77 geografia

geografia
moswavlis wigni
7 geografia
moswavlis wigni
 Sinaarsi
1
dedamiwa ................................................................................................................. 5
1. ra aris geografia.......................................................................................6
2. rogor grovdeboda geografiuli codna..........................................10
3. dedamiwis forma da sidide....................................................................17
4. dedamiwis moZraoba da sasaaTo sartylebi.......................................20
5. orientireba da azimuti..........................................................................23
6. ruka, gegma da atlasi...............................................................................25
7. rogor wavikiTxoT ruka..........................................................................30
8. geografiuli informaciis wyaroebi..................................................35
9. gradusTa bade da geografiuli koordinatebi..............................40
10. reliefi da relief­warmomqmneli faqtorebi..................................44
11. amindis elementebi...................................................................................51
12. meteorologiuri xelsawyoebi.............................................................58
13. klimatwar­momqm­neli faqtorebi da klimaturi sartylebi.........63
14. hidrosfero da msoflio okeane..........................................................70
15. msoflio okeanis nawilebi......................................................................75
16. okeanis wylis Tvisebebi..........................................................................79
17. wylis moZraoba okeaneSi.........................................................................82
18. myinvarebi da miwisqveSa wylebi............................................................86
19. mdinare.........................................................................................................90
20. tbebi, wyalsacavebi, Waobebi..................................................................94
21. biosfero da bunebrivi zona..................................................................97
22. geografiuli garsi da geografiuli garemo................................. 101
23. buneba safrTxeSia...................................................................................106
24. msoflio mosaxleobis ricxovnoba.................................................... 111
25. mosaxleobis struqtura...................................................................... 115
26. mosaxleobis simWidrove da dasaxlebis formebi......................... 120
Semajamebeli samuSao I ........................................................................124

2
afrika ................................................................................................................... 133
27. geografiuli mdebareoba.....................................................................135
28. afrikis kvlevis istoria......................................................................139
29. reliefi .....................................................................................................144
30. sasargeblo wiaRiseuli .......................................................................150
31. afrikis hava ..............................................................................................154
 32. klimaturi sartylebi ...........................................................................159
33. Sida wylebi ...............................................................................................165
34. bunebrivi zonebi. notio ekvatoruli tyeebi ................................ 172
35. savanebi da naTeli tyeebi.....................................................................176
36. tropikuli udabnoebi da naxevarudabnoebi, subtropikebi ..... 179
37. afrikis ekologiuri problemebi da bunebis dacva..................... 183
38. mosaxleoba................................................................................................189
39. afrikis politikuri ruka....................................................................195
40. samxreT afrikis respublika...............................................................201
Semajamebeli samuSao II .......................................................................207

3
avstralia da okeaneTi ............................................................... 211
41. avstraliis geografiuli mdebareoba.............................................. 213
42. avstraliis aRmoCena da gamokvleva.................................................. 218
43. reliefi......................................................................................................222
44. hava...............................................................................................................225
45. Sida wylebi................................................................................................230
46. organuli samyaro...................................................................................234
47. mosaxleoba................................................................................................239
48. okeaneTi.....................................................................................................244
49. axali zelandia ........................................................................................250
Semajamebeli samuSao III ......................................................................254

4
antarqtida .................................................................................................... 259
50. geografiuli mdebareoba.....................................................................261
51. aRmoCena da gamokvleva.........................................................................265
52. reliefi......................................................................................................270
53. hava...............................................................................................................275
54. organuli samyaro...................................................................................280
55. antarqtidis aTviseba............................................................................283
Semajamebeli samuSao IV ......................................................................287

danarTi......................................................................................................289
1
Tema
dedamiwa

aq Seityob, rom

ruka dedamiwis an misi romelime nawilis Semcirebuli da ganzogadebu-

li gamosaxulebaa. rukaze pirobiTi aRniSvnebiT sxvadasxva informacia
gamoisaxeba;
paralelebi da meridianebi warmosaxviTi xazebia, romlebic dedamiwis
romelime wertilis gansazRvraSi gvexmareba; ekvatori yvelaze grZeli
paralelia; yvela meridiani Tanabari sigrZisaa;
dedamiwas ori geografiuli polusi aqvs: CrdiloeTi da samxreTi;
dedamiwis zedapirze wyali ufro metia, vidre xmeleTi;
dRe-Ramisa da sezonebis cvalebadobas dedamiwis forma, warmosaxviTi
RerZisa da mzis garSemo moZraoba ganapirobebs;
dedamiwis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgenebi periodulad icvleboda,
raSic geografiulma aRmoCenebma didi wvlili Seitana;
mze araTanabrad aTbobs dedamiwas;
dedamiwaze gvxvdeba reliefis sxvadasxva forma;
geografiuli garsebi urTierTdakavSirebulia da urTierTqmedebs
erTmaneTze;
dedamiwaze mravalferovani bunebrivi zona gvxvdeba;
dedamiwaze mosaxleoba sxvadasxva maxasiaTebliT (struqtura, simWi-
drove) gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan;
dedamiwaze mosaxleoba araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli;
msoflio okeane erTiania;
okeaneebi erTmaneTisgan fizikuri SemadgenlobiT da qimiuri Tvisebe-
biT gansxvavdeba;
dedamiwaze wylis maragi TiTqmis arasodes icvleba, Tumca dabinZure-
bis Sedegad masze xelmisawvdomoba SeiZleba SeizRudos;
Tbili da civi dineba gavlenas axdens havaze;
okeaneebis flora da fauna mravalferovania;
adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba gavlenas axdens bunebaze.
 1
ra aris geografia
leqsikoni

landSafti – genetikurad erTgvarovani bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsi,

romelsac axasiaTebs saerTo geologiuri fundamenti, reliefis erTi tipi, erT-
gvarovani hava da Sesabamisi niadag-mcenareuli safari.
geografiuli garsi – (landSafturi garsi) dedamiwis garsi, romelSic erTmaneTs
exeba da erTmaneTze urTierTqmedebs atmosferos (sahaero sivrce) qveda fenebi,
liTosferos (dedamiwis zedapiri) zeda nawili, hidrosfero (dedamiwis wylebi) da
biosfero (cocxali organizmebi).

geografia mecnierebis erT-erTi uZvelesi dargia. igi jer kidev

kacobriobis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze Caisaxa.
`geografia~ berZnuli sityvaa. `geo~ – dedamiwas, `grafos~ aRwe-
ras, e.i. dedamiwis aRweras niSnavs. ase imitom uwodes, rom igi mog-
zaurTa CanawerebiTa da STabeWdilebebis gadmocemiT iqmneboda.
termini `geografia~ berZenma mecnierma eratosTenem SemoiRo (Zv.w.
III-II saukuneebis mijna) da manve dawera wigni `geografia~.
geografia mecnierebaa bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare
geografiuli procesebis Sesaxeb. mas ainteresebs wyalica da xme-
leTic, mcenareca da cxovelic, haerica da niadagic. gvaswavlis,
rogor moZraobs dedamiwa, ratom dgeba dRe da Rame, ratom icvleba
amindi, rogor warmoiqmneba mTebi, vakeebi, mRvimeebi, sanapiroebi;
geografia Seiswavlis Cvens planetaze mcxovreb adamianebs Soris
msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas, maT sac­­
atmosfero hidrosfero
xovrebel adgilebs, saq­mianobas,
urTierTkavSirebs; ikvlevs, rogor
icvleba garemomcveli buneba ada-
mianis zemoqmedebiT, ra aris saWiro
mis dasacavad. amitomac dRes geo-
grafia aRwerilobiTi mecniereba
aRaraa, igi kvleviTi da gamoyene-
biTi xasiaTisaa, misi kvlevis sagani
da obieqti ki geografiuli garsia.
Tanamedrove geografia swavlobs da
ikvlevs geografiuli garsis age-
bulebas, mis calkeul elementebsa
da maT Soris arsebul kavSirebs,
maTSi mimdinare procesebs, misi gan-
viTarebis zogad kanonzomierebebs.
biosfero liTosfero

sur. 1.1. geografiuli garsi yvelaze msxvili geografiuli

sistemaa, romlis gavrcelebis saz­Rvrebi mkafiod ar aris
gamo­xa­tuli. Tumca, mecnierTa varaudiT, landSa­fturi
garsis sisqe daaxloebiT 40-45 km-ia.

6 • Tema 1
 1
Tanamedrove geografia ori nawilisgan – fizikuri da sazoga-
doebrivi geografiisagan Sedgeba. fizikuri geografia bunebasa da
masSi mimdinare procesebs Seiswavlis, sazogadoebrivi geografia
ki – mosaxleobasa da meurneobas.

sazogadoebriv-
sabunebismetyvelo ­
geografia:
qveyanaTmcodneoba, istoriuli
geografia, bunebrivi resursebis
geografia, regionuli geografia,
rekreaciuli geografia,
fizikuri geografia geografiuli ekologia
(sabunebismetyvelo):
sazogadoebrivi
dedamiwaTmcodneoba,
geografia:
geomorfologia,
ekonomikuri geografia,
klimatologia, okeanologia,
socialuri geografia,
xmeleTis hidrologia,
mosaxleobis geografia,
landSaftmcodneoba,
politikuri geografia
biogeografia, niadagebis
geografia

geografia

geografiuli
kartografia:
rukaTmcodneoba,
rukebis Sedgena, kar­
tografiis istoria

sur. 1.2. Tanamedrove geografia urTierTdakavSirebul mecnierebaTa sistemaa.

davaleba

1. gaecani geografiul mecnierebaTa sistemas da Seecade, axsna, ras Seiswavlis

misi TiToeuli dargi.
2. ratom farTovdeba mudmivad geografiul mecnierebaTa sistema?
3. Seni azriT, romeli axali dargebi SeiZleba gaCndes momavalSi geografiul mec­
nierebaTa sistemaSi?

geografiuli obieqtebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc bunebrivi, aseve

adamianis mier Seqmnili, anu anTropogenuri, xelovnuri (mag., wyal-
sacavi, qalaqi, sofeli da sxv.). nebismieri geografiuli obieqti –
cocxali Tu aracocxali, bunebrivi Tu xelovnuri – damoukideblad
ar arsebobs, isini erT mTlian geografiul kompleqssa da sistemas
qmnian. swored am kompleqsebis sistemebs swavlobs Tanamedrove
geografia.

Tema 1 • 7
 1

sur. 1.3. bunebrivi da anTropogenuri landSafti

davaleba

4. aRwere sur.1.3. da daadgine: a) romeli movlena, procesi Tu sxeulia geografiu-

li obieqti? b) romelia maT Soris bunebrivi da romeli anTropogenuri obieqti
da ratom? g) ra gavlenas axdens adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba bunebrivi gare-
mos gardaqmnis procesze? d) rogor fiqrob, ra unda moimoqmedos adamianma ama
Tu im teritoriaze mis aTvisebamde?
5. Seni azriT, ratom ar arseboben geografiuli obieqtebi damoukideblad?

geografiis Seswavla mniSvnelovania TiToeuli adamianisTvis.

es mecniereba dagexmareba, Seicno garemo, momWirned (yairaTianad)
gamoiyeno misi simdidre, gaigo, ra gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs gare-
moSi da SeZlo upasuxo kiTxvebs: sad, ra, vin, ratom, rogor da sxv.

ratom swavlob
geografias?

raTa Seiswavlo garemo

da upasuxo SekiTxvebs:

sad? ra? ratom? rogor?

daadgino daadgino geo- imsjelo, ratom gansazRvro, rogor viTardeba

geografiuli grafiuli obieq- arsebobs sxvadasxva (an rogor ganviTardeba) esa Tu
obieqtis an tis an movlenis geografiuli is movlena, rogori SedegiT
movlenis adgil­ raoba. obieqti, ratom xde- dasruldeba da rogor unda
mdebareoba. ba sxvadasxva mov- moviqceT zianis Tavidan asaci­
lena Tu procesi. leblad.
sur. 1.4. geografiis Seswavlis amocanebi

amJamad ukve Seswavlili da gamokvleulia mTeli dedamiwa, msof­

lio okeane da xmeleTis zedapiri, magram geografias mniSvneloba
ar daukargavs. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi geografia saxelmwifo
mniSvnelobis mecnierebaa: bevri proeqti, aseve qveynis ekonomikuri

8 • Tema 1
 1
ganviTareba swored geografebis rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT
igegmeba.
geografiuli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba. bunebaSi mimdinare
procesebze dakvirveba, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis dadgena da saTa-
nado daskvnebis gamotana geografebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
Tanamedrove geografia iyenebs geografiuli kvlevis sxvadasx-
va meTods, magaliTad, dakvirvebas, Sedarebas, kartografiul da
geografiul analizs, modelirebasa da prognozirebas, aseve geog­
rafiuli informaciis miRebis sxva saSualebebs.

sur. 1.5. Tanamedrove geografia warmoudgenelia geoin-

formatikis gareSe, romelic geografiul informaci-
ul sistemebs (gis) adgens. igi moicavs kompiuterul
ru­kebs, monacemTa bazas – geografiul informaciebs
da maTi kompiuteruli marTvis sistemebs. gis-is saSu-
alebiT specialistebs SeuZliaT, amoxsnan geografiu-
li amocanebi, Seqmnan `moazrovne rukebi~. magaliTad,
amindis prognozis, mTis ferdobze tyis gaCexis Sede-
gad reliefis SesaZlo cvlilebebis, mdinareTa wliuri
Camonadenisa da sxva saxis rukebi.

davaleba

6. ra gansxvavebaa Tanamedrove da wina saukuneebis geografias Soris?

7. daasaxele SenTvis cnobili geografiuli movlenebi, obieqtebi. amoirCie da aRwe-
re romelime axlomdebare geografiuli obieqti. Seecade, upasuxo SekiTxvebs:
sad, ra, ratom, rogor?
8. imsjele, ra wvlili Seaqvs Tanamedrove geografias Cveni planetis bunebis, mo-
saxleobis gadarCenisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
9. rogor fiqrob, romeli sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi gvexmareba geografia?
10. gamoTqvi Seni mosazreba, ras gulisxmobs geografiuli kvlevis meTodebi – dak-
virveba, geografiuli analizi, geografiuli kvleva da prognozireba. moiyvane
geografiaSi am meTodebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi.

es sainteresoa

berZnul miTologiaSi miwis mfarvel qalRmerTs gea hqvia.

geografiuli garsis cneba 1932 wels rusma mecnierma andria grigorievma daam­
kvidra.
geoinformatika me-20 s-is 60-ian wlebSi Caisaxa da droTa ganmavlobaSi didi Zvre­bi
ganicada. gaCnda multimediis kompiuteruli sistemebi da teqnologiebi, rom­­
lebic erTdroulad zemoqmedebdnen adamianis grZnobaTa organoebze – mxed­
velobasa da smenaze. umartivesi geoinformaciuli sistemis Seqmna personaluri
kompiuteris bazazec ki SeiZleba. mis ekranze SesaZlebelia ara mxolod rukis
Cveneba, aramed misi `gacocxlebac~: amoZraveba, Secvla. es saSualebas gvaZlevs,
davakvirdeT, rogor viTardeba esa Tu is movlena drosa da sivrceSi. magaliTad,
Tvali vadevnoT zvavis Camowolas, ciklonebis moZraobas da sxv.

Tema 1 • 9
 2
rogor grovdeboda
geografiuli codna

gaixsene

1. rogori warmodgena hqondaT dedamiwis Sesaxeb Zvel xalxebs: babilonelebs,

indoelebs, egviptelebs, berZnebs?
2. romel mogzaurebs icnob da ra ici maT Sesaxeb?

dedamiwisadmi interesi kacobriobas jer kidev Soreul war-

sulSi gauCnda. Zvel berZen mecnier hekateos miletels (Zv.w. 550-
480) ekuTvnis naSromi „dedamiwis irgvliv~, romelic ori wignisgan
Sedgeboda da evropis, aziisa da libiis aRwerilobas moicavda. man
pirvelma Seadgina xmeleTis dasaxlebuli nawilis kartografiuli
gamosaxuleba. es ruka aRmoCenili ar aris, magram herodotesa da sxva
avtorTa aRwerilobiT SesaZlebelia mis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmna.

e
n
a
e rodopis mTebi
k
o

e v r o p a
sur. 2.1. oikumene (berZ. sityvaa da niSnavs – vbinadrob,
vcxovrob) dedamiwis adamianebiT dasaxlebuli nawi-
li
bia
lis aRsaniSnavad ixmareba. termini pirvelad hekateos
miletelma gamoiyena evropis (CrdiloeT nawilis garda),
a z i a
mcire da wina aziis, indoeTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis teri-
e
n

a
o
k
e
toriebis erTobliobis saxelwodebad.

dedamiwis sferulobis Sesaxeb pirveli mosazreba antikur

xanaSi Zvel berZen mecniers, aristoteles (Zv.w. 384-322 ww.)
ekuTvnis, romelic am daskvnamde mTvaris dabnelebaze dak-
virvebam miiyvana. Zvelma berZenma mecnierma eratosTenem (Zv.w.
276-194 ww.) pirvelma SedarebiT zustad gansazRvra deda-
miwis zoma. man Seqmna pirveli ruka, romelic im periodis
geografiul aRmoCenebs efuZneboda da misTvis cnobili
oikumene gamosaxa.
ta

k. britania okeane
ma
is

k. ierna
i

istri olvia

evropa pontos oqsi

evqsiniosi

babiloni gangi

karTageni
k. rodosi sur. 2.2. eratosTenes
aleqsandria
indi

(Zv.w. III s.) ruka im drois

i
libia os indoeTi geo­grafiuli aRmo­Cenebis
l
ni
herkulesis svet-
safuZvelze Sei­qmna. am
si

ebis srute rukaze gamosaxulia misT-

ena

okeane k. taprobani vis cnobi­li oikumene.

10 • Tema 1
 2

davaleba

1. gaaanalize (sur. 2.2) da upasuxe kiTxvebs: a) rogor warmoedginaT Zvel berZnebs

dedamiwa? b) rogor aris ganawilebuli rukaze wyali da xmeleTi? g) xmeleTis
romel nawilebs icnobdnen Zveli berZnebi? d) rogor warmoedginaT maT msoflio
okeane? e) daadgine im teritoriebis Tanamedrove saxelwodebebi, romelTac
Zveli berZnebi uwodebdnen: kunZul iernas, herkulesis svetebis srutes, pontos
evqsinioss, kunZul taprobans.
2. termini `geografia~ (`geo~ – miwa, `grafos~ – aRwera) berZnulia. igi berZenma
mecnierma eratosTenem SemoiRo. manve dawera wigni `geografia~. rogor fiqrob,
ratom uwoda am mecnierebas eratosTenem `geografia~ da ara `oikumenografia~?

Cveni planetis Sesaxeb geografiuli codna saukuneebis ganmav­

lobaSi grovdeba. adamianebi uxsovari droidan mogzaurobdnen
sxvadasxva teritoriaze misi Seswavlis, gacnobis, savaWro, reli-
giuri an sxva mizniT, radgan maT yovelTvis ainteresebdaT, rogorc
TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgili, ise mezoblad mdebare da Soreuli
teritoriebi.
eqspediciebs uZveles xanaSi egviptelebi, babilonelebi, asure-
lebi, finikielebi, berZnebi, romaelebi da sxva xalxebi awyobdnen.
maTi mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani vaWroba da momlocveloba iyo.
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi
pirvel mogzaurebad da aRmomCenebad xmelTaSua zRvis aRmo-
savleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi finikielebi miiCnevian. maT mraval
finikielebiobieqts
geografiul ganTqmulni iyvnen, rogorc
daarqves saxeli,saz
maTRvao,
Soris, or kontinents –
ise saxmeleTo vaWrobiT. isini mezobel da Soreul
evropasa („ereb“ – Casavali, daisi) da azias (`asu“ – aRmosavali,
qveynebSi yiddnen Rvinos, qsovilebs, oqros nakeTo-
aisi). finikielebi bunebis movlenebsac akvirdebodnen. magaliTad,
bebs, liTonis nivTebs, matyls, minas da sxva. xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis
maT perioduli qarebi – musonebi Seiswavles da mogzaurobas maTi
droTa ganmavlobaSi finikielebi daxelovnebu- raionebSi finikielebma
qrolvis gaTvaliswinebiT gegmavdnen.
li meTevzeebi, gamocdili da mamaci mezRvaurebi mravali dasaxleba
gaxdnen. daaarses.

2
oke an e

evropa

romi Savi zRva

atl an tis

espaneTi
it

aTeni
sab
al
ia

er

xm
Zne

el
Ta babiloni
Ti

Su mileTi
herkulesis svetebi a
zR sicilia
finikia

i va
Ta gen
kar

finikielebis mTavari
egv

savaWro gzebi
i

memfisi
pt

finikielebis dasaxlebebi afrika

e

finikielebi
sur. TiTqmis
2.3. finikielTa 1000marSruti
mogzaurobis weliwads batonobdnen
xmelTaSua zRvaze da yvelaze ganTqmul mezRvaure-
bad da vaWrebad iTvlebodnen. maT mraval geografiul
obieqts daarqves saxeli. maT Soris aris Zveli qveyne- Tema 1 • 11
bis ori kontinenti – evropa da azia.
 2
davaleba

3. rogor fiqrob, ratom uwodes finikielebma evropas daisi da azias – aisi?

4. sur. 2.3-is mixedviT aRwere finikielTa mogzaurobis marSruti.

ZvelberZeni mogzaurebi dedamiwis mxolod or nawils – evropasa

da azias icnobdnen. romaelTa batonobis periodSi cnobili gaxda
mesame nawilic – afrika. droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva geogra-
fiuli aRmoCenis Sedegad TandaTan Seivso da srulyofili gaxda
warmodgenebi dedamiwis Sesaxeb.
berZen geografsa da istorikoss, strabons (Zv.w. 69 – ax.w. 20)
ekuTvnis 17-wigniani naSromi „geografia“, romelSic aRwerilia
im droisaTvis cnobili TiTqmis yvela mxare da qveyana. amasTan,
strabons somxeTidan sardiniamde da evqsinos pontodan (Savi zRva)
eTiopiamde Tavad umogzauria.

sur. 2.4. strabonis

rukaze dedamiwa war-
modgenilia okeaniT
garSemortymuli
uzarmazari kunZulis
saxiT.

davaleba

5. rogor grovdeboda geografiuli codna? gamoTqvi Seni mosazreba, ra sirTu-

leebi SeiZleboda SexvedrodaT mogzaurebs warsulSi, ra satran­spor­to saSua-
lebebiT gadaadgildebodnen, rogor ikvlevdnen gzas da rogor gadmoscemdnen
STabeWdilebebs.
6. sur. 2.1-2.4-is mixedviT daadgine: a) romeli Tanamedrove teritoriebia maTze
aRniSnuli. b) rogor da ratom farTovdeboda adamianis warmodgena samyarosa
da oikumenes Sesaxeb.

me-12-14 saukuneebSi xSirad ewyoboda mogzauroba savaWro da

dip­­lomatiuri urTierTobis damyarebis mizniT. imdroindeli vaW­
rebi da elCebi gzas ucxo qveynebsa da kontinentebze ikvlevdnen da
mogzaurobisas miRebul STabeWdilebebs aRwerdnen. marko polo
pirveli mogzauria, romelmac mTeli azia moiara. man aRwera gzad
gavlili yvela qveyana da evropelebs aRmosavleTi azia gaacno.

12 • Tema 1
 2

yarayumi sur. 2.5. marko polos

trapizoni beijingi mogzaurobis marSruti
samaryandi (pekini)
Terbili kaSgari
konstanti­
nopoli lanJu
balxi
akra CenJu
baRdadi
ormuzi
hangCou

pagani
arabeTis bengalis samxreT
zRva yure CineTis
2 Tavi
§ 31
zRva

amerikis aRmoCena
500 wlis win qristefore kolumbi, espaneTis
davaleba dedoflis brZanebiT, indoeTisken mimavali
sazRvao gzis aRmosaCenad gaemarTa. kolumbs sje-
7. sur. 2.5-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT, CamoTvale
roda, rom Tu atlantis okeanes gadacuravda,
marko polos mier mogzaurobisas gavlili qveynebi da qalaqebi.
azias, kerZod ki – indoeTis napirebs miadgeboda.
qristefore kolumbis eqspedicia espaneTis
navsadgur palosidan (xmelTaSua zRva) gavida.
me-15-17 saukuneebs didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqas uwo-
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg xmeleTi gamoCnda. kolumbi
deben. am periodSi aRmoaCines CrdiloeTi, centraluri da samxreTi
darwmunebuli iyo, rom man CineTTan mdebare kun-
amerika, wynari okeane, sazRvao gza indoeTisaken afrikis SemovliT.
Zulebs miaRwia. Tumca, sinamdvileSi dRevandeli
aseve moewyo pirveli mogzauroba dedamiwis garSemo da daiwyo Crdi-
centraluri amerikis kunZulebs miadga.
loeTi aziis
qristefore Seswavla.
kolumbs
qristefore kolumbis oTxma
sjeroda, rom dedamiwa mogzaurobam
kolumbma geografiul
kidev samjer aRmoCe-
imogzaura `indoeTi-
mrgvalia da darwmunebuli
naTa istoriaSi axali furceli Cawera. mkvlevarma aRmoaCina axali
saken~, Tumca sinamdvileSi man axali kontinenti
iyo, rom Tu sul dasavleTis
kontinenti – amerika (Tumca masze adre
– amerika amerikas normanebi ewvivnen),
aRmoaCina.
mimarTulebiT ivlida,
pirvelma gadasera
aucileblad aRmosavleTidan atlantis okeanis tropikuli sartyeli, pirve-
li gaecno Crdilo
dabrundeboda . kolumbispasatursa da gvianas dinebebs, aRmoaCina sarga-
sis zRva
Secdoma da mravali
is iyo, rom mas kunZuli,qristefore
romelTac kolumbma
„vest amerikaSi
indoeTi“,oTxjer
xoloimogzaura.
mis
dedamiwa ufro patara zomis
mcxovreb­lebs indielebi uwoda.
egona, vidre sinamdvileSia. mogzaurobis
marSrutebi

palosi
Crdilo eTi
a

a m erika
t

vest-indoeTis
1
l

kunZulebi
a
n
t

1492-1493 ww.
2
i

1493-1496 ww.
s

3 1498-1500 ww.
o

afrika
k

1502-1504 ww.
e
a

4
n
e

wynari
s amxr eTi
okeane
amer i ka

2.6. qristefore
sur. pirveli kolumbis
mogzaurobis dros,mogzaurobis marSrutebi
kolumbis sami xomaldi –
`santa-maria~, `ninia~ da `pintu~, sul 90 mezRvauriT
amerikis napirebs miadga. `santa-maria~ vest-indoeTSi
marjnis rifze dazianda da amitom kolumbi espaneTSi Tema 1 • 13
ori gemiT dabrunda.
 2

davaleba

8. qristefore kolumbi Tavisi gamoTvlebis safuZvelze varaudobda, rom in-

doeTi atlantis okeanis gadakveTiT, sul raRac 3500 milis (zRvaze 1 mili 1852
m-is tolia) daSorebiT mdebareobda. es mosazreba simarTles hgavda, radgan im
droisaTvis dedamiwis sferuloba cnobili faqti iyo. rogor fiqrob, ratom ver
miaRwia kolumbma indoeTs?
9. sur. 2.6-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT daadgine, romeli
kunZulebi aRmoaCina kolumbma.

ramdenime wlis Semdeg italielma mogzaurma, amerigo vespuCim

darwmunebiT ganacxada, rom kolumbis mier aRmoCenili xmeleTi axa-
li kontinenti iyo da mas „axali samyaro“, mogvianebiT ki `amerigos
miwebi~ uwoda.
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqaSi sapatio adgili
ukavia fernando magelans. misi TaosnobiT Catarebuli eqs-
pediciis monawileebma 1519-1522 wlebSi pirvelad Semouares
dedamiwas garSemo. fernando magelanis mogzaurobis Sedegad
sabolood damtkicda dedamiwis sferuloba da Camoyalibda
realuri warmodgenebi dedamiwis sididisa da erTiani mso-
flio okeanis Sesaxeb.

CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane

azia

evropa
CrdiloeT
amerika
at
l

wynari okeane
an

afrika
1519 w
t
is

molukis k-ebi.
o
ke
an

wynari okeane
samxreT
e

15 indoeTis okeane
amerika 22
w
avstralia

magelanis srute
magelanis mogzaurobis
magelanis srute marSruti
magelanis mkvlelobis
adgili

antarqtida
sur. 2.7. fernando magelanis mogzaurobis marSruti

geografiul aRmoCenebs geografiasTan erTad geologiis, bota-

nikis, zoologiisa da mecnierebis sxva dargebis ganviTareba mohyva;
Seiqmna da daixvewa geografiuli rukebi da globusebi, mogzaurTa
Canawerebis mixedviT gamoica axali wignebi.

14 • Tema 1
 2
geografiuli aRmoCenebis istoriaSi metad mniSvnelovania me-17-
20 saukuneebi. im droisaTvis ucnobi teritoriebis, qveynebis, bune-
brivi movlenebis Seswavlis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili miuZRviT abel
tasmans, jeims kuks, devid livingstons, aleqsander fon hum-
boldts, fritiof nansens, rual amundsens, robert skotsa da
sxva gamoCenil mogzaurebsa da mkvlevrebs.

davaleba

10. aRniSne konturul rukaze kolumbisa da magelanis mogzaurobis marSrutebi.

11. moiZie informacia teqstSi naxsenebi romelime mogzauris Sesaxeb da gaacani
igi Tanaklaselebs.

me-20 saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo aerokosmosuri kvlevis

meTodebis gamoyeneba, damTavrda dedamiwis zedapiris srulyofili
aRweris istoria.

150°0'0" 120°0'0" 90°0'0" 60°0'0" 30°0'0" 0°0'0" 30°0'0" 60°0'0" 90°0'0" 120°0'0" 150°0'0" 90°0'0"
90°0'0"

C r d. y i n u l o v a n i okeane

60°0'0" 60°0'0"

azia
CrdiloeTi evropa
amerika
30°0'0"
atlantis 30°0'0"
okeane
afrika
wynari
0°0'0" okeane 0°0'0"
samxreTi
amerika
indoeTis
okeane avstralia
30°0'0" 30°0'0"

60°0'0" 60°0'0"

90°0'0" 90°0'0"
150°0'0" 120°0'0" 90°0'0" 60°0'0" 30°0'0" 0°0'0" 30°0'0" 60°0'0" 90°0'0" 120°0'0" 150°0'0"

samyaro romelsac icnobdnen xalxebi Zv. w. IV saukunemde

oikumenes sazRvrebis gafarToveba Zv. w. II saukunemde
samyaro, romelsac icnobdnen xalxebi Zv.w. IV saukunemde
evropelTa geografiuli horizontis sazRvrebi XIV saukunemde.
saxmeleTo da sazRvao sivrceebi, aRmoCenili XV-XVI saukuneebSi.
oikumenes sazRvrebis gafarToeba Zv.w. II saukunemde
teritoriebi, romlebic rukaze iqna aRniSNuli XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi.
ucnobi teritoriebi XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis

evropelTa geografiuli horizontis sazRvrebi XIV saukunemde

saxmeleTo da sazRvao sivrceebi, aRmoCenili XV-XVI saukuneebSi

teritoriebi, romlebic rukaze aRiniSna XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

ucnobi teritoriebi XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis

sur. 2.8. oikumenes gafarToeba

Tema 1 • 15
 2

davaleba

12. sur. 2.8-is mixedviT daadgine, rogor farTovdeboda oikumene droTa ganmav-
lobaSi.
13. gamoTqvi mosazreba didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. Seni
azriT, rogori iqneboda dRevandeloba am aRmoCenebis gareSe?
14. dayavi geografiuli aRmoCenebis istoria etapebad da ganalage isini drois
xazze.
15. rogor fiqrob, ratom ar iyvnen mogzaurebs Soris qalebi? moiZie informacia
mogzauri da geografi qalebis Sesaxeb da gaacani megobrebs.

es sainteresoa
Zvelma berZnebma daamkvidres terminebi: geografia, horizonti, aseve qveynebis
saxelebi, Seqmnes dedamiwis pirveli rukebi, aRweres sxvadasxva qveyana da teri-
toria.
istoriulad cnobilia, rom dedamiwaze erT-erTi pirveli mogzauri iyo vinme
ganoni karTagenidan. Zv.w. V saukuneSi mas mezRvaurebiT da meomrebiT savse 30
gemiT afrikis sanapiros gaswvriv umogzauria, gauvlia herkulesis svetebi (gib­
raltaris srute) da atlantis okeaneSi gasula. savaraudod, mas 4500 km-ze meti
gaucuravs.
herodotem pirvelma gansazRvra kaspiis zRvis mdebareoba da Savi zRvis sanapi-
roze imogzaura. igi, aseve, pirveli Seexo azia-evropis sazRvris sakiTxs. misi
azriT, aRniSnuli sazRvari samxreT kavkasiis barze gadioda da mdinareebis –
rionis, yvirilasa da mtkvris xeobebs miuyveboda.
strabonis naSromSi mocemulia saintereso cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. masSi
aRwe­rilia mdinare mtkvari SenakadebiT, Savi zRvis sanapiro xazi, sxvadasxva
qalaqi da xomaldsaSeni tyeebi. strabonis mixedviT, kolxeTi metad nayofieri
mxare yofila.
hudriduri pirveli mogzauri qalia, romlis istoria islandiurma sagam Semo-
gvinaxa. hudriduri 980 wels daibada. meuRlesTan da mis vikingebTan erTad man
CrdiloeT amerikis napirebs miaRwia. mogvianebiT ki imogzaura romSi, sadac
mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi Tavad romis paps gauziara, amitomac hudriduri
samarTlianad SeiZleba CaiTvalos pirvel mogzaur qalad.
mogzauri da mkvlevari jin bareti pirveli qalia, romelmac msoflios gar-
Semo imogzaura. 1776 wels 26 wlis jinma frang botanikos, filiber komersonTan
daiwyo muSaoba. male komersoni buhenvalis eqspediciasTan erTad msoflios
garSemo samogzaurod gaemgzavra da mamakacis samosgadacmuli (qalebs imxanad
gembanze ar uSvebdnen) jinic Tan gahyva. gadmocemiT, baretis saidumlo kunZul
taitize gamJRavnda. ana filiberTan erTad mcenareebis nimuSebs agrovebda da
Seiswavlida. roca gamJRavnda, rom jini qali iyo, igi komersonTan erTad kun-
Zul mavrikiaze gadmosves. safrangeTSi 10 wlis Semdeg dabrunda da mTavrobam
botanikaSi Setanili wvlilisTvis daajildova. baretis saxels atarebs mTebi
plutonze.

16 • Tema 1
 3
dedamiwis forma da sidide
gaixsene

1. rogori forma aqvs dedamiwas? moiyvane Seni pasuxis damamtkicebeli erTi ar-
gumenti.
2. romeli okeaneebi da kontinentebia dedamiwaze?
3. romelia farTobis mixedviT yvelaze didi kontinenti da okeane?
4. ra aris polusebi da ekvatori?

dedamiwa mzis sistemaSi mzidan daSorebis mixedviT

mesame planetaa. igi udidesia dedamiwis tipis plane-
tebs Soris da samyaroSi cnobili erTaderTi adgi-
lia, romelic dasaxlebulia cocxali arsebebiT. Cveni
planeta daaxloebiT 4.5 miliardi wlis win warmoiqmna
da maleve SeiZina Tavisi erTaderTi bunebrivi Tana-
mgzavri – mTvare.
dedamiwis sferulobis Sesaxeb pirveli mosazreba
Zvel berZen mecniers, aristoteles (Zv.w. 384-322 ww.)
ekuTvnis. dedamiwis sferulobas mTeli rigi faqtebi
adasturebs: zRvis napiridan jer gemis anZa moCans,
Semdeg ki gemis korpusi. simaRleze asvlisas hori- sur. 3.1. dedamiwa kosmosSi erT pata­
zontis xazi farTovdeba da xedvis are izrdeba. mTva- ra wertils, CvenTvis ki uzarmazar
sfe­ros warmoadgens. pirveli astro­
ris dabnelebisas masze dedamiwis Crdils wris forma
nav­tebi Cvens planetas ulamazes
aqvs. adamiani kosmosidan dedamiwas xedavs, rogorc `lurj marga­lits~ adare­b­dnen.
sferul sxeuls.
dedamiwas idealuri sferos forma ara aqvs – polusebTan Sebr-
tyelebulia, xolo ekvatorTan – gamozneqili. dedamiwa elifsoids
ufro waagavs, vidre sferos.
mogvianebiT dadginda, rom dedamiwa arc m­Tlad idealuri elifs-
oidia. mecnierTa azriT, dedamiwa formiT mxolod Tavis Tavs hgavs,
radgan uswormasworo zedapiri aqvs. masze aris mTebi, vakeebi, Rrmu-
lebi da a.S. amitom mas geoidi uwodes (sxeuli, romelsac dedamiwis
forma aqvs, anu dedamiwisebri).

miwa

wyali

geoidi

elifsoidi
sur. 3.2. geoidi
dedamiwis saerTo
saxis gamomxatveli
warmosaxviTi figuraa.

Tema 1 • 17
 3

davaleba

1. daakvirdi sur. 3.2-s da imsjele: a) ra gansxvavebaa elifsoidsa da geoids Soris;

b) Seni azriT, dedamiwaze manZilebis gazomvisas romel formas aniWeben upira-
tesobas mecnierebi da ratom?

dedamiwaze aris okeaneebi da kontinentebi. okeaneebia: wynari,

atlantis, indoeTis, CrdiloeT yinulovani da samxreTis, xolo
kontinentebia: afrika, avstralia, CrdiloeTi amerika, samxreTi
amerika, antarqtida, evropa da azia.
globusi dedamiwis Semcirebuli modelia. masze zustad aris
gadmocemuli okeaneebis, kontinentebisa da sxva geografiuli obi­­
eq­tebis moxazuloba da mdebareoba.
Tu globuss daatrialeb, naxav, rom brunvisas misi CrdiloeTi
da samxreTi wertilebi, e.w. polusebi, ar brunaven. dedamiwis ukeT
Seswavlis mizniT, igi or tol nawilad – CrdiloeT da samxreT naxe-
varsferoebad gayves. naxevarsferoebis gamyof warmosaxviT xazs
ekvatori hqvia.

sur. 3.3. globusi dedamiwis, sxva plane­

te­­bis an ciuri sxeulebis sferosebri
modelia. dedamiwis globusebi Tematikis
mixedviT gansxvavebulia. arsebobs fizi-
kur-geografiuli, politikuri da sxva
saxis globusebi.

dedamiwis zedapirze xmeleTi da wyali ganawile­bulia araTanab­

rad. xmeleTis ZiriTadi nawili CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSia moqceu-
li, xolo samxreTi naxevarsfero ki ZiriTadad okeanuria.

dedamiwis monacemebi cifrebSi:

ekvatoruli radiusi: 6378.1 km meridianis sigrZe: 40 007.86 km

polaruli radiusi: 6356.8 km dedamiwis farTobi: 510 072 mln km2
saSualo radiusi: 6371 km msoflio okeanis farTobi: 361 132 mln km2 (70.8 %)
ekvatoris sigrZe: 40 075.02 km xmeleTis farTobi: 148 94 mln km2 (29 %)

davaleba

2. rogor fiqrob, ra upiratesoba aqvs globuss rukasTan SedarebiT?

3. Seni azriT, ris danaxvaa SeuZlebeli globusze?

18 • Tema 1
 3
CrdiloeTi polaruli wre

CrdiloeTi tropiki

mzis sxivebi
ekvatori

samxreTi tropiki

samxreTi polaruli wre

sur. 3.4. dedamiwis ganaTeba mzis sxivebiT

dedamiwis formasa da sidides udidesi geografiuli mniSvneloba

aqvs. swored sferulobis gamo mzis sxivebi dedamiwas Tanabrad ver
anaTebs­da aTbobs: yvelaze kargad ekvatoris midamoebi naTdeba,
xolo polusebisaken mzis sxivebis dacemis kuTxe TandaTan mcirde-
ba. dedamiwis sidide mis mizidulobis Zalas gansazRvravs, romli-
Tac igi atmosferos da Tavis mudmiv Tanamgzavrs, mTvares akavebs.

davaleba

4. ratom uwodes dedamiwas geoidi?

5. axseni dedamiwis formisa da sididis geografiuli mniSvneloba.
6. axseni, rogor gesmis gamoTqma: `dedamiwis sferuloba masze bunebis mraval­fe­
rovnebas ganapirobebs~. moiyvane amis damamtkicebeli faqtebi.
7. aage wriuli diagrama: `xmeleTisa da wylis ganawileba dedamiwaze~.

es sainteresoa
termini `geoidi~ pirvelad germanelma mecnierma iohan listingma gamoiyena 1873
wels.
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, dedamiwas erTgvari gulis forma
aqvs, ris gamoc mas kardiodul elifsoids, anu kardioids
uwodeben.
pirveli globusi me-15 saukuneSi germa­nelma geografma martin
behaimma daamzada. es globusi dResac germaniaSi, qalaq niurn-
bergSi inaxeba.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi kontinentebis raodenobas gansxvavebulad
iTvlian. magaliTad, evropasa da azias erT kontinentad – evraziad, xolo Crdi-
loeT da samxreT amerikas – amerikad moixsenieben.

Tema 1 • 19
 4
dedamiwis moZraoba da
sasaaTo sartylebi

gaixsene

1. rogor Tbeba da naTdeba dedamiwa?

2. ramdeni siTburi (ganaTebis) sartyelia dedamiwaze? sad gadis maTi sazRvrebi?
3. ra aris tropikebi da polaruli wreebi?
4. ratom cxela ekvatorTan da ratom civa polusebTan?
5. ramdeni saxis moZraobas asrulebs dedamiwa?
6. ra dros andomebs dedamiwa mzis garSemo erT srul Semovlas da ras niSnavs
nakiani weliwadi?
7. ratom icvleba dedamiwaze sezonebi da ratomaa dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilas
gansxvavebuli sezoni?
8. arsebobs Tu ara dedamiwaze adgilebi, sadac sezonebi ar icvleba? ra iwvevs
amas?
9. romelia buniobisa da nabuniobis dReebi da ra xdeba am dReebSi?
10. weliwadis romeli droa samxreT naxevarsferoSi 22 ivniss da 21 marts?
11. rogor fiqrob, ra moxdeboda dedamiwis warmosaxviTi RerZi orbitis sibrtyis
mimarT daxrili rom ar iyos?

dedamiwis warmosaxviTi RerZi orbitis sibrtyis mimarT 66.50-iTaa

daxrili. dedamiwa Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo dasavleTi-
dan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT brunavs da erT srul Semobrunebas
24 saaTs andomebs. drois am monakveTs dRe-Rame ewodeba. dedamiwis
sferulobis gamo mze erTdroulad mxolod erT naxevarsferos
anaTebs. dedamiwis im nawilSi, romelic mzis mxaresaa miqceuli da
ganaTebulia – dRea, meore naxevari ki am dros gaunaTebelia. Sesa-
bamisad, iq Ramea.
radgan dedamiwa RerZis garSemo Semobrunebas 24 saaTs andomebs,
e. i. misi zedapiris yoveli wertili, garda geografiuli poluse-
bisa, erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken 150-
iT gadaadgil­deba (3600 :24=150).

davaleba

1. Cven xSirad vambobT: mze amovida, mze Cavida. ramdenad marTebulia es gamoTqma?
2. globusis da fanris gamoyenebiT aCvene, rogor icvleba dRe-Rame dedamiwaze.

dedamiwaze misi dReRamuri brunvis gamo dro yvelgan erTnai-

ri ar aris. drois aTvlis gaadvilebis mizniT, dedamiwis zedapiri
24 sasaaTo sartylad aris dayofili. TiToeuli sartylis sigane
grZedis 150-s Seadgens.
sawyis sasaaTo sartylad nulovani, igive 24-e sartyelia miRe-
buli. aTvla dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken xdeba. saerTaSori-

20 • Tema 1
 4
so SeTanxmebiT, grinviCis meridiani nulovani sasaaTo sartylis
Sua meridiania da, Sesabamisad, nulovani sasaaTo sartyeli misgan
dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT 7.50-ze vrceldeba.
TiToeuli sartylis yvela punqti am sartylis Sua meridianis
droiT sargeblobs. sasaaTo sartylebis mixedviT aTvlil dros
sasartyelo (zoluri) dro ewodeba. mezobel sartylebs Soris
drois gansxva­veba erTi saaTia.
erT meridianze polusidan polusamde erTi da igive droa, rasac
adgilob­rivi dro hqvia. sasartyelo drois sistema or punqts
Soris droTa sxvaobis gansazRvras aadvilebs. Tu gvecodineba,
romel sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs esa Tu is punqti, advilad
gamovTvliT, ra droa iq.

sur. 4.1. sasaaTo sarty-

lis sazRvrebi meridi-
ans zustad ar miuyveba
da qveynis saxelmwifo
da administraciul
sazRvrebs esadageba.

davaleba

3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs dedamiwis brunvas mzisa da Tavisi RerZis garSemo?

4. moiyvane bunebaSi arsebuli dReRamuri da sezonuri ritmebis magaliTebi.
5. ratom SemoiRes sasartyelo dro, Tu meridianis yvela wertilze erTi da igive
droa?
6. ra saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba aqvs sasartyelo drois SemoRebas?
7. Tu dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken vmoZraobT, saaTis isars win vwevT, Tu ukan?
ratom?
8. sur. 4.1-is mixedviT gansazRvre: a) romel sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs sa-
qarTvelo. b) Tu tokio me-9 sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs, xolo Tbilisi me-4-
Si, ras udris maT Soris droSi gansxvaveba. sad ufro adre Tendeba.
9. sur. 4.1-sa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT daadgine, ra
droa beijingSi (pekinSi), tokioSi, vaSingtonSi, londonsa da praRaSi, Tu Tbi-
lisSi 13 saaTia.

Tema 1 • 21
 4

davaleba

10. sasaaTo sartylis sazRvrebi rukaze zustad ar emTxveva meridians – zogjer

gverds uqcevs did qalaqebs da saxelmwifo sazRvrebs miuyveba. rogor fiq­
robT, ratom xdeba ase?

dRe-Ramis aTvlaSi gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad TariRTa

cvlis xazi SemoiRes. igi sawyisi meridianis mopirdapire mxare-
saa, ZiriTadad, wynar okeanes kveTs da xmeleTze ar gadis. misgan
dasavleTiT dro 24 saaTiT uswrebs misgan aRmosavleTiT arsebul
dros, amitom Tu am xazs dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken gadavkveTT,
erT dRes vkargavT, xolo Tu aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT – erTsa
da imave dRes orjer miviTvliT da erT dRes movigebT.

davaleba

11. gansazRvre, romel sasaaTo sartyelSi da romel meri­di­anze gadis Ta-

riRTa cvlis xazi.
12. axseni, ratom SemoiRes TariRTa cvlis xazi da ratom gadis igi dausaxle-
bel adgilebSi?
13. rodis da ratom vwevT saaTis isars win aRmosavleTis mi­mar­TulebiT
moZraobisas da ukan – dasavleTis mi­mar­­T­u­lebiT moZraobisas? Tu Sen
samogzaurod 10 oq­tom­bers gaemgzavre, romeli dRe iqneba aRmosavleTiT
mog­zau­ro­bisas? dasavleTiT mogzaurobisas?
14. fernando magelanis eqspedicia dedamiwis garSemo samogzaurod 1519 wels
gaemgzavra da espaneTSi 1522 wels dabrunda. samSobloSi dabrunebuli
mezRvaurebi gaocebulebi iyvnen imiT, rom mogzaurobis dros maT erTi
dRe `dakarges~. rogor fiqrob, ratom moxda ase?

sur. 4.2. TariRTa cvlis xazi

es sainteresoa
nebismieri qveynis mTavrobas SeuZlia sakuTari qveynis sasaaTo sartylis Secvla.
drois aTvlis gaadvilebisTvis yoveli qveyana, rogorc wesi, erT dros iyenebs
da sasaaTo sartylebs sruli sizustiT ar icavs. magaliTad, CineTi ramdenime
sasaaTo sartyelSi mdebareobs, magram mTeli qveyana erT dros iyenebs.
1878 wels kanadelma inJinerma s. flemingma sasartyelo (zoluri) drois proeqti
warmoadgina. es proeqti pirvelad aSS-Si 1883 wels ganaxorcieles.
1930 wlis 16 ivniss yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mTel teritoriaze specialuri
dekretiT saaTis isrebi erTi saaTiT win gadaswies, raTa zafxulis TveebSi mo-
saxleobas mzis sinaTle maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina da eleqtroenergia daezoga.
SemdgomSi es dro mTel weliwadze gaavrce­les. aseT, xelovnurad win waweul
dros dekretul dros uwodeben.
bevr qveyanaSi gazafxulis dasawyisSi saaTis isars 1 saaTiT win sweven da e. w.
zafxulis dro SemoaqvT, Semodgomis miwuruls ki isars kvlav ukan abruneben
da zamTris dros aRadgenen.

22 • Tema 1
 5
orientireba da azimuti
gaixsene

1. ginaxavs Tu ara horizonti, horizontis xazi?

2. romelia horizontis ZiriTadi da Sualeduri mxareebi?
3. rogor aRiniSneba horizontis mxareebi SemoklebiT qarTulad da laTinurad?
4. orientirebis romel xerxebs icnob da romelia maT Soris yvelaze saimedo? Sen
romeli xerxi gamogiyenebia?
5. rogoraa mowyobili kompasi da rogor unda gamoiyeno igi?
6. orientirebis romeli xerxebia naCvenebi suraTze da rogor vignebT gzas maTi
saSualebiT?

patara daTvis
Tanavarskvlavedi

didi daTvis
Tanavarskvlavedi

polaruli
varskvlavi

7. risTvis sWirdeba adamians horizontis mxareebis dadgena?

orientireba anu gagneba adgilze horizontis mxaris gansazR-

vras niSnavs. arsebobs orientirebis sxvadasxva xerxi: mzis, vars-
kvlavebis, saaTis, adgilob­rivi niSnebisa da sxv. gamoyenebiT.
orientirebis saukeTeso saSualebaa kompasi. misi meSveobiT gag-
neba SeiZleba dRisiT da RamiT, nebismier amindSi, zRvaze, xmeleTsa
da haerSi.

sur. 5.1. kompasis gamoyenebisas masTan axlos ar unda iyos Savi

liTonebisgan (Tujis, foladis da sxv.) damzadebuli sagnebi,
radgan isini Tavisken miizidaven magnitur isars. kompasis muSa-
oba damokidebulia dedamiwis magnitur Tvisebebze, amitom kom-
pasis damagnitebuli isari gviCvenebs ara geografiuli, aramed
magnituri meridianis mimarTulebas.

Tema 1 • 23
 5
roca mgzavrTa moZraobis mimarTuleba ar emTxveva horizontis
ZiriTadi an Sualeduri mxareebis mimarTulebas, maSin gagnebisTvis
azimutiT sargebloben (`azimuti~ arabuli sityvaa da mimarTulebas
niSnavs). azimuti kuTxea, romelic iqmneba CrdiloeTis mimarTule-
bas, damkvirvebelsa da dasakvirvebel sagans Soris. mas CrdiloeTis
mimarTulebidan saaTis isris moZraobis gayolebiT 0-dan 3600-mde
iTvlian. Tu dasakvirvebeli sagani damkvirveblisgan CrdiloeTiT
mdebareobs, maSin misi azimuti 00-ia, samxreTiT ki – 1800.
azimuti rom ganvsazRvroT, jer kompasiT aucileblad unda
davadginoT horizontis ZiriTadi mxareebi. rodesac zustad gve-
codineba CrdiloeTis mimarTuleba, davadgenT CvenTvis saWiro
azimuts da im mimarTulebiT daviwyebT moZraobas. Tu azimutiT
zustad vivliT, aucileblad mivalT saWiro wertilamde.

az
imu
ti
35 0

sur. 5.2. azimutis gansazRvra

horizontis mxareebis moZebnas da azimutiT moZraobas didi mniS-

vneloba aqvs mogzaurobisas, samxedro, sazRvao da saaviacio saq-
mianobaSi.

davaleba

1. ramdengradusiani azimutiT unda isargeblo, Tu dasavleTis an aRmosav­leTis

mimarTulebiT moZraob?
2. Tu Sen 200-iani azimutiT moZraobdi, romeli
azimutiT mogiwevs ukan dabruneba? C
0
3. gansazRvre, romeli mimarTulebebi Seesaba- 33
0 30
0 270 300

meba Semdeg azimutebs: 270 ; 45 ; 135 ; 90 ; 195 .

0 0 0 0 0
60

d a
90 12

4. suraTis mixedviT daadgine, ras udris masze

24

gamosaxuli obieqtebis azimutebi?

0

15
0 180 210

praqtikuli samuSao

aRniSne ujrian furcelze А wertili da daxaze turistebis laSqrobis marSruti

Semdegi monacemebis mixedviT: 6 m – 3600 azimuti; 4 m – 450 azimuti; 3 m – 1800 azimu-
ti; 6 m – 2250 azimuti da 5 m – 1350 azimuti. gaiTvaliswine, rom 1 ujra = 1 m-s.

24 • Tema 1
 6
ruka, gegma da atlasi
leqsikoni

kartografia – mecniereba rukebis Sedgenis Sesaxeb

gaixsene

1. ra aris ruka da atlasi?

2. vin aris pirveli geografiuli rukis avtori?
3. rogori rukebi arsebobs?
4. ra gansxvavebaa zogadgeografiul da Tematur rukebs Soris?
5. risTvis iyenebdnen rukebs Zvel droSi da ra mniSvneloba aqvT maT dRes? Sen
rodis da risTvis iyeneb rukas?

ruka kacobriobis mniSvnelovani qmnilebaa. igi gare samya­ros

Secnobis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa.
geografiuli ruka dedamiwis zedapiris an misi calkeuli nawi-
lebis Semcirebuli da ganzogadebuli, sibrtyeze Sesrulebuli
gamosaxulebaa gansazRvruli kartografiuli proeqciiT, gradusTa
badiT, masStabiTa da pirobiTi niSnebiT.
rukis mixedviT swori warmodgena gveqmneba dedamiwis zedapiris
an misi calkeuli nawilebis Sesaxeb. igi TvalsaCino masalaa da geo-
grafiuli da istoriuli codnis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa. rukis
mixedviT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, Tu sad mdebareobs esa Tu is kon-
tinenti, okeane, saxelmwifo, mTa, mdinare, qalaqi da a.S. aseve mivi-
RoT cnobebi sxvadasxva teritoriis bunebis, mosaxleobis da maTi
saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

davaleba

1. daadgine qvemoT CamoTvlili rukebidan romelia Tematuri: a) msoflios poli-

tikuri; b) saqarTvelos fizikuri: g) afrikis bunebrivi zonebis; d) naxevarsfe-
roebis; e) avstraliis qalaqebis, v) antarqtidis klimaturi. axseni, ra infor-
maciis moZieba SeiZleba TiToeuli maTganidan.

rukebi mravalferovania. maT asxvaveben teritoriis sididis,

masStabis, Temis e.i. Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT.

Tema 1 • 25
 6
geografiuli rukebis klasifikacia
rukebis jgufebi
teritoriis sididis
mixedviT
masStabis mixedviT
Sinaarsis (Tematikis)
mixedviT
daniSnulebis mixedviT
rukebis saxeebi
• msoflio
• calkeuli kontinentebis da maTi nawilebis
• saxelmwifoebis da maTi nawilebis
• msxvilmasStabiani (topografiuli) – 1:200000-is CaTvliT
• saSualomasStabiani – 1:200000-is zemoT da 1:1000000-is CaTvliT
• wvrilmasStabiani – 1:1000000-ze zemoT
• zogadgeografiuli
• Tematuri
• saswavlo
• turistuli
• sinoptikuri
• samxedro da sxv.

davaleba

2. rogor fiqrob, rogoria Sinaarsis mixedviT topografiuli ruka?

3. Seni azriT, ra profesiis adamianebi iyeneben yvelaze xSirad topografiul ru­
kebs?

ruka xuTi ZiriTadi elementisagan Sedgeba: dasaxeleba, mimarTu-

leba, masStabi, gradusTa bade da legenda.
dedamiwis zedapiris mcire ubnis, nagebobis an raime sagnis naxazs,
romelic Sesrulebulia msxvili masStabiT da detalur informa-
cias gadmogvcems, adgilis gegma ewodeba. adgilis gegma igive topo­
grafiuli rukaa, Tumca masze rukisgan gansxvavebiT yvela obieqti
pirobiTi niSnebiT gamoisaxeba. am niSnebs topografiul niSnebsac
uwodeben. isini dawvrilebiT aRweren gzebs, tyeebs, Senobebs da sxva.

Tu ginda meti Seityo rukebis

Sesaxeb, estumre vebgverdebs:

https://www.nationalgeographic.org

http://www.maps-for-free.com

saZiebel velSi akrife:

ruka

sur. 6.1. adgilis gegmis Sesadgenad Catarebul

samu­Saoebs agegmva ewodeba. amJamad gegmas Ziri-
Tadad aerofotosuraTebis saSualebiT adgenen.

26 • Tema 1
 6
adgilis gegma ise unda daixazos, rom misi zeda kide CrdiloeTis
mimarTulebis, qveda – samxreTis, marcxena – dasavleTis da marjvena
ki aRmosavleTis mxareebis maCvenebeli iyos.

sof. xarisa

140

155
150
145
xrami

C borani gzatkecili

A yamiri, gza,
160.7 xis xidi

160
ja

sof.
lur

imedi
mdinare. dine­
i

bis mimarT.
sxiv

tba

155
md.

md
.s
xi
vu
l B buCqnari.
a
I I I II I

II
mdelo
150
I I I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I
I
I I
I I I I
I I

145
I
I I I I I I I

I
I I I

I I I

I
I
I I
I
I I I

qalaqi karieri 140 Wa sofeli eleqtro­ uwyveti skola

biliki. buCqnari
sadguri

I I I
I
I
I
I
I
I II I

kaSxali goraki tba, Waobi xilis baRi xnuli. foTlovani wiwvovani tye.
bostani tye. nakafi ganakafi zoli
sur. 6.2. adgilis gegma da topografiuli niSnebi

davaleba

4. sur. 6.2-is mixedviT daadgine: a) romeli geografiuli obieqtebia gamosaxu-

li gegmaze? b) ra mimarTulebiT mdebareobs sof. xarisa sof. imedidan da sof.
imedi xarisadan? g) ra mimarTulebiT miedineba md. sxivi? aqvs Tu ara mdinares
Senakadebi da Tu aqvs, romeli mxridan uerTdeba? d) romelia yvelaze maRali
adgili da ras udris misi simaRle? e) horizontis mxareebis gamoyenebiT aRwe-
re, ra mimarTulebiT gadis biliki? v) gamdinarea Tu ara tba lurja? z) kidev ra
informaciis moZieba SegiZlia gegmis mixedviT?

Tema 1 • 27
 6
atlasi rukebis sistemuri nakrebi, erTgvari kartografiuli
enciklopediaa. masSi Tavmoyril rukebSi gamoyenebulia erTnairi
proeqcia, pirobiTi niSnebi da gaformebis xerxebi. did atlasebs
erTvis grafikebi, sqemebi, diagramebi, fotosuraTebi da saZiebeli.
atlasis nawi­lebia: a) sarCevi – yve­la rukis da­sa­xe­leba gver-
debis mi­T­i­­­Te­­biT; b) rukebis krebuli (kon­­­kre­tuli rukebi); g)
registri – rukebze da­tanili yvela obi­eqtis dasaxeleba anbanu-
ri Tan­­mim­­­­de­v­robiT; d) teqstis danarTebi; e) sacnobaro masala.
registrSi TiToeuli dasaxelebis Semdeg miTiTebulia im gverdis
nomeri, sadac es geografiuli obieqti gvxvdeba da damatebiT im
kvadratis nomeric, romelSic mocemuli obieqti mdebareobs. maga-
liTad, velingtoni, axali zelandia, dedaqalaqi – 289 8 Q .

davaleba

5. atlasis registrSi moZebne 10 sxvadasxva geografiuli obieqtis dasaxeleba da

daadgine, ra geografiuli obieqtia da sad mdebareobs.

kartografiis ganviTarebam aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi princi-

pulad Secvala rukebis iersaxe: kldeebze gamosaxuli naxatebi xel-
naweri qaRaldis rukebiT Seicvala, Semdeg – nabeWdi graviurebiT,
mravalferovani poligrafiuli gamocemebiT; amJamad ukve arsebobs
eleqtronuli videogamosaxulebebi da maTi feradi aslebi. Tumca,
kartografiis arsi dResac igivea: igi samyaros Secnobasa da gamo-
kvlevas emsaxureba.
kompiuterul teqnologiebze dayrdnobiT, kartografia amJamad
flobs grandiozuli moculobis informacias, romelic bunebasa
da ekonomikas, ekologiasa da politikas, mecnierebas da erovnul
usafrTxoebas exeba. Tanamedrove adamians unda SeeZlos rukebis
aRqma, wakiTxva da gamoyeneba. dRes dedamiwis Semswavleli nebismie-
ri mecniereba warmoudgenelia rukebis gareSe.
geografiuli kvlevebis Tanamedrove meTodebi mWidrod ukavSir-
deba rukeb­s: maTi daxmarebiT igeba maTematikuri da kompiuteruli
modelebi da Semdeg rukebad gardaiqmneba. rukebi da atlasebi mxo-
lod ilustrirebisTvis ar aris gamiznuli. isini samyaros Sesaxeb
kacobriobis mier dagrovil informacias Seicaven da gadmogvcemen.

davaleba

6. Tu Tqveni klasi laSqrobaze midis, ras gamoiyeneb, rukas Tu gegmas? ratom?

7. SeiZleba Tu ara SevadginoT afrikis gegma? Tbilisis romelime ubnis ruka?
8. ganmarte, rogor gesmis gamoTqmebi:
a) `ruka geografiis `meore enaa~ (nikoloz baranski);
b) `ruka geografiis mTavari iaraRia. misi daxmarebiT geografi amzadebs gamo-
kvlevebs, asaxavs masze Tavis Sedegebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mas momaval
saqmianobaSi exmareba~ (iuli Sokalski).

28 • Tema 1
 6
davaleba

9. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT gansazRvre: a) romeli kontinenti

mdebareobs samxreT da aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi. b) romel naxevarsferoSi
mdebareobs CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane da antarqtida. g) romel naxevars-
feroSi mdebareobs afrika da samxreTi amerika. d) romeli okeaneebi mdebareobs
yvela naxevarsferoSi. e) romeli mimar­Tu­lebiT unda iaro, rom wynari okeani-
dan magelanis srutis gavliT atlantis okeaneSi moxvde.
10. msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) gamoyenebiT daadgine, romel naxe-
varsferoSi mdebareobs qveynebi: aSS, argentina, iaponia, safrangeTi, avstra-
lia, saqarTvelo, CineTi, brazilia, norvegia da kenia. moZiebuli informacia
warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT.
11. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) an atlasis daxmarebiT gansazRvre, romel
kontinentze mdebareobs da ra simaRlisaa CamoTvlili mwvervalebi: everesti,
ialbuzi, kosciuSko, kilimanjaro, akonkagua, Sxara.
12. moiZie damatebiTi informacia da moamzade prezentacia rukebis Sesaxeb Semdegi
gegmis mixedviT: a) Seqmnis da ganviTarebis istoria; b) rukebis mravalferovne-
ba; g) Tanamedrove rukebi; d) rukis gamoyeneba da mniSvneloba.

praqtikuli samuSao

gv. 27-ze mocemuli gegmis pirobiTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT Seadgine Seni skolis
da misi mimdebare teritoriis an sacxovrebeli adgilis gegma.

es sainteresoa
pirveli geografiuli atlasi, romelic Zvelma berZenma mecnierma ptolemem Seqmna,
1477 wels italiis qalaq boloniaSi daibeWda.
sityva `atlasi~ XVI saukunidan daamkvidra `kartografiis mefed~ wodebulma, he-
rard merkatorma miTiuri mefis, atlasis pativsacemad.
rukebis Seqmnis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili qarTvelebsac miuZRviT. kol­
xebs jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde SeudgeniaT e.w. kirbebi (sazRvao rukebis
msgavsi), romlebzec naCvenebi yofila gzebi, sanapiro xazi, mdinareebi da sxv.
radgan dedamiwa sferoa, misi sibrtyeze gadmotanisas warmoiqmneba uzustobebi,
zogi adgili maxinjdeba. dedamiwis zedapiris sibrtyeze gadmotanis saSualebas
kartografiuli proeqcia ewodeba.
darRvevaTa xasiaTis mixedviT kartografiuli proeqciebi arsebobs Semdegi
saxis: tolkuTxa – sferos sibrtyeze gamosaxvisas ar icvleba kuTxeebi; toldi-
di – sferos sibrtyeze gamosaxvisas ar icvleba farTobebi; nebismieri – ar aris
daculi arc kuTxeebis da arc farTobebis toloba; tolSorisuli – ar irRveva
manZilebi.

Tema 1 • 29
 7
rogor wavikiTxoT ruka
leqsikoni

absoluturi simaRle – adgilis simaRle okeanis donidan

SefardebiTi simaRle – gviCvenebs ramdenad maRla mdebareobs xmeleTis zedapiris
erTi wertili meore wertilTan mimarTebaSi.

gaixsene

1. ra aris rukis legenda?

2. ras iyeneben rukaze sxvadasxva adgilis simaRlisa da siRrmis gamosaxatavad?
3. rogor aRniSnaven rukaze dasaxlebul punqtebs da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis
mopovebis adgilebs?

Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba met-naklebad dakavSirebulia ru­­

keb­Tan, amitom unda SegveZlos maTi wakiTxva da saWiro informaciis
moZieba.
rukaze dedamiwis yvelaze patara teritoriis dasatanadac ki misi
Semcirebaa saWiro. amisaTvis masStabs iyeneben. masStabi gviCvenebs,
sinamdvileSi arsebulTan SedarebiT ramdenjeraa Semcirebuli
rukaze gamosaxuli teritoriis farTobi.
rukis masStabze damokidebulia gamosaxuli adgilis detalu-
roba da sizustis xarisxi. rac ufro msxvilia masStabi, miT ufro
detalurad da zustad aris asaxuli teritoria. rac ufro didia
teritoria, miT ufro wvrilia rukis masStabi.
masStabi sami saxisaa: ricxviTi, xazovani da saxeldebuli (sity-
vieri). geografiul rukebze samive saxis masStabs gamosaxaven.
ricxviTi masStabi wiladis an Sefardebis saxiT gamoisaxeba. maga-
liTad: 1:100000 an 1/100000.
saxeldebuli masStabi sityvebiT iwereba: 1 santimetrSi 1 kilome-
tri, an 1 sm-Si 1 km.
xazovani masStabi naxazis saxiT gamoisaxeba. igi gamosayeneblad
yvelaze mosaxerxebelia. misi saSualebiT manZils ufro zustad
zomaven.

1 km 0 1 2 3 4 5 km

1000 m

fuZis sizuste masStabis fuZe

sur. 7.1. xazovani masStabi

30 • Tema 1
 7

davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, ratomaa gamosayeneblad yvelaze mosaxerxebeli xazovani masStabi?

2. gamosaxe ricxviTi masStabi saxeldebuli saxiT, xolo saxeldebuli – ricxviTi
saxiT: a) 1:200000; b) 1:9000000; g) 1:50000000; d) 1 sm-Si – 400 km; e) 1 sm-Si – 5 km;
3. rukis masStabia 1:6000000. gamosaxe es monacemi xazovani masStabis saxiT.

Tu cnobilia rukis masStabi, maSin advilad gamovTvliT manZils

nebismier or wertils Soris. amisaTvis saWiroa, rukaze gavzomoT
manZili maT Soris da gadavamravloT masStabze. magaliTad, Tu ruka-
ze or qalaqs Soris manZili 7 sm-ia, xolo rukis masStabia 1:500000,
sinamdvileSi es manZili toli iqneba 7 smX500000 = 3500000 sm-is, e.i.
35 km-is.
rukasa da gegmaze mdinareTa sigrZis, saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis
an sxva klaknili xazebis sigrZis gasazomad sazomi fargali an kur-
vimetri gamoiyeneba.

davaleba

4. risTvis iyeneben masStabs? Sen risTvis gamoiyenebdi?

5. axseni, ra kavSiria rukaze gamosaxul teritoriasa da masStabs Soris.
6. sad ufro dawvrilebiT iqneba gamosaxuli geografiuli obieqti – msxvil­
masStabian Tu saSualomasStabian rukaze? ratom?
7. daalage masStabebi TanmimdevrobiT, daiwye yvelaze msxvili masStabiT da
daasrule yvelaze wvriliT: 1:1000000; 1:50000; 1:12000000; 1:500000; 1:10000;
1:5000; 1:120000000
8. daadgine:
a) romeli masStabia ufro msxvili: 1) 1:20000 Tu 1:70 000; 2) 1:700000 Tu 1:2000000;
3) 1:35000000 Tu 1:150000000.
b) romeli masStabia ufro wvrili: 1) 1:8 300 000 Tu 1:83 000 000; 2) 1:1 000 000 Tu
1:200 000; 3) 1:150 000 Tu 1:350 000
9. mocemulia sxvadasxva masStabis rukebi. daajgufe isini masStabebis mixedviT
da warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT:
a) 1:500000 b) 1:500 g) 1:200000 d) 1:50000000
e) 1:2500 v) 1:2500000 z) 1:7500 T) 1:35000000
i) 1:1000 k) 1:750000 l) 1:7 500 000
10. or punqts Soris manZili 2 km-ia. ra manZili iqneba maT Soris 1:100 000 masStabian
rukaze?
11. manZili or qalaqs Soris 1:75000000 masStabian rukaze 39 sm-ia. ras udris sina-
mdvileSi manZili am qalaqebs Soris?
12. rukaze, romlis masStabia 1:350000, or punqts Soris manZili 9.5 sm-ia. ramdeni
kilometria sinamdvileSi am punqtebs Soris?
13. erTi rukis masStabia 1:5000000, meorisa ki – 1:25000000. ramdeni iqneba pirvel
rukaze gazomili manZili or punqts Soris, Tu es manZili meore rukaze 8 sm-ia?

Tema 1 • 31
 7

sur. 7.2. kurvimetris ZiriTadi nawilebi moZravi

borbali da masTan dakavSirebuli cife­rblatia.
ciferblati borblis gadaadgilebis Sedegad gav-
lil manZils aCvenebs. zusti Sedegis misaRwevad
sasurvelia, klaknili xazis sigrZe 3-jer mainc
gaizomos, rom saSualo sidide miviRoT.

rukaze im obieqtis aRniSvnisaTvis, romlis farTobi da sigrZe

rukis mas­StabSi SeiZleba gamoisaxos, konturul-farTobliv an
xazovan pirobiT niSnebs xmaroben. farToblivi niSnebiT uCveneben
kontinentebis, saxelmwifoebis, tbebis, Waobebisa da sxva obieqte-
bis konturebs. magaliTad: msoflios politikur rukaze sxvadasxva
feriT sxvadasxva saxelmwifos teritoriaa gamosaxuli.
xazovani niSnebiT iseT obie­qtebs gamosaxaven, romelTac xazo-
vani gavrceleba axasiaTebT. xazovan niSnebs saz­Rvrebis, gzebis,
mdinareebisa da milsadenebis aRniSvnisaTvis iyeneben.
xazovani niSnebia izoxazebic, romlebic Tanabari ricxviTi maCve­
neblebis mqone wertilebis SemaerTebeli xazebia. maT miekuTvneba
izohifsebi anu horizontalebi (erTnairi absoluturi simaRlis
mqone wertilebis SemaerTebeli xazebi), izobaTebi (erTnairi siRr-
mis mqone wertilebis maCvenebeli xazebi) da sxv.
izoxazebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia informaciis moZieba ara
mxolod im adgilis Sesax­eb, sadac izoxazi gadis, aramed maT So­ris
arsebuli adgilebis Sesaxebac. maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sxva-
dasxva gamoTvlis Catareba da geogra­fiuli obieqtebis iseTi maxa-
siaTeblis dadgena, romelic uSualod izoxazebiT ar gamoisaxeba.
magaliTad, erTi wertilis SefardebiTi simaRlis dadgena meoris
mimarT, adgilis absoluturi simaRlis dadgena an ferdobebis
daxrilobisa da mimarTulebis gansazRvra. Tu izoxazebi erTma-
neTTan axlosaa, e.i. kalTa cicaboa, Tu SoriSors – damreci.

horizontalebi
horizontalebi
horizontalebi
horizontalebi bergStrixebi
bergStrixebi
bergStrixebi
bergStrixebi

cicabo reliefi damreci reliefi qvabuli, Rrmuli borcvi

cicabo
cicaboreliefi
cicabo
reliefireliefi
damreci
damrecidamreci
reliefi
reliefireliefi
qvabuli,
qvabuli,
qvabuli,
Rrmuli
RrmuliRrmuli
borcvi
borcviborcvi
sur. 7.3. horizontalebi nebismieri topografiuli rukis aucilebeli elementia. horizontalebis per-
pendikularulad gavlebul patara xazebs, romlebic gviCvenebs, Tu romeli mimarTulebiT dabldeba an
maRldeba kalTa, bergStri­xebs uwodeben.

32 • Tema 1
 7
masStabgareSe niSnebis saSualebiT mcire teritoriebze gavrce-
lebuli obieqtebi gamoisaxeba. magaliTad, dasaxlebul punqtebs
–­ punsoniT, sasargeblo wiaRiseuls ki specialuri niSnebiT ga­­
mosaxaven. punsonis feri dasaxle­bis tips gviCvenebs, sidide ki –
mosaxleobis raodenobas.
xSirad rukebze sazRvao gzebis, tvirTis gadazidvis an sxva raime
ga­­daadgilebis mimarTulebis Cvenebaa saWiro. am dros moZraobaTa
xazebs, ufro xSirad ki isrebs iyeneben. sxvadasxva sigrZisa da feris
xazebi moZraobis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebs gad-
moscems.

azia
evropa

sur. 7.4. wiTeli da lurji xazebi da isrebi zRvebsa da okeaneebSi Tbil da civ dinebebs,
an weliwadis droebis mixedviT qaris mimarTulebas uCvenebs.

davaleba

14. ratom uwodeben rukis legendas rukis `gasaRebs~? raSi gvexmareba igi?
15. ra saxis pirobiTi niSnebi ici?
16. daakvirdi naxevarsferoebis da msoflios politikur rukebs (danarTi 1 da 2)
da daadgine, ra saxis pirobiT niS­nebs iyeneben mis Sesadgenad?
17. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine: a) dedamiwis yvelaze
maRali da yvelaze Rrma adgili; b) sami vake an dablobi, zRva, mwvervali, udabno.

Tema 1 • 33
 7
miuxedavad imisa, rom rukac da gegmac dedamiwis zedapiris Semci-
rebuli, qaRaldze gadmotanili gamosaxulebaa, maT Soris ramdenime
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba arsebobs:
1. gegmaze mcire teritoriebi gamoisaxeba, amitom igi msxvil-
masStabiania. ru­ka­ze ki gamosaxulia didi teritoria, ris gamoc igi
wvrilmasStabiania.
2. rukis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia dedamiwis sferuloba,
gegmaze ki – ara.
3. rukas aqvs gradusTa bade – meridianebi da paralelebi, romel-
Ta mixedviTac ganisazRvreba mimarTuleba, gegmaze ki mxareebi misi
CarCos saSualebiT gamoicnoba.
4. rukaze obieqtebi gamosaxulia pirobiTi niSnebiT, gegmaze ki sag-
nebi formiTa da moxazulobiT sinamdvileSi arsebul sagnebs hgavs,
oRond gadmocemulia Semcirebuli saxiT.

geografiuli kvleva

ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa adgilis gegmas, rukasa da globuss Soris?

Seadare erTmaneTs Sen mier Sedgenili adgilis gegma, ruka da globusi Semdegi
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT:
a) ra masStabisaa TiToeuli maTgani?
b) ra sididis teritoriaa gamosaxuli maTze?
g)  rogor dgindeba mimarTuleba?
d) ras aRniSnavs mwvane feri?
e) SeiZleba Tu ara maTi gamoyeneba geografiuli koordinatebis, adgilebis si-
maRlis, saavtomobilo gzis mimarTulebis dasadgenad da manZilis gasazomad?

gamoitane daskvna:
1. ra saerTo aqvs adgilis gegmasa da rukas?
2. ra informaciis miReba SeiZleba rukis daxmarebiT da ar SeiZleba globusis
gamoyenebiT, da – piriqiT, ra upiratesoba aqvs globuss rukasTan SedarebiT?

es sainteresoa
izoxazebis meTodi 300 welze metia, gamoiyeneba. igi 1701 wels cnobilma ingliselma
astronomma da geofizikosma edmund galeim SeimuSava da pirvelad dedamiwis mag-
netizmis rukis Sedgenisas gamoiyena.
rac ufro meti obieqti da movlenaa aRniSnuli rukebze, miT mravlad gamoiye­neba
grafikuli niSnebi. Tumca, zogjer sxvadasxva gamosaxuleba gansxvavebul Sinaarsze
miuTiTebs. rukaze erTi da imave obieqtis gamosaxatavad sxvadasxva niSnis gamoye-
nebaa SesaZlebeli, sxvadasxva rigis obieqtebis gamosaxatavad ki – erTi da imave
niSnebis. mag., sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis adgilebi, rogorc geometriuli
niSnebiT (wreebi, kvadratebi, samkuTxedebi), aseve qimiur elementTa simboloebiT
gamoisaxeba (rkina – Fe, oqro – Au, vercxli – Ag, nikeli – Ni, alumini – Al da a. S.).

34 • Tema 1
 8
geografiuli informaciis
wyaroebi

kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi adamianebma uamravi ruka

Seqmnes, ra­Ta gamoesaxaT da gadmoecaT informacia dedamiwis zeda-
piris Sesaxeb. dRes ru­ke­bi Tanamedrove cxovrebis ganuyofeli
nawilia. isini gvxvdeba yvelgan: Jurnal-gazeTebSi, satransporto
gzamkvlevebSi da sxv. Tanamedrove rukebi ukve kompiuteruli prog­
ramebis gamoyenebiT gacilebiT swrafad da zustad iqmneba.
rukebze geografiuli informaciis gadasatanad xSirad sxvadasx-
va kartografiul xerxs iyeneben. zogjer romelime maCveneblis
(maxasiaTeblis) saSualo sididis gamosaxatavad qveynis terito-
rias gansakuTrebuli meTodiT aferadeben an Strixaven. magali-
Tad, mosaxleobis simWidrovis amsaxvel rukeb­ze rac ufro maRalia
simWidrove, miT ufro muqia feri an mWidroa daStrixva. am kartog­
rafiul meTods kartogramis xerxs uwodeben.
kartogramis erT-erTi formaa anamorfuli ruka. anamorfuli
ruka, SeiZleba iTqvas, „damaxinjebuli~ rukaa. masze saxelmwifoTa
teritoriebi SerCeuli parametrebis Sesabamisad icvleba. saxel-
mwifoTa sazRvrebis pirveladi konturebis fargleb­Si zogi qveyana
warmodgenilia Zalian didad, xolo zogi ki – Zlivs SesamCnevi wer-
tilebis, xazebis saxiT, an isini sulac „qrebian~ Cveni planetidan,
rodesac ZiriTadi maCvenebeli nuls utoldeba an uaryofiTi mniS-
vneloba aqvs.

180°0'0" 140°0'0" 100°0'0" 60°0'0" 20°0'0" 20°0'0" 60°0'0" 100°0'0" 140°0'0" 180°0'0"

70°0'0" 70°0'0"

50°0'0" 50°0'0"

30°0'0" 30°0'0"

10°0'0" 10°0'0"

10°0'0" 10°0'0"

30°0'0" 30°0'0"

sur. 8.1.
50°0'0" 50°0'0" am anamorful rukaze
naCvenebia msoflios
70°0'0" 70°0'0" qveynebi turistebis
raodenobis
180°0'0" 140°0'0" 100°0'0" 60°0'0" 20°0'0" 20°0'0" 60°0'0" 100°0'0" 140°0'0" 180°0'0"
mixedviT.

davaleba

1. sur. 8.1-is mixedviT daadgine, msoflios romeli regionebi gamoirCeva turiste-

bis raodenobiT. rogor fiqrob, ram ganapiroba am regionebis aseTi popularoba?

Tema 1 • 35
 8
Cveulebrivi qaRaldis rukebis garda arsebobs reliefuri ruke-
bic, romlebic adgilis moculobiT samganzomilebian gamosaxule-
bas iZleva.

sur. 8.2. reliefur rukebs muyaosgan, Taba-

Sirisgan an plastmasisgan amzadeben. Sinaar-
sis mixedviT isini Cveulebrivi rukebia da
tradiciuli ferebis da pirobiTi niSnebis
gamoyenebiT iqmneba. isini adgilis makets
waagavs, metad TvalsaCinoa da amitom Ziri-
Tadad saswavlo miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba.

fotorukebi da aerofotorukebi Serwymulia fotografiul

suraTebTan. aseTi kombinaciis wyalobiT pirobiTi niSnebis danaxva
SesaZlebelia srulyofili fotografiuli gamosaxulebis fon­ze,
rac Zalian xelsayrelia adgilze orientirebisaT­vis.
arsebobs rukebis sxva saxeebic. magaliTad, ruka-transparantebi,
romlebic dabeWdilia gamWvirvale furcelze da sinaTleze sade-
monstraciod gamoiyeneba, aseve arsebobs mentaluri (azrobrivi)
rukebi.
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Sedegad eleq­
tronuli rukebi da atlasebi Seiqmna, romlebic kompiuteris
ekranze gamoisaxeba. SesaZlebelia maTi ekranze daTvaliereba,
`gadafurcvla~, sxvadasxva rukis erTmaneTTan Sedareba an erTma-
neTSi Serwyma da a.S. erT kompaqtdiskze didi moculobis atlasi
eteva da amasTan, SenarCunebulia gamosaxulebis maRali xarisxi.

sur. 8.3. kompiuterizacia geog­

rafiasac Seexo. garemos Secno-
bis erT-erTi mTavari instru-
menti eleqtronuli ruka gaxda.

davaleba

2. sur. 8.3-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT daadgine: romeli

konti­nentis nawilebi, naxevar­kunZulebi, zRvebi, sruteebi da kunZulebia naCve-
nebi masze.
3. imsjele, ra mniSvneloba aqvs rukebs, rogorc geografiul wyaros.
4. internetis gamoyenebiT moZebne sxvadasxva saxis eleq­t­ronuli ruka da daadgine,
ra informacias gvawvdis isini.

36 • Tema 1
 8
kartografiis, aerokosmosuri gadaRebisa da kompiuteruli
grafikis SerwymiT ganviTarda axali mecniereba geogamosaxulebis
Sesaxeb – geoikonika (berZn. `geo~ – miwa, `ikon~ – gamosaxuleba). igi
rukebis, fotoebis, eleqtronuli gamosaxulebebisa da animaciis
saerTo Tvisebebs swavlobs, eZebs maTi urTierTSerwymis saukeTeso
saSualebebs da maTi Semdgomi praqtikuli gamoyenebis meTodebsa da
xerxebs SeimuSavebs.
rukebis Sinaarsi amouwuravia. visac rukis wakiTxva da analizi
exerxeba, mas mravali saxis informaciis miReba, gamoTvlebis war-
moeba, sxva rukebTan Sejerebis Semdeg garkveuli kanonzomierebebis
dadgena, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gzebis Zieba, axali hipoTezebisa
da Teoriebis wamoyenebac SeuZlia.
marTalia, dedamiwaze ukve aRar arsebobs aRmouCeneli kunZu-
lebi, rukebi mainc rCeba kvlevisa da mravalferovani informaciis
moZiebis saSualebad. ruka SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc infor-
maciis garkveuli wyaro; ufro metic – rogorc rukis enaze dawe-
rili Taviseburi teqsti.
geografiuli informacia ricxvebisa da sazomi erTeulebis, aseve
grafikebisa da diagramebis saSualebiT SeiZleba gamoisaxos. ama Tu
im movlenis droSi cvlilebis gamosaxatavad grafikebsa da diagra-
mebs iyeneben. grafikis abscisaTa RerZze drois intervalia aRniS-
nuli, xolo ordinatTa RerZze – esa Tu is sidide (temperatura,
naleqebis raodenoba, mosaxleobis raodenoba da a. S.).

7
mosaxleoba, mlrd kaci

0
1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2100
wlebi
sur. 8.4. msoflio mosaxleobis cvlilebis grafiki

davaleba

5. sur. 8.4-is mixedviT daadgine: a) rogor icvleboda msoflios mosaxleobis rao-

denoba saukuneebis mixedviT da warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT; b) romel sau­kunesa
da romel wlebSi gaizarda mkveTrad mosaxleobis raodenoba? g) rogoria mosax­
leobis zrdis prognozi?

geografiuli informacia SeiZleba TvalsaCinod sxvadasxva saxis

diagramiT gadmoices. maT cal­keuli regionebis, olqebis, qveynebis,
maTi resursebis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis Sesada-
reblad iyeneben.

Tema 1 • 37
 8
16% nairobi: naleqebi (mm)
evropa 250
45%
azia 200
14%
CrdiloeTi
amerika 150

100

14% 50
samxreTi
amerika
0
8% 16%

er i

ap i

iv i
ag si

qt to

i
no ri

em i
i
r

t
il

is

d ber

r
afrika

ni

o mbe
T nva

be
r
avstralia

va

se is
ma

mb
r
ma

iv

em
v
ia

o
da okeaneTi

ek
qt
eb
sur. 8.5. es wriuli diagrama msoflio regionebis mixedviT sakvebi produqciis
warmoe­bas asaxavs, xolo svetovani diagrama – q. nairobis (kenia, afrika) naleqebis
raodenobas Tveebis mixedviT.

davaleba

6. sur. 8.5-is mixedviT daadgine: a) sad iwarmoeba sakvebi produqcia yvelaze meti
da yvelaze naklebi raodenobiT? b) romel TveSi aRiniSna naleqebis yvelaze meti
da yvelaze mcire raodenoba q. nairobSi? g) romeli sezoni gamoirCeva naleqebis
siuxviT? d) ro­­­­gor nawildeba naleqebi wlis ganmavlobaSi?

geografiuli obieqtebi SeiZleba aRvweroT infografikebiTac.

infografika monacemebis an ideebis vizualizaciis saSualebaa,
romlis mizania rTuli informaciis martivad da swrafad warmod-
gena. misi daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia ara mxolod didi informaciis
Tavmoyra, aramed faqtebis, obieqtebis, movlenebis ufro Tvalsa-
Cinod gamosaxva drosa da sivrceSi da ganviTarebis tendenciebis
demonstrirebac ki. infografika, gamosaxulebebis garda, moicavs
mcire teqstebs, grafikebs, diagramebs, blok-sqemebs, cxrilebs,
rukebs, simboloebs da sxv.

kontinentis farTobis
29.2 mln km2 18.1 mln km2 7.6 mln km2 wili dedamiwis xmeleT­
840 mln. kaci 354 mln. kaci 12.4 mln km2 20 mln kaci Tan mimarTebiT
kontinentis mosaxleo­
20% bis wili dedamiwis mTel
12% 12% 9% 6% 0.3%
5.5% mosaxleobasTan mimar­
Te­­biT
dasaxe­ sanapiro xazis simaRle, m
leba sigrZe aTasi km. saSualo maqsimaluri minimaluri
afrika 30.5 750 5895 kilimanjaro -153 asalis tba
samxreTi sur. 8.6. geog­
26 580 6960 akon-kagua -40 valdes n/k
amerika rafiuli in­­
avstralia 19.7 215 2230 kosciuSko -12 eiris tba formacia
kontinen­tebis
antarqtida 30 2040 5140 vinsonis mas. zRvis done Sesaxeb

38 • Tema 1
 8
geografiuli informaciis wyaroa naxatebi da fotoebi, romlebic
Cven irgvliv arsebul realobas, obieqtebs, movlenebs, adgilebs Tu
adamianebs asaxaven. maTi saSualebiT SegiZlia daakvirde garemoSi
mimdinare fizikur Tu sazogadoebriv procesebs, sxvadasxva adgils,
gaecno sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis kulturul Tavi-
seburebebs da sameurneo saqmianobas, daamyaro virtualuri kavSiri
msoflios sxvadasxva adgilTan da iq mcxovreb adamianebTan.

sur. 8.7. fotosuraTi Taviseburi dokumenti da informaciis wyaroa,

romelic movlenas, obieqts, process an faqts asaxavs. Tu ginda Seityo, rogor
Seqmna infografika,
estumre vebgverds:

http://infographr.tumblr.com/

davaleba

7. sur. 8.6-is mixedviT daadgine, ra saxis informaciis moZieba SeiZleba da aRwere

romelime kontinenti.
8. sur. 8.7.-is gamoyenebiT upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a) ras xedav? b) sad SeiZleba iyos gadaRebuli foto; g) romel klimatur sar-
tyelSi mdebareobs fotoze gamosaxuli adgili? d) rogori mcenareuloba
izrdeba? e) Seni azriT, rogori cvlilebebi ganicada garemom ukanaskneli 10
wlis ganmavlobaSi da rogori iqneba es garemo 10 wlis Semdeg? v) ra SegiZlia
Tqva aq mcxovrebi adamianebis saqmianobis, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis, qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb?
9. cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebis mixedviT aage haeris temperaturis cvlilebis
grafiki:
Tveebi I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
t0
-10 -7 -3 +4 +6 +9 +15 +18 +8 +4 -3 -9

Tema 1 • 39
 9
gradusTa bade da
geografiuli koordinatebi
gradusTa bade meridianebisa da paralelebisgan Seqmnili qselia,
romelic rukasa da globusze geografiuli obieqtis adgilmdeba-
reobis dadgenaSi gvexmareba.
polusebidan Tanabrad daSorebuli yvelaze grZeli warmosaxviTi
wrexazi ekvatoria.

CrdiloeTi
naxevarsfero
grinviCi sur. 9.1. 00 da 1800-iani meridi-
00 1800 anebi dedamiwas dasavleT da
naxevarsfero

naxevarsfero

naxevarsfero

naxevarsfero
aRmosavleTi
aRmosavleT

aRmosavleT naxevarsferoebad
dasavleTi

dasavleTi

meridiani

meridiani
yofs, ekvatori ki – CrdiloeT
da samxreT naxevarsferoebad.
ekvatori

samxreTi
naxevarsfero

davaleba

1. ramden graduss Seadgens TiToeul naxevarsferoSi manZili ekvatoridan polu-

sebamde?
2. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT daadgine: a) romel naxevarsferoSi
mdebareobs saqarTvelo ekvatoridan da sawyisi meridianidan? b) romel konti-
nentsa da okeanes kveTs yvela meridiani?

paralelebi dedamiwas qamrebis msgavsad artyia gars. isini ekva-

toris paraleluri, misgan CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT gavlebuli
warmosaxviTi wrexazebia. yvelaze grZeli paraleli ekvatoria, yve-
laze mokle ki polusebTan axlos gadis.
polusebis SemaerTebel warmosaxviT wrexazebs meridianebi ewo-
deba. isini Tanabari sigrZisaa. nulovani anu sawyisi meridiani
londonis maxloblad, grin­viCze gadis.

sur. 9.2. paralele­

CrdiloeTi sam

bi dasavleTi-
aRmosavleTis
mi­­mar­­Tulebas
gviCveneben,
meridianebi ki –
xreTi

CrdiloeTi-samxre-
Tisas.

40 • Tema 1
 9

davaleba

3. rodis ufro meti manZilis gavla mogiwevs, 600-iani Tu 400-iani paralelis gas­
wvriv mogzaurobisas da ratom?
4. a da b punqtebi sxvadasxva naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs: a punqti 45-e para­lel­ze,
b ki – me-10-ze. ra SeiZleba Tqva maTi adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb?

paralelebisa da meridianebis gavleba usasrulod SeiZleba, magram

globusi da ruka xazebiT rom ar gadaitvirTos, bades garkveuli
kanonzomie­rebiT xazaven.
rukis gradusTa bade ara marto geografiuli koordinatebis
dasadge­nad gamoiyeneba, aramed manZilis gazomvaSic gvexmareba. ekva-
tori da meridia­nebi daaxloebiT 40 000 km sigrZis 3600-iani wrexa-
zebia. Sesabamisad 10-iani rkalis sigrZe meridiansa da ekvatorze
daaxloebiT 111 km-ia. amas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, advilad SevZlebT
rukaze CvenTvis sasurveli manZilis gazomvas. magaliTad, kunZuli
grenlandia CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken daaxloebiT 230-ze anu 2553
km manZilzea gadaWimuli.

davaleba

5. meridianebi da paralelebi pirvelad eratosTenes rukaze iyo gamosaxuli. da-

akvirdi sur. 2.1-s da daadgine, rogor aris maTze meridianebi da paralelebi
gavlebuli? rogor fiqrob, ratom gaavles isini ase?
6. a punqti 25-e paralelze mdebareobs, b punqti ki me-40-ze. romeli maTgani ufro
axlosaa ekvatorTan?
7. a da b punqtebi dasavleT naxevarsferoSi, Sesabamisad, 35-e da 47-e meridianebze
mdebareoben. romeli maTgania ufro aRmosavleTiT?
8. naxevarsferoebis rukaze (danarTi 1) miaxloebiT gansazRvre avstraliis ganfe-
niloba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken.

Tu gsurs gansazRvro, dedamiwis romel wertilSi imyofebi, ami-

saTvis aucileblad unda icode im adgilis geografiuli koordi-
natebi. adgilis geografiuli koordinatebi geografiuli grZedisa
da ganedis gadakveTis wertilia.
geografiuli ganedi gradusobiT aTvlili manZilia ekvatoridan
CrdiloeTiT an samxreTiT. misi sidide 0-dan 90 gradusamde icvleba.
geografiuli grZedi gradusobiT aTvlili manZilia nulovani
meridianidan dasavleTiT da aRmosavleTiT. misi sidide 0-dan 180
gradusamde icvleba.

Tema 1 • 41
 9

sur. 9.3. geografiuli grZedi oria – dasavleTi (d.g.) da aRmosavleTi (a.g.).

geografiuli ganedic oria – CrdiloeTi (C.g.) da samxreTi (s.g.).

davaleba

9. arsebobs Tu ara dedamiwaze wertili, romlis koordinatebia C.g. 950 da a.g.1850.

pasuxi daasabuTe.

sur. 9.4. GPS (Global Positioning Sistem)

24 satelitisgan Semdgari sistemaa,
romlis saSualebiT nebismier drosa
da amindSi zustad SegviZlia gan-
vsazRvroT dedamiwis nebismieri
wertilis adgilmdebareoba. GPS-is
mflobels SeuZlia miiRos informa-
cia, Tu romel grZedze, ganedze da
ra simaRleze imyofeba.

madridis (espaneTis de­daqa­laqis) geografiuli koordinatebia

Crd­ilo­eT ganedis 400 da dasavleT grZedis 30 (C.g. 400 da d.g. 30). es
niSnavs, rom igi ekvatoridan CrdiloeTiT 400-ian paralelze da
sawyisi meridianidan dasavleTiT 30-is daSorebiT mdebareobs. Tu
rukaze am grZedsa da ganeds ipovi, maTi gadakveTis adgilas madri­
d­sac miagneb.

42 • Tema 1
 9

davaleba

10. 1912 wlis 15 aprils im droisaTvis yvelaze swrafi gemi `titaniki~ C.g. 430-isa da
D .g. 500-is gadakveTaze CaiZira. gamoarkvie, romel okeaneSi mogzaurobda gemi?
d
11. am kunZuls ramdenime dasaxeleba aqvs: raha-nui, vaihu, magram yvelaze xSirad
mas sxva saxeliT moixsenieben. daadgine kunZulis saxelwodeba, Tu misi koor-
dinatebia s.g. 270 da d.g 1090.
12. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine, romeli obieqtebis
koordinatebia mocemuli: a) s.g. 60 da a.g. 1050; b) s.g. 30 da a.g. 370; g) C.g. 630 da ­­d.g.
1510; d) C.g. 480 da a.g. 20; e) C.g. 70 da a.g. 800.
13. geografiuli obieqtebis koordinatebisa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi
1) mixedviT daadgine, romeli obieqtebia da romel kontinentebze mdebareoben
isini: a) s.g. 30 da a.g. 330; b) C.g. 530 da a.g. 1050; g) s.g. 160 da d.g. 680; d) C.g. 480 da d.g.
880; e) s.g. 280 da a.g. 1370; v) s.g. 70 da a.g. 300; z) C.g. 610 da a.g. 320;
14. msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) gamoyenebiT daadgine erT ganedsa da
erT grZedze mdebare qalaqebi.
15. roman `saidumlo kunZulis~ gmiri caSi sahaero burTiT aiWra. man starti qalaq
riCmondidan (aSS) aiRo, romlis koordinatebia C.g. 380 da d.g. 780. sabolood
dausaxlebel kunZulze aRmoCnda, romelsac linkolni uwoda. am kunZulis
koordinatebia s.g. 350 da d.g. 1500. aRniSne konturul rukaze wignis gmiris
mogzaurobis marSruti da daadgine, ra mimarTulebiT mogzaurobda igi?
16. naxevarsferoebis rukaze (danarTi 1) moZebne nebismieri 5 geografiuli obieqti
da daadgine maTi koordinatebi. aRniSne isini konturul rukaze.

es sainteresoa

Zv.w II saukuneSi berZenma astronomma da geografma hipar-

qem pirvelma Semoitana geografiuli ganedisa da grZedis
cneba. mTavar paralelad maSinac ekva­tori iyo miCneuli.
sawyis meridianad ki man is meridiani airCia, romelic egeo-
sis zRvaSi mdebare rodosis kunZulze, amave saxelwodebis
qalaqze gadioda. mogvianebiT sawyisma meridianma ramden-
jerme Seicvala adgilmdebareoba. mxolod 1884 wels saer-
TaSoriso SeTan­xmebiT sawyis meridianad londonis gareu-
banSi mdebare grinviCis observatoriaze gamavali meridiani
miiCnies. observatoriis direqtorma jon flemstilma igi
pirdapir Tavis laboratoriaze gaatara.
meridianebi da paralelebi wrexazebia da amitom maTi nawi-
lebi – rkalebi gradusebiT izomeba. gradusi wrexazis 1/360 nawilia. igi Tavis
mxriv 60 minutad ( ), TiToeuli minuti ki 60 sekundad ( ) iyofa. magaliTad, q. niu-
iorkis zusti geografiuli koordinatebia C.g. 40042 52 da d.g. 74000 23 .

Tema 1 • 43
10
reliefi da relief­
warmomqmneli faqtorebi
leqsikoni

geomorfologia – fizikuri geografiis erT-erTi dargi, romelic ikvlevs da

swavlobs reliefis Camoyalibebis istoriasa da Tanamedrove reliefwarmomqmnel
procesebs.

gaixsene

1. ra aris liTosfero, teqtonika, liTosferos (teqtonikuri) fila?

2. rogor warmoiSva Tanamedrove kontinentebi?
3. ramdeni liTosferos filaa dedamiwaze da romelia maT Soris udidesi?
4. raSi mdgomareobs alfred vegeneris kontinentebis dreifis Teoria da ras
efuZneba igi?
5. rogor moZraoben liTosferos filebi da ra procesebi xdeba, roca isini
erTmaneTs ejaxebian?
6. rogor daasabuTeb, rom liTosferos filebis moZraoba amJamadac mimdinareobs
da momavalSic gagrZeldeba?
7. ra aris gamofitva da ra gavlenas axdens igi dedamiwis reliefis formirebaze?
8. rogoria dedamiwis Sinagani agebuleba?
9. ra aris miwisZvra, vulkani, cunami da sad xdeba isini? ra hqvia maTi gavrcelebis
sartylebs?
10. risTvis iyeneben seismografs?
11. ra nawilebisgan Sedgeba vulkani, rogori vulkanebi arsebobs da ra gansxvavebaa
maT Soris?
12. rogor unda moiqce miwisZvrisa da vulkanis amofrqvevis SemTxvevaSi?
13. ra aris reliefi da xmeleTis reliefis romel ZiriTad formebs icnob?
14. rogor aRiniSneba rukaze dablobi, vake, zegani, mTa da aCvene isini rukaze.
15. ra niSnebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben vakeebs da mTebs?

dedamiwa mzis sistemis sxva planetebisgan liTosferos agebu-

lebiTa da reliefiT gansxvavdeba. sxva arc erT planetaze ar aris
didi, saSualo da patara reliefis formebis iseTi mravalferovne-
ba, rogoric Cvens planetaze. yvelaferi es ki Sinagani (endogenuri)
da dedamiwis zedapirze aqtiurad mimdinare garegani (egzogenuri)
procesebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia. dedamiwis reliefis formebi erT-
maneTisgan warmoSobiT, ganviTarebis istoriiT, asakiT, sididiT da
formiT gansxvavdebian.
dedamiwis qerqis Camoyalibeba daaxloebiT 3.5 mlrd wlis win
daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad is Zalian aramdgradi iyo. Sinagani proce-
sebis gavleniT mis zedapirze gaCnda CaRunvebi, e.w. rofebi. maTi
fskeri xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi zogjer 10-14 km siRrmeze
iZireboda da zRviuri Rrmulebi warmoiqmneboda. milionobiT wlis
ganmavlobaSi rofebSi danaleqi qanebis sqeli fenebi grovdeboda.

44 • Tema 1
 10
Semdeg daweva aweviT icvleboda, ris Sedegadac rofebis adgilze
TandaTan naoWa mTaTa sistemebi warmoiSoboda. am process Tan sdev-
da xSiri miwisZvrebi da rogorc wyalqveSa, ise wyalzeda vulkanuri
amofrqvevebi.
dedamiwis zedapirze, Sinagan ZalebTan erTad, garegani procese-
bic – gamofitva, zedapiruli wylebiT qanebis gadarecxva, qarisa da
yinulis moqmedeba, zvirTcema – moqmedeben. maTi zegavleniT mrava-
li milioni wlis Semdeg mTiani mxareebi myari da udreki saZirkvlis
mqone vakeebad gadaiqca. Semdeg isini ukve aRar danaoWdnen, magram
danapraldnen da mxolod vertikaluri ryeva – neli awev-daweva –
ganicades. ase warmoiqmna mTiani mxareebis adgilas kontinenturi
baqnebi anu platformebi. baqani dedamiwis qerqis didi, SedarebiT
mdgradi nawilia. igi mosworebul, danaoWebul saZirkvelze mdeba-
reobs, romelic zevidan xSirad dafarulia danaleqi an vulkanuri
qanebiT. rogorc wesi, uZvelesi baqnebis raionebSi Tanamedrove
xanaSi moqmedi vulkanebisa da miwisZvrebis kerebi ar arsebobs.

2 2

1 sur. 10.1.
1 – saZirkveli,
2 – danaleqi SaliTa,
1
3 – fari

baqnebi sxvadasxva asakisaa. uZvelesi baqnebi, magaliTad, samxreT

amerikis, CrdiloeT amerikis, aRmosavleT evropis, avstraliis, 1600
mln wlis win warmoiSvnen da kontinentebis „ConCxs“ warmoadgenen.
isini erTgvar birTvs qmnian, romelsac mogvianebiT, Tanamedrove
kontinentebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, dedamiwis qerqis SedarebiT
axalgazrda ubnebi SeuerTdnen.
dedamiwis qerqis SedarebiT axalgazrda ubnebSi mTaTa warmoSo-
bis procesebi, miwisZvrebi da vulkanuri amofrqvevebi axlac mim-
dinareobs. dedamiwis qerqis aseT ubnebs moZravi ubnebi hqvia. isini
naoWa da naoWa-loda mTebisgan Sedgebian. moZravi ubnebi sxvadasxva
dros warmoiqmna. Tanamedrove xanaSi yvelaze „moZravia“ axalgazr-
da danaoWebis mxareebi, romlebic aziis aRmosavleT, CrdiloeT da
samxreT amerikis dasavleT kideebSi mdebareoben. swored aq aris
wynarokeanuri vulkanuri sartyeli. aseTive sartyeli gadaWimulia
evropisa da aziis samxreT nawilSic.

davaleba

1. dedamiwis qerqis romel ubnebs ewodeba mdgradi da moZravi, da ra niSnis mixed-

viT yofen maT mdgrad da moZrav ubnebad?
2. dedamiwis qerqis romeli moZraobebi xdeba baqnebze da romeli moZrav ubnebze?

Tema 1 • 45
10
Sinagani da garegani Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegad reliefis forme-
bi mudmivad icvleba. icvleba mTebis moxazuloba, simaRle, sworde-
ba borcvebi da marTalia, sakmaod nela, magram TviT kontinentebis
moxazulobac ki.
dedamiwis Sinagani energia iseT procesebSi vlindeba, rogore-
bicaa, magaliTad, dedamiwis horizontaluri, anu liTosferos
filebis moZraoba, dedamiwis qerqSi mantiis Semadgeneli nivTie-
rebebis SeRweva da zedapirze amosvla, rac gamowveulia mantiaSi
nivTierebaTa gadaadgilebiT. aseve Sinagani Zalebis moqmedebis
Sedegia dedamiwis neli vertikaluri moZraobac. am dros dedamiwis
amgebi qanebis ganlageba ar icvleba da isini horizontalur mdgo-
mareobaSi rCebian. dedamiwis neli vertikaluri ryeva SeumCnevlad
mimdinareobs da misi kvali garkveuli drois Semdeg SeiniSneba.
magaliTad, skandinaviis naxevarkunZuli dRemde ganicdis azevebas
(awevas) weliwadSi 1 sm siCqariT, xolo dasavleT evropis Crdilo da
samxreTi sanapiroebi ki, piriqiT – iZireba.

sur. 10.2. niderlandebis sanapiro TandaTan iZireba.

xmeleTis sanapiro zolis daZirvis Tavidan acile­
bis mizniT damcavi jebirebi aaSenes, romelTa simaR­
le 18 metrs aRwevs.

vertikaluri ryevebi mTebSic mimdinareobs, Tanac, SedarebiT

ufro swrafad. mTebis simaRle weliwadSi ramdenime santimetriT
matulobs. magaliTad, himalais mTebi weliwadSi 5-8 sm-iT maRla
iwevs. xmeleTis neli, vertikaluri ryevebi dedamiwis mTel zeda-
pirze mimdinareobs da awev-dawevis periodebi erTmaneTs enacvleba.
dedamiwis vertikaluri da horizontaluri moZraobebis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba reliefis yvelaze msxvili formebi – kontinentebi da
okeanuri Rrmulebi, mTiani sartylebi da uzarmazari vakeebi.
dedamiwis zedapirze moqmedi reliefwarmomqmneli garegani pro-
cesebia gamofitva, zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis, qaris, myinva-
rebis, zRvis talRebis moqmedeba da adamianis saqmianoba, romelic
Tanamedrove pirobebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, did geologiur Zalad
Camoyalibda. yvela es procesi angrevs qanebs, ngrevis produqtebi –
naSali masala dedamiwis SedarebiT maRali adgilebidan sxva, da­­bal
adgilebSi gadadis da iq grovdeba.

sur. 10.3. xmeleTis zedapiris ngrevasa da mosworebas

metwilad gamofitva iwvevs.

46 • Tema 1
 10
reliefwarmomqmneli faqtorebi

Sinagani garegani

miwisZvra gamofitvis yvela saxe –

vulkanebis amofrqveva wyali, qari, adamiani
dedamiwis qerqis moZraoba
liTosferos filebis moZraoba
qmnian reliefis mcire formebs:
xramebi, barxanebi, diunebi,
qmnian reliefis msxvil for­ karieri, Txrili, terasebi
mebs: mTebi, vakeebi

sur. 10.4. Sinagani da garegani procesebi erTdroulad moqmedeben. amasTan, Sinagani

Zalebi, ZiriTadad, reliefis msxvil formebs qmnian, xolo garegani Zalebi Slian
da anawevreben maT da axal, SedarebiT mcire zomis reliefis formebs warmoqmnian.

kontinentebi da okeanuri Rrmulebis uzarmazari sivrceebi Cve-

ni planetis zedapiris yvelaze didi, planetaruli, megareliefis
formebia. kontinentebze da okeaneebis fskerze gvxvdeba reliefis
mikroformebi – ukidegano vakeebi da qedebi, udidesi vulkanuri
konusebi, qvabulebi, Rrmulebi da reliefis sxva formebi. xmeleTze
aseve mravladaa reliefis saSualo (mezoforma – mTis xeobebi) da
mikroformebic – borcvebi, xramebi, mdinareTa xeobebi, diunebi da
sxv. xmeleTze 1000 m-ze naklebi simaRleebi Warbobs, xolo okeaneSi
3000-dan 6000 m-mde siRrmeebi.

sur. 10.5. udabnoebsa da zogierTi mdinarisa Tu zRvis

napirebze qars qviSa gadaaqvs da diunebsa da barxanebs
warmoqmnis. diuna qviSis borcvia, romlis simaRle
1
­­ 0-­­30 m-s­­udris, zogjer 100 m-sac aRwevs, sigrZe ki
aTeulidan aseul kilometramde meryeobs. barxanic
qviSis borcvia, oRond naxevarmTvaris an namglisebri
moxazulobiT. diunebi da barxanebi gabatonebuli
qaris mimarTulebiT gadaadgildebian. isini faraven
mindvrebs, baRebs, soflebsa da qalaqebsac ki. maTi
warmoqmnis Tavidan asacileblad mcenareul safars
aSeneben.

reliefis ZiriTadi formebia vakeebi da mTebi. mTebs Cveni pla-

netis xmeleTis zedapiris daaxloebiT 43% ukavia, vakeebs ki – 57%.
dedamiwis naoWa mTiani sistemebi sxvadasxva asakisaa. arCeven uZve-
les, Zvel, saSualo da axali danaoWebis mTebs. rac ufro Zvelia
mTebi, miT ufro daSlilia isini. axali danaoWebis mTebs xSirad
naoWa da naoWa-loda agebuleba aqvT.

Tema 1 • 47
10
vakeebi umetesad agebulia horizontalurad ganlagebuli zRviu-
ri da kontinenturi danaleqi qanebiT.

2000 m da maRla
1000-2000 m maRali mTebi
zegani saSualo
simaRlis mTebi

500 m
200 m
0m

dablobi maRlobi
Rrmuli 500-1000 m
dabali mTebi
sur. 10.6. vakeebi da mTebi gansxvavdebian simaRlis mixedviT.

davaleba

3. zogierTi mTis mwvervali pikisebria, zogi ki – momrgvalebuli, riT aixsneba es

garemoeba?
4. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daalage simaRlis zrdis mi-
xedviT mTebi: urali, kavkasioni, skandinaviis, andebi, kordilierebi, alpebi,
avstraliis didi wyalgamyofi.
5. naxevarsferoebisa da politikuri rukebis (danarTi 1-2) gamoyenebiT: a) CamoT­
vale qveynebi, romelTa teritoriis didi nawili mTebs ukavia; b) daadgine, ro-
meli qveynebis teritoriaze mdebareobs mwvervalebi: jomolungma, denali (mak-
kinli), monblani, ialbuzi, kosciuSko, akonkagua da aRniSne isini konturul
rukaze; g) Seadare erTmaneTs kavka­sionisa da skandinaviis mTebi da daadgine maT
Soris msgavseba-gansxvaveba.
6. sur. 10.6-is mixedviT daadgine, rogori mTebi da vakeebi arsebobs simaRlis mi­
xedviT.

xmeleTis msgavsad okeanuri qerqi mdgrad da moZrav ubnebad iyo-

fa, xolo reliefis mravalferovnebiT okeanis fskeri arafriT
Camouvardeba xmeleTis zedapirs. okeanis fskerzec gamoyofen vake­
ebs brtyeli, borcviani an talRovani zedapiriT da mTebs, romlebic
aRmarTulia alag-alag wylis zedapiris zeviT da kunZulebs war-
moqmnian. magaliTad, aseTebia havais, kuriliis kunZulebi. okeanis
fskeris reliefis Taviseburebaa Suaokeanuri qedebis erTiani sis-
temis arseboba. sistema gadaWimulia did farTobze, romlis saer-
To sigrZe 70 aTas km-s aRwevs. okeaneebis ganapiras ganlagebulia
Rrmawyliani Rrmulebi, romlebic xmeleTze ar gvxvdeba.

48 • Tema 1
 10

sur. 10.7. okeanis fskeris reliefi

davaleba

7. rogor fiqrob, sad ufro swrafad icvleba reliefis formebi, wyalSi Tu xme-
leTze? pasuxi daasabuTe.
8. naxevarsferoebis rukaze (danarTi 1) moZebne geografiuli obieqti, romlis
koordinatebia s.g. 200 da a.g. 880 da daadgine, rogoria okeanis fskeris reliefi
am adgilas.

reliefi havasTan erTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Cveni pla-

netis bunebis Taviseburebebze. Tavis mxriv, reliefic didad aris
damokidebuli havaze da amitom reliefwarmomqmneli procesebi
klimaturi sartylebis mixedviT icvleba.
reliefze aseve mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli adamianis cxov­
reba da saqmianoba. adamiani uZvelesi droidan sacxovreblad vake-
dablobebsa da mdinareTa xeobebs irCevda. Tavisi sameurneo saqmia-
nobisas, soflebisa da qalaqebis, saxlebis, sawarmoebis mSeneblo-
bisas igi reliefis Taviseburebebs iTvaliswinebda. Tanamed­rove
teqnikuri saSualebebiT adamianma didi gavlena moaxdina dedamiwis
qerqze da Cveni planetis reliefi mniSvnelovnad Secvala. bolo
saukuneebSi adamianebis intensiurma sameurneo saqmianobam gamoiw-
via e.w. anTropogenuri reliefis farTod gavrceleba. adamianis
saqmianobis masStabebi ise gaizarda, rom dedamiwam es „igrZno“:
sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis adgilebSi ingreva reliefis
bunebrivi formebi, izniqeba qanebis fenebi, bunebrivi airisa da
wylis amotumbvis, wyalsacavebisa da kaSxlebis mSeneblobis, aseve
miwisqveSa birTvuli afeTqebebis Sedegad xdeba miwisZvrebi da sxv.

Tema 1 • 49
10
magaliTad, q. mexikom bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi wylis intensiuri
amotumbvis Sedegad 6 m-iT daiwia, xolo afrikaSi, mdinare zambezze
aSenebuli uzarmazari wyalsacavebis dagubebis Sedegad xmeleTis
zedapirma 20 sm-iT daiwia.

davaleba

9. ratom swavloben liTosferos da reliefs?

10. axseni, rogor da ratom icvleba dedamiwis zedapiri da ra aris reliefis mra-
valferovnebis mizezebi?
11. reliefis rogor formebs warmoqmnian Sinagani da garegani Zalebi?
12. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT Seadare erTmaneTs xmeleTisa
da okeanis fskeris reliefi. CamoTvale mega, makro, mezo da mikroreliefis
formebi.
13. naxevarsferoebis rukis mixedviT axseni, ra kanonzomierebiTaa ganlagebuli
dedamiwis zedapirze reliefis msxvili formebi. moiyvane am kanonzomierebebis
damadasturebeli magaliTebi.
14. axseni, eTanxmebi Tu ara Semdeg mosazrebas da ratom: Sinagani da garegani Za-
lebi erToblivad moqmedeben rogorc xmeleTis zedapirze, aseve okeaneebis
fskerzec.
15. tibetis zegani simaRliT (4000-5000 m) zogierT mTas aRemateba. ratom uwodeben
mas zegans da ara mTas?
16. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine: reliefis formis
mixed­viT, ra aqvT saerTo iseT Zvel qveynebs, rogorebicaa: egvipte, mesopota-
mia, indoeTi da CineTi.
17. ra gavlenas axdens adamiani reliefis formirebis procesze? moiyvane magali-
Tebi.

es sainteresoa
mTebi msoflios mravali xalxisTvis sakulto obieqtia. magaliTad, afrikelebi
mwverval kilimanjaros `sicivis samflobelos mTad~ miiCnevdnen. iaponelebi
vulkan fujiamas wminda mTas – fujisans uwodebdnen. Zvel berZnebs ki swamdaT,
rom olimpos mTaze maTi RmerTebi binadrobdnen.
1786 wels Sveicarieli glexi u. balma da frangi eqimi m. pikari pirvelad avidnen
alpebis umaRles mwverval monblanze (4808 m). amis Semdeg sportis saxeoba mTam-
svlelobas alpinizmi ewoda.
1953 wels nepalelma Serpma norgei Tencingma da axalzelandielma edmond pi-
larma dedamiwis `mesame polusi~ – msoflios umaRlesi mwvervali eve­resti
daipyres da es dapyroba britaneTis dedoflis, elisabed II-is game­febas miuZR-
vnes. sainteresoa, rom am mwvervals ramdenime saxeli aqvs. tibete­lebisTvis igi
jomolungmaa – `dedamiwis RmerTebis deda~, nepalele­bisTvis ki sagarmatra –
`samyaros mbrZanebeli~. misi absoluturi simaRle (8848 m) 1852 wels indoeTis
topografiuli eqspediciis xelmZRvanelma, ingliselma jorj everestma gansa-
zRvra, romlis pativsacemadac mas kidev erTi saxeli – everesti ewoda.

50 • Tema 1
 11
amindis elementebi
gaixsene

1. ratom icvleba haeris temperatura dRe-Ramis da sezonebis mixedviT?

2. rogor warmoiqmneba Rrublebi?
3. rogori qarebi ici da rogor arqmeven qars saxels?
4. rogor warmoiqmneba wvima da Tovli?

dedamiwis irgvliv arsebul haeris garss atmosfero hqvia da igi

ramdenime fenisgan Sedgeba. qveda fenas, romelic dedamiwis zeda-
pirs ebjineba, troposferos uwodeben. misi sisqe yvelgan erTnairi
ar aris: ekvatorTan 16-18 km-ia, zomier ganedSi – 11-12 km, poluseb-
Tan ki – 8-10 km. troposferoSia atmosferuli haeris masis 80-90% da
haerSi arsebuli wylis orTqli – TiTqmis mTlianad. troposferoSi
mimdinare procesebi did gavlenas axdens amindis formirebaze, ada-
mianis sicocxlesa da saqmianobaze.
troposferos mdgomareobas mocemul adgilas da gansazRvrul
dros amindi ewodeba. amindis ZiriTadi elementebia: temperatu-
ra, tenianoba da atmosferuli wneva. isini troposferoSi qaris,
Rrublebisa da naleqebis warmoqmnas ganapirobeben. amindis yvela
elementi erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli da erT-erTis
cvlileba danarCenebis da saerTod, amindis Secvlas iwvevs.
amindi rogorc dRe-Ramis, ise weliwadis droebis mixedviT icvle-
ba. amindis cvalebadobaze gavlenas axdens mzis mier dedamiwis zeda-
piris araTanabari gaTboba, reliefi, wylis uzarmazari sivrceebi
da sxv.
mze dedamiwaze siTbosa da sinaTlis ZiriTadi wyaroa. mzis mier
siTbosa da sinaTlis gamosxivebas radiacia hqvia. dedamiwa wlis gan-
mavlobaSi sxvadasxva raodenobiT mzis siTbosa da sinaTles iRebs.
haeris temperatura ekvatoridan polusebisken TandaTan iklebs,
radganac mcirdeba mzis sxivebis dacemis kuTxe. ganedis mimarTule-
biT temperaturis erTi gradusiT Sesacvlelad saSualod 200 km-is
gavlaa saWiro.
haeris temperatura aseve klebulobs simaRlis matebasTan erTad
da yovel 1 km-ze asvlisas 5-60C-iT ecema. am dros amboben, rom haeris
temperaturis vertikaluri (Termuli) gradienti 5-60-ia. haeris
temperaturis vertikaluri gradientis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
haeris temperaturis gansazRvra nebismieri adgilisaTvis. magali-
Tad, Tu z. d.-dan 500 m-ze haeris temperatura 200C-ia, gradienti
ki – 60, maSin 1200 m-ze haeris temperatura iqneba 200 – (1200-500)/1000X6
= 15.80C.
dedamiwis zedapiri araerTgvarovania, ris gamoc igi araTanabrad
Tbeba da civdeba. radgan wyali gvian Tbeba da gvian civdeba, xmeleTi
ki piriqiT, amitomac haeris temperatura damokidebulia qvefenili
zedapiris xasiaTzec.

Tema 1 • 51
11
180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°

180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°0
-10
0
-10
60°

60° 00 60°
00

0
+10
30° 0
+10
30° 0 30°
+20
0
+20

0°

0° 0°

+200
30°
+200
30° 30°

+100
+100
60° 00
60° 00 60°

-10 0
1:120 000 000 -1180°
00 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
1:120 000 000 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°

haeris saSualo temperatura (°C)

haeris saSualo temperatura (°C)
+ 20-ze maRali 0 - + 10 -10-ze dabali
+ 20-ze maRali 0 - + 10 -10-ze dabali
+ 10 -+ 20 0 -10
+ 10 -+ 20 0 -10

sur. 11.1. haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura dedamiwaze

davaleba

1. gamoTvale: a) ras udris haeris temperatura im TviTmfrinavis irgvliv, romelic

10500 m simaRleze mifrinavs, Tu dedamiwis zedapirze haeris temperatura +200C-
ia, xolo temperaturis Termuli gradienti – 50C; b) ras udris haeris tempera-
tura mTis ZirSi, Tu 3 km simaRleze Termometri 00C-s aCvenebs, xolo Termuli
gradienti 60-ia?
2. sur. 11.1-is mixedviT daadgine, ras udris haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura
a) tropikebze; b) polarul wreebTan; g) kidev ramdengradusiani izoTermaa naCve-
nebi rukaze? d) romeli izoTermebi kveTs a.g 30-gradusian da d.g. 80-gradusian
meridianebs da gamoitane daskvna; e) ras udris saSualo wliuri temperatura
afrikis samxreTSi da avstraliis CrdiloeTSi.

Zalas, romliTac haeri dedamiwis zedapirsa da masze arsebul sag-

nebs awveba, atmosferuli wneva ewodeba. roca haeris temperatura
00C-s udris, zRvis doneze atmosferuli wneva 760 mm-is tolia da mas
pirobiTad normaluri atmosferuli wneva uwodes.
atmosferuli wneva simaRlis mixedviT icvleba, radgan maRla
atmosferos simkvrive klebulobs da haeri gaiSviaTebulia. simaR-
lis matebasTan erTad wneva yovel 10 m-ze saSualod 1 mm-iT iklebs,
rasac barometruli safexuri ewodeba. Tu gecodineba barometru-
li safexuri, wnevis daxmarebiT advilad gamoiangariSeb adgilis
simaRles.

52 • Tema 1
 11
davaleba

3. rogori atmosferuli wneva iqneba xmeleTisa da wylis zedapirze RamiT? axseni

wnevis aseTi cvlileba dResTan SedarebiT.
4. erTsa da imave dros da erTnair pirobebSi atmosferuli wneva Savi zRvis sana-
piroze vercxliswylis svetiT 760 mm-ia, xolo TbilisSi, mTawmindaze – 690 mm.
gansazRvre, Savi zRvis donidan ra simaRleze mdebareobs mTawminda.
5. Seicvleba Tu ara atmosferuli wneva Rrma maRaroSi (mRvimeSi) Casvlisas? pasuxi
daasabuTe.
6. gamoTvale: a) ras udris atmosferuli wneva mTis mwvervalze, romlis simaRle
4500 m-ia da mTis ZirSi wneva 770 mm-ia; b) ras udris mTis mwvervalis SefardebiTi
simaRle, Tu mis ZirSi barometri vercxliswylis svetis 740 mm-s, xolo mwver-
valze 440 mm-s aCvenebs?

atmosferuli wneva damokidebulia haeris temperaturaze. maRa-

li temperaturis dros wneva dabalia, xolo dabali temperaturis
dros – maRali. dedamiwaze dabali da maRali wnevis sartylebi ekva-
toridan polusebisken erTmaneTs enacvleba. atmosferuli wnevis
araTanabari ganawileba haeris masebis moZraobas ganapirobebs.

sur. 11.2. dedamiwis wnevis sartylebi

dedamiwis zedapirze haeris masebis horizontaluri mimarTu-

lebiT gadaadgilebas qari hqvia. qaris warmoqmnis mTavari mizezia
dedamiwis zedapirze atmosferul wnevebs Soris sxvaoba. qari
yovelTvis maRali wnevis adgilebidan dabali wnevis mqone adgile-
bisken qris. rac ufro didia sxvaoba adgilis atmosferul wnevebs
Soris, miT ufro Zlieria qari.
qari ZiriTadad ori tipisaa: perioduli da mudmivi. periodulia
dReRamuri qari brizi, sezonuri – musoni, xolo mudmivi qaria –
pasati, romelic sul erTi mimarTulebiT – 300-iani ganedebis maRa-
li wnevis areebidan ekvatorisken qris.

Tema 1 • 53
11

civi haeri
Tbili haeri
Tbili haeri

civi haeri

sur. 11.3. dRis brizi Ramis brizi

davaleba

7. sur. 11.3-is mixedviT aRwere: a) rogor warmoiqmneba Ramis brizi da saiTken qris
igi. b) ratom qris brizi ZiriTadad zafxulSi. g) musoni, brizis msgavsad, perio-
duli qaria, romelic mimarTulebas sezonebis mixedviT icvlis da okeaneebisa
da zRvebis mimdebare teritoriebze qris. sur. 11.3-is mixedviT Seecade axsna
saidan saiTken iqrolebs musoni zamTarsa da zafxulSi.

qars didi mniSvneloba aqvs. mas okeaneebidan da zRvebidan xme-

leTze moaqvs Rrubeli da Sesabamisad – teni. xSirad qari Rrublebs
fantavs kidec, amitom amindis Secvla qarze didadaa damokidebuli.
igi amave dros haers asufTavebs. qars xSirad didi zianic moaqvs.
grigali saSiSia rogorc xmeleTze, ise okeaneebsa da zRvebze. qaris
Zalas adamiani uZvelesi droidan iyenebda. igi agebda qaris wisq-
vilebs, qaris Zalas da mimarTulebas ialqniani xomaldebis mimos-
vlisTvis iyenebda; amJamad ki eleqtroenergiis misaRebad iyenebs.
haerSi wylis orTqlis raodenoba yvelgan erTnairi ar aris da
misi Semcveloba damokidebulia haeris temperaturaze. Tbil haers
wylis orTqlis ufro meti raodenobiT Sekaveba SeuZlebelia, vidre
civs.
haerSi wylis orTqlis Semcveloba mis tenianobas gansazRvravs.
ganasxvaveben haeris tenianobis or saxes: absolutursa da Sefar-
debiTs. wylis orTqlis raodenobas, romelsac mocemul momentSi
Seicavs 1 m3 haeri, absolutur tenianobas uwodeben. igi ase gamoi-
saxeba: g/m3. magaliTad, Tu absoluturi tenianoba 20-is tolia, es
niSnavs, rom 1 m3 haeri 20 gram wyals Seicavs. SefardebiTi tenianoba
wylis orTqliT haeris gaJRenTis xarisxia. igi %-iT gamoisaxeba.
SefardebiTi tenianoba aris mocemul temperaturaze 1 m3 haerSi
wylis orTqlis Semcvelobis Sefardeba SesaZlebel Semcvelobas-
Tan. magaliTad, Tu SefardebiTi tenianoba 60%-ia, es niSnavs, rom
haeri SesaZlebeli 100%-dan 60% wylis orTqls Seicavs. ekvatorze
haeris SefardebiTi tenianoba yovelTvis maRalia (daaxloebiT 90%).

54 • Tema 1
 11
zomier ganedebSi SefardebiTi tenianoba sezonebis mixedviT icvle-
ba: zamTarSi igi maRalia, zafxulSi – SedarebiT dabali.
rodesac haeris SefardebiTi tenianoba 100%-s aRwevs, sxvadasxva
simaRleze Rrublebi warmoiqmneba. Rrublebi caSi arsebuli wylis
wveTebisa da yinulis kristalebis masaa. Tbili teniani haeri zeviT
miiwevs. rodesac Tbili haeri civdeba, wylis orTqlis nawili mtvris
nawilakebis irgvliv wylis wvril wveTebad kondensirdeba da Rru-
beli warmoiqmneba.
zamTarSi Rrublianobis dros ufro Tbila, vidre uRrublo
amindSi, radgan Rrubeli dedamiwis zedapirze siTbos akavebs.
zafxulSi ki, piriqiT, Rrublian dRes ufro grila, vidre mowmen-
dil dRes, radganac moRrubluloba xels uSlis miwis zedapiris
gaTbobas.

davaleba

8. axseni, ra damokidebulebaa haerSi wylis orTqlis Semcvelobasa da haeris tem-

peraturas Soris?
9. ra gavlenas axdens Rrublianoba haeris temperaturaze?

tens, romelic wvimis, Tovlis, setyvis, namis, TrTvilisa da Wir-

xlis saxiT gvxvdeba dedamiwis zedapirze, atmosferuli naleqebi
ewodeba. naleqebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc Txevadi, ise myari.
wvima, Tovli da setyva Rrublebidan mosuli atmosferuli nale-
qebia. RrublebSi arsebuli wylis uwvrilesi wveTebi moZraoben,
erTmaneTs ejaxebian, erTiandebian da mZimdebian. damZimebul wylis
wveTebs Rrubeli veRar ikavebs da dedamiwaze wvima modis. rodesac
haeris masa did simaRleze adis, sadac temperatura 00C-ze dabalia,
am dros wylis wveTebi iyineba da erTmaneTTan SeerTebisas yinulis
burTulebad – setyvad gadaiqceva.

sur. 11.4. setyva grova-wvimis

RrublebSi warmoiqmneba, Tan axlavs
elva, Weqa-quxili da didi siswrafiT
modis dedamiwaze.

zomier da maRal ganedebSi naleqebi zamTarSi umetesad Tovlis

saxiT modis. weliwadis am dros haeris temperatura 00C-ze dabalia,
amitom Rrublebi wylis wveTebis nacvlad yinulis uwvrilesi kris-
talebisgan Sedgeba. isini erTmaneTTan SeerTebisas Tovlis fifqebs
warmoqmnian. gzadagza fifqebi erTmaneTs ekvris da Cndeba Tovlis
fanteli.

Tema 1 • 55
11
naleqebi zogjer dedamiwis zedapirTanac warmoiqmneba. aseTi
naleqebia: nami, TrTvili da Wirxli. nami mzis Casvlis Sem­deg war-
moiqmneba, rodesac dedamiwa da mcenareebi swrafad civdeba. am dros
miwispira haeri veRar ikavebs orTqls, romelsac dRisiT maRali
temperaturis dros Seicavda da wylis wveTebad gadaiqceva. Tu
haeris temperatura 00-ze dabalia, maSin mcenareebsa da sxvadasxva
sxeulze Semodgomaze – TrTvili, zamTarSi ki Wirxli Cndeba.
naleqebis ganawilebaze gavlenas axdens adgilis geografiuli
mdebareoba, zRvebsa da okeaneebTan siaxlove, okeanuri dinebebi,
reliefi da sxva faqtorebi. radgan maTi zemoqmedeba yvelgan erT-
nairi ar aris, amitom naleqebi dedamiwis zedapirze ara­Ta­­nab­radaa
ganawilebuli. zogierT raions problemas naleqebis siWarbe uqmnis,
zogs ki – ukmarisoba.

180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°

60° 60°

30°
30°

0° 0°

30° 30°

naleqebis
naleqebis raodenoba
raodenoba
mm-Si(mm) 60° 60°

3000-ze meti

2000 - 3000
180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
1000 - 2000

800 - 1000

200 - 800

200 mm-mde 1:120 000 000

sur. 11.5. naleqebis ganawileba dedamiwaze

davaleba

10. ra gansxvavebaa atmosferul da miwispira naleqebs Soris?

11. ra faqtorebzea damokidebuli naleqebis ganawileba?
12. Seni azriT, sad ufro meti naleqi modis – kontinentebis sanapiro Tu centra-
lur nawilebSi? pasuxi daasabuTe.
13. sur. 11.5-is mixedviT daadgine, rogor nawildeba naleqebi dedamiwis zedapir-
ze – ekvatorze, tropikul, zomier da polarul raionebSi? axseni, ratom modis
ekvatorTan ufro meti naleqi, vidre tropikebSi?
14. romel SemTxvevaSi iqrolebs ufro Zlieri qari, Tu: a) xmeleTze atmosferuli
wneva 758 mm-ia, xolo zRvaze – 760 mm; b) xmeleTze wneva 755 mm-ia, xolo zRvaze –
752 mm; g) ra mimarTulebiT iqrolebs qari pirvel da meore SemTxvevaSi?

56 • Tema 1
 11

es sainteresoa
dedamiwaze yvelaze maRali absoluturi temperatura – +57.80C –
dafiqsirebulia CrdiloeT afrikaSi, q. tripolis midamoebSi, mini-
maluri temperatura – -89.20C – antarqtidaSi, sadgur `vostokSi~,
1983 wlis ivlisSi.
atmosferul wnevas milibarebSic zomaven, Tumca atmosferuli
wnevis sazomi Tanamedrove fizikuri erTeulia heqtopaskali (hpa).
saSualo atmosferuli wneva zRvis doneze 1013 hpa-ia.
maqsimaluri atmosferuli wneva – 1083.3 milibari – zamTarSi dafiq­
sirebulia ruseTSi, krasnoiarskis mxareSi, xolo minimaluri – 873
milibari – filipinebis kunZulebTan axlos warmoqmnili taifunis
centrSi.
rukebze erTnairi wnevis mqone adgilebis SemaerTebel xazebs izo-
barebi hqvia.
dedamiwaze qaris maqsimaluri siCqare dafiqsirebulia aSS-Si, mTa
vaSingtonTan. qaris siCqarem aq 104 m/wm-s miaRwia.
`brizi~ franguli sityvaa da `sust qars~ niSnavs, `musoni~ arabuli
sityvaa da iTargmneba, rogorc `sezoni~, xolo `pasati~ warmodgeba
espanuri sityvebidan – `vi-ento depasada~ da niS­navs `qars, romelic
xels uwyobs gamgzavrebas~. pasatebi marTlac uwyoben xels naos-
nobas, radgan mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekvatoris gaswvriv qrian.
Rrublebi TeTri Cans, radgan wylis wveTebi maTze dacemuli TeTri
sinaTlis speqtris sxivebs erTnairad ganabnevs. mkvrivi Rrubeli
mTel sinaTles STanTqavs da amitomac ruxi feris Cans.
sofel CerapunjaSi (himalais mTiswineTSi) yvelaze meti naleqi mo-
dis – 12 000 mm­­­­­ weliwadSi, naleqebis umciresi raodenoba ki tro-
pikul udabnoSi, kerZod, saharaSia dafiqsirebuli – 1 mm weliwadSi.
mecnieri uolson bentli 15 wlis iyo, rodesac Tovlis fifqiT
dainteresda. 1885 wlidan igi
fotoaparatiani mikrosko-
piT fifqebs suraTebs uReb-
da. 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi man
mravali fifqi aRbeWda da
aRmoaCina, rom yvela maTgani
eqvsqimiania, magram erTma-
neTs arcerTi ar hgavs. bent-
lim mizezi ver daadgina. sa-
magierod, fifqebs `bentlis
fifqebi~ Searqves.

Tu ginda Seityo amindis

Sesaxeb, estumre
vebgverds:
https://weather.com/

Tema 1 • 57
12
meteorologiuri xelsawyoebi
gaixsene

1. rogor Tbeba da naTdeba dedamiwa?

2. ratom aris CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi yvelaze Tbili Tve ivlisi, xolo civi –
ianvari, samxreT naxevarsferoSi ki – piriqiT?
3. rogori formis Rrublebi arsebobs da raze migvaniSnebs maTi forma?
4. bunebaSi seirnobis dros CamoTvlili xelsawyoebidan romels gamoiyeneb amindze
dasakvirveblad? daasabuTe Seni pasuxi, axseni TiToeuli xelsawyos daniSnu-
leba da sazomi erTeuli.
xelsawyoebi:
voltmetri, Termometri, ampermetri, niveliri, barometr-aneroidi, seismo-
grafi, anemometri, Teodoliti, flugeri, metriani, higrometri, wammzomi,
kurvimetri, dinamometri, sazomi lartya, kompasi, eqoloti, naleqmzomi, GPS,
meteoradari.

aminds specialuri xelsawyoebiT akvirdebian meteorologiur

sadgurebSi, sadac dRe-RameSi ramdenjerme zomaven haerisa da nia-
dagis temperaturas, tenianobas, wnevas, naleqebis raodenobas, qaris
siCqares, Zalas da mimarTulebas, Rrublianobas. miRebuli monace-
mebi hidrometeorologiuri samsaxuris centrebSi igzavneba, sadac
maTi damuSavebis Semdeg mosalodnel aminds gansazRvraven.
haeris temperaturas TermometriT zomaven. meteorologiur
sadgurebSi mas specialur jixurebSi aTavseben. temperaturis gasa-
zomad gamoiyeneba TviTmweri xelsawyo – Termografi.
haeris temperatura rogorc dRe-Ramis, ise wlis ganmavlobaSi
icvleba. dedamiwis zedapiris nebismier adgilas haeris temperatu-
ra dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze dabalia gaTenebisas, yvelaze
maRali – naSuadRevs. dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi temperaturis udides
da umcires maCveneblebs Soris sxvaobas temperaturis dReRamuri
amplituda ewodeba, xolo wlis ganmavlobaSi – wliuri amplituda.
haeris saSualo temperatura dReRamuri (Tvis, wlis) temperature-
bis SekrebiTa da dakvirvebaTa ricxvze gayofiT gamoiTvleba.

t0C

80
60
40
20
00
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 sT
-20
-40
-60
-80 sur. 12.1. haeris temperaturis
-100 dReRamuri cvlilebis grafiki

58 • Tema 1
 12

davaleba

1. sur. 12.1-is mixedviT: a) daadgine, ras udris yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali
temperatura dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi; b) gamoTvale dReRamuri amplituda da
dReRamuri saSualo temperatura.

atmosferuli wnevis gasazomad barometr-aneroidi gamoiyeneba

(berZ. `aneroidi~ – usiTxos niSnavs). wnevas zomaven aseve TviTmweri
xelsawyo barografiTac.
aneroidis ZiriTadi nawilia liTonis kolofi, romelic moTav­
sebulia xelsawyos korpusSi. am kolofidan haeri amotumbulia,
ris gamoc misi kedlebi metad mgrZnobiarea atmosferuli wnevis
cvalebadobis mimarT. wnevis Semcirebisas kolofi farTovdeba,
gadidebisas ki – piriqiT, ikumSeba. martivi mowyobilobis saSua-
lebiT kolofis es cvlilebebi gadaecema isars, romelic skalaze
atmosferul wnevas gviCvenebs. zogjer aneroidis skalaze aRniSnu-
lia adgilis absoluturi simaRle.
barometri adamians saSualebas aZlevs, iwinaswarmetyvelos amin-
di. wnevis mkveTri dacemisas, rogorc wesi, amindi uaresdeba, moma-
tebisas ki – umjobesdeba.
qars axasiaTebs siCqare, mimarTuleba da Zala. qaris mimarTule-
ba horizontis im mxaris mixedviT ganisazRvreba, saidanac is qris.
magaliTad, dasavleTis qari dasavleTidan qris. meteorologiur
sadgurebSi qaris mimarTulebasa da Zalas flugeris, xolo siCqares
anemometris saSualebiT zomaven. qaris siCqare izomeba m/wm-iTa da
km/sT-iT, xolo Zalisa – baliT (bofortis skalis mixedviT).
haeris tenianobas xelsawyoebiT – higrometriTa da TviTmweri
higrografiT zomaven.
Rrublianobas, Cveulebriv, TvaliT akvirdebian da 10-­­baliani
skaliT afaseben. cis mniSvnelovani nawili TiTqmis mTeli wlis gan-
mavlobaSi dafarulia RrublebiT. yvelaze meti Rrubliani dRe civ
sartyelSi da ekvatorzea, yvelaze cota – udabnoebsa da gvalvian
raionebSi.
atmosferul naleqebs naleqmzomiT zomaven. Tovlis safaris
sisqis dasadgenad Tovlsazomi danayofebiani lartya gamoiyeneba.
Tovlis safaris simaRlis gansazRvras didi mniSvneloba aqvs mdi-
nareebze gazafxulis wyaldidobis prognozirebisTvis.
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi mosuli atmosferuli naleqebis raode-
nobas dakvirvebis Sedegebis mixedviT iTvlian. magaliTad, Tu dilis
7 sT-ze naleqebis raodenoba naleqmzomSi 2 mm-ia, 19 sT-ze ki – 7 mm,
maSin jamuri raodenoba 9 mm-s Seadgens. es ricxvi gviCve­nebs wylis
fenis simaRles horizontalur zedapirze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wyali
ar orTQqldeba an ar iJoneba niadagSi. analogiurad gamoiTvleba
naleqebis Tviuri da wliuri raodenoba.

Tema 1 • 59
12

Termometri barometri anemometri higrometri naleqmzomi

sur. 12.2. meteorologiuri xelsawyoebi

davaleba

2. haeris SefardebiTi tenianobaa: 35%, 50% da 80%. axseni: a) ras gviCvenebs es si-
dideebi? b) SeiZleba Tu ara, am maCveneblebis mixedviT imsjelo haeris tempera-
turis Sesaxeb?
3. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi haeris temperaturisa da naleqebis raodenobis maCve-
neblebis cvlileba da maT Soris damokidebuleba naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs
da bevrs gveubneba ama Tu im teritoriis klimatze. maTi gamosaxva SesaZlebelia
klimaturi diagramis saxiT, romelzec svetovani diagramis saxiT erTdroulad
naCvenebia romelime konkretuli punqtis haeris temperaturis wliuri cvlile-
bis grafiki da naleqebis raodenoba Tveebis mixedviT. gaanawile diagramebi. da-
adgine: a) sad ufro meti naleqi modis wlis ganmav­lo­baSi da ratom? b) TiToeul
dasaxlebul punqtSi romel TveSi modis yvelaze meti da yvelaze naklebi nale-
qi? g) ras udris temperaturis wliuri amplituda TiToeul punqtSi? d) kidev
ris dadgena SeiZleba mocemuli diagramebis saSualebiT?

damasko (siria) belemi (brazilia) bergeni (norvegia)

500 50 500 50 500 50
450 40 450 40 450 40
400 30 400 30 400 30
temperatura 0C

temperatura 0C

350 20 350 20 350 20 temperatura 0C

naleqebi, mm

naleqebi, mm

naleqebi, mm

300 10 300 10 300 10

250 0 250 0 250 0
200 -10 200 -10 200 -10
150 -20 150 -20 150 -20
100 -30 100 -30 100 -30
50 -40 50 -40 50 -40
0 -50 0 -50 0 -50
iTm a m i i a son d iTm a m i i a son d iTm a m i i a son d
Tve Tve Tve

4. rogor fiqrob, ra kavSiria musonur qarebsa da naleqebs Soris?

5. cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebis mixedviT aage naleqebis ganawilebis svetovani
diagrama da gamoiangariSe naleqebis wliuri raodenoba:

Tve I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

naleqebis i T m a m i i a s o n d
raodenoba

105 80 111 109 119 97 117 107 107 98 111 100

60 • Tema 1
 12
atmosferuli naleqebis raodenobasa da ganawilebaze damokide-
bulia meurneobis mravali dargi, gansakuTrebiT, soflis meurneoba.
amitom naleqebis raodenobas sistematurad akvirdebian meteoro-
logiur sadgurebSi.
amindis prognozireba metad rTuli amocanaa. specialistebi dak-
virvebaTa Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze adgenen sinop-
tikur (amindis) rukebs. maTi daxmarebiT adgenen, rogor Seicvleba
amindi dRe-Ramis an ufro xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, e.i. amin-
dis prognozs adgenen. prognozi aris moklevadiani (1-3 dRe-Rame)
da grZelvadiani (5-7 dRe-Rame, Tve, sezoni).
amindis prognozirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis saqmia-
nobis yvela sferoSi. amindis codna aucilebelia mfrinavebisTvis,
mezRvaurebisTvis, mZRolebisTvis, soflis meurneobis muSakebisaT-
vis da a.S.
amindis prognozireba, garkveulwilad, adgilobrivi niSnebiTac
SeiZleba, rac mravali wlis praqtikul gamocdilebas emyareba.

sur. 12.3. sinoptikuri ruka

amindi moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze, mis mixedviT gegmaven

sxva­dasxva sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas: xvnas, Tesvas, mosavlis
aRebas, cxvris faris gadayvanas saZovrebze; mas ukavSirdeba stiqiu-
ri movlenebi: wyaldidoba, gvalva, set­yva, zvavebi da sxv., amitomac
amindis Seswavlasa da prognozirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.

Tema 1 • 61
12

davaleba

6. imsjele, ra mniSvneloba aqvs amindis prognozs.
7. Seecade, Seadgino amindis prognozi 1-3 dRisTvis. Seni azriT, ra informacia
dagWirdeba amisTvis?

praqtikuli samuSao

moifiqre amindis niSnebi da maTi gamoyenebiT erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi awarmoe

amindis kalendari. miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze: a) aage haeris temperaturis
cvlilebis grafiki; b) gamoTvale saSualo Tviuri temperatura da amplituda;
g) aage miRebuli monacemebiT temperaturis cvlilebis grafiki da svetovani dia-
grama `Tvis amindis tipebi~. diagramis asagebad daTvale, ramdeni dRe iyo Tvis
ganmavlobaSi wvimiani, mSrali, civi da Tbili. diagramis asagebad ujriani furclis
qveda mxares gaavle 3 sm sigrZis xazi, xolo vertikalurad – 30 ujris Sesabamisi
sigrZis sveti. svetis qvemodan gadaTvale imdeni ujra, ramdeni civi dRec iyo Tvis
ganmavlobaSi da gaaferade es zoli wiTlad. aseTive xerxiT gamosaxe amindis sxva
tipebic (ferebi aarCie survilis mixedviT); d) diagramis gamoyenebiT gamoitane
daskvna, rogori amindi Warbobda Tvis ganmavlobaSi da ratom?

es sainteresoa
Rrublebis saxelebi maTi mdebareobis, simaRlisa da formis gaTvaliswinebiT
warmoiqmna. Sedgeba windebulebisgan – alto da cirro da laTinuri saxelebisgan – stra-
tus (fena), cirrus (frTa) da cumulus (grova). wvimis Rrublebs nimbus ewodeba. formis
mixedviT arsebobs nimbusstratus (fena-wvimis) da cumulunimbus (grova-wvimis Rru-
blebi).
zRvaze mogzaurobisas orientirebisTvis SeiZleba Zvel mogzaurTa mier gamoc-
dili meTodi gamoiyenoT. isini xmeleTTan miaxloebas Rrublebis saSualebiT
igebdnen, radganac icodnen, rom Rrublebi yovelTvis sanapiro zolis gaswvriv
warmoiqmneba.
XVII saukuneSi italielma mecnierma evanjelista toriCelim pirvelma gazoma
atmosferuli wneva specialuri xelsawyos – vercxliswyliani barometris (berZ.
`barometri~ – simZimis mzomi) gamoyenebiT.
sam dRe-Ramemde vadis amindis prognozi SeiZleba 87-89%-iT gamarTldes. sizus-
tiT gamoirCeva specialuri prognozi, magaliTad, saaviacio prognozi.
arsebobs amindis gansazRvris xalxuri niSnebi, magaliTad, Tu mercxlebi dabla
dafrinaven, mosalodnelia wvima, Tu maRla – dari; Tu Tevzebi mumlis dasaWerad
maRla xtebian, mosalodnelia wvima; Tu futkrebi sisxam diliT mifrinaven, kargi
amindis niSania; Tu kvamli uqarodac miwaze wveba, mosalodnelia cxeli amindi;
Semodgomis TrTvili mziani amindis momaswavebelia.
msoflioSi amindze dakvirvebisa da prognozirebis 3 udidesi centria: vaSing-
tonSi (aSS-Si), melburnsa (avstraliasa) da moskovSi (ruseTSi).
23 marti meteorologTa saerTaSoriso dRea.

62 • Tema 1
 13
klimatwar­momqm­neli faqtorebi
da klimaturi sartylebi

gaixsene

1. ra aris troposfero?
2. ra aris hava (klimati)?
3. romeli ZiriTadi da gardamavali sartylebi ici?
4. ratom yalibdeba dedamiwaze sxvadasxva klimaturi sartyeli?

troposferos haeri erTmaneTisgan temperaturiTa da teniano-

biT gansxvavdeba. Tu haeri xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi erTsa da
imave teritoriazea, igi qvefenili zedapiris Tvisebebs iZens: Tbeba
an civdeba, teniandeba an Sreba.
troposferos haeris did moculobebs, romlebic erTmaneTisgan
temperaturiT, tenianobiT, moZraobis mimarTulebiT da sxva niSne-
biT gansxvavdeba, haeris masebi ewodeba. isini asobiT da aTasobiT
kvadratul kilometrze vrceldeba, mudmivad gadaadgildeba da
Tvisebebsac icvlis. haeris masebis moZraobas atmosferos cirku-
lacia hqvia.
geografiuli mdebareobisa da warmoSobis adgilis mixedviT
ganasxvaveben haeris masebis oTx tips: ekvatoruls, tropikuls,
zomiersa da polaruls (arqtikuls da antarqtikuls). imis mixed-
viT, Tu sad Camoyalibda haeris masebi – zRvaze Tu xmeleTze, isini
SeiZleba iyos zRviuri da kontinenturi. temperaturis mixedviT ki
civi, Tbili da neitraluri haeris masebi gamoiyofa. haeris masebis
gadaadgileba amindis cvlilebas ganapirobebs.
sxvadasxva tipis haeris masebi TvisebebiT mkveTrad gansxvav­­debian
erTmaneTisgan; haeris masebis erTmaneTTan Sexvedrisas maT Soris
warmoiqmneba gamyofi, sasazRvro zoli – atmosferuli fronti.

Tbili civi
fronti fronti

sur. 13.1. haeris masebi Sexvedris dros erTmaneTs `aviwroeben~ da atmosferuli frontic Sesabamisad
gadaadgildeba. Tu fronti civi haeris masebisken moZraobs, romelic ukan ixevs, maSin daTbeba. aseT
fronts Tbils uwodeben. xolo rodesac civi haeri win miiwevs, Tbili haeri swrafad adis maRla, rasac
haeris temperaturis dacema da Tavsxma wvima mosdevs. amas civ atmosferul fronts uwodeben.

Tema 1 • 63
13
troposferoSi mudmivad warmoiqmneba dabali da maRali wnevis
areebi, romelTa diametri ramdenime aTasi kilometria. cikloni
(berZ. `vbrunav~) spiralurad moZravi haeris masaa, romlis centr-
Sic dabali atmosferuli wnevaa. masTan dakavSirebulia Rrubliani,
naleqiani da qariani amindebi. gansakuTrebiT Zlieria tropikuli
cikloni. anticikloni ciklonis sawinaaRmdegod mbrunavi griga-
lia, romlis centrSic maRali wnevaa. Tu teritoria anticiklonis
gavlenis qveS moeqceva, maSin haeri Tbeba, tenianoba klebulobs,
Rrublianoba mcirdeba, naleqebi ar modis.

cikloni anticikloni
aRmavali daRmavali
dineba dineba

maRali
wneva
dabali
wneva

sur. 13.2. haeris masebis moZraobis sqema ciklonsa da anticiklonSi

wlis ganmavlobaSi troposferoSi aseulobiT cikloni da anti-

cikloni warmoiqmneba. orive zomier ganedebSi yalibdeba – zRvebisa
da okeaneebis zedapirze – da ramdenime dRe arsebobs.

davaleba

1. rogori haeris masebi arsebobs d
AD a ratom gadaadgildeba haeris masebi sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT?
2. ra gansxvavebaa kontinentur da okeanur haeris masebs Soris?
3. axseni, rogor Seicvleba amindi: a) zamTarSi civi frontis gavlis Sedegad? b) at-
mosferuli wneva, haeris temperatura da tenianoba ciklonis gadavlis Sedegad?

dedamiwis yoveli adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia amindis garkveu-

li tipi. magaliTad, cxeli an civi, teniani an mSrali. amindis ti­ps,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia mocemuli adgilisTvis da wlidan wlam-
de meordeba, hava anu klimati ewodeba (`klimati~ berZnuli sityvaa
da daxrilobas niSnavs).
ama Tu im teritoriaze havis formirebas ZiriTadi klimatwar-
momqmneli faqtorebi ganapirobebs. esenia: geografiuli ganedi,
haeris masebis moZraoba (atmosferos cirkulacia) da qvefenili
zedapiris xasiaTi.

64 • Tema 1
 13
klimatwarmomqmneli
faqtorebi

geografiuli ganedi haeris masebis qvefenili

moZraoba zedapiri

temperaturis zonaluri haeris masebis vertika- xmeleTi, okeane,

ganawileba, wnevis sar- luri gadaadgileba, okeanuri dinebebi,
tylebi, haeris masebi, mudmivi qarebi, myinvarebi, Tovli,
mudmivi qarebi musonebi reliefi

sur. 13.3. ZiriTadi klimatwarmomqmneli faqtorebi

adgilis hava damokidebulia dedamiwis zedapirze mzis sxivebis

dacemis kuT­xeze. rac ufro didia mzis sxivebis dacemis kuTxe, miT
ufro Tbeba dedamiwa, amitom hava adgilis geografiul ganedTan
erTad icvleba.

sur. 13.4. mzis sxivebis ganawileba dedamiwis zedapirze

davaleba

4. himalais mTiswineTSi modis didi raodenobiT naleqi (12000 mm weliwadSi), Tum-
ca iq mainc mTeli weli Tbila (ianvarSic ki saSualo temperatura +180C-ia).
himalaebis gverdiT – tibetSi – naleqebi mcire raodenobiT, sul raRac 200 mm
modis weliwadSi (es namdvili udabnoa). zamTari tibetSi iseTive civia, rogorc
arqtikaSi: yinva -400C-ia da zafxulSic ki xSiria Tovliani namqeri da haeris uar-
yofiTi temperaturebi. axseniT mizezebi, romlebic iwvevs aseT mkveTr klimatur
gansxvavebas am or axlomdebare regionSi (gamoiyeneT geografiuli ruka).
5. didi britaneTisa da skandinaviis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT regionebSi wlis
ganmavlobaSi ufro didi raodenobiT naleqi modis (2000 mm), vidre maT aRmo-
savleT nawilebSi (500-700 mm), miuxedavad imisa, rom es nawilebi erTmaneTTan
axlos mdebareobs. riT aixsneba es faqti?

Tema 1 • 65
13
sur. 13.5. dedamiwis klimaturi sartylebi

39 m
q. iakobhavanis (grenlandia)
klimaturi diagrama
300

100 50
naleqebis raodenoba, mm

50 25

temperatura C0

0 0

-25

-50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tve

q. manuasis (amazoneTi) klimaturi diagrama

35

30

25

20

15

10
5

0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
dRis temperatura mziani dReebi

Ramis temperatura wvimiani dRe, Tve

66 • Tema 1
 13
490 m
q. Tbilisis (saqarTvelo)
klimaturi diagrama
300

100 50

naleqebis raodenoba, mm
50 25

temperatura C0
0 0

-25

-50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tve

q. salahis (sahara) klimaturi diagrama

45

40
35

30

25

20

15

10
5

0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
dRis temperatura mziani dReebi

Ramis temperatura wvimiani dRe, Tve

Tema 1 • 67
13
havaze did gavlenas axdens reliefic, gansakuTrebiT ki qede-
bis ganlageba. mTebis qarpira ferdobebi SedarebiT uxvnaleqiania,
vidre qarzurga. amasTan, mTebi aferxebs haeris masebis gadaadgi-
lebas.

sur. 13.6. wylis orTqliT

gaJRenTili haeris masebi
mTebis ferdobebze zemoT adis,
sadac haeri civdeba, wylis
orTqli kondensirdeba da
naleqi modis.

havaze moqmedebs teritoriis siaxlove zRvebsa da okeaneebTan.

magaliTad, dasavleT evropis havaze did gavlenas axdens atlantis
okeane, saidanac dasavleTis qarebs Tbili da teniani haeri moaqvs.
aRmosavleTiT ki am haeris masebis gavlena TandaTanobiT mcirdeba
da havis kontinenturi Tvisebebi matulobs. erTsa da imave ganedze
mdebare teritoriebi gansxvavebuli haviT xasiaTdeba, rac zRvebi-
dan da okeaneebidan daSorebiT aixsneba.
zRvebidan da okeaneebidan daSorebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben
zRviuri da kontinenturi havis tipebs. havas, romlisTvisac damaxa-
siaTebelia Tbili zamTari da grili zafxuli, temperaturis mcire
amplituda, naleqebis didi raodenoba, zRviuri hava ewodeba. okea-
neebidan da zRvebidan daSorebul adgilebSi gabatonebul havas,
sadac zamTari civia, xolo zafxuli – cxeli, haeris temperaturis
amplituda didia, naleqebi ki – mcire, kontinenturi hava hqvia.
havaze gavlenas okeanuri Tbili da civi dinebebic axdens. Tbili
dinebebi aTboben im raionebis atmosferos, sadac miedinebian, civi
dinebebi ki, piriqiT, aciveben. magaliTad, dasavleT evropis mTel
sanapiros Crdilo-atlantikuri Tbili dineba miuyveba. misi gavle-
niT es teritoriebi Tbeba da matulobs atmosferuli naleqebis
raodenoba. civi dinebebis (labradoris, perus da sxv.) gavleniT ki
mimdebare teritoriebze iklebs naleqebi da temperatura.
hava gavlenas axdens bunebis komponentebze da Sesabamisad, bune-
baSi mimdinare procesebze. masze damokidebulia zedapiruli da
gruntis wylebis reJimi, sxvadasxva tipis niadagis warmoqmna, cxo-
velebisa da mcenareebis gavrceleba. moqmedebs adamianis yofa-cxo-
vrebaze, sameurneo saqmianobasa da janmrTelobaze. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania havis Taviseburebebis codna soflis meurneobaSi.
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, havis Seswavlas udidesi mniS-
vneloba aqvs.

68 • Tema 1
 13

davaleba

6. ra gansxvavebaa amindsa da havas Soris?
7. ratom ar aris erTnairi hava erTsa da imave ganedze mdebare sxvadasxva regi­
onSi?
8. ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba zRviuri da kontinenturi hava?
9. ratom miiCneva mTavar klimatwarmomqmnel faqtorebad geografiuli ganedi,
haeris masebis cirkulacia da qvefenili zedapiris xasiaTi?
10. axseni: a) sad ufro civi zamTari iqneba – londonSi Tu kievSi da ratom. b) ratom
ar ifareba yinulis safariT barencis zRvis dasavleTi nawili. g) sad ufro
meti naleqi modis: lixis qedis dasavleT Tu aRmosavleT kalTebze da ratom.
d) rodis ufro maRalia baTumSi tenianoba – zamTarSi Tu zafxulSi.
11. ratom aqvs tropikuli haeris masebs ufro maRali temperatura zomieri haeris
masebTan SedarebiT?
12. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT Seadare xmeleTis farTobebi
CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebSi da imsjele, gansxvavdeba Tu ara kli-
mati am naxevarsferoebSi?
13. ra mniSvneloba aqvs amindisa da havis Seswavlas?
14. naswavli masalisa da sur. 11.1, sur. 11.2, sur.11.5 da sur. 13.6-is mixedviT mokled
daaxasiaTe ZiriTadi da gardamavali klimaturi sartylebi:
15. sur. 13.5-is mixedviT daadgine: a) romel kontinentze ukavia yvelaze meti
farTobi tropikul sartyels? b) dedamiwis romeli teritoriebia moqceuli
ekvatorul klimatur sartyelSi? g) romel klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs
afrika, k. madagaskari, wiTeli zRva? d) romel klimatur sartyels ukavia yve-
laze didi farTobi avstraliasa da samxreT amerikaSi? e) romel klimatur
sartyelSi mdebareobs saqarTvelo? v) romel klimatur sar­tylebSi mdebareobs
suraTebze gamosaxuli geografiuli adgilebi? z) aRwere suraTebze gamo-
saxuli adgilebis klimati da landSafti; T) moifiqre, ra saqmianobas SeiZleba
eweodes am ad­gi­lebSi mcxovrebi ad­a­­­miani; i) rogor fiqrob, ra gavlenas axdens
aq mcxovrebTa saqmianobaze am adgilebis klimaturi pirobebi?
16. warmoidgine, rom dedamiwis zedapiri erTgvarovania. Seni azriT, rogori iqne-
boda am SemTxvevaSi hava dedamiwaze?

es sainteresoa
tropikuli cikloni SeiZleba ramdenime kviras gagrZeldes da aTasobiT kilo-
metri moicvas. yvela tropikul ciklons Zlieri qariSxali axlavs.
aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebis mcxovreblebi tropikul
ciklons taifuns uwodeben, CrdiloeT amerikis mosaxleoba – qariSxals, Crdi-
loeT avstraliisa ki – vili-vilis.
Zalian xSirad tropikul ciklonebs qalebis saxelebs arqmeven. magaliTad, ar-
sebobs ciklonebi: ana, brenda, blanSi, venda, gerda, jeni, janeti, doli, eva, inga,
kamila, katrina da sxv.

Tema 1 • 69
14
hidrosfero da msoflio okeane
gaixsene

suraTis mixedviT aRwere wylis

brunvis procesi da axseni: a) wylis
romeli Tvisebebi vlindeba wylis
wrebrunvis dros; b) ra mniSvneloba
aqvs wyals da wylis wrebrunvas bu-
nebaSi; g) rogor fiqrob, ra moxdeba,
dedamiwaze wylis brunvis procesi
rom dairRves?

wyali bunebaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli nivTierebaa. misi Tvisebe-

bi did gavlenas axdens geografiul procesebze. magaliTad, wyali
didi raodenobiT siTbos STanTqavs da gacivebisas am siTbos haers
gadascems. igi universaluri gamxsnelia, aqvs dinebisa da TviTgaw-
mendis unari.
dedamiwis wylis garss hidrosfero ewodeba. mas okeaneebis, zRve-
bis, xmeleTis (mdinareebi, tbebi, wyalsacavebi, Waobebi, myinvarebi,
miwisqveSa wylebi) da atmosferos qveda fenebSi arsebuli wylebi
qmnis. wylis ZiriTadi masa okeaneebSia, xmeleTis wylebisa ki – myin-
varebsa da miwisqveSa wylebSi. dedamiwaze arsebuli wylis raodenoba
ar icvleba da saSualod, daaxloebiT 1.34 mlrd km3-s Seadgens.
wyali adamianis da yvela cocxali organizmisTvis aucilebeli
saarsebo saSualebaa. Cvens planetaze sicocxle ganpirobebulia
swored misi arsebobiT. uZvelesi droidan adamiani sacxovrebel
garemos wylis siaxloves irCevda. Sesabamisad, Zveli samyaros civi-
lizaciebi mdinareebis piras warmoiqmna.

davaleba

1. hidrosferos romeli nawilebis danaxva SeiZleba fizikur rukasa da globusze
da romlis – ara?
2. ratom ar mcirdeba wyali msoflio okeaneSi?
3. Seadare okeanis (zRvis) da wvimis (an Tovlis nadnobi) wyali. ra gansxvavebaa maT
Soris? ratom aris aseTi sxvaoba?
4. Seni azriT, marTebulia Tu ara msjeloba, rom hidrosfero dedamiwis uwyveti
garsia?

okeaneebi da zRvebi dedamiwaze wylis erTian zedapirs qmnis, rasac

msoflio okeane hqvia. msoflio okeanes dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis
3/4 nawili (361 mln km2 anu 71%) uWiravs.
Cveni planetis ganumeoreblobasa da unikalurobas mis geogra-
fiul garsSi – atmosferoSi, hidrosferosa da biosferoSi – mimdi-

70 • Tema 1
 14
nare procesebi ganapirobebs. am procesebs mzis energia kvebavs. mzis
energiis udides nawils hidrosferos ZiriTadi nawili – msoflio
okeane STanTqavs, gardaqmnis da sxva sferoebs gadascems.
msoflio okeane Cveni planetis „cisferi sarke“ da sicocxlis
akvania. igi kacobriobis ara marto warsulia, aramed momavalic.
miliardobiT adamiani ise sargeblobs okeaneebis simdidriT, rom
verc ki acnobierebs da xedavs mis rols Cvens planetaze sicocxlis
warmoSobaSi. marTebuli iqneba, Tu Cvens dedamiwas „wylis planetas“
vuwodebT. okeanis wyali dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze saocari
qimiuri naerTi, Zvirfasi siTxe da bunebis saCuqaria.
Rrublebi, wvima da Tovli, mdinareebi da tbebi, wyaroebi – yve-
laferi okeanis nawilia, romlebic mxolod droebiT toveben xolme
mas. mecnierebi okeanis wyals damoukideblad ganixilaven da mas
okeanosferos uwodeben. okeanosferoSi mTeli wylis maragis 97%-
ia Tavmoyrili. am wylebs udidesi wvlili SeaqvT dedamiwaze sico-
cxlis arsebobaSi: isini agroveben siTbos da gadascemen atmosfe-
ros, asazrdoeben mas teniT da orTqliT, romlis nawilic xmeleTze
gadadis. amitomac okeanes dedamiwis Termuli mdgomareobis regu-
lators uwodeben.
okeaneebis wyalobiT SenarCunebulia atmosferos Semadgene-
li airebis mudmivoba. wyalSi gaxsnili haeri atmosferul haerTan
SedarebiT 2-jer met Jangbads Seicavs. okeanis wylebis zeda fene-
bi Jangbads pawawina wyalmcenareebisgan – fitoplanqtonebisgan –
fotosinTezis procesis Sedegad iReben. swored es Jangbadi gadadis
atmosferos qveda fenebSi. okeane atmosferoSi Warbi raodenobiT
arsebul naxSirorJangs „xsnis“ da mas Tavis binadrebs ConCxebis, niJa-
rebis, marjnis rifebis „asaSeneblad“ aZlevs. okeaneSi, xmeleTTan
SedarebiT, ufro xSirad gvxvdeba reliqtebi – gadaSenebuli orga-
nizmebi.
okeane udides gavlenas axdens klimatze, niadagze, mcenareul
safarsa da cxovelTa samyaroze. ganusazRvrelia misi roli adamia-
nis sameurneo saqmianobaSic. okeane zRvis produqtebisa da energiis
wyaro, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sacavia. igi mkurnalicaa, romelic
mis napirebze dasasveneblad Casul milionobiT adamians ajansaRebs
da akaJebs. okeane „amindis samzareulo“ da msoflioSi kontinente-
bis damakavSirebeli yvelaze farTo `gzaa~.

sur. 14.1. atlantis okeanis sana-

piroebsa da kunZulebze mrava­
li rekreaciuli da turis-
tuli raionia. karibis zRvis
sanapiroze 116 milionze meti
adamiani cxovrobs, romelTa
Semosavlis mTavari wyaro
swored turizmi da TevzWeraa.

Tema 1 • 71
14
okeanes masSi mobinadre baqteriebis wyalobiT TviTgawmendis
unari aqvs, amitom xmeleTze warmoqmnili da dagrovili narCenebi
swored okeaneSi nadgurdeba.
kacobriobis istoria mudmivad dakavSirebulia okeanis Seswavla-
sa da aTvisebasTan. misi Secnoba uZvelesi droidan daiwyo. pirvelad
okeanis Sesaxeb antikur xanaSi finikielebis mogzaurobaTa STabeW-
dilebebidan vigebT. mogvianebiT, didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis
epoqaSi, ufro meti informacia dagrovda, Tumca mecniereba okea-
neebis Sesaxeb mxolod me-20 saukuneSi ganviTarda.
gansakuTrebiT bevri da saintereso informaciis mopovebas bolo
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergvam
da gamoyenebam Seuwyo xeli. samecniero gemebze mimdinare kvlevebis,
wyalqveSa sakvlevi aparaturis, avtomaturi okeanografiuli sadgu-
rebis, aseve dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis mier Segrovebuli
monacemebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda okeaneebis siRrmis, misi
fskeris reliefis da resursebis Seswavla. okeanis wylebSi aRmoaCi-
nes siRrmiTi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis dinebebi, dadas-
turda sicocxlis arseboba Rrmawylian RarebSi.

sur. 14.2. okeanologebi msof-

lio okeanes Tanamedrove
teqnikiT aRWurvili gemebiT,
modreife samecniero sadgure-
biT, wyalqveSa aparatebiT da
dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgza-
vrebiT ikvleven da swavloben.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is raionebi, sadac dedamiwis axali

qerqi warmoiqmneba. aq, dedamiwis siRrmeebidan cxeli magma amodis.
okeanis civi wyali masTan urTierTqmedebisas marilebiTa da aire-
biT gajerdeba da Savi geizerebis saxiT fskeridan amoityorcneba.
es procesi 2-4 km siRrmeze xdeba, sadac araa sinaTle da TiTqmis
ar aris Jangbadi. Tumca kvlevebiT dadasturda, rom Turme iqac ki
arsebobs sicocxle – binadroben baqteriebi da sxva organizmebi,
romelTa arseboba da sicocxle dafuZnebulia ara fotosinTezze,
aramed sul sxva principze. am Savi geizerebis gavrcelebis adgile-
bSi organizmebi 2500C temperaturaze da maRali wnevis pirobebSi
cxovroben. aq sicocxlis jaWvi im baqteriebidan iwyeba, romlebic
gogirdiT ikvebebian. am organizmebis aRmoCena metad mniSvnelovania
dedamiwaze sicocxlis gaCenisa da evoluciis Sesaswavlad.

72 • Tema 1
 14
okeanis kvleva sakmaod rTulia. mecnierebi am process xSirad
kosmosis kvlevas adareben, ara mxolod misi marTlac kosmosuri
zomis gamo, aramed imitomac, rom okeaneebis garemo iseTive saSiSi
da mtrulad ganwyobilia, rogoric uhaero sivrce.
msoflio okeaneSi iseTi nivTierebebis moxvedras, romlebic
wylis xarisxs auaresebs da okeanis binadrebs zians ayenebs, msof­lio
okeanis dabinZureba ewodeba. msoflio okeanis dabinZureba glo-
baluri problemaa. wylis dabinZurebis done dRiTi dRe matulobs.
wyals Zlier aWuWyianebs navTobis mopoveba da gadazidva, mdinaree-
bis mier Catanili toqsikuri da radiaqtiuri samrewvelo narCenebi,
sasuqebi, sayofacxovrebo Camdinare wylebi. yovelwliurad okeaneSi
daaxloebiT 3.5 mln navTobi xvdeba, rac wylis zedapirze navTobis
Txel (1 mm-mde sisqis) apks warmoqmnis. es ki okeanis organuli samya-
ros daRupvas iwvevs.

navTobis mopovebis
adgilebi

dabali

saSUualo

maRali

sur. 14.3. navTobiT

msoflio okeanis
dabinZurebis xarisxi

davaleba

5. sur. 14.3-is, naxevarsferoebisa da msoflios politikuri rukebis (danarTi 1-2)
mixedviT daadgine: a) sad aris navTobis sabadoebi okeaneSi? b) sad aris okeanis
wyali navTobiT yvelaze metad, saSualod da naklebad dabinZurebuli? g) rogor
fiqrob, ra kavSiria navTobis sabadoebis mdebareobasa da okeanis dabinZurebas
Soris?
6. eTanxmebi Tu ara mosazrebas, rom okeane sicocxlis wyaroa dedamiwaze? daasa­
buTe Seni azri.
7. cnobili norvegieli mogzauri da mecnieri tur heierdali ambobda: `mkvdari
okeane mkvdari planetaa~, `msoflio okeane msoflio sanagvea~. eTanxmebi Tu ara
mogzauris am mosazrebas? pasuxi daasabuTe.

okeanis faunas didi ziani miayena sarewao Tevzebis da okeanis

zogierTi binadris gadaWarbebulma rewvam. kerZod, Semcirda veSa-
pebis ricxvi, TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurdnen zRvis Zroxebi, Zlier
Semcirda qaSayis raodenoba da sxv.
msoflio okeanis simdidre rom SevinarCunoT, saWiroa msoflios
yvela saxelmwifos erToblivi Zalisxmeva, okeanisa da zRvebis wyle-
bis dasacavad erToblivi RonisZiebebis gatareba.

Tema 1 • 73
14
kacobriobis momavali mWidrod ukavSirdeba wyals, amitom auci-
lebelia dedamiwaze arsebuli wylis resursebis dacva, racionalu-
ri gamoyeneba da gonivruli marTva.

davaleba

8. cnobili iaponeli mkvlevari da mogzauri taioS tamura ambobs: `okeanis fske-
ris idumali da saocari samyaro jer kidev mTlianad ar aris gamokvleuli da
gamoyenebuli. masSi ufro meti saidumloa, vidre himalaebSi, antarqtidasa da
mTvarezec ki, rac CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania“. Seni azriT, ratom araa jer
kidev saTanadod Seswavlili okeanis fskeri?
9. Seni azriT, ratom uwodeben okeanes mecnierebi hidrokosmoss? ra mizniT Seiswa-
vlian mas?

geografiuli kvleva

damxmare literaturisa da internetis gamoyenebiT moiZie informacia da upasuxe

kiTxvebs:
a) rogor nawildeba wyali dedamiwaze;
informaciis gasacnobad
b) rogoria dRes msoflio okeanis mdgomareoba; estumre vebgverds:
g) rogor da ra gzebiT binZurdeba wyali da ra https://www.youtube.com
mniSvneloba aqvT okeaneebs da zRvebs­adamianis https://www.kids.nationalgeographic.
cxovrebaSi; com
saZiebel velSi akrife:
d) ra unda vicodeT da rogor unda moviqceT okea-
msoflio okeane
neebis simdidris racionalurad gamoyenebisaT-
vis da mis dasacavad.

es sainteresoa
okeanes TviTgawmendis unari aqvs. masSi arsebuli zogierTi baqteria navTobs
naxSirmJavad da wylad Slis, magram okeaneSi gacilebiT meti raodenobis navTo-
bi iRvreba, vidre baqteriebs SeuZliaT gadamuSaveba. mecnierTa gaangariSebiT,
okeaneSi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 1.5 mln tona navTobi xvdeba. 25 mln tona ki
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom mTeli msoflio okeanis zedapiri 0.1 mm sisqis navTobis
apkiT daifaros.
dedamiwaze arsebuli mcenareebi zrdisa da sicoc­
xlisTvis yovelwliurad 650 trilion tona wyals `sva-
men~.
termini `msoflio okeane~ rusma geografma iuli Sokals-
kim daamkvidra.
gaeros generaluri asambleis gadawyvetilebiT, 8 ivniss
msoflio okeanis dRe aRiniSneba.

74 • Tema 1
 15
msoflio okeanis nawilebi
gaixsene

1. romeli okeaneebia dedamiwaze da ra ici TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb?

2. ra aris zRva da razea damokidebuli zRvis wylis feri?

msoflio okeanis nawils, romelic kontinentebs Soris mdeba-

reobs, didi zomisaa da aqvs wylebisa da atmosferos cirkulaciis
damoukidebeli sistema, okeane ewodeba.
sur. 15.1. msoflio okeane

wynari okeane farTobiT yvelaze

didia (169 mln km 2) da msoflio
CrdiloeTis yinulovani (arqti-
okeanis TiTqmis naxevari ukavia.
atlantis okeane kuli) okeane yvelaze patara da
es okeane siRr­miTac gamoirCeva:
sididiTa da siRrmiT civia. misi farTobi 13 mln km 2-ia,
dedamiwis yvelaze Rrma adgili –
meorea dedamiwaze. misi maqsimaluri siRrme ki – 5450 m.
marianis Rrmuli (11034 m) swored
farTobi 91.6 mln km 2-ia, wynar okeaneSia.
maqsimaluri siRrme
ki – 9220 m.

indoeTis okeanis
farTo­bi 73.6 mln km 2-ia,
samxreTis anu antarqtiduli maqsima­luri siRrme ki –
okeanis farTobi 20.3 mln km 2-ia, 7725 m.
maqsimaluri siRrme ki – 7325 m.

zRva okeanis nawilia, romelic misgan met-naklebad gamoyofilia

xmeleTiT an okeanis fskeris amaRlebiT (wyalqveSa zRurblebiT).
magaliTad, baltiis zRva atlantis okeanis nawilia, wiTeli zRva –
indoeTis, karis – CrdiloeT yinulovanis da sxv.
mdebareobis mixedviT arsebobs Sida da ganapira zRvebi. ganapira
zRvebi xmeleTSi SeWrilia mxolod erTi mxridan da Tavisuflad
uerTdeba okeanes, magaliTad, barencis, Cukotkis, karibis, arabeTis,
yviTeli da sxv. Sida zRvebi ki xmeleTSi Rrmadaa SeWrili, magali-
Tad, xmelTaSua, Savi, wiTeli, marmarilos da sxv.

davaleba

1. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT daadgine, ra hqvia samxreTis oke-
anis zRvebs. ras geubneba am zRvebis saxelebi?

Tema 1 • 75
15
srute wylis SedarebiT viwro sivrcea, romelic erTmaneTisgan
yofs xmeleTis ubnebs da aerTebs zRvebsa da okeaneebs. magaliTad,
xmelTaSua zRva atlantis okeanes gibraltaris srutiT ukavSirde-
ba. Aamave dros es srute evropas afrikisgan gamoyofs.
okeaneebi da zRvebi xmeleTSi Rrmad SeWrisas yureebs qmnian. yure
okeaneebis an zRvebisgan gamoyofili ar aris, amitom wylis Tvisebe-
biT, dinebebiTa da cocxali organizmebiT mcired Tu gansxvavdeba
maTgan. magaliTad, biskais yure, bengalis yure da sxv.
sur. 15.2. wiTeli zRva bab-el-mandebis srutiT sur. 15.3. dedamiwaze yureebs Soris yvelaze
adenis yuresa da indoeTis okeanes ukavSirdeba. didia bengalis (2191 m 2) yure.

erayi irani
CineTi
bangladeSi
pakistani
sp y
ar ur

saudis ara- daka

se e

indoeTi
T
is

beTi kalkuta mianmari

wiT

maskati
doha
el

omani indoeTi ranguni

iz
Rv

arabeTis Cenai tailandi

a

iemeni zRva (madrasi)

re bangkoki
is yu
aden bengalis
bab-el-mandebis
adis-abeba
srute yure
eTiopia kolombo
somali
mogadiSu Sri-lanka malaizia
kuala-
kenia medani lumpuri

indoeTis indoeTis singapuri

okeane okeane indonezia

davaleba

2. daakvirdi sur. 15.2 da sur. 15.3-s da axseni, ratom hqvia arabeTis zRvas zRva,
xolo bengalis yures – yure, Tu maT msgavsi geografiuli mdebareoba aqvT?
3. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT: a) ipove kontinenti, romelsac
yvelaze bevri zRva akravs; b) ipove kontinenti, romlis irgvliv yvelaze meti
Sida zRvaa; g) daadgine, romelia dedamiwis yvelaze ufro Sida zRva da rogor
ukavSirdeba igi msoflio okeanes? d) daadgine, romel okeaneSi gvxvdeba yvelaze
meti vulkanuri kunZuli da ratom?

SedarebiT mcire farTobis xmeleTs, romelic yvela mxridan

wyliT aris SemosazRvruli, kunZuli ewodeba. warmoSobis mixed-
viT isini sam jgufad iyofa: kontinenturi, vulkanuri da marjnis.
kunZulebi erTmaneTisgan sididiTac gansxvavdeba.

sur. 15.4. marjnis kunZulebi warmoSobilia cocxali organizmebis – mar-

jnis polipebisgan. marjnebi ZiriTadad wynar da indoeTis okeaneebSi,
Crdilo da samxreT 200-iani ganedebis zolSi binadroben. isini 50 m siR-
rmeze koloniebad cxovroben, mimagrebulni arian zRvis an okeanis
fsker­ze da simaRleSi izrdebian, farTovdebian, qmnian mogrZo, patara,
nalisebri formis kunZulebs – atolebs. dedamiwaze yvelaze didi mar­
j­nuli warmonaqmnia didi barieruli rifi avstraliis aRmosavleT
napirebTan.

76 • Tema 1
 15

davaleba

4. Seni azriT, rogor warmoiqmneba kontinenturi da vulkanuri kunZulebi? moiyvane
magaliTebi.

warmoSobiT da agebulebiT m­sgavs, erTmaneTisgan mcire manZiliT

daSorebul kunZulTa jgufs arqipelagi ewodeba. arqipelagebia:
malais, kanadis arqtikuli, didi da mcire zondis, Spicbergenis da
sxv.
xmeleTis nawils, romelic sami mxridan wyliTaa SemosazRvruli,
erTi mxridan ki xmeleTs uerTdeba, naxevarkunZuli ewodeba. deda-
miwaze yvelaze didi arabeTis naxevarkunZulia, romelic samxreT-
dasavleT aziaSi mdebareobs. didi naxevarkunZulebia: indostanis,
skandinaviis, indoCineTis, kamCatkis, labradoris da sxv.

davaleba

5. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT gamoTvale wynari okeanis
ganfeniloba CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken da dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken
ekvatoris gaswvriv (gaiTvaliswine, rom 10 – 111.3 km-is tolia).
6. wynari okeanis napirebis gaswvriv cnobili wynarokeanuri rkali mdebareobs.
gaixsene: a) dedamiwis ra teritoriaa es da ra niSnebiT gamoiyofa is? b) ra SeiZ­
leba iTqvas im qveynebis bunebriv pirobebze, romelTa teritoriebi mTlianad
an nawilobriv wynarokeanuri rkalis farglebSi mdebareobs?
7. indoeTis okeanis sanapiroebi Zveli civilizaciis raions warmoadgens. CamoTva-
le mis sanapiroze mdebare msoflios Zveli saxelmwifoebi.
8. indoeTis okeanes xSirad Tbilwylian okeanesac uwodeben. axseni, ra kavSiria
okeanis am Taviseburebasa da mis geografiul mdebareobas Soris.
9. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine: a) CrdiloeTis yinu-
lovani okeanis romel nawilSi mdebareobs CrdiloeTi polusi? b) rogor ukav­
Sirdeba CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane sxva okeaneebs? g) romel kontinentebs
esazRvreba CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane?
10. rogor fiqrob, ra gavlenas axdens CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane mis siaxlo-
ves mdebare kontinentebis klimatze zamTarsa da zafxulSi?
11. wynari okeanis auzSi 20-ze meti zRvaa. isini gansakuTrebuli Tavisebu­re­bebiT
gamoirCevian: a) gansazRvre, raSi mdgomareobs es Taviseburebebi; b) naxevars-
feroebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT Camo­Tvale wynari okeanis polarul,
zomier, tropikul da ekvatorul ganedebSi mdebare zRvebi.
12. Seadare erTmaneTs geografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT: a) wiTeli da arabeTis
zRvebi; b) bengalisa da avstraliis didi yureebi.
13. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT CamoTvale: a) kontinenturi
kunZu­le­bi da vulkanuri kunZulebi; b) daadgine, romeli arqipelagebi da kun-
Zulebi Sedis malais arqipelagSi.
14. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT ipove wynari, atlantis, indoe-
Tis, samxreTis da CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeanis auzis zRvebi, kunZulebi,
naxevarkunZulebi, yureebi da sruteebi. aRniSne isini konturul rukaze.

Tema 1 • 77
15

geografiuli kvleva

Tematuri rukebis, damatebiTi geografiuli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT moiZie informacia

da daaxasiaTe romelime okeane Semdegi gegmis mixedviT. moamzade prezentacia SenTvis
sasurveli formiT da gaacani megobrebs.
okeanis daxasiaTebis gegma:
1) dasaxeleba; 2) mdebareoba ekvatoris, tropikebis, polaruli wreebis, polusebis, sawyisi
da 1800-iani meridianis mimarT; 3) mdebareoba paralelebs Soris; 4) ganfeniloba graduse-
bsa da kilometrebSi; 5) mdebareoba klimatur sartylebSi; 6) okeaneSi mdebare kunZulebi
da arqipelagebi; 7) rogor ukavSirdeba sxva okeane­ebs; 8) okeanis klimatis Tavisebure-
bebi; 9) okeanuri dinebebi; 10) saSualo da maqsimaluri siRrmeebi; 11) organuli samyaro;
12) aTviseba da sameurneo gamoyeneba.

es sainteresoa
wynari okeane kunZulebis raodenobiTa da Rrmawyliani RrmulebiT yvela okeanes aRema-
teba.
wynar okeaneSi, 180-e meridianze, TariRTa cvlis xazi gadis.
pirvelad msoflio okeane calkeul okeaneebad 1845 wels londonis geografiulma sa-
zogadoebam dayo. maT gamoyves: CrdiloeTis yinulovani, samxreT polaruli, indoeTis,
atlantisa da wynari okeaneebi. im droisaTvis antarqtidis kontinenti cnobili ar iyo
da mis adgilas samxreT polaruli okeane warmoedginaT. antarqtidis aRmoCenis Semdeg
am okeanis arsebobis versia uaryves, Tumca mogvianebiT saerTaSoriso hidrografiuli
kavSiris gadawyvetilebiT, me-5 – samxreTi anu antarqtiduli okeane kvlav `aRdga~.
indoeTis okeanis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosTan mdebare qveynebisTvis mtknari wyali
yvelaze didi simdidrea. arc ise didi xnis win quveiTSi erTi tona navTobi gacilebiT
iafi iyo erT tona wyalze, romelic sxva qveynebidan SemohqondaT. dRes quveiTi, saudis
arabeTi da sxva qveynebi indoeTis okeanis gamtknarebul wyals moixmaren.
qalaqi-navsadguri murmanski kolis yureSi (barencis zRva) mdebareobs. is msoflioSi
yvelaze didi qalaqia, romelic CrdiloeT polaruli wris gadaRma, maradiuli mzralo-
bis zonaSia. miuxedavad geografiuli mdebareobisa, murmanski gauyinavi navsadguria da
swored aq iwyeba CrdiloeTis sazRvao gza.
CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeanis civ wylebSi martivi organizmebi gigantur zomebs aRweven.
magaliTad, okeanis civ wylebSi yvelaze didi meduza – cianea binad­robs, romlis diametri 2
metria. cocxali organizmebis ganviTareba CrdiloeTis yinulovan okeaneSi sxva Tavisebu-
rebebiTac xasiaTdeba. magaliTad, midia iq 25 weliwads cocxlobs, maSin, roca subtropikul
zRvebSi – mxolod 6 weliwads; TeTri daTvis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 40 welia.
atlantis okeaneSi yovelwliurad aseulobiT aisbergi warmoiqmneba. aisbergebi serio-
zul safrTxes uqmnian naosnobas. 1912 wels gem `titanikis~ aisbergTan Sejaxebisa da
CaZirvis Semdeg Seiqmna yinulis saerTaSoriso patruli, romlis amocanaa aisbergebis
aRmoCena, maTi gadaadgilebis marSrutsa da siCqareze dakvirveba da am monacemebis ge-
mebisaTvis gadacema.
msoflioSi yvelaze grZelia mozambikis srute (1760 km), yvelaze ganieri ki – dreikis
(1120 km) srute.
kunZulebs dedamiwis xmeleTis daaxloebiT 10% ukavia, rac TiTqmis 15 mln km2-s Seadgens.
malais arqipelagis kunZulebis farTobi 2 mln kv. km-ia da 5 saxelmwifos miekuTvneba.
malais arqipelagi seismurad aqtiuri regionia. aq 300-mde vulkania, romelTagan 128
moqmedia.
kontinentidan yvelaze daSorebuli aRdgomis kunZuli wynar okeaneSi mdebare­obs. igi
samxreT amerikis napirebidan dacilebulia 3300 km-iT da 1988 wlidan Ciles kuTvnilebaa.

78 • Tema 1
 16
okeanis wylis Tvisebebi
leqsikoni

marilianoba – erT litr wyalSi gaxsnili marilebis raodenoba gamosaxuli promi­

leebiT (‰)
promile – ricxvis erTi meaTasedi nawili

zRvis wyali xsnaria, romelic dedamiwaze arsebul yvela qimiur

elements Seicavs, amitom okeanis wyals xSirad Txevad madansac uwo-
deben. masSi organuli nivTierebebi – zRvis organizmebis naSTebi,
Jangbadi da sxva airebic aris gaxsnili.
zRvis 1 litr wyalSi gaxsnilia, saSualod, 35 grami marili, rac
msoflio okeanis wylis saSualo marilianobis maCvenebelia. mari-
lianobas promileebiT (ricxvis meaTasedi nawili) zomaven da ‰-iT
gamosaxaven.
okeanis wylis marilianoba yvelgan erTnairi ar aris, igi ganedis
mixedviT icvleba. wylis marilianoba damokidebulia aorTqlebasa
da Camdinare mtknari wylebis raodenobaze. yvelaze mariliania
wiTeli zRva. misi marilianobaa 42‰‰.
180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180°
90° 90°
CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane
33

60° 60°
32
33
35

34
30° atlantis
37 30°
okeane
36
33
0° wynari 33
0°
okeane
37
36
30° indoeTis 30°
35 okeane

34

33
60° 60°
okeanis marilianoba 0/00 samxreTis okeane
> 32 33 34 35 36 37 <

aisbergebis gavrcelebis
sazRvari
00
sur. 16.1. msof-
lio okeanis wylis
90° 90°
180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° marilianoba (‰)

davaleba

1. sur.16.1-is mixedviT daadgine, sad aris msoflio okeaneSi marilianoba: a) yvelaze
maRali; b) yvelaze dabali; g) axseni gansxvavebis mizezebi.

Tema 1 • 79
16
okeaneebisa da zRvebis zedapiris wylis temperatura damokidebu-
lia havaze. cxel klimatur sartylebSi mdebare wylebs maRali – +25,
+300C temperatura aqvs, polarul raionebSi ki wylis temperatura
-1.80C-mde ecema. aseT temperaturaze mdinarisa da tbis wyali iyi-
neba, okeanisa ki ara. es masSi gaxsnili marilebiT aixsneba. saSualo
marilianobis wyali daaxloebiT -20C-ze iyineba.
200 m-is siRrmemde wylis temperatura weliwadis droebis mixed­
viT icvleba. wylis temperatura siRrmis matebasTan erTad mcir-
deba. 200 metris qvemoT ki igi mkveTrad ecema da 1000 m siRrmeze
3-40C-s aRwevs. didi Rrmulebis fskerze wylis saSualo temperatura
daaxloebiT 00C-ia.

ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ
ƒ ƒ
CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane

ƒ ƒ

atlantis
ƒ ƒ
okeane
wynari
ƒ okeane ƒ

indoeTis
ƒ
okeane ƒ

ƒ ƒ
QMGCPKUVGORGTCVWTC
samxreTis okeane
!     

CKUDGTIGDKUICXTEGNGDKU
UC\5XCTK

ƒ ƒ
ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

sur. 16.2. okeanis wylis zedapiris saSualo wliuri temperatura ( 0C)

davaleba

2. ra kanonzomierebebs eqvemdebareba okeaneSi wylis temperaturisa da marilia-
nobis ganawileba?
3. sur. 16.2-is mixedviT daadgine: a) ras udris wylis saSualo wliuri temperatura
ekvatorul, tropikul, zomier da polarul sartylebSi? b) sad gadis aisberge-
bis gavrcelebis sazRvari? g) aA xseni, ratom icvleba wylis temperatura ganedis
mixedviT.

80 • Tema 1
 16
okeaneebisa da zRvebis wylebis temperatura ara marto siRrmis,
aramed ganedis mixedviTac icvleba. msoflio okeanis wylebi yinu-
liT ifareba polarul raionebSi, Tumca, yinuliT ifareba, agreTve,
zomier ganedebSi mdebare zogierTi araRrma zRva. magaliTad, bal-
tiis zRva, fineTis yure. okeanuri yinuli
SeiZleba iyos uZravi an moZravi (modrei-
fe yinuli). CrdiloeT yinulovan okeaneSi
yinulebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi drei-
foben. maTze samecniero sadgurebs ageben.
modreife yinulebi naosnobisTvis saSiSia.
okeanis wyali yinuliTaa dafaruli an­­
tar­­­qtidis midamoebSic. yinuli xmeleTi-
dan nel-nela okeaneSi eSveba, imsxvreva da
wyalSi mocurave mTebs – aisbergebs qmnis.
zRvis dinebas aisbergi msof­lio oke­­aneSi
gadaaqvs, sadac is TandaTan dne­ba. zogjer
sur. 16.3. aisbergebi xSirad giganturi zomisaa. maTi
yinulis mTebis `narCenebi~ zomier sar- ZiriTadi nawili moqceulia wyalqveS, wylis zeda-
tyelSic dacuravs da saSiSroebas uqmnis pirze ki misi mxolod 1/3 Cans. aisbergebi mtknari
naosnobas. wylis uzarmazari rezervuarebia, Tumca jerjero-
biT maTi gamoyeneba ver xerxdeba.

davaleba

4. naxevarsferoebis rukaze (danarTi 1) moZebne wiTeli zRva, daakvirdi mis geog­
rafiul mdebareobas da axseni misi wylis maRali marilianobis mizezi.
5. CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeanis zRvebi naklebi marilianobiT gamoirCeva. da-
akvirdi rukas (danarTi 1) da daadgine mizezebi.

es sainteresoa
okeaneebs Soris yvelaze Tbilia wynari okeane. misi zedapiruli wylebis saSualo
mravalwliuri temperatura +19.40C-ia. mTlianobaSi msoflio okeanis saSualo
mravalwliuri temperatura +3.80C-s Seadgens.
marilianoba okeanis wylis fizikur Tvisebebs (simkvrives, gayinvis tempera­
turas, bgeris gavrcelebis siCqares da sxv.) ganapirobebs. okeanis wyali kargad
atarebs eleqtrul dens, iyineba dabal temperaturaze da duRiliTac 1000C-ze
maRal temperaturaze duRdeba.
okeanis marilian wyals Tavisi `momxmarebeli~ hyavs. marilebi wyalmcena­reebs –
zrdisTvis, cxovelebs ki ConCxis simagrisa da sacxovreblis mosaw­yobad sWir-
debaT.
yvelaze didi aisbergis sigrZe daaxloebiT 385 km-ia, sigane – 11 km, farTobi ki
­­ 1 000 km2 aRmoCnda. igi 1956 wlis 12 noembers SeniSnes yinulmWrel gem `gletCe-
3
ridan~.
aisbergis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 4 welia, maTi moZraobis siCqare ki
damokidebulia okeanur dinebebze.

Tema 1 • 81
17
wylis moZraoba okeaneSi
gaixsene

1. ra aris cunami, sad da ratom warmoiqmneba?

msoflio okeanis wyali mudmivad moZraobs. okeaneebisa da zRve-

bis zedapirebze talRebis warmoqmnis mTavari mizezebia: qari, wyal-
qveSa miwisZvra da vulkanis amofrqveva. rac ufro xangrZlivi da
Zlieria qari, miT ufro didia talRebic. qaris mier warmoqmnili
talRis simaRle 4-6 m-s ar aRemateba, magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi
talRis simaRle 20-30 metrsac aRwevs. napirTan talRis miaxloebi-
sas misi siCqare mcirdeba, simaRle izrdeba da warmoiqmneba zvirTi.
igi didi siCqariT ejaxeba napirs. am movlenas zvirTcemas uwodeben.
zRvis talRebi zogjer sanapiros angreven (abrazia), zogjer ki
ngrevis produqts leqaven da qviSian da kenWebian plaJebs qmnian.
talRebis damang­reveli Zalis Sesamcireblad sanapiros gaswvriv
damcav jebirebs ageben da xelovnur plaJebs awyoben.
wyalqveSa miwisZvrebisa da vulkanis amofrqvevis dros giganturi
talRebi – cunami warmoiqmneba.
msoflio okeaneSi wylis doneTa periodul ryevas miqceva-­
moqceva ewodeba. moqcevisas wylis done sanapiroebTan maRla iwevs,
miqcevisas ki piriqiT – dab­ldeba. Ria okeaneSi moqcevis talRis
simaRle daaxloebiT 1 metrs aRwevs, napirebTan miaxloebisas ki
matulobs. mimoqceva gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia viwro da mciresi-
Rrmian yureebSi.
mimoqcevebi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi orjer xdeba (ori moqceva da
ori miqceva). miqceva-moqcevas mTvaris da, nawilobriv, mzis mizidu-
lobis Zala iwvevs.

sur. 17.1. mTvaris miziduloba dedamiwaze okeaneebisa da zRvebis amozneqas – „kuzs“ iwvevs
or adgilas: dedamiwis im nawilSi, romelic pirdapir mTvares uyurebs da mopirdapire
nawilSi. am or amozneqil nawilSi moqcevaa, maT Soris ki – miqceva. roca wyali napirze umaR-
les dones miaRwevs, iq zRvidan motanili sagnebis „zoli“ rCeba, Semdeg ki wyali isev ukan
ixevs. mis mier datovebul „zols“ moqcevis zRvari ewodeba.

82 • Tema 1
 17
dedamiwis wylebSi TiTqmis yvelgan dReSi erTi moqceva da erTi
miqceva xdeba, radgan planeta sakuTari RerZis garSemo brunavs.
mimoqcevis sidide da xasiaTi, aseve, damokidebulia adgilis geo-
grafiul mdebareobaze, reliefsa da sanapiros moxazulobaze.
naosnebisaTvis mniSvnelovania, winaswar icodnen moqcevis dro da
talRis simaRle. sxvadasxva navsadgurisaTvis Sedgenilia moqcevis
specialuri cxrilebi.

Crd. yinulovani okeane

atlantis
okeane wynari
okeane
ekvatori

wynari indoeTis
okeane okeane

2-ze naklebi

samxreTis okeane sur. 17.2. dedamiwaze miqceva-

2-dan 6-mde moqcevis talRebis sima-
Rleebs Soris sxvaoba (ampli-
6-ze meti tuda) met­rebSi.

davaleba

1. ra gansxvavebaa moqcevasa da miqcevas Soris?
2. sur. 17.2-is mixedviT daadgine, sad aris miqceva-moqcevis talRebis simaRleebs
Soris sxvaoba yvelaze didi da yvelaze mcire.
3. naxevarsferoebis
mTvaris rukaze (danarTi 1) moZebne fandis yure. rogor fiqrob, ratom
`kuzi~
aris aq yvelaze maRali moqcevis
miziduloba talRa?
4. erT-erTi viwro yuris piras mdebare soflis mosaxleoba zRvaSi gausvlelad
iWers Tevzs. yovel diliT adgilobrivi meTevzeebi badeebs sanapiroze Slian da
toveben. saRamos isini TevziT savse bade­ebs akiTxaven. Seni azriT, rogor ivseba
badeebi TevziT?
5. moqceva-miqceva maqsimums maSin aRwevs, roca mze da mTvare wyals erTi mimarTu-
lebiT miizidavs. es maSin xdeba, roca isini dedamiwis erT mxares an erTmaneTis
sapirispiro mxares mdebareoben. imsjele, rodis iqneba minimaluri miqceva-
moqceva?

praqtikuli samuSao

ori (erTi didi da meore SedarebiT patara) globusi dade magidis Tavsa da boloSi.
igulisxme, rom didi globusi dedamiwaa, patara ki – mTvare. daatriale `dedamiwa~
ise, rom: a) moqceva iyos indoeTis okeaneSi; b) moqceva erTdroulad iyos wynar da
atlantis okeaneebSi; g) rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba Tu ara wyna­ri okeanis sxvadasxva
nawilSi erTdroulad xdebodes ori moqceva? indoeTis okeaneSi?

Tema 1 • 83
17
aq
wyali
Sedis

turbina

sur. 17.3. moqcevis eleqtrosad­gu­

rebs yureebsa da ubeebSi aSeneben.
ube gada­Robilia kaSxliT. moqcevis
dros wylis done yureSi ramdenime
metriT maRla iwevs. miqcevisas wya-
li zRvisken miiswrafvis da kaSxalSi
gavlisas turbinebs amoZravebs.

wylis masebis gadaadgilebas uzarmazari nakadebis saxiT, romel-

Tac garkveuli mudmivi mimarTuleba aqvT, okeanis (zRvis) dinebebi
ewodeba. dinebebis gamomwvevi mizezi mudmivi qarebia, amitom maTi
moZraobis mimarTuleba gabatonebuli qarebis mimarTulebas emTx-
veva.
wylis temperaturis mixedviT, arCeven Tbil da civ dinebas. xan­­
grZlivobis mixedviT – mudmivsa da droebiTs, xolo siRrmis mi­­
xedviT – zedapirulsa da siRrmiT dinebebs. dinebebi, romlebic
ekvatoridan ufro maRali ganedebisken miemarTeba, Tbilia da ruka-
ze aRniSnulia wiTeli isrebiT. dinebebs, romlebsac ekvatorisken
civi wyali miaqvT, civ dinebebs uwodeben. isini rukaze lurji isre-
biT aRiniSneba.
ia
and
enl
gr

a
gi
ve
r
no

al
azi a
oiaSio

as
ka evropa
kal
if

o
ar
or

Si
kan
nia

ro
ku

a
li
ki
bengali
per

ia

da

ra
mbi
il

s.

vst
u

a
za
az

vs

m. a
mo

tr
br

aR
al
ia

sur. 17.4. msoflio okeanis dinebebi

84 • Tema 1
 17
okeanur dinebebs Soris yvelaze didia dasavleTis qarebis dineba,
romelic gars uvlis antarqtidas. msoflio okeaneSi, garda aRniS-
nuli dinebebisa, gamoiyofa: braziliisa da kurosios – Tbili, perus,
labradoris da kaliforniis civi dinebebi.
okeanuri dinebebi did gavlenas axdens klimatze, okeanis orga-
nul samyaroze da sxv.

davaleba

6. naxevarsferoebis rukisa (danarTi 1) da sur. 17.4-is gamoyenebiT: a) amoiwere
dinebebi da daajgufe isini Tbil da civ dinebebad; b) aRwere golfstrimisa da
perus dinebebi; g) axseni, ra gavlenas axdenen isini mimdebare xmeleTis havis
formirebaze.
7. samxreT naxevarsferos zomier da polarul ganedebSi okeanis wyali ufro ci-
via, vidre CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. magaliTad, C.g.-is 600-ze wylis saSualo
wliuri temperatura 4.80C-ia maSin, roca s.g. 600-ze 00-s utoldeba. riT aixsneba
aseTi gansxvaveba?
8. yvelaze mZlavr okeanur dinebas, dasavleT qarebis dinebas ramdenime dasaxeleba
aqvs: antarqtikuli wrebrunvis, cirkumpolaruli, samxreT dreifuli, samxreT
naxevarsferos, SemaerTebeli, gaswvrivi dineba. axseni TiToeuli es saxelwodeba.
9. naswavli da damatebiTi masalebis gamoyenebiT moamzade infografika: „msoflio
okeanis resursebi“

es sainteresoa
dedamiwaze yvelaze maRali moqcevis talRebi fandis yureSi (CrdiloeTi amerika,
kanada) icis. aq misi simaRle 18 m-s aRwevs.
Sav zRvaSi miqceva-moqceva metad umniSvneloa da sul 13 sm-s aRwevs.
moqcevis talRa zogierT mdinarezec aRiniSneba. magaliTad, mdinare amazonze.
dedamiwis wyals mzec miizidavs, magram imis gamo, rom igi Zalian Sorsaa, es mi-
ziduloba arc ise Zlieria.
wynar okeaneSi, romelsac yvelaze didi ganfeniloba aqvs, yvelaze didi talRebi
warmoiqmneba.
yvelaze xSirad Stormuli movlenebi samxreT naxevarsferoSi SeiniSneba. Aaq
zogjer talRebi simaRliT – 13 metrs, sigrZiT ki 400 metrs aRwevs.
erT-erTi didi okeanuri dinebaa golfstrimi. igi meqsikis ubidan gamoedineba da
mZlavr nakadad miedineba atlantis okeaneSi, Semdeg ki evropis sanapiroebisken
uxvevs. aq mas Crdilo-atlantikur dinebas uwodeben. golfstrimis dineba saaTSi
10 km siCqariT miedineba. nakadis sigane 72-dan 120 km-mde aRwevs, xolo siRrme –
700 metria. igi Tbili dinebaa, wylis saSualo temperatura zedapirze +260C-ia.

Tema 1 • 85
18
myinvarebi da miwisqveSa wylebi
leqsikoni

glaciologia – mecniereba myinvarebis Sesaxeb, romelic Seiswavlis myinvarebis

warmoSobas, arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobebs, maT Semadgenlobas, agebulebas
da fizikur Tvisebebs, geografiul gavrcelebas da geografiuli garsis sxva kom-
ponentebTan damokidebulebas.

gaixsene

1. ra aris xmeleTis wylebi?

2. romel qanebs uwodeben wyalgamtars da wyalgaumtars? moiyvane magaliTebi.
3. ra aris geizeri da sad warmoiqmneba?

maRali mTis mwvervalebi zamTar-zafxul yinuliTaa dafaruli,

magaliTad, ialbuzi, Sxara, myinvarwveri da TviT ekvatoris maxlob­
lad mdebare mwvervali kilimanjaroc ki. mTebSi temperatura daba-
lia da Tovlis saxiT mosuli naleqi dadnobas ver aswrebs, grovdeba,
mkvrivdeba da yinulad iqceva.
sazRvars, romlis zeviTac mosuli Tovli grovdeba da yinulad
iqceva, Tovlis xazi ewodeba. ekvatorTan igi did simaRleze – 4500
metris zeviT iwyeba. rac ufro vSordebiT ekvators, Tovlis xazic
dabla iwevs. magaliTad, kavkasionis qedze igi 700-dan 3000 m-is far-
glebSi icvleba. arqtikasa da antarqtidaSi ki zogan zRvis dones
utoldeba.
myinvari moZraobis unaris mqone yinulis masaa. myinvarebi hidro­
sferos, atmosferosa da liTosferos urTierTqmedebiT warmoiq­
mnebian. maT dedamiwis zedapiris daaxloebiT 11% ukaviaT.
arsebobs mTisa da zewruli myinvarebi. zewruli myinvarebi
vrcel teritoriebs moicavs. isini sqeli da amozneqilia da cen-
traluri nawilidan kideebisaken moZraoben. zewruli myinvarebi
antarqtidas, grenlandiasa da arqtikul kunZulebs faravs.
mTis myinvari maRali mTis kalTebze an xeobebSi eSveba. Ti­­To­­eul
myinvars aqvs sazrdoobis are, sadac Tovli grovdeba, mkvrivdeba da
yinuli warmoiqmneba. sazrdoobis aridan is qvemoT eSveba, zogjer
Tovlis xazis qveviTac ki Camodis da dneba. igi moZraobisas Txris
da aRrmavebs kalapots, naSali masala qveviT Caaqvs. myinvaris mier
Camotanili masalis grovas morena ewodeba. myinvarebi dRe-RameSi
20 sm-dan 3 metramde siCqariT moZraoben.
myinvarebi mravladaa himalais, pamiris, tianSanis, kavkasionis,
alpebis mTebSi.

86 • Tema 1
 18
adgils, sadac Tovli grovdeba da
yinuli warmoiqmneba, myinvaris aku-
mulaciis zona hqvia.

adgils, sadac myin-

vari dneba, ablaciis
zona ewodeba.

sur. 18.1. myinvaris nawilebi

myinvarebi mtknari wylis udidesi sacavebia. isini asazrdoeben

mdinareebs. gansakuTrebiT didia maTi mniSvneloba mSral adgilebSi,
sadac myinvarebi mdinareTa kvebis erTaderTi wyaroa.

davaleba

1. dedamiwaze mTeli yinuli rom gadnes, maSin zRvis done, daaxloebiT, 60 m-iT ai­
wevs. rogor fiqrob, ra Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves am process?
2. ratom warmoiqmneba myinvarebi mTebSi da polusebis maxloblad?
3. monawileobs Tu ara myinvari wylis brunvis procesSi? pasuxi daasabuTe.
4. ratom aris myinvaris wyali mtknari?
5. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine, sad gvxvdeba myinva-
rebi.
6. Seadare erTmaneTs mTis da zewruli myinvarebi da daadgine maT Soris msgavseba-
gansxvaveba.

miwisqveSa wyali dedamiwis qerqis zeda nawilis qanebSi, foreb­

sa da sicarieleebSi arsebuli wyalia. bunebaSi miwisqveSa wyle-
bi gvxvde­­ba gruntis wylebis, miwisqveSa tbebis, nakadulebis,
wya­­­­­­­­­roebisa da geizerebis saxiT.
miwisqveSa wylebis didi nawili atmosferuli naleqebis miwis
siRrmeSi CaJonvis Sedegad warmoiqmneba, amitom isini damokide-
bulia ama Tu im adgilas naleqebis wliur raodenobaze. miwisqveSa
wylebis warmoSobis meore aucilebeli pirobaa dedamiwis qerqis
amgebi qanebis Tviseba – atarebdes wyals.
CaJonili wyali wyalgaumtar fenaze Cerdeba, avsebs forebsa da
sicarieleebs da wyalSemcvel fenas warmoqmnis. miwisqveSa wyali
qanebis fenebSi gavlisas sufTavdeba da amitom wyaros wyali sufTa
da gamWvirvalea.

Tema 1 • 87
18
dedamiwis zedapiris amgeb qanebs Soris xSirad gvxvdeba marili,
TabaSiri, kirqva, romlebic wyalSi advilad ixsneba. aseT adgileb­Si
Cndeba miwisqveSa sicarieleebi – karstuli mRvimeebi. aseTi mRvi-
meebia mamonti-flinti (aSS-Si), tantali (avstriaSi), tromba (safran-
geTSi), axali aToni (saqarTveloSi) da sxv.
zedapirul fenebSi arsebul miwisqveSa wyals gruntis wyals
uwodeben. igi pirvel wyalgaumtar fenaSi warmoiqmneba. zogjer
miwisqveSa wyali or wyalgaumtar fenas Sorisaa moqceuli da mas
fenaTSorisi wyali hqvia.

arteziuli arteziuli gruntis gruntis

wylebi wylebis done wylebis done wylebi

sur. 18.2. gruntis wylis done

cvalebadia da naleqebis raode-
wya
wy lg nobazea damokidebu­li. wvimebisa
al aum
ga tar
um if da Tovlis dnobis dros grun­
ta ena
ri
fe tis wylis done maRalia, mSral
na
periodSi ki dabali.

zogjer miwisqveSa wyali or, jamisebrad ganlagebul wyal-

gaumtar fenas Sorisaa moqceuli. aseT dros wyali wnevis qveSaa da
miwis gaburRvis SemTxvevaSi SadrevaniviT asxams zeviT. am miwisqveSa
wyals wneviani anu arteziuli wyali hqvia. arteziul Webs didi
mniSvneloba aqvs mSral stepebsa da naxevarudabnoebSi. isini bevria
Sua aziaSi, avstraliasa da argentinaSi.
roca wyalgaumtari fena daxrilia, wyali daxrilobis mimarTu-
lebiT miedineba da sadme zedapirze gamodis. dedamiwis zedapirze
miwisqveSa wylis bunebrivi gamosvlis adgils wyaro ewodeba.
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

80° 80°
CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane

60° 60°
a t

40° 40°
w y n a
l a n t

20° 20°
w

r i

i
s
y
n
a

0° 0°
o k e a
r

o
i

k e a n e

o e T i s
n d
o

20° 20°
i
k e a n e
k

n e

o
e
a
n

40° 40°
e

s a m x r e T i s o k e a n e
60° 60°

80° 80°

180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

miwisqveSa wylebiT mdidari teritoriebi

miwisqveSa wylebiT Raribi teritoriebi sur. 18.3.miwisqveSa wylebis gavrceleba

88 • Tema 1
 18

davaleba

7. rogor monawileobs wylis brunvis procesSi miwisqveSa wylebi?
8. ratom aris miwisqveSa wylis done damokidebuli naleqebis raodenobaze?
9. ra gansxvavebaa gruntis wyalsa da fenaTSoris wyals Soris?
10. riT sazrdooben gruntis wylebi da rogor icvleba maTi raodenoba sezonebis
mixedviT?

wyals, romelSic gaxsnilia garkveuli raodenobiT marilebi da

gazebi, mineralurs uwodeben. mineraluri wylebi SeiZleba iyos
mlaSe, gogirdiani, rkiniani, sodiani da sxv. zogierTi maTgani cxe-
lia. Tu wylis temperatura 200C-s aRemateba, maT Termul wylebs­
uwodeben. mineralur da Termul wylebs samkurnalod iyeneben.
aseTi wylebi mravladaa saqarTveloSi (borjomi, sairme, nabeRla-
vi, wyaltubo da sxv.), CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (esentuki, kislovodski,
piatigorski), CexeTSi, safrangeTSi da sxv.
geizeric miwisqveSa Termuli wyalia. igi dedamiwis zedapiri-
dan sakmaod Rrmad, vulkanur areebSi mdebareobs da rogorc wesi,
miwispirze SadrevaniviT ifrqveva. Termul wylebs sayofacxovrebo
miznebisTvis iyeneben.

davaleba

11. axseni: a) razea damokidebuli gruntis wylis sisufTave? b) ra aris wyaro da
rogor warmoiqmneba igi? Gg) icvleba Tu ara wyaroebis raodenoba sezonebis
mixedviT?
12. sur. 18.3-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT daadgine, romeli
teritoriebia mdidari da romeli – Raribi miwisqveSa wylebiT.
13. daadgine, aris Tu ara Sens sacxovrebel adgilas miwisqveSa wylebi da risTvis
iyenebs mas mosaxleoba.

es sainteresoa
mTis myinvarebs Soris msoflioSi sigrZiT udidesia beringis myinvari (alaskaze,
170 km). aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, myinvari fedCenko (pamirze, 77 km). saqarTveloSi
yvelaze didi myinvaria lexziri (kavkasionze, 11.2 km, farTobi 35.8 km2).
grenlandiaSi yinulis safaris sisqe zogan 2000 m-s aRwevs, antarqtidaSi ki –
4000 m-sac.
yovelwliurad myinvarebi 3010 km3 wyals mateben msoflio okeanes.
glaciologias, rogorc mecnierebas, safuZveli Caeyara 1779-1796 wlebSi, ro-
desac gamoqveynda Sveicarieli mecnieris, oras benediqt de sosiuris naSromi
`alpebSi mogzauroba~.

Tema 1 • 89
19
mdinare
gaixsene

1. suraTis mixedviT daadgine, romeli asoebiTaa aRniSnuli: a) mTavari mdina-

re; b) saTave da SesarTavi; g) marjvena da marcxena Senakadebi; d) wyalgamyofi;
e) rogoria mdinaris dinebis mimarTuleba.

b
v

e
d

mdinaris auzis sqema

g

2. ginaxavs Tu ara wyaldidoba da axseni, ratom xdeba igi.

mdinarisa da misi yvela Senakadis erTobliobas mdinaris sistema

ewodeba. mdinaris sistema kargad viTardeba uxvnaleqian adgilebSi
(mdinareebis – amazonis, kongos auzebi da sxv.), zogan ki sustad an
saerTod ar viTardeba (magaliTad, avstralia, CrdiloeTi afrika
da a.S.).
teritorias, saidanac mdinare Tavis Senakadebianad ikrebs wyals
(sazrdoobs), wyalSemkrebi auzi hqvia. yvela mdinares Tavisi wyalSe-
mkrebi auzi aqvs. dedamiwaze yvelaze didi wyalSemkrebi auziT mdina-
re amazoni gamoirCeva. mdinareTa auzebs erTmaneTisgan amaRlebuli
adgilebi gamoyofs, romlebsac wyalgamyofi ewodeba. magaliTad,
saqarTvelos mdinareebisTvis mTavari wyalgamyofia lixis qedi.
mdinareTa praqtikuli gamoyenebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs
iseTi maxasiaTeblebis codnas, rogorebicaa: mdinaris sigrZe, siga-
ne, siRrme, wylis done, mdinaris siCqare, wylis xarji, Camonadeni,
vardna da daxriloba.
mdinaris saTavisa da SesarTavis wylis doneTa absolutur simaR-
leebs Soris sxvaobas mdinaris vardna hqvia. mdinaris vardnis
SefardebiT mis sigrZesTan mdinaris saSualo daxrilobas angari-
Soben da procentebiT (%) gamosaxaven. mdinaris wylis moculobas,
romelic 1 wm-Si cocxal kveTSi gaedineba, mdinaris xarji ewodeba.
igi m3/wm-iT gamoisaxeba. wylis im raodenobas, romelic garkveul
periodSi (dRe-RameSi, TveSi, weliwadSi) mdinaris mocemul kveTSi
gaedineba, mdinaris Camonadeni hqvia da km3(m3)-iT izomeba.

90 • Tema 1
 19
davaleba

1. ganmarte terminebi: mdinaris vardna, xarji da myari Camonadeni.
2. Seni azriT, ratom mdebareobs TiTqmis yvela didi qalaqi da dasaxlebuli punqti
mdinaresTan axlos?
3. gamoiangariSe mdinare enguris vardna da saSualo daxriloba Semdegi monacemebiT:
enguris sigrZe – 213 km, saTavis simaRle – z.d. 2614 m, SesarTavis simaRle – 0 m.

mdinareebi gzadagza Slian da angreven qanebs, rasac mdinaris

erozia hqvia. mis mier Camorecxili qanebis nawili – fskerze, nawili
ki SesarTavTan ileqeba. zogierTi mdinare am myari masaliT avsebs
SesarTavs da dablobi – xmeleTi Cndeba, romelzec mdinare itoteba
da delta warmoiqmneba.
mdinaris kalapoti agebulia sxvadasxva qaniT. fxvieri qanebi
advilad irecxeba, magari qanebi ki rCeba. aseT adgilebSi Woromebi
warmoiqmneba. Woromebi xels uSlis naosnobas, amitom maT dasafarad
kaSxalebs ageben da mdinareSi wylis done matulobs.

sur. 19.1. delta TandaTanobiT mcenareulobiT

ifareba da masze adamianebic saxldebian. did
deltebs qmnian mdinareebi: nilosi, misisipi,
volga, gangi da sxv.

mdinaris kalapotSi wylis cicabo safexuridan vardnisas CanCqe-

ri warmoiqmneba. dedamiwis yvelaze maRali CanCqeria anxeli, samxreT
amerikaSi (979 m). afrikaSi, mdinare zambezzea CanCqeri viqtoria,
romlis wyali 120 m simaRlidan gadmodis.
mdinare sazrdoobs wvimis, miwisqveSa, Tovlisa da myinvaris nad-
nobi wylebiT, rac mdinareSi wylis dones gansazRvravs. mdinareTa
garkveuli nawili mxolod wvimis wyliT sazrdoobs. maT Sorisaa,
dedamiwis yvelaze wyal­uxvi mdinareebi – amazoni, kongo, gangi,
mekongi da sxv. am mdinareebSi wylis done mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
TiTqmis ucvlelia.
mdinareTa sazrdooba mdinaris qcevis xasiaTs, anu reJims gan-
sazRvravs. mdinareebze icis wyaldidoba da zogjer wyalmovard-
nac, rasac wylis donis swrafi momateba da napirebidan gadmosvla

Tema 1 • 91
19
mohyveba. wyalmovardna gamowveulia Zlieri, uecari Tav­sxma wvime-
biT. zafxulsa da zamTarSi mdinareebSi wylis done klebulobs. es
wyalmcireobis periodia.

wylis done metrebSi

4

3
sur. 19.2. mdinareSi wylis
yoveldRiuri donis an xar-
2 jis cvalebadobas erTi wlis
1 ganmavlobaSi mdinaris hidro-
grafiT gamosaxaven.
0

i T m a m i i a s o n d Tve

davaleba

4. ra gansxvavebaa: a) mdinaris sistemasa da mdinaris auzs Soris? b) CanCqersa da
Woroms Soris? g) wyaldidobasa da wyalmovardnas Soris?
5. CamoTvale mdinareTa sazrdoobis wyaroebi. axseni, ra kavSiria mdinaris sazr-
doobasa da reJims Soris.
6. sur. 19.2-is mixedviT daadgine, rodis aRiniSna mdinareze wylis yvelaze maRali
da dabali done?

zogjer mdinareTa xeobebSi Rvarcofi warmoiqmneba. es aris qvata-

laxis nakadi, romelic dagrovili naSali masalis swrafad gadaad-
gilebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba Tavsxma wvimis, mewyeris an miwisZvris
dros. Rvarcofis Tavidan asacileblad mdinareTa kalapotebis
gaswvriv jebirebs ageben, xeobis ferdobebze tyes aSeneben, gaaqvT
dagrovili naSali masala da sxv.
180°0'0" 150°0'0" 120°0'0" 90°0'0" 60°0'0" 30°0'0" 0°0'0" 30°0'0" 60°0'0" 90°0'0" 120°0'0" 150°0'0" 180°0'0"

CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane

60°0'0" 60°0'0"

evroafrikuli
w y

xmelTaSua gaudinari
auzi
n a

30°0'0" amerikis 30°0'0"

r i

xmelTaSua
w
y
n

atlantis
o k
a

okeane
r

0°0'0" 0°0'0"
e a
i

indoeTis okeane
o

n e

(wiTeli zRvis CaTvliT)

k
e
a

30°0'0" 30°0'0"
n
e

s a m x r e T i s o k e a n e
60°0'0" 60°0'0"

180°0'0" 150°0'0" 120°0'0" 90°0'0" 60°0'0" 30°0'0" 0°0'0" 30°0'0" 60°0'0" 90°0'0" 120°0'0" 150°0'0" 180°0'0"

sur. 19.3. msoflios mdinareebi okeaneebis auzebis mixedviT

92 • Tema 1
 19
mdinareebs mniSvnelovani roli akisria msoflio tenbrunvaSi.
mdinaris wyals iyeneben sameurneo da sayofacxovrebo saqmiano-
baSi. amave dros igi iafi satransporto gza da energiis wyaroa.
mdinareeb­ze mowyobilia hidrometeorologiuri saguSagoebi, sadac
mudmivad akvirdebian wylis mdgomareobas da amindisa da sezonis
mixedviT zomaven mis maxasiaTeblebs.

davaleba

7. imsjele, ra mniSvneloba aqvs mdinareebs.
8. naxevarsferoebis rukaze (danarTi 1) moZebne mdinareebi: amazoni, kongo, gangi
da mekongi. daadgine, romel klimatur sartylebSi mdebareoben isini da axseni,
ratom aris TiToeuli es mdinare wlis nebismier dros wyaluxvi?
9. SeiZleba Tu ara wyaldidobis, wyalmovardnisa da Rvarcofis Tavidan acileba
da prognozireba? imsjele, ra cvlilebebi da Sedegebi moaqvs xmeleTis wylebis
stiqiur movlenebs.
10. sur. 19.3-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi #1) gamoyenebiT daadgine: a) ro-
goraa ganawilebuli mdinareebi dedamiwaze da ra aris amis mizezi: b) romelia Ti-
Toeuli kontinentis udidesi mdinare da romeli okeanis auzs miekuTvneba igi.
g) aRniSne isini konturul rukaze; d) amoirCie erTi romelime mdinare da da-
axasiaTe Semdegi gegmis mixedviT: saTave, SesarTavi, dinebis mimarTuleba, Se-
nakadebi.

es sainteresoa
mdinareebidan yovelwliurad zRvebsa da okeaneebSi 43.7 aTasi km3 wyali Cadis.
yvelaze xangrZlivi droiT mdinare lena iyineba.
yvelaze mokle mdinareebia: reprua (saqarTvelo, 20 m), ZiSxa (saqarTvelo, 7 m),
ro-riveri (aSS, 61 m), arili (italia, 84 m).
deltis saxelwodeba warmoiqmna berZnuli aso Δ-sagan, romelsac mdinaris delta
formiT waagavs. pirvelad es saxeli mdinare nilosis SesarTavis mimarT gamoi-
yenes.
yvelaze meti myari Camonadeni (naSali masala) msoflios mdinareebs Soris mdi-
nare xuanxes (niSnavs yviTel mdinares) aqvs. igi liosiT (wmindamarcvlovani,
erTgvarovani Calisferi qani) agebul vakeze miedineba da amitomac mis wyals
moyviTalo feri aqvs. xuanxes 1 m3 wyali daaxloebiT 35 kg silas Seicavs. xuanxeze
xSiria wyaldidobebi. 3000 wlis ganmavlobaSi mdinareze 1500-ze meti wyaldidoba
moxda.
wylis saSualo mravalwliuri xarjiT yvelaze didia mdinare amazoni (SesarTa-
vTan 220 aTasi m3/wm), saqarTveloSi – mdinare rioni (419 m3/wm).
adamianebi uxsovari droidan akvirdebian mdinareebs, magaliTad, mdinare niloss
jer kidev Zv.w. 662 wlidan akvirdebodnen qairoSi arsebuli wyalsazomi boZis
saSualebiT.

Tema 1 • 93
20
tbebi, wyalsacavebi, Waobebi
gaixsene

1. ra aris tba da wyalsacavi?

2. ra gansxvavebaa gamdinar da gaudinar tbebs Soris?
3. romelia dedamiwis udidesi, uRrmesi da yvelaze mariliani tbebi?
4. risTvis iyeneben tbebs da wyalsacavebs?

dedamiwis tbebis saerTo farTobi 2.7 mln km2-ia, rac xmeleTis

farTobis 1.8%-s Seadgens. dedamiwaze tbebi warmoSobis mixedviT
gansxvavdebian. dedamiwis qerqis CarRveviT gaCenil, e.w. grabenul
tbebs wagrZelebuli forma aqvT da didi siRrmiT gamoirCevian.
aseTia baikali, tanganika, niasa da sxv. myinvaruli tbebi Zveli gamy-
invarebis Sedegad warmoiqmna. maT miekuTvneba ladogis, onegis,
amerikis didi tbebi, fineTis tbebis umetesoba. nazvavi (nagubari)
tbebi mdinareTa kalapotis gadaketvis an klde-zvavis
Camowolis Sedegad Cndeba, magaliTad, sarezis tba, riwis
tba da sxv.
STenili tbebi zRvebis naSTebia. magaliTad, kaspiis,
aralis, paliastomis da sxv. vulkanuri tbebi ki Camqrali
vulkanebis kraterebSi mdebareobs. aseTi tbebi mravla-
daa kamCatkis naxevarkunZulze, kuriliis kunZulebze
sur. 20.1. indoneziaSi, da sxv.
k. sumatraze, vulkan tobas
tbebs udidesi sameurneo da rekreaciuli mniSvneloba
adgilas, romelic 73 aTasi wlis
win amoifrqva, z.d-dan 900 m
aqvs. maT napirebze mowyobilia dasasvenebeli da samkur-
simaRleze msoflios udidesi nalo adgilebi. tbebsa da maT SemogarenSi Tevzebsa da
vulkanuri warmoSobis tba toba wylis frinvelebs aSeneben. mlaSe tbebidan ki sufris
mdebareobs. marils moipoveben.

davaleba

1. riT gansxvavdeba tba zRvisa da wyalsacavisgan?
2. axseni, riT sazrdoobs namdinarevi da vulkanuri tbebi.
3. amoirCie dedamiwis romelime tba da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) da dama-
tebiTi informaciis gamoyenebiT daaxasiaTe Semdegi gegmis mixedviT: mdebareoba,
ganfeniloba, siRrme, gamdinarea Tu gaudinari, romeli mdinareebi Caedineba da
gamoedineba, gamoyeneba.

wyalsacavi xelovnuri tbaa, romelic Seqmnilia mdinareze kaS­

xlis agebiT. misi daniSnulebaa wylis dagroveba da Semdgomi gamo-
yeneba. isini agebulia mTel rig mdinareebze, magaliTad, volgaze,
kamaze, dneprze, eniseize, irtiSze, aragvze, engurze, iorze da sxv.
msoflioSi yvelaze didia bratskis wyalsacavi mdinare angaraze
(misi sigrZea 500 km, siRrme – 100 m, xolo wylis moculoba – 169.3 km3).
wyalsacavebis Seqmnas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
mxareebi. uaryofiTad miiCneva is faqtori, rom wyalsacavi tbo-
ravs did teritoriebs, wyliT ifareba sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi,

94 • Tema 1
 20
dasaxlebuli punqtebi, dasatbor teritoriebze iCexeba
tye. sanapiro zonaSi wyalsacavebis Seqmna iwvevs gruntis
wylebis donis amaRlebas, teritoriebis daWaobebas, mewye-
rebis gaaqtiurebas, amitom wyalsacavebis mSeneblobisas
saWiroa garemomcvel bunebaSi mosalodneli cvlilebebis
safuZvlianad Seswavla.
dedamiwaze Waobebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli. maT xme- sur. 20.2. wyalsacavebs iyeneben
leTis TiTqmis 5% ukavia. Waobebi iq warmoiqmneba, sadac sarwyavad, hidroenergiis mis-
aRebad, wyalmomarage­bisTvis,
naleqebis raodenoba aorTqlebas sWarbobs, xolo zedapiri
Tevzis mosaSeneblad. bevri
umetesad brtyeli vakea. WaobSi tenis moyvaruli mcenareu- maTgani gamoiyeneba sanaosnod,
loba izrdeba da torfi grovdeba. Waobi gansakuTrebuli xe-tyis dasacureblad, dasas-
bunebrivi kompleqsia. venebel adgilad, mdinareTa
wylis dasaregulireblad.

5-10 %-mde
sur. 20.3. Waobebis
10 %-ze meti gavrceleba dedami-
Waobiani landSafti waze

davaleba

4. nax 20.3-is, naxevarsferoebis rukisa (danarTi 1) da sur. 13.5-is mixedviT daadgine:
a) sad mdebareobs Waobebi; b) axseni, ratomaa isini am teritoriebze gavrcele-
buli; g) gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili.

Waobebis gavrcelebis
geografiuli ganedi klimaturi pirobebi
teritoria

nimuSi
Waobebi sazrdoobisa da mcenareulobis xasiaTis mixedviT ori
tipisaa: qvedauri da zedauri. qvedauri Waobebi, ZiriTadad, miwis-
qveSa wylebiT sazrdoobs. WaobSi TandaTanobiT grovdeba mkvdari
mcenareuloba, romlisganac warmoiqmneba torfi, ris Sedegadac
Waobis zedapiri maRldeba, wydeba miwisqveSa wylebs da atmosferu-
li naleqebiT iwyebs sazrdoobas. ase warmoiqmneba zedauri Waobi.
maT ufro meti farTobi ukavia, vidre qvedaurs.

Tema 1 • 95
20

sur. 20.4.
zedauri da
qvedauri Wao-
bebi

sur. 20.5. zedauri Waobi formirebis sawyis da saboloo stadiaSi

tbebi da Waobebi aregulireben gruntis wylebis dones, ateniane-

ben haers, aorTqleben wyals, asazrdoeben mdinareebs.
Waobebs aSroben, risTvisac sawreti arxebi gahyavT, rgaven evka-
lipts (mas aqvs unari, didi raodenobiT wyali aaorTqlos). amom-
Srali Waobebis niadagi maRali nayofierebiT xasiaTdeba da uxv
mosavals iZleva. dasavleT saqarTveloSi amoSrobil Waobebze
gaSenebulia Caisa da citrusebis plantaciebi. Waobebis amoSrobas,
samwuxarod, xSirad arasasurvel Sedegebamde mivyavarT: dabldeba
gruntis wylis done, qreba Waobis mcenareebi da frinvelebi, aRar
warmoiqmneba torfi da sxv.
davaleba

5. ratom mlaSdeba da Waobdeba gaudinari tba?
6. imsjele, ratom aris saWiro teritoriis winaswar gamokvleva wyalsacavebis
mSeneblobis dros.
7. ra daniSnuleba aqvs Waobebs da ratom unda davicvaT isini?
8. ra gansxvavebaa zedaur da qvedaur Waobebs Soris?
9. aRwere Sens sacxovrebel adgilas mdebare romelime tba an wyalsacavi.

es sainteresoa
marili aucilebelia cocxali organizmebisTvis. dedami­waze arsebobs tbebi, romlebic
marilis bunebrivi `sawyobebia~. magaliTad, aseTia kaspiispira dab­lobis CrdiloeT
nawilSi mdebare baskunCakis tba. am mlaSe tbis marili kargi gemoTi gamoirCeva. tbis
marils marto sakvebad rodi viyenebT. igi gamoiyeneba qimiur mrewvelobaSi, minis, qa-
Raldis, saRebavebis da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad. baskunCakis msgavsi bunebrivi `samarile~
bevria dedamiwaze.
dedamiwaze pirveli wyalsacavi egvipteSi, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasawyis­Si Seiqmna. amJa-
mad, msoflioSi wyalsacavebis raodenobam 30000-s gadaaWarba.
1971 wels qalaq ramsarSi (irani) miiRes e.w. ramsaris konvencia, romlis mizania saer-
TaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT, wylis frinvelTa sabinadrod
vargisi teritoriebis dacva. am konferenciaSi 160 qveyana monawileobda, romelTa te-
ritoriazec aseTi 1926 (188 mln ha) areali mdebareobs. saqarTvelo konvencias 1996 wels
SeuerTda. qveyanaSi gamoiyo saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis daWaobebuli teritoriebi:
kolxeTis (md. rionis SesarTavTan), guriis, nabadasa da fiCoras Waobebi da qobuleTis
dablobi (ispanis Waobi).

96 • Tema 1
 21
biosfero da bunebrivi zona
gaixsene

1. ra aris fotosinTezi?
2. ratom ar SeuZliaT cxovelebs mcenareebis gareSe arseboba?
3. ra aris siTburi sartylebi da ratom arsebobs es sartylebi dedamiwaze?
4. ra aris ekosistema da romel ekosistemebs icnob?

biosfero (berZ. `bios~ – sicocxle) dedamiwis garsia, romelSic

cxovroben, binadroben da arseboben cocxali organizmebi. igi moi-
cavs atmosferos qveda fenas, hidrosferos mTlianad da dedamiwis
qerqis zeda nawils. biosferos gavrcelebis zusti sazRvrebi ar
aqvs. cocxali organizmebis ZiriTadi nawili ganTavsebulia atmos-
feros qveda fenebSi, liTosferos zeda fenebsa da hidrosferoSi.
biosferos gavrcelebis zeda sazRvari 20-25 km simaRleze, xolo
qveda – liTosferos ramdenime aseuli metris siRrmeze gadis.

davaleba

1. ra pirobebia aucilebeli sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis?
2. rogor fiqrob, ra adgili ukavia adamians biosferoSi da ra gavlenas axdens
adamianis saqmianoba masze?
3. moiyvane magaliTebi, romlebic mowmobs biosferos kavSirs liTosferosTan,
atmosferosa da hidrosferosTan.

dedamiwis zedapirze mcenareTa da cxovelTa ganawilebaze moqme-

debs mzis siTbo, sinaTle da tenianoba. isini kanonzomierad icvleba
ekvatoridan polusebisken, rasac ganeduri zonaluroba ewodeba.
bunebrivi zonaluroba geografiuli garsis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
kanonzomierebaa. Sen ukve ici, rom dedamiwaze sxvadasxva sartyeli
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli siTbosa da tenis gansakuTrebuli reJimiT
da haeris masebiT xasiaTdeba. maT geografiul sartylebs uwodeben.
es sartylebi geografiuli garsis ganedur-zonaluri dayofis yve-
laze msxvili erTeulebia.
geografiuli sartylebis sazRvrebSi havis tipebis Tu ginda meti Seityo
mravalferovnebiT bunebrivi zonebi yalibdeba. bune- ekosistemebis Sesaxeb, estumre
vebgverds:
brivi zona xmeleTis vrceli teritoriaa, romlisTvi-
https://www.kids.nationalgeographic.
sac damaxasiaTebelia siTbosa da sinaTlis, tenianobis, com
niadagis, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaros erTianoba. https://www.youtube.com
bunebriv zonebs mkveTrad gamoxatuli sazRvrebi ara saZiebel velSi akrife:
aqvs. isini erTmaneTSi gadadian da maTi umetesoba ekosistemebi

gadaWimulia ganeduri mimarTulebiT.

Tema 1 • 97
21
bunebrivi zonis Taviseburebebs kargad gamoxatavs mcenareulo-
ba, amitom zonebis saxelebi tradiciulad gabatonebuli mcenareu-
lobis tipebis saxels emTxveva.
xmeleTis zedapirze 13 bunebrivi zona gamoiyofa.

arqtikuli udabno farTofoTlovani tyeebi savanebi

tundra, tyetundra tyestepi da stepi wvimiani tropikuli tyeebi
wiwvovani tyeebi naxevarudabnoebi da udabnoebi simaRliTi zonaluroba

nax 21.1. dedamiwis bunebrivi zonebi

davaleba

4. sur. 21.1-is mixedviT: a) CamoTvale dedamiwis bunebrivi zonebi; b) daadgine, rome-
li bunebrivi zonebia gavrcelebuli cxel, zomier da civ sartylebSi, monacemebi
warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT.
5. riT aixsneba dedamiwaze mcenareTa da cxovelTa araTanabari ganawileba?
6. sur. 21.1-is da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT daadgine, rome-
li qveynebis teritoriebze gvxvdeba: a) tropikuli tyeebi; b) savanebi da stepebi;
g) tropikuli da polaruli udabnoebi.

TiToeuli bunebrivi zona sxvadasxva tipis landSafts moicavs.

landSafti reliefis, klimatis, niadagis, mcenareTa da cxovelTa
samyaros rTuli erTiani sistemaa, sadac TiToeuli komponenti erT-
maneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli. nebismieri maTganis Secvla
ki mTliani landSaftis cvlilebas iwvevs.

98 • Tema 1
 21
saSualo wliuri temperatura, 0C
arqtikuli udabnoebi
tundra
taiga
Sereuli tye
stepebi da preriebi
udabnoebi
subtropikuli tye
savanebi
sezonuri tropikuli
teniani tye
tropikuli teniani tye sur. 21.2. temperaturisa da
naleqebis ganawileba buneb­
m rivi zonebis mixedviT

davaleba

7. sur. 21.2-is mixedviT daadgine, TiToeul bunebriv zonaSi ras udris haeris sa-
Sualo wliuri temperatura da naleqebis wliuri raodenoba. informacia war-
moadgine cxrilis saxiT. rogor fiqrob, ra kavSiria temperaturas, naleqebis
raodenobasa da bunebrivi zonebis mcenareul safars Soris?
8. Seni azriT, romeli bunebrivi zonebia yvelaze metad Secvlili adamianis saqmia-
nobis Sedegad?

bunebrivi zonebi ara mxolod ganedurad, aramed simaRlis mixe-

dviTac icvleba. mTebSi simaRlis matebasTan erTad icvleba haeris
temperatura da atmosferuli wneva, naleqebis raodenoba da mziT
ganaTebis pirobebi. klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebebi ki bunebrivi
zonebis cvlilebas iwvevs.
mTebSi bunebrivi zonebis simaRlis mixedviT cvlas simaRleb­
rivi sartyluroba (zonaluroba) ewodeba. mTebSi simaRlebrivi
sartylebi SedarebiT swrafad icvleba, vidre vakeebze. sakmarisia,
sul raRac 1 km simaRleze axvide, rom Tavad darwmundebi amaSi. rac
ufro maRalia mTa, miT met sartyels vxvde­biT.
mTis ZirSi is bunebrivi zonaa, romelSic es mTa mdebareobs, Sem-
deg ki simaRlis matebasTan erTad zonac icvleba. mTebSi simaRle-
briv sartylebs ferdobebis eqspoziciac gansazRvravs. magaliTad,
maradi Tovlis qveda safari mTis samxreT ferdobze ufro maRla
mdebareobs, vidre CrdiloeT ferdobze.
sxvadasxva mTian masivSi bunebrivi zonebis ricxvi sxvadasxvaa da
es damokidebulia mTebis simaRleze, maT geografiul mdebareobasa
da ferdobebis eqspoziciaze.
mTian sistemebSi bunebrivi pirobebis araerTgvarovneba mce-
nareTa Tanasazogadoebis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs. aq 1 m2
teritoriaze mcenareTa meti saxeoba izrdeba, vidre amave farTo-
bis vakeze. magaliTad, kavkasionis mcenareTa samyaro 6000-ze met
saxeobas moicavs, maSin roca aRmosavleT evropis vakis centralur
dablobSi mxolod 3500-ia, Tanac es teritoria kavkasionis farTobs
ramdenjerme aRemateba.

Tema 1 • 99
21
mTebi SedarebiT naklebad aris dasaxlebuli. mTis Zirsa da xe­­o­­
beb­Si mcxovrebi mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mecxoveleobasa da miwaT-
moqmedebas misdevs.
m (1) (2) m sasoflo-
Tovli da naleqe- 0
tC sameurneo
myinvarebi bi, mm
5000 kulturebi
5000
SiSveli kldeebi >500 >00C
4000
qviani 500 +4

3000 4000
buCqnari, saZovrebi 1000 +8

2000 dabali tyeebi +10

kartofili,
3000 maRalmTiani 1800
tyeebi +12 pamidori,
1000 2000
simindi
mTis
+15
tyeebi
0 2000
bambuki +20 banani,
Tovlisa da myinvarebis sartyeli
3000 Tambaqo,
alpuri sartyeli +24 bamba, yava
subalpuri sartyeli 1000
tyis sartyeli
tyestepis sartyeli kauCukis tye, palmebi, lianebi, <3000 +26 kakao
naZvi teniani ekvatoruli tyeebi
0
muxa
wifeli
wabli sur. 21.3. simaRlebrivi sartyluroba kavkasionis (1) da andebis (2) mTEebSi

davaleba

9. ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa simaRlebriv sartylurobasa da ganedur zonalurobas
Soris?
10. ratom icvleba bunebrivi zonebi ufro swrafad mTebSi, vidre ganedurad?
11. moZebne naxevarsferoebis rukaze (danarTi 1) kordilierebi, alpebi, didi wyal-
gamyofi qedi, andebi, himalais mTebi. axseni, romel mTebSi iqneba ufro meti
raodenobis simaRlebrivi sartyeli da ratom.
12. sur. 21.3-is mixedviT: a) aRwere andebisa da kavkasionis mTebi; b) daadgine, rogor
icvleba simaR­lebrivi sar­t­ylebi am mTebSi; g) ax­seni am gans­xvavebis mizezebi.
13. Seni azriT, ra saqmianobas eweva TiToeul bunebriv zonaSi adamiani da ra gav­
lenas axdens bunebrivi zona adamianis saqmianobaze?
14. moiZie informacia romelime bunebrivi zonis Sesaxeb. moamzade prezentacia
SenTvis sasurveli formiT da gaacani megobrebs.

es sainteresoa

biosferos cocxali masa dedamiwis zedapirze Tanabrad rom gavanawiloT, yovel

1 km2-ze daaxloebiT 18 kg mcenareuli da 140 g cxoveluri masa ganTavsdeba.
Cveni planetis cocxali organizmebis ZiriTadi masa 23 qimiuri elementisgan
Sedgeba. maT Soris mniSvnelovania: naxSirbadi, wyalbadi, azoti, gogirdi da fos-
fori. swored aRniSnuli elementebis sxvadasxvagvari kombinaciiTaa Seqmnili
cxovelTa da mcenareTa milion-naxevari saxeoba.

100 • Tema 1
 22
geografiuli garsi da
geografiuli garemo

gaixsene

1. ra aris liTosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero, biosfero da geog­

rafiuli garsi?

dedamiwis geografiuli (landSafturi) garsi liTosferos,

atmosferos, hidrosferosa da biosferos moicavs, romlebic erT-
maneTTan arian dakavSirebulni da erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben. maT
Soris mudmivad mimdinareobs energiisa da nivTierebaTa cvlis pro-
cesi. geografiuli garsis bunebrivi komponentebi (qanebi, reliefis
formebi, haeri, wyali, cocxali organizmebi) erTmaneTTan kanon-
zomierad arian Serwymulni da mTlian, uwyvet sistemebs qmnian,
romleb­sac bunebriv kompleqsebs uwodeben. Ggeografiuli garsi
yvelaze didi bunebrivi kompleqsia, romelic yvelgan erTnairi ar
aris. igi mravali patara kompleqsisgan Sedgeba. Cvens planetaze
bunebriv kompleqsebs da mis komponentebs yvelgan vxvdebiT.
geografiul garss oTxi ZiriTadi kanonzomiereba axasiaTebs.

geografiuli garsis movlenaTa ganmeo-

Semadgeneli komponentebi rebadoba drosa da
erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben sivrceSi. arsebobs
da erT mTlian sistemas perioduli da
qmnian. cikluri ritmebi.

mTlianoba ritmuloba

zonaluroba nivTierebisa
da energiis
mudmivi
bunebis yvela brunva
komponentis da mTliani uwyveti, erTiani
kompleqsis kanonzomieri procesi, romelic
cvla ekvatoridan mimdinareobs
polusebisken an piriqiT da rogorc cocxal,
simaRlis mixedviT ise aracocxal
bunebaSi.

sur. 22.1. geografiuli garsis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebi

Tema 1 • 101
22

davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, geografiuli garsis Semadgeneli romeli nawilia yvelaze Zveli?
pasuxi daasabuTe.
2. moiyvane geografiuli garsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebis gamovli-
nebis magaliTebi.

geografiuli garemo geografiuli garsis nawilia, romelic

pirdapir ukavSirdeba adamiansa da mis sameurneo saqmianobas. geog­
rafiul garemoSi viTardeba sazogadoeba, geografiuli garemoc
icvleba da farTovdeba. adamianma geogra­fi­u­li garemos Secno­ba
Zalian didi xnis win daiwyo, rac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi grZelde-
boda: ikvlevdnen axa­l teritoriebs, poulobdnen da iTvisebdnen axal
kontinentebs da kunZulebs.
geografiuli garemo ar aris ucvleli, erTxel da samudamod
Camoyalibebuli. misi Semadgeneli komponentebi icvleba, erTi
mxriv, sakuTari bunebidan gamomdinare da, meore mxriv, adamianis
aqtiuri saqmianobis Sedegad.
geografiuli garemo gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikuri cxov­
rebis formirebaze, xalxTa kulturul-sameurneo tipebad Camoya-
libebaze.

geografiuli garemo

fizikur-geografiuli garemo ekonomikur-geografiuli garemo

komponentebi:
reliefi, klimati, wyali, sasargeblo komponentebi:
wiaRiseuli, niadagi, mcenareTa da cxovelTa mindvrebi, plantaciebi, baRebi, wyalsacavebi, arxebi,
samyaro sarwyavi sistemebi, qalaqebi, soflebi

sur. 22.2. geografiuli garemo pirobiTad fizikur-geo­grafiul da ekono­mikur-

geografiul garemod iyofa.

adamianisa da bunebis urTierToba Cvens planetaze misi gaCenis

dRidan iwyeba. mas Semdeg adamiani ara marto Seegua garemomcvel
samyaros, aramed aqtiurad daiwyo misi gardaqmnac: gaCexa tyeebi,
moxna miwa, gaiyvana gzebi, aago xidebi da kaSxlebi, aaSena qalaqebi
da a. S.

102 • Tema 1
 22
civilizaciis gan-
etapis dasaxeleba daxasiaTeba viTarebis ZiriTadi
faqtorebi

postindustriuli Zireuli Zvrebi da cvli-

V lebebi sistemaSi e
e
`buneba – sazogadoeba~ k
k
fabrika-qarxnebis raode- o
industriuli o
nobis zrda, anTropo- n l
IV
genuri zemoqmedebis o o
gaZliereba m
g
resursebis gamoyeneba, i
Sua saukuneebi b i
III garemoze zemoqmedebis k
u
u u
zrda n
e r r
miwaTmoqmedebaze cxovelebis moSinaureba,
b i i
II gadasvla kulturul mcenareTa
r
gaCena
i
miTvisebiTi nadiroba, Semgrovebloba, v
I meurneoba i
TevzWera

sur. 22.3. bunebisa da adamianis urTierTobis istoria

davaleba

3. sur. 22.3-is mixedviT gansazRvre, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis romel etapze iq-
neboda garemoze adamianis zemoqmedeba yvelaze Zlieri da axseni, ratom?

geografiuli garsis ganviTarebis istoriaSi amJamad dadga axali

etapi, romelic uSualod da mWidrod ukavSirdeba adamianis sameur-
neo saqmianobas. geografiuli garsi gadaiqca e.w. noosferod anu
adamianis gonebis sferod. noosfero – bunebisa da sazogadoebis
urTierTqmedebis garemo, romlis far­gleb­Sic mTavaria adamianis
go­ne­b­rivi saqmianoba. noosfero de­da­­miwis planetaruli da masTan
dakavSirebuli kosmosuri sivrcea, romelic adamianis gonebrivi
moqmedebis Sedegad gardaiqmneba da imarTeba.
dedamiwaze adamianebs sxvadasxva adgi­las gansxvavebul bunebriv
piro­bebSi uxdebaT ar­­­­se­bo­­ba. bunebrivi pirobebi mniSvnelovan gav­
le­nas axdens qveynisa Tu re­gionis ganvi­Ta­re­baze.
bunebrivi pirobebi bunebis elementebia, romlebic uSualod ar
gamoiyeneba materialuri dovlaTis warmoebaSi. bunebrivi pirobe-
bidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania reliefi da hava.
bunebrivi resursebic bunebis Semadgeneli elementebia, Tumca
bunebrivi pirobebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini sazogadoebrivi war-
moebis procesSi nedleulad, energiis wyarod an adamianis uSualo
moxmarebisaTvis gamoiyeneba (an SeiZleba momavalSi gamoiyenon).

Tema 1 • 103
22
mravali milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze bunebrivi kom-
ponentebis garkveuli wonasworoba Camoyalibda. adamiani Tavisi
arsebobis dRidan gavlenas axdens mas­ze. mosaxleobis raodenobis
zrdam, mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebam adamians gauadvila
bunebis aTviseba da gamo­yeneba. magaliTad, sasargeblo wiaRiseu-
li, romelic bunebaSi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi grovdeboda,
adamianma sul ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi sxvadasxva teritoriaze
gadaitana; adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad gaCnda axali nivTierebebi
da sxeulebi, romlebic bunebisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.

sur. 22.5. qalaqi adamianis yvelaze didi qmnile-

baa. igi bunebriv landSaftSi iqmneba da misi
sur. 22.4. adamiani Caeria buneb­rivi ganviTareba mWidrod ukavSirdeba teritoriis
wrebrunvis procesSi. wyalsacavebis bunebriv pirobebs.
Seqmnam, udabnoebisa da naxevar-
udabnoebis xelovnurad morwyvam,
miwisqveSa wylebis didi raodenobiT
gamoyenebam met-naklebad Secvala
wylis brunvis procesi.

davaleba

4. me-20 s-is rusi mecnieris, vladimir vernadskis azriT, dedamiwis zedapirze ada-
miani mTavar `geologiur Zalad~ iqca. rogor fiqrob, ratom Seadara mecnierma
adamiani geologiur Zalas?
5. Seni azriT, dadgeba Tu ara dro, roca adamiani aRar iqneba bunebaze damokide-
buli? pasuxi daasabuTe.

adamianis saqmianobis Sedegad dedamiwis bunebam bevr adgilas

Seicvala pirvandeli saxe. gaCnda reliefis iseTi anTropogenuri
formebi, rogorebicaa: terasebi, Txrilebi, xramebi, yorRa­nebi da
sxv.
garemomcveli bunebis garda adamianebs arsebobis sxva wyaro ar
gaaCniaT, amitom misi simdidris gamoyenebisas saWiroa zomiereba da
mofrTxile­ba. bunebisgan unda aviRoT imdeni, ramdenic gvWirdeba
da gamoviyenoT mTli­anad da momWirned.

104 • Tema 1
 22

davaleba

6. waikiTxe a. da b. wyaroebi, gaaanalize isini da upasuxe kiTxvebs: a) rogor fiqrob,
bune­bis romeli kanonebi gamoiyena adamianma Tavis sasargeblod? b) Seni azriT,
ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi garemo adamianis mier sacxovrebeli adgilis arCe­
vaze? qveynis ganviTarebis doneze? moiyvane magaliTebi: g) gamosaxe sqemis saxiT
urTierTdamokidebuleba bunebasa da sazogadoebas Soris.
a) `bunebas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi da adamians SeuZlia mxolod Seicnos da Tavis
sasargeblod gamoiyenos isini. bunebis kanonebi Tavis Zalas adamianis mier
Seqmnil garemoSic inarCuneben. adamiani iyo, aris da iqneba bunebis nawili.
sistema `sazogadoeba~ verasodes ver gadafaravs sistemas `buneba~.
(nawyveti v. liaminis naSromidan `geografia da sazogadoeba~, 1978 w.)
b) `msoflio rukaze Znelad Tu moiZebneba qveyana, romlis teritoria geogra­
fi­ulad erTgvarovani iqneba da mosaxleobac Tanabrad iqneba maszed gan­la­
gebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivi garemo, Tavis mxriv, uSualo gavlenas
axdens adamianTa mier sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevaze, maT ganviTarebaze,
warmoebis xasiaTsa da cxovrebis doneze~.
(g. margiani, `geografiuli garemos roli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi da
istoriuli procesis sazrisi~, 1985 w.)

proeqti
Seadare im dasaxlebuli punqtis Tanamedrove landSafti, sadac cxovrob, am adgi-
lisTvis damaxasiaTebel landSafts warsulSi.
muSaobis etapebi:
1. daadgine, rogori bunebrivi landSaftia gavrcelebuli Sens sacxovrebel adgi-
las. gadaiRe fotoebi, gaakeTe Canaxatebi. Seadgine am teritoriis adgilis gegma.
2. gamoarkvie, ra gavlena moaxdina adamianis sameurneo saqmianobam Seni sacxovre-
beli adgilis bunebriv landSaftze da rogor Seicvala igi?
3. ivaraude, rogori iqneboda Seni sacxovrebeli adgilis bunebrivi landSafti
warsulSi, maSin roca anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba umniSvnelo iyo da rogori
iqneba momavalSi, magaliTad, 50 wlis Semdeg. moamzade naxati, modeli, maketi an
warmoadgine sxva raime formiT.

es sainteresoa

adamianma Seqmna axali naerTebi (magaliTad, plastmasa, polieTileni da sxv.),

xelovnuri sagnebi, romlebic bunebrivi garemosTvis sruliad ucxoa.
geografiuli garsis cneba 1932 wels rusma mecnierma andria grigorievma daamk-
vidra.
termini `geografiuli garemo~ pirvelad frangma mecnierma elize reklium
gamoiyena Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi `adamiani da dedamiwa~.

Tema 1 • 105
23
buneba safrTxeSia

leqsikoni

bunebaTsargebloba – dedamiwis geografiul garsze adamianis mier warmoebul

zemoqmedebaTa erToblioba
mdgradi ganviTareba – sazogadoebis ganviTarebis iseTi sistema, romelic sazoga-
doebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
uzrunvelyofs adamianis keTildReobas, cxovrebis donis xarisxis zrdas da mo-
mavali Taobebis uflebas, isargeblon Seqcevadi raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
cvlilebebisagan maqsimalurad daculi bunebrivi resursebiTa da garemoTi.
iunesko – gaeros specialuri organizacia ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis
sferoSi
konvencia – iuridiulad savaldebulo Zalis mqone saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba
saxelmwifoebs Soris

Cvens planetaze mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, gare-

moze adamianis zemoqmedebis masStabebic izrdeba. amJamad, deda-
miwaze Zalian cotaa iseTi ad­gili, sadac adamians fexi ar daudgams.
adamianis saqmianobis gamo dedamiwaze ileva da iwureba resursebi,
nadgurdeba cxovelTa da mcenareTa bunebrivi saarsebo garemo,
yovelwliurad qreba cocxali organizmebis mravali saxeoba. bin-
Zurdeba wyali, haeri da niadagi, ramac SeiZleba ekologiuri katas-
trofa gamoiwvios.
dRes msoflio SeSfoTebulia globaluri daTbobiT gamowveuli
klimatis cvlilebiT. klimatis cvlileba mTlianad dedamiwis an
konkretuli regionis saSualo amindis xangrZlivad Secvlaa.
mravali aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze damyarda wonaswo-
roba mzidan Semosul da dedamiwis mier gacemul energiebs Soris,
ramac Sesabamisi klimatis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. adamianis saq-
mianobis gaaqtiurebam atmosferoSi e.w. saTburis airebis emisiebisa
(gafrqvevis) da koncentraciebis zrda gamoiwvia. saTburis airebi
atmosferoSi arsebul gazebs hqvia, romlebic abrkoleben dedamiwis
zedapiridan kosmosur sivrceSi siTburi energiis (siTbos) gasxive-
bas, TviT movlenas ki `saTburis efeqti~ ewodeba. mTavari saTburis
airebia: naxSirorJangi, meTani da azotis qveJangi.

praqtikuli samuSao
saTburi airebis zemoqmedeba dedamiwis temperaturaze
saWiro masala: 2 cali Termometri, 2 cali plastmasis gamWvirvale Wiqa, 2 cali
minis gamWvirvale qila TavsaxuriT, saaTi, Zmari, wyali, sakvebi soda, markeri.
msvleloba:
Seurie erTmaneTs Zmari da wyali da Caasxi Tanabari raodenobiT plastmasis WiqebSi.
Caawyve Wiqebi minis qilebSi da TiToeul WiqaSi Cade Termometri; erT WiqaSi Cayare
soda, qilas swrafad daaxure Tavsaxuri da daawere `CO2~. meore qilasac daaxure da
daawere `CO2-is gareSe~. 2 saaTis ganmavlobaSi yovel 10 wuTSi Seamowme Termometris
maCvenebeli orive WiqaSi da CainiSne monacemebi. gamoitane daskvna.

106 • Tema 1
 23
mzis radiacia, romelic gaivlis atmosfe­
ros da aTbobs dedamiwis zedapirs

CO2

mz
is
ra
d
dedamiwis zedapiridan atmosfero

iac
areklili siTbos raode-

ia
noba (infrawiTeli tal-
Rebi)

dedamiwis zedapiridan
areklili infrawiTeli atmosferos mier
talRebis nawili, romel- areklili mzis
ic saTburis efeqtis radiacia
airebis winaaRmdegobis
gamo dedamiwis zedapirs atmosfero
ubrundeba da tempera-
turis zrdas iwvevs.
CO2
saTburis efeqtis airebi (azotis orJangi, meTani, naxSirorJangi), romlebic
navTobis, qvanaxSirisa da sxva sawvavi nivTierebebis wvis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.

sur. 23.1. saTburis efeqtis warmoqmna

rac ufro maRalia saTburis gazebis koncentracia atmos-

feroSi, miT meti siTbo rCeba dedamiwaze. saTburis gaze-
bis koncentraciis zrdis pasuxad, klimaturi sistema unda
„gadaewyos“, rom SenarCundes balansi dedamiwaze mzidan
Semosul da dedamiwis mier gacemul energiebs Soris. amgva-
ri gadawyoba moiTxovs dedamiwis zedapirisa da atmosferos
qveda Sreebis `globalur daTbobas~. daTboba klimatisaT-
vis Warbi energiis Tavidan acilebis yvelaze martivi gzaa.
daiwyo klimatis cvlilebis procesi – dedamiwaze haeris
saSualo temperaturis zrda sul ufro mZafr xasiaTs iRebs.­­
mecnierTa varaudiT, mimdinare saukuneSi temperaturam
SeEsaZloa 1.5 -­­­­­­4.5­­­­­ gradusiT moimatos.
sur. 23.2. klimatis cvli-
klimatis globalur cvlilebas Tan sdevs myinvarebis lebis Sedegad intensiurad
dnoba, iseTi stiqiuri movlenebi, rogorebicaa: gvalve- dneba arqtikisa da gren-
bi, Tavsxma wvimebi, mewyerebi, wyaldidobebi, tropikuli landiis yinulovani safari.
ciklonebi da sxv. yinulis safaris dnobam sxva
faqtorebTan erTad gamoi-
globaluri daTbobiT gamowveuli gaZlierebuli dnobis
wvia zRvis donis aweva, rac
Sedegad, myinvarebis zomebi praqtikulad mTel msoflio- dablobi zRvispira adgileb-
Si mcirdeba. 2035 wlisaTvis himalais myinvarebi SesaZloa is sanapiros eroziiT, dat-
gaqres kidec, arada am myinvarebiT ikvebeba aziis udidesi borviTa da mtknari wylis
mdinareebi, romelTa auzebSi daaxloebiT 2.4 miliardi ada- dabinZurebiT emuqreba.
didi safrTxis winaSe aRmoC-
miani cxovrobs.
ndebian mcire kunZulo­vani
dedamiwis vrcel farTobebze intensiuri da xangrZlivi saxelmwifoebi, romelTa
gvalvebi aRiniSneba. magaliTad, avstraliaSi 2003-2007 wle- mosaxleobis naxevarze meti
bidan sami weli rekordulad cxeli iyo, bolo aTwleuli ki zRvis donidan 2 m-ze naklebi
gansakuTrebulad mSrali. Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikaSi simaRlis mWidrod dasaxle-
bul kunZulebze cxovrobs.
gamudmebulma gvalvebma gaaZ­liera gaudabnoebis procesi,

Tema 1 • 107
23
ris gamoc am regionis qveynebSi ekologiuri katastrofis da sakve-
bis masobrivi ukmarisobis safrTxe Seiqmna. 2005 wels amazonis auzi
usastikesma gvalvam moicva, ris Sedegadac daSra mdinareebi, aTaso-
biT kvadratul kilometrze ki TveobiT iwvoda miwa. tropikulma
tyem aseT gvalvas mxolod ramdenime weli SeiZleba gauZlos. Semdeg
ki gamoricxuli araa, daiwyos tyis gardaqmna savanad an udabnod,
rac katastrofulad imoqmedebs msoflio klimatze.
bolo wlebSi gaxSirda da gaZlierda siTburi talRebi. siTbu-
ri talRebi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ukiduresad cxel
aminds hqvia, romelsac Tan sdevs maRali sinotive. magaliTad, 2003
wlis ivnis-agvistoSi evropaSi ganviTarebuli siTburi talRebi
rekordulad cxeli iyo, ris Sedegad ramdenime aTasi adamiani gar-
daicvala. siTburma talRebma samxreT evropaSi marcvleulis ukma-
risobac gamoiwvia.

davaleba

1. Seni azriT, ra unda moimoqmedos adamianma, rom SeCerdes klimatis cvlilebis
procesi? moiZie informacia, ra RonisZiebebs atareben saerTaSoriso sazoga-
doeba da organizaciebi klimatis cvlilebis Sedegebis Sesasusteblad.

dedamiwaze mcxovreb yvela cocxal arsebas Soris adamiani yve-

laze met damangrevel gavlenas axdens bunebaze. gadaWarbebuli
nadiroba, garemos dabinZureba da ganadgureba mravali saxeobis
mcenarisa da cxovelis Semcirebasa da gadaSenebas iwvevs. mecnier-
Ta varaudiT, yovelwliurad mcenareTa da cxovelTa daaxloebiT
asamde saxeoba nadgurdeba.
dRes mTeli msoflios winaSe dgas bunebrivi resursebis gamoye-
nebisa da garemos dabinZurebis problema. ganasxvaveben bunebaTsar­
geblobis or saxes: racionalurs da araracionalurs.
kacobriobis istoria raciona­luri da araracionaluri bune­ba­­T­
sa­rge­blo­bis Tanaarsebobis pro­­cesia. bunebaze ada­mianis zega­vlena
gansakuTrebiT sag­rZnobi samecniero-teqnikuri revolu­ciis Semdeg
gaxda. bunebaTsargeblobam araracionaluri xasiaTi mii­Ro, rac
bu­nebis calmxrivad ga­mo­­­yenebas, bunebrivi resursebis gaCanagebas,
garemos dabinZurebas, bunebis aRdgeniTi unaris daqve­iTebas da
mokle droSi meti mogebis miRebas gulisxmobs.
bunebis dasacavad, bunebrivi pirobebis SenarCunebis, aRdgenisa
da gaumjobesebis mizniT, adamianebi dacul teritoriebs – nakr­
Zalebs, erovnul parkebs, rezervatebs, aRkveTilebs da a.S. qmnian.
msoflioSi bunebis dacvis mizniT Seqmnilia mravali saerTaSori-
so organizacia. arsebobs e.w. wiTeli wigni, wiTeli nusxa. sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi moqme­debs kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb.

108 • Tema 1
 23
CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane

azia

CrdiloeYTi evropa
amerika

at
afrika

l
an
t
is
samxreTi

o
wynari okeane

ke
amerika indoeTis

an
okeane

e
avstralia

samxreTis okeane
antarqtida

1-dan 3-dan 11-dan 20-ze sur. 23.3. erovnuli parkebis raodenoba kon-
2-mde 10-mde 20-mde meti tinentebis mixedviT

sur. 23.4. vud-bufalos erovnuli parki 1983 wels daarsda da

kanadaSi, aTabaskasa da didi monebis tbebs Soris mdebareobs.
parkis farTobi 44 aTasi km 2-ia. aq binadrobs amerikuli bizoni
(daaxl. 2500 suli), cxeniremi, CrdiloeTis iremi – karibu da
sxv. aseve icaven metad iSviaT frinvelebs – amerikul weroebsa
da varxvebs.

davaleba

2. sur. 23.3-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT daadgine sami qveyana,
sadac erovnuli parkebia: a) 1-dan 2-mde; b) 3-dan 10-mde; g) 11-dan 20-mde; d) 20-ze meti.
moZiebuli informacia warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT.
3. msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi saxelmwifo msxvil sawarmoebs garemos dacvis mizniT
sxvadasxva saSualebas sTavazobs:
a) uwesebs sagadasaxado da sxva saxis SeRavaTebs, Tu isini axal da saukeTeso, magram
amavdroulad Zvirad Rirebul teqnologiebs danergaven, gamoiyeneben energiis
aratradiciul saxeebsa da meorad nedleuls, Tavad gadaamuSaveben narCenebs da a.S.
b) garemos dabinZurebis gamo sawarmos ajarimeben, magram maT ufleba aqvT, jarimis
gadaxdis sanacvlod daafuZnon fondebi, romelTa mTavari saqmianoba iqneba amave
sawarmos muSaobis Sedegad `dazaralebuli~ mdinareebis, tbebis, niadagisa da sxva
ekosistemis aRdgena da grZelvadiani dacva.
Sen rom sawarmos xelmZRvaneli iyo, romel gzas airCevdi da ratom? moawyveT diskusia
klasSi.
4. warmoidgine, rom garemos dacvis ministri xar. ra RonisZiebebs gaatarebdi Sens mxareSi
(qveyanaSi, dedamiwaze) bunebis dasacavad?

1972 wels iuneskom miiRo msoflio kulturuli da bunebrivi

memkvidreobis dacvis konvencia, romelic ZalaSi 1975 wels Sevida.
yovelwliurad msoflios memkvidreobis komiteti gansazRvravs,
Tu romeli Zegli Seitanon am siaSi.
2018 wlis monacemebiT, msoflios kulturuli da bunebrivi
obi­­eq­tebis raodenoba 1092-s aWarbebs. maT Soris 845 kulturuli
obieqtia, 209 – bu­nebrivi, 38 ki – Sereuli tipis. es obieqtebi ganla-
gebulia msoflios 167 qveynis te­ri­toriaze. saqarTvelodan am siaSi

Tema 1 • 109
23
Sesulia: zemo svaneTi, gelaTis monasteri da mcxeTis istoriuli
monumentebi – sveticxoveli da jvris monasteri.
galapagosis kunZulebi 1978 wlidan msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi
Sesuli pirveli bunebrivi Zeglia. arqipelagi wynar okeaneSi,
samxreT amerikis dasavleTiT, sanapirodan 965 km-is daSore-
biT mdebareobs da ekvadors ekuTvnis.
kunZulebze arsebuli florisa da faunis uamravi saxeoba
endemuria. aq gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saxis reptilia, romelTa
Soris aRsaniSnavia galapagosis giganturi ku da iguana –
sur. 23.5. galapagosis arqipe-
dedamiwaze erTaderTi cocxali arseba, romelsac sakuTari
lagi turistebisTvis erT-
erTi yvelaze mimzidveli guliscemis gaCereba 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi SeuZlia. kunZu-
adgilia, Tumca mTavrobis lebTan arsebobs wyalqveSa parkebi.
mier dawesebulia garkveuli bunebis dacva da bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri
SezRudvac: erT turSi 20-ze
ga­­­moyeneba TiToeuli Cvenganis movaleobaa, magram es ar
meti adamianis Sesvla dauS-
vebelia. aseve akrZalulia
niS­­navs, rom ar gamoviyenoT misi simdidre. mTavaria, gavu-
turistebis Sesvla kunZulze frTxildeT mas, aviRoT misgan imdeni, ram­denic gvWirdeba
galapagosis kuebis gamrav- da gamoviyenoT mTlianad da momWirned, anu mdgradi ganvi-
lebis periodSic. Tarebis principiT davicvaT igi dabinZurebisgan.

davaleba

5. rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba Tu ara botanikuri baRi da zoologiuri parki bunebis
dasacavad Seqmnil obieqtebad miviCnioT. pasuxi daasabuTe.
6. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi (maT Soris, saqarTveloSi) moqmedebs saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebrivi organizacia `veluri bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi – WWF.
gaixsene, raime xom ar gsmenia mis Sesa­xeb. moiZie informacia Cvens qveyanaSi misi
saqmianobis da sxva garemosdacviTi organizaciebis Sesaxeb.
7. moiZie informacia msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi Sesuli romelime erovnuli
parkis, bunebrivi Zeglis an kulturuli obieqtis Sesaxeb. moamzade prezentacia
posteris an infografikis formiT da gaacani megobrebs.

es sainteresoa
`wiTeli wigni~ 1966 wels bunebisa da bunebrivi resursebis saerTaSoriso kavSir-
ma daaarsa. masSi iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi cxovelebi da mcenareebi
Seitanes.
amJamad dedamiwaze 3000-mde erovnuli parkia. maTgan farTobiT yvelaze didia
vud-bufalos parki kanadaSi (4480 aTasi ha), rezervatebidan – centraluri ka-
laharis rezervati botsvanaSi (5280 aTasi ha), nakrZalebs Soris ki ust-lenis (14
000 aTasi ha) nakrZali ruseTSi.
daculi teritoriebis raodenobiT kontinentebs Soris pirvel adgilzea evropa,
xolo farTobiT – afrika. calkeul saxelmwifoebs Soris ki – daculi terito-
riebis xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeva didi britaneTi, romlis mTeli teritoriis
TiTqmis 1/3 dacul teritorias warmoadgens.

110 • Tema 1
 24
msoflio mosaxleobis
ricxovnoba

leqsikoni

demografia – mecniereba, romelic mosaxleobis ricxovnobas, struqturas,

gansaxlebas da a.S. swavlobs.
migracia, meqanikuri moZraoba – drois garkveul monakveTSi qveyanaSi Semosuli
da qveynidan gasuli adamianebis ricxovnobis sxvaoba
mosaxleoba – ama Tu im teritoriaze mcxovreb adamianTa erToblioba
mosaxleobis zrdis tempi – siCqare, romliTac dedamiwis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba
izrdeba.

pirvelyofili adamiani, romelsac neandertalels uwodeben,

daaxloebiT 300-100 aTasi wlis win Camoyalibda. misi sacxovrebeli
areali afrikas, evropasa da azias moicavda. 30-40 aTasi wlis win
adamianis Tanamedrove tipi Camoyalibda, romelsac kromanioneli
uwodes, radgan misi naSTebi pirvelad 1868 wels safrangeTis sofel
kro-manionSi aRmoaCines. 2000 wels saqarTveloSi, daba dmanisSi
adamianis naSTebi aRmoaCines, romelic daaxloebiT 1.8 mln wlisaa
da isini evropaSi aRmoCenili adamianis uZvelesi naSTebia. pirvel-
yofilma adamianebma ara marto mTeli afrikis, aziisa da evropis
sivrceebi aiTvises, aramed amerikis, avstraliis, okeaneTisa da
arqtikis mimdebare teritoriebzec gadavidnen. maT gadaadgilebas
xels uwyobda sxvadasxva geografiuli procesi, magaliTad, gam­
yinvareba da msoflio okeanis donis daweva, ris gamoc bevri zRvis
fskeri xmeleTad iqca da uamravi saxmeleTo gadasasvleli gaCnda.
adamianebma iswavles tivebisa da navebis mSenebloba, daeuf­lnen ele-
mentarul navigacias da Sesabamisad zRvamac gadaulaxavi barieris
roli TandaTan dakarga.
adamianis sacxovrebeli arealis gafarToebasTan erTad gare-
momcveli bunebrivi pirobebi ufro mravalferovani da kontras-
tuli xdeboda, rac Tavad adamianebis cxovrebis wesis cvlilebas
iwvevda.

davaleba

1. sur. 24.1-is mixedviT daadgine: a) sad mdebareobda pirvelyofili adamianis
formirebis kera? b) sad gadioda uZvelesi adamianis gansaxlebis sazRvrebi? g)
ra mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeboda adamiani? d) rogor fiqrob, ra faqtorebi
gansazRvravda adamianebis gansaxlebas?

Tema 1 • 111
24

!
!
! !
!

! !
!! !
! ! !
!
! !
!
! !
! !
! !

! !

! !

pirvelyofili adamianis
formirebis kera sur. 24.1. uZvelesi adamianis formirebisa da
gansax­lebis arealebi
uZvelesi adamianis gansaxlebis arealebi da saz-
Rvrebi (50 aTasi wlis win)

adreuli migraciis mimarTulebebi

mosaxleobis ricxovnobas qveynebSi aRweriT adgenen, romelic,

rogorc wesi, 10 wlis intervaliT tardeba. qveyanaSi mcxovrebi
TiToeuli adamiani avsebs anketas, romelSic sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
sxvadasxvagvar informacias wers. TiToeuli qveynis aRweris mona-
cemebis mixedviT msoflio mosaxleobis raodenobasa da sxva maxa-
siaTeblebze viRebT informacias.
warsulSi dedamiwis mosaxleoba mudmivad, Tumca nela izrde-
boda. daaxloebiT 40 aTasi wlis win Cvens planetaze 0.5-1 mln kaci
cxov­robda, Zv.w. 8000 wels ki – 5 mln. I saukunidan mosaxleobis
zrdis tempma swrafad moimata. amJamad dedamiwaze 7 miliardze meti
adamiani cxovrobs. demografebis prognozis mixedviT, msof­lios
mosaxleoba 21-e saukuneSi piks miaRwevs da daaxloebiT 10 mlrd
gaxdeba, Semdeg ki klebas daiwyebs.
1.216 mosaxleobis zrdis tempi da dinamika ZiriTadad
damokidebulia mosaxleobis bunebriv da meqanikur
4.463 moZraobaze. bunebrivi moZraoba drois garkveul
579 monakveTSi Sobadobasa da mokvdaobas Soris sxvaobiT
422.5 ganisazRvreba.
bunebrivi moZraoba = Sobadobis koeficients –
741.4 24.6 mokvdaobis koeficienti
Sobadobis koeficients angariSoben dabadebulTa
ricxovnobis gayofiT yovel 1000 mcxovrebze, xolo
sur. 24.2. mosaxleobis ricxovnoba kon-
mokvdaobis koeficienti – gardacvlilTa ricxovno-
tinentebis mixedviT (mln kaci, 2016 w) bis gayofiT yovel 1000 mcxovrebze. magaliTad, Tu

112 • Tema 1
 24
qveyanaSi yovelwliurad yovel 1000 mcxovreb­ze daaxloebiT 15 kaci
ibadeba da 7 kvdeba, maSasadame, am qveynis mosaxleoba izrdeba.
bunebrivi moZraobis maCvenebeli damokidebulia mraval faqtor-
ze, maT Soris qveyanaSi cxovrebisa da samedicino momsaxurebis done-
ze, tradiciebze, religiaze, bunebriv pirobebze. aseve mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens omebi, stiqiuri ubedurebebi, epidemiebi da sxv.

30-40
30-40
20-30
20-30
10-20
10-20
0-10
0-10
-10-0
-10-0
monacemi
monacemiarar
aris
aris

sur. 24.3. msoflios qveynebi bunebrivi moZraobis mixedviT

(yovel 1000 kacze, 2016 w. wyaro CIA World Factbock)

davaleba

2. sur. 24.3-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) gamoyenebiT daadgine
sami qveyana, sadac bunebrivi moZraoba: a) yvelaze maRalia; b) yvelaze dabalia;
g) ras udris es maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi?

calkeuli qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba meqanikuri moZrao-

bis – migraciis gamoc icvleba. meqanikuri moZraoba = SemosulTa
ricxvs (imigrantebi) – gasulTa ricxvi (emigrantebi)
21-e saukunis dasawyisidan msoflio mosaxleoba yovelwliurad
80 mln kaciT matulobs, Tumca yvelgan erTnairad ara. msoflios
daaxloebiT ocamde qveyanaSi mosaxleoba klebulobs da am process
depopulacia hqvia. asea, magaliTad, bulgareTSi, ukrainaSi, germa-
niaSi da a.S.

davaleba

3. CamoTvale faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdens bunebriv moZraobaze. imsjele
maT gavlenaze.
4. gamoiangariSe, ramdeni kaci cxovrobda qalaqSi wlis bolos, Tu wlis dasawyisSi
mis mcxovrebTa ricxovnoba 50000-s udrida da bunebrivi moZraoba wlis ganmav-
lobaSi 20‰-ia.
5. rogor Seicvala da ras udris mosaxleobis ricxovnoba qalaqSi, Tu wlis ganma-
vlobaSi 700 adamiani daibada, 800 gardaicvala, 1200 wavida da 700 kaci Semovida?

Tema 1 • 113
24
yvela qveyanaSi adamianTa Taobebi mudmivad icvleba. maSasadame,
dedamiwaze mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba (kvlavwarmoeba) mimdinareobs.
gamoyofen aRwarmoebis sam tips: gafarToebuls, martivs da SezRu-
duls.

gafarToebuli martivi SezRuduli

Sobadobis maCvenebeli
ufro maRalia, mokvdaobis
ki – daba­li, e.i. mosaxleobis
buneb­ri­vi moZraoba maRalia.
Sobadobis maCvenebeli
Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis
dabalia, mokvdaobisa –
maCveneblebi dabalia da
SedarebiT maRali, e.i.
TiTqmis Tanabaria, e.i. buneb­
bunebrivi moZraoba uaryo­
rivi moZraoba umniSvneloa.
fiTia.

sur. 24.4. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipebi

msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aRwarmoebis sxvadasxva tipia,

amitom saxelmwifoebi qveynis interesebidan gamomdinare, cdilo-
ben, gavlena moaxdinon aRwarmoebaze. magaliTad, roca qveyanaSi
mosaxleoba swrafi tempiT izrdeba, e.i. „demografiuli afeTqe-
baa“, rac saxelmwifoSi mraval problemas warmoqmnis: rTuldeba
samedicino momsaxurebisa da jandacvis uzrunvelyofa, iqmneba
sakvebis deficiti da sxva. amitom qveynebi Sobadobis SemzRudveli
politikis gatarebas cdiloben, magaliTad, CineTSi.
im qveynebSi, sadac Sobadoba dabalia, saxelmwifo, piriqiT, Soba-
dobis zrdis xelSemwyob RonisZiebebs atarebs. bevr qveyanaSi or da
metSviliani ojaxebi saxelmwifosgan fulad daxmarebas da sxvadasx-
va saxis SeRavaTs iReben.

davaleba

6. romeli `formula~ asaxavs mosaxleobis SezRudul aRwarmoebas: a) 20–8=12;
b) 23–6=17; g) 11–12=-1; d) 24–8=16; e) 10–10=0.
7. imsjele: a) ramdenad gamarTlebulia saxelmwifos mxridan Sobadobis SemzRu-
dveli demografiuli politikis gatareba? b) Seni azriT, ra RonisZiebebi unda
gatardes saqarTveloSi, rom mosaxleobis ricxovnobam moimatos.

es sainteresoa
termini „demografia“ pirvelad frangma mecnierma a. giiarma gamoiyena 1855 wels.
yovelwliurad msoflio mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 80-90 mln kaciT izrdeba. es
ki niSnavs, rom yovel wamSi dedamiwaze 3-4 adamiani ibadeba. sanam Sen am patara
teqsts kiTxulob, Cvens planetaze imdeni adamiani gaCndeba, rom sul mcire ori
safexburTo gundis dakompleqteba iqneba SesaZlebeli.

114 • Tema 1
 25
mosaxleobis struqtura
adamianebi erTmaneTisgan garegnuli niSnebiT – kaniT, TmiT, Tva-
lebis feriT, cxviris, saxis da Tavis qalis formiT da sxv. gansxvav-
debian. mosaxleobis garegnuli niSnebiT dayofas rasobrivi struq­
tura hqvia.
rasebis sazRvrebi pirobiTia, radgan mosaxleobis didi nawili
warmoSobilia sxvadasxva rasis SereviT da gardamaval da Sereul
rasas warmoadgens. gardamavali rasebis warmomadgenlebi arian
mulatebi – evropelTa da negroidTa STamomavlebi, metisebi – evro-
pelTa da indielTa STamomavlebi, sambo – indielTa da negroidTa
STamomavlebi da sxv.
sur. 25.1. mosaxleobis rasobrivi struqtura (procentuli wili msoflio mosaxleobaSi)

rasebi

evropeiduli monRoloiduri negroiduli avstraloiduri gardamavali

42.9% (aziuri da ameri- 7% 0.3% (metisi)
kuli Stoebi)
19.1

sanqt-peterburgi
moskovi
londoni berlini

parizi
Cikago stambuli
niu-iorki pekini (beijini)
los-anjelesi filadelfia Teirani
osaka
kairo deli Sanxai tokio
karaCi
kalkuta taipei
mexiko hon-kongi
bombei
bankoki
manila

jakarta

san-paulo
rio-de-Janeiro

buenos-airesi

evropeiduli

avstraloiduri
monRoloiduri
negroiduli

gardamavali

sur. 25.2. Tanamedrove rasebis geografia

Tema 1 • 115
25
davaleba

1. sur. 25.1 da sur. 25.2-is mixedviT daadgine, sad cxovroben ZiriTadad evropei-
duli, neg­roiduli, monRoloiduri, avstraloiduri da gardamavali rasebis
warmomadgenlebi? gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili.
gavrcelebis areali
rasa
(kontinenti, qveyana)

nimuSi
metad Wrelia Cveni planetis mosaxleobis eTnikuri struqtu-
rac. Tanamedrove msoflioSi daaxloebiT 35-45 aTas eTnoss gamoyo-
fen, romelTa raodenoba ramdenime aseulidan ramdenime milionamde
icvleba.
dRes msoflioSi 300-ze meti erovnebaa, romelTa mosaxleoba erT
milions aWarbebs. maT Soris yvelaze mravalricxovnebs miekuTvne-
bian Cinelebi, hindustanelebi, aSS-s amerikelebi, bengalielebi,
brazilielebi, iranelebi da sxv. Cvens planetaze yvelaze mraval-
ricxovani regioni samxreTi aziaa, xolo yvelaze mravalricxovani
qveyana – CineTi.
msoflio xalxTa dajgufebis erT-erTi niSania ena. dedamiwa-
ze gavrcelebul enebs maTi istoriuli naTesaobis mixedviT enaTa
ojaxebad ajgufeben, romlebic Tavis mxriv jgufebad da qvejgu-
febad iyofa.
dRes msoflioSi 14 damwerlobaa, 55 aTasamde ena 20 enobriv
ojaxs Seadgens. msoflio xalxebis enobrivi ojaxebidan aRsaniSna-
via indoevropuli, semitur-qamituri, iberiul-kavkasiuri da sxv.
maT Soris yvelaze didia indoevropuli ojaxi. masSi Semaval enebze
msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 45% laparakobs.

afro-aziuri
altais
avsto-aziuri
avstroneziuli
izolirebuli
draviduli
indoevropuli
na-dene
pama-hingani
kavkasiuri
papuasebis enebi uraluri
xoisani
sino-tibeturi nigeriul-kongouri

amerikeli indielebis enebi indoevropuli da izolirebuli

eskimos-aleutebis enebi nilos-saharis dausaxlebeli

sur. 25.3. enobrivi ojaxebis geografia

116 • Tema 1
 25
davaleba

2. sur. 25.3-is mixedviT daadgine, romeli enobrivi ojaxebia ZiriTadad gavrcele-
buli TiToeul kontinentze da monacemebi warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT. gamoi-
tane daskvna, romeli enobrivi ojaxia yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli?

msoflioSi cnobilia 200-ze meti religia, romlebic msoflio

da erovnul religiebad iyofa. msoflio religiaa qristianoba,
islami da budizmi, xolo erovnul religiebs miekuTvneba induizmi,
iudaizmi, sintoizmi da sxv. msoflio religiebi mimdevarTa didi
raodenobiT da gavrcelebis farTo arealiT gamoirCeva.

iudaizmi
qristianoba
induizmi
kaTolicizmi
budizmi-lamaizmi
protestantizmi islami sintoizmi
marTlmadidebloba sunizmi daoizmi da konfucianizmi
monofizitoba Siizmi adgilobrivi religiebi

sur. 25.4. msoflios religiebis gavrceleba

davaleba

3. sur. 25.4-is mixedviT daadgine, romeli religiebia ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli
TiToeul kontinentze. monacemebi warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT. gamoitane das-
kvna: a) romeli religiaa yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli msoflioSi; b) romeli
kontinenti gamoirCeva religiuri mravalferovnebiT.

bunebrivi moZraoba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ama Tu im qveynis

mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobriv struqturaze. cnobilia, rom deda-
miwaze gogonebTan SedarebiT meti biWi ibadeba: yovel 100 axalSobil
gogonaze 104-107 axalSobili biWi modis. aseTi sxvaoba 20 wlis asaka-
mdea SenarCunebuli. ukve momdevno asakSi qalebis ricxvi mamakacTa
ricxvs aRemateba, radgan sikvdilianobis done mamakacebSi ufro
maRalia da qalis sicocxlis xangrZlivobac ufro metia.

Tema 1 • 117
25

qalebisa da mamakacebis Tanafardoba

Warboben qalebi
sur. 25.5. msoflio
TiTqmis Tanabaria
Warboben mamakacebi
mosaxleobis sqesobrivi
struqtura

davaleba

4. sur. 25.5-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT daadgine sami
qveyana, sadac: a) War­bobs qalTa ricxovnoba; b) Warbobs mamakacTa ricxovnoba;
g) qalTa da mamakacTa ricxvi TiTqmis Tanabaria.

qveynebi mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis mixedviTac gansx-

vavdebian. iq, sadac metia Sobadoba da, Sesabamisad, bunebrivi nama-
tic, miT metia axalgazrdebis wili. asakobrivi struqturis mixe-
dviT gamoyofen demografiulad axalgazrda da daberebul erebs.
axalgazrda erebia: aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis xalxebi,
romelTa mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari 18-20 wlis asakisaa. roca
axalgazrdebis xvedriTi wili ganuwyvetliv mcirdeba, xolo xan-
dazmulTa ricxvi matulobs, maSin mosaxleobis daberebis procesi
mimdinareobs. magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikisa da dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi swored daberebuli mosaxleoba Warbobs. aq axalgazrda da
xanSiSesuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili TiTqmis Tanabaria.
mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobriv struqturaze naTel warmod-
genas gviqmnis sqesobriv-asakobrivi piramidebi. normaluri demo-
grafiuli mdgomareobisas sqesobriv-asakobriv piramidaSi yovel
momdevno jgufSi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba wina asakobriv jgufze
naklebia. am dros piramida tolferda samkuTxeds waagavs.
gabonis mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi piramida (2015 w)

kacebi qalebi

sur. 25.6. sqesobriv-asakobrivi pirami-

da grafikia, romlis vertikaluri Rer-
asaki

Zi garkveuli intervalebiT dayofilia

asakobriv jgufebad. horizontalur
RerZze ki mosaxleobis raodenobaa
aRniSnuli, amasTan, vertikaluri Rer-
Zis erT mxares qalebis, xolo meore
mxares mamakacebis raodenobaa Sesabami-
si asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT.

118 • Tema 1
 25
dedamiwaze mravali regioni da qveyanaa, sadac erTmaneTis gver-
diT sxvadasxva rasis, eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi ojaxebis
warmomadgenlebi cxovroben. 1992 wels gaerom miiRo deklaracia
erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi umciresobebis ufle-
baTa Sesaxeb. TiToeulma saxelmwifom unda daicvas maTi uflebebi
da xeli Seuwyos tolerantuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas.

davaleba

5. rogor fiqrob, ra faqtorebi moqmedebs mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobriv stru-
qturaze?
6. gaaanalize mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi piramida (sur. 25.6.) da upasuxe Se-
kiTxvebs: a) romel asakSia mamakacebisa da qalebis yvelaze meti da yvelaze nakle-
bi raodenoba? b) ras udris mamakacTa da qalTa ricxovnoba 20-dan 60 wlamde;
g) asakobrivi struqturis mixedviT, rogor erebs miekuTvneba gaboni da ratom?
7. moiZie damatebiTi informacia da imsjele, rogor cxovroben sxvadasxva geo-
grafiul garemoSi sxvadasxva rasisa da eTnosis adamianebi, rogori kultura
da saqmianoba aqvT maT.
8. waikiTxe amonaridebi da imsjele: a) raze migviTiTebs saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis me-14 muxli. b) ra gansxvavebaa Tanasworobasa da tolerantobas Soris?
„yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia ga-
nurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva
Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa,
qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa“.
saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxli
„tolerantoba – esaa Tavisufleba mravalferovnebaSi. es aris aramarto
moraluri vali, aramed politikuri da samarTlebrivi moTxovnilebac. tole-
rantoba – saTnoebaa, romelic SesaZlebels xdis mSvidobas da omis kulturis
mSvidobis kulturiT Secvlas exmareba“.
1995 wlis 16 noembers UNESCO-s iniciativiT gaeros wevri qveynebis mier
miRebuli tolerantobis principebis deklaracia

es sainteresoa
rasizmi rasobrivi niSnis mixedviT mosaxleobis nawilis uflebaTa Selaxva da
diskriminaciaa. sityva „rasizmi“ pirvelad 1932 wels frangi leqsikografisa da
gamomcemlis, larusis mier Sedgenil leqsikonSi dafiqsirda. rasizmis fuZemdeb­
lad frangi mecnieri Jozef de gobino miiCneva. rasizmis gamovlinebis forma iyo
monoba aSS-Si, romelic 1863 wels abraam linkolnma gaauqma. rasobrivi diskri-
minaciis erT-erTi sastiki formaa aseve aparteidi, romelsac xSirad ama Tu im
qveynis adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg mimarTavdnen.
amJamad rasizmis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvencia
moqmedebs, romelic gaeros generalurma asambleam 1965 wlis 21 dekembers miiRo.
samwuxarod, xSirad xdeba, rom ena Cumad da SeumCnevlad kvdeba. mecnierTa azriT,
100 wlis Semdeg amJamad arsebuli enebidan 3000-dan 6000-mde gaqreba. imisaTvis,
rom enam „icocxlos“, masze daaxloebiT 100 aTasi adamiani mainc unda laparakob-
des. dRes 400 enaze meti dgas gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe.

Tema 1 • 119
26
mosaxleobis simWidrove da
dasaxlebis formebi

gaixsene

romeli mdinare­ebis napiras Caisaxa uZvelesi civilizaciebi?

adamiani yovelTvis cdilobda sacxovreblad iseTi teritoria

SeerCia, sadac xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi, mdidari da mraval-
ferovani resursebi iqneboda. adreuli dasaxlebebi, rogorc wesi,
wylis – mdinaris, zRvis, wyaros axlos mdebareobda. uZvelesi civi-
lizaciebi jer kidev Zv.w.-mde ramdenime aTaseuli wliT adre swored
mdinareebis napiras Caisaxa.
dedamiwaze mosaxleoba araTanabradaa ganawilebuli: mis 2/3-s
xmeleTis mxolod 7% ukavia. amasTan, aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi
msof­lio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 86% cxovrobs. mosaxleobis udi-
desi nawili zomier, subtropikul da subekvatorul klimatur sar­
tyleb­Si, zRvis donidan 500 m simaRlemde cxovrobs.
dedamiwis mosaxleobis 55% 200 km-iani siganis zRvispira zolSia
koncent­rirebuli. Cvens planetaze xmeleTis 15% ki TiTqmis mTlia-
nad dausaxlebelia. es ZiriTadad is teritoriebia, sadac adamianis
cxovrebisa da saqmianobisaTvis metad araxelsayreli, e.w. eqstre-
maluri pirobebia. aseTi adgilebia: udabnoebi, polaruli zonebi,
maRali mTebi da sxv.

davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, ram ganapiroba mosaxleobis maRali xvedriTi wili aRmosavleT
da CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi?
2. Seni azriT, ratom irCevs mosaxleobis udidesi nawili sacxovreblad sanapiro
zolsa da vake-dablobebs?

mosaxleobis teritoriul ganawilebaze warmodgenas gviqmnis

mosaxleobis simWidrovis maCvenebeli.
mosaxleobis simWidrove = mosaxleobis raodenoba/teritoriis
farTobze
mosaxleobis ganlagebasa da simWidroveze bevri faqtori axdens
gavlenas, maT Soris, bunebrivi pirobebi, qveynis ganviTarebis
socialur-­ekonomikuri done, mosaxleobis bunebrivi namati.
dedamiwis mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove: 1 km2-ze 43 kaci. kon-
tinentebs Soris simWidrovis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli aziaSia –
87 kaci 1 km2-ze, qvey­nebs Soris ki – monakoSi – 16205 kaci 1 km2-ze.
meCxerad dasaxlebul teritoriebs, sadac saSualo simWidrove 1 km2-

120 • Tema 1
 26
ze 5 kacs ar aRemateba, xmeleTis 54% ukavia. meCxerad dasaxlebuli
kontinentia avstralia. aq simWidrove 1 km2-ze 3.2 kacia. qveynebidan
aRsaniSnavia monRoleTi, islandia da sxv.

mosaxleobis
simWidrove
0 - 10
11 - 25
26 - 50
51 - 75
76 - 100
101 - 150
151 - 300
301 - 1000
1001 - 9510

sur. 26.1. dedamiwis mosaxleobis simWidrove (kaci/km 2 – 2015 w)

davaleba

3. sur. 26.1-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT daadgine: a) romeli
regionebi gamoirCeva maRali simWidroviT da ratom? b) romeli teritoriebia
SedarebiT meCxerad dasaxlebuli da ratom? g) gamoitane daskvna.
4. amoarCie sami qveyana, moiZie monacemebi maTi farTobisa da mosaxleobis raode-
nobis Sesaxeb da gamoTvale simWidrove. informacia warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT.

xalxiT dasaxlebuli adgilebi msof­lios TiTqmis yvela nawil-

Sia. Tumca zogan, magaliTad, antarqtidaSi mud­mivi sac­xov­rebeli
adgilebi ar aris.
msoflioSi dasaxlebuli punqtebis or ZiriTad tips – qalaqebs
da soflebs gamoyofen. qalaqis tipis dasaxlebebi pirvelad wina
aziaSi, mesopotamiasa da mdinareebis – xuanxes, nilosisa da indis
xeobebSi aRmocenda.
dRes adamianebi sxvadasxva adgilas da nebismieri zomis dasaxle-
bebSi cxovroben. adamianis sacxovrebeli adgili, ZiriTadad, imazea
damokidebuli, Tu sad muSaobs igi, ramdenad advilia misTvis samsaxu-
ramde misvla da momsaxurebis ra saxeebia sacxovreblis siaxloves.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi adamianebi ZiriTadad soflebsa da qala-
qebSi cxovroben. Tu me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi msoflio mosaxleobis
mxolod 3% cxovrobda qalaqebSi, amJamad es maCvenebeli TiTqmis
50%-ia. Tumca qalaqebis saerTo farTobi dedamiwis xmeleTis 1%-s
ar aRemateba.

Tema 1 • 121
26

sankt­peterburgi
!

londoni! berlini
!
moskovi
!

parizi
!

Cikago! pekini (beijingi)

niu­iorki
!!
!
stamboli !
los­anjelesi filadelfia ! !
tokio
!
Teirani deli Sanxai! !
osaka
kairo! !
hon­kongi! taibei
karaCi
!
mexiko kalkuta
! !
! !
mumbai bankoki
! ! manila

jakarta
!

rio­de­Janeiro
! !
san­paulo
buenos­airesi
!

izolirebuli dasaxlebebi
qalaqis mosaxleobis siWarbe sur. 26.2. qalaqisa da soflis
soflis mosaxleobis siWarbe mosaxleoba (2016 w)

davaleba

5. sur. 26.2-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT: a) daadgine
romel qveynebSi Warbobs qalaqis mosaxleoba da romelSi – soflis; b) axseni
gansxvavebis mizezebi.

dRes qalaqis statuss is dasaxlebuli punqti ata­rebs, romlis

mosaxleobis naxevarze meti arasasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiTaa
daka­vebuli. amasTanave, mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis raodenoba.
magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi qalaqis statuss iRebs is dasaxle-
buli punqti, romlis mosaxleobac 200 kacs aWarbebs, iaponiaSi –
30000-s, saqarTveloSi ki – 5000-s.
daniSnulebis mixedviT qalaqebi polifunqciur (mravalfunq­
ciur) da monofunqciur qalaqebad iyofa. polifunqciuri qalaqebia:
niu-iorki, londoni, parizi, tokio, romi, kairo, moskovi da a.S.
monofunqciuri qalaqebi SeiZleba iyos sauniversiteto (kembri-
ji, oqsfordi, haidelbergi), religiuri (meqa da medina, ierusalimi),
gasarTobi industriis (monte-karlo, las-vegasi), sakurorto (nica,
karlovi-vari, soWi da a.S.) da sxva.
mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv msoflio qalaqebis pirvel
xuTeulSi Sedis: tokio (37.8 mln kaci), deli, Sanxai, mexiko da san-
paulo.

es sainteresoa
mosaxleobis simWidrovis mixedviT msoflios qveynebi sam qvejgufad iyofa:
qveynebi maRali maCvenebliT – 200 kaci/km2, saSualo simWidroviT – 45-50 kaci/
km2 da simWidrovis dabali maCvenebliT – 0-10 kaci/km2-ze.

122 • Tema 1
 26

sankt-peterburgi
berlini moskovi
monreali londoni
sietli toronto parizi eseni kievi xarbini
bostoni milani stamboli pekini (beijingi) tokio-
Cikago
madridi romi seuli
san-francisko detroiti niu-iorki neapoli ankara tianZini
iokohama
atlanta filadelfia alJiri Teirani osaka nagoia
los-anjelesi
vaSingtoni kasablanka aleqsandria baRdadi lahori Sanxai
hiustoni kairo karaCi niu-deli
maiami taibei
daka
ahmadabadi kalkuta iangoni honkongi
mexiko mumbai haidarabadi
karakasi xarTumi manila
bengalori bangkoki
Cenai
lagosi
bogota

resifi kinSasa
lima jakarta

rio-de-Janeiro
san-paulo iohanesburgi
santiago sidnei
keip-Tauni
buenos-airesi melburni

qalaqebi 10 mln-ze meti mosaxliT

qalaqebi 5-10 mln mosaxliT
qalaqebi 3-5 mln mosaxliT

sur. 26.3. msoflios udidesi qalaqebi

msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari soflebSi cxovrobs.

soflebi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Tavmoyrilia ganviTa-
rebad qveynebSi. soflebSi mosaxleoba ufro naklebia, vidre qala-
qebSi da aseT dasaxlebebs, Sesabamisad, naklebi farTobic uWiravs.
tradiciulad, sasoflo dasaxlebis or tips ganasxvaveben: jgufurs
(ruseTi, poloneTi, CexeTi) da gafantuls (aSS, avstralia, kanada).

davaleba
Tu ginda meti Seityo msoflios
yvelaze didi qalaqebisa
6. sur. 26.3-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi
da aglomeraciebis Sesaxeb,
2) mixedviT daadgine, romel qveynebs ekuTvnis qalaqe-
estumre vebgverdebs:
bi, sadac mosaxleobis ricxovnoba: a) 10 mln-ze metia; https://www.kids.nationalgeographic.
b) 5-dan 10 mln-mdea; g) 3-dan 5 mln-mdea. com
https://www.youtube.com
7. moiZie informacia msoflios romelime qalaqis
Sesaxeb, moamzade prezentacia da gaacani megobrebs. saZiebel velSi akrife:
didi qalaqebi
8. aRwere Seni qalaqi an sofeli geografiuli mdebare-
obis, bunebrivi pirobebisa da funqciis mixedviT.

Tema 1 • 123
 Semajamebeli samuSao I
1. romel suraTzea naCvenebi sworad azimuti?

a) b) c
c

2. naxevarsferoebis (danarTi 1) da mocemuli rukis mixedviT daadgine, romeli mogzau-

ris marSrutia naCvenebi da romeli geografiuli obieqtebia aRniSnuli cifrebiT,
romelic man mogzaurobis dros gaiara.
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
80° 80°

60° 60°

1
40° 40°

20°N
2 20°

6
0° 0°

9 7 8
20°S 20°

40°
5 10 40°

60°
4 3 60°

80° 80°
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

3. romeli siTburi sartyelia naCvenebi rukaze yviTeli feriT:

180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
80° 80°

60° 60°

40° 40°

20°N 20°

0° 0°

20°S 20°

40° 40°

60° 60°

80° 80°
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

124 • Tema 1
4. romeli asoTia aRniSnuli suraTze sawyisi meridiani?
B
A

D
C
5. Sen axla skolaSi xar da gakveTilebs eswrebi. ras akeTeben am dros Seni ucxoeli
megobrebi joni, tanaka da elene, Tu joni amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrobs,
tanaka – iaponiaSi, xolo elene – did britaneTSi?

6. daadgine, ra mimarTulebiT mdebareobs A wertili B wertilidan:

180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
80° 80°

60° 60°

BA
40° 40°

20°N 20°

BB
0° 0°

20°S 20°

40° 40°

60° 60°

80° 80°
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

7. daadgine rukebze A asoTi aRniSnuli wertilis geografiuli koordinatebi:

a) 80°
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
80°

60° 60°

40° 40°

20°N 20°

0° 0°

20°S 20°

40° 40°

BA
60° 60°

80° 80°
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

Tema 1 • 125
 180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
b) 80° 80°

60° 60°

BA
40° 40°

20°N 20°

0° 0°

20°S 20°

40° 40°

60° 60°

80° 80°
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

8. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine, romeli srute aerTebs

or okeanes da zRvas, gamoyofs or kontinents, or naxevarkunZuls da or qveyanas.
daasaxele yvela es geografiuli obieqti.

9. romel naxatzea naCvenebi atmosferuli wnevis sartylebis ganawileba sworad?

1. 2. 3.
900 900 900

600 600 600

300 300 300

00 00 00

10. naxatze naCvenebi tbebidan romeli iqneba mtknari? pasuxi daasabuTe.

126 • Tema 1
11. daadgine, romelia zedmeti sityvebi logikur jaWvSi da axseni ratom.
a) CrdiloeTi, dasavleTi, samxreT-dasavleTi, samxreTi, aRmosavleTi.
b) ekvatori, meridiani, samxreT tropiki, CrdiloeT polaruli wre, geografiuli
ganedi.
g) kavkasioni, alpebi, himalai, andebi, urali.
d) kilimanjaro, Cogori, jomolungma, denali (mak-kinli), akonkagua.

12. or punqts Soris manZili 1:200 000 masStabian rukaze 25 sm-ia. ra dros moandomebs
avtomobili am manZilis gavlas, Tu misi siCqare 100 km/sT-ia. aCvene gamoTvlis pro-
cesi.

13. daadgine Sesabamisoba borcvis formasa da horizontalebiT gadmocemul mis gamo-

saxulebas Soris:

1 2 3 4 5

a b g d e

14. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine, romeli geografiuli

obieqtebia aRniSnuli rukaze asoebiT:

180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
80° 80°

BC
60° 60°
BD

40° 40°

BB
20°N

BF 20°

0° BE 0°

20°S 20°

40° 40°

BA
60° 60°

80° 80°
180° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°

Tema 1 • 127
 15. axseni, ra mniSvneloba aqvs atmosferos Seswavlas?

16. axseni ZiriTadi kanonzomiereba,

Tovliromelsac eqvemdebareba mzis siTbosa da sinaTlis
ganawileba dedamiwis zedapirze.
wvima
17. ras asaxavs wriuli diagrama?
unaleqo

Tovli
wvima
unaleqo

18. cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebis mixedviT: a) aage wliuri temperaturis cvlile-

bis grafiki; b) gamoTvale saSualo wliuri temperatura da amplituda. aCvene ga-
moTvlis procesi.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

-200 -180 -100 +2 0 +100 +150 +200 +180 +100 +3 0 -30 -170

19. gamoTvale:
a) haeris temperatura mTis ZirSi +180C-ia, mTis simaRle – 4000 m. ras udris tempe-
ratura mTis mwvervalze, Tu Termuli safexuri 0.60C-ia yovel 100 m-ze. aCvene
gamoTvlis procesi.
b) 8 km simaRleze Termometrma -120C aCvena. ras udris temperatura am dros deda-
miwis zedapirze, Tu Termuli safexuri 0.60C-ia yovel 100 m-ze. aCvene gamoTvlis
procesi.
g) mTis ZirSi atmosferuli wneva 760 mm vercx. sv.-ia, xolo mwvervalze – 340 mm. ra
simaRlisaa mTa?
d) mTis mwvervalze, romlis simaRle 3 km-ia, barometrma 420 mm aCvena. ras udris
atmosferuli wneva mTis ZirSi?

20. axseni, ratom warmoiqmneba qari, ra samecniero da praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs qaris
da misi warmoqmnis meqanizmis Seswavlas?

128 • Tema 1
21. aage Rrublianobis svetovani diagrama Semdegi monacemebiT: 8 dRe – uRrublo, 10
dRe – Rrubliani da 12 dRe – naxevrad Rrubliani (1 ujra – 2 dRe).

22. rogor fiqrob, ratom arsebobs okeaneebis sanapiroebze teritoriebi, sadac praq­
tikulad ar modis naleqebi? moiyvane aseTi adgilebis magaliTebi.

23. romeli klimaturi sartyelia naCvenebi rukaze mwvane feriT:

24. axseni, ra aris suraTze asaxuli:

torfi sxva qanebi

torfi sxva qanebi

Tema 1 • 129
 25. gansazRvre, ras asaxavs mocemuli ruka:

26. geografiuli analizi

suraTebis gamoyenebiT upasuxe kiTxvebs:

a) rogor tyeebs vuwodebT tropikuls da sad aris isini gavrcelebuli?
b) rogor iyeneben adamianebi am tyeebs?
g) rogor cxovrobs aq adgilobrivi mosaxleoba?
d) rogoria tropikuli tyeebis eqspluatacia da ra Sedegebi mohyveba mas?
e) Cans Tu ara gaudaburebis procesi da rogor aisaxeba es mcenareTa da cxovelTa
saxeobebze?
v) rogor aisaxeba tyeebis gaCexva adgilobriv mosaxleobaze?
z) ratom iCexeba tropikuli tyeebi da risTvis iyeneben maT?
T) rogori iqneba es tyeebi momavalSi, Tuki maTi eqspluatacia imave masStabebiT
gagrZeldeba?

130 • Tema 1
27. geografiuli kvleva:
pirveli etapi:
elenem da giorgim gadawyvites, maTi skolis mimdebare teritoriis mikroklimati
SeeswavlaT. CamoTvale, romeli elementebi unda Seiswavlon, romeli xelsawyoebis
gamoyeneba dasWirdebaT maT muSaobisas da ra aris TiToeuli am xelsawyos sazomi
erTeuli. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili №1.

cxrili №1

kvlevis obieqti xelsawyos dasaxeleba sazomi erTeulebi

nimuSi

meore etapi:
elenem da giorgim skolis mimdebare teritoriaze daafiqsires Semdegi maCveneblebi:
20; 740; 80; 2. Semdeg isini skolis mezoblad mdebare mTaze avidnen da iqac Caatares
gazomva. aRmoCnda, rom atmosferuli wneva 40 erTeuliT iyo Semcirebuli.
daadgine:
a) romeli elementebis maCveneblebi iyo xelsawyoebze dafiqsirebuli;
b) ras udris atmosferuli wneva mTis mwvervalze? (aCvene gamoTvlis procesi)
g) ra simaRleze avidnen elene da giorgi? (aCvene gamoTvlis procesi)
d) ramdeni iqneba temperatura mTis mwvervalze? (aCvene gamoTvlis procesi)
e) rogor da ratom Seicvleba SefardebiTi tenianobis maCvenebeli, Tu absoluturi
tenianoba ucvleli darCeba?
v) rogor da ratom Seicvleba qaris siCqaris maCvenebeli?
gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili №2.

cxrili №2

temperatura _____________ SefardebiTi tenianoba _____

atmosferuli wneva: ________ qaris siCqare _____________

xelsawyos
gamoTvlebi/ ganmarteba pasuxebi:
maCvenebeli
atmosferuli wneva mTis
mwvervalze
nimuSi
mTis simaRlis gansazRvra
temperaturis gansazRvra
SefardebiTi tenianoba
qaris siCqare

Tema 1 • 131
 28. cxrilis mixedviT daadgine, romel qveyanaSi aRiniSneba mosaxleobis depopulacia:

qveyana Sobadoba, % mokvdaoba, %

brazilia 25 8

ruseTi 9 15

meqsika 27 5

avstralia 14 7

29. geografiuli analizi:

gaaanalize msoflios okeanis wylis marilianobis da okeanuri dinebebis rukebi
(sur. 16.1 da sur. 17.4).
a) daasaxele faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben okeaneSi marilianobis matebasa da
Semcirebaze.
b) axseni, ratom aris:
1. labradoris naxevarkunZulis napirebTan wylis marilianoba ufro mcire,
britaneTis kunZulebis sanapiroebis wylebTan SedarebiT;
2. kaliforniis napirebTan (aSS) wylis marilianoba ufro dabali, vidre iaponiis
kunZulebis mimdebare wylebSi.

30. geografiuli kvleva:

daakvirdi qvemoT mocemul kartosqemebs, gamoiyene naxevarsferoebis da msoflios
politikuri rukebi (danarTi 1, 2) da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a) romeli ekologiuri problemaa mocemuli kartosqemebze. moiyvane misi negatiuri
zemoqmedebis oTxi magaliTi;
b) romeli didi kunZulia gamosaxuli kartosqemaze da romeli qveynebi mdebareobs
masze?
g) romel resurss ukavSirdeba es ekologiuri problema, rogoria es resursi war-
moSobis, amowurvisa da aRdgenis maCveneblebis mixedviT.

1950 1985 2000

2005 2010 2020

132 • Tema 1
2
Tema
afrika

aq Seityob, rom

afrikis filaqani orad iyofa;

afrika cxeli kontinentia;
afrikaSi gvxvdeba Srobadi tbebi da mdinareebi;
afrikis udabnoebSi gvxvdeba oazisebi;
afrikaSi aris msoflioSi yvelaze grZeli mdinare nilosi;
afrikaSi geometriuli sazRvrebi da evropuli enebis gavrceleba
kolonializmis Sedegia;
afrikaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba Zalian swrafad izrdeba;
afrikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia swrafi gaudabnoebis procesi;
afrikis qveynebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba humanuri ganvi-
Tarebis indeqsiT;
afrikaSi daavadebebis Sedegad bevri adamiani kvdeba;
afrikaSi aqtualuria sufTa wylis problema;
afrikaSi, zogierT adgilas, dRemde SenarCunebulia tomobrivi socia-
luri struqtura;
afrikis kontinenti mdidaria almasiT.
 afrika

Tu ginda meti Seityo

afrikis Sesaxeb, estumre
vebgverds:
www.nationalgeographic.com

farTobi – 30 311 690 km2 (kunZulebTan erTad)

mosaxleoba – 1.225 mlrd adamiani (2016 w)
umaRlesi mwvervali – kilimanjaro, tanzania, 5895 m
yvelaze dabali adgili – asalis tba – 155 m z.d.-dan, afaris xeoba,
(jibuti)
yvelaze grZeli mdinare – nilosi, 6671 km
yvelaze didi tba – viqtoria, 69215 km2
yvelaze maRali CanCqeri – tugela (sar), 610 m
yvelaze didi udabno – sahara, 9.1 km2
yvelaze didi kunZuli – madagaskari, 587 040 km2
yvelaze didi srute – mozambikis, 1760 km
yvelaze didi yure – gvineis, 753 aTasi km2
yvelaze didi qveyana – alJiri, 2.38 mln km2
yvelaze patara qveyana – seiSelis kunZulebi, 455 km2
yvelaze didi qalaqi – kairo (egvipte), 17 856 aTasi adamiani (2016 w)

134 • Tema 2
 27
geografiuli mdebareoba
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

m e l
x

T
ras-engelas koncxi
gibraltaris a
i
srute eb gab
S u iranis
mT dasavleTi esi a z R v a
kasablanka is s y siriis mTianeTi
as didi ergi
ur ag

z
aRmosavleTi
tl
e
a didi ergi udabno ro
m. tubkali tripoli si
0 kanaris k-ebi kataras nilosis
sinas sm 0
30 4165 depresia delta sp Te 30
n.k. ar bi
el-hamras

a
kairo se
ahagaris mTebi T

r
das avle T is
s ah ara erg-SeSi mTianeTi libiis yu

a
h a udabno e r

b
i
e
CrdiloeTi tropiki
a T

T
r i

e
m. tahati m. emi-kusi nubiis
s
s n . k

l
2918 3415 .
udabno

i
0
tibestis
a
0
20 20
mTebi murdis udabno

z
airis depresia rub-el-hali

R
dakari md. plato m. bagzani

nilosi

v
se erg-jubari
darfuris
ne 2222

a
g plato
md

koncxi .n re
al

tba tba
ig m. mara yu
a

Cadi tana

md .
almadi s
lt
i

3088 ni
er

md e
ad
i
md. vo

.S ras-hafunis
0 e Tiopiis 0
10
ar
10 i m T iane T i koncxi

k .
adis-abeba

n-
is
abijani nigeris m. kenia

l
delta 5195
md

ma
m. kameruni . u bang tba
i

so
rudolfi
k. bioko 4095
m. margerita
5110 m. kilimanjaro
tba
0 ekvatori gvineis kongos alberti 5895 0
0 qvabuli 0
gvineis dablobi
o
ng

tba
yure
ko

viqtoria
md.

serengetis
kinSasa vake k. zanzibari
a t l a n t i s tba
de-bus tanganika komoris
0
10 plato k-ebi 10
0
angolis kasais

e
qvabuli plato

srut
tba
katangas mozambikis
o k e a n e zegani
niasa
zegani
is
mbezi
za

ri
ik

ovambos CanCqeri
.
md

mb

viqtoria
plato ska
za

kalaharis
aga
mo

0 0
na

20 qvabuli 20
mib

ad
iis

k. m

samxreTi tropiki
udabn

m. bobi
kalaharis
2658
udabno pretoria
o

indoeTis
bi

m d. oran
Ji
m Te

0 0
30 30
drak o n i s
kap
is mTebi
keiptauni
keTili imedis koncxi
koncxi nemsa okeane

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 10 20 30 40 50

0-dabali
0-dabali 1:33 000 000
0-50
0-50
50-100
50-100
100-250
100-250
250-500
250-500 6500-ze Rrma
6500-ze Rrma
500-1000
500-1000 6500
6500
1000-1500
1000-1500 5000
5000
1500-2000 4000
4000
1500-2000
2000-3000 3000
3000
2000-3000
3000-4000 2000
2000
3000-4000 1000
4000-5000
4000-5000 1000
500
500
5000-ze < <
5000-ze 200
200
sur. 27.1 afrikis fizikuri ruka

Tema 2 • 135
27

gaixsene

1. ra erqva warsulSi arsebul superkontinents da romeli kontinentebi warmoiSva

misi daSlis Sedegad?

afrikis farTobi, kunZulebTan erTad, 30.3 mln km2-ia. igi teri-

toriis sididiT mxolod azias CamorCeba da samxreT naxevarsferos
kontinentebs miekuTvneba. warsulSi afrika gondvanas nawili iyo,
riTac aixsneba misi „naTesaoba“ samxreTul kontinentebTan.
afrika kontinentebs Soris gansakuTrebuli geografiuli mdeba-
reobiT gamoirCeva, radgan mas TiTqmis centrSi kveTs ekvatori da
amitom kontinentis udidesi nawili moqceulia tropikebs Soris.
garda amisa, kontinentis konfiguraciis gamo, teritoriis udidesi
nawili CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs.

davaleba

1. gansazRvre, mTeli dedamiwis da xmeleTis farTobebis ramden procents Seadgens

afrikis farTobi.
2. sur. 27.1-is da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine:
a) rogori mdebareoba aqvs afrikas ekvatorisa da grinviCis meridianis mimarT;
b) romel naxevarsferoebSi mdebareobs; g) romel paralelebsa da meridianebs
Sorisaa moqceuli kontinenti; d) gamoitane daskvna: romel siTbur sartylebs
Soris mdebareobs afrika da ivaraude, rogori iqneba kontinentis klimaturi
Taviseburebani.
3. gamoiangariSe afrikis ganfeniloba gradusebsa da kilometrebSi: a) Crdiloe­
Tidan samxreTisaken a.g. 200 meridianis gaswvriv (gaiTvaliswine, rom 10=111.3
­­ ekvatoris gaswvriv (10=111 km); g) CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikebs Soris
km-s); b)
(1 =102.5 km).
0

4. sur. 27.1-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine:

1) kontinentis ukiduresi wertilebis koordinatebi: CrdiloeTiT – el-abiadis,
samxreTiT – nemsas, aRmosavleTiT – ras-hafunis da dasavleTiT – almadis kon-
cxebi; 2) ras udris manZili afrikis: a) ukidures CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT mde-
bare koncxebs Soris; b) ukidures dasavleT da aRmosavleTiT mdebare koncxebs
Soris. gaiTvaliswine, rom ekvatorze 1°-iani rkalis sigrZe 111 km-ia.

afrika evropisagan gamoyofilia 45 km siganis gibraltaris sru-

tiTa da xmelTaSua zRviT, xolo aziisgan – wiTeli zRviTa da bab-
el­­-­­­­­­mandebis srutiT. suecis arxis gayvanis Semdeg afrikasa da azias
Soris saxmeleTo kavSiri Sewyda.

136 • Tema 2
 27
200 300 400 500 600 700 800

300

300

200
200

100
100

200 300 400 500 600 700

sur. 27.2. varaudoben, rom wiTel zRvas saxeli masSi didi raodenobiT wyalmcena-
reebis arsebobis gamo ewoda, romlebic zogjer mowiTalo fers iReben. wiTeli
zRva msoflios zRvebs Soris yvelaze Tbili da mariliania. misi Zlieri simlaSe
Zlieri aorTqlebiT aixsneba, rasac tropikuli udabno ganapirobebs. zRvaSi bevria
marjnis sxvadasxva saxeoba, romlebic Tbil wyalSi Zalian swrafad mravldebian.
marjnis kiriani ConCxi sxvadasxva ferisaa. isini zRvis fskerze did nagebobebs war-
moqmnian da SeiZleba iTqvas, zRapruli silamazis wyalqveSa `baRebs~ qmnian.

roterdami
km
km

i
0 mekobreTa

al
0 0
0 0 stamboli Tavdasxmis
8 0
1

m
2 21000 km adgilebi

so
1
atlantis okeane

58
00
gibraltaris suecis
srute
km
arxi
mumbai

sur. 27.3. suecis arxi Tavisive saxelobis yelze

gadis CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken, port-
saidi­dan (xmelTaSua zRva) suecamde (wiTeli
zRva). Tu XX saukunis dasawyisSi arxi 4 aTas
gems atarebda, xolo misi tvirTgamtarianoba
20-30 mln tona iyo, dRes es maCvenebeli sagr-
Znoblad gaizarda. 2001 wels egvipteSi, suecis indoeTis
arxze gaixsna axali saavtomobilo xidi „muba- keTili imedis koncxi okeane
raqi“.
suecis arxis teqnikuri parametrebia:
sigrZe – 163 km; sigane – 190-265 m; siRrme – 20 m; Sluzebi ara aqvs; gemebis tonaJi – 150 aTasi t;
tvirTbrunva – 260 mln t; gemTbrunva – 50 gemi dRe-RameSi; arxSi gasvlis dro – 15 sT.

davaleba

5. rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba hqonda suecis arxis gayvanas?

kontinenti aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT msoflio okeanis wyle-

biTaa SemosazRvruli. daaxloebiT 32 aTas kilometrze gadaWimuli
afrikis sanapiro xazi sustadaa danawevrebuli da ZiriTadad kldo-
vania, rac navsadgurebis mSeneblobisaTvis araxelsayrelia.

Tema 2 • 137
27
tanzania dar-el-salami

te
sru
sur. 27.4. mozambikis srute yvelaze
grZeli srutea dedamiwaze. misi sigrZe
1760 km-ia, xolo sigane – 420 km.

kis
k
zambia antananarivu

i
mb

i
ar
mbi
za

a sk
mo

dag
za

ma
o
pretoria
m
samxreT
afrika
lesoto

afrikis sanapiroebis bunebriv pirobebze okeanuri dinebebi did

gavlenas axdens. kontinentis dasavleTi sanapiros gaswvriv gadis
civi dinebebi, romlebic atlantis okeanis maRali ganedebidan ekva-
torisken miedinebian. aq maT Tbili dineba yofs, romelic ekvato-
ris gaswvriv, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken midis. kontinentis
samxreT-aRmosavleTi sanapiro – Tbili dinebis, xolo somalis naxe-
varkunZuli civi dinebis gavlenis qveSaa.

davaleba

6. afrikis fizikuri rukis (sur. 27.1) gamoyenebiT daadgine: a) romeli okeaneebi,

zRvebi da yureebi esazRvrebian afrikas? b) rogoria afrikis sanapiro xazi
da romeli kunZulebi da naxevarkunZulebi mdebareoben kontinentTan axlos.
g) romeli Tbili da civi dinebebi gadis afrikis napirebTan?
7. afrikis konturul rukaze aRniSne teqstSi CamoTvlili geografiuli obieqtebi.

es sainteresoa

Zveli berZnebi afrikas libias eZaxdnen.

sityva `afrikis~ warmoSobis Sesaxeb ramdenime mosazreba arsebobs: `afri~ Crdi­
loeT afrikaSi, karTagenTan, mcxovrebi ramdenime xalxis saxeli iyo. romauli
bolosarTi „ka“ miuTiTebs qveyanaze an miwaze. sxva wyaroebiT am sityvis gaSifvra
amgvaradac SeiZleba: laTinuri sityva „aprica“ niSnavs „mzians“; berZnuli sityva
„aphrike“ ki – „sicivis gareSe“. es Teoria wamoayena istorikosma leo afrikanus-
ma (1488-1554), romlis mosazrebiT, Tu berZnul sityvas – `frike~, rac „civs da
sazarels“ niSnavs, davumatebT TavsarT „a“-s, romelic kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs,
saxelwodeba migvaniSnebs miwaze, sadac sicive ar aris.
suecis arxis mSeneblobis idea jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi hqoniaT arabebs, Semdeg
safrangeTSi – mefe lui XIV-s, mogvianebiT ki igi napoleonsac gauCnda. magram
egvipteli xedivisgan misi aSenebis nebarTva (koncesia) frangma inJinerma da di-
plomatma ferdinand lesepsma mxolod XIX s-is Sua wlebSi miiRo. muSaoba TiT­qmis
10 weliwads gagrZelda da 1869 wlis 17 noembers arxi sazeimod gaixsna.

138 • Tema 2
 28
afrikis kvlevis istoria
afrika uZvelesi droidan ipyrobda samxreT evropisa da samxreT-
dasavleTi aziis xalxebis yuradRebas. xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis –
Zveli saberZneTisa Tu finikiis xalxebi – kargad icnobdnen Crdi-
loeT afrikis sanapiro zols. Tumca kontinentis irgvliv mdebare
teritoriis da, miT umetes, misi Sida raionebis kvleva sakmaod gvian
daiwyo.

androfagebi hiperboreebi

evropa armiaspebi

esedonebi
i
eb sarmatebi
T
es
i vi azovis zRva
tr sk
i
si

is
sp

va
a

ka
pi

pi

vk R masagetebi
al

getebi as z
ka

ia
keltebi
is
t

Savi zRva s pi si
aq
ka ar
sogdiana
l

Trakia
ar aq si balxi
midia
iberia
a

ninevia
tertesi eqbatana a z i a
n

kirena
asureTi suza sparseTi indoelebi
t

karTageni
memfisi
balioni
i

atlasebi
libia Tebe
s

siena
ni l o i zRva
si
el
iT
meroe arabeTi
z

w
R

eTiopia
makrobienbi
v

a
v a
s a z R
m x r e T i s

sur. 28.1. msoflio herodotes mixedviT

davaleba

1. Seadare Zveli berZeni mecnieris, herodotes mier Sedgenili ruka

(sur. 28.1.) misive cnobili wignis – „istoriis“ teqsts: „istras di-
neba, romelsac Tavisi wylebi dasaxlebul punqtebSi miaqvs, bevris-
Tvisaa cnobili. ai, nilosis saTavis Sesaxeb ki veravin verafers
ambobs. arada, libia, sadac nilosi gadis, ukacrieli da udaburia.
misi zemo dinebis Sesaxeb me yvelaferi vTqvi, rac SeiZleboda me-
Tqva sxvebis monayolidan“. daadgine, romel mdinares uwodebdnen
istras herodotes Tanamedroveni.
2. daakvirdi afrikis fizikur rukas (sur. 27.1) da gamoTqvi Seni mo-
sazreba, Tu ratom ver xerxdeboda afrikis Sida raionebSi SeRweva
da misi gamokvleva.

Tema 2 • 139
 gadaadgildebodnen. Sor manZilebze ki mdinarisa
da zRvebis gaswvriv navebiT micuravdnen.

28 pirvel mogzaurebad da aRmomCenebad fini-

kielebs miiCneven. isini Zalian didi xnis win xmelT-
aSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen.

davaleba

3. Zveli berZeni mecnieris, herodotes kaspiis zRva

1
Savi zRva
cnobiT, finikielebma jer kidev Zv.w. ­­ b r i ta n e T i s
k u n Zu le b i opa
VI s-Si egviptis faraonis, neqo II-is evr
davalebiT, afrikas gars Semouares. xmel
TaS
ua z
herodote werda: „finikielebi Rv a
karTageni
samogzaurod wiTeli zRvidan f in ikia

gavidnen. Semodgomaze isini napirze babiloni

gadadiodnen da libiaSi, sadac unda

gaCerebuliyvnen, nebismier adgilas a f r i k a
miwas amuSavebdnen, elodebodnen
mosavlis aRebas da Semdeg curvas
agrZelebdnen. ori wlis Semdeg maT
herkulesis svetebi gamoiares da
egviptes miadgnen. maTi monayolis
C
mixedviT (me ki ar mjera maTi), libiis
a da
garSemo curvisas gza bebis
yovelTvis . imaT
sini
g e m e bi niC a obda d a
r
marjvnivikiyo“.
iel e b i s
T m o Z nobiT
fin aSualebi iraode
ebis s a did
ialqn azriT,
mecnierTa o n a ebi d
gswored is
l aseTi
o.faqti, s
k i c ed iy a n a c SeeZ
reul
rome­lmict herodotes adat ar bi So aris
sjera,
Tis g k iele
tvir f i n i
nen.sabuTi
umTavresi debiT
damamtkicebeli yobd
sur. 28.2. finikielTa mogzaurobis savaraudo
xomal o b ebs aw marSruti finikielebi afrikis sanapiros gaswvriv
imisa, rommogz
finiki­
au r elebma afrikas
curavdnen. maT, xmelTaSua zRvis gavliT,
Semouares. rukis daxmarebiT Seecade dRevandel britaneTis kunZulebsac miaRwies.
axsna, romeli faqtiT da rogor
mtkicdeba afrikis garSemo finikielTa
mogzauroba?
46

buneba 4.indb 46 03.07.2009 19:09:53

me-15 saukuneSi portugalieli mezRvaurebi cdilobdnen, epovaT

sazRvao gza indoeTisaken, romlis simdidris Sesaxeb legendebi
dadioda. pirveli evropelTagani, romelmac kontinentis irgvliv
Semovla da indoeTisaken gzis gakvleva scada, portugalieli barT-
lomeu diaSi iyo. 1487-1488 wlebSi misma eqspediciam dasaxul mizans
ver miaRwia, Tumca maT kontinents samxreTiT Semouares da koncxs
miaRwies, romelsac diaSma `qariSxlis koncxi~ uwoda. mogvianebiT,
portugaliis monarqma koncxs saxeli Seucvala da mas „keTili ime-
dis koncxi~ daarqva.
1497-1498 wlebSi cnobilma portugalielma mogzaurma vasko da
gamam afrikis kontinents gars Semouara da indoeTis napirebam-
de miaRwia. am eqspediciis dros man afrikis araerTi teritoria
moinaxula, maT Soris, md. zambezis SesarTavi da pirvelma gaikvlia
sazRvao gza evropidan indoeTisaken.

140 • Tema 2
 28
e v r o p a

lisaboni

a z i a

indoeTi

goa
kalkuta

vasko da gama

atlantis indoeTis

okeane okeane

nemsas
koncxi
1492 w.

sur. 28.3. me-15-16 saukuneebSi vasko da gamas

marSruti indoeTisaken meTaurobiT mowyobili portuga­li­­­elTa
marSruti indoeTidan eqspediciebis Sedegad dadginda afrikis
sanapiro xazi da sazRvao gza evropidan
indoeTisaken.

davaleba

4. afrikis fizikuri (27.1) da vasko da gamas mogzaurobis (sur. 28.3.) rukebis mixe-
dviT daadgine, romeli okeanuri dinebebi uwyobda da romeli uSlida xels misi
eqspediciebis dros ialqniani gemebis curvas?

dasavleT afrikis mkvlevarTa Soris mniSvnelovani iyo britane-

li mkvlevris, mungo parkis eqspedicia, romelmac daamtkica, rom
senegali da nigeri sxvadasxva mdinarea. aRsaniSnavia aseve frangi
mogzauris, rene ougusT qaies mogzauroba dasavleT afrikaSi. igi
iyo pirveli evropeli, romelmac gaiara mTeli dasavleT afrika
CrdiloeTidan samxreTis mimarTulebiT, gvineis yuridan xmelTaSua
zRvamde.
afrikis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT britanel
mogzaurebsa da mkvlevrebs – deivid livingstonsa da henri mor-
ton stenlis. deivid livingstoni 1840 wels, rogorc misioneri,
samxreT afrikaSi gaemgzavra, sadac misionerulTan erTad, mniS-
vnelovan geografiul saqmianobasac eweoda. man kalaharis udabnos
didi nawili Seiswavla da md. zambezis zemo dinebas miaRwia. adgi-
lobriv mosaxleobasTan igi saukeTeso urTierTobebs amyarebda,
uwevda samedicino daxmarebas, aZlevda saWiro rCevebs. 1853-1856
wlebSi livingstonma mTel samxreT afrikaSi – md. zambezidan qalaq

Tema 2 • 141
28
luandamde imogzaura. aRmoaCina kontinentis erT-erTi udidesi
CanCqeri, romelsac britaneTis imdroindeli monarqis, dedofal
viqtorias saxeli uwoda. mogvianebiT, man aseve aRmoaCina da gamoi-
kvlia tba niasa. igi cnobil mkvlevar stenlisTan erTad ikvlevda
CrdiloeT tanganikas. mogvianebiT, stenli samSobloSi dabrunda,
livingstonma ki ganagrZo kvleviT-saZiebo samuSaoebi. misi mizani
TeTri nilosis saTavis povna iyo, rac miuRweveli aRmoCnda. samwu-
xarod, am eqspediciis dros igi daavadda da 1873 wels gardaicvala.
livingstoni britaneTSi gadaasvenes da londonSi, uestminsteris
saabatoSi dakrZales.

sur. 28.4. didia livingstonis damsaxureba afrikis

samxreTi da centraluri raionebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.
mogzaurobis dros man 1000-ze meti punqtis mdebareoba
gansazRvra; livingstonma pirvelma SeniSna samxreT
afrikis reliefis mTavari Taviseburebebi, aRmoaCina
CanCqeri viqtoria, tbebi – niasa, ngami da bangveulu;
gamoikvlia md. zambezis zemo welis raioni da md. kon-
gos auzis garkveuli nawili.

henri stenli ZiriTadad kontinentis centralur da dasavleT

raionebs ikvlevda. 1874-1877 wlebSi is britanul-amerikul eqspedi-
cias xelmZRvanelobda, romelmac centraluri afrika aRmosavle-
Tidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT orjer gadakveTa.

tba
rudolfi
0
ekvatori 0
tba
viqtoria
go

mvanza
kon

niangve
ujiji k. pemba
tba
boma
aba

tanganika k. zanzibari
al

indoeTis
u
l

tba
niasa okeane
atlantis
okeane
Citambo
zambezi

d. livingstonis 1866-1873 ww. eqspediciis marSruti

h. stenli 1874-1877 ww. eqspediciis marSruti
d. livingstonis gardacvalebis adgili 1873 w.

sur. 28.5. d. livingstonisa da h. stenlis mogzaurobis marSrutebi

142 • Tema 2
 28

davaleba

5. sur. 28.5.-is mixedviT aRwere d. livingstonisa da h. stenlis mogzaurobis mar-

Srutebi. CamoTvale is geografiuli obieqtebi, romlebic maT am mogzaurobis
dros gaiares an aRmoaCines.

afrikis kvlevaSi aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana germanelma

mogzaurma da mkvlevarma emin-paSam, romelic viqtoriasa da alber-
tis tbebs ikvlevda. centraluri afrikis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebuli
iyo, aseve, britaneli mkvlevris, berni loveT qemeronis mogzauro-
ba. swored igi iyo pirveli evropeli, romelmac gaiara afrika aRmo-
savleTidan – indoeTis okeanis sanapirodan dasavleTiT – atlantis
okeanis sanapiromde, gamoikvlia centraluri da samxreT afrikis
araerTi raioni.
ekvatoruli afrikis kvlevaSi didia poloneli mogzaurisa da
mkvlevris, stefan rogozinskis damsaxureba. mniSvnelovania, aseve,
rusi mecnieris, vasil iunkeris saqmianobac, romelmac 1876-1886
wlebSi centraluri da aRmosavleT afrikis buneba Seiswavla.
yvela mogzaurobisa da eqspediciis Semdeg afrikis ruka Tanda-
Tan srulyofili xdeboda da masze mravali tba, mdinare, mTa, qalaqi
da sxva geografiuli obieqtebi aRiniSneboda. afrikis geografiuli
rukebi sabolood me-20 saukuneSi dazustda, Tumca kontinentis
bunebis gamocanebi jer kidev elis mkvlevrebs.

davaleba

6. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili: afrikis mogzaurebi da mkvlevrebi

mogzaurebi da
qveyana TariRi Sedegi
mkvlevrebi

nimuSi
es sainteresoa

portugalieli princis, henrix zRvaosnis (navigatoris) TaosnobiT msoflioSi

pirveli geografiuli instituti daarsda. masSi gaerTianebuli iyo sazRvao
skola, astronomiuli observatoria, xelnawerebisa da rukebis sacavi. mecnie-
rebi axali sazRvao gzebis dadgenaze muSaobdnen, aseve qmnidnen da agebdnen axal
gemebs.
deivid livingstonma dawera wignebi: „misioneris mogzaurobani da gamokvlevebi
samxreT afrikaSi“, „moTxroba zambezisa da mis Senakadebze mogzaurobis Sesaxeb“
da „deivid livingstonis dRiurebi centralur afrikaSi“. mis saxels atarebs
kunZuli md. zambezze, CanCqer viqtoriasTan axlos, qalaqi zambiaSi da mTa, ro-
melic tba niasas sanapirosTan, qalaq malaviSi mdebareobs; livingstonis saxeli
hqvia aseve CanCqerTa erTobliobas md. kongoze, universitets aSS-Si, floridaSi.

Tema 2 • 143
29
reliefi
leqsikoni

grabeni – cicabo an vertikaluri wyvetebis (nasxletebis) gaswvriv daZiruli

dedamiwis qerqis ubani.
rifti (naprali, rRveva) – dedamiwis qerqis xazobrivi teqtonikuri struqtura,
romelic qerqis horizontaluri gaWimvis Sedegad warmoiqmneba da aseul aTasobiT
km-ze vrceldeba. rif­tebis ZiriTadi struqturuli formaa grabeni.

gaixsene

1. ris gageba SeiZleba reliefis Sesaxeb fizikuri rukidan?

2. romeli Sinagani da garegani Zalebi ici da ra gavlenas axdenen isini dedamiwis
reliefze? moiyvane magaliTebi.
3. riT gansxvavdeba mTebi da vakeebi?
4. rogor da ratom icvleba mTebi droTa ganmavlobaSi?

reliefis Taviseburebebis codna gvexmareba mdinareTa dinebis

xasiaTis, naleqebis, niadagis, mcenareulobisa da bunebis sxva kom-
ponentebis ganawilebis Taviseburebebis gagebaSi, amitom konti-
nentis da nebismieri teritoriis bunebis ganxilva reliefiT unda
daviwyoT.
TiTqmis mTeli afrikis kontinentis safuZvels warmoadgens uZve-
lesi afrika-arabeTis baqani, ris gamoc afrika masiuri da erTfero-
vani reliefiT gamoirCeva.
warsulSi afrikis didi nawili udidesi Zveli kontinentis, gon-
dvanis nawili iyo, romelic samxreT naxevarsferoSi arsebobda. es
kontinenti dedamiwis Sinagani procesebis gavleniT calkeul bel-
tebad – liTosferos filebad danawilda, ris Semdegac zogi maTgani
daiZira, maRla darCenili ki sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gancalkevda.
erT-erTi aseTi beltia afrikis kontinenti. rRvevebma ganapiroba
misi napirebis sworxazovnoba. kontinentis ganapira nawilebi ram-
denjerme aiwia, amitom napirebi flatovania.
afrikis uZveles nawilSi mTaTa warmoSoba 1000-500 mln wlis win
damTavrda da mas Semdeg kontinentis mkvriv „ConCxs“ danaoWeba ar
ganucdia. garegani Zalebis moqmedebiT Tavdapirveli mTagoriani
reliefi icvleboda: mTebi ingreoda da maT adgilze uzarmazari
talRovani vakeebi Cndeboda, xolo Cadablebuli adgilebi zRve-
biT ifareboda da maTSi zRviuri naleqebi grovdeboda. Semdgom-
Si afrika-arabeTis baqanma awev-daweva ganicada da am moZraobas
Tan axlda rRvevebi, grabenebisa da horstebis warmoSoba, vulkane-
bis amofrqveva. es procesebi gansakuTrebiT Zlierad aRmosavleT
afrikaSi gamovlinda.

144 • Tema 2
 29
afrikis didi nawili sxvadasxva simaRlis cicabo kldeebian baqnis
rofebs warmoadgens, romlebic kontinentis Sida nawilebSi mdeba-
reoben da did qvabulebs (magaliTad, kalaharis, Cadis, kongos da
sxv.) warmoqmnian.
kontinentis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi raionebi sxvadasxvagvarad
viTardeboda, swored amitom maTi Tanamedrove reliefi gansxvave-
bulia. Tu afrikis fizikur rukas davakvirdebiT, SevniSnavT, rom
aq 200-dan 1000 m-mde simaRlis vake reliefi Warbobs. kontinentze
cotaa dablobebi, ar aris maRali da did manZilze gadaWimuli mTia-
ni sistemebi. mTebi mxolod kontinentis ukidures CrdiloeTSi da
samxreTSi gvxvdeba. amitomac afrikis zedapirs simaRlis mixedviT
or nawilad yofen – CrdiloeTiT da dasavleTiT dabali afrikaa
da umetesad, simaRle 1000 m-ze naklebia, xolo aRmosavleTiT da
samxreTiT – maRali afrikaa da simaRle, umetesad, 1000 m-s aRema-
teba.

ebi
s mT
asi
l
at

tibestis
mTianeTi
axagaris
mTianeTi ka
i
r
f

a
daba l i eTiopiis
mTianeTi
ka
ri
af
li

sur. 29.1. maRal da dabal

afrikas Soris sazRvari
maRa

gadis xazze, rome­lic q. ben-

galas sanapirodan (angola)
iwyeba da q. masauamde (wiTe-
li zRvis sanapiro, eTiopia)
grZeldeba. dabali afrika
kontinentis 2/3-s moicavs.

afrikis CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawilSi ufro meti vake da didi

qvabulia, vidre sxva nawilSi. uzarmazari farTobi dafarulia dana-
leqi qanebiT.

davaleba

1. afrikis fizikuri rukis (sur. 27.1) mixedviT daadgine: a) sad mdebareobs Ziri-
Tadad dablobebi; b) romeli mTebi mdebareobs kontinentis CrdiloeTsa da
samxreTSi?

Tema 2 • 145
29
kontinentis yvelaze dabali adgili krateruli warmoSobis asa-
lis tba (-155 m z.d.-dan) erT-erTi lamazi da saintereso adgilia
afrikaSi. tba, romlis sigrZe 19 km-ia, sigane – 6.5 km, xolo maqsima-
luri siRrme – 40 m, afaris xeobaSi (danakilis udabno) mdebareobs.
tba msoflio tbebs Soris cnobilia Tavisi marilianobiTac. tbis
marilianoba 35 ‰-ea, xolo 20 metris siRrmeze – 40 ‰, ris gamoc igi
erT-erTi yvelaze mlaSe tbaa msoflioSi, mkvdar zRvasa da eltonis
tbasTan erTad.

Aasmara Sanaa
!
( !
(

Aadeni
!
(
asalis
!
(
tba jibuti sur. 29.2. cxel, mzian dReebSi, mariliani
wylis aorTqlebis Sedegad, asalis tbis
adis-abeba napirebze ulamazesi TeTri marilis
!
(
kunZulebi warmo­iq­­mneba. tbis napirebze
marils mo­­ipoveben da eTiopiaSi qaravne-
biT gadaaqvT.

aRmosavleTi da samxreTi afrika kontinentis yvelaze maRali

nawilebia. aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobs aRmosavleT afrikis
mTianeTi, sadac kontinentis iseTi umaRlesi mwvervalebia, rogo-
rebicaa: kilimanjaro, kenia, elgoni.

davaleba

2. gakveTilis teqstis, afrikis fizikuri rukisa (sur. 27.1) da sur. 29.1-is mixedviT
Seadare erTmaneTs maRali da dabali afrika Semdegi gegmis mixedviT: a) konti-
nentis romel teritoriebs moicavs; b) simaRle; g) reliefis formebi.

afrikis aRmosavleT ganapira mxareebis gaswvriv awevis da deda-

miwis qerqis udidesi rRvevebis Sedegad, xmeleTze aRmosavleT
afrikis didi rRvevebis zoli, igive didi riftuli rRvevis xeoba
warmoiqmna. rRvevebis Sedegad dedamiwis qerqis zogierTma ubanma
aiwia, zogierTma daiwia. ase warmoiSva aRmosavleT afrikis brtyel-
mwvervalebiani loda mTebi da udidesi Rrmulebi. bevr maTganSi
viwro da Rrma tbebia gaCenili.

146 • Tema 2
 29

sur. 29.3. didi riftuli (aRmosavleT afrikis riftuli

xeoba) rRvevis xeoba reliefis udidesi riftuli war-
monaqmnia Cvens planetaze. igi afrikisa da arabeTis
teqtoni­kuri filebis sazRvarze maTi moZraobis Sede-
gad Camoyalibda. xeoba gadaWimulia TiTqmis 6 000 km-ze
– eTiopiis CrdiloeT raionebidan iwyeba da mozambikis
centralur nawilamde grZeldeba. rRvevis xazis sigane
meryeobs 30-100 km-is farglebSi, xolo siRrme – ramdenime
aseulidan aTas metramde. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom
aRmosavleT afrika momavalSi SesaZloa kontinents gamo-
eyos, ise rogorc warsulSi arabeTis n/k da k. madagaskari
gamoeyo.

kontinentis rRvevebis zolis gaswvriv dedamiwis qerqis fene-

bis moZraoba axlac mimdinareobs, amitom aq Zlieri miwisZvrebi da
vulkanuri amofrqvevebi icis.

davaleba

3. Seadare erTmaneTs afrikis fizikuri (sur. 27.1) da aRmosavleT afrikis didi

rRvevebis (sur. 29.3) rukebi da daadgine, romeli zRvebi, mdinareebi, tbebi, mTebi,
mTianeTi da zegnebi mdebareobs aRmosavleT afrikis rRvevebis zolSi.

dedamiwis qerqis rRvevebs Tan axlda vulkanuri moq-

medebebi. amonTxeuli lava vrcel sivrceze vrcelde-
boda. aRmosavleT afrikis zeganze bevria Camqrali da
moqmedi vulkani, romelTa mwvervalebi xSirad maradi
Tu ginda meti Seityo
TovliTaa dafaruli. maT Soris yvelaze didia Camqrali afrikis reliefis Sesaxeb,
vulkani kilimanjaro – afrikis umaRlesi mwvervali. estumre vebgverds:
www.kids.nationalgeographic.
com
saZiebo velSi akrife:
afrikis reliefi

Tema 2 • 147
29

sur. 29.4. sityva `kilimanjaro~ „mbrwyinav mTas“ niS-
navs. mwvervals sami wveri aqvs da miuxedavad imisa,
rom es mTa ekvatorTan axlos mdebareobs, samive
mwvervali mudmivad TovliTa da yinuliTaa dafaru-
li. kilimanjaros ZirSi, savanis tropikul sicxeSi,
naxevrad gadamxmar akaciebsa da eklian buCqebs Soris
ki zebrebi, Jirafebi da antilopebi binadroben.
sur. 29.5. ngorongoro msoflioSi udidesi vul-
kanuri krateria. misi diametri 20 km-ia da igi
ngorongoros (tanzania) dacul teritoriaze
mdebareobs. kraterSi 25 000 cxoveli binadrobs
da amitom igi turistebis erT-erTi usayvarlesi
adgilia.

eTiopiis mTianeTi maRali platoebisa da vakeebisgan Sedgeba.

mTianeTis umetesi nawili dafarulia gaciebuli laviT, romelic
rRvevis xazebis gaswvriv amoinTxeoda. aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-
Tisken mTianeTi cicabodaa daxrili. Tu mTis gzebiT platoze
axvalT, Tqven winaSe saocari suraTi gadaiSleba: irgvliv Tvaluwv-
deneli vakea gadaWimuli da gaviwydeba, rom mTebSi imyofebi.

sur. 29.6. afaris veli teqtonikuri qvabulia,

romelic 1.5-2 milioni wlis win Camoyalibda
da eTiopiaSi, afaras raionSi mdebareobs. igi
dedamiwis erT-erTi yvelaze mSrali da cxeli
adgilia. aq mdebareobs erta ales cecxlo-
vani lavis tba. afara Zlieri teqtonikuri
aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. bolo miwisZvris dros
aq 60-kilomet­riani naprali gaCnda, romelic
zustad teqtonikuri filebis sazRvarzea.

kontinentis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi drakonis mTebi mde-

bareobs, romelic indoeTis okeanisken cicabo safexurebiani kal-
TebiT eSveba da maRali qedis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
afrikis teritoriaze mravladaa vake-dablobebic, romelTa
Soris udidesia udabno sahara. aseve gamorCeva kalahari, namibi
da karu, xolo centralur afrikaSi – kongos xeobis dablobi.

148 • Tema 2
 29
mSrali regioni karu afrikis samxreTSi mdebareobs. igi naxevaru-
dabnoebis pla­­toebsa da mTaTaSoris xeobebs aerTianebs, romlebic
didi rRvevebis zolis da mdinare oranJis xeobis samxreTiT mdeba-
reoben. regionis saerTo farTobi da­axloebiT 395 000 km2-ia.

sur. 29.7. bunebis msoflio fondi (WWF) karus teritoriaze (rukaze wiTeli xazis sazRvrebSi) gamo­
yofs or ekoregions (gamoyofilia lurji xaziT) – sukulenturi karu dasavleTiT da nama karu
aRmosavleTiT.

davaleba

4. axseni, ratom Warbobs afrikaSi ZiriTadad zegnebi da vake reliefi.

5. CamoTvale afrikis reliefis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi da axseni maTi warmoSobis
mizezebi.
6. ivaraude, ra mouva afrikis baqans, Tu aRmosavleT afrikis riftuli rRvevebis
zolSi dedamiwis qerqis moZraobis procesebi gaZlierdeba.
7. aRmosavleT afrikis rRvevebisa (sur. 29.3) da afrikis politikuri rukebis (sur.
39.1) gamoyenebiT daadgine, romeli qveynebis teritoriaze vrceldeba rRvevebis
xazi.
8. Tematuri rukebis gamoyenebiT aRwere kunZul madagaskaris an kontinentis ro-
melime nawilis reliefi Semdegi gegmis mixedviT: a) zedapiris zogadi xasiaTi da
mi­­si Taviseburebebis mizezi; b) reliefis formebis mdebareoba da ganlageba; ­­­­­­­g)
re­­liefis simaRleebi.

praqtikuli samuSao

afrikis konturul rukaze aRniSne teqstSi dasaxelebuli geografiuli obieqtebi.

es sainteresoa

saSualo simaRlis maCvenebliT (750 m) afrikis kontinenti CamorCeba rogorc

antarqtidas (2300 m), aseve azias (950 m).
urTules reliefur warmonaqmns – didi riftuli rRvevis xeobas – saxeli cno-
bilma ingliselma geologma da mkvlevarma jon uolter gregorma uwoda, rome-
lic aRmosavleT afrikisa da avstraliis bunebas swavlobda.
1974 wels afarSi aRmoaCines hominidis (adamianisebri arseba) ConCxis nawili, ro-
melic 3.5 milioni wlis win cxovrobda. mecnierebma mas afaris avstralopiTeki
uwodes.

Tema 2 • 149
30
sasargeblo wiaRiseuli
leqsikoni

mineraluri resursebi – dedamiwis wiaRSi arsebuli sasargeblo wiaRiseulis

maragTa erToblioba.
boqsitebi – qani, romlis gadamuSavebiT iReben alumins.

gaixsene

1. romeli qani an minerali ginaxavs?

2. rogori qanebi arsebobs warmoSobis mixedviT?
3. risTvis iyeneben sasargeblo wiaRiseuls?
4. CamoTvale saTbob-energetikuli, Savi, feradi da iSviaTi liTonebi.

afrika sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT erT-erTi mdidari kontinentia.

bevri saxeobis wiaRiseuli globaluri mniSvnelobisaa. maTi ganla-
geba ganpirobebulia dedamiwis qerqis agebulebiTa da qanebis war-
moSobis pirobebiT. didi raodenobiT magmuri qanebis gavrcelebis
gamo afrika gansakuTrebiT mdidaria madneuli sasargeblo wiaRi-
seuliT, romelic dedamiwis qerqis rRvevis xazebSi magmis SeWriT
warmoiqmneba. madneuli wiaRiseuli dasamuSaveblad xelmisawvdomia
kontinentis im adgilebSi, sadac magmuri qanebi dedamiwis zeda-
pirTan axlos mdebareobs. aseTi adgilebi samxreT da aRmosavleT
afri­kaSi gvxvdeba.
danaleq qanebTan dakavSirebulia qvanaxSiris, navTobis, buneb­
rivi airis, sxvadasxva marilis, mura rkinaqvis, manganumis madnis
da sxva wiaRiseuli sabadoebi. magaliTad, qvanaxSiris sabado deda-
miwaze uZveles dros arsebuli wylis auzebis sanapiro zolSi mce-
nareebis naSTebisagan warmoiSva. navTobi zRvebisa da tbebis auze-
bis fskerze zRviur naleqebSi organuli nivTierebebis Camarxvis
Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
afrikaSi moipoveben iseT energetikul resursebs, rogorebicaa
navTobi da gazi, urani, Tumca SedarebiT naklebia naxSiri.
kontinentze mravladaa feradi, kerZod ki keTilSobili da iSvia-
Ti liTonebi. araliTonuri warmoSobis wiaRiseulidan gansakuT­
rebuli mniSvneloba aqvs boqsitebs, fosforitebs, almassa da gra-
fits.
kontinentze SeiZleba gamoiyos wiaRiseulis Tavmoyris ramdeni-
me msxvili regioni. CrdiloeTSi es regionia atlasis mTebi, sadac
ZiriTadad fosforitebs (iyeneben sasuqis misaRebad), aseve poli-
liTonebs, rkinis madans, manganumsa da mcire raodenobiT naxSirs
moipoveben da navTobisa da gazis mopovebis raioni, romelic alJi-
ris, libiisa da egviptis teritoriaze vrceldeba.

150 • Tema 2
 30
ko
o
r
ma

a
ar
ah
alJiri egvipte
.s libia
as
d

mali
mavritania

senegali sudani
nigeri Cadi

nigeria eTiopia

i
al
uganda

m
so
kongos kenia
demokratiuli

platina respublika
tanzania

vercxli
oqro angola

qvanaxSiri angola zambia

ki
bi
spilenZi am

ri
z
mo

ska
brilianti namibia

aga
rkina

mad
marganeci
fosfatebi
samx. afrika
tyvia
urani

sur. 30.1. afrikis sasargeblo wiaRiseulis gavrcelebis ruka

davaleba

1. afrikis fizikuri (sur. 27.1) da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis (sur. 30.1) rukebis ga-
moyenebiT daadgine, romel sasargeblo wiaRiseuls moipoveben CrdiloeT da
samxreT afrikaSi da axseni maTi ganlagebis mizezebi.

mravalferovani wiaRiseuliT mdidaria dasavleT gvineis raioni,

sadac Tavs iyris iseTi wiaRiseuli, rogorebicaa oqro, almasi, rki-
nis madani. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba boqsitebs, romelic
am regionSi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba. aq boqsitis Semcveli fenebis
sisqe 10-20 metrs aRwevs, xolo misi maragi 20 mlrd tonaa. mniSvnelo-
vani sabadoebia: boke da kindia. aRmosavleT gvineaSi moipoveba Savi
da feradi liTonebi, urani, oqro, magram am mxaris gansakuTrebul
simdidres navTobi da gazi warmoadgens. am energetikuli resurse-
biT gansakuTrebiT nigeria gamoirCeva. navTobisa da gazis saZiebo
samuSaoebi aq jer kidev meore msoflio omis dros daiwyo, Tumca
pirveli samrewvelo navTobi 1956 wels moipoves.

Tema 2 • 151
30
kongos demokratiuli respublikis teritoriaze arsebul Sabas
provinciasa da zambiaSi spilenZs, kobalts, kalas, rkinis madans,
oqros, boqsitebs moipoveben. gansakuTrebuli adgili e.w. spilenZis
sartyels ukavia, romelic centralur afrikaSi 450 km-zea gadaWi-
muli. aq spilenZis 100-mde sabadoa, romelTa maragi 110 mln tonas
aRemateba.
samxreT afrikis regioni sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Tavmoyris
erT-erTi yvelaze msxvili da mra-
valferovani regionia msoflioSi.
ko
o
ma
r aq moipoveben oqros, almass, rkinis
a
ar

madans, naxSirs, urans, nikels, pla-

ah

alJiri
.s

egvipte
as

a libia
ni tinas, azbests.
d

t a
vri
ma mali
nigeri sudani
senegali
Cadi

kot gana nigeria samxreT eTiopia

cent.
diuari afrikis sudani
i
l

respublika
ma

benini a
so

togo nd kenia
u ga
kongos
demokratiuli
respublika
tanzania

angola

zambia ki
bi
am
ri

z
mo
ska
aga

namibia
mad

samx. afrika

sur. 30.2. almasis mopovebis geografia

afrikis kontinentze

davaleba

2. sur. 30.2-is mixedviT, afrikis politikur rukaze moZebne almasebis mompovebeli

qveynebi.

almasebis mopovebiT mTel msoflioSi cnobilia samxreT afrikis

respublika. almasebis aRmoCena da misi aTviseba garkveulwilad am
qveynis istorias Seadgens.

sur. 30.3. q. kimberli samxreT afrikaSi mas Sem-

deg aSenda, rac am adgilebSi almasis sabado
aRmoaCines. manamde aq dasaxleba ar arsebobda.
ase rom, kimberli almasis industriam warmoSva.
kimberlis mTavari Rir­sSe­sa­niS­naobaa e.w. didi
xvreli. igi adamianis mier, praqtikulad, xeliT
amoTxrili msoflioSi yvelaze didi maRaro-
karieria. man samxreT afrikaSi dasabami misca
`almasis cieb-cxele­bas~. misi arsebobis ganmav­
lobaSi maRarodan 28 mln tona qva da grunti
amoiRes, romelTagan 14.5 mln karati anu 30 tona
almasi iyo.

152 • Tema 2
 30
davaleba

3. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili afrikis sasargeblo wiaRiseulis rukis (sur. 30.1)

gamoyenebiT.

sasargeblo wiaRiseuli gavrcelebis adgilebi

danaleqi: qvanaxSiri, navTobi, bunebrivi airi

nimuSi
Savi liTonebi: rkina, manganumi, qromi
feradi liTonebi: spilenZi, alumini (boqsitebi)
Zvirfasi liTonebi: oqro
almasi

4. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris mopovebiTi mrewveloba afrikaSi mrewvelobis wa-

myvani dargi?
5. afrikis sasargeblo wiaRiseulisa (sur. 30.1) da politikuri (sur. 39.1) rukebis
gamoyenebiT daajgufe cxrilSi afrikis qveynebi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sim-
didris mixedviT:

qveynebi, romlebic qveynebi, sadac mo­­i­po­ qveynebi, romlebic

mdidaria mraval­ veba erTi-ori saxis Raribia mineraluri
ferovani resursebiT mineraluri resursebi resursebiT

nimuSi

praqtikuli samuSao

afrikis konturul rukaze aRniSne sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis raionebi.

es sainteresoa

almasi samxreT afrikis respublikaSi pirvelad 1867 wels mdinare oranJis napi-
rebTan aRmoaCines. erT-erTi versiiT, almasi mwyemsma biWma ipova.
msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi almasi, romelic cnobili iyo `kulinanis~ saxeliT
da romlis wonac 3000 karats sWarbobda, dRevandeli samxreT afrikis respubli-
kis teritoriaze ipoves. mogvianebiT igi britaneTis mefes, eduard VII-s aCuqes.
misi gadamuSavebis Semdgom miRebuli briliantebi amJamad britaneTis dedoflis
saganZuris nawilia. maT Sorisaa msoflioSi udidesi brilianti „afrikis vars-
kvlavi“, romelic 630 karats iwonis da britaneTis dedoflis samefo kverTxSia
moTavsebuli, is londonis tauerSi inaxeba.
q. kimberlis `did xvrelSi~ moipoves iseTi cnobili almasebi, rogorebicaa `de
birsi~ – 428.5 karati, mocisfro-moTeTro `porter rodsi~ – 150 karati, moyvi-
Talo `tifani~ – 128.5 karati.
saqveynod cnobili kompania `de birsi~, romelic me-19 saukunis bolos daaarsa
germanelma ersTon opengeimerma, dRemde akontrolebs almasebis mopovebasa da
realizacias.

Tema 2 • 153
31
afrikis hava
gaixsene

1. rogori damokidebulebaa temperaturasa da haeris gasajereblad saWiro tenis

raodenobas Soris?
2. romeli klimatwarmomqmneli faqtorebi arsebobs da ra gavlenas axdenen isini
havis formirebaze?
3. romel paralelebs Soris mdebareobs afrika?
4. romeli okeanuri dinebebi gadis afrikis napirebTan?
5. ras gamosaxaven klimatur rukaze izoTermebis saSualebiT?
6. rogor gamosaxaven klimatur rukaze naleqebis raodenobasa da qarebis mimar-
Tulebas?
7. ra informaciis moZieba SegiZlia klimaturi rukidan da klimaturi diagrami-
dan?

hava ama Tu im teritoriis bunebrivi pirobebis mraval Tavisebu-

rebas gansazRvravs da did gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis cxovrebis
pirobebze, amitom kontinentis havis Seswavla metad mniSvnelovania.
nebismieri teritoriis havis dasaxasiaTeblad unda vicodeT, rogo-
ri temperaturaa iq sezonebis mixedviT, rogoria qarebis mimarTu-
leba, ramdeni da ra saxis naleqi modis da rogoria maTi mosvlis
reJimi. am informaciis moZieba SesaZlebelia klimaturi rukidan.
klimaturi ruka giCvenebs ara marto imas, Tu sad rogori havaa,
aramed havis Taviseburebebis mizezebis axsnaSic gexmareba. amisaT-
vis, unda Seadaro fizikuri da klimaturi rukebi da yuradReba
miaqcio reliefs, sanapiro xazis xasiaTs, kontinentTan gamaval
dinebebs da am monacemebze dayrdnobiT, gamoitano daskvna havis
gansxvavebis mizezebis Sesaxeb.
afrikis, iseve rogorc nebismieri teritoriis, havis Camoyali-
bebaze gavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: geografiuli ganedi,
atmosferos cirkulacia, okeaneebisa da zRvebis siaxlove, okeanuri
dinebebi da reliefi.
2.5
afrikis didi nawili tropikebs Soris mdeba-
ki 2
opo
Crdiloe
Ti tr
reobs, sadac mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mze hori-
zontze Zalian maRlaa da nebismier wertilSi
weliwadSi orjer zenitSi dgas. Sesabamisad, af­­
rika yvelaze cxeli kontinentia.
ekvatori 00

sur. 31.1. suraTze naCvenebia mzis mdebareoba afrikis konti-

samxreTi tropiki 22.5 nentze. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, mzis sxivebis daxris didi
kuTxis gamo, kontinentze mudmivad maRali temperaturaa da
amitom afrikaSi TiTqmis ar icis civi zamTari.

154 • Tema 2
 31
kontinentis centralur regionebSi haeri mTeli wlis ganmavlo-
baSi Tanabrad Tbeba. sezonis mixedviT temperaturuli ryeva Sesa-
mCnevia mxolod tropikebSi da ufro metad subtropikebSi. radgan
afrikas ekvatori TiTqmis Suaze yofs, amitom kontinentze sezone-
bic gansxvavebulia: rodesac ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT zafxulia, mis
samxreTiT – zamTaria da piriqiT.
zafxulis Tvis haeris saSualo temperatura TiTqmis mTeli kon-
tinentis masStabiT +200 C-ze maRalia, zog adgilebSi ki +350 C-s aRwe-
vs. zamTarSi yvelaze `civi~ CrdiloeTis da samxreTis raionebisTvis
saSualo temperatura vakeze +80-ze dabla ar eSveba.

ivlisis saSualo
temperatura, °C ianvris saSualo
5
+2 +5 temperatura, °C

+35 +35
+15

+25
+25

5
+2

+2

+25
5

ivlisis saSualo
at

at
temperatura, °C ianvris saSualo
l

5 temperatura, °C haeris saSualo

+5
la
ant

temperatura, °C ntis o
is ok

5 +35
+15 + 35-ze maRali
+15
ea n e

kean

+25

+2
+25

5
e

+15
5
+2

+2
+25
5

+5
at
la

dabali
ntis o

isis saSualo
mperatura, °C ianvris saSualo
+15 haeris saSualo
temperatura, °C
kea

+5
+2

temperatura, °C
ne

+15 + 35-ze maRali

+25
+15
+2

+25
5

+5
at
la

dabali
ntis o
kean

+2
5
e

sur. 31.2. ianvrisa da ivlisis haeris

temperatura afrikis kontinentze

Tema 2 • 155
31

davaleba

1. afrika yvelaze cxeli kontinentia dedamiwaze. afrikis klimaturi rukis (sur.

31.2) gamoyenebiT moiyvane amis damamtkicebeli argumentebi, risTvisac: a) da-
adgine ivlisisa da ianvris Tveebis haeris saSualo temperatura ekvatorze,
CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikebze, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapirosa da kontinentis
ukidures samxreTSi; b) gamoitane daskvna.

sur. 31.3. dedamiwaze yvelaze maRali

temperatura – +57.80° afrikaSi,
libiaSi, q. tripolTan axlos, el-
aziziaSi dafiqsirda 1922 wlis 13
seqtembers.

afrikaSi gansxvavebul klimats ZiriTadad naleqebis raodenoba

da reJimi ganapirobebs. naleqebi kontinentze ganawilebulia araTa-
nabrad. maTi udidesi raodenoba modis ekvatorul raionebSi – md.
kongos auzi da gvineis yuris sanapiro zoli. aq naleqebis saSualo
wliuri raodenoba 2000-3000 mm-ia. C.g. 17-200-is CrdiloeTiT naleqe-
bi 300 mm-mde mcirdeba, xolo saharis mniSvnelovan nawilSi 50 mm-ze
naklebic kia. wvima aq iSviaTia. afrikaSi aris mxareebi, sadac weliwa-
dis nawili wvimiania, nawili ki – gvalviani.
naleqebis ganawilebaze gavlenas axdens temperatura, atmos-
feruli wnevis sartylebi da gabatonebuli qarebi. afrikis ekva-
torul nawilSi naleqis did raodenobas haeris aRmavali moZraoba
ganapirobebs. haeris gansakuTrebulad Zlieri aRmavali moZraoba
SeiniSneba afrikis da, saerTod mTeli dedamiwis ekvatorul region-
Si, sadac erTmaneTs CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebis haeris
nakadebi – pasatebi xvdebian. afrikis kontinentis CrdiloeTi da
samxreTi nawilebi maRali wnevis areSi mdebareoben, amitom naleqebi
iq cotaa.
afrikis teritoriaze haeris masebis ori ZiriTadi tipi yalibde-
ba: ekvatoruli da tropikuli. kontinentis ukidures samxreTsa da
CrdiloeTSi wlis civ periodSi zomieri haeris masebi batonoben,
romelic dasavleTis qarebs moaqvs.

davaleba

2. afrikaSi naleqebis ganawilebis rukis (sur. 31.4) gamoyenebiT daadgine, afrikis

romel nawilebSi modis weliwadSi 100 mm-ze naklebi naleqebi, romelSi – 1000-dan
2000 mm-mde da romelSi – 2000 mm-ze meti. monacemebi warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT.

156 • Tema 2
 op
o antan

mp
li

i n d
31
keiptauni
alJiri
aleqsandria
tripoli

i
os
l
janeti

ni
asuani atmosferuli naleqebi, mm
port-sudani
dakari

3000-ze meti
marua

adis-abeba 2000
a t

debunja

libervili 1000
l

e
n
n
a

t 500

e a
o

kigoma
ng

i ko
kinSasa dar-es-salami
s
aba

o k
o l 250
k
lua
e

zamb e z i

100

s
a
n e

i
beira

T 50-ze naklebi
e
maungi o antananarivu
o
op
mp
li

i n d

sur. 31.4. atmosferuli naleqebis

keiptauni ganawileba afrikis kontinentze

atmosferuli naleqebi, mm
pasatebi gabatonebulia afrikis umetes nawilSi. maTi moqmedeba
3000-ze meti
kontinentis
2000
CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebSi gansxvavebulia, rac
gamowveulia
1000 CrdiloeTiT – evropa-aziis, xolo samxreTiT – okea-
neebis
500
mdebareobiT. pasatebi gavlenas axdenen naleqebis ganawile-
250
baze.
100

50-ze naklebi

900
0
60 0
60

da
sur. 31.5. pasatebi qarebia, romlebic
savl
30 0

eTis qarebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi orive naxevars-

30
0

feros 300-iani tropikuli ganedebis

pasatebi maRali wnevis areebidan, ekvatoris anu
00 00
pasatebi dabali wnevis areebisken qrian. dedamiwis
warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo moZraobis
gamo, isini gadaixrebian da CrdiloeT
eTis qarebi haeris masebis gadaadgilebis
30 0

savl
30

da mimarTul U eba troposferoSi naxevarsferoSi – Crdilo-aRmosavleT,

0

60 0 0
dabali atmosferuli wnevis zonebi xolo samxreT naxevarsferoSi – samxreT-
60
900 maRali atmosferuli wnevis zonebi aRmosavleT pasatebs warmoqmnian.

kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi pasatebi xmeleTze qrian da mSra-

li tropikuli haeri moaqvT, romelic ekvatorisaken moZraobi-
sas ufro metad Tbeba, mSrali da unaleqo xdeba, amitom CrdiloeT
afrikaSi pasatebis moqmedebis raionebSi wvima TiTqmis ar modis.
samxreT afrikaSi pasatebi indoeTis okeanidan qrian, amitom maT,
xmeleTis pasatebTan SedarebiT, ufro teniani haeri moaqvT. magram,
radgan am sartyelSi haeris nakadebi daRmavalia, amindi Cveulebriv
mowmendili da unaleqoa, oRond ufro naklebad mSrali, vidre afri-
kis CrdiloeT nawilSi.
samxreT-aRmosavleT pasatebs kontinentisaken madagaskarisa da
drakonis mTebi uRobavs gzas. am mTebis aRmosavleT kalTebze uxvi
naleqi modis, rac imiT aixseneba, rom mTebis kalTebze asvlisas
haeri civdeba da teniT gajerebuli xdeba. aRmosavleTidan dasavle-
Tisaken samxreT afrikaSi naleqis raodenoba mcirdeba.

Tema 2 • 157
31

davaleba

3. imsjele: a) rogor aisaxeba pasatebis gavlena afrikis klimatze. b) drakonis

mTebis romel ferdobze modis naleqebi meti raodenobiT da ratom.

atlantis okeanis civi dinebebi afrikis Crdilo-dasavleT da

samxreT-dasavleT napirebTan amcireben haeris temperaturas. garda
amisa, isini aZliereben havis simSrales: sanapiroze aciveben haeris
qveda fenebs. civi haeri, rogorc cnobilia, ufro mkvrivi da mZi-
mea, ris gamoc maRla ver adis, rom Rrublebi warmoqmnas da naleqi
gamoyos. amitom afrikis dasavleT napirebze, sadac civi dinebebi
gaivlis, wvima TiTqmis ar icis. aq okeanis zedapiridan bevri teni
orTqldeba, amitom roca temperatura ecema, icis nisli, uxvad
gamoiyofa nami da es datenianebis TiTqmis erTaderTi wyaroa.
Tbili dinebebi afrikis samxreT-aRmosavleT napirebTan piriqiT
xels uwyobs haeris teniT gajerebas, naleqis warmoqmnasa da tempe-
raturis matebas zamTris TveebSi.
afrikis havaze aseve did gavlenas axdens reliefi. maRali mwver-
valebi ekvatorTanac ki maradi TovliTaa dafaruli. madagaskaris
mTebSi, eTiopiis mTianeTsa da sxva adgilebSi naleqi bevri modis.
naleqebis wliuri raodenoba kamerunis masivis samxreT-dasavleT
kalTebze TiTqmis 10 000 mm-s aRwevs da igi afrikaSi yvelaze tenia-
ni adgilia. teni aq samxreT-dasavleTis qars atlantis okeanidan
moaqvs.

davaleba

4. CamoTvale, romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas afrikis klimatis formirebaze

da warmoadgine sqemis saxiT.
5. ratom iRebs afrikis kontinenti ufro meti raodenobiT mzis radiacias?
6. ratom aris okeaneebis gavlena afrikis klimatze SedarebiT SezRuduli?
7. axseni, ratom warmoiqmna afrikis dasavleT sanapiroze namibiis udabno.
8. rogor fiqrob, devs Tu ara Tovli mwverval kilimanjaroze (58 950 m), Tu mis
ZirSi haeris temperatura +250C-ia.

es sainteresoa

afrikaSi zamTarSic ki haeris saSualo temperatura +12-130 C-ze dabla ar Camo-

dis.
saharis udabnoSi mze 180 dRes anu daaxloebiT 4300 sT-s anaTebs.
dedamiwis yvelaze cxeli adgilis nominaciis pretendentia aseve saharis udabnos
aRmosavleTiT mdebare mitovebuli dasaxleba daloli (eTiopia). aq 1960-1966
wlebSi dedamiwaze yvelaze maRali saSualo wliuri temperatura – +34.4°С – da-
fiqsirda.
afrikaSi yvelaze dabali temperatura – -18°С tibestis mTianeTSi aRiniSna.

158 • Tema 2
 32
klimaturi sartylebi

gaixsene

1. ras vuwodebT haeris masebs da romeli haeris masebi ici?

2. ra niSnebiT gamoiyofa klimaturi sartylebi?
3. ramdeni da romeli klimaturi sartylebia dedamiwaze?
4. ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa ZiriTad da gardamaval klimatur sartylebs Soris?

afrikas TiTqmis Suaze yofs ekvatori, amitom klimaturi sar-

tylebi – ekvatorulidan subtropikulamde – kontinentze ekvato-
ris orive mxares meordeba.
40 600 40 600

30 500 30 500

20 400 20 400
tunisi
10 300 10 300

0 200 0 200

-10 100 -10 100

208 15
-20
iTmamiiasond
0
insalahi qairo -20
iTmamiiasond
0
gr inviCis mer id iani

40 600

CrdiloeTis tropiki 30 500

20 400

tombuqtu 10 300

0 200

dakari -10 100

608
-20 0
njamena iTmamiiasond

lagosi sarhi
adis-abeba
debunja

ekvatori nairobi
1500 boende
kinSasa
ekvatoruli
subekvatoruli
tropikuli
subtropikuli
i
askar
dag

samxreTis tropiki
a
k. m

iohanesburgi

40 600 40 600
30 500

30 500 30 500
20 400 keiptauni
20 400 20 400
10 300
10 300 10 300
0 200
0 200 0 200

-10 100
-10 100 -10 100
9655 2156 1175
-20 0 -20 0 -20 0
iTmamiiasond iTmamiiasond iTmamiiasond

sur. 32.1. afrikis klimaturi sartylebi da olqebi

Tema 2 • 159
32

davaleba

1. afrikis klimaturis sartylebis rukis (sur. 32.1) mixedviT CamoTvale, romel

klimatur sartylebSi mdebareobs afrikis kontinenti da haeris masebis romeli
tipebi yalibdeba TiToeul sartyelSi.
2. axseni, ratomaa afrikis kontinentze klimaturi sartylebi mcire raodenobiT
maSin, roca igi sakmaod did manZilzea gadaWimuli CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken.
3. afrikis klimaturi (sur. 32.1) da fizikuri (sur. 27.1) rukebis mixedviT daadgine:
a) afrikis romeli nawilebia moqceuli ekvatorul, subekvatorul, tropikul
da subtropikul klimatur sartylebSi da rogori reliefia kontinentis am
nawilebSi. b) axseni, rogor gesmis gamoTqma: „ekvatoruli sartyeli afrikaSi
sartyeli ki araa, aramed erTi didi laqa“.

ekvatoruli klimaturi sartyeli, romelic teniani da cxeli

klimatiT xasiaTdeba, md. kongos auzis nawilze (C.g. 50 da s.g. 20-s
Soris) da gvineis yuris sanapiroze (C.g. 7-80-mde) vrceldeba. am sar-
tyelSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekvatoruli haeris masebia gaba-
tonebuli.
aq dilaobiT, Cveulebriv, mowmendili amindia. dRisiT, dedamiwis
zedapiris Zlieri gaTbobis gamo, wylis orTqliT gajerebuli hae-
ri maRla adis, warmoiSoba grova Rrublebi, saidanac naSuadRevs
Tavsxma wvima modis Weqa-quxilis TanxlebiT. saRamos kvlav mowmen-
dili amindi dgeba. aseTi amindia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis
yoveldRe. am sartyelSi weliwadis mxolod erTi droa – zafxuli.
saSualo Tviuri temperaturisa da naleqebis sezonuri ryeva umniS-
vneloa. aseT havas ekvatoruli hava hqvia.
aRniSnuli raionebis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, daaxloebiT
15-200-mde, subekvatoruli klimaturi sartyelia. aq temperatura
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi maRalia, magram SesamCnevia sezonuri rye-
va. subekvatoruli hava ekvatorulisgan naleqebis naklebi raode-
nobiT da weliwadis droebis mixedviT maTi araTanabari ganawilebiT
gansxvavdeba. wvima orive naxevarsferoSi zafxulSi modis, xolo
zamTris periodi mSralia. am sartyelSi mkafiodaa gamoxatuli ori
sezoni – teniani da mSrali.

sur. 32.2. naleqebis mosvlis sezonuroba mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroze axdens gavle-
nas. xee­bisa da balaxis zrda mSral periodSi neldeba, zogjer ki – sruliadac wydeba.

160 • Tema 2
 32
subekvatoruli klimaturi sartylebis CrdiloeTiTa da samxre-
TiT tropikuli klimaturi sartylebia gadaWimuli. aq mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi tropikuli mSrali haeris masebi Warbobs da qris pasa-
tebi.
tropikuli sartylis farglebSi, samxreTi CrdiloeTTTan Seda-
rebiT, ufro naleqiania. CrdiloeTi afrika kontinentis dasavleTi-
dan aRmosavleTisaken didi ganfenilobis gamo simSraliT gamoirCe-
va. aq mdebareobs udabno sahara, romelic yvelaze cxeli da mSrali
adgilia ara marto afrikaSi, aramed mTel dedamiwaze.

sur. 32.3. zafxuli saharaSi Zalian

cxeli da uRrubloa. qvebsa da qvi-
Sian zedapirs mze TiTqmis +700-mde
axurebs. haeris temperatura ki +400
da metia. Rame dedamiwis zedapiri
da haeri swrafad civdeba, amitom
dReRamuri temperaturis amplitu-
da aq ufro didia, vidre wliuri.

saharaSi haeri gajerebulia cxeli mtvriT. amis gamo cas moTeTro

mRvrie elferi dahkravs. zafxulobiT xSirad qris uZlieresi qari
samumi, romelsac mtvris Rrublebi moaqvs. iseT havas, rogoric
saharaSia, udabnos tropikuli hava ewodeba.

sur. 32.4. qviSis grigali – samumi ZiriTadad

CrdiloeT afrikaSi icis. sezonis ganmavlobaSi
SesaZloa 80-mde samumi warmoiqmnas. igi yovel­
Tvis samxreTi an samxreT-dasavleTi mimarTu­
lebiT moZraobs. samumi umetesad ramdenime
saaTs grZeldeba, iSviaTad ramdenime dRes.
qaris dawyebamde haerSi uCveulo xmebi ismis,
qreba horizonti, mtvriani qari mzes faravs.
Tu samumis dros adamiani TavSesafars drou-
lad ver moZebnis, dasaRupadaa ganwiruli.
qaris mier atacebuli wvrili qviSa SesaZloa
adamianis yurebSi, cxvirSi, Tvalebsa da filt-
vebSi moxv­des da mis sicocxles safrTxe Seuqm-
nas. sicocxlis gadasarCenad igi miwaze unda
dawves da Tavi tansacmelSi Camalos.

samxreT afrikaSi tropikuli udabnos hava ufro nakleb terito-

riaze vrceldeba. kontinentis sanapiroebs aq aRmosavleTiT Tbili
dineba Cauvlis, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleTis pasatebi indoeTis
okeanidan qris, amitom samxreT afrikaSi naleqebi ufro meti modis,
vidre saharaSi. garda amisa, am nawilSi kontinentis ganfeniloba
dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken ufro naklebia, magram atlantis
okeanis sanapiroze wvima Zalian iSviaTia. aq udabno namibi mdeba­
reobs.

Tema 2 • 161
32
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uxvi naleqi modis tropikuli sartylis
aRmosavleT nawilSi – drakonis mTebis aRmosavleT kalTebze da
kunZul madagaskaris aRmosavleT nawilSi. am raionebSi notio tro-
pikuli havaa. amrigad, afrikis tropikul sartyelSi havis ori tipi
gamoiyofa: udabnos tropikuli da notio tropikuli.

davaleba

4. ratom vrceldeba tropikuli udabnos klimati CrdiloeT afrikaSi ufro metad,

vidre samxreTSi?
5. ra mizezebi ganapirobebs im faqts, rom samxreT afrikaSi dasavleT sanapiros
gaswvriv tropikuli sartyeli mniSvnelovan teritoriazea gadaWimuli?
6. afrikaSi atmosferuli naleqebis ganawilebis rukis (sur. 31.4) mixedviT daad-
gine, ra raodenobis naleqi modis kontinentis CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikul
sartylebSi da axseni gansxvavebis mizezebi.
7. afrikis udabnoSi mogzaurebma da mkvlevrebma RamiT SesaZloa gaigonon bgerebi,
romlebic gasrolis xmas waagavs. rogor fiqrob, ra iwvevs am xmebis warmoqmnas?

afrikis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi nawilebi subtro-

pikul klimatur sartylebSi mdebareobs. aq hava gardamavalia tro-
pikulidan zomierisken. mzis siTbo, tropikul sartyelTan Seda-
rebiT, mniSvnelovnad naklebia. temperaturis sezonuri ryevac
ufro metad SesamCnevia: zafxuli cxelia – +27-280, xolo zamTari
SedarebiT Tbili – +100. afrikis CrdiloeT da samxreT-dasavleT
nawilebSi zafxuli Zalian mSralia, zamTari ki – teniani, radgan
zomieri ganedebis dasavleTis qars wlis am periodSi okeanidan
teniani haeris masebi moaqvs. aseT havas xmelTaSua zRvis hava hqvia,
radgan igi damaxasiaTebelia afrikisa da evropis xmelTaSua zRvis
sanapiroebisTvis.
afrikis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi mTeli weli wvimiania, magram nale-
qebis ZiriTadi nawili zafxulSi modis. teni aq indoeTis okeanidan
zafxulis musonebs moaqvs da naleqebs mTebis aRmosavleT kalTebze
warmoqmnis. aseT havas notio subtropikuli hava ewodeba.

davaleba

8. ratom warmoiqmneba tropikul da subtropikul klimatur sartylebSi klimatis

ramdenime tipi?
9. afrikis klimaturi sartylebis rukis (sur. 32.1) mixedviT upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a) afrikis romel klimatur sartylebSi Warbobs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi
da igive haeris masebi? b) romel klimatur sartylebSi icvleba haeris masebi
weliwadis droTa mixedviT? g) ra gavlenas axdens es naleqebis reJimze da tem-
peraturis ryevaze?

162 • Tema 2
 32

davaleba

10. cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebis mixedviT daadgine havis tipebi №1, №2 da №3

punqtebisaTvis. aRniSne, afrikis romeli nawilisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli havis
TiToeuli tipi.

punqte­ saSualo temperatura naleqebi
bi
yvelaze civi yvelaze Tbili wliuri raode-
№ rodis modis
Tvis, 0C Tvis, 0C noba, mm
mTeli wlis gan-
1 +24 +24 1000-2000
mavlobaSi
2 +8 +24 500-1000 zamTarSi
3 +16 +32 100-ze naklebi iSviaTad

11. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili: afrikis klimaturi sartylebi

klimaturi geografiuli klimatis

haeris masebi
sartyeli mdebareoba daxasiaTeba

nimuSi
12. afrikis klimaturi sartylebis rukaze ( sur. 32.1) mocemuli klimaturi diagra-
mebis mixedviT aRwere: a) ekvatoruli klimatis Taviseburebebi boendes kli-
maturi pirobebis magaliTze. axseni, romelma klimaturma faqtorma SeiZleba
imoqmedos uaryofiTad zomieri sartylis mcxovreblebze; b) subekvatoruli
da tropikuli klimaturi sartylebis Taviseburebebi qalaqebis – njamenasa da
insalahis klimaturi pirobebis magaliTze; g) gaaanalize insalahis, timbuqtus,
njamenas, boendes, debunjasa da sarhis klimaturi pirobebi da Seavse cxrili:

ianvris ivlisis
punqtis klimatu­ naleqebis naleqebis
haeris saSualo saSualo
dasaxe­ ri sar­ raode­ mosvlis
masa tempera­ tempera­
leba tyeli noba, mm reJimi
tura, 0C tura, 0C
insalahi
timbuqtu
njamena
boende
nimuSi
sarhi
debunja

Tema 2 • 163
32

geografiuli kvleva

afrikis klimatis tipebi klimaturi rukisa da klimaturi diagramebis mixedviT

muSaobis etapebi:
a) gaaanalize mocemuli klimaturi diagramebi da daadgine, klimatis romel tipebs
Seesabameba TiToeuli maTgani;
b) gansazRvre klimaturi maCveneblebi da imsjele TiToeuli klimatis tipis Ta-
viseburebebis Sesaxeb;
g) afrikis klimaturi rukis (sur. 32.1) gamoyenebiT CamoTvale is teritoriebi,
sadac gavrcelebulia klimatis TiToeuli tipi;
d) muSaobis Sedegebi warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT:
afrikis klimatis tipebi
damaxasiaTebeli
klimaturi klimatis geografiuli
Tvisebebi: haeris tem­
diagrama tipi mdebareoba
peratura, naleqebi

nimuSi
alJiri asuani

t0 mm t0 mm
30 500 30 500

20 400 20 400

10 300 10 300

0 200 0 200

-10 100 -10 100

712
-20 0 -20 3 0
i T m a m i i a s o n d i T m a m i i a s o n d

malakale mbandaka

t0 mm t0 mm
30 500 30 500

20 400 20 400

10 300 10 300
841 1786
0 200 0 200

-10 100 -10 100

-20 0 -20 0
i T m a m i i a s o n d i T m a m i i a s o n d

livingstoni svakopmundi

t0 mm t0 mm
30 500 30 500

20 400 20 400

10 300 10 300

0 200 0 200

-10 100 -10 100

688 15
-20 0 -20 0
i T m a m i i a s o n d i T m a m i i a s o n d

164 • Tema 2
 33
Sida wylebi
gaixsene

1. ras moicavs Sida wylebi?

2. ras ewodeba mdinaris sistema, mdinaris auzi, mdinaris reJimi, wyalgamyofi?
3. ras ewodeba Sida Camonadenis auzi, okeanis auzi?
4. CamoTvale mdinareTa sazrdoobis ZiriTadi wyaroebi.
5. razea damokidebuli mdinaris sistemis sixSire, reJimi, sazrdooba, dinebis
xasiaTi?
6. rogori tbebi arsebobs warmoSobis mixedviT?
7. romeli mogzaurebi ikvlevdnen afrikis Sida wylebs?

afrikis kontinentis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa xmeleTis wyle-

bis SedarebiTi simcire. Tu mdinareebis, wyaroebisa da tbebis
wylebs kontinentis mTel teritoriaze Tanabrad gavanawilebT,
daaxloebiT, 180 mm sisqis fenas miviRebT, riTac igi CamorCeba yve-
la kontinents, avstraliis garda. es yovelive ki imiT aixsneba, rom
kontinentis teritoriis udidesi nawili mcire naleqs iRebs, xolo
aorTqleba, maRali temperaturis gamo, yvelgan didia. bevri wyali
ikargeba aseve qviSebsa da qvian udabnoebSi.
afrikaSi Sida wylebi Zalze araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. mdina-
reTa qseli yvelaze xSiria ekvatorul da subekvatorul klimatur
sartylebSi.

davaleba

1. axseni, ratomaa mdinareTa qseli yvelaze xSiri ekvatorul da subekvatorul

klimatur sartylebSi?

kontinentis teritoriis TiTqmis 1/3 mudmivi

Camonadenis gareSea, wyali dablobebsa da xevebSi
mxolod iSviaTi wvimebis Semdeg Cndeba. udabnoebis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia mdinareTa mSrali kalapote-
bi, romlebic cnobilia vadebis saxeliT da romelic
warsulSi aq teniani klimatis arsebobaze mowmobs.
va­­deb­Si wylis azvirTebuli nakadebi mxolod wvime-
bis dros Cndeba, rac aq Zalian iSviaTia.
afrikis mdinareTa umetesoba wvimis wyliT sazr-
doobs. Camonadenis reJimi uSualodaa dakavSire- sur. 33.1. saharaSi mravladaa vadebi.
maTi sigrZe ramdenime aseuli kilo-
buli naleqis mosvlis reJimTan. subekvatoruli
metria, xolo zogierTi vadis sigane
klimaturi sartylis mdinareebi ufro wyaluxvia 40 km-sac ki aRwevs.
zafxulobiT, wyalmarCxi – zamTarSi. ekvatorul
sartyelSi ki mdinareebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
wyaluxvia.

Tema 2 • 165
33

losi
md. ni
tba
Cadi

tba
viqtoria

go
on
.k
md
tba
tanganika
atlantis
atlantis okeanis
okeanis
atlantis auzi auzi
okeanis auzi

indoeTis
indoeTis okeanis
okeanis
indoeTis auzi auzi
okeanis auzi
. zambezi
md
Sida Camonadenis
Sida Camonadenis auzi auzi
Sida Camonadenis auzi

sur. 33.2. afrikis mdi-

nareTa auzebi

davaleba

2. sur. 33.2-is mixedviT daadgine, afrikis romeli mdinareebi miekuTvneba atlantis,

indoeTisa da Sida Camonadenis auzebs.
3. ratomaa atlantis okeanis mdinareTa auzi indoeTis okeanis mdinareTa auzTan
SedarebiT ufro didi?
4. ratom ukavia kontinentze Sida Camonadenis mdinareTa auzs sakmaod didi far-
Tobi?
5. axseni, ratomaa ekvatoruli sartylis mdinareebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
wyaluxvi da ratom icvleba subekvatoruli sartylis mdinareebSi wylis done
sezonurad.

afrikis kontinentze msoflios ugrZesi mdinare nilosi moedi-

neba, romlis sigrZec 6671 km-ia. nilosis saTave didi xnis ganmav-
lobaSi ucnobi iyo evropelTaTvis. mxolod XIX s-is 70-ian wlebSi
aRmoaCines md. kageri, romelic dasavleTidan erTvis tba viqtorias
da nilosis yvelaze zeda dinebad iTvleba. nilosi gamoedineba tba
viqtoriidan da araerT tbas gaivlis. aRmosavleT afrikis mTianeTSi
mdinare kaskadebiTa da CanCqerebiT xasiaTdeba. mravali Senakadis
miRebis Semdeg masSi wyali mniSvnelovnad ma­­tulobs, am adgilas igi
cnobilia TeTri nilosis saxeliT. qalaq xarTumTan TeTr ni­­loss
cisferi nilosi erTvis, romelic saTaves eTiopiis mTianeTSi mde-
bare tba tanadan iRebs. amis Semdeg mdinares ukve nilosis saxeliT
moixsenieben. nilosze, qalaq asuanTan, kaSxle-
bis mSeneblobis Sedegad, uzarmazari wyalsacavi
warmoiSva. nilosi asuanis kaSxlis qvemoT ganier-
deba da ukve vakis tipis mdinarea. igi xmelTaSua
zRvaSi Caedineba da SesarTavTan Zalze nayofieri
SlamiT dafarul uzarmazar deltas qmnis.
sur. 33.3. nilosis auzis farTobi 3.3 mln km 2-ia. mdinaris Ziri-
Tadi nawili sami Senakadis – cisferi, TeTri nilosisa da ata-
baras wylebis gaerTianebiT iqmneba. sityva `nilosi~ semituri
warmoSobisaa da „xeobas“ niSnavs.

166 • Tema 2
 33
mdinare nilosis xeobam da deltam udidesi wvlili Seitana msof­
lio civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi. nayofieri miwebi da wyali, cxel
klimatTan erTad, xels uwyobda Zvelegvipturi civilizaciis ganvi-
Tarebas. amJamad mdinare nilosis wyals sarwyavad da hidroenergiis
misaRebad iyeneben.
mdinare nilosis reJimi Zalze Taviseburia. mTavari mdinare wylis
ZiriTad masas cisferi nilosidan iRebs. zafxulSi, maSin, roca
eTiopiis mTianeTSi wvimebis periodia, cisfer niloss bevri wyali
moaqvs da wyaldidobas iwvevs. wyaldidoba TandaTan mdinaris qvemo
mimarTulebiT vrceldeba, amitom qveda dinebaSi nilosi zafxulis
bolos an Semodgomis dasawyisSi diddeba da napirebidan gadmodis.

davaleba

6. axseni, riT aixsneba nilosis reJimis Tavisebureba.

7. ratom mcirdeba zamTarSi da gazafxulis TveebSi mdinare nilosSi wylis done
mkveTrad?
8. afrikis fizikuri (sur. 27.1) da politikuri (sur. 39.1) rukebis mixedviT daadgine,
romeli qveynebis teritoriaze miedineba mdinare nilosi.

afrikis yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinare kongo (zairi) sigrZiT TiTq-

mis orjer CamorCeba niloss (4320 km), Tumca wylis masa masSi 15-jer
metia; wylianobiTa da auzis farTobiT kongo dedamiwaze mxolod
amazons CamorCeba. mdinare or adgilas kveTs ekvators da mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi wyaluxvia.
mdinare kongo sanaosnod mxolod calkeul adgilebSi gamoiye-
neba. kongos dinebaSi mkafiod gamoarCeven sam nawils: zeda nawil-
Si, anu saTavidan ekvatoramde, mdinare gzas zegnebis safexurebze
ikvlevs. amitom aq uxvadaa Woromi da CanCqeri. Semdeg igi qvabulSi
Sedis, sadac ganieri xeobiT, kalapotiTa da dabali sanapiro zoliT,
aseve mdore dinebiT vakis mdinare xdeba. atlantis okeaneSi Cadine-
bis adgilas kongo deltas ar warmoqmnis da misi mRvrie wylis farTo
nakadi Sors iWreba okeaneSi.

u b a
n
g i

g o
s a

n
n g
a

C u
a
n
o

a
l
k

u
a
tba
l
k

l
k v a

u b
v i l u

tan

k
a

gan
i l a t i
n g o

sur. 33.4. mdinare kongos auzi. kongo yvelaze Rrma

ika
s a

a
i

mdinarea dedamiwaze da erTaderTi, romelic orjer

kveTs ekvators.

Tema 2 • 167
33

davaleba

9. axseni, ra ganapirobebs mdinare kongos wyaluxvobas.

gvineis yureSi Caedineba nigeri, romelic sigrZiTa da auzis far-

Tobis mixedviT, mesame mdinarea afrikaSi. maszec sakmaod bevri Can-
Cqeri da Woromia.
afrikis im mdinareTa Soris, romlebic indoeTis okeanis auzs
miekuTvneba, udidesia zambezi (2660 km). zemo dinebaSi zambezi vakeze
miedineba da amitom sanaosnoa. qvemo dinebaSi ki bevri CanCqeri da
Woromi gvxvdeba. mdinaris kalapoti Rrma xeobaSi xan farTovdeba,
xanac viwrovdeba.
zambezze mdebareobs msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi CanCqeri
viqtoria, 1800 m siganis mdinare 120 m simaRlidan vardeba viwro
napralSi, romelic mis kalapots gadakveTs. CanCqeris qvemoT aSe-
nebulia kaSxlebi, hidroeleqtrosadguri da wyalsacavi.

sur. 33.5. CanCqer viqtorias guguni da

gruxuni mravali km-is manZilze ismis.
vardnili wyali asobiT metr simaRleze
isvris wylis uwvrilesi Sxefebis gigan-
tur svetebs. am SxefebSi areklili
mzis sxivebi cisartyelas warmoqmnis
da ulamazes sanaxaobas qmnis. adgilo-
brivi mcxovreblebi CanCqers „mgrgvinav
kvamls“ uwodeben.

mdinare zambezze wyaldidoba zafxulSi icis, zamTarSi ki mdina-

reSi wylis done mkveTrad mcirdeba. qvemo dinebaSi zambezi sanaos-
nod gamoiyeneba. afrikis mniSvnelovani mdinareebia, aseve, oranJi
da limpopo.

sur. 33.6. tugela afrikis umaRlesi da

msoflioSi simaRliT meore CanCqeria
(948 m). igi amave saxelwodebis mdinaris
zemo nawilSi, samxreT afrikis respubli­
kaSi, samefo erovnul parkSi mdebareobs.
CanCqeri, romelic 5 wyalvardnilisagan
Sedgeba, gansakuTrebiT kargad moCans Tav­
sxma wvimebis Semdeg.

davaleba

10. axseni, ratom warmoiqmneba vadebi?

11. rogori kvebis reJimi axasiaTebT afrikis mdinareebs?

168 • Tema 2
 33
davaleba

12. teqstSi mocemuli informaciis da rukebis (sur. 27.1, sur. 32.1, sur. 33.3 da
sur. 33.4) gamoyenebiT Seadare erTmaneTs mdinareebi kongo, nilosi da zambezi.
gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili. afrikis konturul rukaze aRniSne kontinentis
ZiriTadi mdinareebi da gaavle nilosis, kongos da zambezis auzebis sazRvrebi.

dinebis
kvebis
mdinare saTave SesarTavi mimar­ reJimi
wyaro
Tuleba
kongo
nilosi
zambezi
nimuSi
afrikaSi bevri tbaa, romelTa umetesoba kontinentis Sua nawilSi
mdebareobs. maTi qvabulebi sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa. tbebi, romle-
bic aRmosavleT afrikis rRvevaTa zolSi gvxvdeba, wagrZelebuli
formisaa. isini Zalian Rrmaa da Semofarglulia maRali, cicabokal-
Tebiani mTebiT. maT Soris yvelaze didia tanganika da niasa.
tba tanganikas sigane 50-80 km-ia, sigrZe – 650 km. igi msoflios
mtknar tbebs Soris yvelaze grZelia, siRrmis mixedviT ki mxolod
baikals CamorCeba.
farTobis mixedviT, kontinentze udidesi tbaa viqtoria. misi
qvabuli ar mdebareobs narRvevSi, amitom tba Rrma araa – saSualo
siRrme 40 m-ia, xolo udidesi – 80 m. tbis napirebi damrecia da uswor-
masworo. grigalisebri qarebi, romlebic aq tropikul Weqa-quxils
xSirad axlavs, tbaze Zlier Storms warmoSobs.
saharis udabnos samxreTiT, subekva-
torul klimatur sartyelSi, wyalmar-
Cxi (siRrme 4-7 m) Cadis tba mdebareobs.
tbis farTobi da sanapiro zolis moxa-
zuloba periodulad icvleba. wvimebis
periodSi tbis farTobi TiTqmis orjer
izrdeba. tbis sanapiro zoli daWaobebu-
lia. Cadis tba gaudinaria da misi wyali
odnav mlaSea.

sur. 33.7. Cadis tbis zedapiris farTobi sauku-

neebis ganmavlobaSi icvleboda. me-20 saukuneSi ki
TiTqmis ganaxevrda. udidesia tbis ekonomi­kuri 1972 wlis done
mniSvneloba, radgan is misi mosazRvre oTxi qveynis
(Cadi, kameruni, nigeri, nigeria), daaxloebiT, 20 1987 wlis umciresi done

milioni mcxovrebisTvis mtknari wylis erTaderTi

2007 wels mciredi aRdgena
mniSvnelovani wyaroa.

Tema 2 • 169
33
eTiopiis mTianeTSi mdebare tanas tba, romlidanac cisferi
nilosi gamoedineba, vulkanuri warmoSobisaa.

davaleba

13. rogoria afrikis tbebi qvabulebis warmoSobis mixedviT?

14. Cadis tba gaudinaria, Tumca wyali masSi TiTqmis mtknaria. axseni, ratom.
15. rogor fiqrob, ra mniSvneloba aqvs Cadis tbas mosazRvre qveynebis mosaxleo-
bisaTvis?

afrika Zalze mdidaria miwisqveSa wylebiT, romelTac didi mniS-

vneloba aqvT gvalviani regionebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT saharaSi.
udab­noebi mtknari wylis mniSvnelovan marags Seicavs. isini gansa-
kuTrebiT axlosaa dedamiwis daweul ubnebSi – qvabulebsa da mSral
xevebSi. bunebriv wyalsatevebTan, wyaroebTan, WebTan gvxvdeba oazi-
sebi, sadac izrdeba palmebi. morwyul miwaze mohyavT sasoflo-
sameurneo produqti, ewyoba sasmeli wylis Webi saqonlisTvis.

sur. 33.8. saharis udabnoSi, mdinare

nilosis xeobaSi, mdebareobs yve-
laze didi oazisi nafta, sadac daax-
loebiT 35 aTasamde xe izrdeba.

afrikis im adgilebSi, sadac cota naleqi modis, Sida wylebs sar­

wyavad iyeneben. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mdinareebi –
nilosi, nigeri da zambezi. mravali Woromisa da CanCqeris gamo afri-
kis mdinareebi bevr hidroenergias gamoimuSaveben. bevr mdinares da
tbas mimosvlisTvis iyeneben, Tumca Woromebi da CanCqerebi xels
uSlis naosnobas. mdinareebsa da tbebSi bevria Tevzi, romelsac
mosaxleoba sakvebad iyenebs.
afrikaSi mwvaved dgas sufTa wylisa da sanitariis problema. suf-
Ta wyali kontinentze araTanabrad nawildeba.

sur. 33.9. afrikaSi daaxloebiT 340 mil-

ion adamians ar miuwvdeba xeli sufTa
wyalze. bevri adamiani ise cxovrobs da
kvdeba, rom sufTa wyali arc gausin-
javs. mosaxleobam gaunaTleblobis
gamo ar icis, rom nebismieri wyali ar
unda dalios. amis gamo maTi umetesoba
sxvadasxva daavadebiT da mowamvliT
iRupeba.

170 • Tema 2
 33

davaleba

16. afrikis fizikuri (sur. 27.1) da politikuri (sur. 39.1) rukebis mixedviT daad-
gine, romeli qveynebis teritoriaze mdebareobs: tbebi – viqtoria, niasa, tan-
ganika, CanCqeri viqtoria; miedineba mdinare kongo, zambezi, limpopo, oranJi.
17. miuxedavad imisa, rom kontinentze sakmaod bevria mdinare da tba, afrikis
mosaxleoba xSirad ganicdis „wylis SimSils“. rogor fiqrob, ratom dgas mo-
saxleoba am problemis winaSe da ra RonisZiebebi SeiZleba gatardes mis gada-
saWrelad?
18. afrikis konturul rukaze aRniSne kontinentis Sida wylebi: mdinareebi, tbebi,
CanCqerebi.

geografiuli kvleva

afrikis fizikuri (sur. 27.1) da klimaturi (sur. 32.1) rukebisa da damatebiTi in-
formaciis gamoyenebiT, aRwere mdinare nigeri Semdegi gegmis mixedviT: a) afrikis
romel nawilSi mdebareobs; b) sad iwyeba da sad Caedineba; g) romeli mimarTulebiT
miedineba; d) rogoria dinebis xasiaTi reliefidan gamomdinare; e) mdinaris sazr-
dooba; v) reJimi da havaze damokidebuleba; z) romeli qveynebis teritoriebze
miedineba; T) sameurneo gamoyeneba.

es sainteresoa

nilosis saTave inglisis eqspediciam jon spikis meTaurobiT ipova. misi saTavis
aRmoCenisTanave spikma londonSi gaagzavna depeSa, romelsac geografiuli aR-
moCenebis istoriaSi yvelaze mokled Tvlian: „nilosi dadgenilia“.
mdinare kongos okeaneSi yovelwliurad imdeni wyali Caaqvs, ramdenic 15 iseT
mdinares, rogoricaa nilosi.
kongo yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinarea ara marto afrikaSi, aramed mTel aRmosavleT
naxevarsferoSi.
aRmosavleT afrikis rRvevis xazis zonaSi mdebare tbebs – viqtorias, tanga-
nikas, niasas, turkanas, alberts, kivus, eduards – afrikis did tbebs uwodeben.
es teritoria msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia.
mosaxleoba aq 100 mln adamians aWarbebs. afrikis am nawilSi msoflioSi erT-erTi
saukeTeso saZovrebia.
tanganika 1858 wels ingliselma mogzaurebma riCard bertonma da jon spikma
aRmoaCines.
adgilobriv enaze sityva `Cadi~ „wylis did sivrces“, „tbas“ niSnavs.
wylis deficitis problema afrikisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze mwvavea. aq xSirad
SexvdebiT e.w. wylis gamyidvelebs. isini turistebsa da mosaxleobas civ wyals
sTavazoben, romelsac aqlemis tyavisgan damzadebul specialur CanTebSi ina-
xaven.
mdgradi ganviTarebis me-6 mizani wylis mdgradi marTvisa da sanitariuli nor-
mebis dacvis sayovelTao uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobs.

Tema 2 • 171
34
bunebrivi zonebi. notio
ekvatoruli tyeebi

leqsikoni

epifitebi – balaxovani an merqniani mcenareebi, romlebic sxva mcenareebze, ZiriTa-

dad Reroebsa da totebze saxldebian.

gaixsene

1. ra aris bunebrivi zona da romeli bunebrivi zonebi ici?

2. razea damokidebuli bunebrivi zonebis ganlageba?
3. ra TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba ekvatoruli klimaturi sartyeli?

bunebis yvela komponenti urTierTkavSirSia, maTi SexamebiT, ur­­

TierTdamokidebulebiTa da urTierTzemoqmedebiT sxvadasxva bune-
brivi kompleqsi warmoiqmneba. magaliTad, notio ekvatoruli tye,
tropikuli udabnoebi da naxevarudabnoebi da sxv.
afrikaSi, iseve rogorc dedamiwis zogierT sxva teritoriaze,
bunebrivi zonebi zolebis saxiT, umTavresad dasavleTidan aRmo-
savleTiskenaa gadaWimuli.

uxeSfoTlovani da maradmwvane
tye da buCqnari
udabno da naxevarudabno

savana da naTeli tyeebi

musonuri

teniani ekvatoruli tye

maRalmTiani zonebi

sur. 34.1. afrikis buneb­

rivi zonebi

172 • Tema 2
 34

davaleba

1. gaixsene, ra aris ganeduri zonaluroba da afrikis bunebrivi zonebis rukis (sur.

34.1) mixedviT: a) axseni, rogor vrceldeba zonebi afrikaSi; b) daadgine, afrikis
romel nawilSi gamoixateba is ufro mkveTrad da romelSi SedarebiT sustad
da axseni, ra iwvevs am Taviseburebas; g) CamoTvale, romeli bunebrivi zonebia
afrikaSi gavrcelebuli.

ekvatoris orive mxares, mdinare kongos auzSi da gvineis yuris

gaswvriv, maradmwvane notio ekvatoruli tyeebis zona mdebareobs.
es zona ekvatorul klimatur sartyelSia moqceuli.
ekvatoruli tyeebis niadagebi cxeli da teniani havis pirobebSi
warmoiSoba. aq dedaqanebi, iseve rogorc dedamiwis dabali ganede-
bis sxva teritoriebze, mdidaria rkinis naerTebiT, ris gamoc nia-
dagi wiTeli ferisaa. radgan notio ekvatoruli tyeebis niadagebi
mdidaria rkiniTa da aluminiT, maT wiTel-yviTeli feralituri
niadagebi ewodebaT.
wlis ganmavlobaSi uxvi siTbo da naleqi xels uwyobs mravalfe-
rovani mcenareuli safaris arsebobas. maradmwvane teniani ekvato-
ruli tyeebi ramdenime iarusad izrdeba. zeda iaruss qmnian 40-50 m
simaRlis xeebi. isini svetebiviTaa zemoT atyorcnili da iq farTod
gaSlili totebisa da foTlebis xSir varjs qmnian. maTi foTlebi
xeSeSi da mkvrivia, priala, TiTqos galaquli zedapiriT. foTlebis
es Tavisebureba maT Warbi aorTqlebisgan, mzis sxivebis mcxunva-
rebisa da Zlieri Tavsxma wvimebis dros wvimis Wavlis dartymisgan
icavs. qveda iarusis xeebi sxvadasxva simaRlisaa, maTi foTlebi ki
SedarebiT rbili da Txelia.

umaRlesi iarusi,
dominanti xe-mcena-
reebi, 60 m

maRali iarusi, 30-40 m

Sua iarusi, 20-25 m

buCqnari iarusi, 4-6 m

sur. 34.2. notio ekvatorul tyeebs
hileebsac uwodeben. aq xe-mcena-
reebi ramdenime iarusad izrdeba. balaxeuli iarusi, 0.8 m

Tema 2 • 173
 34
ekvatorul tyeSi mzis sxivebi Znelad aRwevs, amitom iq dRisiTac
ki bindia. am tyeebSi bevri epifitia – xavsebi, mRierebi, romlebic
xeebis Reroebsa da totebze cxovroben, gvimrebi, yvavilovani mce-
nareebi, maradmwvane teniani ekvatoruli tyeebi jiSebis mraval-
ferovnebiT gamoirCeva. marto xeTa saxeoba iq 1000-ze metia. tyis
zeda iaruss qmnis fikusi, palma, seiba da sxv. dabal iarusebSi izr-
deba banani, xegvimra, puris xe, kakao, yavis xe da sxv. erTmaneTSi
gadaxlarTuli xviara mcenareebi – lianebi tyes gauvals xdian.
buCqnari da balaxeuli safari ekvatorul tyeebSi naklebadaa gan-
viTarebuli, Camocvenili foTlebi da totebi male ixrwneba.
maradmwvane tenian ekvatorul tyeebSi bevri Zvirfasi mcenare
izrdeba, magaliTad, zeTis palma, abanozis xe, wiTeli xe, xerkina
da sxv.

sur. 34.3. notio ekvatorul tyeebSi – hileebSi – sur. 34.4. zeTis palma tropikuli afrikis
gvxvde­ba lianebi, romlebic gigantur xeebs gars exve- qveynebis erovnuli simdidrea. misi nayofis-
vian. lianebi Cveni planetis yvelaze grZeli mcenaree- gan palmis zeTs iReben.
bia. zogierTi maTganis sigrZe 250-300 m-s aRwevs, maSin
roca misi Reros sigane sul raRac 30 sm-ia. lianebs
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba samSeneblo masalad da sayo­
facxovrebo nivTebis dasamzadeblad iyenebs.

maradmwvane teniani ekvatoruli tyeebis cxovelTa samyaro mdi-

dari da mravalferovania. iq bevri cxoveli xeebze binadrobs. xis
varjze cxovroben maimunebi, maT Soris, Simpanze, gorila, anTari;
miwispira iarusSi gvxvdebian patara Cliqosnebi, tyis funjayuria-
ni Rorebi; wyalTan axlos cxovroben juja behemoTebi, Jirafis
monaTesave okapebi. tyeebSi yvelaze didi mtacebelia avaza. bevria
frinveli, mRrRneli, mweri (xSirad didi zomis).

sur. 34.5. gorilebi ekvatorul tyeebSi

xrovebad cxovroben, romlebsac Zlieri
mamlebi meTauroben. 175 sm simaRlis da
135-180 kg masis gorila oTx fexze dadis.
ikvebeba mcenareTa nayofiT, kenkriT da
sxva. nadirobis Sedegad gorila mraval
adgilas moispo, amitom mas icaven. rukaze
gorilas gavrcelebis arealia naCvenebi.

174 • Tema 2
 34
tyeebSi mravali saxeobis WianWvela gvxvdeba. e.w. momTabare Wian-
Wvelebi grZel kolonebad moZraoben da gzad rac SexvdebaT, yvela-
fers musrs avleben. xeebze da niadagSi saxloben mwerebi – termite-
bi, romlebic mcenareulobis narCenebiT ikvebebian. tyis qveS Zalze
mravalferovani mikrofaunaa, mravladaa uxerxemloebi, gvelebi,
xvlikebi.
ekvatorul tyeebSi cxovelTa didi nawili SeniRbulad cxovrobs,
amitom aq moxvedril adamians cxovelTa samyaro mcirericxovani
eCveneba.
afrikis notio ekvatorul tyeebSi Zvirfasi jiSis xeebis gadaka-
fvisa da miwaTmoqmedebaSi e.w. saaxove sistemis (miwis nakveTze tyis
nakafis dawva da sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis daTesva) arse-
bobis gamo Raribdeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaros saxeobri-
vi Semadgenloba, mcirdeba tyis farTobi, niadagSi iklebs sakvebi
nivTierebebis raodenoba.

davaleba

2. Seadare afrikis bunebrivi zonebisa (sur. 34.1) da klimaturi sartylebis (sur.

32.1) gavrcelebis rukebi. ra daskvnas gamoitan? romel bunebriv zonaSi gadadis
notio ekvatoruli tyeebi da romel klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs isini?
3. axseni, ra TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva afrikis notio ekvatoruli tyeebi da imsje-
le, rogor eguebian garemomcvel bunebriv pirobebs notio ekvatoruli tyeebis
mcenareebi da cxovelebi.
4. Seni azriT, ra rols asrulebs afrikis ekvatoruli tyeebi dedamiwaze?

geografiuli kvleva

warmosaxviT imogzaure mdinare kongos gaswvriv saTavidan SesarTavamde.

a) Seadgine Tan wasaRebi nivTebisa da xelsawyoebis sia;
b) aRwere, rogor amindSi da romel bunebriv zonebSi mogiwevs mogzauroba;
g) daaxasiaTe garemomcveli bunebis Taviseburebebi;
d) imsjele im SesaZlo sirTuleebisa da safrTxeebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mogzauro-
bisas SeiZleba Segxvdes.

es sainteresoa

notio ekvatorul tyeebs hileas an wvimian tyeebsac uwodeben.

ingliselma bunebismetyvelma alfred rasel uolesma, romelic afrikis notio
ekvatorul tyeebs ikvlevda, aRniSna, rom aq 100 sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenaris
povna ufro advilia, vidre erTi saxeobis 100 egzemplaris.
mdgradi ganviTarebis me-15 mizani dedamiwis ekosistemis dacvas, aRdgenas da
mdgrad gamoyenebas, tyeebis gonivrul marTvas, gaudaburebis aRkveTas, niadagis
degradaciis SeCerebas da aRdgena-gaumjobesebas, biomravalferovnebis Senar-
Cunebas exeba.

Tema 2 • 175
35
savanebi da naTeli tyeebi
notio ekvatoruli tyeebi jer cvalebadteniani tyeebiT icvle-
ba, Semdeg ki savanebiTa da naTeli tyeebiT. savana afrikis yvelaze
didi landSafturi zonaa da mas kontinentis TiTqmis 40% ukavia.
savana Taviseburi tropikuli tyestepia, sadac TiTqmis mTeli
mcenareuli safari balaxiTaa warmodgenili da am usazRvro bala­
xeul sivrceSi eulad Tu jgufurad gafantulia foTolmcveni xeebi
da buCqebi, romlebic SeCveulia aqaur sicxes. mcenareebis foTlebi
wvrili, xeSeSi da CamoSvebulia, maTi tani dafarulia sqeli kaniT
(merqniT).
wvimiani periodis dros savana ayvavebulia, buCqebi da tyeebi –
gamwvanebuli; mSral periodSi savanaSi balaxi gadamwvaria, foTlebi
fers kargaven; Warbobs yviTeli da nacrisferi. xSiria xanZari, Weqa-
quxili.

davaleba

1. riT aixsneba ekvatoruli tyeebis savanebiTa da naTeli tyeebiT Secvla?

2. afrikis fizikuri (sur. 27.1) da bunebrivi zonebis (sur. 34.1) rukebis mixedviT
daadgine, sad gadis kontinentze savanebis gavrcelebis sazRvrebi.
3. ratom ukaviaT savanebsa da naTel tyeebs afrikaSi didi farTobebi?

sur. 35.1. savanaSi 5-6 dReSi iseTi cvlilebebi xdeba, rogorsac CvenTan,
zomier sartyelSi, Tve-naxevridan or Tvemde sWirdeba. savanisTvis
damaxasiaTebe­lia xSiri da maRali – 3-5 m-mde simaRlis balaxi.

savanis niadagebi mniSvnelovani nayofierebiT ga­moir­Ceva. ZiriTa-

dad gavrcelebulia wiTeli feralituri da wiTeli-mura niadagebi.
merqniani mcenareebidan savanaSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs
baobabi, qolgisebri akacia, mimoza, palmis zogierTi saxeoba. sava-
nebis SedarebiT gvalvian raionebSi izrdeba aloe, rZiana da sxv.

176 • Tema 2
 35

sur. 35.2. baobabi afrikuli savanebis simbolo da savizito baraTia.

mas savanis „darajsac“ uwodeben. wvimian periodSi igi gaSlili tote-
biT da wvrili, Ria mwvane foTlebiT gamoirCeva, mSral periodSi ki
– SiSvldeba. varaudoben, rom igi 4-5 aTasi weli cocxlobs. baobabis
simaRle iSviaTad aRemateba 25 m-s, samagierod, diametri 10-12 m-s
aR­wevs. misi merqani gaJRenTilia wyliT, riTac is mSral periodSi
sazrdoobs. baobabis mteri spiloa, romelic mis tenian kans etaneba,
xolo misi nayofiT maimunebi ikvebebian. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
baobabis sqeli qerqisgan boWkos iRebs da Tokebsa da uxeS qsovilebs
amzadebs, nayofis wvnian momJavo rbilobs ki sakvebad iyenebs.

afrikis savana cxovelTa mravalferovnebiT da simravliT ga­­

moir­­Ceva da erT-erTi unikaluri zonaa msoflioSi. balaxeuli safa-
ri savanaSi Tavs uyris balaxismWamel cxovelTa udides nawils, maT
Soris, antilopebis araerT saxeobas (antilopa gnu da sxv.), zebras,
kameCs, martorqas, spilos, Jirafs. bevria mtacebeli cxoveli –
lomi, gepardi, leopardi, tura, afTari da a.S. wyalSi binadrobs
behemoTi da aseve, niangi.

sur. 35.3. zebra afrikis savanebis binadaria da

mxolod am kontinentze gvxvdeba. buzi cece
mas zians ver ayenebs, amitom zogierT raionSi
zebras aSinaureben da cxenis magivradac ki
iyeneben.

afrikis savanebSi bevri frinvelia. maT Soris yvelaze pataraa

lamazi meneqtre, xolo yvelaze didi – morbenali siraqlema. wyal-
Tan axlos uxvadaa wylis moyvaruli frinveli – flamingo, yaryati,
yajari da marabu, romelic mxolod afrikaSi gvxvdeba.

sur. 35.4. marabus kiseri da Tavi

dafarulia Txeli bumbuliT, niskarti
masiuri aqvs. igi saocrad Rormucela
frinvelia, amitom dasaxlebuli pun-
qtebis axlomaxlo saxldeba da saWmlis
narCene­biT ikvebeba. rukaze naCvenebia
marabus gavrcelebis areali.

Tema 2 • 177
35
savanebSi Zalian bevri termitia. maTi miwis budeebi xSirad balax-
ze maRalia. didi ziani moaqvs buz ceces. misi nakbeni msxvilfexa
rqosani pirutyvisa da cxenisTvis sasikvdiloa, adamianebSi ki –
Zilis avadmyofobas iwvevs, romelsac aTasobiT adamiani Seewira.
axla am avadmyofobis sawinaaRmdegod acrebs atareben.

sur. 35.5. termitebis 2600-mde

saxeoba 6 ojaxSi erTiandeba.
maTi budeebi mravalfero-
vania, rogorc formis, ise
zomis mixedviT; zogier­Ti
tropikuli saxeobis termi­
tebis budis simaRle 15 m-s
aRwevs. termitebi Slian
merqansa da sxva masalas, azi-
aneben sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebs.

warsulSi afrikis kontinentze savanas SedarebiT naklebi adgili

ekava. dRes savanebis farTobi gaizarda. misi didi nawili adamianis
mier gaCexili tyis adgilas gaCnda.
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba savanebs saZovrebad iyenebs, ris gamoc
es zona unayofo da udabur teritoriad gadaiqca.

davaleba

4. afrikis bunebrivi zonebisa (sur. 34.1) da klimaturi sartylebis (sur. 32.1) ruke-
bis gamoyenebiT daadgine, romel klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs savanebisa da
naTeli tyeebis zona da rogori klimaturi pirobebiT xasiaTdeba igi.
5. daasaxele savanebis ori ZiriTadi Tavisebureba.
6. Seadare erTmaneTs savanebisa da notio ekvatoruli tyeebis zonebis mdinareTa
reJimi. amisTvis SearCie Sesadarebeli niSnebi da axseni gansxvavebis mizezebi.
7. afrikis bunebrivi zonebis (sur. 34.1) da politikuri rukebis (sur. 39.1) mixed-
viT daadgine, romeli qveynebis teritoriaze vrceldeba savanebisa da naTeli
tyeebis zona.

es sainteresoa

savanis cxovelTa umetesobas grZeli fexebi an frTebi aqvT, rac maT Sor manZilze
gadaadgilebaSi exmareba.
afrikuli savanebis spilo yvelaze didi ZuZumwovaria dedamiwaze. igi TiTqmis
4 m simaRlisaa da 10 tonas iwonis.

178 • Tema 2
 36
tropikuli udabnoebi da
naxevarudabnoebi, subtropikebi

leqsikoni

barxani – qaris mier motanili da mcenareebiT gaumagrebeli fxvieri qviSis borcvi

diuna – qaris mier dagrovili qviSis borcvi. udabnos barxanisagan gansxvavebiT,
misi qarpira Sezneqili kalTa damrecia, qarzurga gamozneqili kalTa – cicabo.

gaixsene

1. riT xasiaTdeba tropikuli klimaturi sartyeli?

2. ras ewodeba gamofitva, samumi, oazisi?

afrikaSi, savanebis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, did teritoriaze

tropikuli udabnoebi da naxevarudabnoebi vrceldeba. aq ar aris
myari naleqebis sezoni. modis mxolod araregularuli, epizodu-
ri wvimebi, isic mxolod zogierT raionSi da ramdenime weliwadSi
erTxel. am zonisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mSrali haeri, dRisiT maRa-
li, saRamos SedarebiT dabali temperatura da qviSiani qariSxlebi.
CrdiloeT afrikaSi udidesi farTobi udabnoebs ukavia, aq mde-
bareobs dedamiwis udidesi udabno sahara.

davaleba

1. ra ganapirobebs savanebisa da naTeli tyeebis tropikuli udabnoebisa da naxe-

varudabnoebis zonaSi gadasvlas?

naleqebis wliuri raodenoba saharaSi, TiTqmis yvelgan, 50 mm-ze

naklebia, zogierT Sida raionSi ki naleqi ramdenime weliwadi saer-
Tod ar modis. aq iSviaTia Rrublebi, amitom dedamiwis zedapiri mzis
sxivebiT Zalian xurdeba. zafxulSi, dRisiT, haeris temperatura
CrdilSi +400-s aRwevs.

sur. 36.1. dedamiwis udidesi udabno sahara atlantis okea-

nidan wiTel zRvamde vrceldeba. misi reliefis udidesi
nawili vakea, mxolod centralur da aRmosavleT nawilebSi
aRmarTulia ahagaris da tibestis mTianeTebi. saharaSi ada-
miani dRisiT sicxiT, RamiT ki siciviT itanjeba. saharaSi
mzis sxivebisgan dasacavad adgilobrivi mosaxleoba grZel,
Tavisu­fal tansacmels xmarobs.

Tema 2 • 179
36
temperaturis didi dReRamuri da wliuri amplituda Zlier fi­­
zikur gamofitvas iwvevs. temperaturis mkveTri cvlilebis gamo,
qanebi skdeba, iSleba da qvebis, RorRisa da qviSis grovebad iqceva.
saharaSi uzarmazari farTobi swor da qvebiT mofenil sivrceebs –
qvian udabnoebs – ukavia, romlebic Tixian, diunebian da barxanebian
qviSian udabnoebTan monacvleoben.
tropikuli udabnos niadagebi sustadaa ganviTarebuli, masSi
neSompala TiTqmis saerTod ar aris.

sur. 36.2. udabnos mcenareulobas

kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli fesvTa
sistema, romliTac isini didi siR-
rmeebidan da vrceli farTobebidan
iReben wyals. bevr mcenares Zalian
patara foTlebi an eklebi ezrdeba,
riTac isini amaorTqlebel zedapirs
amcireben da Sesabamisad, nakleb tens
aorTqleben.

saharis mcenareuli safari Zalze Raribi da Taviseburia. aqa-iq

calkeul jgufebad balaxi da ekliani buCqnari izrdeba. udabnoSi
gavrcelebulia mRierebi, abzinda, saqsauli.
did wyaroebTan da mdinareTa xeobebSi, sadac gruntis wylebi
axlosaa zedapirTan, mcenareuloba viTardeba da oazisebi warmoi-
qmneba. oazisebi mravladaa saharaSi, magaliTad, kufris, Tajarhis,
el-xargis, daxlis da sxv. maTi teritoria mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli.
oazisebSi xarobs leRvi, akacia, Tumca yvelaze gavrcelebuli mce-
narea finikis palma.

sur. 36.3. finikis palma oazisebis

mTavari mcenarea. mas sakvebad, sam­
Seneblo masalad iyeneben. erTi xe
weliwadSi 40 kg-ze met nayofs iZleva
da TiTqmis 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi nay-
ofis momcemia. wvniani finikisgan e.w.
finikis Tafls amzadeben, Teslisgan
ki – yavas. finikis palmas „udabnos
dedofals“ uwodeben.

cxovelTa samyaroc Seguebulia udabnos havas. isini asobiT kilo-

metrs gadian wylisa da sakvebis ZebnaSi. aq mravlad arian mRrRnele-
bi, qvewarmavlebi da mwerebi. udabnos ganapira adgilebSi gvxvdeba
afTari, lomi.

180 • Tema 2
 36

davaleba

2. rogor eguebian mcenareebi da cxovelebi udabnos bunebriv pirobebs?

samxreT afrikaSi, atlantis okeanis sanapiroze, mdebareobs udab­

no namibi, xolo Sida raionSi – udabno kalahari.

sur. 36.4. mcenare velviCia mxolod samxreT-

dasavleT afrikaSi, namibiisa da kalaharis udab-
noebSi izrdeba. mas grZeli da mZlavri fesvi
aqvs, romelic niadagSi Rrmad eSveba. 1.2 m sigrZis
dabali Reros didi nawili niadagSia Casuli, miwis
zemoT ki mxolod 50 sm-ia. Rero wverSi unagiriviT
izniqeba da masze ori, 3 m-mde sigrZis foToli
viTardeba. velviCia 100 welze mets cocxlobs da
foTlebsac bolomde inarCunebs.

afrikaSi udabnoebis farTobi yovelwliurad izrdeba da savanas

utevs.
samxreT afrikis udabnoebi aRmosavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT naxe-
varudabnoebSi gadadian, sadac izrdeba ekliani baliDSa mcenareebi,
aseve rZiana, aloe, veluri sazamTro da sxv.
kontinentis ukidures CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebSi, xmelTaSua
zRvis subtropikuli klimatis olqebSi, vrceldeba subtropikuli
xeSeSfoTliani maradmwvane tyeebisa da buCqnarebis zona, rome-
lic mSrali cxeli zafxuliTa da teniani Tbili zamTriT xasiaTdeba.
klimaturi pirobebi maradmwvane mcenareulobis ganviTarebas uwyobs
xels. am mcenareebs xeSeSi foTlebi aqvT, bevri maTgani eklebiTaa
dafaruli. bunebriv zonaSi gavrcelebulia yavisferi niadagi.

sur. 36.5. amJamad subtropikuli xeSeSfoT-

liani maradmwvane tyeebisa da buCqnarebis
zonis buneb­rivi mcenareuli safari Zlier
saxeSecvlilia. teritoriis did nawilze
gaSe­nebulia venaxebi, baRebi, parkebi.

davaleba

3. ra kanonzomiereba SeiniSneba afrikis bunebrivi zonebis ganlagebaSi da riTaa

es ganpirobebuli?
4. axseni, ratom ukavia udabnoebs samxreT afrikaSi ufro naklebi farTobi Crdi-
loeTTan SedarebiT?
5. ratom aris subtropikebSi gavrcelebuli xeSeSfoTliani maradmwvane tyeebi da
buCqnarebi?

Tema 2 • 181
36

davaleba

6. rogor fiqrob, romel bunebriv zonaSi mimdinareobs fizikur-geografiuli da

nivTierebaTa wrebrunvis procesebi intensiurad da romelSi – SedarebiT nela?
7. gadaixaze da Seavse sqema: afrikis bunebrivi zonebi

bunebrivi zona niadagi mcenareuloba cxovelTa samyaro

nimuSi
8. romel rukebs gamoiyeneb kunZul madagaskaris geografiuli daxasiaTebisTvis
da ra monacemebs moiZieb TiToeuli maTganidan?

geografiuli kvleva

riT hgvanan erTmaneYTs da riT gansxvavdebian afrikis udabnoebi?

warmoidgine, rom monawileob eqspediciaSi, romelic afrikis udabnoebis Tavise-
burebebs ikvlevs. gamoiyene naswavli masala, Tematuri rukebi, damatebiTi infor-
macia da daadgine afrikis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi naxevarsferoebis udabnoebis
msgavseba-gansxvaveba.
muSaobis etapi:
a) Seadare erTmaneTs saharisa da kalaharis geografiuli mdebareoba, farTobi,
klimati, mcenareuloba, reliefi da adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba.
b) saharisagan gansxvavebiT, kalaharis udabnoSi weliwadSi 500 mm-mde naleqi modis,
amitomac aq mcenareuloba ufro mravalferovania – izrdeba akaciebi, veluri
sazamTro da sxv. axseni, ratom modis meti naleqi kalahariSi.
g) daadgine, romeli qveynebis teritoriaze vrceldeba sahara.
d) axseni, ra mizezebi iwvevs saharis udabnos zrdas da ra Sedegebi mohyveba am mov­
lenas.
e) rogor fiqrob, ra unda gakeTdes, rom Semcirdes udabnoebis mier savanebis „mi-
tacebis“ procesi?

es sainteresoa

afrikis kontinentze udabnoebsa da naxevarudabnoebsac TiTqmis imdenive far-

Tobi ukaviaT, ramdenic savanebsa da naTel tyeebs, amitom mas savanebisa da udab­
noebis kontinentsac uwodeben.
saharis udabnos mxolod 20%-ia qviSiani, danarCen teritoriaze ki qviani da
Tixiani udabnoebia.
udabno namibi yvelaze Zveli udabnoa dedamiwaze. misi saxeli adgilobrivi, namas
xalxis enidan warmodgeba da niSnavs `adgils, sadac araferia~. samagierod aq
naxavT msoflioSi yvelaze maRal diunebs, romelTa simaRle 300 m-s aRwevs.
moZrav diunebsa da barxanebs didi ziani moaqvT, radgan qviSis didi masebi ada-
mianis mier keTilmowyobil teritoriebs (mindvrebs, baRebs da a.S.) faraven.

182 • Tema 2
 37
afrikis ekologiuri
problemebi da bunebis dacva

afrikis kontinentis bunebis ekologiur mdgomareobaze araerT-

ma faqtorma moaxdina zegavlena, maT Soris SegviZlia davasaxe-
loT mosaxleobis zrdis sakmaod maRali tempi, rasac Tan axlavs
sasoflo­-sameurneo da sasaZovre teritoriebis zrda; aseve aRsa-
niSnavia qalaqebis zrdis tempi, bunebrivi pirobebisa da resursebis
araracionalurad gamoyeneba.
afrikaSi mniSvnelovani ekologiuri problemebia, maT Soris, nia-
dagebis nayofierebis Semcireba, eroziis procesis daCqareba, wylis
deficitis zrda, zedapiruli wylebisa da haeris xarisxis gauarese-
ba, maradmwvane tropikuli tyeebis gaCexa, mcenareuli da cxovelTa
samyaros saxeobebis Semcireba, zogjer ki saerTod gaqroba.
afrikaSi mosaxleobas did problemebs uqmnis infeqciuri daa-
vadeba tropikuli malaria, romelic umetesad saharis udabnos
samxreTiT mdebare qveynebSia gavrcelebuli. daavadebis gavrceleba
dakavSirebulia maTi gadamtanis – mdedri koRo anofelesis bina-
drobis arealTan da es ZiriTadad teniani da cxeli klimatis mqone
teritoriebia. janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT,
2017 wels msoflioSi malariiT daavadebulTa 92% da gardacvlilTa
93% afrikis regionze modioda.

malariis gavrcelebis areali

areali, sadac malaria nawilobriv
aRmofxvrilia
areali, sadac malaria ar
aris gavrcelebuli

sur. 37.1. malariis gavrcelebis

geografia afrikaSi

davaleba

1. sur. 37.1-isa da afrikis politikuri rukis (sur.39.1) mixedviT daadgine, romel

qveynebSia malaria gavrcelebuli.

Tema 2 • 183
37
ekologiuri problemebis simwvave upirvelesad dakavSirebulia
afrikis qveynebis dabal socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan.
xSirad ganviTarebuli samyarodan afrikis kontinentze gadmodis
e.w. binZuri warmoeba. mosaxleobis kvebis produqtiT uzrunvelyo-
fis mizniT sul ufro da ufro izrdeba saxnav-saTesi farTobi da
saqonlis suladoba.
afrikis ekologiur problemebs Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelova-
nesia sahelis problema.
saheli naxevarudabnoebis gardamavali zonaa udabnodan savane­
bisken. zonis CrdiloeTSi naleqebis wliuri raodenoba 100-200 mm-ia,
samxreTiT es maCvenebeli 600 mm-s Seadgens. saSualo wliuri tempe-
ratura aq +27-+290 C-ia. zafxulis teniani periodi ar aris xangr-
Zlivi, mosuli naleqis 80-90% orTqldeba, mSrali sezoni 8-10 Tvis
ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.

sur. 37.2. sahelis zona afrikis kontinentis

CrdiloeT nawilSi, atlantis okeanidan
wiTel zRvamdea gadaWimuli. arabulad sity-
va „saheli“ zRvis napirs niSnavs.

davaleba

2. sur. 37.2-isa da afrikis politikuri (sur. 39.1, danarTi 4) rukebis gamoyenebiT

daadgine, romeli qveynebis teritoriebs moicavs saheli.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi afrikaSi mosaxleobis ZiriTad sameur-

neo saqmianobas momTabare an naxevradmomTabare mecxoveleoba war-
moadgenda. tenian periodSi saqonels sahelis CrdiloeT raioneb-
Si aZoveben, mSral periodSi ki samxreTisken erekebian. saZovrebis
aseTma gamoyenebam udidesi ziani miayena ekologiur wonasworobas
da daarRvia igi, rac udabnoebis farTobebis zrdasa da samxreTiT

184 • Tema 2
 37
gadmonacvlebaSi (weliwadSi TiTqmis 10 km-iT) gamoixata. am process
gaudabnoeba hqvia. gaudabnoebam gamoiwvia SedarebiT mSrali miwe-
bis udabnod gadaqceva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovnad gaaxSira
gvalva, romelsac axlavs mousavlianoba, cxovelebis masobrivi
gawyveta da adamianTa msxverplic ki.

sur. 37.3. gaudabnoebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi faqtorebi da mizezebi

gaudabnoeba

ZiriTadi faqtorebi da mizezebi

bunebrivi anTropogenuri

araxelsayreli meteopirobebi
tyeebis gaCexa
(xangrZlivi gvalvebi)

niadagis damlaSeba saZovrebis araswori gamoyeneba

susti niadagis siWarbe, moZravi qviSebis

warmoSoba, udabnoebis teritoriebis intensiuri xvna-Tesva
zrda

wylis araracionaluri gamoyeneba,

miwisqveSa wylebis donis daweva
gruntis wylebis donis daweva

qarismieri da wylismieri erozia mSrali balaxis gadawva

afrikis teritoriaze msoflio tyeebis 17% mdebareobs. meur-

neobis arasworad warmoebam, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis
zrdam, Zvirfasmerqniani xeebis gamoyenebis mizniT tyeebis gaCexam
da gadawvam katastrofulad Seamcira tyis farTobi kontinentze.
afrikam dakarga sanapiro zolSi arsebuli maradmwvane tropikuli
tyeebis TiTqmis 90%. magaliTad, madagaskarze maradmwvane tropiku-
li tyeebi kunZulis mxolod mcire nawilSi, aRmosavleT regionSi
SemorCa.

davaleba

3. imsjele, ra Sedegebi mohyveba afrikaSi tropikuli tyeebis farTobebis Semci-

rebas.

Tema 2 • 185
37
afrikis bunebas gansakuTrebiT didi ziani evropelma koloniza-
torebma miayenes. maTi usistemo nadirobis Sedegad, bevri cxoveli
mTlianad moispo da gadaSenda, xolo sxvebis raodenoba Zlier Sem-
cirda.
sur. 37.4. kvaga – dablobebis zebris gadaSenebuli saxeoba – sam­­x­reT afri-
kaSi binadrobda. mravali wlis win aTi aTasobiT kvaga mdinare limpopos
napirebze cxovrobda, magram XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi holandielma kolo-
nizatorebma maTi saZovrebi saxnav-saTes miwebad gadaaqcies da kvagas
raodenobac TandaTan Semcirda. marTalia, kvagas xorci arcTu ise kargi
gemoTi gamoirCeoda, magram maT tyavs qamrebis dasamzadeblad iyenebdnen.
garda amisa, fermerebi kvagas Sinauri cxovelebis konkurentebad miiC-
nevdnen da amitom umowyalod xocavdnen. am saxeobis ukanaskneli warmo-
madgenlebi 1880 wels gaanadgures.

afrikis erT-erTi umTavresi problema mtknari wylis deficitia.

mis aRmosafxvrelad araerTi proeqtia SemuSavebuli. magaliTad,
erT-erTi maTgani mdinare kongos wylis saharaSi gadasrolas da iq
ramdenime wyalsacavis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs. wyalsacavebis mowyoba
aseve dagegmilia mdinareebze – nilossa da zambezze.
bunebis dacvis obieqtebi afrikis kontinentze jer kidev XIX sa­­
ukuneSi gaCnda. pirveli daculi teritoria – pongolas nakrZali –
samxreT afrikis teritoriaze 1894 wels Seiqmna, pirveli erovnuli
parki – 1925 wels. dRes es parki cnobilia virungis erovnuli parkis
saxeliT.

erovnuli parkebi
nakrZalebi

sur. 37.5. afrikis nakr-

Zalebi da erovnuli
parkebi

davaleba

4. sur. 37.5-isa da afrikis politikuri rukis (sur. 39.1; danarTi 4) mixedviT daad-
gine, afrikis romeli qveynebi gamoirCeva erovnuli parkebisa da nakrZalebis
raodenobiT. rogor fiqrob, ram ganapiroba am qveynebSi daculi teritoriebis
siuxve?

186 • Tema 2
 37
erovnuli parkebis raodenobiT aRmosavleT afrikis qveynebi
gamoirCeva. aq pirveloba ekuTvnis kenias, sadac 23 erovnuli parki
moqmedebs, romlebsac qveynis teritoriis 16% ukaviaT.

sur. 37.6. keniis teritoriis samxreT nawilSi

mdebareobs cavos erovnuli parki, romelic
erT-erTi uZvelesi da udidesi parkia ara marto
qveynis teritoriaze, aramed mTel kontinentze.
igi gadaWimulia 2.1 mln heqtarze. aq daculia
kameCi, martorqa, Jirafi, mravali saxeobis anti-
lopa, 450-ze meti saxeobis frinveli. parki gan-
sakuTrebiT cnobilia spiloebis jogebiT.

sur. 37.7. serengetis erovnuli parki tanzani­

a­Si mdebareobs. misi farTobi 14 763 km 2-ia.
parki cnobilia misi binadari milion-naxevari
wverebiani gnusa da 250 000 zebris yovelwli-
uri migraciiT. parki veluri bunebis erT-erT
saukeTeso nakrZalia afrikaSi, rac ganpirobe-
bulia upirveles yovlisa aq gavrcelebuli
cxovele­bis simravliT. parkSi warmodgenilia
400-ze meti saxeobis frinveli. parki ZiriTadad
moicavs rogorc balaxian vakeebsa da savanebs,
ise mdinaris Walebsa da tyian teritoriebs.

davaleba

5. raSi mdgomareobs afrikis ZiriTadi ekologiuri problemebi? Seni azriT, ra

aris am problemebis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi?
6. SeiZleba Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom stiqiuri movlenebis warmoqmna da gavrce-
leba umetesad adamianis sameurneo saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli? moiyvaneT
magaliTebi, romlebic mowmoben afrikis bunebis Secvlas adamianis saqmianobis
Sedegad.
7. romeli bunebrivi zonaa yvelaze metad xelsayreli soflis meurneobis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis?
8. Seni azriT, rogor Seicvleba afrikis bunebrivi zonebis sazRvrebi, Tu ar ga-
tardeba garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebi?

Tema 2 • 187
37

geografiuli kvleva

rogor aisaxeba adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba afrikis bunebriv zonebze?

warmoidgine, rom Sen im mecnierTa jgufis wevri xar, romelic ikvlevs adamianis
sameurneo saqmianobis gavlenas afrikis bunebaze:
a) CamoTvale, romeli Tematuri rukebi da ra damatebiTi informacia dagWirdeba
sakvlev kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad;
b) gamoiyene naswavli masala, afrikis Tematuri rukebi, moiZie damatebiTi infor-
macia, Seadgine angariSi „afrikis bunebis cvlilebis Sedegebi“ da warmoadgine
cxrilis saxiT:

sameurneo sameurneo
bunebrivi zonis garemosdacviTi
saqmianobis saqmianobis
dasaxeleba RonisZiebebi
saxe Sedegi

nimuSi

proeqti

moiZie informacia:
a) afrikis romeli nakrZalebi da erovnuli parkebi sargebloben msoflioSi popu-
larobiT?
b) afrikis romeli bunebrivi obieqtebi Sedis iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis
siaSi?
g) moamzade sareklamo turistuli bukleti (broSura, posteri, infografika)
afrikis romelime qveynis im bunebrivi Zeglebis, erovnuli parkis, nakrZalis
Sesaxeb, romlebic Sesulia iuneskos msoflios memkvidreobis siaSi.

es sainteresoa

me-20 s-is 70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, adamianma dedamiwaze cxovelTa saxeobe-

bis 60% gaanadgura.
janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT, dedamiwis 2 miliardze met
binadars malariiT daavadebis safrTxe emuqreba. malariiT yovelwliurad 300-
dan 500 milionamde adamiani avaddeba da 1-dan 3 milionamde iRupeba, ZiriTadad
tropikuli malariiT, maTgan 1-1.5 milioni mcirewlovani bavSvia. dasavleT
afrikis teritoriaze yovel erT wuTSi malariiT erTi bavSvi iRupeba.
Cveni planetis erT-erTi yvelaze dabinZurebuli da saSiSi adgili afrikis sa­­
xelmwifos, ganas dedaqalaqis, akras erT-erTi raionia – agbogbloSi. aq mTeli
msofliodan CamoaqvT eleqtronuli nagavi: damtvreuli televizorebi, kompiu-
terebi, mobiluri telefonebi, printerebi da sxva teqnika. niadagsa da haerSi
xvdeba vercxliswyali, marilmJava, dariSxani, mZime liTonebi, tyviis mtveri da
sxva damabinZureblebi, romelTa Semcveloba 100-jer da metad aRemateba dasaS-
veb normas. am qalaqis mcxovrebTa saSualo asaki 12-20 welia.

188 • Tema 2
 38
mosaxleoba
gaixsene

1. ras vuwodebT mosaxleobas, mosaxleobis simWidroves, urbanizacias?

2. ra aris rasa, ra niSnebis mixedviT da ramden ZiriTad rasad iyofa kacobrioba?

arqeologiuri masala mowmobs, rom afrika dasaxlebulia uZve-

lesi droidan. mecnierTa nawili fiqrobs, rom swored afrikis kon-
tinentze gaCnda pirveli adamiani.
afrikaSi 1.2 mlrd-ze meti adamiani cxovrobs, rac mTeli deda-
miwis mosaxleobis 16%-s Seadgens. mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixed­
viT, kontinenti meore adgilzea aziis Semdeg.

sur. 38.1. afrikis mosaxleobis dinamika 1960-2016 wlebSi

mosaxleobis
weli
ricxovnoba
1960 275 mln

1970 356 mln

1980 475 mln

1990 648 mln

2000 784 mln

2010 1.1 mlrd

2016 1.2 mlrd

davaleba

1. sur. 38.1-is mixedviT gamoTvale, ramdenjer gaizarda afrikis kontinentze mo-

saxleoba 1960-2016 wlebSi.
2. ratom izrdeba afrikis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba swrafad da ra saxis problemebi
warmoiqmneba zrdis aseTi tempebis Sedegad?

afrikaSi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba Zalian swrafad izrdeba. kon-

tinentis aseTi demografiuli mdgomareoba imiT aixsneba, rom afri-
kis qveynebis umetesobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sobadobis maRali
an Zalian maRali maCveneblebi da sikvdilianobis SedarebiT dabali
done, rac bunebrivia, iwvevs mosaxleobis swraf zrdas. Sobadobis
zrdis maRali tempi ganpirobebulia afrikis qveynebSi bevri faqto-
riT, maT Soris, adre qorwinebisa da mravalSvilianobis tradiciiT,
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali doniT, religiuri
faqtoriT da sxv.

Tema 2 • 189
38
afrikis mosaxleoba araTanabradaa ganawilebuli, rac kontinen-
tis bunebrivi pirobebis TaviseburebebiT aixsneba. kontinentze
mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove 1 km2-ze 13 adamiania. yvelaze mWid­
rod dasaxlebulia gvineis yurisa da xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebi,
maT Soris, mdinare nilosis delta, sadac mosaxleobis simWidrove
­­1 km2-ze 1000 adamianze metia.

0-9
10-24
25-49
50-74
75-99
100-149
150-299
sur. 38.2. afrikis mosaxleo-
300+
bis simWidrove (kaci/km 2)

davaleba

3. sur. 38.2#-isa da afrikis politikuri rukis (sur. 39.1, danarTi 4) mixedviT daad-
gine, afrikis romel qveynebSia mosaxleobis simWidrove maRali da dabali; riT
aixsneba mosaxleobis araTanabari ganawileba?

afrikis kontinentze samive ZiriTadi rasis xalxebi cxovroben –

evropeiduli, ekvatoruli da mongolodiuri.
kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi afrikis aborigeni mosaxleoba –
berberebi da aziidan gadmosaxlebuli arabebi cxovroben. arabebi
evropeiduli rasis samxreT Stos miekuTvnebian da umetesad arabul
enaze laparakoben.
kontinentis umetesi nawili, saharidan ukidures samxreTamde
negroidebiTaa dasaxlebuli. negroidebi Zalian gansxvavdebian erT-
maneTisgan saxis nakvTebiT, Tavis formiT, kanis feriT, simaRliT,
amitom isini ramdenime jgufad iyofian. samxreT afrikis udabnoeb-
sa da naxevarudabnoebSi buSmenebi da hotentotebi cxovroben,
romelTac moyviTalo feris kani da farTo saxe aqvT.
afrikis ekvatorul tyeebSi cxovroben pigmeebi, romelTa saSua-
lo simaRle 140-150 sm-ia. maT, sxva negroidebTan SedarebiT, ufro
Ria feris kani aqvT. pigmeebi naxevrad momTabare cxovrebas ewevian.
tye maTTvis saxlicaa da arsebobis aucilebeli wyaroc. isini misde-
ven nadirobas, risTvisac Subsa da isars iyeneben, aseve nayofisa da
sakvebi mcenareebis, veluri Taflis Segrovebas. pigmeebi marjved
daZvrebian xeebze da advilad ikvleven gzas gauval ekvatorul
tyeebSi.

190 • Tema 2
 38

sur. 38.3. pigmeebi Tavian sacxovrebels –

totebisgan gakeTebul qoxebs – ostatu-
rad malaven xeebs Soris, amitomac maTi
soflebi Znelad SesamCnevia. qoxebi wriu-
li formisaa da maT qalebi aSeneben.

mdinare nilosis zemo da Sua dinebis auzsa da didi tbebis mxa-

reSi nilotis tomebi saxloben. maT Zalian muqi, TiTqmis Savi kani
da SedarebiT viwro cxviri aqvT. nilotebi yvelaze maRali xalxia
afrikaSi. isinic, pigmeebis msgavsad, momTabared cxovroben. rogorc
ki wvimebis sezoni daiwyeba, nilotebi sofelSi brundebian da miwas
amuSaveben. moyvanil mosavals Signidan TixiT amolesil, Calis
Tavsaxurian kalaTebSi inaxaven, romlebsac mRrRnelebisgan dacvis
mizniT erTi metri simaRlis boZze dgamen.

sur. 38.4. nilotebs Zalian uyvarT

morTulobebi – brWyviala mZivebi,
samajurebi, sartylebi. isini tans
JangmiwiT wiTlad iRebaven.

sur. 38.5. masai afrikis naxevrad momTabare adgilobrivi mosax-

leobaa, romelic keniis samxreTsa da tanzaniis CrdiloeTSi,
savanebSi cxovrobs. miuxedavad Tanamedrove civilizaciis gan-
viTarebisa, maT praqtikulad mTlianad SeinarCunes TavianTi
cxovrebis wesi, mravali tradicia da rituali, romelTa Soris
yvelaze cnobilia mamakacebis `naxtomTa cekva~. masais tomis
qalebi gadaparsuli TaviT da mkveTri feris samosiT gamoirCe-
vian.

eTiopiis mTianeTi dasaxlebulia eTiopielebiT, romlebic ev­­

ro­­peidul da negroidul rasebs Soris gardamavalni arian. isi-
ni nakvTebiT evropelebs hgvanan, xolo kanis feriT – negroidebs,
magram SedarebiT Ria feris kani aqvT.
kunZul madagaskarze malagasielebi cxovroben, romlebic mon-
goloiduri da negroiduli rasebis SereviT warmoiSvnen.

davaleba

4. moiZie informacia afrikaSi mcxovrebi romelime xalxis Sesaxeb, moamzade pre-

zentacia da gaacani megobrebs.

Tema 2 • 191
38
evropeiduli mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, kargi klimaturi pirobebis
mqone raionebSi cxovrobs da kontinentis mosaxleobis mcire nawils
warmoadgens. afrikis CrdiloeT nawilSi, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapi-
roze, frangebi cxovroben, xolo ukidures samxreTSi – samxreT
afrikis respublikaSi – burebi (niderlandidan gadmosaxlebulTa
STamomavalni), ingliselebi da sxv.
afrikis xalxebis TiToeul jgufs Tavisi salaparako ena aqvs.
saharis samxreTiT mcxovrebi negroidebi sudanur enaze saubroben,
centraluri, samxreTi da nawilobriv, aRmosavleT afrikis xalxebi
ki – bantus enebze.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50

0 0
30 30

0 0
20 20
a

0 0
10 10
t

l
a
0 0
0 n 0
t
i afro-aziuri
nilos-saharis
s

0 0
10 10
nigeriul-kongouri
o

xiosuri
k

avstroneziuli
s

0 0
20 20
e a T i
e

indoevropuli
n e
e
a

d o

0 0 meCxrad dasaxlebuli teritoriebi

n

30 30
o k
n
i
e

0 337.5 675 1,350 2,025 2,700

sur. 38.6. enobrivi ojaxebis geografia afri-
km

kaSi
0 0
40 40
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

davaleba

5. sur. 38.6#-isa da afrikis politikuri rukis (sur. 39.1, danarTi 4) mixedviT daad-
gine, afrikis romel qvey­nebSi romeli enobrivi ojaxebis enebia gavrcelebuli.

mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv, afrikis kontinentis xuTi udi-

desi qveyanaa: nigeria (174.5 mln), eTiopia (99.9 mln), egvipte (85.3
mln), kongos demokratiuli respublika (75.5 mln), samxreT afrikis
respublika (48.6 mln).
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi afrika „sasoflo“ kontinentad iyo
miCneuli, Tumca me-20 saukunis meore naxevridan situacia mkveTrad
Seicvala. 1980 wels qalaqebSi mTeli kontinentis mosaxleobis 28%
cxovrobda, dRes ki es maCvenebeli 45%-ze metia. marTalia, kon-
tinentebs Soris afrika yvelaze naklebad urbanizebulia, Tumca
urbanizaciis zrdis tempi aq yvelaze maRalia.

192 • Tema 2
 38

0 - 20 %

21 - 40 %

41 - 60 %

61 - 80 %

80 - 100 %
sur. 38.7. urbanizacia
afrikis qveynebSi (%, 2016 w)

davaleba

6. sur. 38.7-isa da afrikis politikuri rukis (sur. 39.1, danarTi 4) mixedviT daad-
gine, romel qveyanaSia urbanizaciis maCvenebeli maRali da romelSi – dabali.
rogor fiqrob, ratomaa urbanizaciis maCveneblebs Soris aseTi gansxvaveba?

mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT (2016 w) afrikis kontinentze

xuTi umsxvilesi qalaqia: lagosi (11.5 mln), qairo (17.8 mln), kinSasa
(10.0 mln), iohanesburgi (6.2 mln) da xarTumi (15.2 mln).

sur. 38.8. saporto qalaqi lagosi nigeriis

samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobs da qveynis
udidesi qalaqia. igi 1991 wlis 12 dekembramde
nigeriis dedaqalaqi iyo. Semdeg dedaqalaqi abuja
gaxda, Tumca lagosi dRemde rCeba qveynis komer-
ciul da industriul centrad.

sur. 38.9. keiptauni samxreT afri­kis respublikis

sakanonmdeblo deda­qa­laqia. aq mdebareobs qveynis
parla­menti da mravali samTavrobo dawe­se­bu­le­ba.
qalaqi cnobilia Tavisi navsadguriTa da e.w. magidis
mTiT, rome­lic qveynis savizito baraTia. misi silueti
gamosaxulia qalaqis droSaze. mTis simaRle 1987 met-
ria. is iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis siaSia Sesuli.
mTaze moxvedra SesaZlebeli sabagiro gziT.

Tema 2 • 193
38

davaleba

7. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili teqstSi mocemuli informaciis gamoyenebiT:

afrikis xalxebi

CrdiloeTi centraluri samxreTi

teritoria k. madagaskari
afrika afrika afrika

nimuSi
rasa
xalxi

8. suraTze mocemulia afrikis sxvadasxva bunebriv

zonaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis sacxovrebeli saxle-
bi. riT aixsneba afrikis xalxebis sacxovrebeli
saxlebis aseTi mravalferovneba?

9. damatebiTi wyaroebis gamoyenebiT moamza-

de prezentacia erT-erT Temaze:
a) afrikis romelime xalxis kulturisa da
cxovrebis wesis Taviseburebebi;
b) afrikelTa religiuri warmodgenebi;
g) afrikis qalaqebi. udabno

savanebi
ekvatoruli tyeebi

es sainteresoa

nilosis delta mosaxleobis simWidrovis mixedviT erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod

dasaxlebuli adgilia ara marto afrikaSi, aramed mTel dedamiwaze.
gaeros eqspertTa prognoziT, 2030 wels afrikis qalaqebSi mTeli kontinentis
mosaxleobis 50% icxovrebs.
afrika msoflioSi yvelaze poligloti kontinentia. aq 1000-ze meti salapa-
rako enaa. im qveynebSi, sadac bevri enaa, erTi oficialuri enac arsebobs, raTa
mosaxleobam erTmaneTTan urTierToba advilad SeZlos. aseve Cveulebrivi
movlenaa ramdenime afrikul enasTan erTad erTi an ori evropuli enis codnac.
afrikaSi daaxloebiT 3000 eTnikuri jgufia aRricxuli. erT qveyanaSi zogjer
bevri sxvadasxva jgufis xalxi cxovrobs, zogjer ki erTi eTnikuri jgufis xalxi
ramdenime qveyanaSia gafantuli.
afrikis bevri qveyana, magaliTad, egvipte, eTiopia, gana, benini, sudani, uZvelesi
kulturiT gamoirCeva. am qveynebSi kargad iyo ganviTarebuli iseTi dargebi,
rogorebicaa xelosnoba, vaWroba, mSenebloba. afrikis xalxebma TavianTi wvli-
li Seitanes msoflio kulturis istoriaSi. dRemde SemorCenilia xelovnebis
mniSvnelovani Zeglebi: egvipturi piramidebi – uZvelesi samSeneblo teqnikis
saocreba, xeze da spilos Zvalze nakveTi nivTebi, brinjaos qandakebebi.
sityva `pigmei~ muStistola xalxs niSnavs, qarTul enaze ki mas kargad exameba
sityva `cerodena~.

194 • Tema 2
afrikis politikuri ruka
39
leqsikoni

kolonia – qveyana, romelic politikurad da ekonomikurad ar aris

damoukidebeli.
kolonizacia – qveynis dapyroba da misi koloniad gadaqceva
monarqia – saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseTi forma, roca Zalaufleba
erTi adamianis, mefis xelSia.
konstituciuri monarqia – saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma,
romelSic monarqis Zalaufleba SezRudulia konstituciiT.
absoluturi monarqia – saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma, romlis
drosac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba saxelmwifos
meTauris – monarqis xelSia.
respublika – saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erT-erTi forma, roca sax-
elmwifos meTaurs irCeven garkveuli vadiT.
unitaruli qveynebi – administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis
forma, sadac administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi uSualod
emorCilebian centralur xelisuflebas.
federalizmi – saxelmwifos mowyobis forma, romlis drosac qveynis
calkeul nawilebs eniWebaT TviTmmarTveloba.
adamianis (humanuri) ganviTarebis indeqsi – msoflios nebismieri
qveynis ganviTarebis indikatori, romelic aerTianebs am ganviTarebis
iseT sazomebs, rogorebicaa: sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, ga-
naTlebis done da mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze gaan-
gariSebiT.

gaixsene

1. romeli uZvelesi kulturis mqone qveyana da kulturis Zeglebi

mdebareobs afrikaSi?

afrikis Tanamedrove politikur rukaze 54 suverenuli qveyanaa.

isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan rogorc teri-
toriiT, aseve mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da ekonomikuri poten-
cialiT. magaliTad, farTobis mxriv, pirvelobs alJiri – 2.4 mln
m2.­­mosaxleobis ricxovnobis mixedviT udidesia nigeria, sadac 174
mln-ze meti adamiani cxovrobs.

Tema 2 • 195
39

CrdiloeTi

samxr.
sudani
juba

sur. 39.1. afrikis politikuri ruka

afrikis kontinentis kolonizacia jer kidev me-16 saukuneSi

daiwyo. pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisSi kontinentis 90% wamyvan
koloniur saxelmwifoebs – gaerTianebul samefos, safrangeTs, ita-
lias, belgias, portugalias, espaneTs, germanias da a.S. ekuTvnoda.
koloniebSi kolonizatorebi mmarTvelebad TavianT warmomadgen-
lebs niSnavdnen, romlebic saSinlad Cagravdnen da eqspluatacias
uwevdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas, arTmevdnen saukeTeso miwebs da
aiZulebdnen, sacxovreblad uvargis adgilebSi gadasuliyvnen. isini
ulmoblad Zarcvavdnen qveynebs – gahqondaT sasargeblo wiaRiseu-
li, Zvirfasi merqani, yava, banani da sxv. afrikelebi faqtob­rivad
monebad aqcies da maT TiTqmis muqTa muSaxelad iyenebdnen plan-

196 • Tema 2
 39
taciebSi, maRaroebSi, xolo samuSaodan wasvlis mcdelobisas sas-
tikad sjidnen. afrikaSi evropeli kolonizatorebis mxridan moneb­
ze samarcxvino nadiroba daaxloebiT oTxi saukune grZeldeboda.
kolonizatorebi adgilobrivebs monebis bazrebSi yiddnen da afri-
kidan sxva kontinentebze da qveynebSi gadahyavdaT. monaTvaWrobis
periodSi kontinentidan daaxloebiT 100 mln adamiani gaiyvanes.
mkvidri mosaxleobis ganadgurebam, maTma ZaldatanebiT gada-
saxlebam, koloniuri saxelmwifoebis mxridan xangrZlivma bato-
nobam da ulmobelma eqspluataciam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira imdro-
indeli afrikis mosaxleoba da Seaferxa maTi sameurneo da kul-
turuli ganviTareba. koloniuri damonebisgan gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg afrikis qveynebSi mosaxleobis raodenobac gaizarda da maTi
kulturac aRmavlobis gzas daadga.

davaleba

1. sur. 39.2-is mixedviT daad-

gine: a) romel evropul qvey-
nebs hqondaT yvelaze didi
koloniebi? b) Seadare maTi
koloniebis farTobebi am
qveynebis farTobebs.
2. sur. 39.2-isa da afrikis po­­
safrangeTis
li­­ti­kuri rukis (sur.  39.1)
teritoria
ga­mo­­­yenebiT daadgine, afri-
kis ro­­m e­l i Ta­n a­m edrove
koloniuri samflobeloebi
qveynebi warmoadgenda saf­
safrangeTi rangeTisa da didi britane-
Tis koloniebs.
didi britaneTi
3. Seni azriT, ra Sedegebi moi-
sxva evropuli
tana afrikaSi kolonializm-
qveynebi
didi britaneTis ma?
teritoria

sur. 39.2. evropul saxelmwifoTa koloniebi afrikaSi

me-19-20 saukuneebis mijnaze

meore msoflio omis Semdeg afrikis kontinentze formaluri

suvereniteti mxolod oTx saxelmwifos – egviptes, samxreT afrikis
kavSirs, eTiopiasa da liberias hqonda. am periodSi wamowyebulma
dekolonizaciis procesma saTave daudo koloniuri imperiebis
rRvevas kontinentze. kontinentis qveynebis udidesma nawilma mSvi-
dobiani gziT moipova politikuri suvereniteti, Tumca iyo Seiara-
Rebuli konfliqtebic, magaliTad, keniaSi, angolaSi, mozambikSi,
alJirSi da a.S., ramac mravali adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
kontinentis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli iyo 1960 weli, roca 17-ma
qveyanam politikuri suvereniteti moipova. es weli istoriaSi Sesu-
lia rogorc „afrikis weli“. yvelaze bolo koloniuri imperia,
rom­­lis dasasruliTac damTavrda kolonizaciis epoqa, portuga-
liis koloniuri imperia iyo.

Tema 2 • 197
39

-1949
1950-59
1960
1961-64
1965-69
1970-75
1976-79
1980+

sur. 39.3. afrikis qveynebis damoukideblobis miRebis wlebi

davaleba

4. sur. 39.3-isa da afrikis poli­tikuri rukis (sur. 39.1, danarTi 4) mixedviT daajgu­
fe cxrilSi af­ri­kis qveynebi ganTavi­suf­lebis wlebis mi­xedviT.

kontinentze dRemde SemorCenilia e.w. damokidebuli terito-

riebi. magaliTad, wminda elenes, amaRlebisa da tristan da kunias
kunZulebi, britaneTis teritoria indoeTis okeaneSi – gaerTianebu-
li samefosia, maiota da reiunioni safrangeTs ekuTvnis. dasavleT
saharis teritoriis udidesi nawili okupirebulia marokos mier.
xolo melilia espaneTis kuTvnili avtonomiuri qalaqi da portia
CrdiloeT afrikaSi, kerZod, marokoSi.
saxelmwifo wyobilebis mixedviT afrikis qveynebis umetesoba
respublikuri mmarTvelobisaa, Tumca kontinentze sami monarqiuli
qveyanaa – maroko, svazilendi da lesoTo. svazilendSi absoluturi
monarqiaa. kontinentze xuTi federaciuli mowyobis qveyanaa – nige-
ria, samxreT sudani, sudani, eTiopia da somali. danarCeni unitaru-
li qveynebia.
afrikis kontinentze araerTi organizacia moqmedebs. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia afrikis erTianobis organizacia (afrikis kavSiri),
romelic 1963 wels Seiqmna da romlis Stabbinac adis-abebaSia (eTio-
pia). afrikis 19 qveyana wevria Tanamegobrobisa, romelsac meTauro-
bs gaerTianebuli samefo.
dRevandeli afrika msoflios ekonomikis yvelaze CamorCenili
regionia. ganviTarebis maRali doniT mxolod samxreT afrikis res-
publika gamoirCeva. afrikis qveynebi msoflio samrewvelo produ-
qciis mxolod 2%-s awarmoeben.

198 • Tema 2
 39

< 0.47

0.42 - 0.47

0.47 - 0.51

0.56 - 0.68

0.51 - 0.56

> 0.68

sur. 39.4. afrikis qveynebi humanuri

ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT (2016 w)

davaleba

5. sur. 39.4-isa da afrikis politikuri rukis (sur. 39.1, danarTi 4) mixedviT daad-
gine afrikis sami qveyana, sadac humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi yvelaze maRalia
da sami qveyana – sadac indeqsi yvelaze dabalia. rogor fiqrob, ratomaa afrikis
qveynebSi humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi mkveTrad gansxvavebuli?

kontinentis umniSvnelovanes problemaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT

aRsaniSnavia wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa didi raodenoba, bavSvTa
sikvdilianobis maRali da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis dabali maCve-
neblebi. kontinentis mosaxleobis 75% moklebulia elementarul
samedicino momsaxurebas, soflis mosaxleobis 90%-s ki ara aqvs sas-
meli wyali saxlTan axlos. siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba mTeli
kontinentis mosaxleobis 79%. afrika bolo adgilzea samecniero-
teqnikuri ganviTarebis mxrivac. gaeros humanuri ganviTarebis anga-
riSis Tanaxmad, 2017 wels msoflios yvelaze CamorCenili 25 qveyana
afrikis kontinentze mdebareobda.

davaleba

6. daakvirdi afrikis politikur rukaze (sur. 39.1, danarTi 4) saxelmwifoTa Soris

arsebul sazRvrebs da Seecade axsna, ratomaa bevri saxelmwifos sazRvari swori
xazebiT gavlebuli.
7. warmosaxviT imogzaure 20°-iani meridianis gaswvriv CrdiloeTidan samxreTi-
saken. daasaxele, romel qveynebs gaivli da romeli xalxebis warmomadgenlebs
gaicnob am mogzaurobisas.

Tema 2 • 199
39

praqtikuli samuSao

1. afrikis fizikuri (sur. 27.1) da politikuri rukebis (sur. 39.1) mixedviT daadgine:
a) qveynebi, romlebic indoeTis okeanis sanapiroze mdebareoben;
b) qveynebi, romlebic atlantis okeanis sanapiroze mdebareoben;
g) xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebi;
d) qveynebi, romelTac zRvaze gasasvleli ar aqvT;
e) informacia warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT;
v) afrikis konturul rukaze sxvadasxva feriT aRniSne qveynebis es oTxi jgufi.

2. gamoiyene afrikis Tematuri rukebi, moiZie damatebiTi masala da daaxasiaTe

afrikis erTi romelime qveyana cxrilSi mocemuli gegmis mixedviTY:

bunebrivi piro­ mosaxleo­

qveynis geografiuli
bebi da sasargeb­ ba da meurneoba
dasaxeleba mdebareoba
lo wiaRiseuli tradiciebi

nimuSi

es sainteresoa

afrikis xalxTa damoukideblobis brZolaSi didi wvlili Seitana afrikis er-

Tianobis organizaciam, romelic 1963 wlis 25 maiss Seiqmna. amitomac es dRe – 25
maisi – afrikis gaTavisuflebis dRed miiCneva. msoflioSi am udidesi regionuli
organizaciis mTavari mizani kolonializmis yvela gamovlinebisgan afrikis
gaTavisufleba iyo.
afrikis qveynebs an sxvadasxva teritorias adre iseTi saxelebi erqvaT, romlebic
istoriul movlenebs asaxavdnen. magaliTad, ganas me-15 s-Si oqros napiri erqva.
Tanamedrove liberiis teritoriaze, atlantis sanapiros nawils, saidanac gvi-
neuri wiwaka gahqondaT, wiwakis sanapiros eZaxdnen. 1986 wlamde spilos Zvlis
napiri erqva dRevandel kot-divuars. monebis napirs uwodebdnen gvineis yuris
sanapiros, radganac aq monebiT vaWrobis udidesi centri mdebareobda.
afrikis qveynebs maTi mTavrobebi marTaven, Tumca bevr sofelsa da eTnikur
jgufs sakuTari adgilobrivi mmarTveli anu beladi hyavs. rogorc wesi, beladis
ufleba-movaleobebi mamidan Svilze memkvidreobiT gadadis.
afrikis kavSiri saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romelic afrikis 53 saxelmwifos
aerTianebs. afrikis kavSiri, afrikis saxelmwifoebis lidere-
bis gadawyvetilebiT, 1999 wlis 9 seqtembers libiaSi daars-
da. organizaciaSi gaerTianebulia afrikis yvela sa­xelmwifo
garda marokosi, radganac kavSirSi Sedis dasavleTi sahara,
romelsac maroko Tavis teritoriad miiCnevs.

200 • Tema 2
 40
samxreT afrikis respublika

leqsikoni

aparTeidi – rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvelaze sastiki forma, romelic rasobrivi

niSniT gamorCeuli garkveuli jgufebisaTvis samoqalaqo, politikuri, ekonomi-
kuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis aRkveTaSi gamoixateba.

gaixsene

1. ra aris karu?

samxreT afrikis respublika (sar) afrikis kontinentis samxreT

nawilSi mdebareobs. qveynis farTobi 1.2 mln km2-ia da CrdiloeTi-
dan samxreTisaken daaxloebiT 2000 km-ze, xolo aRmosavleTidan
dasavleTisaken 1500 km-zea gadaWimuli.
sar-s gansakuTrebuli ekonomikur-geografiuli da strategiu-
li mdebareoba aqvs samxreT naxevarsferoSi. aq gamavali savaWro,
sakomunikacio da strategiuli gzebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
rogorc kontinentTa Soris, aseve ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad
saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobaSi.
zimbabve

botsvana
mozambiki

namibia

svazilendi

pretoria

lesoto

samxreT afrikis
respublika
atla
ntis o

e
an
ke
o
is
keane

eT
o
d
in

sur. 40.1. samxreT afrikis respublika da misi mezoblebi

davaleba

1. sur. 40.1#-is mixedviT daadgine: a) romeli okeaneebi esazRvreba samxreT afrikis

respublikas; b) romeli qveynebia sar-is saxmeleTo mezoblebi.

Tema 2 • 201
40
qveynis reliefSi gamoirCeva 1500-2000 m-mde simaRlis movakebuli
plato, romelsac qveynis teritoriis udidesi nawili ukavia. plato
ganapira raioneb­Si, gansakuTrebiT ki aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT,
TandaTan maRldeba. sar-is ZiriTadi mTaTa sistemaa drakonis mTebi,
sadac qveynis umaRlesi mwvervali qaTqin-piki (3659 m) mdebareobs,
da kapis mTebi. dablobebi viwro zolad mxolod sanapiro raionebSi
gvxvdeba.

sur. 40.2. samxreT afrikis respublika msoflioSi

erT-erT pirvel adgilzea oqros, platinis, alma-
sis, qromitebis, boqsitebisa da surmis mopove-
biTa da maTi eqsportiT. sar-ze modis dasavleT
samyaros oqros maragis TiTqmis 80%. mopovebis
biznesiT ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani mosaxleobaa
dakavebuli.

hidrografiuli qseli samxreT afrikaSi sustad aris ganviTare-

buli. umniSv­nelovanes mdinareebs ganekuTvneba oranJi (Senakade-
bi – vaali, qaledoni, braqi da a.S.), romlis sigrZec 2200 km-ia. aRsa-
niSnavia aseve mdinareebi: limpopo, greiT-fiSi, Tugela, greiT-qei.

sur. 40.3. sar-is fizikuri ruka

ru
i ka
did karus platos sar-is mTeli teritoriis
1/3 ukavia. aq umetesad naxevarudabnos
md
.o

bi
landSaftia.
r
an

Te
Ji

m
is
0-dabalion
ak
dr
0-50
kapis mTebi 50-100
100-250
250-500 6500-ze Rrma
500-1000 6500
0-dabali 1000-1500 5000
0-50 1500-2000 4000
50-100 2000-3000 3000
100-250 3000-4000 2000 drakonis mTebi sar-is samxreT-aRmosavleT­
250-500 4000-5000
6500-ze Rrma
1000 raionSi mdebareobs. mTebi ZiriTadad agebu-
500
500-1000 5000-ze
6500<
200
lia kirqviTa da bazaltiT.
1000-1500 5000
saTaves dra- 4000
1500-2000
mdinare oranJi
2000-3000 3000
konis mTebidan,
3000-4000
lesotosa 2000
da sar-is4000-5000
sasazRvro raionSi1000
500
iRebs. misi < 2173 km-ia,
sigrZe
5000-ze
200
auzis farTobi – 1020 km 2.

202 • Tema 2
 40
davaleba

2. afrikis Tematuri rukebis (sur. 27.1, sur. 30.1, sur. 31.2, sur. 31.4, sur. 32.1 da sur.
34.1-is) mixedviT daadgine: a) romeli sasargeblo wiaRiseuli moipoveba sar-Si;
b) romel klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs samxreT afrikis respublika; g) ras
udris ivlisisa da ianvris temperatura, naleqebis wliuri raodenoba; d) romeli
bunebrivi zonebia gavrcelebuli.

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva qveynis flora da fauna. qveynis

teritoriaze moqmedebs araerTi erovnuli parki, sadac daculia
afrikis cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaros unikaluri warmomadgen-
lebi. cnobili erovnuli parkebia: kriugeris, magidis mTis, karus,
cickamas, bontbokis da sxv.

sur. 40.4. finboSi buCqnari mcenareulobis

tipia, romelic samxreT afrikis respub-
likaSi, kapis olqSi gvxvdeba.

samxreT afrikis respublika mosaxleobis ricxovnobiT mesame

qveyanaa kontinentze (51.8 mln kaci, 2016 w). Qqveynis teritoriaze
uZvelesi droidan cxovroben hotentotebi, buSmenebi da bantus
xalxebi. me-17 saukunis dasawyisidan aq evropelebi, kerZod, holan-
dielebi da britanelebi gamoCndnen.
oficialuri monacemebiT, qveynis mosaxleoba oTx ZiriTad nawi-
lad iyofa: TeTrkanianebi (mosaxleobis 9.2%), afrikelebi (79.4%),
`feradkanianebi~ (8%) da aziuri warmomavlobis mosaxleoba (2.6%).

sur. 40.5. buSmenebi sar-is adgilobrivi, ZirZveli sur. 40.6. rondaveli Bbantus xalxebis tipuri
mosaxleobaa. sacxovrebelia.

sar-Si mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove Seadgens 1 km2-ze 41 ada-

mians. mosaxleobis simWidrove qveynis teritoriaze Zalian araTa-
nabaria.

Tema 2 • 203
40

saSualo mosaxleobis raode-

(polokvane
simWidrove noba qalaqebSi
kaci/km2
nelspruti
( 5-ze < 3 000 000

((
pretoria
15-mde 2 500 000
iohanesburgi
50-mde 1 000 000
100-mde 250 000
kimberli 1875-ze > 50 000
(
(
blumfonteini
(
(durbani

aRm. londoni
( hbiSo
keiptauni porti elizabeTi ( sur. 40.7. sar-is mosaxleobis simWidrove da
( ( qalaqebi

davaleba

3. sur. 40.7-is mixedviT daadgine, qvey­nis romeli regionebi gamoirCeva mosax­leobis

maRali da dabali simWidroviT da axseni mosaxleobis araTanabari ganlagebis
mizezebi.

samxreT afrikis respublika kontinentis yvelaze maRalurbani-

zebuli saxelmwifoa. qalaqebSi mosaxleobis 60.7% cxovrobs, maT
Soris, mTeli `TeTri~ mosaxleobis 85-87%.
qveyanas sami dedaqalaqi aqvs: pretoria (administraciuli), keip-
tauni (sakanonmdeblo) da blumfonteini (sasamarTlo).

sur. 40.8. iohanesburgi (aseve cnobilia, rogorc jozi, jo'burgi

an egoli) mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT udidesi qalaqia
samxreT afrikaSi da umdidresi provinciis, gautengis dedaqala-
qi. iohanesburgi msoflios 40 udides aglomeraciaTa Sorisaa
da aseve msoflios udidesi qalaqia, romelic mdinaris, tbisa da
zRvis sanapiroze ar mdebareobs.

sur. 40.9. keiptauni, mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, meore

qalaqia samxreT afrikis respublikaSi da amave saxelwodebis
saqalaqo olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. keiptauni samxreT afrikis
respublikis sakanonmdeblo dedaqalaqs warmoadgens: aq mdebare-
obs parlamentis da sxva samTavrobo dawesebulebaTa Senobebi.
qalaqis ratuSis aivnidan 1990 wlis 11 dekembers nelson mandelam
qveynis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg pirvelad mimarTa mosaxleobas.
qalaqi cnobilia Tavisi navsadguriT. keiptaunis siaxloves arse-
buli kapis olqi 2004 wlidan iuneskos msoflio memkvidreobis
Zegladaa miCneuli. `forbsma~ es qalaqi msoflioSi erT-erT
ulamazes dasaxlebad aRiara. igi turistebSic didi popularo-
biT sargeblobs.

204 • Tema 2
 40

sur. 40.10. pretoria afrikis erT-erTi Tana­

medrove qalaqia. igi samxreT afrikis sami
dedaqalaqidan erT-erTia da administraci-
ul funqcias asrulebs.

davaleba

4. sur. 40.7#-is mixedviT CamoTvale sar-is mniSvnelovani qalaqebi.

5. moiZie informacia sar-is romelime qalaqis an RirsSesaniSnaobis Sesaxeb da ga-
acani megobrebs.

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili qristianulia (48%), Ziri-

Tadad, arian protestantebi. tradiciuli religiebis mimdevaria
mosaxleobis 35%.
samxreT afrikis kavSiri 1910 wlis 31 maiss, ori britanuli kolo-
niisa (neTalisa da kapis kolonia) da burebis ori saxelmwifos (Tren-
zvaali da oranJi) gaerTianebis Sedegad, britaneTis dominionis
statusiT Seiqmna.
gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi samxreT afrikis xelisuflebis
saTaveSi erov­nuli partia movida, romelic, ZiriTadad, aparTeidis
politikas atarebda da romlis mizanic qveynis ekonomikasa da poli-
tikaSi `TeTri~ umciresobis gabatoneba iyo. 1961 wels samxreT
afrikis kavSiri respublika gaxda da mTav­robis politikuri
kursis gamo Tanamegobroba datova.
gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis Sua periodidan qveynis xe­­
lisufleba, saSinao Tu sagareo faqtorebis gamo, iZulebuli
gaxda, seriozuli reformebi gaetarebina, romlis Sedegadac
qveyanam Tavi daaRwia saerTaSoriso izolacias. 1994 wels qve-
yanaSi pirveli ararasobrivi saprezidento da saparlamento
arCevnebi Catarda; Seicvala qveynis saerTaSoriso mdgomare-
obac: aRdga misi adgili TanamegobrobaSi.
samxreT afrikis respublika federaciulia. qveyanaSi 1996
wels miRebuli konstitucia moqmedebs. saxelmwifosa da mTav­
robis meTauria prezidenti, romelsac erov­nul asambleaze
xuTi wlis vadiT irCeven. sur. 40.11. warwera durba­
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT samxreT afri- nis sanapiroze inglisurad,
kis respublika afrikis kontinentis yvelaze ganviTarebuli afrikaansa da zulusTa
enaze iuwyeba, rom dur-
saxelmwifoa. ekonomikuri potencialiT qveyana kontinentze banis sanapiros ganawesis
pirvelia da masze mTeli kontinentis samrewvelo warmoebis 37-e muxlis mixedviT, es
40% modis. sar-is ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc sanapiro rezervirebulia
ganviTarebuli, aseve ganviTarebadi samyaros qveynebis ekono- mxolod TeTrkaniani mosax-
leobisTvis.

Tema 2 • 205
40
mikis niSnebi. erTi mxriv, aq warmodgenilia Tanamedrove industria,
romelic aRWurvilia ukanaskneli miRwevebiT, xolo meore mxriv,
warmoCenilia meurneobis iseTi done, romelmac gasuli saukunidan
dRemde mxolod mciredi cvlilebebi ganicada.
mSp-is saerTo moculobiT samxreT afrikis respublika 29-e qve-
yanaa msoflioSi da pirveli – afrikis kontinentze. mSp-is udides
nawils (63%) momsaxurebis sfero qmnis. mniSvnelovania sabanko-
safinanso, satransporto da turistuli industriis roli. qveynis
ekonomikaSi tradiciulad didia mopovebiTi mrewvelobis adgili.

es sainteresoa

samxreT afrikis respublikis ganmasxvavebeli niSania yvelaferSi usazRv­ro

mravalferovneba. aq 11 ena aRiarebulia saxelmwifo enad. esenia: afrikaansi, in-
glisuri, ndebele, pedi, conga, svati, setsvana, qosa, sesuTo, Civenda da zulu.
politikosebs Soris SexvdebiT tomis beladebs, rabinebs, ragbistebsa da emi-
graciidan dabrunebul revolucionerebs. erT quCaze muSaoben tradiciuli
eqimbaSebi da sabirJo brokerebi. erTmaneTis gverdiT dgas qoxmaxebi da feSe-
nebeluri sasaxleebi.
samxreT afrikis respublika msoflioSi erTaderTi qveyanaa, sadac 1994 wlamde
aparTeidi – mosax­leo­bis dayofa kanis ferebis mixedviT – iyo dakanonebuli.
1994 wels qveynis pirveli ararasobrivi arCevnebis Sedegad sar-is prezidenti
nelson mandela gaxda.
keTili imedis koncxi sar-Si kapis naxevarkunZulze, q. keiptaunis samxreTiT mde­
bareobs. 1488 wels keTili imedis koncxi portugalielma mogzaurma barTolo-
meu diaSma aRmoaCina da mas qariSxlis koncxi daarqva. Tumca portugaliis mefe
Juan II-m mas saxeli gadaarqva, rad­­gan imedovnebda, rom es konc­xi in­­doeTisken
gzas gaxsnida. 1497 wels vasko da gama pirveli evropeli gaxda, romelic keTili
imedis koncxis SemovliT indoeTis okeaneSi moxvda.

burebi samxreT afrikaSi holandiidan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebi arian.

Zvelholandiur enaze sityva `bur~ glexs aRniSnavda. burebis enas afrikaansi
hqvia.

206 • Tema 2
Semajamebeli samuSao II
1. gaaswore teqstSi daSvebuli Secdomebi:

msoflios udides udabno saharas kveTs dedamiwis yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinare kongo.
aq TiTqmis mTeli teritoria notio ekvatorul tyeebs ukavia. nilosze mdebareobs
CanCqeri viqtoria, romelic jon spikma aRmoaCina.

2. daadgine, romeli geografiuli obieqtebia aRniSnuli rukaze cifrebiT:

a) b)
7

5
2
5 9
3 1
1

10 9
7
6 4
2

3
10

6
4
8

3. rukis gareSe upasuxe kiTxvebs:

a) afrikis kontinentidan romel mxares mdebareobs k. madagaskari?
b) romel okeaneSi Caedineba mdinare zambezi?
g) ra hqvia afrikis ukidures CrdiloeT wertils da romeli qveynis teritoriaze
mdebareobs?
d) sad mdebareobs almadis koncxi: afrikis ukidures aRmosavleTSi Tu dasavleTSi?

4. axseni afrikis kontinentis Crdilo-dasavleTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleTis relie-

fis msgavseba-gansxvavebani.

5. gaixsene, ra aris havis sartylebis ganlagebis ZiriTadi mizezi dedamiwaze da afrikis

magaliTze axseni havis Taviseburebani, romlebic damokidebulia:
a) dedamiwis zedapiris mier miRebuli mzis siTbos raodenobaze;
b) atmosferul wnevaze, haeris masebsa da gabatonebuli qarebis ganawilebaze;
g) reliefze;
d) okeanur dinebebze;
e) kontinentis ganfenilobaze dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken.

Tema 2 • 207
 6. gamoicani afrikis klimaturi sartylebi aRwerilobis mixedviT:
a) wvima iSviaTi movlenaa;
b) naleqi mTeli weli Tanabrad modis;
g) gamoiyofa ori sezoni: teniani zamTari da mSrali zafxuli;
d) mdebareobs kontinentis CrdiloeTsa da samxreTSi.

7. afrikis klimaturi rukis (sur. 32.1) da mocemuli klimaturi diagramebis gamoyene-

biT daadgine, klimatis tipi TiToeuli punqtisTvis. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili.

klimaturi ianvris ivlisis naleqebis nale­

qalaqi sartylis saSualo saSualo wliuri qebis
dasaxeleba temperatura 0C temperatura 0C raodenoba, mm reJimi

nimuSi
0
C mm
40 600
0
C mm 0
C mm 0
C mm
30 500 30 500 30 500 30 500

20 400 20 400 20 400 20 400

10 300 10 300 10 300 10 300

0 200 0 200 0 200 0 200

-10 100 -10 100 -10 100 -10 100

1790 840 3 840
-20 0 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0
iTm a m i i a sond iTm a m i i a sond iTm a m i i a sond iTm a m i i a sond

1 2 3 4

8. axseni: a) raSi vlindeba mdinareebis kavSiri reliefTan da havasTan. b) afrikis ro-

mel klimatur olqebSi aris mdinareebi wyalmcire zafxulSi da romel olqebSi –
zamTarSi.

9. axseni, rogor aris ganlagebuli afrikaSi klimaturi sartylebi da bunebrivi zonebi

da ratom.

10. Sen ukve ici, rom afrikis bunebrivi zonebis mcenareuloba tenianobisa da siTbos
pirobebs sxvadasxvagvarad egueba. axseni TiToeul bunebriv zonaSi maTi ZiriTadi
SemgueblobiTi Tvisebebi da gansxvavebis mizezebi.

11. rogor aisaxa adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis gavlena afrikis bunebaze da ra Ro-
nisZiebebi tardeba mcenareulobis, cxovelebisa da mTlianad bunebrivi kompleqsis
dasacavad?

208 • Tema 2
12. cnobilia, rom afrikis udabnoSi mcxovrebi xalxebisaTvis erT-erTi umTavresi pro-
blema mtknari wylis deficitia. ra gzebs SemogvTavazeb am problemis gadasaWrelad,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am regionis wiaRSi didi raodenobiT miwisqveSa wylebia.

13. warmoidgine, rom serengetis erovnul parkSi aranair zomebs ar iReben aq mcxovrebi
masais tomebis saqonlis gadaWarbebul ZovebasTan dakavSirebiT. rogor fiqrob, ra
Sedegebi mohyveba amas?

14. rukis gamoyenebiT gansazRvre afrikis rekordebi. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili:

1. yvelaze didi udab- 2. afrikis ukiduresi 3. yvelaze didi arxi

no dedamiwaze CrdiloeTi wertili

15. yvelaze 4. yvelaze

CrdiloeTiT grZeli mdi-
mdebare nare
mTebi
5. afrikis
ukiduresi
aRmosavle-
Ti wertili

14. afrikis
ukiduresi
dasavleTi
6. yvelaze
wertili
didi naxe-
varkunZuli

13. yvelaze
didi yure
7. yvelaze
didi tba

12. yvelaze
8. yvelaze
wyaluxvi
maRali
mdinare
mwvervali

9. yvelaze
didi kun-
Zuli

11. afrikis ukiduresi 10. yvelaze samxreTiT

samxreTi wertili mdebare mTebi

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. nimuSi
8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Tema 2 • 209
 15. konturul rukaze muSaoba:
a) aRniSne rukaze afrikis mezobeli regionebi da kontinentis mosazRvre okeaneebi
da zRvebi;
b) aRniSne CrdiloeTi da tropikuli afrikis sazRvrebi da gaukeTe warwerebi;
g) cifrebiT aRniSne Semdegi obieqtebi:
1 – afrika-arabeTis baqani 9 – md. kongo
2 – afrikis rRvevis xazi 10 – CanCqeri viqtoria
3 – atlasis mTebi 11 – tba niasa
4 – kapis mTebi 12 – md. zambezi
5 – eTiopiis mTianeTi 13 – tba tanganika
6 – tibestis mTianeTi 14 – md. senegali
7 – ahagaris zegani 15 – udabno kalahari
8 – wiTeli zRva
d) pirobiTi niSnebiT aRniSne sasargeblo wiaRiseulis – navTobis, bunebrivi airis,
qvanaxSiris, uranis, oqros, platinis da almasebis mopovebis adgilebi.

yuradReba: ar dagaviwydes pirobiTi niSnebis miTiTeba.
20° 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60°
40°
40°

30°
30°

CrdiloeT
t ropiki
20° 20°

10°

0°
nimuSiekvatori
10°

0°

10° 10°

20° 20°
ropiki
samxreT t

30°
30°

20° 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°

210 • Tema 2
3
Tema
avstralia
da okeaneTi

aq Seityob, rom

avstralia mSrali kontinentia;

avstraliaSi mdebareobs yvelaze didi da Rrma gruntis wylebis auzi;
avstraliaSi bevri Srobadi mdinarea (kriki);
avstralia gamoirCeva egzotikuri/endemuri cxovelebisa da mcenaree-
bis siuxviT;
mosaxleobis umetesoba avstraliaSi aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobs
okeaneTSi bevri vulkanuri kunZulia;
avstralia da okeaneTi cnobilia marjniT;
avstralia da okeaneTi bevr turists izidavs;
did barierul rifs ganadgurebis safrTxe emuqreba, rac garemosdac-
viT problemebs qmnis.
 avstralia da okeaneTi

Tu ginda meti Seityo

avstraliis Sesaxeb
estumre vebgverds:
www.nationalgeographic.com

farTobi – 8.5 mln km2, aqedan okeaneTi – 1.2 mln km2

mosaxleoba – avstralia – 25.1 mln adamiani (2018 w), okeaneTi – 10.7
mln kaci (2017 w)
umaRlesi mwvervali – vilhelmis mTa (papua axali gvinea) – 4509 m,
kosciuSko, avstralia – 2228 m
yvelaze grZeli mdinare – murei darlingiT, 3718 km
yvelaze didi tba – eiri, 9000 km2
yvelaze maRali CanCqeri – sezerlendi (md. arTurze, axali zelan-
dia), 580 m
yvelaze didi udabno – viqtoriis didi ubani, 388500 km2
yvelaze didi kunZuli – axali gvinea, 800 000 km2
yvelaze didi naxevarkunZuli – keip-iorkis, 300 aTasi km2
yvelaze didi yure – avstraliis didi yure, 1.3 mln km2
yvelaze didi qalaqi – sidnei, avstralia, 5.1 mln adamiani (2017 w)
yvelaze patara qveyana – nauru, 21 km2

212 • Tema 3
 41
avstraliis geografiuli
mdebareoba

gaixsene

1. kontinentis bunebis ra Taviseburebebs gansazRvravs misi geo-

grafiuli mdebareoba?
2. ra aris marjnis rifebi, sad da rogor warmoiqmneba isini?

0 0 0 0 0
110 120 130 140 150

arafuris zRva
0
k. timori
10 k. melvili toresis srute k. papua

di d i b
koncxi ekvatori
timoris iorki axali gvinea 0
k. baTersi

keip-iorki
10
zRva
is darvini arnem-
rt gi lendsis n.k. k. grut-
pa la

ari
na ipe ailendi
o q
b

ar karpentariis marjnis

er
yure zRva

s n.k.

ul
kimberlis
indoeTis

i
md zegani

r
. fi
barklis md

if
co . fli
ri
plato m. barTl-friri

nd
wynari

i
res i
tanamis 1622
i

udabno
qed

0
20 didi g

r
is

qviSiani udabno
eg
0
l

ham 20
er ne
or
l o
es d
is ak
is
gibsonis m simfsonis
m. mehari tba
1253 udabno udabno qe samxreTi
nili tropiki
qe

i di
ik
di

m. uluru kr
rCiso tba r-

i
me karnegi 1515 kup
e

d
d.
ni
.
md

koncxi

qe
viqtoriis didi
m

stip-pointi

okeane
tba
udabno yofi
tba
keri eiri
tba baironis
0 is dablobi
arbol koncxi
gam

30 tba nal
torensi
ngi
perTi muri li
ar
okeane .d 0
l

md 30
aliis d
avstr axali zelandia
ya

id
re

iy
w

ur
yu

e k. CrdiloeTi
i
is

o k ea n e
er

sidnei
di
ns

e
sp d m. kosciuSko
m

k. kenguru .m 2228
u tasmanis
s a r ei

m x melburni
kanbera zRva
r e samxreT-aRmosavleTis m. ruapeჰუ

o k e T koncxi
basis sr u te
2797

i
bi

a n s k. kingi
i
pe

0
40
l

e k. flindresi
a
r

m. kuki
Ti
re 3754
a
x

0
sam

k. samxreTi 40
n

fo
m. osa vo
ss
y

r u te
1617
k. stiuarti
w
k. tasmania

0 0 0 0 0 0
110 120 130 140 150 160

0-dabali
0-50
1 : 15 000 000
50-100
100-250
250-500 6500-ze Rrma
500-1000 6500
1000-1500 5000
1500-2000 4000
2000-3000 3000
3000-4000 2000
4000-5000 1000
5000-ze <
500
200
sur. 41.1. avstraliis fizikuri ruka

Tema 3 • 213
41
avstralia farTobisa da mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT yve-
laze patara kontinentia dedamiwaze. igi mTlianad samxreT naxe-
varsferoSi mdebareobs. misi saxelic laTinurad – `australs~,
swored samxreTs niSnavs.
avstraliis sanapiro xazis sigrZe 35 900 km-ia da mas gars ak­ravs
indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebi. aziisgan gamoyofilia arafurisa da
timoris zRvebiT.
avstraliis konfiguracia da misi teritoriis ganfenilobis
xasiaTi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva kontinentebisgan. igi TiTqmis
Tanabrad vrceldeba grZedisa da ganedis mimarTulebiT. kontinenti
CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken – 3680 km-ze, xolo aRmosavleTidan
dasavleTisaken 2000 km-zea gadaWimuli.
avstraliis sanapiro xazi, afrikis msgavsad, sustadaa dana­
wevrebuli. aq mxolod ori mniSvnelovani naxevarkunZuli da ori
yurea. navsadgurisTvis moxerxebuli ubeebi kontinentis samxreT-
aRmosavleT sanapirozea.
davaleba

1. avstraliis fizikuri rukis (sur. 41.1) gamoyenebiT daadgine: a) avstraliis geog­

rafiuli mdebareoba ekvatoris, nulovani meridianisa da samxreTi tropikis
mimarT; b) ukiduresi wertilebis koordinatebi: CrdiloeTiT – iorkis, samxre-
TiT – samxreT-aRmosavleTis, dasavleTiT – stip-pointis, aRmosavleTiT –
baironis koncxebis; g) romeli okeaneebi da zRvebi esazRvreba avstralias da
romeli dinebebi gadis kontinentTan? d) rogoria kontinentis sanapiro xazi da
romeli kunZulebi ekuTvnis kontinents?
2. gamoiangariSe avstraliis ganfeniloba: a) mis ukidures CrdiloeT da sam­
xreT wertilebs Soris. gaiTvaliswine, rom 1°-iani rkalis sigrZe 111.3 km-ia;
b) samxreT tropikis gaswvriv. gaiTvaliswine, rom 1°-iani rkalis sigrZe 102.5 km-ia.

k. kingii e
t
u
r
s
s
k. flindresi
s i
b a
ane
s a m x

k. tasmania
ke
nari o

m. osa
r e

1617
T

wy

sur. 41.2. kunZuli tasmania avstraliisgan gamoyofilia 224 km

i

siganis basis srutiT. misi farTobi 101 aTasi km2-ia. kunZuli 1642
s

o k e a wels abel tasmanma aRmoaCina da van-dimeni daarqva. tasmania mwvane

n e
kunZulia da mravalferovani bunebrivi pirobebiT gamoirCeva.

avstraliis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv, marjnis

zRvaSi, marjnis rifebisa da kunZulebisgan TiTqmis meore sanapiro
xazia warmoqmnili. es didi barieruli rifia, romelic gadaWimulia
2500 km-ze da udidesia msoflioSi. misi sigane CrdiloeTidan samxre-
Tisaken 2 km-dan 150 km-mde izrdeba. rifebis umetesoba dafarulia
wyliT da mxolod zRvis ukuqcevis dros SiSvldeba.

214 • Tema 3
 41
didi barieruli rifi dedamiwaze yvelaze didi bunebrivi obieq­
tia, romelic Seqmnilia cocxali organizmebisgan da misi danaxva
advilad SeiZleba kosmosidan. es rifi miliardi patara organizmis-
gan Sedgeba, romlebsac marjnis polipebs uwodeben.

sur. 41.3. didi barieruli rifi 1768 wels frangma lui de bugenvilma aRmoaCina. marjnebis
jaWvi 2900-ze meti gancalkevebuli marjnis rifisagan da 900 kunZulisagan Sedgeba da mniSv­
ne­lovnad aferxebs naosnobas am regionSi. dRes ukve arsebobs zusti sanavigacio rukebi,
romlebzec rifebs Soris aRniSnulia gasasvlelebi. didi barieruli rifi mravalricxovani
da mravalferovani cocxali organizmebis arsebobas uwyobs xels da swored amitom 1981
wels iuneskom igi msoflio memkvidreobis siaSi Seitana.

didi barieruli rifi unikaluri ekosistemaa, sadac 400-ze meti

saxeobis marjani, 400 saxeobis moluski da 1500-mde saxeobis Tevzi
iyris Tavs. avstraliis kontinentidan rifi gamoyofilia 50-100 km
siganis laguniT.
marjnul rifebs safrTxes uqmnis adamianis saqmianoba, gansakuT­
rebiT turizmi, radgan turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTare-
basTan erTad binZurdeba zRvebis sanapiro wylebi. rifebze aseve
moqmedebs klimatis cvlilebac: wylis temperaturis Tundac 1°-iT
zrdasTan erTad polipebSi mcxovrebi wyalmcenareebi iRupebian da
marjnis polipebi uferuldebian. polipebis masStaburi gauferu-
lebis SemTxveva 1997-1998 wlebSi moxda. marjnis rifebis gauferu-
lebis procesi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli da jer kidev ar
aris kargad Seswavlili.
radgan avstralia mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs,
amitom am kontinentze orientirebisaTvis adamianebi gansxvavebul
xerxebs iyeneben. magaliTad, avstralielebi ver xedaven didi daT-
vis Tanavarskvlaveds, magram Zalian uyvarT TavianTi polaruli
Tanavarskvlavedi – samxreTis jvari.

sur. 41.4. Tanavarskvlavedi samxreTis jvari

cis samxreTi naxevarsferos Tanavarskvlave-
dia. masSi Semavali varskvlavebi caze rombs
qmnian. swored am Tanavarskvla­vedis xuTi
varskvlavia gamosaxuli avst­ra­liis droSaze.

Tema 3 • 215
41
mze avstraliaSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan, aRmosavleTidan amodis
da dasavleTiT Cadis, magram SuadRisas mze CrdiloeTiTaa da ara
samxreTiT. es ki niSnavs, rom Tu avstraliaSi SuadRisas samxreTis-
ken imoZraveb, mze TvalebSi ki ar giyurebs, aramed zurgs ginaTebs.
zafxuli avstraliaSi dekembridan Tebervlamde grZeldeba (ianvari
yvelaze cxeli Tvea), zamTari – ivnisidan agvistos CaTvliT (ivlisi
yvelaze civi Tvea), xolo seqtembridan ki gazafxuli iwyeba.

davaleba

3. axseni, raSi mdgomareobs avstraliis geografiuli mdebareobis Tavisebureba?

4. avstralias zogjer „ukuRma“ kontinents an qveyanas uwodeben. axseni, rogor
gesmis es gamoTqma.
5. imsjele, ratom aris mniSvnelovani marjnis rifebi da ra uqmnis maT arsebobas
safrTxes?
6. upasuxe kiTxvebs da Semdeg rukis daxmarebiT Seamowme pasuxebi:
a) romeli okeane esazRvreba avstralias dasavleTiT – wynari Tu indoeTis?
b) avstraliis romel nawils kveTs samxreTi tropiki – CrdiloeTs, centralurs
Tu samxreTs?
g) avstraliis romeli – dasavleTi Tu aRmosavleTi – sanapiros gaswvriv mde-
bareobs didi barieruli rifi?
d) romeli okeane esazRvreba avstralias CrdiloeTiT – wynari Tu indoeTis?
e) avstraliidan ra mimarTulebiT mdebareobs axali zelandiis kunZulebi –
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT Tu samxreT-aRmosavleTiT?
v) romeli kunZuli mdebareobs avstraliis samxreTiT – axali gvinea Tu tasma-
nia?
z) romel okeaneSi mdebareobs didi barieruli rifi – wynarSi Tu indoeTisaSi?
T) avstraliis aRmosavleT napirebTan gamavali aRmosavleT avstraliis dineba
Tbilia Tu civi?
i) avstraliis romel nawilSi mdebareobs avstraliis didi yure?
k) wynari okeanis romeli zRvebi esazRvreba avstralias?
l) romel kunZuls gamoyofs avstraliisgan basis srute?
m) romeli zRva mdebareobs avstraliasa da axal zelandias Soris?
n) romel kunZuls gamoyofs avstraliisgan toresis srute?
o) romeli okeanis zRvaa arafuris zRva?
p) avstraliis romel nawilSi mdebareobs karpentariis yure?

216 • Tema 3
 41

davaleba

7. afrikisa (sur. 27.1) da avstraliis (sur. 41.1) fizikuri rukebis gamoyenebiT

Seadare afrikisa da avstraliis geografiuli mdebareoba. daadgine msgavseba-
gansxvaveba, gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili.

gegma avstralia afrika

1. kontinentis farTobi

2. kontinentis mdebareoba ekvatorisa da sawyi­

si meridianis mimarT
3. mdebareoba naxevarsferoSi

4. mosazRvre okeaneebi nimuSi

5. sanapiro xazis xasiaTi

6. mdebareoba sxva kontinentebis mimarT

7. daskvna

8. avstraliisa da afrikis sanapiro xazi naklebad danawevrebulia. Seni azriT, ro-
gor SeiZleba aisaxos sanapiro zonis es Tavisebureba qveynebisa da mosaxleobis
ekonomikur saqmianobaze?

praqtikuli samuSao

avstraliis konturul rukaze aRniSne kontinentis ukiduresi wertilebi, mosazR-

vre okeaneebi da zRvebi, sruteebi, yureebi, kunZulebi da naxevarkunZulebi.

es sainteresoa

avstraliis kontinentze okeanidan yvelaze daSorebuli adgili 950 km manZilze

mdebareobs.
zogierTi geografi avstralias msoflioSi yvelaze did kunZulad miiCnevs.
msoflioSi marjnis rifebis saerTo farTobi 600 000 km2-s aRemateba. marjani
samSeneblo masalis warmoebaSi da saiuveliro saqmeSi gamoiyeneba.
mecnierebi marjnis rifebs okeanis junglebs uwodeben. wylis es ekosistema si-
lamazis garda warsulSi sanapiros dacvis funqciasac asrulebda.
did barierul rifebs msoflios bunebriv saocrebas uwodeben. anTropogenuri
zemoqmedebisgan dacvis mizniT rifebis didi nawili sazRvao erovnuli parkis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis.

Tema 3 • 217
42
avstraliis aRmoCena da
gamokvleva
leqsikoni

laguna – wyalmarCxi bunebrivi wylis auzi, romelic zRvas uerTdeba viwro srutiT
an misgan gamoyofilia fskeruli natanis zvinuliT.

gaixsene

1. vin da rodis aRmoaCina avstralia?

avstralia evropidan didi daSorebisa da gancalkevebuli mde-

bareobis gamo evropelebma yvela dasaxlebul kontinetze gvian
aRmoaCines. jer kidev uZveles xanaSi mecnierebi varaudobdnen, rom
samxreT tropikis samxreTiT raRac miwa arsebobda. kontinentis
aRmoCenis TariRad 1606 weli miiCneva, roca holandielebma, vilem
ianszonis meTaurobiT, pirvelad dadges fexi avstraliis ukidu-
res CrdiloeTSi mdebare keip-iorkis naxevarkunZulze. mogviane-
biT espanelma mezRvaurma luis vaes de toresma gaiara is srute,
romelic dRes mis saxels atarebs. 1611-1627 wlebSi holandieleb-
ma aRmoaCines da aRweres kontinentis TiTqmis mTeli CrdiloeTi,
dasavleTi da samxreT-dasavleTi sanapiroebi da mas „axali holan-
dia“ uwodes.

davaleba

1. avstraliis fizikuri rukis (sur. 41.1) mixedviT daadgine, sad mdebareobs tore-
sis srute da romel geografiul obieqtebs gamoyofs da akavSirebs igi.

1642-1644 wlebSi holandielTa eqspediciam abel tasmanis meTau-

robiT avstralias Semouara. am mogzaurobis Sedegad aRmoaCines da
rukaze aRniSnes kunZulebi – „axali miwa“ – dRevandeli tasmania da
axali zelandia. aseve kontinentis Crdilo-dasavleTi sanapiros
mniSvnelovani nawili. tasmanma daam­tkica, rom avstralia damouki-
debeli kontinentia da ara ucnobi antarqtikuli xmeleTis nawili,
rogorc winaT egonaT.

sur. 42.1. abel tasmani pirvel evropul

eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda, romel-
mac van-dimenis miwas (amJamad k. tasmania)
da axal zelandias miaRwia.

218 • Tema 3
 42

afrika

eo
o rn
k.b k. papua
axali gvinea
malindi batavia
(jakarta)

k. madagaskari k. iava

axali holandia
(avstralia)
keTili imedis
koncxi

ia
d
an
k. tasmania l
ze
i
al
ax

a. tasmanis mogzaurobamde
aRmoCenili kunZulebi
portugalieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII ss.
holandieli mogzaurebi XVI-XVII ss.
a. tasmanis I mogzauroba 1642-1643 ww.
a. tasmanis II mogzauroba 1644 w

sur. 42.2. holandielebma avstralia aRmoaCines, xolo ingliselma jeims

kukma kontinentis evropul kolonizacias daudo safuZveli.

davaleba

2. me-17-18 saukuneebSi avstralias axal holandias uwodebdnen. rogor fiqrob,

ratom?
3. me-17 saukunis bolos portugaliis poziciebi samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziaSi sakmaod myari iyo, amitom holandielebi axal gzebs eZebdnen saneleb­lebis
qveynisken. niderlanduri ost-indoeTis savaWro kompaniam TandaTan gaimyara
Zalaufleba msoflio okeanis sivrceebze magelanis srutidan keTili imedis
koncxamde. kompaniis rezidencia k. iavaze mdebareobda. sur. 41.2-is mixedviT da-
adgine: a) sad gadioda portugaliel da holandiel zRvaosanTa gzebi? b) ra mimar-
TulebiT moZraobdnen holandielebis eqspediciebi axali miwebis aRmosaCenad? g)
avstraliis romeli nawili da kunZulebi aRmoaCines holandielma zRvaosnebma?
d) Seadare rukaze aRniSnuli geografiuli saxelebi Tanamedrove dasaxelebebs.

holandielebi da espanelebi saidumlod inaxavdnen axali teri-

toriebis aRmoCenis ambavs. ase rom, 1770 wels britanelma mogzaurma
jeims kukma avstralia meored aRmoaCina. man igi britaneTis mefis,
georg III-is sakuTrebad gamoacxada da „axali samxreT uelsi“ uwoda.
kukma rukaze avstraliis aRmosavleTi sanapiros 4000-kilometriani
zoli da didi barieruli rifis 2300 kilometri aRwera. aRsaniSnavia,
rom mogzaurma axal samxreT uelsSi mtknari wyali ver ipova, man
mxolod sanapiros viwro zoli gamoikvlia, amitom sakuTar moxse-

Tema 3 • 219
42
nebaSi ganacxada, rom avstralia sacxovreblad ar gamodgeboda. es
iyo iSviaTi SemTxveva, rodesac gamocdili mezRvauri Secda.

sur. 42.3. kukis mogzaurobis Sedegad gaCnda cnobe-

bi axal teritoriebsa da xalxebze, maT tradi­
ci­ebsa da yofa-cxovrebaze, aseve manamde ucnob
mcenareebsa da cxovelebze.

swored kukis mogzaurobis Semdgomi periodidan iwyeba avstra-

liis aTviseba. inglisis mTavroba Tavidan avstraliaSi damnaSave­ebs
asaxlebda. Semdeg evropelebis yuradReba miipyro kargma saZov­
rebma, romlebic maT pirutyvis mosaSeneblad gamoiyenes, amitom
kontinentis Sida nawilebis Seswavla Tavdapirvelad umTavresad
saZovrebis da wylis mosaZebnad iyo mimarTuli.
me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi ingliselma mezRvaurma meTiu flin­
dersma gars Semouara kontinents da pirvelma uwoda mas „avstra-
lia“. man daamtkica basis srutis arseboba, gamoikvlia k. tasmaniisa
da samxreT avstraliis napirebi, kontinentis aRmosavleTi da Crdi-
loeTi sanapiroebi da gadaitana rukaze didi barieruli rifi.

k. papua
axali gvinea lu
izi
ada
marjnis s ar
q.
zRva
toresis srute
di d i b
keip-iork

arnem-
lendsis n.k.
ari
er

o k e a n e
is n.k.
i

ul
q ed

i
i

is

r
if
l

ne
g
o
i
r

kd
n

eg

ma
or

viqtoriis didi simfsonis

i
is

ki
d

udabno ri
d

qe

m. uluru -k
qed

rCiso ku pe r
me 1515
d.
amyofi
ni

m
.

i
md

udabno
o

is dablobi
arbol
e

lg

nal ngi
li
ar
.d
ya

md
r
T

w
i
d

a
di
i

k. kenguru
n

s
y
w

o k e a n e

sur. 42.4. a. tasmanis, j. kukisa

abel tasmani da m. flindersis
(1642-1644 w.w.) mogzaurobis marSruti

jeims kuki (1770 w.)

220 • Tema 3 meTiu flindersi (1801-1803 w.)

 42

davaleba

4. 1642-44 wlebSi abel tasmanma orjer imogzaura avstraliisken. sur. 41.2-is gamo-
yenebiT daadgine, ra gansxvavebaa mis pirvel da meore mogzaurobis marSrutebs
Soris.

mogvianebiT, oqros umdidresi sabadoebis aRmoCenasTan erTad,

avstraliisken bevri „bedis maZiebeli“ gaeSura da inglisma mTeli
kontinenti Tavis koloniad gamoacxada.

davaleba

5. rogor fiqrob, ratom aRmoaCines avstralia sxva dasaxlebul kontinentebze

gvian da ra mizezebma SeuSala xeli avstraliis swraf Seswavlasa da aTvisebas?

praqtikuli samuSao

1. sur. 42.4-is mixedviT aRwere da Seadare erTmaneTs abel tasmanis, jeims kukisa da
meTiu flindersis mogzaurobis marSrutebi, mogzaurobis miznebi, mniSvneloba.
gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili: avstraliis mkvlevrebi

mogzaurobis mogzauro-
mogzauri da
(kvlevis) miznebi bis (kvlevis)
­mkvlevari
da Sedegebi ­mniS­vneloba
a. tasmani
j. kuki
m. flindersi
nimuSi
2. avstraliis konturul rukaze aRniSne a. tasmanis, j. kukisa da m. flindersis
mogzaurobis marSrutebi.

es sainteresoa

ingliselma samxedro mezRvaurma, mogzaurma, mkvlevarma da kartografma jeims

kukma msoflio okeanis Seswavlis mizniT samjer imogzaura dedamiwis garSemo.
am eqspediciebis dros man bevri geografiuli obieqti aRmoaCina, gamoikvlia da
rukaze aRniSna manamde naklebad cnobili da ucnobi adgilebi.

Tema 3 • 221
43
reliefi
gaixsene

ra kavSiria teqtonikur agebulebas, reliefis formebis gavrcelebasa da sasargeb­

lo wiaRiseulis mopovebis adgilebs Soris?

avstraliis reliefi sakmaod martivia. konti­nenti geologiuri

TvalsazrisiT, xmeleTis erT-erTi uZvelesi masivia, romelic gon-
dvanis nawils warmoadgenda da TiTqmis 3 mln wlis win Camoyalibda.

davaleba

1. daakvirdi avstraliis fizikur rukas (sur. 41.1), ris Tqma SegiZlia avstraliis
reliefis Sesaxeb?
2. avstraliis fizikur rukaze (sur. 41.1) moZebne dablobebi, zegnebi, udabnoebi,
mTebi da daadgine maTi simaRleebi. gansazRvre kontinentis romel nawilSi
mdebareoben isini.

avstralia yvelaze dabali kontinentia. misi zedapiris TiTqmis

naxevari 300 m-s ar aRemateba da teritoriis mxolod 2%-is simaRle
aWarbebs 1000 m-s. reliefSi Warbobs platoebi, romlebic dasavleT
nawilSi mdebareoben. aseTia, magaliTad, dasavleT avstraliis zega-
ni, romlis saSualo simaRle 300-400 m-ia. avstraliis Sua nawili
centralur dablobs ukavia, romlis simaRle 100 m-s ar aRemateba.
mTian raionebs, ZiriTadad, kontinentis aRmosavleTi da samxreT-
aRmosavleTi ukaviaT. swored aq mdebareobs avstraliis yvelaze
maRali da grZeli, 3500 km-ze gadaWimuli mTebi – didi wyalgamyofi
qedi. qedis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, e.w. avstraliis alpebSi,
kontinentis umaRlesi mwvervali kosciuSko (2228 m) mdebareobs.
avstraliis alpebi erTaderTi adgilia kontinentze, sadac Tovli
modis.

sur. 43.1. avstraliis umaRles mwver-

vals saxeli 1840 wels polonelma
mTamsvlelma pavel edmund stSeleckim
uwoda, poloneli erovnuli gmiris,
general TadeuS kosciuSkos pativsa­
cemad.

kontinentis teritoriis erTi mesamedi, ZiriTadad, dasavleTi

nawili, udabnoebsa da naxevarudabnoebs ukaviaT. maT Sorisaa, didi
qviSiani, viqtoriis didi, simfsonis, gibsonis qviani udabnoebi.

222 • Tema 3
 43

sur. 43.2. avstraliis udabnoebs Soris yvelaze didi

farTobi (348 750 km 2) viqtoriis did udabnos ukavia,
romelic msoflios udabnoebs Soris sididiT me-12
adgilzea. es teritoria sakmaod cxelia. zafxulobiT
aq saSualo temperatura 32-40°C-ia, xolo zamTrobiT
18-23°C-s Seadgens. yovelwliuri naleqebis raodenoba
200-250 mm-s ar aRemateba.

avstraliis udabnoebis zonaSi, kerZod ki did qviSian udabno-

Si, mdebareobs iuneskos mier msoflio memkvidreobad aRiarebuli
uluru-kata tiutas erovnuli parki, sadac aRmarTulia msoflios
udidesi monoliTi – wiTeli mTa uluru. is qviSaqvis uzarmazar
formacias warmoadgens. mTis asaki 600 milioni welia. mTis garSe-
moweriloba 8 km-ia, simaRle – 348 m, xolo miwisqveS 2100 m-ia. evro-
pelTaTvis misi arseboba cnobili gaxda 1870-ian wlebSi. uluru
aborigeni mosaxleobisaTvis wminda adgilia, sadac xSirad religiur
ritualebs atareben. saxelwodeba „uluru“ swored adgilobrivTa
enidan momdinareobs. mTas meorenairad aiers-roks uwodeben, me-19
saukunis avstraliis erT-erTi premier-ministris, henri aiersis
pativsacemad. 1993 wlidan avstraliis mTavrobam oficialurad
daakanona misi orsaxelianoba aiers-rok-uluru, romelic 2002 wels
Secvala uluru-aiers-rokma.

sur. 43.3. uluru avstraliis erT-erT simbolos

warmoadgens. es mTa Soridanve udides STabeWdile-
bas axdens mnaxvelze: moulodnelad, Suagul udab-
noSi, Zalzed ucnauri, „gabrtyelebuli“, ulamazesi
mTa wamoimarTeba. mTis mowiTalo elfers qanebSi
rkinis Jangisa da manganumis didi raodenoba gana-
pirobebs. uluru dRis sxvadasxva monakveTSi da
amindis cvlilebisas gansxvavebuli ferisaa: diliT
yavisferia, SuadRisas – mkveTri narinjisferi,
saRa­mos – oqrosferi, mzis Casvlisas jer wiTldeba,
Semdeg ki iasamnisferSi gadadis. moRrublul amind-
Si uluru nacrisferia.

avstraliaSi ar aris seismuri zonebi da maRali mTebi. avstralia

Cvens planetaze erTaderTi kontinentia, sadac Tanamedrove myin­
varebi da moqmedi vulkanebi ar gvxvdeba.
avstralia Zalian mdidaria Savi da feradi liTonebiT, navTobiTa
da gaziT, aq aseve moipoveben oqros da almasebs.

Tema 3 • 223
43

davaleba

3. axseni, ram ganapiroba avstraliis reliefis vake xasiaTi da ratom ar gvxvdeba

avstraliaSi maRali mTebi, seismurad aqtiuri zonebi, moqmedi vulkanebi da
Tanamedrove gamyinvareba.
4. axseni, rogor gesmis gamonaTqvami: „avstralia yvelaze wynari kontinentia~.
5. avstraliis fizikuri rukis (sur. 41.1) gamoyenebiT daadgine, romeli udabnoebia
aRniSnuli rukaze wiTeli feriT.

praqtikuli samuSao

avstraliis konturul rukaze aRniSne mTebi da udabnoebi, miuTiTe mwverval

kosciuSkos da ulurus mTis adgilmdebareoba.

geografiuli kvleva

afrikisa (sur. 27.1) da avstraliis (sur. 41.1) fizikuri rukebis gamoyenebiT Seadare
avstraliisa da afrikis reliefi erTmaneTs da daadgine maT Soris msgavseba-gan-
sxvaveba Semdegi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT: a) teqtonikuri struqtura; b) saSualo
simaRle; g) umaRlesi wertili; d) reliefis ZiriTadi formebi; e) vulkanebisa da
miwisZvrebis gavrceleba; v) reliefis gavlena adamianis cxovrebasa da saqmianobaze;
z) axseni, am ori kontinentis reliefis msgavseba-gansxvavebis mizezebi.

es sainteresoa

eqspediciebisa da kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom avstraliis kontinentze

yvelaze maRali mTa ara kosciuSko, aramed tauslendi yofila, magram kosciuS-
kos pirvelaRmomCenis, pavel edmund stSeleckis pativsacemad avstraliis mTa-
vrobam saocari gadawyvetileba miiRo: mTebs saxelebi Seucvala: tauslends
kosciuSko uwodes da kosciuSkos – tauslendi. Sedegad, pirvelaRmomCensac
pativi miages da umaRles mwvervalsac saxeli SeunarCunes.
pirveli turistebi ulurus sanaxavad 1936 wels Cavidnen. 1940-iani wlebidan
mimdebare teritoriaze turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTareba iwyeba. ukve
1948 wels mTis garSemo pirveli gza gaiyvanes da turistuli avtobusebic gaCnda.
mnaxvelebs aq aseve izidavT adgilobrivi flora da fauna, romelTa 54 saxeoba
endemuria. SesaZlebelia rogorc avtomobiliT mTis Semovla, aseve misi vert-
mfrenidan daTvaliereba.
viqtoriis did udabnos saxeli ingliselma mogzaurma ernest jeilisma uwoda
britaneTis dedoflis, viqtorias pativsacemad. igi pirveli evropeli iyo, ro-
melmac 1875 wels es udabno gadakveTa.

224 • Tema 3
 44
hava
gaixsene

1. ra faqtorebzea damokidebuli teritoriis hava?

2. ra aris pasati da ra gavlenas axdens is afrikis havis formirebaze?

avstralia sakmaod mSrali da cxeli kontinentia, rac misi geo-

grafiuli mdebareobiT, okeaneebis zegavleniTa da vake reliefiT
aixsneba. swored am faqtorebis gamo avstraliaSi oTxi klimaturi
sartyeli yalibdeba sxvadasxva amindisa da temperaturis maCveneb­
lebiT. zRvis sanapiroebs mSrali udabnoebi cvlis, xolo tropikul
tyeebs – mTebi.
zafxulSi mTel kontinentze cxeli amindebia da haeris saSualo
temperatura +28-300-ia. CrdiloeTSi zamTaric ki cxelia (20-240C),
xolo samxreTisken ufro grila (+120C).

1200 1400 1600

1200 1400 1600 1200 1400 1600
1200 1400 1600

00 k. papua axali ekvatori 00

k. papua axali 00 k. papua axali ekvatori 00
00 gvinea ekvatori 00 k. papua axali
gvinea 00 gvinea ekvatori 00
gvinea

ianv
temp

e
e

120 0
140 0
160 0

e
n
e
n

12

n
ea
n
a

ea
a
ke

20

ok
0
ke

20 200

ok
0
200
o

200
200 k. papua axali 00 200
o

00 ekvatori 200

wynari
samxr gvinea 00
wynari

eTi st

wynari
ar
mxorpeiT samxr
wynari

o eTist
kii tr amrxo
rpeiTki
saSualo o pik i t ro
i piki
tura, 0C

200 1400 1600

i n d oieTis
n d oeoT
keias ok d
ia
ia ia
ne ean k. papua axali an d d ia
400
el
n
ekvaat o ri 00 an d
40 0
e tasmania z el 400 el an
k. gvinea i z 400 z el
k. tasmania al i 400 indoi i z
e

k. tasmania al
k.
ax
ax
al 400 enTdio
s eoTki k. tasmania ax al
i 400
400
n

k. ea
snoekean k. ax
k.
e
a
ke

200
200 200
o

120
0
1400
1600
1200 1400 1600 1200 1400 1600
1200 1400 1600
samxr
wynari

eT i t
ivlisis saSualo ianvris saSualo ro p i
ki
temperatura, 0C temperatura, 0C
e
n

30 0
ea

25 5
ok

20
20 0
10
15
wynari

i n dsao eeT
m xr Ti is 15
10 t ro oke
piki d
ia
an 20 an
400 e z
el 400
k. tasmania i
l 400
sur. 44.1. ianvrisa da ivlisis saSualo wliuri temperaturebi avstraliaSi axa
k.

ia 0
120 1400 1600
d
an
el
indo i
z Tema 3 • 225
k. tasmania al
eTis ax
400
okeane k.
44

davaleba

1. avstraliis fizikuri rukis (sur. 41.1) da sur. 44.1-is gamoyenebiT axseni: a) ratom
icvleba temperaturis maCveneblebi erTsa da imave ganedze; b) romeli klimat-
warmomqmneli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas kontinentis teritoriaze haeris tem-
peraturis ganawilebaze; g) kidev ra informaciis moZieba SegiZlia sur. 44.1-is
gamoyenebiT.

kontinentis udides nawilSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi kontinen­

turi pasatebi qris. mxolod didi wyalgamyofi qedis aRmo-
savleT qarpira kalTebze qris wynari okeanidan monaberi samxreT-­
aRmosavleTi pasatebi, romlebic uxv naleqs warmoqmnian.
1200 1400 1600

00 k. papua axali
ekv a t o
gvinea ri 00

n
kea
200

wynari o
200
s a mx r
e Ti t
ro p
iki

wliuri naleqebi
mm-Si
ia
250 i nd d
oeTis ok el
an
500
400 ean z
1000 e k. tasmania
al
i
400
ax
2000 k.
3000
4000
1200 1400 1600
sur. 44.2. naleqebis saSualo wliuri raodenoba avstraliaSi

davaleba

2. avstraliaSi naleqebis ganawilebis rukis (sur. 44.2) mixedviT daadgine: a) rogor

nawildeba naleqebi kontinentze; b) ra raodenobis naleqi modis avstraliis did
nawilSi; g) kontinentis romel nawilSi modis uxvi naleqi da ratom; d) romeli
klimatwarmomqmneli faqtorebi axdenen gavlenas naleqebis teritoriul ga-
nawilebaze avstraliaSi.

zamTarSi samxreT-dasavleTi nawilSi ciklonuri qarebis gavle­

niT uxvi naleqi modis, zafxulSi ki CrdiloeT avstraliaSi iWreba
ekvatoruli musoni, romelsac aseve didi raodenobiT naleqi mo­aqvs.

226 • Tema 3
 avstraliis klimaturi sartylebi
44
darvini 

sidnei
kanbera 

melburni 

subekvatoruli

tropikuli velingtoni
subtropikuli
zomieri

sur. 44.3. avstraliis klimaturi sartylebi

davaleba

3. avstraliis klimaturi rukis (sur. 44.3) mixedviT daadgine: a) romel klimatur

sartylebSi mdebareobs kontinenti da k. tasmania; b) romel klimatur sartyleb­
Si mdebareobs kontinentis aRmosavleTi nawili.

kontinentis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi

naxevarkunZulovani nawili subekvatorul klimatur sartyelSi
mdebareobs, sadac sezonebi mxolod naleqebis raodenobis mixed­
viT gamoiyofa. aq haeris temperatura mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
+23-240C-ia, xolo naleqebis raodenoba saSualod 1500 mm-s aRwevs.
zafxulSi Crdilo-dasavleTidan mqrolav musonebs aq naleqebis
ZiriTadi nawili moaqvT. zamTarSi CrdiloeTiT sakmaod simSralea,
xolo kontinentis centralur raionebSi cxeli qarebi qris, romle-
bic gvalvis mizezia.
avstraliis ZiriTadi nawili moqceulia tropikul sartyelSi
da aq hava mSrali tropikulia. gamonaklisia mxolod didi wyalgam-
yofi qedis aRmosavleTi kalTebi, sadac wynari okeanidan monaberi
samxreT-aRmosavleTi pasatebis wyalobiT notio tropikuli havaa.
sanapiro dablobebi sakmaris tens iReben, amitomac hava rbilia:
wlis Tbil periodSi saSualo temperatura +22-250C-ia, xolo civ
sezonSi – +12-130C. dekembridan Tebervlamde, roca avstraliaSi
zafxulia, mSrali klimati teniani haviT icvleba.
kontinentze udabnoebs dasavleTidan aRmosavleTiT daaxloebiT
2500 km2 teritoria ukaviaT, ris gamoc avstraliis centra­luri nawi-
lebi erT-erTi yvelaze mSrali adgilebia dedamiwaze. es ramde­nime
mizeziT aixsneba: ekvatoris gaswvriv kontinentis didi ganfenilo-
biT, sanapiro raionebis mTiani reliefiT, romelic tenis gavrcele-

Tema 3 • 227
44
bas uSlis xels; sanapiro xazis mcire danawevrebiTa da avstraliis
tropikul ganedebSi mdebareobiT.
kontinentis centralur da dasavleT nawilebSi, udabnos havis
gamo, dekembridan Tebervlis CaTvliT temperatura +300C-ze maRa-
lia, xolo ivnisidan agvistos CaTvliT +10-150C-s aRwevs. naleqebis
raodenoba am regionebSi 300 mm-s ar aRemateba da wvima zogjer ram-
denime wlis ganmavlobaSic ki ar modis.
kontinentis samxreTi nawili subtropikul sartyelSia moqceu-
li, sadac havis sami tipi gamoiyofa: xmelTaSua zRvis – samxreT-
dasavleT nawilSi, notio subtropikuli – wynari okeanis sanapiro-
ze, xolo maT Soris, didi avstraliis yuris midamoebSi – kontinen-
turi mSrali subtropikuli.
samxreT-dasavleTSi zafxuli cxeli da mSralia, zamTari ki –
Tbi­­li da teniani. temperatura ianvarSi + 23-270C-dan ivlisSi
+12-140C-mde icvleba. kontinenturi klimatisTvis, romelic gaba-
tonebulia avstra­liis didi yuris mimdebare teritoriaze, damaxa-
siaTebelia temperaturis didi ryeva da naleqebis mcire raodenoba.
notio subtropikuli havis olqSi rbili havaa da naleqebis saSualo
raodenoba adamianis cxovrebisTvis, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmiano-
bisa da dasvenebisTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis. temperatura aq
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi +24-280C-ia.
kunZuli tasmania zomier sartyelSi mdebareobs da zRviuri haviT
xasiaTdeba. aq zamTari Tbili da teniania, xolo zafxuli – grili.
ianvarSi Termometris niSnuli +220C-s aCvenebs, zafxulSi ki +80C-ze
dabla ar Camodis, amitomac Tovli aq swrafad dneba, samagierod
xSirad wvims da wlis ganmavlobaSi naleqebis raodenoba 2000 mm-sac
ki aRwevs.

davaleba

4. ratomaa avstraliaSi gabatonebuli mSrali da cxeli hava?

5. avstraliis fizikuri (sur. 41.1), klimaturi (sur. 44.3) da naleqebis ganawilebis
(sur. 44.2) rukebis mixedviT axseni: a) rodis modis naleqebi subtropikul kli-
matur sartyelSi da romelia subtropikuli klimaturi sartylis havis olqebi;
b) ratom modis avstraliis centralur nawilSi mcire raodenobiT naleqi, da-
axloebiT 100 -500 mm weliwadSi? g) ratom modis sxva teritoriebTan SedarebiT
ufro meti naleqi gabatonebuli qarebisken mimarTul mTebis kalTebze?
6. sur. 44.1-is mixedviT daadgine: a) ecema Tu ara ianvrisa da ivlisis saSualo tem-
peratura 0°-ze dabla? b) ras udris subekvatoruli da tropikuli klimaturi
sartylebis zafxulisa da zamTris temperatura; g) ratomaa zafxulis saSualo
temperatura tropikul sartyelSi subekvatorulTan SedarebiT ufro maRa-
li? d) rogor icvleba zafxulis saSualo temperatura 30-320-ian paralelze
dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken?
7. avstralia TiTqmis imave ganedebsa da klimatur sartylebSi mdebareobs, ro-
melSic moqceulia samxreTi afrika: a) ra daskvnas gamoitan aqedan avstraliis
klimatis Sesaxeb? b) axseni, ratomaa afrikis samxreTiT, subtropikul klimatur
sartyelSi havis ori olqi, xolo avstraliis samxreTSi – sami?

228 • Tema 3
 44

davaleba

8. melburnisa da sidneis mcxovreblebi ukve or saukuneze metia, erTmaneTs amin-

dze exumrebian. sidneelebi amboben, rom melburnSi SeiZleba gaiyino, xolo
melburnelebi ki amtkiceben, rom sidneiSi autaneli susxia. es maSin, roca hae-
ris saSualo temperatura sidneiSi +170C-ia, xolo melburnSi – +14.70C. rukis
gamoyenebis gareSe Seecade, gansazRvro romeli qalaqi ufro CrdiloeTiT
mdebareobs. pasuxi daasabuTe.
9. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mcxovrebi adamianisTvis CrdiloeTi TovlTan,
yinvasa da Zlier qarebTan asocirdeba. rogor fiqrob, rogor klimatTan aso-
cirdeba avstralielisTvis CrdiloeTi?
10. saxelmZRvanelos teqstisa da Tematuri rukebis (sur. 44.1, 44.2 da 44.3) gamoye-
nebiT daaxasiaTe avstraliis klimaturi sartylebi da olqebi Semdegi gegmis
mixedviT: a) haeris masebi zamTarsa da zafxulSi; b) haeris temperatura ian-
varsa da ivlisSi; g) naleqebis saSualo wliuri raodenoba da mosavlis reJimi;
d) informacia warmoadgine cxrilis saxiT.
11. Seni azriT, rogor Seicvleboda avstraliis klimati, didi wyalgamyofi qedi
kontinentze aRmosavleTiT ki ara, dasavleTiT rom mdebareobdes?

geografiuli kvleva

rogori havaa avstraliis qalaqebSi?

gaaanalize avstraliis qalaqebis klimaturi diagramebi, gamoiyene Tematuri rukebi
(sur. 44.1, 44.2., 44.3) da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a) rogoria haeris temperatura TiToeul punqtSi ianvarsa da ivlisSi?
b) romel TveebSia haeris temperatura maqsimaluri da minimaluri?
g) ras udris temperaturuli amplituda?
d) ras udris naleqebis wliuri raodenoba da rogoria naleqebis ganawilebis re-
Jimi?
e) gamoitane daskvna: romel klimatur sartyelsa da havis tips Seesabameba TiToeu-
li klimaturi diagrama da avstraliis romel nawils axasiaTebs is?

kernsi
0
C 5m mm
50 500
sidnei elis-springsi iukla perti
40 400
0
C 42 m mm 0
C 579 m mm 0
C 11 m mm 0
C 60 m mm
30 300 30 300 30 300 30 300 30 300

20 200 20 200 20 200 20 200 20 200

10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100

1206 274 2243 252 883
0 0 0 0 0 iTmamiiasond
0 0 0 0 0
iTmamiiasond iTmamiiasond iTmamiiasond iTmamiiasond

a b g d e

Tema 3 • 229
45
Sida wylebi
gaixsene

ras uwodeben damSrali mdinareebis kalapotebs afrikaSi?

avstralia kontinentebs Soris yvelaze Raribia zedapiruli

wyle­­biT. kontinentze Sida wylebi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli.
av­­straliis teritoriis naxevarze meti gaudinaria, danarCeni ki
wynari da indoeTis okeanis auzebs miekuTvneba.

davaleba

1. avstraliis fizikuri rukis (sur. 41.1) gamoyenebiT axseni, ratom ukavia avstra-
liis teritoriis naxevarze meti gaudinar auzs da ratomaa avstraliis mdina-
reebi wyalmarCxi.

gaudinari auzisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Srobadi kalapotebi e.w.

krikebi, romlebic wyliT mxolod Tavsxma wvimis dros ivseba da isic
mokle xniT. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mdinareebi wyaluxvi mxolod
aRmosavleT avstraliaSia. aq isini mTebis ferdobebidan Camoedine-
bian, sadac naleqebi uxvad modis. mdinareebi, umTavresad, wvimiTa
da miwisqveSa wylebiT sazrdooben.

sur. 45.1. avstraliaSi yvelaze didia kuper-kriki.

misi sigrZe 1420 km-ia. igi saTaves didi wyalgamyo­
fi qedis dasavleT ferdobze iRebs (aq mas barku
hqvia), Semdeg didi arteziuli auzis naxevaruda­
bur da udabur teritoriebs kveTs. umetesad
sazrdoobs wvimisa da gruntis wylebiT. wyalmo-
vardnisa da Zlieri wvimis dros kuper-kriki eiris
tbamdec ki aRwevs.

kontinentis yvelaze didi mdinarea murei Senakad darlingiT,

ro­­melic saTaves didi wyalgamyofi qedidan iRebs. mureis sigrZe
2375 km-ia. qvemo dinebaSi darlingi gvalvis periodSi Sreba da cal­­
keul wyalsatevebad iyofa. murei ar Sreba, magram misi wylis done
mkveTrad icvleba. wvimis dros mdinare brtyel vakes tbo­ravs. wyal-
didoba ki mureize swrafad iwyeba da mcire xans grZeldeba.

230 • Tema 3
 45
(
!
rokhemftoni
(
!
dasavleT avstralia
quinslendi
alis-springsi

(
! brizbeni

samxreT avstralia

axali samxreT
uelsi
(
! niukasli
(
!
adelaida sidnei
(
!
(
!
kanbera
viqtoria
(
! melburni sur. 45.2. kontinentze murei-
darlingis mdinareTa qseli
yvelaze wyaluxvia, Tumca misi
wyalSemkrebi auzis farTobi
(
! hobarti
sididiT ar gamoirCeva.

davaleba

2. sur. 45.2-is, avstraliis fizikuri (sur. 41.1) da klimaturi (sur. 44.3) rukebis mi-
xedviT daadgine: a) sad mdebareobs mureis saTave? b) ra mimarTulebiT miedineba,
rogoria reliefi am teritoriaze da dinebis xasiaTi reliefidan gamomdinare?
g) romelia misi Senakadebi? d) sad Caedineba? e) riT sazrdoobs da ra faqtorebi
axdenen gavlenas mis kvebis reJimze? v) ra rols asrulebs mdinare kontinentis
bunebis formirebaSi? z) romeli qalaqebi mdebareobs masze? T) ra mniSvneloba
aqvs mdinares adamianis sameurneo saqmianobaSi?

wylis doneebis Zlieri cvalebadobis gamo avstraliis mdinareebi

sanaosnod ar gamoiyeneba. mdinareebis wyals miwebis sarwyavad iye-
neben, am mizniT maTze aSenebulia kaSxlebi.
avstraliaSi didi tbebi ar aris, magram bevria mlaSe gaudinari
tba (daaxloebiT 800-mde). maTi umetesoba mSral sezonze Sreba da
fskeri mariliTa da TabaSiris qerqiT ivseba.
avstraliis udidesi tbis – eiris farTobi mudmivad icvleba,
radgan misi sidide naleqebzea damokidebuli. wvimebis dros krike-
bi tbas wyliT avseben da amis gamo farTobi izrdeba. wlis gvalvian
periodSi eiri patara wyalsatevad iqceva, xolo damSrali ubnebi
marilis qerqiT ifareba.

sur. 45.3. tba eiri avstraliis yvelaze dabali

adgilia. igi centraluri avstraliis dablobze,
zRvis donidan 16 m-iT dabla mdebareobs.

Tema 3 • 231
45
kontinentis tbebidan aseve aRsaniSnavia makai, argauili, berli-
grifini.

sur. 45.4. hileris dasavleT avstraliaSi,

k. midlze, mdebareobs. igi yvelaze uCveu-
lo tbaa kontinentze da imiT gamoirCeva,
rom misi wyali vardisferia. tbis war-
moSobis istoria mecnierebs jerac ver
gaurkveviaT. wyalSi uvnebeli baqteriebi
binadroben, romlebic wiTel pigments
gamoyofen. tbaSi banaoba nebadarTulia.

avstralia mdidaria miwisqveSa wylebiT, romelTa naxevarze meti

did arteziul auzebs ukavia. kontinentze 7000-mde arteziuli Waa,
saidanac wyali bunebrivad, wneviT amodis. miwisqveSa wylebi mlaSea
da amitom sasmelad da sarwyavad ar gamoiyeneba.

k. papua
axali gvinea lu
izi
ada
marjnis s ar
q.
zRva
toresis srute

di d i b
keip-iorkis

arnem-
lendsis n.k. ari
i n

er

e
i

ul
q ed

n.k.

n
is

r
if
d o

ne
g

a
o
i
r

kd
eg

ma

e
or

viqtoriis didi
i
is

i
d

ik o k
kr
e T

qe

m. uluru r-
qed

rCiso kup
e
me 1515
d. didi
amyofi
ni

m
.

i
md

udabno arteziuli
auzi
i

is dablobi
r i

arbol
lg

nal
s

ngi
li
ar
.d
ya

md
w
i
d

a
di

o k. kenguru
n

k e a n
e
y
w

sur. 45 .5. avstraliis arteziuli auzebi

arteziuli auzi

davaleba

3. sur. 45.5-isa da avstraliis klimaturi rukis (sur. 43.3) gamoyenebiT: a) daadgi-

ne, romel klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs didi arteziuli auzi; b) imsjele
avstraliis arteziuli auzebis wylebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebze; g) sur.
47.1-is mixedviT gansazRvre, romel teritoriebs moicavs didi arteziuli auzi.

radgan avstralia Raribia wylis resursebiT, amitom wyalmomara-

gebis problemis gadasaWrelad didi mniSvneloba aqvs wyalsacavebis
Seqmnas, romlebic mSral periodSi TiTqmis fskeramde Srebian. aseve
gavrcelebulia wylis regenerirebis praqtika. gawmendili wyali
samrewvelo miznebisaTvis da sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis sarwyavad
gamoiyeneba.

232 • Tema 3
 45

sur. 45.6. tageranongis wyalsacavi avstra­

liis dedaqalaq kanberasTan mdebareobs.
igi 1987 wels Seiqmna mdinare marambijis
gadasarCenad. wyalsacavis napirebze mow-
yobilia dasasvenebeli zonebi: sabanao da
TevzWeris adgilebi, teritoriebi ser­fin­
gisa da uial­qno navebiT seirnobisTvis.

davaleba

4. axseni, ratom aris avstraliaSi mdinareTa qseli sustad ganviTarebuli.

5. imsjele, ra ZiriTadi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba avstraliis mdinareebi.
6. ratom sazrdoobs avstraliis mdinareebi umTavresad wvimisa da miwisqveSa wyle-
biT.
7. avstraliis fizikur rukaze zogierTi mdinare da tbis konturi aRniSnulia
wyvetili xaziT. rogor fiqrob, ratom? afrikis romeli tba hgavs eiris tbas da
ra niSniT?
8. rukis gareSe upasuxe kiTxvebs da Semdeg Seamowme pasuxebi: a) romeli ufro
CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs – tba eiri Tu mdinare murei? b) sad Caedineba mdinare
murei – eiris tbaSi Tu avstraliis did yureSi?
9. axseni: a) ratomaa avstraliaSi wylis resursebis problema; b) Seni azriT, avstra-
liis romel regionSia es problema ufro mwvave; g) ra mniSvneloba aqvs miwisqveSa
wylebs avstraliisTvis.

praqtikuli samuSao

avstraliis konturul rukaze aRniSne Semdegi geografiuli obieqtebi: didi wyal­

gam­yofi qedi, mwvervali kosciuSko, karpentariis yure, didi avstraliis yure, mdi-
nare murei, mdinare darlingi, tba eiri.

es sainteresoa

eiris tbas avstraliis „mkvdar guls“ uwodeben. igi 1840 wels mecxvare eduard
eirim axali saZovrebis Ziebisas aRmoaCina. tbas mogvianebiT misi saxeli ewoda.
mdinare kuper-kriki pirvelad 1845-1846 wlebSi mogzaurebma Carlz stiortma
da tomas mitCelma gamoikvlies.
arteziul auzebs avstraliis kontinentis TiTqmis 60% ukaviaT.
mSral sezonze avstraliis bevr StatSi akrZalulia manqanebis recxva gamdinare
wyliT, auzebis avseba, asfaltis morwyva da sxv.

Tema 3 • 233
 46
organuli samyaro
leqsikoni

endemi – mcenare an cxoveli, romelic gavrcelebulia mxolod garkveul geog­

rafiul arealSi.
reliqti – mcenare an cxoveli, romelic warmoadgens Soreuli warsulis, Zveli
epoqebis gadmonaSTs.

gaixsene davaleba

ra aris bunebrivi zona da ro- 1. ra mosazrebebi SeiZleba gamoTqva av­­s­

gor da ratom icvleba bunebrivi tra­liis bunebis Sesaxeb misi geografiu-
zonebi? li mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT?

avstralia mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebiT antarqtidis Sem-

deg yvelaze Raribi kontinentia, Tumca endemebisa da reliqtebis
simravliT gamoirCeva. avstraliaSi mcenareTa 70-75% endemuria,
rac xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi kontinentis izolirebuli
mdebareobiT aixsneba.
kontinentis udidesi nawili – daaxloebiT, 70% – udabnoebs uka-
via. sainteresoa, rom aq centraluri avstraliis vrceli udabnos
gverdiT sanapiros tropikuli mcenareuloba da Tovliani mTebis
ferdobebi gvxvdeba.
avstralia Raribia tyeebiT. aq iseTi mcenareebi xarobs, ro­­go­
rebicaa evkalipti, akacia, kazuarini, xedafna, araukaria da sxv.
kon­­tinentis ZiriTadi nawili mSrali stepis, naxevarudabnosa da
udabnos mcenareulobas – marcvlovan balaxebs, meCxer eklian ba­­
laxeulobasa da buCqnars ukavia.
120° 130° 140° 150°

120° 130° 140° 150°

10°
10°
10°

xmelTaSuazRviuri tyeebi da buCqnarebi

xmelTaSuazRviuri tyeebi da buCqnarebi
udabnoebi
e

udabnoebi
naxevarudabnoebi
i

n
n e

erTeuli xemcenareebiT
20°
n

naxevarudabnoebi
20°

e a

balaxeuli savana
d

erTeuli xemcenareebiT
20°
o k

skrebi
e a
o

tropikuli tyeebi
balaxeuli savana
e

subtropikuli tyeebi
o k
T

skrebi
a r i

30°
30°

tropikuli tyeebi
s

subtropikuli tyeebi
a r iy
w

o k e a n
30°

e
40°
40°

110° 120° 130° 140° 150° 160° sur. 46.1. avstraliis bunebrivi zonebi
n
y

234 • Tema 3
w

o k e a n e
0°
 46

davaleba

2. avstraliis bunebrivi zonebis (sur. 46.1) da klimaturi (sur. 44.3.) rukebis mixed-
viT daadgine: a) romeli bunebrivi zonebia gavrcelebuli kontinentze; b) romel
klimatur sartylebSi mdebareoben isini; g) romel bunebriv zonas ukavia yvelaze
meti farTobi da ratom; d) rogor icvleba avstraliaSi bunebrivi zonebi.

subekvatorul sartyelSi moqceulia kontinentis CrdiloeTi,

sadac savanebi da naTeli tyeebia gavrcelebuli. kontinentis Ziri-
Tadi nawili tropikul sartyelSi mdebareobs, aq udabnosa da naxeva-
rudabnos zonaa gabatonebuli. didi wyalgamyofi qedis aRmosavleT
kalTebze da sanapiro raionebSi warmodgenilia musonur-tropiku-
li tyeebis zona. mTebis dasavleT kalTebze ki – tropikuli savanebi
da naTeli tyeebi gvxvdeba.

sur. 46.2. avstraliaSi skrebi 1-2 m simaRlis maradmwvane

qserofituli (simSralis moyvaruli) buCqnaria stepebsa
da naxevarudabnoSi. skrebSi, ZiriTadad, izrdeba buCqi­
seb­ri evkaliptebi, kazuarinebi da akaciebi. skrebis
mcenare­ebis monacrisfro-mwvane foTlebi cvilisebri
nafifqiT aqvT dafaruli.

subtropikul sartyels kontinentis samxreTi nawili ukavia,

sadac sami bunebrivi zona gamoiyofa: samxreT-dasavleTSi gavrcele-
bulia xmelTaSua zRvis tipis tye-buCqnari, samxreT-aRmosavleTSi­ –
notio subtropikuli tyeebi, xolo yvelaze vrceli farTobi sub-
tropikul stepebs, udabnosa da naxevarudabnos ukavia.
k. tasmaniaze zomieri teniani havis gamo Sereuli da farTofoT-
lovani tyeebi gvxvdeba. aris maradmwvane xe-mcenareebic.

sur. 46.3. avstraliaSi evkaliptis 600-mde saxeoba xarobs.

giganturi, e.w. nuSis evkaliptis simaRle 150 m-s aRemateba.
evkalipts magari merqani aqvs, qerqi da foTlebi ki mdida­
ria eTerovani zeTiT, romelsac medicinasa da teqnikaSi
iyeneben. evkaliptis Zlieri da Rrma fesvebi niadagidan
didi raodenobiT wyals „qaCavs“ da niadags aSrobs, amitom
saZovrebze es xeebi mTlianad ganadgurebulia.

Tema 3 • 235
46
avstraliaSi kulturuli mcenareuloba mTlianad Semotanilia
sxva kontinentebidan. aq bevri sasargeblo mcenarea, romlebic iZle-
vian saWmelad vargis nayofs, Zvirfas merqansa da eTerovan zeTebs.
avstraliis cxovelTa samyaro, mcenareulobis msgavsad, Tavise-
burebebiT gamoirCeva. kontinentze jer kidev binadroben kvercxis-
mdebeli ZuZumwovrebi iqedne da ixvniskarta, aseve mravlad arian
CanTosnebi – kenguru, CanTosani ciyvi, kverna, koala, xolo kunZul
tasmaniaze – CanTosani eSmaki.

sur. 46.4. avstraliis binadari ixvniskarta

da iqedne kvercxismdebeli ZuZumwovrebi
arian. isini dedamiwaze uZvelesi droidan
SemorCnen. ixvniskarta kargad yvinTavs da
curavs, magram soroSi binadrobs. igi wel-
iwadSi erTxel mravldeba, debs erT-or
kvercxs, Tumca Tavis naSiers rZiT kvebavs.

sur. 46.5. avstraliaSi gavrcelebulia kengu-

sur. 46.6. CanTosani daTvi koala anu „zarmaca“ xeze cxov-
rus ramdenime saxeoba. magaliTad, gigantu-
robs da foTlebiT ikvebeba. aborige­ne­bis enaze misi sax-
ri kenguru 3 m simaRlisaa, juja ki – mxolod
eli niSnavs – `vinc wyals ar svams“. marTlac, igi sicocx-
30 sm-is. kenguru daaxloebiT 80 kg-s iwonis
lisaTvis saWiro tens mxolod 12 saxeobis evkaliptis xis
da xtunviT gadaadgildeba. misi naxtomis
foTle­bisgan iRebs. es foTlebi tens Seicavs da amitomac
sigrZe 12 m-ia, simaRle ki – 3 m.
koala uwylod didxans Zlebs.

kontinentze frinvelTa samyaroc metad mravalferovania. aq

SexvdebiT lamaz kudqnaras – liras, TuTiyuSebs, mkveTri feris
bumbuliT Semosil samoTxis frinvels, mSral savanebsa da naxeva-
rudabnoebSi mobinadre siraqlema emus, nagvis qaTams da sxv.
kontinentze binadroben xvlikebi, Sxamiani gvelebi, CrdiloeT
nawilis wyalsatevebSi ki – niangebi.
avstraliaSi yvela Sinauri cxoveli evropidanaa Semoyvanili.
zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, bocvrebi gavelurdnen da ise gamrav­
ldnen, rom maTma ricxvma ramdenime milions miaRwia. bocvrebi
anadgureben naTesebs, xexilis baRebs, saZovrebs da zians ayeneben
soflis meurneobas, amitom mosaxleoba maT ebrZvis.

236 • Tema 3
 46

sur. 46.7. evropidan Semoyvanili da Semdgom gave­

lurebuli ZaRli dingo erTaderTi mtacebeli
cxovelia avstraliaSi.

avstraliaSi bunebis dacvas didi yuradReba eqceva. qveyanaSi moq-

medebs mkacri kanoni, romelic mcenareebisa da cxovelTa saxeobebis
eqsports krZalavs. aseve Seqmnilia daculi teritoriebi, romelTa
raodenoba amJamad 1000-s aWarbebs.

sur. 46.8. kakadus erovnuli parki avstraliis Crdiloe­

TiT, q. darvinidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 171 km-is daSo­
rebiT mdebareobs. raoden gasaocaric unda iyos, parkis
saxeli ar ukavSirdeba TuTiyuS kakadus. saxeli mas adgi­
lobrivi aborigenebis – `kakadus~ tomis pativsacemad
ewoda. parki cnobilia ara marto aq gavrcelebuli mcena-
reebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis mravalferovnebiT,
aramed mis teritoriaze mdebare ori gamoqvabuliTac,
romelTa kedlebze amotvifruli naxatebi Zv.w. me-6 aTas-
wleuliT TariRdeba.

botanikuri baRi avstraliis TiTqmis yvela did qalaqSia. maT

Soris yvelaze Zveli sidneiSi mdebareobs, sadac Tavmoyrilia tro-
pikuli mcenareulobis umdidresi koleqcia. aseve cnobilia mel-
burnis botanikuri baRi. aq jer kidev 1860 wels daarsebuli herba-
riumia, romelSic 1.5 mln nimuSia daculi.

davaleba

3. riT aris gamowveuli endemebisa da reliqtebis simravle avstraliaSi?

4. avstralias xSirad „cocxali namarxebis“ kontinentsac uwodeben. axseni, rogor
gesmis es gamoTqma.
5. avstraliis kontinentze mdebare erTaderTi saxelmwifos – avstraliis kavSiris
– gerbze ori cxovelia gamosaxuli – kenguru da siraqlema emu. rogor fiqrob,
ratom?
6. avstraliis romel bunebriv zonaSia yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatuli bunebrivi
movlenebis sezonuri cvla da axseni, ra iwvevs mas.

Tema 3 • 237
46

davaleba

7. sur. 46.1-isa da sur. 34.1-is gamoyenebiT Seadare avstraliisa da samxreT afrikis

bunebrivi zonebi da daadgine, ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT Soris. imsjele
maT gamomwvev mizezebze.
8. axseni avstraliis magaliTze, ra gavlenas axdens nebismieri kontinentis gan-
viTarebis Tavisebureba mis Tanamedrove bunebriv pirobebze.
9. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris avstraliaSi bevri daculi teritoria – erovnuli
parki da nakrZali?
10. avstraliis romel nawilSi Secvala adamianma yvelaze metad buneba? riT aix­
sneba es? adamianis romelma saqmianobam Secvala kontinentis buneba yvelaze
metad?
11. ratom akontrolebs avstraliis mTavroba kontinentze mcenareTa da cxovelTa
samyaros warmomadgenelTa rogorc Seyvanas, ise kontinentidan gayvanas?
12. moiZie informacia avstraliis romelime erovnuli parkis Sesaxeb. moamzade
prezentacia SenTvis sasurveli formiT da gaacani megobrebs.

geografiuli kvleva

warmoidgine, rom avstraliaSi samecniero eqspediciaSi mogiwia wasvla. Tematuri

rukebis, damatebiTi informaciis gamoyenebiT Seiswavle kontinenti da misi bunebis
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seadgine rekomendaciebi, romlebic daexmareba
turistebs da mogzaurebs. daasabuTeT Tqveni rekomendaciebi. informacia warmo-
adgine infografikis saxiT.

es sainteresoa

kenguru pirvelad jeims kukma aRwera. roca mogzaurma kenguru pirvelad dai-
naxa, erT-erT aborigens am ucnauri cxovelis saxeli hkiTxa. aborigenma, ra Tqma
unda, ver gaigo kukis SekiTxva da mas Tavis mSobliur enaze upasuxa: „kenguru“,
rac niSnavda „Tqveni ar mesmis“. kukma ki es sityva cxovelis saxelad miiCnia da
mas dRemde ase hqvia.
ingliseli bunebismetyveli da mogzauri Carlz darvini, roca avstraliis napi-
rebTan micurda, Zalian gakvirvebuli darCa aqauri preistoriuli florisa da
faunis warmomadgenlebiT.
avstraliis sanapiroebTan zvigenic mravladaa. bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi maTi
msxverpli 53 adamiani gaxda, saSualod, weliwadSi – 1.06 adamiani.
iuneskos msoflio kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis Zeglebis siaSi av­
stra­liidan 3 kulturuli, 12 bunebis Zegli da 4 Sereuli tipis obieqtia Sesuli.
brisbenis erovnuli nakrZali 1915 wels Seiqmna. igi lamingTonis zeganze mdeba-
reobs da gauval junglebs warmoadgens.

238 • Tema 3
 47
mosaxleoba
avstralia msoflioSi erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelic mTel konti-
nents ikavebs da mimdebare kunZulebTan erTad erT saxelmwifos –
avstraliis kavSirs qmnis. sididiT igi msoflioSi meeqvse qveyanaa da
rogorc didi britaneTis yofili kolonia, didi britaneTis Taname-
gobrobis wevria. saxelmwifos meTauria didi britaneTis de­­dofali.
avstraliaSi eqvsi Stati da 2 mTavari teritoriaa.

farTo-
Statebi da dedaqa-
N bi,
8 teritoriebi
km2
laqi

1 dedaqalaqis teritoria 6.366 kanbera

3
2 axali samxreTi uelsi 809.444 sidnei
7 3 quinslendi 1.852.642 brisbeni
4 samxreT avstralia 1.043.514 adelaida
4
5 tasmania 90.758 hobarTi
2 6 viqtoria 237.629 melburni
7 dasavleTi avstralia 2.645.615 perti
6 8 CrdiloeTis teritoria 1.420.968 darvini
1

sur. 47.1. avstraliis politikur-administraciuli dayofa

davaleba

1. sur. 47.1-is mixedviT gaecani avstraliis administraciuli erTeulebis State-

bisa da teritoriebis saxelebs. raze miganiSnebs maTi saxelwodebebi?

Tanamedrove avstraliis mosaxleoba mkvidri aborigenebisa

da mosuli xalxebisgan Sedgeba. 40 aTasi wlis win kontinentze 300
aTasamde aborigeni cxovrobda. dRes isini qveynis mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 2.5%-s Seadgenen. evropelebis mosvlamde isini momTa-
bare cxovrebas eweodnen da ZiriTadad, nadirobasa da Semgroveb­
lobas misdevdnen. isini kontinentis aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT
cxovrobdnen, sadac adamianis cxovrebisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli
pirobebia, magram evropelebis mosvlis Semdeg iZulebulebi gaxdnen,
kontinentis yvelaze unayofo adgilebSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen.

Tema 3 • 239
47

sur. 47.2. avstralieli aborigenebi ekvatoruli

rasis negroidul-avstraloidur Stos miekuTvne­
bian. maT muqi yavisferi kani da talRovani Savi
Tma aqvT. isini SesaniSnavi monadireebi arian, maTi
sabrZolo da sanadiro iaraRi – bumerangi moRunu-
li joxia, romelsac mizanSi isvrian. acdenis
SemTxvevaSi is monadires ukan ubrundeba.

axlad aRmoCenil kontinentze pirveli katorRelebis gadmo-

saxlebidan mxolod 70 wlis Semdeg gabedes ingliselebma, kontinen-
tis centralur nawilSi eqspediciebi gaeSvaT. eqspediciis wevrebs
iq muqkaniani xalxi daxvdaT da maT Soris Setakebebi daiwyo. me-19
saukunis bolos aborigenTa gadarCenis mizniT ingliselebma isini
specialur adgilebSi – rezervaciebSi gadaasaxles.
me-20 saukunis ociani wlebidan qveynis mTavroba cdilobda, e.w.
aborigenTa problema Sereuli qorwinebebisa da cxov­rebis sti-
lis Secvlis gziT ga­­daewyvita. Tumca aborigenebis mniSvnelovanma
nawilma uari ganacxada wesebis, tradiciebis, kulturisa da teri-
toriebis Secvlaze, amitomac mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, abori-
genebi avstraliis srulfasovan mcxovreblebad eRiarebina. ufro
metic, qveyanaSi aborigenTa saqmeebis saministro Seiqmna da Zvel
sacxovrebel adgilebSi maTi dabrunebis procesi daiwyo.
mkvidri mosaxleobis Seviwroebis gamo, aborigenTa raodenoba
avstraliaSi Zalian Semcirda. magaliTad, yvela adgilobrivi tasma-
nieli moispo, xolo kontinentze zogierTi tomi mTlianad amowyda.
kontinentis centrSi mdebareobs qalaqi elis springsi, sadac amJa-
mad aborigenebi cxovroben.
pirveli evropelebi, romlebic avstraliaSi moxvdnen, britane-
Tidan gadmosaxlebuli katorRelebi iyvnen. dRes britanelebTan
erTad avstraliaSi sxva evropuli qveynebidan gadmosaxlebuli
xalxebi – italielebi, berZnebi, germanelebi da sxv. cxovroben. maT
kontinentze evropuli kultura, yofa-cxovrebis wesebi da saqmia-
noba daamkvidres.
avstralia yvelaze naklebad dasaxlebuli da aTvisebuli kon-
tinentia. mosaxleoba 25.1 mln adamians Seadgens da araTanabradaa
ga­­­nawilebuli. misi umetesi nawili kontinentis aRmosavleTsa da
samxreT-aRmosavleTSi cxovrobs. mosaxleoba gansakuTrebiT meC­
xradaa dasaxlebuli avstraliis Sida da CrdiloeT nawilebSi.

240 • Tema 3
 47

mosaxleobis simWidrove
kaci/km2

0.1 naklebi
0.1 - 1
1 - 10
10 - 100
100-ze meti
is simWidrove

klebi
1

00
ze meti sur. 47.3. mosaxleobis simWid­rove avstrali-
aSi, kaci/km 2-ze (2016 w)

davaleba

2. sur. 47.3-is mixedviT daadgine, ras udris mosaxleobis simWidrove qveynis sxva­
dasxva regionSi da axseni avstraliaSi mosaxleobis araTanabari ganlagebis
mizezebi.

evropelTa mosvlis Semdeg avstraliaSi gaCnda qalaqebi – sidnei,

adelaida, melburni, romlebic qveynis aRmosavleT nawilSi mdeba-
reobs. dRes avstralia erT-erTi yvelaze urbanizebuli qveyanaa
dedamiwaze, sadac mosaxleobis 90% qalaqeb­Si cxov­robs.
keip-iorki

darvini

karpentaaris
yure
s n.k.

md
. fi
kernsi
co md
ri . fli
nd
res i

taunzvili

tba
alis-springsi
nili
i

ik
r
i

rCiso tba m. uluru -k

d

r
me 1515 up e
.k
qe

karnegi
ni
.
md

md

yofi

viqtoriis didi
tba tba
keri udabno eiri
gam

tba
tba torensi ngi
muri li
ar
l

.d
ya

l d
perTi avstra iis did
m

adelaida
w

iy
ur
i
d

e
sidnei
di

md
.m
u r ei

melburni
kanbera

sur. 47.4. avstraliis

k. tasmania hobarti
udidesi qalaqebi

Tema 3 • 241
47
davaleba

3. sur. 47.4-is mixedviT daadgine, avstraliis romel nawilSi mdebareobs qalaqe-

bis umetesoba da axseni, ra mizezebma ganapiroba qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis am
nawilSi koncentracia.

avstraliis dedaqalaqia kanbera, sadac 357 aTasi adamiani cxov­

robs.­qveynis yvelaze didi qalaqi ki sidneia, romlis mosaxleoba
5 mln adamiania. qalaqi farTobiT sakmaod didia. imis gamo, rom av­­
straliis ori udidesi qalaqi sidnei da melburni verafriT SeTan­
xmda dedaqalaqis statusze, igi kanberas ergo, romelic specialu-
rad aSenda jer kidev 1824 wlidan arsebuli patara dasaxlebuli
punqtis adgilas. dedaqalaqi sidneisa da melburnis TiTqmis SuaSi
mdebareobs.

sur. 47.5. kanbera avstraliis politikur-

administraciuli da kulturuli cen-
tria. qalaqSi ar aris arc erTi samrewve-
lo sawarmo, magram aq mdebareobs parla-
menti, saelCoebi, avstraliis erovnuli
universiteti da mecnierebaTa akademia.

sur. 47.6. 1788 wels ingliselma

jariskacebma, mezRvaurebma da kator-
Relebma av­­­­­s­­t­­ra­­liis erT-erTi yuris
ulamazes sanapiroze am kontinentze
pirveli dasaxle­ba daaarses da mas kolo-
niis ingliseli ministris, lord sidneis
pativsacemad sidnei uwodes. dRes sidnei
avstraliis ara marto yvelaze Zveli, ara-
med yvelaze didi qalaqicaa.

sur. 47.7. melburni dResac avstraliis

yvelaze „inglisuri qalaqia“. misi erT-
erTi mTavari RirsSesaniSnaoba jeims
kukis saxlia, romelic britaneTidan gad-
moitanes da dRes iq muzeumia gaxsnili.

242 • Tema 3
 47

davaleba

4. avstraliis romeli regionebi gamoirCeva adamianis cxovrebisa da saqmianobisaT-

vis xelsayreli pirobebiT da ratom?
5. imsjele, rogor Seicvala avstraliis aborigenTa cxovrebis pirobebi.
6. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba avstraliis mosaxleoba?
7. Seadare avstraliisa da afrikis mosaxleoba da daadgine maT Soris msgavseba-
gansxvaveba.
8. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili: avstraliis xalxebi
mkvidri an kontinentis romel romel enaze
xalxi
mosuli nawilSi cxovroben laparakoben

nimuSi

praqtikuli samuSao

sxvadasxva Tematuri rukis gamoyenebiT, Sen mier SerCeuli marSrutiT, warmosax-

viT imogzaure avstraliaSi da aRwere SenTvis yvelaze saintereso ori obieqti.
daasabuTe Seni arCevani.

es sainteresoa

aborigenTa enaze sityva `samSoblo~ `mudmiv saxls~, „wminda adgils~ da `sico-

cxlis wyaros~ niSnavs.
qveynis mosaxleobis 25% sxva qveyanaSia dabadebuli. TiTqmis yvela avstralie-
li arcTu didi xnis emigrantia, amitomac aq yvelani ise grZnoben Tavs, rogorc
saxlSi. „mieci sxvas Sansi!“ – avstralielTa sayvareli gamoTqmaa.
avstraliaSi policiis pirveli 12-kaciani brigada britaneTidan gadmosaxlebu-
li katorRelebisgan Seiqmna.
ingliselTa avstraliaSi gadmosvlis dRes – 26 ianvars – avstraliis dRe aRi-
niSneba da qveynis erovnuli dResaswaulia.
kanberas mSenebloba 1913 wels daiwyo da 1927 wels sazeimod gaixsna. kanbera abo-
rigenebis enidan iTargmneba, rogorc `Sexvedris adgili~.
avstraliaSi sportis popularuli saxeobebia: ragbi, gol-
fi, kriketi, aerobika da serfingi.
ekonomikis gaZlierebis mizniT, avstralielebi mxolod da
mxolod adgilobriv nawarms yiduloben, romelsac mwvane
samkuTxedSi Casmuli yviTeli kengurus gamosaxulebiani
niSani amSvenebs, xolo reklamebSi aucileblad aRniSnaven,
rom nawarmi damzadebulia avstraliaSi.

Tema 3 • 243
48
okeaneTi
gaixsene

ra aris kunZuli da rogori kunZulebi arsebobs warmoSobis mixedviT?

wynari okeanis centralur da samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi mraval-

ricxovan kunZulTa dajgufebas okeaneTi hqvia. aq arsebul kun-
ZulTa saerTo farTobi 1.26 mln km2-ia, xolo raodenoba 10 000-s
aRemateba.

sur. 48.1. avstralia da okeaneTis qveynebi

1832 wels frangma zRvaosanma diumon diurvilma okeaneTis kun-

Zulebi istoriul-eTnografiuli niSnis mixedviT sam ZiriTad nawi-
lad – polineziad (bevri kunZuleTi), mikroneziad (wvrilkunZu-
leTi) da melaneziad (SavkunZuleTi) dayo.

244 • Tema 3
 48

havai
taivani

mikronezia
filipinebi marSalis k-ebi.
polinezia
bismarkis
arqpelagi
axali
gvinea solomonis k-ebi

melanezia tuvalu markizis k-ebi

vanuatu samoa
kukis k-ebi
fiji
tonga
avstralia axali kaledonia
aRmosavleT k-ebi
norfolki

axali
zelandia

sur. 48.2. okeaneTis nawilebi – melanezia, mikronezia da polinezia

davaleba

1. sur. 48.1-48.2-isa da naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) mixedviT daadgine:

a) romeli kunZulebi da qveynebi Sedis polineziis, mikroneziisa da melaneziis
SemadgenlobaSi; b) romeli zRvebi akravs okeaneTis kunZulebs.

okeaneTSi vulkanuri da marjnuli warmoSobis kunZulebi War­

bobs. didi kunZulebi – axali gvinea (romelic sididiT meore kunZu-
lia dedamiwaze) da axali zelandia ki kontinenturi warmoSobisaa.
kontinenturi kunZulebis zedapiri Zlier danawevrebulia. maRali
mwvervalebi TovliTaa dafaruli.
okeaneTis kunZulebze bevri Camqrali da moqmedi vulkania. havais
kunZulebis vulkanebs metad damreci kalTebi da didi kraterebi
aqvs, romelSic mudmivad buybuyebs lava. vulkanebs axlavs geize-
rebi.

Wainiha

sur. 48.3. havais kunZulebi 1778 wels jeims kukma aRmoaCina da sendviCis kunZulebi
uwoda. havai 24 vulkanuri kunZulis jaWvs warmoadgens. vulkani kilauea (simaRle
1247 m) havais samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobs da dedamiwis erT-erTi yvelaze
aqtiuri vulkania. aseve moqmedi vulkanebia: mauna-loa, mauna-kea da sxv.

Tema 3 • 245
48
okeaneTis didi nawili tropikebs Soris mdebareobs, amitom aq
maradiuli zafxulia. mTeli okeaneTis temperaturas mcire sezo-
nuri da dReRamuri ryeva da mTebis sxvadasxva kalTis araTanabari
datenianeba axasiaTebs. haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura +280C-
ia, xolo wliuri amplituda 50C-s ar aRemateba.

sur. 48.4. Cveni planetis erT-erTi yvelaze

teniani adgili vaialeales mTebis aRmosavle-
Ti kalTebia da kunZul kauaize (havais arqipe-
lagi) mdebareobs. aq weliwadSi 11430 mm naleqi
modis. 1982 wels ki naleqebis rekorduli
raodenoba – 16916 mm movida.

davaleba

2. axseni, ratom aris okeaneTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli temperaturis mcire sezonuri

da dReRamuri ryeva da mTebis sxvadasxva kalTis araTanabari datenianeba.

okeaneTis kunZulebis organuli samyaro, avstraliis msgavsad,

maRali endemurobiTa da saxeobaTa simciriT gamoirCeva. ekvatoris
axlos mdebare kunZulebze notio ekvatoruli da subekvatoruli
tyeebia. mTebis qarzurga kalTebze tyeebi savanebSi gadadis. zomier
sartyelSi mdebare kunZulebic dafarulia tyeebiT.
mcenareulobaSi Warbobs fikusi, pandanusi, bambuki da kazuarini.
bevria liana da palmis sxvadasxva saxeoba. adamiani sxvadasxva mizniT
iyenebs sagosa da qoqosis palmebis nayofs, Rerosa da foTlebs.

sur. 48.5. rukaze wiTeli feriT naCvenebia qoqosis

palmis gavrcelebis arealebi. qoqosis palmis nayo­
fisgan qoqosis zeTs xdian. qoqosis palmis nayofis –
kakle­bis wona 8 kg-s aRwevs. norCi nayofis SigniT rZea,
romelic sasiamovno dasalevia da wyurvils klavs.
am palmis foTlebiT qoxebs xuraven, boWkosgan Toks
grexen da Wilofebs qsoven, xolo Reroebs saSen masa­
lad da navebis dasamzadeblad iyeneben.

246 • Tema 3
 48

davaleba

3. sur. 48.5-is, naxevarsferoebisa da politikuri rukebis (danarTi 1, 2) gamoyenebiT

daadgine, kidev sad aris gavrcelebuli qoqosis palma.

okeaneTis kunZulebze izrdeba mango, kauCukovanebi, nesvisa da

puris xeebi. aseve mohyavT banani, Saqris lerwami da sxva kulturebi.
okeaneTis tyeebis umetesoba warsulSi gaiCexa da axla tyeebis
udidesi nawili xelovnuria. Seicvala saxeobaTa Semadgenlobac.
magaliTad, axal zelandiaSi gaCnda wiwviani jiSebi, havais kunZuleb­
ze – kaqtusebi, romlebic amerikidan Semoitanes.
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro avstraliasTan ufro axlos mde-
bare kunZulebze SedarebiT mdidaria. magaliTad, k. axal gvineaze
binadrobs iqedne, mexeuri kenguru, kuskusi, mdinareebSi – niangi.
bevria frinveli: kudqnara, nagvis qaTami, samoTxis frinveli da sxv.
evropelebma okeaneTis kunZulebze Semoiyvanes Sinauri cxovelebi:
Zroxa, Rori, Txa, cxeni.
okeaneTis TiTqmis yvela kunZuli dasaxlebulia. mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT 10 mln kacia. adamiani okeaneTis
kunZulebze mravali aTasi wlis win dasaxlda. Tu rogor moxvdnen
isini aq, jerac ucnobia, Tumca bevri hipoTeza arsebobs. zogierTi
mecnieris azriT, okeaneTis kunZulebze adamianebi samxreT-aRmo-
savleT aziidan gadmosaxldnen. cnobili norvegieli mogzauri tur
heierdali ki miiCnevda, rom isini aq samxreT amerikidan moxvdnen.

sur. 48.6. tur heierdali norvegieli mogzauri da mweralia, romelic intensiurad

swavlobda transokeanuri migraciebis SesaZleblobas Zvel da axal samyaros Soris.
heierdali cnobili gaxda mas Semdeg, rac 1947 wels 5 TanamgzavrTan erTad samxreT
amerikidan, kerZod perudan, arqipelag tuamotumde gadacura wynari okeane tiviT
„kon-tiki“ , imis dasamtkiceblad, rom SeiZleboda poline­ziis kunZulebze Tavdapir­
velad amerikidan mosulebi dasaxlebuliyvnen. mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebi man
wignSi „kon-tiki – wynari okeanis gadakveTa afrosniT~ aRwera, romelic Targmnilia
msoflios 67 enaze. namdvili „kon-tiki“ amJamad oslos kon-tikis muzeumSia daculi.

Tema 3 • 247
48
avstraliisgan gansxvavebiT, okeaneTis teritoriaze ZiriTadad
mkvidri mosaxleoba cxovrobs. gamonaklisia mxolod axali zelan-
dia, sadac mosaxleobis naxevarze meti inglisuri warmoSobisaa. maT
garda kunZulebze cxovroben maorebic, romlebic sxva kunZulebis
mkvidr mosaxleobasTan erTad e.w. polineziur jgufSi Sedian. am
jgufis xalxebs, negroidebisgan gansxvavebiT, naTeli feris kani
da talRovani Tma aqvT.

sur. 48.7. k. axal gvineasa da mis

mimdebare kunZulebze papuasebi
cxovroben, romlebic ekvatorul
rasas miekuTvnebian. maT muqi kani
da xSiri xuWuWa Tma aqvT.

mosul mosaxleobas evropidan, aziidan da amerikidan gadmosaxle-

bulebi Seadgenen.
okeaneTis kunZulebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi koloniebs warmo-
adgenda. me-20 saukunis 60-ian wlebamde okeaneTSi mxolod erTi
damoukidebeli qveyana arsebobda – axali zelandia. amJamad regio-
nis qveynebis umetesoba damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. magaliTad,
dasavleTi samoa, nauru, fiji, papua-axali gvinea da sxv. Tumca jer
kidev arsebobs teritoriebi, romlebic sxva qveynebs ekuTvniT, maT
Soris aSS-s, safrangeTsa da axal zelandias.
okeaneTis mosaxleobisTvis didi zarali da ziani moaqvs grigals,
romelsac kokispiruli wvima da udidesi Zalis talRebi axlavs. es
grigali Tavisi damangreveli ZaliT miwisZvras an vulkanis amof­
rqvevasac ki SeiZleba SevadaroT.
wynari okeanis ramdenime kunZuli, magaliTad, fijis, tongasa da
samoas kunZulebi msoflios ulamazes adgilebadaa miCneuli. tu­­
rizms kunZulebisTvis Semosavali moaqvs, Tumca turistebis did
raodenobas garemosTvis zianis miyenebac SeuZlia.

davaleba

4. ra aris okeaneTi, ra nawilebad da ra niSnebis mixedviT iyofa is?

5. imsjele, ra kavSiria okeaneTis kunZulebis geografiul mdebareobas, sidides,
reliefsa da maT warmoSobas Soris.
6. ra aris okeaneTis organuli samyaros Taviseburebebis mizezebi?

248 • Tema 3
 48

davaleba

7. ratom gansxvavdeba mkveTrad okeaneTis buneba

avstraliis bunebisgan?
8. rogor fiqrob, ratom izidavs okeaneTi bevr
turists?
9. 1891 wels frangi mxatvari pol gogeni poli­
neziaSi, k. taitize gaemgzavra da mravali
ferweruli tilo Seqmna kunZulis bunebasa
da mosaxleobaze. suraTis mixedviT aRwere
kunZulis peizaJi. frangi mxatvris, pol gogenis naxati
10. waikiTxe Tur heirdalis „mogzauroba kon- „kunZul taitis mTebi“
tikiT“­da erTmaneTs gauziareT STabeWdile-
bebi.

proeqti

Seadgine marSruti okeaneTis kunZulebze samogzaurod: a) SearCie kunZulebi,

romlebsac moinaxuleb; b) moiZie informacia im teritoriisa da RirsSesaniSnaobe-
bis Sesaxeb, romelTa naxvasac apireb; g) warmoadgine informacia infografikis
saxiT da gaacani megobrebs.

es sainteresoa

axali gvineis, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis kunZulebs (k. axali zelandia) erTad

mTeli okeaneTis kunZulebis saerTo farTobis 80% ukaviaT.
mauna-kea (havaiurad „TeTri mTa“) – Camqrali farisebri vulkania havais kun­Zu­­
leb­ze. misi simaRle 4205 m-ia da havais Statis umaRles wertils warmoadgens.
misi didi nawili wylis qveS mdebareobs. Tu mauna-keas simaRles misi Ziridan
aviTvliT, maSin misi simaRle 10 km-s miaRwevs.
okeaneTSi mdebareobs msoflioSi yvelaze didi lagunis mqone atoli (rgoliseb­
ri marjnis kunZuli, romlis SuaSi moqceulia laguna) – kvajaleini (marSalis
kunZulebis arqipelagi). lagunis farTobi 2174 km2-ia, maSin roca xmeleTis far-
Tobi sul raRac 16.32 km2-s Seadgens.
okeaneTis kunZulebis mcxovreblebi kargi zRvaosnebi da gemTmSeneblebi iyvnen.
magaliTad, polineziuri navi namdvil gems warmoadgenda, romelzec 100-mde
adamiani eteoda da ramdenime aTasi km-is gavla SeeZlo. polinezielebi navebs
lursmnebis gareSe, ZiriTadad, TokebiTa da ficrebiT agebdnen.
msoflioSi farTobiT (xmeleTi 324 km2) yvelaze didi atolia Sobis kunZuli
(igive kiritimati), romelic lainis arqipelagSi Sedis da kiribats ekuTvnis.
igi 1777 wels ingliselma mogzaurma jeims kukma aRmoaCina. kunZuli msoflioSi
zRvis frinvelebis yvelaze didi raodenobiT gamoirCeva. Aatolis mosaxleoba
5115 kacs Seadgens. dasaxlebuli punqtebia: banana, londoni, poloneTi da tab-
vakea. kunZulze aris qoqosis palmis plantaciebi, moipoveben margalits. Sobis
kunZulis mosaxleoba dedamiwaze pirveli xvdeba axal wels.

Tema 3 • 249
 g

49 r
eg
0
20

or
is
fsonis
axali zelandia
samxr

qe
abno eTi tro
ki
piki
di
k ri
r-

i
e
kup

d
d. axali zelandia wynari okeanis samxreT nawilSi, avstraliidan

qe
m

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 1700 km manZilze mdebareobs da misgan gamo-

o k e zRviT.
a n e qveyana ori didi kunZulisgan – samxreTi-
yofi
yofilia tasmaniis
sa da CrdiloeTis kunZulebisgan Sedgeba. maT erTmaneTisgan kukis
baironismaT garda, axali zelandiis SemadgenlobaSi kidev 700-
srute yofT.
koncxi
gam

ing
i mde patara kunZulia, romelTa umetesoba dausaxlebelia.
arl
.d 0
l

md 30
axali zelandia
ya
w

k. CrdiloeTi
i
d

o k ea n e
sidnei
di

d m. kosciuSko
m

.m
u r e i 2228 tasmanis
kanbera zRva
melburni
samxreT-aRmosavleTis m. ruapeჰუ
2797
0-dabali 1:15 000 000
koncxi 0-50

basis sr u te 50-100
bi

100-250
pe
l

a 250-500 6500-ze Rrma

ingi k. flindresi
r

m. kuki 500-1000 6500

Ti
re 3754 1000-1500 5000
a
x

0 1500-2000 4000
sam

k. samxreTi 40 3000
n

fo 2000-3000
m. osa vo 3000-4000 2000
ss
y

r u te 1000
1617
k. stiuarti
w 4000-5000
5000-ze <
500

k. tasmania 200

0 0 sur. 49.1. axali zelandiis

150 160 fizikuri ruka

samxreTi kunZuli axali zelandiis udidesi kunZulia da deda-

miwis kunZulebs Soris sididiT me-12-ea. misi farTobi 150 437 km2-ia.
kunZulze qveynis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 1/4 cxovrobs. kunZulis
gaswvriv, CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken, gadaWimulia mTebi – samxre­
Ti alpebi, romlis yvelaze maRali mwvervalia kukis mTa (3754 m).

sur. 49.2. kukis mTa alpinistebsa da

turistebSi metad popularulia. is
samxreT alpebSi, kukis mTis erovnuli
parkis teritoriaze mdebareobs, sadac
2000 m-ze maRali 140-ze meti piki da daax-
loebiT 70-mde myinvaria.

CrdiloeTi kunZuli dedamiwaze sididiT me-14-ea da misi farTobi

113 729 km2-s utoldeba. es kunZuli naklebad mTiania, vidre samxreTi
kunZuli da ufro mosaxerxebelia dasaxlebuli punqtebisa da sazR-
vao portebis Sesaqmnelad. swored amitom mosaxleobis didi nawili
masze cxovrobs da qveynis udidesi qalaqebic swored aq gvxvdeba.
CrdiloeT kunZulze sami moqmedi vulkania. maT Sorisaa kunZulis
yvelaze maRali wertili – aqtiuri vulkani ruapehu.

250 • Tema 3
 49
kunZulebze mTiani reliefi Warbobs, vake-dablobebi ki mxolod
sanapiro zolSia. aq mdebareobs samxreT alpebis mTebi (sxvaTa Soris,
isini ufro didia, vidre safrangeTis, avstriisa da Sveicariis alpe-
bi erTad aRebuli), aseve vulkanebi, fiordebi, myinvarebi, geizerebi,
tbebi.

sur. 49.3. axal zelandiaSi bevri geizeri da Ter-

muli wyaroa. zogierTi geizeri cxeli wylisa
da orTqlis Sadrevans 20-30 m simaRleze isvris.
qalaqi rotorua mudam orTqlSia gaxveuli iq
arsebuli mravalricxovani geizeris gamo.

kunZulebis hava okeanuria, ZiriTadad, tropikuli da temperatu-

ris mcire ryeviT da mcire naleqiT xasiaTdeba. okeanis siaxlovis
gamo axal zelandiaSi zamTrisa da zafxulis temperaturas Soris
sxvaoba 100C-s ar aRemateba.
axali zelandiis tyeebSi gvxvdeba fiWvi, wifeli, xegvimra da sxv.
aseve mcenareebis iseTi saxeobebi, romlebic dedamiwaze sxvagan
arsad izrdeba. magaliTad, Zvirfasi boWkovani mcenare axalzelan-
diuri seli da fiWvi kauri – dedamiwis erT-erTi udidesi xe, romlis
Ria feris, gamZle merqani Zvirad fasobs gemTmSeneblobaSi.

sur. 49.4. kombostos xes wvri-

li, zemoT datotvili Rero da
wagrZele­buli xeSeSi foTlebi aqvs.
am foTlebisgan qaRalds amzade-
ben, boWkosgan Tokebs da bagirebs
grexen, xolo wvenisgan, romelsac
fesvebi Seicavs, gemrieli sasmeli
mzaddeba.

axali zelandiis cxovelTa samyaroc ar aris mravalferovani. aq

binadrobs frinveli kivi, romelic ar frens, magram darbis.

sur. 49.5. kivis yavisferi bumbuli aqvs.

kunZulze arasdros binadrobdnen
mtaceb­lebi, amitomac kivisTvis frena da
xeebze damalva ar iyo aucilebeli.

Tema 3 • 251
49
qveynis teritoriis 25% erovnul parkebsa da dacul terito-
riebs ukaviaT. aq Seqmnilia 14 erovnuli parki, 4 sazRvao parki, 21
sazRvao da sanapiro nakrZali da 3000-ze meti rezervati.
albaT rogor gaocdebodnen 400 wlis win evropeli mogzaurebi,
rodesac aRmoaCines, rom kunZulebi dasaxlebuli iyo. Tu saidan
movidnen axali zelandiis mkvidrni, jerjerobiT amaze zusti pasuxi
mecnierebs ar gauciaT. zogierTi mkvlevari imasac ki fiqrobs, rom
es teritoria kacobriobis uZvelesi samSobloa.
axali zelandia msoflios erT-erTi ukanaskneli adgilia, sadac
adamianebi dasaxldnen. pirveli axalmosaxleebi – maorebi axal
zelandiaSi daaxloebiT 1000 wlis win gaCndnen.
evropelebze ufro metad albaT maorebi gancvifrdnen, rode­sac
1642 w kunZulTan axlos uzarmazari xomaldebi dainaxes. es holan-
dielTa eqspedicia iyo kapitan abel tasmanis meTaurobiT. man ruka-
ze aRniSna axali zelandiis sanapiroebi, magram Tavisi geografiuli
aRmoCena ar gaumxelia. amitomac axali zelandiis oficialuri aRmo-
Cenis pativi 1770 w inglisel mezRvaurs jeims kuks xvda wilad. mao-
rebi mtrulad Sexvdnen mosulebs da kukis mezRvaurebTan Setake-
bisas ramdenime maTgani daiRupa kidec. ingliselebi darwmundnen
aborigenebis mamacobaSi. maT arc muSketebis da arc zarbaznebis ar
SeeSindaT da medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies mezRvaurebs. miuxe-
davad amisa, kukma kunZulebi britaneTis samflobelod gamoacxa-
da. sisxlismRvreli omebi maorebsa da ingliselebs Soris didxans
grZeldeboda da axali zelandia mxolod 1840 w gamocxadda oficia-
lurad didi britaneTis koloniad. dReisaTvis qveyanaSi maorebis
raodenoba sakmaod Semcirebulia. 1901 wlamde avstralia da axali
zelandia erTi qveyana iyo. kunZulovanma saxelmwifom damoukideb­
loba 1907 wels moipova.

sur. 49.6. maorebi axali zelandiis mkvidrni arian,

romelTa winapre­bi aRmosavleT polinezielebi iyvnen.
isini mecxoveleobas, meTevzeobasa da mebaReobas mis­
devdnen. siamaye, simamace, siT­bo, istoriisa da kultu­
ris siyvaruli – yvela es Tviseba Tav­moyrilia maoris
xalxSi, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmav­lo­baSi gare
samyarosgan izolirebulni iyvnen.

axalzelandielTa umetesoba britanelebis STamomavalia, danar-

Ceni nawili ki – maorebi da samxreTi kunZulebis mcxov­rebni. dRes
maoris xalxi axali zelandiis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15%-s Sead-
gens. maorebis kultura aRmavlobas ganicdis: maT enas skolebSi
aswavlian, aRdga maTi xelovnebis tradiciuli dargebi.
axali zelandiis kunZulebis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saqmianoba

252 • Tema 3
 49
miwaTmoqmedeba da mecxoveleobaa. qveynis miwebis naxevarze meti
saZovrebia, radgan mecxvareoba da msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
moSeneba ekonomikis umTavresi dargia. matyli, xorci da karaqi maTi
ZiriTadi saeqsporto produqtebia. kunZulebze mxolod ramdenime
sawarmoa, qalaqebic SedarebiT pataraa, amitomac axali zelandia
msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad dabinZurebuli qveyanaa.

davaleba

1. amboben, rom axali zelandia adgilia, sadac qveyniereba mTavrdeba. axseni, rogor
gesmis es gamonaTqvami.
2. moiZie informacia k. axali gvineis Sesaxeb da Seadare erTmaneTs kunZulebi –
axali zelandia da axali gvinea. gamoitane daskvna da aRniSne maTi bunebis gan-
sxvavebis mizezebi.

es sainteresoa

axali zelandiis aborigenebs ar hqondaT damwerloba, amitom maTi warmomav-

lobis Sesaxeb mxolod legendebi arsebobs. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, dRevandeli
maorebi okeaneTidan – sazogadoebis arqipelagis erT-erT kunZul raiateadan
mosulan. iq mcxovrebTa belads, vinme kupes, SeumCnevia, rom grZelboloiani gu-
guli – koxoperoa yovel weliwads kunZulze samxreT-dasavleTidan mofrinavda,
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki ukan brundeboda. man gadawyvita, epova is adgili, sadac
koxoperoa binadrobda. kupe ori kanoeTi gaemgzavra, erTs TviTon meTaurobda,
meores ki – vinme ngake. xangrZlivi curvis Semdeg maT miaRwies miwas, romelsac
kupem aotearoa uwoda, rac „grZel, TeTr Rrublebs“ niSnavs. Sors, okeanis si-
vrceSi danaxuli kunZuli kupes caze `mcuravi“ Rrubeli egona. swored es iyo
axali zelandia.
meore legendis Tanaxmad, me-12 saukuneSi, kunZul taitidan beladi toi SviliS-
vilis saZebnelad gaemgzavra. man axali zelandiis kunZulebs miaRwia da sacxov­
rebladac iq darCa. me-14 saukuneSi kunZuls taitis mcxovrebTa didi flotilia
miadga. kunZulis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba – maorebi – swored maTi STamomavlebi
arian.
maorebSi yvelaze popularuli da kargad Semonaxuli tra­di­ciaa sao­ma­ri cekva
„haka“. brZolis win meomrebi ha­kas asru­lebdnen, riTac TavianT Zalas amtkicebd-
nen. dRes am cekvam sxva mniSvneloba SeiZina da axali zelandiis ragbis nakre-
bi – „All Blacks“ mas yoveli TamaSis win asrulebs. maorebis kidev erTi saintereso
tradicia `poviri~ anu misalmebaa, romelic Tavisi origina­lu­robiT gamoirCeva.
axalzelandielebi erTmaneTs cxviris midebiT esalmebian da ara, Cveulebriv,
kocniT an xelis CamorTmeviT.
qveyanaSi sami saxelmwifo enaa: inglisuri, axalzelandiuri niSnebis da maorebis.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom msoflios arcerT qveyanaSi, garda axali zelandiisa,
aborigenebis ena ar aris saxelmwifo enad aRiarebuli. sainteresoa isic, rom 1893
wels demokratiul qveynebs Soris pirvelad swored axal zelandiaSi aRiares
qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianoba da qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba moipoves.
2005 wels axali zelandia msoflioSi pirveli qveyana gaxda, sadac SemoiRes be-
gara naxSirorJangze anu atmosferoSi gamonabolqvze.

Tema 3 • 253
 Semajamebeli samuSao III
1. axseni, ratom mimdinareobs avstraliis teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawilSi fizikuri
gamofitva intensiurad da kidev sad gvxvdeba msgavsi movlena.

2. moiZie informacia didi wyalgamyofi qedis Sesaxeb da axseni, ra niSnebiT SeiZleba

daadgino, rom didi wyalgamyofi qedi Zveli mTebia.

3. ratom ar emTxveva avstraliis weliwadis droebi CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mdebare

qveynebis weliwadis droebs?

4. rogor daadgen avstraliis fizikuri rukis gamoyenebiT, rom kontinentze mcire

raodenobiT naleqi modis?

5. sad gvxvdeba avstraliaSi damSrali mdinareebis kalapotebi, e.w. krikebi?

6. romeli udabnoa naCvenebi rukaze?

7. rukis gamoyenebis gareSe upasuxe kiTxvebs:

a) ra kveTs avstraliis centralur nawils – ekvatori Tu tropiki?
b) sad mdebareobs eiris tba – kontinentis CrdiloeT Tu samxreT sanapirosTan
axlos?
g) sad mdebareobs didi barieruli rifi – wynar Tu atlantis okeaneSi?
d) romeli kunZuli ufro didia farTobiT – tasmania Tu axali zelandia?
e) sad mdebareobs karpentariis yure – CrdiloeTiT Tu dasavleTiT?

254 • Tema 3
 v) romeli mdebareobs ufro samxreTiT – eiris tba Tu mdinare murei?
z) romeli zRva mdebareobs ufro aRmosavleTiT – arafuris Tu marjnis?
T) romel okeaneSi mdebareobs avstraliis didi yure – wynarSi Tu indoeTis?
i) sad mdebareobs darlingi – mureis CrdiloeTiT Tu samxreTiT?
k) romeli kunZuli mdebareobs avstraliis CrdiloeTiT – tasmania Tu axali gvinea?
l) romeli kunZuli mdebareobs avstraliis aRmosavleTiT – axali gvinea Tu axali
zelandia?
m) sadaa mureis saTave – didi wyalgamyofi qedis aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT kalTaze?

8. CamoTvale, romeli geografiuli obieqtebia aRniSnuli avstraliis rukebze cifre-

biT:

a) b) 2
3 3

7 6
10
8

10
5

1 1
6
4
8
2
9 7

4 5

9. daadgine avstraliis rukaze wertilebiT aRniSnuli teritoriebidan romel wer-

tilSia haeris temperatura ivlisSi yvelaze dabali da axseni, ratom.

klimaturi sartylebis sazRvrebi

Tema 3 • 255
 10. gansazRvre avstraliis romeli klimaturi sartylis daxasiaTebaa mocemuli da
romeli klimaturi diagrama Seesabameba am tipis klimats:
a) am olqSi zafxulSi gabatonebulia tropikuli haeris masebi, xolo zamTarSi –
zomieri. zamTari wlis teniani sezonia, zafxuli ki – mSrali. zamTris saSualo
temperatura +8 - +100C-ia, zafxulis – +240C.
b) am teritoriis klimati mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanabari datenianebiT gamoir-
Ceva, radgan aq zafxulSi okeanidan tropikuli haeris masebi iWrebian, xolo
zam­­TarSi – okeanuri zomieri sartylis haeris masebi. zafxulis saSualo tempe-
ratura +16 - +180C-ia, xolo zamTris – +8 - +100C.
g) am olqSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mcire raodenobiT, daaxloebiT, 250 mm naleqi
modis. aRiniSneba wliuri da dReRamuri temperaturis mkveTri ryeva. haeris ma-
sebi icvleba sezonebis mixedviT. zamTarSi gabatonebulia zomieri haeris masebi,
zafxulSi ki – tropikuli.
d) am klimatur sartyelSi haeris masebi sezonebis mixedviT icvleba. zafxulSi
gabatonebulia ekvatoruli haeris masebi, romelTac didi raodenobiT naleqi
moaqvT. zamTarSi mSrali tropikuli haeris masebi batonoben, amitomac naleqic
cota modis.
e) am klimatur sartyelSi mTeli weli tropikuli haeris masebia gabatonebuli.
zafxulis saSualo temperatura +24 - +28°C-ia, dRisiT zogjer +400C-ac aRwevs.
naleqebis raodenoba weliwadSi 250 mm-s utoldeba.

a b g

C
0 mm C
0 mm C
0 mm
30 500 30 500 30 500

20 400 20 400 20 400

10 300 10 300 10 300

0 200 0 200 0 200

-10 100 -10 100 -10 100

0 670 0 0
-20 130 -20 -20
650
iTm a m i i a sond iTm a m i i a sond iTm a m i i a sond

d e

C
0 mm C
0 mm
30 500 30 500

20 400 20 400

10 300 10 300

0 200 0 200

-10 100 -10 100

0 250
-20 950 -20 0
iTm a m i i a sond iTm a m i i a sond

256 • Tema 3
11. daamyare Sesabamisoba: qalaqi – klimaturi diagrama
a g
0
C mm 0
C mm
30 500 30 500
2
20 400 20 400

10 300 10 300

0 200 1 0 152 200

4
-10 100 -10 100

-20 274 0 3 -20 0

iTm a m i i a sond iTm a m i i a sond

b d
0
C mm 0
C mm
30 500 30 500

20 400 1. alis-springsi 20 400

2. darvini
10 300 10 300
3. perti
0 200 4. brisbeni 0 200

-10 1150 100 -10 100

1102
-20 0 -20 0
iTm a m i i a sond
iTm a m i i a sond

12. romeli bunebrivi zonaa daStrixuli avstraliis rukaze:

bunebrivi zonis sazRvrebi

Tema 3 • 257
 13. waikiTxe Jiul vernis romanis – „kapitan grantis Svilebis“ – erT-erTi moqmedi
piris – geografis, mkvlevris da mogzauris, Jak paganelis sityvebi da axseni, raSi
mdgomareobs am saocari kontinentis unikalurobis mizezi.

„geubnebiT, gimeorebT da vficav, rom esaa yvelaze saintereso mxare mTel deda-
miwaze. misi warmoSoba, buneba, mcenareebi, cxovelebi, klimati aocebda, aocebs da
kvlavac gaaocebs msoflios yvela mecniers... esaa kontinenti, sadac mdinareebi
yoveldRe Sreba; sadac xeebi yovel wels foTlebs ki ara, qerqs icvlian; sadac
foTlebi Crdils ar qmnian, xeebi ar iwvian, tyeebi dabalia, xolo balaxebi gigan-
turi simaRlisaa; sadac cxovroben unikaluri arsebebi: oTxfexebs niskarti aqvT,
kengurus – sxvadasxva sigrZis TaTebi, xolo meliebi xidan xeze daZvrebian.
oh! esaa yvelaze jadosnuri, yvelaze aralogikuri qveyana; esaa paradoqsuli miwa,
sadac bunebis yvela kanoni uaryofilia. aseTia igi – avstralia, romelic msoflio
kanonebis Taviseburi parodiaa an ufro sworad, gamowveva mTeli danarCeni samyaros
mimarT!“

14. avstraliaSi am mcenaris 500-mde saxeoba xarobs. igi kontinentis erTgvar simbolos
warmoadgens. romel mcenarezea saubari da ra ici mis Sesaxeb?

15. avstraliis napirebTan cocxali organizmebis mier Seqmnili yvelaze didi nageboba
mdebareobs. ra hqvia mas da rogor warmoiqmneba igi?

16. romeli qalaqebia aRniSnuli cifrebiT avstraliis rukis fragmentze, romelia maT
Soris dedaqalaqi da axseni, ratom mdebareobs igi am adgilas.

1
2

17. avstraliis bunebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare, soflis meurneobis romeli dargi

iqneba kontinentze yvelaze metad ganviTarebuli? pasuxi daasabuTe.

258 • Tema 3
4
Tema
antarqtida

aq Seityob, rom

antarqtida samxreT polusTan mdebareobs;

antarqtida yvelaze civi kontinentia. igi yinulovani udabnoa;
antarqtidaze gvxvdeba mSrali xeobebi, sadac mravali welia naleqi ar
mosula;
antarqtidaze gavrcelebulia Zlieri, mudmivi qarebi;
antarqtidaze mxolod mecnieruli kvlevaa nebadarTuli. antarqtidaze
ar cxovrobs mudmivi mosaxleoba;
ozonis xvreli antarqtidis Tavze gaCnda.
 antarqtida

Tu ginda meti Seityo

antarqtidis Sesaxeb,
estumre vebgverds:
www.nationalgeographic.com

farTobi – 14 mln km2 (1.6 mln km2 – Selfuri yinulebi, 75 500 km2 –
kunZulebi)
umaRlesi adgili – vinsonis masivi, 4892 m
yvelaze dabali adgili – bentlis Rrmuli, 2555 m
yvelaze didi naxevarkunZuli – dasavleT antarqtikuli
yinulis safaris maqsimaluri sisqe – 4776 m
yvelaze dabali temperatura – -89.20C (sadguri „vostoki“).

260 • Tema 4
 50
geografiuli mdebareoba
gaixsene

1. sad gadis samxreTi polaruli wre?

2. rodis gamoiyo samxreTi okeane, riT gamoiyofa igi sxva okeaneebisgan, romelia
yvelaze Rrma adgili samxreTis okeaneSi?
3. ra aris Selfi (kontinenturi meCeCi)?

antarqtida yinulovani, yvelaze civi da dausaxlebeli kontinen-

tia dedamiwis samxreT geografiuli polusis garSemo. igi mTlianad
samxreT polaruli wris SigniT, antarqtikis centralur nawilSi
mdebareobs. antarqtida kontinentia, xolo antarqtika antarqti-
dasa da s. g. 480-600-mde mis mimdebare kunZulebsa da wylebs moicavs.
antarqtidis centri TiTqmis emTxveva samxreT geografiul poluss.

samxreTis okeane lazarevis

zRva

riser-larsenis
zRva

uedelis
zRva
Taname­
antarqtidis n-k gobrobis
zRva

belingshauzenis
zRva vinsonis masivi
(4897 m.) samxreTi polusi
bentlis Rrmuli
(-2540 m.)

amundsenis
zRva deivisis
zRva

rosis
zRva
diurvilis
zRva sur. 50.1.
antarqtidis
samxreTis okeane fizikuri
ruka

Tema 4 • 261
50

davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, antarqtidis geografiuli mdebareobis Seswavlisas ratom ar

gansazRvraven mis ukidures wertilebs?

samxreTi geografiuli polusi wertilia samxreT naxevarsfe-

roSi, sadac dedamiwis brunvis warmosaxviTi RerZi mis zedapirs
kveTs. dedamiwis zedapiris nebismieri sxva wertili samxreTi polu-
sis mimarT yovelTvis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs. polusi polaru-
li platos farglebSi 2800 m simaRlezea. yinulebis sisqe samxreTi
polusis raionSi 2840 metria. polusis siaxloves samxreTi magni-
turi polusia.
samxreTi polusi zamTris periodSi saerTod ar iRebs mzis sxivebs
da aq polaruli Rameebia. maisidan ivlisamde (Tu ar gaviTvaliswi-
nebT mTvaris Suqsa da polarul naTebas) polusze gabatonebulia
mudmivi wyvdiadi da mzis amosvlasa da Casvlas weliwadSi mxolod
erTi dRe SeiZleba davakvirdeT. zafxulSi mze yovelTvis horizon-
tis Tavzea.

sur. 50.2. samxreTi polusi erT-erT yvelaze civ da mkacr klima­

tur mxares warmoadgens. aqauri klimati ufro civia, vidre
CrdiloeTi polusisa. zafxulSi temperatura -23.5°-s aRwevs. ian-
varSi temperatura -25.9°C-s udris. polusTan yvelaze maRali tem-
peratura (-12.3°C) dafiqsirebulia 2011 wlis 25 dekembers amundsen-­
skotis sadgurze, yvelaze dabali temperatura (-82.8°C) – 1982 wlis
23 ivniss. atmosferuli naleqebi TiTqmis ar modis. haeris sinoti­
ve nulis tolia.

samxreT polusze ar xarobs mcenareuloba da ar binadroben

cxo­­­­velebi. Tumca bolo kvlevebis mixedviT, yinulebSi mikrobebi
aRmoaCines.
kontinents gars akravs samxreTis, igive antarqtikis okeanis
wylebi. antarqtidis irgvliv mdebare zRvebis umetesoba am pola-
ruli mxaris mkvlevarTa da mogzaurTa saxelobisaa.

davaleba

2. antarqtidis fizikuri (sur. 50.1) da naxevarsferoebis rukebis (danarTi 1) gamo-

yenebiT CamoTvale zRvebi, romlebic antarqtidas esazRvreba.

antarqtidis teritoria geografiul regionebad da raione-

bad iyofa, romlebic wlebis win sxvadasxva mogzaurma aRmoaCina.
regions saxels misi aRmomCenis, gamomkvlevis an sxva romelime piris
pativsacemad arqmevdnen da mas `miwa~ ewodeba. magaliTad, antar-
qtidis miwebia: adelis miwa, viqtorias miwa, dedofal elisabedis
miwa, dedofal modis miwa, dedofal meris miwa, kotsis miwa da sxva.

262 • Tema 4
 50

sur. 50.3. kotsis miwa antarqtidis teritoriis

nawilia, romelic d. g. 20° da 37°-s Soris mdebareobs.
am miwis zedapiri TiTqmis mTlianad dafarulia 1000-
2000 metramde sisqis kontinenturi myinvariT. teri-
toria Sotlandiurma eqspediciam 1904 wels aRmoa­
Cina da saxeli im Sotlandieli mewarmis pativsace-
mad ewoda, romelmac eqspedicia daafinansa.

davaleba

3. antarqtidis fizikuri rukis (sur. 50.1) da internetis gamoyenebiT daadgine,

kidev romel regionebs (miwebs) moicavs antarqtida. aRniSne isini antarqtidis
konturul rukaze.

antarqtidas aseve ekuTvnis samxreT orkneis, samxreT Setlandis,

balenis da berkneris kunZulebi.
antarqtikis naxevarkunZuli antarqtidis xmeleTis yvelaze
CrdiloeTi nawilia da warmoadgens xmeleTis zols uedelis zRvi-
dan belingshauzenis zRvaSi, eklundis kunZulamde. naxevarkunZulis
yvelaze CrdiloeTi wertili – sifres anu praim-hedis koncxi (s.g. 63°
da d.g. 57°) – amavdroulad, kontinentis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi wer-
tilia. naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawils (68-63 paralelebs Soris)
greiamis miwas uwodeben, samxreT nawils (74-68 parale­lebs Soris) –
palmeris miwas. klimatis cvlilebam antarqtikis naxevarkunZuls
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi daamCnia. naxevarkunZulis axlos, Self-
ze, mdebareobs larsenis myinvari, romlis zoma ukanasknel wlebSi
sagrZnoblad Semcirda.
60°
80° 40°

100° 20°

s a m x r e T
e

120° 0°
a m e r i k a
n

20° 20°
a
e
o k

140° 20°
t i s

e
n
a
e

0° 0°
k
o

a n
e

ut
sr
is
i

k
ei
l
w y n a r

160° 40°
r
t
d

20° 20°

180° 60°

160° 80°

140° 100°
120°

sur. 50.4. samxreT amerikisken mimarTuli, TiTqmis 1300 km sigrZis antarqtikuli naxe­
varkunZuli kontinentisgan gamoyofilia msoflioSi yvelaze ganieri – dreikis sru-
tiT. srutis yvelaze viwro nawili 820 km-ia.

Tema 4 • 263
50

davaleba

4. Seadare antarqtidis gamosaxuleba naxevarsferoebis rukasa da globusze. riT

aixsneba gansxvaveba kontinentis gamosaxulebebs Soris?
5. axseni, ra gansxvavebaa antarqtidasa da antarqtikas Soris.
6. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT gansazRvre, romeli kontinen-
tebi mdebareoben antarqtidasTan axlos.
7. gamoTvale, dedamiwis xmeleTis ramden procents ikavebs antarqtida.
8. axseni, raSi mdgomareobs antarqtidis geografiuli mdebareobis gansakuTrebu-
loba da Seni azriT, ra gavlenas axdens misi mdebareoba kontinentis bunebaze.

praqtikuli samuSao

aCvene globusze an naxevarsferoebis rukaze (danarTi 1) samxreTi polusi, sam­

xreT polaruli wre, sawyisi meridiani. aRniSne isini antarqtidis konturul ru­
kaze.
globusis gamoyenebiT gansazRvre:
a) umoklesi manZili antarqtididan samxreT amerikamde, afrikamde da avstra-
liamde;
b) gansazRvre antarqtidis ganfeniloba Semdegi meridianebis gaswvriv: d.g. 900 –
a.g. 900 da 00 – 1800.
muSaobis etapebi:
a) gansazRvre mocemul meridianebze antarqtidis sanapiro xazTan gadakveTis
adgilebSi mdebare wertilebis geografiuli ganedi.
b) gamoTvale manZili gradusebSi samxreT polusidan TiToeul wertilamde.
g) Sekribe manZilebi da jami gaamravle 111 km-ze.

es sainteresoa

antarqtida, sityvasityviT, `arqtikis sawinaaRmdego mxares~ niSnavs. antarqtida-

ze mdebareobs beThovenis naxevarkunZuli, verdis, bramsis, mendelsonis, Suber-
tis, haidnis yureebi, berliozisa da rosinis koncxebi, listis, grigis, gliukis
mTebi da pikebi, glinkas kunZulebi.
antarqtidis rukidan 1966 wels gaqra 4 geografiuli obieqti: eimeris koncxi,
torshavnis, evansisas da engamis ubeebi. isini kontinentis im nawilebSi mdebare-
obdnen, romlebic mas Camostyda da okeaneSi aisbergebad gacurda.
antarqtidaze yvela sasaaTo sartyeli gadis. kontinents miniWebuli aqvs inter-
netis pirveladi domeni .aq da satelefono prefiqsi +672.

264 • Tema 4
 51
aRmoCena da gamokvleva
gaixsene

vin iyo jeims kuki da ra wvlili miuZRvis geografiuli aRmoCenebis istoriaSi?

me-20 saukunis bolos dedamiwis geografiul rukaze sul ufro

cota rCeboda adgili, sadac adamians jer kidev ar hqonda fexi dad-
gmuli. aseTi `TeTri laqebi~ CrdiloeTi da samxreTi polaruli
raionebi – arqtika da antarqtida iyo.
antarqtida yvela kontinetze ufro gvian aRmoaCines, Tumca ukve
antikur droSi mecnierebi samxreT polarul olqSi xmeleTis arse-
bobas varaudobdnen. jer kidev Zveli berZeni filosofosi aris-
totele gamoTqvamda varauds, rom samxreTSi aucileblad unda
yofiliyo xmeleTi, romelic CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi arsebuli,
ukve cnobili kontinentebis teritoriebs `awonasworebda~.
samxreTSi mdebare xmeleTis Zebnis yvelaze gabeduli cda evro-
pelma zRvaosnebma ganaxorcieles. 1772 wels ingliselma mkvlevarma
da kapitanma jeims kukma samxreTi kontinentis mosaZebnad samxreTis
mimarTulebiT gacura. man qarisgan daucvel kunZulebsa da uzar-
mazar aisbergebs, anu rogorc Tavad uwoda, „yinulis kunZu­lebs“
miaRwia. „zogi maTgani – werda is, – garSemowerilobiT TiTqmis sami
kilometri iyo, simaRliT ki – 20 metri, magram zRvis talRebis Zala
mainc iseTi iyo, rom talRebi maT zemodan ecemoda“.
50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°

30°
x r e T i s
a m o k e
a n e
s
ute

lazareis
40° zRva
e i k i s sr

riser-larsenis
zRva
40°

u e d e l i s

z R v a
dr

Tanamegobrobis
zRva
antarqtida
belingshauzenis
samxreTi
polusi
zRva
amu
nd
se

a
ni

s
zR deivisis
R

va zRva
z
s
s i
40°
r o
riser-larsenis
40°
zRva

sur. 51.1. jeims kukis

30°
mogzaurobis marSruti
130° 140° 150° 160° 170° 180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 130°

kukma samxreTis mimarTulebiT mogzauroba ganagrZo da 1773 wlis

17 ianvars misma gemebma – „rezoluSenma“ da „advenCerma“ samxreTis
po­­laruli wre gadakveTes. kuki Seupovrad miuyveboda Tavis gzas

Tema 4 • 265
51
yi­­nulebSi, sanam maTSi ar Caiketa. „samxreTis mimarTulebiT yinu-
lis gar­­da verafers vxedavdi“, – dawera man Tavis savaxto JurnalSi.
faqtobrivad, antarqtidas mxolod 120 kilometri aSorebda, roca is
ukan dabrunda. kukma am mogzaurobis Semdeg gamoacxada, rom curvis
samxreTis mimarTulebiT gagrZeleba aRar SeiZleboda. mas dauje-
res da Semdgomi 45 wlis ganmavlobaSi polaruli eqspediciebi ar
ganxorcielebula.

davaleba

1. sur. 51.1-is mixedviT aRwere jeims kukis mogzaurobis marSruti. ratom Sewyvita
man mogzauroba?

rusi zRvaosani da admirali fabian belingshauzeni 1819-1821

wleb­Si karWapebiT – „vostoki“ (meTauri belingshauzeni) da „mir-
ni“ (meTauri mixeil lazarevi) – dedamiwis garSemo mogzaurobas
xelmZRvanelobda. eqspediciis mizani antarqtikaSi ucnobi miwebis
aRmoCena iyo. 1819 wels maT atlantis okeanis antarqtikuli nawilis
ramdenime kunZuli aRmoaCines, 1820 wlis 16 (28) ianvars ki – Tavad
antarqtida. isini ramdenjerme miuaxlovdnen kontinentis yinulo-
van napirebs da daaskvnes, rom es „yinulovani kontinenti“ iyo. 1821
wels aRmoaCines kunZuli, romelsac petre I-is saxeli uwodes da
napiri, romelsac aleqsandre I-is miwa daerqva. 1821 wlis 24 ivliss,
(5 agvistos) 751-dRiani mogzaurobis Semdeg, gemebi ukan dabrundnen.
yinulovani kontinentis aRmoCenis oficialur TariRad 1820 wlis
28 ianvari miiCneva. am dRes rusulma eqspediciam fabian belings-
hauzenisa da mixeil lazarevis meTaurobiT samxedro afriani
gemebiT – `vostoki~ da `mirni~ – antarqtidis napirebs miaRwia.
eqspediciam samxreTis okeaneSi msoflios garSemo mogzaurobisas
antarqtidis yinulebs Semouara da meeqvse kontinentis arsebobis
faqti daamtkica.
50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°

30°
x r e T i s
a m o k e
a n e
s
ute

lazareis
40° zRva
e i k i s sr

riser-larsenis
zRva
40°

u e d e l i s

z R v a
dr

Tanamegobrobis
zRva
antarqtida
belingshauzenis
samxreTi
polusi
zRva
amu
nd
se

a
ni

s
zR deivisis
R

va zRva
z
s sur. 51.2. antarqtidaSi
s i
40°
r o f. belingshauzenisa da
riser-larsenis
40°
zRva m. lazarevis meTauro-
biT mowyobi­li pirve­li
rusuli eqspe­di­ciis
30°
mogzaurobis marSruti
130° 140°W 150°W 160° 170° 180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 130°

266 • Tema 4
 51
sur. 51.3. belingshauzenis saxelobisaa zRva da qvabuli
wynar okeaneSi, koncxi samxreT saxalinze, kunZuli tuamo-
tus arqipelagSi, Selfuri myinvari da polaruli sadguri
antarqtidaSi. belingshauzenma Tavisi mogzauroba aRwera
wignSi: `ori gamokvleva samxreT yinulovan okeaneSi da
dedamiwis irgvliv mogzauroba 1819-21 wlebSi karWapebiT
„vostoki“ da „mirni~.

davaleba

2. sur. 51.2-is mixedviT aRwere fabian belingshauzenisa da mixeil lazarevis eqs-

pediciis mogzaurobis marSruti.
mogzaurebi da aRmoCenebi
rual engelbert gravning amundseni pirveli mogzauri da Cenebi
o
mkvlevaria, romelmac gamoikvlia samxreTi polusi (1911dwlis
b i a aRm14
dekembers) da aseve pirveli adamiania, romelic
o aure dedamiwis
gznamyofia
orive polusze. m
norvegielma mogzaurma rual amundsenma samxreTi polusis dasap­
yrobad mzadeba jer kidev 1909 wels daiwyo.

samxreT polusze amu

ndsenma
polheimi (polaruli
bina)
uwoda. dRes aq Tanamed
rove
sakvlevi sadguria.

senma
s z e amund
pol u bina)
sur. 51.4. rual amundsenma samxreT spolusisaken
amxreT o l aruli
i (p ve
im
olhenorvegi-
mimavali eqspediciisTvis gemi „frami“p(rac medro
s a q Tana .
.d R e gu ia
r
uwodapolaru-
ulad `winsvlas~ niSnavs) gamoiyena. frami
akvle
vi sad
s
li raionebis Sesaswavlad specialurad muxis xisgan
aages. gemis ferdebi mrgvali iyo, raTa yinulTan
Sejaxebisas advilad ar dazianebuliyo.

norvegielebma polusis dalaSqvramde moawyves baza „framheimi“.

amave dros ingliselTa eqspedicia robert skotis xelmZRvanelo-
biT norvegielebisagan 650 km-is moSorebiT, mak-medros sruteSi
dabanakda.
savarjiSoebi
1911
1. wlis 19 polusebis
ra gansxvavebaa oqtombers 5 adamiani
`dampyroblebsa~ amundsenis
da konkistador dam- xelmZRvanelobiT
oTxipyroblebs
ZaRlebSebmuli
Soris? marxiliT samxreT polusisaken gaemarTa. 14
dekembers
2. ratom iyomaT
ZnelisamxreT poluss miaRwies. eqspediciam 99 dRe-Ramis
polusebis dapyroba?
ganmavlobaSi orive
3. Sen rom polusebze mimarTulebiT
samogzaurod 2800rogor
mogiwios wasvla, km gaiara.
tansacmel-
sa da fexsacmels airCevdi da ratom?
samxreT polusis dapyrobas paralelurad ingliselTa eqspedi-
ciac cdilobda
moZebne r. skotis
rukaze dedamiwis CrdiloeTimeTaurobiT, Tumca maT poluss dagvia-
da samxreTi polusebi.

nebiT miaRwies da ukana gzaze sursaTis ukmarisobisa da teqnikis

dazianebis gamo daiRupnen. 67
dam-
istador
a konk
sa~ d
bleb
buneba 4.indb 67 03.07.2009 19:10:41

`damp
yro Tema 4 • 267
a r j i S oebi polu
seb is
acmel
-
sav xvave
baa ? or t
ans
ans is? roba , rog
51
40° 20° 0° 20° 40°
amundseni skoti
14-17 dekemberi 18 ianvari
1911 w. 1912 w.
s.g.
a
id
90

71
89
qt
myinvaruli
plato

dR
88
ar
myinvaruli

ep
87 plato samxreTi

ol
polusi

t
86

us
en

an
40
85

id
sak

an

dR
dedofal
84
usi

viqtorias
n

ep
ke
mTebi
83
sa
ol

ol
i

82 Selfuri rosis
us
ep

usi
Selfuri myinvari Selfuri
l

81
dR

myinvari myinvari
po

da n
80 mak-merdo
58

R skotis
sul 98 dRe
d

79 gardacvaleba framheimi
78

78 sul 148 dRe

oqtomberi noemberi dekemberi ianvari Tebervali marti

rosis
sur. 51.6. r. amundsenisa da r. skotis mogzaurobis marSruti zRva
skotis brigadam erTi TviT daagviana da poluss 1912 wlis 18
ianvars miaRwia, xolo dabrunebisas skoti da misi eqspedicia
daiRupa. maTi daRupvis mizezi klimaturi pirobebi gaxda

60°

60°
– skoti da misi brigada gaiyinnen. 1913 wels amundseni mis
160° 180° 160°
Sesaxeb werda: `yvelafers gaviRebdi imisTvis, rom isini axla
cocxlebi iyvnen. skotis eqspediciis daRupvam Cemi triumfi skotis marSruti
daCrdila da udidesi ziani momayena~.
amundsenis marSruti

davaleba

3. aRwere da Seadare erTmaneTs robert skotisa da rual amundsenis mogzaurobis

marSrutebi.

me-20 saukunis Sua periodidan daiwyo antarqtidis mecnieruli

kvleva da Seswavla. sxvadasxva qveyana kontinentze qmnis mraval-
ricxovan mudmiv bazebs, romlebic mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi asru-
leben meteorologiur, glaciologiur da geologiur kvlevebs.

davaleba

4. imsjele, ra mniSvneloba hqonda antarqtidis aRmoCenas.

5. antarqtidis amerikeli mkvlevari riCard berdi ambobda: „cisfrad Semosili an-
tarqtida Cveni planetis ganapiras ise wevs, rogorc mZinare mzeTunaxavi. Tovlis
saburveliT mantiaSemovlebuli, saocrad saSiSi da mSvenieri, igi civ, mTvlemare
da ameTvistosa da zurmuxtiviT mbrwyinav yinuleb­Sia gawolili. mas TiTqos mTva-
risa da mzis gayinul sinaTleSi sZi­navs, xolo misi horizonti vardisferi, cisfe-
ri, oqrosferi da mwvane feris sxvadasxva toniTaa Seferili. es aris antarqtida –
kontinenti, romlis farTobi lamis samxreT amerikis farTobis tolia da romlis
Sida nawilebis Sesaxeb imaze naklebi viciT, vidre mTvaris ganaTebul mxareze“.
Seni azriT, ra mizezebi abrkolebda antarqtidis jer aRmoCenas da Semdeg mis
Seswavlas?
6. moiZie informacia antarqtidis sxva mkvlevrebis Sesaxeb da gaacani megobrebs.

268 • Tema 4
 51

es sainteresoa

saxeli `antarqtida~ jer kidev Zv.w. 350 wels gamoiyena aristotelem

Tavis naSromSi „meteorologika“.
pirveli gemi, romelmac samxreTis polaruli wre gadakveTa, ho-
landielebs ekuTvnodaT; mas iakob maius eskadraSi mcuravi dirk
geritci meTaurobda. 1559 wels magelanis sruteSi geritcis gemma
Stormis Semdeg mxedvelobidan dakarga eskadra da samxreTisaken
gaemarTa. rodesac is s. g. 64°-mde micurda, iq maT maRali miwa daina-
xes.
fabian belingshauzeni 1803-1806 wlebSi gem „nadeJdaTi“ dedamiwis
garSemo pirvel rusul mogzaurobaSi monawileobda, eqspediciis
meTauri ivane kruzenSterni iyo.
`framheimi~ (norv. sityvaa da qarTulad `framis saxls~ niSnavs) an-
tarqtidaze rual amundsenis eqspe­di­ci­is staci­onaruli baza iyo
samxreT polusis dalaSqvramde. igi rosis Selfur myinvarze mde-
bareobda zRvidan 4 km-is daSorebiT. sadguri 1911 wlis 21 ianvridan
1921wlis 30 ianvramde funqcioni­rebda.
amundsenis mogzaurobebis mokle qronologia:
1890-1892 wlebSi amundseni swavlobs qalaq kristianiis samedicino
universitetSi.
1894-1899 wlebSi monawileobs sxvadasxva eqspediciaSi, rogorc
Sturmani. 1903 wlidan Tavad iwyebs eqspediciebis mowyobas, ramac
didi popularoba moutana.
1903-1906 wlebSi pirvelma gaiara Crdilo-aRmosavleTis gza gren-
landiidan aliaskamde.
1911 wlis 14 dekembers pirveli mivida samxreT polusamde da erTi
TviT daaswro ingliseli robert skotis eqspedicias.
1926 wels xelmZRvanelobda pirvel transarqtikul frenas diriJa-
bl `norvegiiT~. diriJablis marSruti iyo: Spicbergeni – CrdiloeT
polusi – alaska
1928 wlis 18 ivniss umberto nobiles eqspediciis Zebnisas barencis
zRvaSi momxdar katastrofaSi daiRupa.
1929 wels amerikelma polarulma mkvlevarma da mfrinavma riCard
berdma pirvelad gadaufrina samxreT poluss. man 4-jer imogzaura,
aRmoaCina da Seiswavla bevri teritoria. antarqtidaSi amerikis
erT-erTi samecniero sadguri da amerikis polaruli kvlevebis
centri berdis saxelobisaa.
antarqtidis bunebis SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seitanes qarTvelma
mkvlevrebmac: garsevan kurdRelaZem, Temur grigolaSvilma, pavle
maisuraZem da laSar fularianma.

Tema 4 • 269
 52
reliefi
gaixsene

ra aris myinvari, sad da rogor warmoiqmneba igi? rogori myinvarebi arsebobs?

antarqtida dedamiwis yvelaze maRali kontinentia, romlis zeda-

piris saSualo simaRle zRvis donidan 2000 metrze mets Seadgens,
xolo kontinentis centrSi 4000 metrs aRwevs. bolo dros mecnie-
rebma daamtkices, rom antarqtidis safuZvels antarqtikuli baqa-
ni warmoadgens. kontinentis 99.7% yinulis javSniTaa dafaruli,
antarqtidis myinvarul safars gumbaTis forma aqvs, romelic cen-
trSi amaRlebulia, xolo kideebTan – dadablebuli da yinuli gum-
baTis centraluri nawilidan zRvisken eSveba.
Tanamedrove meTodebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis
Sedegad dadginda, rom am yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare kontinentis
daaxloebiT mesamedi msoflio okeanis doneze dabla mdebareobs.
40° 20° 0° 20° 40°
60°

60°
720
vernadskis qedi
di
qe
cevis

dasavleTis 2043
dablobi

3657
bur
am

1100
tr

g
simaRle, m 5140
an
sa

nt
ar < 2000
< 2000
qt
-2555 aRmosavleTis
2000 280 2000
id

dablobi
ul

1000
1000
i qedi

0
aRmosavleTis 0
1000 plato
2000 1000
60°

-1110
< 2000
60°

2000

< 2000
140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

sur. 52.1. antarqtidis zedapiris reliefi yinulis safaris gareSe

antarqtidis mTel kontinents kveTs transantarqtikuli mTebi,

romelic mas or nawilad – dasavleT da aRmosavleT antarqtidad
yofs. es nawilebi sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa da gansxvavebuli geolo­
giuri agebuleba aqvT. aRmosavleTSi maRali yinuliT dafaruli
plato mdebareobs. dasavleTi antarqtida dabali reliefiT gamoir-
Ceva da mTiani kunZulebis jgufisagan Sedgeba, romlebic erTma-
neTTan SeerTebulia yinuliT.

270 • Tema 4
 52

davaleba

1. sur. 52.1-is mixedviT: a) CamoTvale kontinentis didi vakeebi da mTebi; b) gan-

sazRvre kontinentis romeli nawilia ufro maRali da axseni, rogor mixvedi
pasuxamde.

yinulis zedapiridan sokoebiviTaa amoSverili kldovani mwver-

valebi, romelTac nunatakebs uwodeben.

sur. 52.2. nunatakebs

„yinulovan kunZulebsac“
uwodeben da isini TiTqos
erTgvar TavSesafars war-
moadgenen.

kontinentis yvelaze maRali wertilia z.d.-dan 4892 metri simaR-

lis vinsonis masivi elsuortis mTebSi, xolo yvelaze dabali adgi-
li – riftuli warmoSobis bentlis Rrmuli – dasavleT antarqti-
dazea. misi siRrme 2555 metria. Rrmuli savsea yinuliT.
antarqtida gamoirCeva Selfuri myinvarebis didi farTobiT. es
myinvarebi rekorduli zomis aisbergebis wyaroa, romlebic mniSvne-
lovnad Warbobs msoflios udidesi kunZulis, aseve yinuliT dafa-
ruli grenlandiis myinvarebidan mowyvetili aisbergebis zo­mebs.
40° 20° 0° 20° 40°

rosis

ronefilhernis
40° 20° 0° 20° 40°

eimeris

larsenis
rosis
riser-larsenis

a ronefilhernis
fimbulis
d
i
60°

q t eimeris
Sekeltonis
a r
t georg IV-is
larsenis
n dasavleTis
a

riser-larsenis
60°

a uilkinsis
fimbulis
d
i
60°

r q t Sekeltonis
a
t georg IV-is
n dasavleTis
a
60°

uilkinsis
140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

sur. 52.3. antarqtidis udidesi Selfuri myinvarebi

Tema 4 • 271
52

sur. 52.4. antarqtidaSi rosis udidesi Selfuri myin-

vari rosis miwaze, dasavleTidan – meri berdis miwasa
(eduard VII-is naxevarkunZuli) da aRmosavleTidan
– viqtorias miwas (rosis kunZuli) Soris mdebareobs
da rosis zRvaSi eSveba. myinvaris farTobia 487 000 km2
(safrangeTis farTobze odnav naklebi) da samxreTidan
CrdiloeTiT daaxloebiT 850 km-zea gadaWimuli, xolo
aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT – daaxloebiT 800 km-ze.

davaleba

2. zamTris periodSi (am dros zafxulia CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi) antarqtidis

garSemo arsebuli yinulebis farTobi 18 mln km2-mde izrdeba, xolo zafxulis
periodSi 3-4 mln km2-mde mcirdeba. rogor fiqrob, ratom icvleba maTi farTobi?

kontinenti SedarebiT dabali vulkanuri aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba,

romelic, ZiriTadad, dasavleT antarqtidaSi vlindeba. yvelaze
didi vulkania erebusis mTa (3800 m). is rosis zRvaSi, rosis kun-
Zulze mdebareobs. erebusidan 30 km-is daSorebiT, viqtorias miwis
napireb­Tan ki, 3230 m simaRlis vulkani teroria.

sur. 52.5. vulkan erebuss samxreT polusisken mimavali

`gzis darajs~ uwodeben. erebusi amave dros dedami-
waze yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare moqmedi vulkania. igi
1841 wlis 28 ianvars ingliselTa eqspediciam aRmoaCi­
na. eqspedicias, romelic Sedgeboda ori gemisgan –
„erebusi“ da „terori“ – polaruli mkvlevari jeims
klark rosi meTaurobda. vulkanebsac man uwoda saxeli
Tavisi gemebis saxelwodebis mixedviT.

erebusis mudmivi aqtivoba 1972 wlidan SeiniSneba. vulkanis kra-

terSi lavuri unikaluri tbaa, sadac temperatura 100°C-s aRwevs.
sakmaod didia kontrasti vulkanis krateris maRal temperaturasa
da vulkanis gare zedapiris dabal temperaturas Soris. es unika-
luri bunebrivi movlenaa da analogi ar aqvs dedamiwaze. vulkani
dafarulia TovliT, romlis qveSac yinulis gamoqvabulebia.
antarqtidis yinulis safari yvelaze didia Cvens planetaze da
grenlandiis yinulis safaris farTobs daaxloebiT 10-jer aWarbebs.­
Tu antarqtidis yinulebs mTeli dedamiwis zedapirze Tanabrad
gavanawilebT, maSin Cveni planeta 40 m sisqis yinuliT daifareba,
xolo Tu am yinuls gavadnobT, msoflio okeanis done 60 m-iT aiwevs.
mTeli dedamiwis mtknari wylis 90% swored antarqtidis myinva-
rul safarSia moqceuli.

272 • Tema 4
 52

davaleba

3. axseni, ratom aris antarqtidis reliefi unikaluri.

4. ratom miiCneven antarqtidas yvelaze maRal kontinentad?
5. romeli faqtebi mowmobs, rom antarqtidaSi Tanamedrove mTaTawarmoSobis pro-
cesebi mimdinareobs?
6. rogor warmoiqmneba aisbergebi da rogor SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba sameurneo
miznebisaTvis?

antarqtidaSi namdvili mdinareebi ar aris, Tumca zafxulobiT

sanapiro zolis yinulis kalapotebSi mravali nakaduli miedineba.
antarqtidis yvelaze grZeli mdinarea oniqsi (viqtorias miwa),
romlis sigrZe daaxloebiT 30 km-ia da vandas tbaSi Caedineba. oniqss
ramdenime Senakadi aqvs da mxolod gviani antarqtiduli zafxulis
periodSi (Tebervali, marti) miedineba. danarCeni drois ganmavlo-
baSi mdinaris dineba, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs. zogjer ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi mdinare verc ki aRwevs vandas tbas.

sur. 52.6. mdinare oniqsSi ar aris

Tevzi, magram arsebobs mikroor-
ganizmebi da wyalmcenareebi,
romelTa yvaviloba SesamCnevia.

antarqtidis oazisebSi bevria mcire sididis mSrali da mtknari

tba, romelTa didi nawili gaudinaria. mkvlevrebis mier kontinen-
tis yinulqveS 77 tbaa aRmoCenili, romelTa Soris yvelaze didia
„vostoki“.

sur. 52.7. me-20 s-is 30-ian wlebSi rusma

mecnierebma, 30-wliani burRvis Semdeg,
yinulqveS mdebare vostokis tbamde miaR-
wies. tba, romelic 4 km sisqis yinuliTaa
dafaruli, wylis unikaluri ekosistemaa,
romelic milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi
samxreTi
polusi vostokis izolirebulia, rogorc atmosferosgan,
tba ise biosferosgan. mis Seswavlas udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs uaxloesi aTaswleulis
ganmavlobaSi klimatis cvlilebis sce-
naris warmodgenaSi.

Tema 4 • 273
52
antarqtidis sasargeblo wiaRiseuli naklebadaa Seswavlili,
Tumca geologebma daadgines, rom misi wiaRi mniSvnelovani raode-
nobiT Seicavs rkinis madans, qvanaxSirs, oqros, almass, urans, ferad
liTonebs.
geologTa varaudiT, naxSiris auzis farTobi mxolod transan-
tarqtikul mTebSi 1 mln km2-ze mets Seadgens, xolo rosisa da uede-
lis zRvebs Soris mdebare uzarmazari qvabuli navTobisa da buneb­
rivi airis did marags inaxavs. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis es maragi
jerjerobiT potenciurad miiCneva, radgan maTi mopoveba antar-
qtidis mkacr klimatur pirobebSi did sirTuleebTanaa dakavSire-
buli da ekonomikurad ararentabeluria. Tumca mxolod es ar aris
mizezi. 1959 wels dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad,
antarqtidaSi samecniero kvlevebis garda, sxva saxis yovelgvari
samuSao akrZalulia.

davaleba

7. rogor fiqrob, antarqtidis geografiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mo-

salodnelia Tu ara misi yinulebis dnoba? gamoTqvi varaudi, ra SeiZleba gamoiw-
vios am yinulis gadnobam?
8. Seni azriT, ra moxdeba dedamiwis zedapirze, Tu antarqtidaSi vulkanebi amoif­
rqveva?

es sainteresoa

rosis myinvari 1841 wlis ianvarSi jeimz klark rosis eqspediciam aRmoaCina.
radgan igi ar aZlevda xomaldebs saSualebas, samxreTiT gaecuraT, amitom mas
viqtorias (inglisis dedoflis pativsacemad) yinulovani barieri uwodes, Tum-
ca Semdeg mas saxeli Seucvales da misi aRmomCenis pativsacemad, rosis myinvari
daarqves.
2000 wels rosis Selfur myinvars moswyda dReisaTvis yvelaze cnobili aisbergi
b-15, romlis farTobi 10 aTas km2-ze meti iyo.
NASA-s mier Catarebuli yinulqveSa reliefis gamokvlevebis Sedegad, antarqti-
daSi asteroiduli warmoSobis uilksis miwis krateri aRmoaCines, romlis Zabris
diametri 482 km-s Seadgens. krateri daaxloebiT 250 milioni wlis win warmoiqmna.
asteroidis Camovardnisas da afeTqebisas warmoSobilma mtverma mravalsaukuno-
vani aciveba da imdroindeli epoqis floris da faunis didi nawilis gadaSeneba
gamoiwvia. es krateri dRes dedamiwaze yvelaze didad miiCneva.
yinulis simZimis gamo kontinentma saSualod 0.5 km-iT daiwia, rasac misi Sedare-
biT Rrma Selfi adasturebs. britaneTis antarqtidis kvlevis sazogadoebrivi
organizaciis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad, 1963-2013 wlebSi yinulis
maragma 26.5 mln km2 Seadgina.
Tu aisbergi lurji ferisaa, e.i. misi asaki 1000 welze metia.
mdinare oniqsis gaswvriv ganTavsebulia meteosadgurebi, xolo Tavad mdinaris
xeobaSi 1968 wlidan 1995 wlamde axalzelandiuri samecniero sadguri `vanda~
mdebareobda. sainteresoa, rom sadgurze 1974 wlis 5 ianvars haeris maqsimaluri
temperatura +15°C dafiqsirda, rac mTeli antarqtidis rekordia.

274 • Tema 4
 53
hava
antarqtida yvelaze civi kontinentia dedamiwaze. gansakuTrebiT
civia kontinentis Sua nawili, sadac zafxulSic ki haeris tempera-
tura -300-ze dabalia.
antarqtidaSi mdebareobs dedamiwis sicivis polusi – sadguri
„vostoki“, sadac 1960 wlis 24 agvistos, dedamiwaze meteorologiu-
ri dakvirvebebisa da gazomvebis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi, hae-
ris yvelaze dabali temperatura – -89.20C dafiqsirda. geografiuli
mdebareobis garda, aseTi dabali temperatura kontinentis `TeTri
saburvliT~ aixsneba. antarqtidis yinulis safari mzis radiaciis
90%-s ireklavs.
zamTari zafxuli
40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40°

60° 60° 60° 60°

80° -10 80° 80° 80°

-35 -55

-30 -40

100° -15 100° 100° -60 100°

-30
0
-25 -35
-50
-10 -25
120°
-20 120° 120° -45 120°
-15
5 -5 -20
0

140° 160° 180° 160° 140° 140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

sur. 53.1. antarqtidis zamTris da zafxulis saSualo temperatura (0C)

davaleba

1. sur. 53.1-is mixedviT daadgine, rogor icvleba temperatura kontinentze za-

mTarsa da zafxulSi. axseni, ratomaa antarqtidaSi yvelaze dabali temperatura.
2. cnobilia, rom antarqtida yvelaze civi kontinentia dedamiwaze. mas `yinulisa
da mkacri mzis kontinents~ uwodeben. moiyvane argumentebi, romelic am mosa-
zrebas amtkicebs.

antarqtidis centralur nawilSi naxevari weliwadi polaruli

dRea, naxevari ki – polaruli Rame. zafxulSi kontinentis sana-
piroze haeris temperatura 00-ze maRla iSviaTad adis, zamTari ki
zomierad civia. aseT adgilebSi kldovani zedapiri Tbeba da e. w.
antarqtiduli oazisebi warmoiqmneba. swored aseTi araTanabari

Tema 4 • 275
 53
gaTbobis gamo kontinentis centridan sanapirosken mudmivad qris
grigalisebri `nakaduri~ qarebi, amitomac antarqtida ara mxolod
yvelaze civi, aramed yvelaze qariani kontinenticaa dedamiwaze.
aq qaris siCqare, arcTu ise iSviaTad, saaTSi 320 km aRwevs. qari
weliwadSi 300-340 dRe qris. am qarebs kontinentidan okeaneSi didi
raodenobiT Tovli gadaaqvs.
40° 20° 0° 20° 40°

s a m x r
e
o k e a n e

T
50° 50°

i
s
uedelis

o
zRva

k e
samxreTi
polusi
i s

a n
e T

rosis

e
zRva
r

50° 50°
x
m

a
s sur. 53.2. nakaduri qare-
bis warmoqmnis sqema
140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

davaleba

3. sur. 53.2-is mixedviT axseni, ratom da rogor warmoiqmneba nakaduri qarebi.

40° 20° antarqtidaSi 0° naleqebis

20° raodenoba
40° napirebidan polusisken
mcirde­ba: sanapiroebTan weliwadSi 250-500 mm-ia, xolo polusTan –
a m x r
­­­­­­­ 00 mm­­­-­­zesnaklebi.
1
40° 20° 0°
e 20° 40°

s a m x r
o k e a n e

e 50°
i
o k e a n e

50° 50°
50

si

uedelis
50

zRva
s

uedelis naleqebis raodenoba, mm

zRva naleqebis raodenoba, mm
o
o

50-ze
50-ze naklebi naklebi
500
500

k ee a

100
10

100
10

samxreTi
0

250
samxreTi polusi 250
i s

500
polusi
a n n
i s

500-ze meti
500
e T

500-ze meti
e
T

rosis
r

zRva
e

250
x

50° 50°
e

rosis
r

a
s sur. 53.3. naleqebis
zRva
250 ganawileba antarqtidaSi
x

50°
m

140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

a
s
276 • Tema 4

140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

 53

davaleba

4. naleqebis ganawilebis rukis (sur. 53.3) mixedviT daadgine, rogor icvleba maTi
raodenoba samxreTi polusidan kontinentis napirebisken. axseni gamovlenili
kanonzomiereba.

antarqtidis Siga mxareebSi antarqtiduli haeris masebi yalib-

deba, romlebic Zalian dabali temperaturiTa da mcire tenianobiT
xasiaTdeba.
sanapiro regionebSi zafxulSi temperatura 0°-mde izrdeba, xolo
zamTarSi yinvebi zomieria. antarqtidis okeanuri nawili antar-
qtikul klimatur sartyelSia moqceuli. aq hava zafxulSi zomieri
ganedebidan Semosuli haeris masebis, xolo zamTarSi – antarqti-
didan wamosuli antarqtikuli haeris masebis gavleniT yalibdeba.
zamTris temperatura 0°-ze cota dabalia, xolo zafxulis tempera-
tura +100-s iSviaTad aRemateba.

sadguri `mirni~
t0
0 200

-10 100
623
-20 0
iTmamiiasond

sadg. mirni t0
0

sadg. vostoki -10

mm.
-20 100

-30 53 0

-40

-50

antarqtiduli -60

subantarqtiduli
zomieri -70
iTmamiiasond

sadguri `vostoki~

sur. 53.4. antarqtidis klimaturi sartylebi

zamTarSi kontinentis mimdebare zRvebi mTlianad yinuliT ifa-

reba, zafxulSi ki mTliani yinulis kide TiTqmis napirebamde ixevs.
wyalSi Cacocebuli uzarmazari yinuli imtvreva da giganturi ais-
bergebi warmoiSoba.

Tema 4 • 277
53

davaleba

5. sur. 53.4-is mixedviT daadgine, romel klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs antar-

qtida.
6. naxevarsferoebis rukis (danarTi 1) gamoyenebiT daadgine, romeli okeanuri di-
neba uvlis kontinents garSemo da imsjele, ra gavlenas moaxdens igi misi havis
formirebaze.
7. antarqtidas SeiZleba polusebis kontinentic vuwodoT. aq aris: samxreTi polu-
si, samxreTi magnituri polusi, sicivis polusi, miuRwevadobis polusi, qarebis
polusi. moZebne isini rukaze da axseni, ratom hqviaT maT ase.

1000 km-is diametris ozonis xvreli pirvelad 1986 wels samxreT

naxevarsferoSi, antarqtikis Tavze aRmoaCines. igi agvistoSi Cnde-
boda, xolo dekemberSi an ianvarSi ki qreboda. CrdiloeT naxevars-
feroSi, arqtikaSi aseve Cndeboda meore xvreli, Tumca gacilebiT
mcire zomis.
am movlenam gansakuTrebuli daintereseba gamoiwvia imis gamo,
rom stratosferoSi Tavmoyrili ozoni dedamiwis zedapirs mzis
ultraiisferi gamosxivebisgan icavs. ozonis safaris SeTxelebis
Sedegad ki izrdeba dedamiwis zedapirze moxvedrili ultraiisfe-
ri gamosxivebis intensivoba, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis
janmrTelobaze.
1985 wels ocma qveyanam xeli moawera venis konvencias ozonis Sris
dacvis Sesaxeb. 1987 wels ki 43-ma qveyanam xelmoweriT daadastura
konvenciis oqmi (monrealis oqmi), romliTac ozonis Sris damSleli
nivTierebebis xmarebidan amoRebis etapobrivi grafiki daadgines.
Semdeg am xelSekrulebebs praqtikulad mTeli msoflio SeuerTda.
dRes yvelaze agresiuli nivTierebebi (qlor-ftor-naxSirwyalba-
debi) ukve aRar gamoiyeneba, Tumca stratosferodan maT gaqrobas
kidev ramdenime aTeuli weliwadi dasWirdeba.
antarqtidis Tavze ozonis fenaSi arsebuli xvreli, romlis zoma-
sac NASA (aSS-is aeronavtikisa da kosmosuri sivrcis kvlevis ero-
vnuli sammarTvelo) yoveli wlis bolos amowmebs, 1988 wlis Semdeg
yvelaze metad 2017 wels dapataravda. amis ZiriTadi mizezi, mecnier-
Ta azriT, klimatis cvlilebaa. maTi varaudiT, 2070-iani wlebisaTvis
ozonis xvrelis zoma 1980-iani wlebis niSnuls daubrundeba.

davaleba

8. axseni, ratom gaCnda da ratom qreba axla ozonis xvreli antarqtidis Tavze?

278 • Tema 4
 53

praqtikuli samuSao

muSaoba konturul rukaze:

a) aRniSne antarqtidis konturul rukaze, rogori wnevaa samxreT polusTan da
sanapiroebTan;
b) gaixsene, ra mimarTulebiT qris kontinentze qari da isrebiT aCvene qaris mimar-
Tuleba;
g) isrebs miuwere qaris siCqare da dReebis raodenoba, roca is qris;
d) gamoitane daskvna.

geografiuli kvleva

ratomaa antarqtidaSi ufro dabali temperatura ivlisSi, vidre ianvarSi?

sur. 53.4-ze mocemuli klimaturi diagramebisa da Tematuri rukebis (sur. 53.1, 53.2
da 53.3) mixedviT daadgine:
a) sadgurebSi – `mirnsa~ da `vostokSi~ haeris temperatura ianvarsa da ivlisSi,
amplituda, naleqebis raodenoba da klimatis tipi. gadaixaze cxrili da Seitane
monacemebi;
b) Sevsebuli cxrilis mixedviT upasuxe sakvlev kiTxvas: ratom aris ivlisis saSua-
lo temperatura ianvris saSualo temperaturaze ufro dabali?

ianvris ivlisis naleqebis

klimaturi ampli- klima-
saSualo saSualo raode-
­diagrama № tuda tis tipi
T0C T0C noba

nimuSi
№1 sadguri `mirni~

№2 sadguri `vostoki~

es sainteresoa

2013 wels mecnierebma dedamiwaze yvelaze dabali temperaturis (-91.20C) axali

msoflio rekordi antarqtidaSi, iaponiis samecniero sadgur „fujis gumbaTze“,
daafiqsires. sadguri „fujis gumbaTi“ z.d.-dan 3786 m simaRleze mdebareobs
da yvelaze maRalmTiani sadguria antarqtidaSi. anaTvali aSS-is Tovlisa da
yinulis monacemTa erovnuli centris specialistebma Tanamgzavridan aiRes.
miRebuli monacemi ar daregistrirda, rogorc rekordi, radganac is Tanamgza-
vruli aRricxvis Sedegad gamovlinda da ara Termometris saSualebiT.
dasavleTi qarebis civi dinebis sigrZe 30 aTasi km-ia, xolo sigane – 250 km. es
erTaderTi dinebaa dedamiwaze, romelic yvela meridians kveTs.
2017 wlis 11 seqtembers NASA-m ozonis xvreli gazoma. misi maqsimaluri ganfeni-
loba 19.6 mln km2 aRmoCnda, aSS-is teritoriaze 2.5-jer didi. 2016 wels xvrelis
farTobi 22.2 mln km2 iyo. NASA-s gancxadebiT, ozonis xvrelis maqsimaluri
saSualo ganfeniloba 1991 wlis Semdeg 25.8 mln km2-iT Semcirda.
1987 wlis 16 seqtembers monrealis oqmis xelmoweris aRsaniSnavad, 1994 wels
gaeros generalurma asambleam 16 seqtemberi ozonis msoflio dRed gamoacxada.

Tema 4 • 279
54
organuli samyaro
gaixsene

1. gaixsene, ra aris polaruli dRe da polaruli Rame; dedamiwis kidev romel

regionSi vxvdebiT maT; romel TveebSi iqneba antarqtidaSi polaruli dRe da
polaruli Rame.
2. ra aris oazisi? nunataki?

antarqtidaze, ZiriTadad, gabatonebulia yinulovani udabno da

mcire gamonaklisis garda, organuli samyaro – xmeleTis mcenareu-
loba da cxovelebi da, aseve, niadagis safari ar gvxvdeba. mxolod
antarqtidis naxevarkunZulis sanapiroze 10-mde saxeobis dabal-
taniani yvavilovani mcenare izrdeba. kontinentze gavrcelebulia
mRierebi, xavsebi, wyalmcenareebi, sokoebi da baqteriebi. mRierebi
saxeobrivad yvelaze mdidaria da gavrcelebis arealiTac gamoir-
Ceva. isini yinulisgan Tavisufal TiTqmis yvela adgilas ikideben
fexs, maT Soris nunatakebzec.

sur. 54.1. antarqtidaze cocxali samyaros arseboba zRveb­sa

da okeanes ukavSirdeba. misgan daSorebiT cocxali buneba
mkveTrad mcirdeba. daaxloebiT, 100-200 km-is daSorebiT igi
TiTqmis mTlianad qreba da usicocxlo yinulovani udabno
iwyeba.

kidev ufro Raribia antarqtidis cxovelTa samyaro, romlis

arseboba mTlianad dakavSirebulia okeanesTan. antarqtidis wylebi
mdidaria planqtoniT, romelic veSapis, selapis, lomveSapis, zRvis
cxovelebisa da frinvelebis mTavari sakvebia.

sur. 54.2. lurji veSapi dedamiwis yvelaze didi cxovelia.

misi sxeulis sigrZe 33 m-ia, masa 150 t-s aRemateba. erTi lur-
ji veSapi, saSualod, 15-20 t cxims da 35-40 t xorcs iZleva.
samwuxarod, bolo wlebSi maTi raodenoba Zlier Semcirda,
amitom 1966 wlidan lurj veSaps kanoni icavs da maTze nadi-
roba akrZalulia.

davaleba

1. ra faqtorebi mowmobs, rom antarqtida udabnoa?

2. raSi mdgomareobs antarqtidis organuli samyaros Tavisebureba?

kontinentze bevri frinvelia. antarqtidis „mkvidri“ binadaria

pingvini. aq misi 17 saxeoba gvxvdeba. pingvini marTalia frinvelia,
magram ar dafrinavs, samagierod, kargad curavs da yvinTavs. igi

280 • Tema 4
 54
TevziT, kiborCxlebiTa da moluskebiT ikvebeba. pingvinebi Zalian
kargad arian adaptirebulni mkacr klimatur pirobebTan maTi unika-
luri bumbuliT, patara fexebiTa da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemiT.
magaliTad, antarqtidaSi mcxovrebi saimperatoro pingvinis pata-
ra fexebi da niskarti xels uwyobs sxeulis siTbos SenarCunebas.
TavianT STamomavlebs pingvinebi mkacr zamTarSi Ceken. isini budes
ar ikeTeben, kvercxebi TaTebiT muclis Tbil bumbulze aqvT miWe-
rili. pingvinebze nadiroba akrZalulia.
40° 20° 0° 20° 40°

50° 50°

50° 50°

140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

sur. 54.3. pingvinebs Soris yvelaze didi da lamazi – 1 metri simaRlis da 50 kg masis
saimperatoro pingvinia, xolo yvelaze patara – adeli. rukaze wiTeli feriT aRniSnulia
saimperatoro pingvinis gavrcelebis areali, mwvane feriT – gamravlebis adgilebi.

zafxulis periodSi kontinentis sanapiros mofrenili frinve-

lebi – qariSxalebi, Toliebi, Cvamebi, TeTri meWvaviebi, mwyerCitebi
da sxv. acocxleben, romlebic aq mravalricxovan koloniebs qmnian.
antarqtikuli oazisi umetesad yinulisgan daufaravi vrceli
ubnebia civi, polaruli udabnos landSaftiT. maT antarqtidis sur. 54.4. antarq-
naxevarkunZulze 400 km2 farTobi ukavia. tidis frinvelTa
antarqtidaSi pirveli oazisi, e.w. mSrali xeoba robert skotis Soris yvelaze didia
eqspediciam 1901 wels mak-merdos srutis maxloblad aRmoaCina. me-20 albatrosi, rome­
lic frTebs 3.5 m-ze
saukunis 30-iani wlebidan inglisis, germaniis, aSS-is, yofili ssrk-is
Slis.
da sxva qveynebis eqspediciebma bevri aseTi oazisi aRmoaCines.

sur. 53.5. mak-merdos mSrali xeobebi (velebi) viqto-

rias miwis sami antarqtikuli oazisis (viqtoria, raiti
da teilori) teritoriaa antarqtidaSi da mak-merdos
srutidan dasavleTiT mdebareobs. es yinuliT daufara-
vi yvelaze didi (daaxloebiT 8 km2) raionia kontinentze
da yvelaze mSrali adgi­lia dedamiwaze.

Tanamedrove mecnieruli warmodgenebiT, oazisebis warmoSobaSi

gadamwyvetia adgilobrivi fizikur-geografiuli pirobebi: mdeba-
reoba, qvefenili reliefis danawevreba da amasTan dakavSirebuli
mikroklimaturi pirobebi. oazisebis reliefi danawevrebulia da
warmodgenilia Rrma xeobebiTa da mcire simaRlis mwvervalebiT.
oazisebi muqi zedapiris wyalobiT, mimdebare yinuliTa da TovliT

Tema 4 • 281
54
dafarul zedapirTan SedarebiT, 3-jer met siTbos iReben. amitom
zafxulSi haeris temperatura +6-100C-s aRwevs, xolo kldeebis
zedapiri zogjer +30-400C-mdec ki xurdeba. oazisebis teritoriaze
qaris mimarTuleba mzis moZraobas mihyveba da SuadRisTvis aRma-
vali Tbili haeri mZlavr frTa Rrublebs warmoqmnis. oazisebis
hava mSralia, amitom Tovlis mdgradi safari zogan zamTarSic ki ar
warmoiqmneba. naleqi mcire raodenobiT, ZiriTadad, Tovlis saxiT
modis, Tumca misi umetesi nawili dneba da orTqldeba, nawils ki
qari gadaxvets xolme.

sur. 53.6. mcenareebidan antarqtidis

oazisebSi gavrcelebulia mRierebi,
romlebic yvelaze metad eguebian aqaur
Zalian mkacr fizikur-geografiul
pirobebs: Zlier yinvas, havisa da niada-
gis simSrales da ganuviTarebel niad-
agebs.

CrdiloeTi da samxreTi polaruli raionebi anu arqtika da antar-

qtida, mravali geografiuli obieqtis msgavsad, klimatis globa-
luri cvlilebis msxverplia. Sesabamisad, safrTxe emuqreba maT
isedac mwir florasa da faunas, radgan polaruli yinulebis dnobis
Sedegad iRupeba mTeli ekosistemebi, kvebiTi jaWvebis CaTvliT.
magaliTad, antarqtidis saimperatoro pingvinebis 80%-s daRupva
emuqreba, arqtikaSi ki safrTxe eqmnebaT TeTr daTvebs. mecnierTa
prognoziT, yinulis axali masivebis formireba antarqtidaSi 20-40
wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Sewydes.
klimatis globaluri cvlilebis gamo, antarqtidis naxevarkun-
Zulze aqtiurad yalibdeba tundra. mecnierTa varaudiT, 100 wlis
Semdeg antarqtidaze SeiZleba pirveli xeebic ki gaCndes.

davaleba

3. ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa afrikis, avstraliisa da antarqtidis udabnoebs Soris?

4. ratom ukavSirdeba kontinentis cxovelTa samyaros cxovreba mWidrod okeanes?
5. ratom gvxvdeba antarqtidaSi oazisebi, e.w. mSrali xeobebi?

es sainteresoa

antarqtikuli oazisebis saerTo farTobi 10 000 km2-ia, xolo im raionebis farTo-

bi (Tovlis gareSe kldeebis CaTvliT), romelzec yinuli ar arsebobs, Seadgens
30 000-40 000 km2-s.
pingvinebi antarqtidis garda avstraliis, afrikisa da samxreT amerikis samxreT
napirebze da galapagosis kunZulebze binadroben.
mak-merdos mSrali xeobebi imdenad axlosaa marsis bunebriv pirobebTan, rom
NASA marsze dasaSveb kosmosur aparatebs – „vikingebs“ aq cdis.

282 • Tema 4
 55
antarqtidis aTviseba
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebiT, antarqtida erTaderTi regionia
Cvens planetaze, romelic arc erT saxelmwifos ar ekuTvnis. misi
gamoyeneba mxolod mSvidobiani miznebisTvisaa nebadarTuli. kon-
tinentze akrZalulia yovelgvari samxedro xasiaTis moqmedebebi,
samxedro obieqtebis ganlageba, aseve samxedro da SeiaraRebuli
gemebis Sesvla s.g. 600-is samxreTiT.
gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi antarqtida ubirTvo zonad gamo-
cxadda, ris Sedegad mis teritoriul wylebSi atommavali gemebis
gamoCena, xolo Tavad kontinentze – atomuri energoblokebis gan-
lageba da birTvuli narCenebis damarxva aikrZala. dRes xelSekru-
lebis monawile 50 saxelmwifoa (xmis uflebiT),xolo aTobiT qveya-
nas damkvirveblis statusi aqvs.

40° 20° 0° 20° 40°

norvegia
gaerTianebuli
60°
60° samefo
argentina
aSS

a 80°
80° d
i
q t
a r
Cile t samxreTi
n polusi
avstralia
a

100° 100°

neitraluri
teritoria sur. 55.1. 1961 wlamde
120°
safrangeTi
wamoyenebuli teri-
axali zelandia 120°
toriuli pretenzie­
bis geografia
140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

davaleba

1. sur. 55.1-is mixedviT daadgine, romel qveynebs hqonda antarqtidaSi yvelaze

did teritoriebze pretenzia.

mudmivi mosaxleoba antarqtidaze araa. aq mudmivmoqmed pola-

rul samecniero sadgurebze mosaxleoba sezonis mixedviT icvleba
da zafxulSi – 4000 adamiani, xolo zamTarSi daaxloebiT 1000 ada-
miani cxovrobs.

Tema 4 • 283
55

sur. 55.2. rukaze wiTeli fe­riT aRniSnulia qveynebi, romlebsac samecni-

ero sadgurebi aqvT antarqtidaze.

davaleba

2. ratom ar cxovrobs antarqtidaze mudmivi mosaxleoba?

3. sur. 55.2-sa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 2) mixedviT daadgine, ro-
mel qveynebs aqvT samecniero sadgurebi antarqtidaze?

amJamad antarqtidaze sxvadasxva qveynis 40-ze meti samecniero

sadguri muSaobs. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia amundsen-skoti da mak-mer-
do (aSS), fujis gumbaTi (iaponia), mirni da vostoki (ruseTi), qeisi
( avstralia), marion ailendi (sar), skoti (axali zelandia), rozera
(didi britaneTi), didi kedeli (CineTi) da sxv.
40° 20° 0° 20° 40°

x r e T i s
a m o k e
a n e mudmivmoqmedi sadguri
s lazareis
ute

zRva sazafxulo sadguri

riser-larsenis droebiTi sadguri
zRva
e i k i s sr

50° 50° satransporto sadguri

u e d e l i s

z R v a
dr

Tanamegobrobis
antarqtida zRva
mudmivmoqmedi sadgurebi
belingshauzenis
samxreTi
polusi sazafxulo sadgurebi
zRva
droebiTi sadgurebi
amu

satransporto sadguri
nd
se
ni

s
a

zR deivisis
va
v

zRva
R

z
s
50° s i 50°
r o

riser-larsenis
zRva
sur. 55.3. antarqtidis samecniero
sadgurebis geografia
140° 160° 180° 160° 140°

284 • Tema 4
 55

davaleba

4. sur. 55.3-is gamoyenebiT daadgine, kontinentis romel nawilSi mdebareobs Zi-

riTadad sxvadasxva qveynis samecniero sadgurebi da ram ganapiroba maTi iq
ganTavseba.
5. Seni azriT, ra funqcia aqvT satransporto sadgurebs?
6. moiZie informacia antarqtidis romelime samecniero sadguris Sesaxeb, moamzade
prezentacia SenTvis sasurveli formiT da gaacani megobrebs.

miuxedavad antarqtidis mkacri bunebrivi pirobebisa, mas yovel­

wliurad daaxloebiT 6 aTasi turisti stumrobs. maTi umravlesoba
antarqtidis naxevarkunZulze gadadis, sadac turistuli baza da
aerodromia ganlagebuli. 1990-iani wlebidan turistebma rosis
zRviskenac aiRes gezi. maTi umravlesoba antarqtidul kruizebs
gemebiT awyobs.
kontinentis kvlevebi amJamadac mimdinareobs. antarqtida ada-
mianebisTvis udidesi sarezervo resursia dedamiwaze. sxva konti-
nentebze nedleulis amowurvis Semdeg adamianebi savaraudod mis
resursebs aiTviseben.
dRes mecnierebi akvirdebian klimatur da meteorologiur pro-
cesebs kontinentze, romelic CrdiloeT naxevarsferos golfstri-
mis msgavsad, klimatis Camomyalibebeli mniSvnelovani faqtoria
Cveni planetisaTvis. antarqtidaSi mecnierebi da mkvlevrebi aseve
swavloben kosmosuri sivrcis zegavlenas da procesebs, romlebic
dedamiwis qerqSi mimdinareobs.
metad mniSvnelovania kontinentis yinulovani safaris Seswavla,
ris Sedegadac Cven vigebT, Tu rogori iyo dedamiwis klimati mra-
vali aTasi Tu milioni wlis win. yinulis sxvadasxva fenis qimiuri
Semadgenlobis mixedviT ganisazRvreba mzis aqtivobis done ukanas-
kneli ramdenime aswleulis ganmavlobaSi.
samecniero bazebSi, romlebic kontinentze mdebareoben, mTel
planetaze akvirdebian seismur aqtivobas. antarqtidul bazebSi ase-
ve tardeba im teqnologiebis da mowyobilobebis testireba, romle-
bic mecnierebma momavalSi SesaZloa mzis sistemis sxva planetebis
kvlevisa da aTvisebisaTvis gamoiyenon.
amrigad, antarqtida SeiZleba uzarmazar bunebriv laboratoriad
miviCnioT, romelic dedamiwisa da misi atmosferos, iseve rogorc
garemoSi globaluri cvlilebebis, maT Soris, adamianis saqmiano-
basTan dakavSirebulis, Seswavlas emsaxureba.

Tema 4 • 285
55

davaleba

7. axseni: a) ratom miiCneva antarqtida mecnierebisa da megobrobis

kontinentad? b) ratom Seiswavlian antarqtidas?
8. naswavli masalis da damatebiTi informaciis gamoyenebiT, Seadgine
infografika antarqtidis Sesaxeb.

proeqti

warmoidgine, rom Sen antarqtidaSi samecniero eqspediciaSi monawi-

leobis misaRebad migiwvies:
a) CamoTvale, ra aRWurviloba dagWirdeba eqspediciaSi wasaRebad;
b) kontinentis Sesaswavlad Seadgine sakuTari samecniero sadguris
modeli, dakvirvebebisa da kvlevebis programa da daasabuTe misi
mniSvneloba;
g) gansazRvre am programis ganxorcielebis gzebi da is problemebi,
romlebic SesaZloa misi realizaciis procesSi warmoiqmnas.

es sainteresoa

antarqtidaze samecniero sadgurebis raodenobiT argentina lide-

robs, romelsac aq 7 sadguri aqvs ganTavsebuli. 6 sadguriT meore
adgils ruseTi ikavebs, xolo mesame adgilze (4 sadguri) erTdrou-
lad ramdenime qveyanaa: avstralia, didi britaneTi, aSS da Cile.
argentineli emilio markos palma pirveli adamiania dedamiwaze,
romelic antarqtidaze daibada da amitomac ginesebis wignSia Seta-
nili. igi 1987 wlis 7 ianvars polarul sadgur `esperansaSi~ daibada.
Tumca zogierTi istorikosi am faqts ar eTanxmeba da amtkicebs,
rom jer kidev 1913 wels antarqtidaSi norvegieli solveig gunberg
iakobseni daibada, magram es kunZul samxreT georgiaze moxda, ro-
melsac antarqtidas ver vuwodebT.
amundsen-skotis sadguri erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili samecniero
sadguria kontinentze. is TiTqmis samxreT polusze mdebareobs.
garda unikaluri mdebareobisa, imiTac gamoirCeva, rom is pirveli
bazaa antarqtidaSi da amundsenisa da skotis mier Cveni planetis
samxreTi polusis dapyrobidan 45 wlis Semdeg daarsda. Senobis
SigniT oTaxis temperaturaa, xolo didTovlobis dros specialu-
ri amweebi sadgurs maRla sweven. turistebi aq TviTmfrinavebiT
specialur aerodromze dekember-ianvarSi Cadian. maT sadguris
daTvaliereba da axlobel adamianTan samxreT polusis StampiT
werilis gagzav­nac ki SeuZliaT.

286 • Tema 4
Semajamebeli samuSao IV
1. upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1) romeli kontinenti mdebareobs yvelaze axlos antarqtidasTan?
2) romeli zRva esazRvreba antarqtidas dasavleTiT?
3) romeli srutiT gamoiyofa antarqtida samxreTi amerikisgan?
4) vin aRmoaCina antarqtida?
5) vin miaRwia pirvelad samxreT poluss?
6) romeli mogzauri imyofeboda rogorc CrdiloeT, ise samxreT polusze?
7) romeli mTebia gadaWimuli uedelis koncxidan rosis zRvamde?
8) ra hqvia yvelaze maRal adgils antarqtidaze?
9) romeli uZvelesi kontinentis nawils warmoadgenda antarqtida?
10) romel klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs antarqtida?
11) ra TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba antarqtikuli haeris masebi?
12) rogori atmosferuli wneva yalibdeba antarqtidis Sida nawilebSi?
13) ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs kontinenturi yinulis safari antarqtidaSi?
14) ras udris yinulis safaris saSualo sisqe?
15) ra hqvia yvelaze did da yvelaze grZel Selfur myinvars Cvens planetaze?
16) romeli mcenareebi gvxvdeba antarqtidaSi?
17) sad mdebareobs antarqtidis da amave dros, dedamiwis sicivis polusi?
18) romelia yvelaze didi oazisi antarqtidaSi?
19) ra hqvia yinulisgan Tavisufal adgilebs antarqtidaSi?
20) raze moqmedebs antarqtidis yinulovani safaris mdgomareoba yvelaze metad?

2. zepirad Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:

arsad dedamiwaze ar aRiniSneba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad ____________
haeris temperatura ____________ garda. amis gamomwvevi mizezia __________________
______________. aq mzis sxivebis daxris kuTxe ____________, rac damokidebulia geo-

grafiul ____________. antarqtidis zedapiri dafarulia mZlavri ____________ safa-

riT, ris gamoc aq Zalian civa da mzis sxivebis 90% -s yinulis zedapiri ____________.
antarqtidis Sida da ganapira raionebs Soris haeris temperaturis didi sxvaobis
gamo, aq okeanisken mudmivad qris civi e.w. ____________ ________. isini xels uSlian
SedarebiT Tbili haeris masebis gadaadgilebas _____________-dan ________-ken.

3. CamoTvale antarqtidis mkacri klimatis ganmsazRvreli mizezebi da maTi Sedegebi.

Tema 4 • 287
 4. mocemuli klimaturi diagramebis mixedviT daadgine, romeli maTgani Seesabameba
sadgur „vostoks“ da romeli – sadgur „mak-merdos“. moiyvane ori argumenti, romlis
safuZvelzec gamoitane daskvna.

C 0
naleqi, mm
-20 500

400

C
0
naleqi, mm
-40 300
0 300

-10 200
-50 200

-60 100
-20 100

626 53
-30 0 0
i T m a m i i a so n d i T m a m i i a so n d

5. geografiuli kvleva:
antarqtidis samecniero sadgurebze sacxovrebel saxlebs gansakuTrebuli kons-
truqciiT ageben: isini maRal ximinjebze dgas, romlebic gruntze gaprialebuli
liTonis bagirebiT magrdeba. sadgurebze momuSave polarul mkvlevrebs ki specia-
luri masalisgan damzadebuli wiTeli an lurji feris tansacmeli da fexsacmeli
acviaT, mudmivad ukeTiaT mzisgan damcavi saTvale, xolo saxeze – niRabi.
axseni:
a) ratom iyeneben aseT samSeneblo konstruqciebs.
b) risTvis sWirdebaT polarul mkvlevrebs mzisgan damcavi saTvale.
g) ra masalisgan mzaddeba maTi tansacmeli.
d) ratomaa maTi tansacmeli wiTeli an lurji feris.
e) ratom ukeTiaT saxeze niRabi.

6. konturul rukaze muSaoba:

a) antarqtidis zamTrisa da zafxulis saSualo temperaturis rukaze (sur. 52.1) gan-
sazRvre zamTris saSualo temperaturis izoTermebi da antarqtidis konturul
rukaze lurji feris xazebiT aRniSne zamTris saSualo temperatura napirebTan,
polusTan, centrsa da poluss Soris teritoriaze.
b) antarqtidis zamTrisa da zafxulis saSualo temperaturis rukaze (sur. 52.1)
gansazRvre zafxulis saSualo temperaturis izoTermebi da antarqtidis kon-
turul rukaze wiTeli feris xazebiT aRniSne zafxulis saSualo temperatura
napirebTan, polusTan, centrsa da poluss Soris teritoriaze.
g) gamoitane daskvna: rogor icvleba haeris temperatura polusidan napirebisken.
d) konturul rukaze Sesabamis adgilas Savi feriT dawere temperaturis absolu-
turi minimumis da maqsimumis maCvenebeli (Т maq.…, Т min.).
e) axseni, ra faqtori ganapirobebs temperaturis aseT ganawilebas?

288 • Tema 4
danarTi
 danarTi 1. naxevarsferoebis ruka
dasavleTi naxevarsfero
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80
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simaRleebi metrobiT civi dinebebi

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dabali

290
 aRmosavleTi naxevarsfero
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291
 danarTi 2. msoflios politikuri ruka

goThobi

otava parizi

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alJiri
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havana

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1. avstria 9. niderlandebi
2. azerbaijani 10. slovakeTi
3. albaneTi 11. slovenia
4. bosnia-hercegovina 12. somxeTi
5. libani 13. ungreTi
6. luqsemburgi 14. SvedeTi
7. makedonia 15. CexeTis respublika
8. serbeTi, montenegro 16. xorvatia

292
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293
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294
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295
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samxreTis okeane lazarevis

zRva

riser-larsenis
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uedelis
zRva
Taname­
antarqtidis n-k gobrobis
zRva

belingshauzenis
zRva vinsonis masivi
(4897 m.) samxreTi polusi
bentlis Rrmuli
(-2540 m.)

amundsenis
zRva deivisis
zRva

rosis
zRva
diurvilis
zRva

samxreTis okeane