 = 1 2 = = =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 (1−𝑥− 2 ) ∞(1−∞− 2) ∞(1−0−0) ∞
𝑥 ∞

Limitele pot fi descompuse:

lim 𝑎 + 𝑏 = lim 𝑎 + lim 𝑏
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

OBSERVATIE: ATENTIE La functiile care pot fi scrise ca produs! ex:

𝑨𝟐 − 𝑩𝟐 = (𝑨 − 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑩)
𝑥2 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
lim = lim = lim 𝑥 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1
𝑨𝟑 − 𝑩𝟑 = (𝑨 − 𝑩)(𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝟐 )
𝑥3 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
lim = lim = lim 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 3
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1

(√𝑨 − √𝑩)(√𝑨 + √𝑩) = 𝑨 + 𝑩

(√𝑥+1−√𝑥)(√𝑥+1+√𝑥) 𝑥+1−𝑥 1 1
lim √𝑥 + 1-√𝑥 = lim = lim = = =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ √𝑥+1+√𝑥 𝑥→∞ √𝑥+1+√𝑥 ∞+∞ ∞

2 3
Exemplu pentru 𝑎∞ : ( )∞ = 0; ( )∞ = ∞
3 2
1 2 1
2𝑥 +1 2𝑥 (1+2𝑥) 2 1+ 𝑥
2 1+ ∞ 1+0
lim = lim 1 = lim ( ) 𝑥 ⋅ 3 =( )∞ 21
2
= 0⋅ =0
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 +1 𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 (1+3𝑥) 𝑥→∞ 3 1+ 𝑥 3 1+ ∞ 1+0
3 3

L’Hopital
In cazul in care daca inlocuim x-ul, functia are grad de nedeterminare
0 ∞
sau se aplica L’Hopital, adica derivam numaratorul si
0 ∞
numitorul (separat)
Exemplu:
0
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10 0 (𝑥 2 +3𝑥−10)′ 2𝑥+3 7
lim =𝐿′𝐻 = lim =lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→2 (𝑥 2 −4)′ 𝑥→2 2𝑥 4

Limita lui Euler

1 1
𝑒 ∞ =∞; 𝑒 0 = 1; 𝑒 −∞ = = =0
𝑒∞ ∞
1
1 𝑢(𝑥)
lim (1 + ) = 𝑒; lim (1 + 𝑢(𝑥 )) 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑒 , 𝑒 = 2,718 …
𝑥→∞ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑥→∞
 𝑥 2 −2 𝑥 𝑥 2 −2 𝑥 𝑥 2 −2−𝑥 2 −1 𝑥
lim ( ) = lim (1 + − 1) = lim (1 + )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +1
𝑥2 +1 −3
−3 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 ⋅ ⋅𝑥
= lim (1 + ) = lim (1 + 𝑥2 +1
) = lim (1 + 𝑥2 +1 ) −3 𝑥2 +1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
−3 −3
𝑥(−3)
−3𝑥 lim −3 −3
lim 𝑥→∞𝑥2 (1+ 1 ) lim lim
=𝑒 𝑥→∞𝑥2 +1 =𝑒 𝑥2 =𝑒 𝑥→∞ 𝑥(1+0) =𝑒 𝑥→∞ ∞ = 𝑒 0 =1

Limite remarcabile
ln(1 + 𝑥) ln(1 + 𝑢(𝑥))
lim =1 lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢(𝑥)
lim =1 (la fel si la cos tg ctg) lim =1 ( -||-)
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢(𝑥)
lim = 1(si la arccos tg ctg lim = 1(-||-)
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑎𝑥 − 1 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑎 −1
lim = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 lim = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑒𝑥 − 1 𝑒 𝑢(𝑥) − 1
lim =1 lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑢(𝑥)
(1 + 𝑥)𝑟 − 1 (1 + 𝑢(𝑥))𝑟 − 1
lim =𝑟 lim =𝑟
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑥
lim =0 lim =∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑛

Exemple:
𝑡𝑔7𝑥 𝑡𝑔7𝑥 7𝑥 7
lim = lim ⋅ = 1⋅
𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→0 7𝑥 3𝑥 3
5𝑥 7𝑥 5𝑥 5
lim = lim ⋅ =1⋅
𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛7𝑥 7𝑥 7
 9𝑥 7𝑥 9𝑥 9
lim = lim ⋅ = 1 ⋅
𝑥→0 𝑒 7𝑥 − 1 𝑥→0 𝑒 7𝑥 − 1 7𝑥 7
2𝑥 9𝑥 2𝑥 1 2 2
lim 9𝑥 = lim 9𝑥 ⋅ = ⋅ =
𝑥→0 5 − 1 𝑥→0 5 − 1 9𝑥 𝑙𝑛5 9 9𝑙𝑛5