nodar elizbaraSvili

geografiis safuZvlebi
saxelmZRvanelo umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisTvis

gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 2010

n. elizbaraSvili. geografiis safuZvlebi. saxelmZRvanelo

umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebisaTvis. _ Tb., gamomc. “universali”,
2010, _ 210 gv.
 saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia geografiis safuZvlebi - misi sagani da
amocanebi, struqtura da adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi, geografiis ganviTarebis
mokle istoria, misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebani, geografiaSi mimdinare procesebis
Taviseburebani da Tanamedrove samecniero problematika, saerTaSoriso
geografiuli kavSiri da saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoeba, geografiuli
meTodologiis, analizisa da sinTezis ZiriTadi principebi, geografiuli swavlebani,
Teoriebi da koncefciebi, sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
geografiuli Taviseburebani, Tanamedrove geografiis asparezi da misi roli
globaluri ekologiuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri problemebis
warmoCenaSi.
saxelmZRvanelo, garda student-axalgazrdobisa, jerovan daxma-
rebas gauwevs geografiis Tanamedrove mdgomareobiT, misi gamoyenebiTi
daniSnulebiT da globaluri problemebiT dainteresebul farTo sazogadoebas.

redaqtori: zurab daviTaSvili _ iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mimar-
Tulebis xelmZRvaneli, politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
recenzentebi:
zurab seferTelaZe _ iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis fizikuri geografiis, niadagebis geografiis da garemos dacvis
mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
daviT kereseliZe _ iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-
mwifo universitetis hidroligiis, meteorologiis da okeanologiis mimarTulebis
xelmZRvaneli, teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

© n. elizbaraSvili, 2008

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2008

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

E–mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-12-327-6

vuZRvni Cemi maswavleblis,

gamoCenili qarTveli geografis,
profesor niko beruCaSvilis naTel
xsovnas
2
 I Tavi. geografiis arsi, kvlevis sagani da
amocanebi

1.1. geografiis arsi

geografia uZvelesi da marad axalgazrda mecnierebaa. igi
aTaswleulebis manZilze viTardeboda – aRwerilobiTidan prognozul
mecnierebamde. misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia warmodgena
viqonioT ara marto geografiuli obieqtebis urTierTganlagebis,
aramed geografiuli movlenebisa da procesebis sivrcesa da droSi
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze.
miuxedavad xangrZlivi istoriisa, geografiis, rogorc mecnierebis,
araerTi ganmarteba arsebobs. amgvari viTareba misi
mravalmxivobiTaa ganpirobebuli. maqsimalurad mokle ganmarteba
(berZ. “geo” – miwa, “grafos” – aRwera) misive saxelwodebaSia,
Tumca igi sruliadac ver asaxavs Tanamedrove geografiis arss,
ganviTarebis tendenciebs, interesTa sferos da SesaZlebobebs.
geografia aRmosavleT evropeli (rusi, bulgareli, Cexi
da sxv.) mecnierebis mier miiCneva, rogorc:
• mWidrod dakavSirebul mecnierebaTa kompleqsi,
romelic moicavs fizikur da ekonomikur geografias;
• sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa
mWidrod dakavSirebuli sistema, romelic moicavs fizikur
da ekonomikur geografias;
• bunebriv da sawarmoo teritoriul kompleqsTa da maT
komponentTa Semswavleli sazogadoebriv da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa sistema;
• sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebriv – fizikur-geografiul
da ekonomikur-geografiul mecnierebaTa sistema,
romelic swavlobs geografiul garss, bunebriv da
sawarmoo teritoriul kompleqsebs da maT Semadgenel
komponentebs;

3
 • mecniereba, romelic swavlobs dedamiwis zedapirs,
masze ganfenil im nivTierebaTa fenebis erTobliobas, rac
Seadgens geografiul garss;
msoflios sivrce-droiTi organizaciis Semswavleli mecniereba.
dasavleli (amerikeli, ingliseli, germaneli, frangi da
sxv.) mecnierebis azriT, geografia aris:
• bunebrivi da socialuri movlenebis urTierTganlagebis
Semswavleli mecniereba;
urTierTganlagebis Semswavleli mecniereba;
• mosaxleobis ganlagebis Semswavleli mecniereba;
• movlenebisa da procesebis urTierTmdebareobis da
sivrcis Semswavleli mecniereba;
• adamianisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
Semswavleli mecniereba.
Cveni azriT, Tanamedrove geografia aris – mecniereba, romelic
Seiswavlis geografiuli garsis da misi Semadgeneli komponentebis
sivrce-droiT Taviseburebebsa da kanonzomierebebs.
geografiis amgvari ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi warmoCindeba
ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebuli momenti, kerZod:
geografiuli garsi da misi Semadgeneli komponentebi anu geografiis
kvlevis obieqti. geografiuli garsi geografiis kvlevis obieqtia, maSin roca
misi calkeuli komponentebis kvlevaze pretenzia araerT sxva
mecnierebasac gaaCnia. geografiuli garsis Semadgenel komponentebad
igulisxmeba rogorc cocxali (bioturi – biosfero, pedosfero) da aracocxali
(abioturi - liTosfero, atmosfero, hidrosfero,) samyaro, ise adamianTa
sazogadoeba (noosfero). cocxal da aracocxal samyaros
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi swavloben, noosferos – sazogadoebrivi
mecnierebani.
1. sivrce – geografiuli obieqtebis ganlagebis, geografiuli
movlenebisa da procesebis ganviTarebis areali.
2. dro – procesebis Seswavlis aucilebeli aspeqti; nebismieri
geografiuli obieqti an movlena iqmneba, arsebobs da
viTardeba droSi. bunebrivi Tu sazogadoebrivi procesebis

4
 droSi Seswavla saWiroa maTi sivrciTi Taviseburebebis da
kanonzomierebebis evoluciis gamosavlenad.
Tavisebureba – geografiaSi ar arsebobs sayovelTaod
miRebuli kanonebi, riTac kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom
igi araa klasikuri sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba.
geografiul garsSi aseve ar arsebobs geografiuli obieqtebis,
movlenebisa da procesebis mkveTrad gammijvneli
sazRvrebi. geografia, upirveles yovlisa, geografiuli
obieqtebis, movlenebisa da procesebis sivrciTi
Taviseburebebis Semswavleli mecnierebaa.
3. kanonzomierebani – geografia swavlobs geografiuli
garsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebis globalur,
regionul da lokalur Taviseburebebs.

1.2. geografiis kvlevis sagani da amocanebi

geografiuli codna da azrovneba kacobriobis kulturis, misi
civilurobis kargi maCvenebelia. msoflio civilizacia da kultura
ganviTarebis kargad gamoxatuli horizontuli da vertikaluri
TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. horizontulidan TvalsaCinoa
civilizaciisa da kulturis aRmosavluri da dasavluri (nawilobriv
CrdiloeTuri da samxreTuli), lokaluri, nacionaluri, subregionuli,
regionuli da globaluri saxesxvaobani. vertikaluridan gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs maTematikur, fizikur, qimiur, biologiur, istoriul,
geografiul da sxva kulturas. am SemTxvevaSi geografiul kulturaSi
igulisxmeba civilizaciis sivrciTi (kartografiuli) da sivrce-droiTi,
ekonomikuri, socialuri, demografiuli, politikur-geografiuli da
ekologiuri azrovnebis unari da ganviTarebis done.
geografiuli azrovnebis arsi geografiul garsis Semadgeneli
komponentSorisi, ise maTi kavSirurTierTobebis kompleqsuri,
sivrce-droiTi analizis unarSi mdgomareobs.
geografia Tavisi arsiT gamoyenebiTi, konstruqciuli xa-
siaTis mecnierebaa. misi gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba miT ufro
maRalia, rac ufro kompleqsuria sivrce-droiTi kvleva, rac ufro meti
geografiuli movlena ganixileba mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi da rac
ufro srulyofilia geografiuli procesebis sivrce-droiTi prognozirebis

5
saSualebani. geografiis istoria aTeul saukuneebs iTvlis. igi
aRwerilobiTidan prognozul-modelirebad mecnierebad iqca. msoflios
wamyvan samecniero wreebSi metad popularulma globalurma
modelirebam, ramac farTo gavrceleba hpova XX saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi, TandaTanobiTi `geografizacia“ ganicada. amgvari viTareba
ganapiroba iman, rom nebismieri globaluri problema (politikuri,
ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiuri, demografiuli da sxv).
SesaZlebelia gaanilizdes mxolod regionuli, regionuli ki lokaluri
movlenebis Sejerebis gziT. cnobilia isic, rom nebismieri
sazogadoebis sameurneo saqmianoba Tu socialuri aqtivoba
garkveuli teritoriuli, sivrce-droiTi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba da
ganpirobebulia bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi procesebiT. amis gamo,
globalur Tu regionul problemaTa modelireba da prognozireba
SeuZlebelia fizikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri geografiis
dargobrivi disciplinebis codnisa da gamocdilebis, kompleqsuri
sivrce-droiTi analizisa da sinTezis gareSe.
geografiis kvlevis obieqti sxvadasxva terminiTaa cnobili:
geografiuli garsi, landSafturi garsi, geosfero, biogeosfero, sociosfero
da sxv. Tumca sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli geografiuli garsis, rogorc
geografiis kvlevis ZiriTad obieqtad warmoCenis aucilebloba.

1.3. geografiuli garsi da misi Sedgeniloba

geografiuli garsi rTuli warmonaqmnia, romelic Sedgeba
urTierTdakavSirebuli abioturi da bioturi nawilebisagan. geografiuli
garsi maTi urTierTqmedebis arealia, romelSic yvelaze srulyofilad
hidrosfero, biosfero da noosferoa warmodgenili. liTosfero da
atmosfero, geografiuli garsis umniSvnelovanesi komponentebi,
ZiriTadi masis saxiT mis periferiul (Sesabamisad zeda da qveda)
nawils moicaven.
dedamiwis zedapirze geografiuli garsi da misi Semadge-
neli komponentebi warmodgenilia urTierTdakavSirebuli, rTuli
teritoriuli kompleqsebis (geosistemebis) saxiT. amgvari kompleqsebi
ZiriTadad samgvaria: bunebrivi, socialur-ekonomikuri da bunebriv-
anTropogenuli. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli
bunebriv-anTropogenuli teritoriuli kompleqsebi, romelTa struqtura

6
da funqcionireba, garda bunebrivi komponentebisa, movlenebisa da
procesebisa, ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis sameurneo saqmianobasac.
geografiuli garsi globaluri, erTiani, uwyveti sistemaa da
xasiaTdeba araerTi kanonzomierebiT. igi iyofa morfologiur-regionul
da lokalur erTeulebad (geosistemebad). misi simZlavre sxvadasxva
avtors sxvadasxvagvarad aqvs warmodgenili, kerZod: 30-35 km
(ozonis sfero + 5 km liTosferos siRrmeSi); 40-50 km (ozonis sfero +
20 km liTosferos siRrmeSi); biosferos gavrcelebis areali; 6575 km
(ozonis sfero + dedamiwis qerqis formirebis areali).
geografiuli garsis masStaburoba misi erTiani kvlevis saSualebas
praqtikulad ar iZleva, ris gamoc kvlevis obieqtis gansazRvrisas
saubaria landSaftur garsze anu arealze, sadac urTierTdakavSirebulia
gamofitvis qerqi, mcenareuloba, cxovelTa samyaro, miwispira haeris
masebi, zedapiruli da gruntis wylebi.
landSafturi garsi gansxvavdeba bunebrivi zonebis mixed-
viT. magaliTad, Tu tundraSi misi simZlavre (vertikaluri struqtura) 5-
10 metris farglebSia, teniani ekvatoruli da tropikuli tyeebis arealSi
100-150 metrs aRwevs. landSafturi garsis formirebaSi monawileobs
yvela bunebrivi komponenti, amitom igi mxolod xmeleTzea
warmodgenili.
landSaftur garsSi geografiuli sferoebi warmodgeni-
lia geografiuli komponentebis (amgvaria: haeris masebi – atmosfero,
wylis masebi _ hidrosfero, reliefi da geologiuri agebuleba _
liTosfero, cocxali buneba _ biosfero) an jgufebis (cocxali.
aracocxali, aracocxal-cocxali anu niadagi) saxiT.
landSafturi garsi warmoiqmna sicocxlis ganviTarebasTan erTad
da amJamad warmoadgens adamianis saqmianobis ZiriTad areals.
landSafturi garsi, mravali aTasi wlis manZilze ganic-
dida da ganicdis sazogadoebis zemoqmedebas, ris Sedegadac
msoflios umetes regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT vakeebsa da dabali
mTebis arealebSi, mkveTrad icvala pirveladi ier-saxe. amJamad
lamdSafturi garsis magivrad termini “geografiuli garemo”
gamoiyeneba, raSic adamianis mier saxecvlili landSafturi garsi
igulisxmeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi ixmareba termini “garemo”,
rasac geografiis kvlevis sagnadac miiCneva.

7
 garemo araerTi sxva mecnierebis kvlevis saganicaa (istoria,
filosofia, biologia, ekologia), Tumca geografiisTvis mniSvnelovania
aq ganlagebuli obieqtebis, masSi mimdinare movlenebisa da
procesebis sivrce-droiTi urTierTdamokidebulebis kvleva.
1.4. geografiis kvlevis obieqtebi

geografiuli mecnierebis kvlevis obieqtis sabolood

miRebuli gansazRvreba ar arsebobs. masSi ZiriTadad igulisxmeba
sivrceSi aRqmadi nebismieri obieqti, romelic gaaCnia konkretuli
adgilmdebareoba dedamiwis zedapiris mimarT, xasiaTdeba sivrciTi
cvalebadobiT, aisaxeba geografiuli koordinatebiT da SeiZleba misi
gamosaxva rukaze.
geografiuli mecnierebis kvlevis obieqtebi SeiZleba
iyos nebismieri fizikur-geografiuli (mdinare, qedi, niadagi, landSafti
da a.S.) Tu sazogadoebriv-geografiuli (qveyana, qalaqi, sofeli,
raioni, satransporto kvanZi da a.S.) erTeuli, movlena da procesi,
maTi urTierTganlagebis wesi da urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegebi.
geografiuli movlena orgvaria – endogenuri da egzogenuri. maT
SesaZlebelia mohyves rogorc fizikur-geografiuli, ise sazogadoebriv
geografiuli procesebi. geografiuli procesebis TvalsaCino
magaliTebia niadagwarmoqmna, biogeocikli, tenbrunva,
urbanizacia, migracia da sxv.
geografiuli komponentebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Se-
degad dedamiwis geografiul garsSi funqcionirebs sami sxvadasxva
donis geosistema – planetaruli (globaluri), regionuli da lokaluri.
geografiuli mecnierebis kvlevis obieqtebi samive donezea
warmodgenili. geografiuli kvlevisTvis mniSvnelovania is
winapiroba, rom geosistemebis farglebSi geografiuli komponentebi
mudmiv urTierTdamokidebulebaSi imyofebian da erTis cvla
ganapirobebs rogorc sxva komponentebis, ise mTeli geosistemis
cvlilebas.
kvlevis obieqtebis simravliT Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi
geografia, kerZod ki misi socialuri mimarTuleba gamoirCeva. aq,
tradiciulTan erTad, zogjer saubaria iseT “obieqtebze”, rogoricaa
kartofilis da pomidvris (kvebis geografiaSi), jinsebis (Cacmulobis
geografiaSi), sasmisebis (tradiciebis geografiaSi) geografiul
8
TaviseburebaTa kvleva. amgvari midgoma geografiis kvlevis
obieqtebs miuRebels, gaugebarsa da usasrulos xdis, rac
gaumarTlebelia.
1.5. geografiis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi

geografiis meTodologiuri (Teoriuli) safuZvlebi mis

arss, kvlevis sagans, geografiuli komponentebis da obieqtebis
uTierTganlagebis, geografiuli movlenebis da procesebis
ganviTarebis im kanonzomierebebs da Taviseburebebs ukavSirdeba,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia geografiuli garsisTvis.
geografiis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi ramdenime sayovelTaod
aRiarebul, geografiuli garsisTvis damaxasiaTebel,
kavSirurTierTobebs emyareba. maTgan mniSvnelovania: 1.
bunebriv garemoSi arsebuli, 2. sazogadoebrivi da 3. sazogadoebasa
da bunebas Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSirebi.
bunebriv garemoSi arsebuli komponentSorisi kavSirebi
ganpirobebulia bunebrivi garemos ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriiT.
amgvari kavSirebis naTeli gamoxatulebaa bunebrivi zonaloba, sadac
siTbosa da tenis ganawileba aisaxeba rogorc endogenuri Zalebis
intensivobaze, ise cocxali samyarosa da niadagebis gavrcelebis
geografiul Taviseburebebze. siTbosa da tenis cvalebadoba myisierad
moqmedebs bunebriv garemoSi mimdinare nebismier procesze,
maSin roca cocxali samyaros TviT ganadgurebac (ekocidi) ki sxva
komponentebis, da saboloo jamSi _ landSaftis TandaTanobiT
transformacias ganapirobebs.
gansakuTrebiT mravalferovania sazogadoebrivi
urTierTkavSirebi, rac meurneobis da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
ganviTarebis dones ukavSirdeba. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
xasiaTi ganpirobebulia samarTlebrivi baziT, ekonomikuri, socialuri,
istoriuli (tradiciuli), eTnikuri, kulturuli, politikuri, bunebrivi,
geografiuli da sxv. viTarebiT gansazRvruli procesebiT. garda
aRniSnulisa, sazogadoebrivi urTierTkavSirebis geografiuli
Taviseburebani kavSirSia sazogadoebis cnobierebasTan,
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis da socialuri daculobis
donesTan. Tavis mxriv, ekonomikis ganviTarebis done pirdapir
kavSirSia cxovrebis da momsaxurebis donesTan, mosaxleobis
9
demografiul qcevasTan, socialur viTarebasTan, ekologiur
mdgradobasTan da a.S.
sazogadoebasa da bunebas Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSi-
rebi (bunebaTsargeblobis formiT) mudmivad viTardeba da sul ufro
masStaburi xdeba. amgvari kavSirebi orgvari (racionaluri da
araracionaluri) formisaa da uSualo kavSirSia ama Tu im qveyis
(regionis) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan.
araracionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis Sedegad, ukve aqtualuria saubari
globalur ekologiur problemebze – daTbobaze, gaudabnoebaze,
zogierTi saxeobis energetikuli resursis amowurvaze, wylebisa da
atmosferos dabinZurebaze, tyeebis ganadgurebaze da sxv. amave
dros msoflioSi izrdeba mdgradi ganviTarebis principebiT
ganpirobebuli saqmianoba – daculi teritoriebis gafarToeba da misi
erTiani qselis formireba, alternatiuli energiis gamoyenebis zrdis
tendencia da teqnikuri gaumjobeseba, miwebis melioracia, mdgradi
soflis da satyeo meurneobis xelSewyoba, ekologiurad orientirebuli
(landSafturi) dagegmarebis principebis gavrcoba, sayovelTao
ekologiuri ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis brZola da sxv.
geografiuli garsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTkavSirebi
ganapirobebs mis erTianobas da mdgradobas, TviTregulirebis da
TviTaRdgenis unars. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis valia geografiuli
garsis zemoTaRniSnuli Tvisebebis SenarCuneba da mdgradi
ganviTareba.
nebismieri mecniereba efuZneba sakuTar Teorias, codnis
wyaros, terminologiur aparats, koncefciebsa da hipoTezebs,
kanonebsa da kanonzomierebebs. geografiaSi, misi kvlevis sagnidan
gamomdinare, sayovelTad miRebuli kanonebi ar moqmedeben.
Tumca misi araerTi mimarTulebis mier (klimatologia,
geomorfologia, hidrologia da sxv.) gamoiyeneba fizikis, qimiis,
biologiis da sxv. kanonebi. gacilebiT rTuladaa saqme kompleqsur,
erTian geografiaSi, sadac araerTi kanonzomiereba (erTianobis,
zonalobis, ritmulobis, teritoriuli diferenciaciis da sxv.) moqmedebs,
rac gansazRvravs da warmoaCens bunebaSi da sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli movlenebis da mimdinare procesebis ZiriTad geografiul
Taviseburebebs.

10
 1.6. ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, rasac pasuxobs geografia

geografiis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT ramdenime

kiTxvas, rac ukavSirdeba geografiul garss, geografiul obieqtebs,
movlenebs da procesebs. maTgan mniSvnelovania:
sad? – geografiis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia movZebnoT an
gansazRvroT geografiuli obieqtis mdebareoba, movlena an procesi
da davitanoT igi rukaze; ra? _ geografiis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia
davadginoT geografiuli obieqtis, movlenis an procesis geografiuli
maxasiaTeblebi da davitanoT igi rukaze; ratom? _ geografiis
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia gansazRvroT geografiuli obieqtis,
movlenis an procesis Taviseburebani da davitanoT igi rukaze; vin? _
geografiis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia davadginoT ge-
ografiuli obieqtis, movlenis an procesis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi,
teritoriis aTvisebis Taviseburebani, mTavari momqmedi pirni
(sazogadoeba) da davitanoT igi rukaze; rogor? _ geografiis
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia gansazRvroT geografiuli obieqtis,
movlenis an procesis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani da
davitanoT igi rukaze;

II. Tavi. geografiis struqtura da adgili mecnierebaTa

sistemaSi

2.1. erTiani geografia

nebismieri mecniereba viTardeba ori mimarTulebiT:
diferenciaciisa da integraciis gziT. geografiaSi diferenciaciis aqtiuri
procesi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo, rac XX saukunis
Sua xanebidan kidev ufro masStaburi gaxda.
geografiul mecnierebaTa pirveli dargobrivi diferenciacia XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi aRiniSna. amJamad sazogadoebrivi da
sabunebismetyvelo geografia mniSvnelovanadaa daSorebuli. arada,
maTi daaxloebis mecnierul (Teoriul) da praqtikul (gamoyenebiT)
mniSvnelobaze, geografiuli mecnierebis am ori umTavresi
mimarTulebis urTierTSemavsebel da urTierTganmsazRvrel
mniSvnelobaze araerTxel aRiniSna iseTi cnobili geografebis
11
naSromebSi, rogoricaa l. bergi, n. baranski, i. sauSkini, s. kalesniki,
a. isaCenko, n. beruCaSvili, a. batimeri da sxv.
erTiani geografiis momxreTa umravlesoba kvlevis obieq-
tad ganixilavs rogorc geografiul garsSi (globaluri Tvalsazrisi), ise
sxvadasxva rangisa da Sedgenilobis teritoriul kompleqsSi (regionul-
tipologiuri erTeulebi) adamianisa da bunebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis sivrce-droiT TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas.
dasavleTis araerT qveyanaSi geografia erTian mecnierebad
ganixileba, romelSic ZiriTadi aqcenti socialur-ekonomikuri
procesebis analizsa da prognozirebazea gadatanili. calkeul
SemTxvevaSi, integraciul ganStoebebad araerTi `bunebriv-
sazogadoebrivi“ mimarTulebeba miiCneva, maT Soris msoflio
okeanis geografia, melioraciuli, rekreaciuli, istoriuli, samxedro
geografia da sxv. sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
kvlevis aucileblobam, geografiuli garsis transformaciis
masStabebma, geografiul garsSi adamianis, rogorc bunebrivi
garemos gardamqneli faqtoris mniSvnelobis zrdam, geografiuli
mecnierebis integraciis aucilebloba daayena dRis wesrigSi.
amJamad, geografiul mimarTulebaTa diferenciacia TiT-
qmis damTavrda sabunebismetyvelo geografiaSi, rasac ver vityviT
sazogadoebriv geografiaze. sazogadoebrivi geografia xSir
SemTxvevaSi imdenad Rrmadaa “gadajaWvuli” momijnave
ekonomikur, socialur, demografiul an politikur disciplinebTan, rom
rTuli xdeba maTi gamijvna. sazogadoebrivi geografia swrafad
afarToebs samecniero interesebs da misi kvlevis sferoSi iseTi
obieqtebic xvdeba, romelTac sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebani mxolod
„ZaldatanebiT“ SeiZleba ganesazRvroT.
araerTi cnobili mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom geografiis Semdgomi
diferenciacia misi daSlis tolfasi iqneba da droa igi siRrmiseulad
ganviTardes, swrafad moxerxdes amgvari diferenciaciis SeCereba.
sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba mowodebani geografiis integraciis, misi
erToblivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. erTiani geografiisaken, geografiul
disciplinaTa integraciisaken swrafva maTi ganviTarebis
tendenciebiT, bunebrivi garemos anTropogenuli transformaciis
masStabebiT, garemoze zemoqmedebis SedegTa prognozirebis
aucileblobiT da racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis sadReiso
12
moTxovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli. amJamad kompleqsuri, erTiani
fizikur- da ekonomikur-geografiuli gamokvlevani geografiis ZiriTad
amocanad, socialur SekveTad gvevlineba.
erTiani geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis aucilebloba da
tendenciebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba praqtikis moTxovnebs,
romelTagan umTaresia: bunebis dacva da bunebrivi resursebis
racionaluri gamoyeneba, geokologiuri eqspertiza da prognozireba,
regionul-landSafturi Sefaseba da dagegmareba, teritoriis resursuli
potencialis gamovlena, globaluri Tu regionuli sameurneo proeqtebis
sivrcedroiTi monacemebiT uzrunvelyofa da sxv. da es gasagebia,
radgan nebismieri sameurneo RonisZieba unda iTvaliswinebdes
bunebrivi garemos ekologiur mdgomareobas, bunebriv pirobebsa da
resursebs, demografiul, socialur-ekonomikur Tu politikuri viTarebas
da maTi ganviTarebis tendenciebs. bunebaTsargeblobis nebismieri
proeqti bunebrivi faqtorebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis
analizs da erTian geografiul eqspertizas saWiroebs. amis gamo,
racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis konceptualuri safuZvlebis Seqmnaze
ZiriTadi pretenzia mxolod erT samecniero mimarTulebas - erTian
geografias SeiZleba hqondes.
geografiuli integraciis aucilebeloba fizikur da socialur-
ekonomikur mecnierebebSi Seqmnili viTarebiTacaa nakarnaxevi.
fizikuri geografiis specialistebi swavloben geografiul komponentTa
da landSaftTa anTropogenuli transformaciis xarisxs, zemoqmedebis
formebs, mdgradobis, produqtiulobis, nivTierebisa da energiis
mudmivi gardaqmnis procesebs, Tumca ar (an ver) iTvaliswineben
geosistemis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis gamomwvev istoriul,
socialur-ekonomikur, eTnografiul, an Tundac politikur mizezebs.
meore mxriv, mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba, Sidaregionuli
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebis orientacia da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis an
procesebis axsna bunebrivi pirobebis, geoekologiuri viTarebisa da
geosistemuri azrovnebis TiTqmis sruli ignorirebis fonze
mimdinareobs. sazogadoebriv geografiaSi kvlevis sabaziso teritoriul
erTeulad umeteswilad administraciuli raioni ganixileba, rac xSir
SemTxvevaSi ver asaxavs viTarebis realur geografiul suraTs.

13
 XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, globaluri ekologiuri da
bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis problemebis zrdasTan erTad,
sxvadasxva qveynis samecniero-geografiul skolaSi momzadda da
daistamba araerTi naSromi, romlebic exeba msoflios bunebriv
resursebs, meurneobas, mosaxleobas, globaluri cvlilebebis
geografias, warmoebasa da teqnologiebs, globalur kulturas da sxv.
amave periodSi globaluri problematikis geografiuli Taviseburebebis
kvlevasTan erTad, swrafad izrdeba daintereseba regionuli
geografiisadmi, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobda kompleqsuri
qveyeanaTmcodneobis anu erTiani geografiis ganviTarebas. amave
periodSi, gamoica erTiani geografiis da qveyanaTmcodneobis
klasikuri nimuSebi - safrangeTSi „sayovelTao geografia“, ruseTSi
„qveynebi da xalxebi“, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi „axali
samyaroebi“, germaniaSi „ganviTarebadi qveynebi“, didi britaneTSi
„dasavleTi evropa: geografiuli perspeqtivebi“.
amgvari damokidebulebis Sedegad, gamoica sauniversiteto
ganaTlebisTvis momzadda saxelmZRvaneloebi erTian geografiaSi:
„Sesavali geografiaSi“, „geografiuli kvlevis safuZvlebi“ (germania,
didi britaneTi, ruseTi, safrangeTi, CexeTi), „sistemuri geografia“,
„zogadi geografiis problemebi“,“sazogadoeba sivrcesa da
droSi“(aSS), „geografiis Teoriuli safuZvlebi“ (aSS, ruseTi,
safrangeTi), „metakartografia“ (saqarTvelo), „geografiis buneba“
(didi britaneTi), „gacnobierebuli da gaucnobierebeli sivrce“, „sivrcis
fsiqologia“ (safrangeTi), „sivrculi wesrigi: Sesavali Tanamedrove
geografiaSi“ (germania), „sivrce da dro geografiaSi“(ruseTi),
„Tanamedrove geografia: Teoriis sakiTxebi“ (estoneTi). amrigad,
msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi, geografiuli mimarTulebebis
integraciia mecnierebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapiroba
gaxda.
geografiuli mecnierebis erT-erT umTavres amocanad
kvlav rCeba kompleqsuri kvlevis Teoriuli fundamentis ganaxleba
geografiul disciplinaTa uaxlesi miRwevebis sinTezis gziT, erTiani
geoinformaciuli sistemis Seqmna regionebis bunebis, mosaxleobis,
meurneobisa da socialuri sferos dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.
amitom, erTiani geografiuli kvleva unda warimarTos geografiuli,
regionuli an tipologiuri erTeulebis gamovleniTa da analiziT.
14
regionuli erTeulebis magaliTia ekogeoistemebi (msxvili bunebriv-
ekonomikuri warmonaqmnebi) an mdinareTa auzebi, tipologiuris _
landSaftebi.
ekogeosistemebis farglebSi Camoyalibebulia bunebrivi
garemos gamoyenebisa da meurneobis warmarTvis istoriul-
geografiuli tipi. maTi gamoyofis kriteriumebi fizikuri da
ekonomikur-geografiuli daraionebis SejerebaSi mdgomareobs. aq
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes teritoriul kriteriumad geografiuli barierebi
da mdinareTa wyalSemkrebi auzebi warmoCindeba. es ukanaskneli
umeteswilad erTian bunebriv, istoriul-geografiul da socialur-
ekonomikur regionebs warmoadgenen. am principiT saqarTveloSi
SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime msxvili regionuli ekogeosistema:
mtkvris, qvablian-javaxeTis mtkvris, algeT-xramis, alazan-ioris,
TergipiriqiTa alaznis, rionis, sufsa-aWariswylis, engur-xobiswylis,
bzif-kodoris.
arsebuli gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, rom geoekologiuri
situaciebis Seswavlisa da teritoriuli ekologiuri problemebis
damuSavebisaTvis universaluri mniSvneloba gaaCnia geosistemur
anu landSaftur-geografiul midgomas, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT
`mibmas~ konkretul, sazogadoebis saarsebo garemos obieqturad
arsebul teritoriul erTeulebTan.
tipologiur erTeulTa (landSaftTa) farglebSi kompleqsuri
geografiuli gamokvlevebi sasurvelia landSaftur-ekologiuri kvlevis da
landSafturi dagegmarebis meSveobiT ganxorcieldes, ramac saboloo
jamSi maTi socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis gamovlenamde,
dakanonebamde da teritoriis Sesabamis sameurneo orientaciamde
unda migviyvanos. landSaftTa funqciebis srulfasovani gansazRvra
da dagegmareba SeuZlebelia erTian geografiul gamokvlevaTa
gareSe. Tavis mxriv, landSaftur-dagegmarebiTi profilis proeqtebi,
romlebic xorcieldeba saxelmwifo politikisa da saerTaSoriso
programebis farglebSi, aseve xelsayrelia fizikuri da ekonomikur-
geografiuli gamokvlevebis SerwymisTvis.
XXI saukunis dasawyisi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da
socialur-ekonomikuri sferos Tvisebrivi evoluciis saxeliT Seva
istoriaSi. mTeli rigi dargebi axali orientaciis gansazRvriT,
sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZoliT,
15
kavSirurTierTobebis damyarebiT, resursebis maqsimaluri
gamoyenebiTa da sxva problemebiTaa dakavebuli. swrafad
viTardeba sabazro urTierTobani, rac maqsimalur mogebazea
orientirebuli da xSirad ar iTvaliswinebs qveynis inteleqtualur-
sawarmoo potencialis SenarCunebas, bunebrivi resursebis
racionalur, mizanmimarTul gamoyenebas, mosalodnel ekologiur
kriziss, demografiul viTarebas, istoriulsameurneo specializacias da
a.S. amgvar viTarebaSi erTiani geografiuli gamokvlevebi kidev ufro
met datvirTvas iZens, rac qarTuli geografiuli skolis ganviTarebis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes, prioritetul mimarTulebad unda iqces.
geografiuli integracia SeiZleba sam etapad ganxorci-
eldes: I _ geografiul komponentTa da obieqtTa, movlenaTa Tu
procesTa struqturul-funqcionaluri da dinamikuri Taviseburebebis
Seswavla; II _ geografiul disciplinaTa integracia dargobrivi:
sabunebismetyvelo, sazogadoebrivi da sazogadoebriv-
sabunebismetyvelo geografiuli blokis farglebSi; III – integracia
erTiani geografiis farglebSi.

2.2. geografiis struqtura

diferenciacia geografiaSi sami ZiriTadi dargis gamoyofiT
aRiniSna. Tavis mxriv, yoveli dargi qvedargebisgan, qvedargebi
nawilebisgan, nawilebi ki mimarTulebebad iyofa. amJamad
geografia, rogorc mecniereba, sami ZiriTadi da erTi gamWoli
dargisagan Sedgeba, esenia: sabunebismetyvelo geografia,
sazogadoebrivi geografia, sazogadoebriv-sabunebismetyvelo
geografia da geografiuli kartografia.
2.2.1. sabunebismetyvelo geografia – warmodgenilia Teoriuli da
gamoyenebiTi fizikur-geografiuli qvedargad (zogadi fizikuri
geografia, paleogeografia, geomorfologia, klimatologia, hidrologia,
okeanologia, niadagmcodneoba, biogeografia), agreTve momijnave
disciplinebiT (landSaftTa geofizika da geoqimia, landSaftTa
radifizika, bioklimatologia, samedicino klimatologia,
agroklimatologia, gamoyenebiTi landSaftmcodneoba, melioraciuli
landSaftmcodneoba, landSafturi dagegmareba, landSafturekologiuri
kvleva da sxv.). rogorc Cans, zogadi fizikuri geografiis garda,
TiTqmis yvela fizikur-geografiuli disciplina garkveulwilad sxva
16
mecnierebebTanaa (fizikasTan, qimiasTan, biologiasTan,
geologiasTan, ekologiasTan da sxv.) dakavSirebuli.
zogadi fizikuri geografia, anu kompleqsuri fizikuri
geografia mniSvnelovanwilad Teoriuli mecnierebaa, romelic
globaluri geografiuli da geoekologiuri problematikis Teoriuli
ganzogadebiTaa dakavebuli. igi or ZiriTad nawilad: zogad
dedamiwaTmcodneobad da landSaftmcodneobad iyofa.
zogadi dedamiwaTmcodneobis kvlevis obieqti dedamiwa,
geografiuli garsi da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebebia
(zonaloba, nivTierebisa da energiis brunva, ritmuloba, erTianoba).
landSaftmcodneoba lanSaftur garss da mis Semadgenel
regionalur da tipologiur erTeulebs, landSaftebs swavlobs. landSafti
(german.Landschaft – miwis saxe, peizaJi) genetikurad
erTgvarovani geografiuli komponentebisagan Semdgari bunebriv-
teritoriuli kompleqsia, romelsac axasiaTebs erTgvarovani geologiuri
safuZveli da reliefi, erTgvarovani hava da niadagur-mcenareuli
safari. landSaftmcodneobis meSveobiT Seiswavleba landSaftis da
misi komponentSorisi kavSirebis warmoSobis, ganviTarebis,
struqturis, funqcionirebis, Tanamedrove mdgomareobis, gavrcelebis,
anTropogenuli da bunebrivi zemoqmedebis formebis, maT mimarT
mdgradobis, produqtiulobis, resursuli potencialis, sazogadoebrivi
daniSnulebis (funqciebis) da sxv. geografiuli maxasiaTeblebi da
Taviseburebebi. landSaftmcodneobis wiaRSi swrafad viTardeba
iseTi disciplinaTSorisi mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa landSaftebis
geoqimia, landSaftebis geofizika, landSaftebis radiofizika,
landSaftebis ekologia, landSaftebis percefcia, esTetika da sxv.
dasavleTis samecniero-geografiul skolebSi, garda
zemoTaRniSnulisa, Seiswavleba landSaftmcodneobasTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi sakiTxebic, rogoricaa landSaftTa aRqma,
saqalaqo landSaftebi, landSafturi mravalferovneba, mosazRvre
landSaftebi, landSaftTa transformacia da sxv.
paleogeografia (Palaios – berZn. Zveli) – swavlobs ge-
ografiuli garsis da misi Semadgeneli nawilebis calkeul geologiur
epoqebSi arsebobis da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs da
kanonzomierebebs; misi kvlevis obieqtia adamianis gaCenamde

17
arsebuli landSafturi Taviseburebebi, winaistoriuli bunebrivi
movlenebi da procesebi.
geomorfologia (berZ. geo – dedamiwa, morphe – forma,
logos – swavleba) _ swavlobs dedamiwis reliefs, misi warmoSobis,
struqturis da ganviTarebis geografiul Taviseburebebs. igi erTerTi
uZvelesi geografiuli samecniero disciplinaa, romelic maRal donezea
ganviTarebuli dasavleTis samecniero-geografiul skolebSi.
geomorfologia mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba geologiasTan (radgan
reliefis formirebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs dedamiwis
agebuleba da Sinagani Zalebi) da geografiasTan (masze garegani
faqtorebis – havis, wylebis, myinvarebis, mcenareulobis _
zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT). Tavis mxriv, reliefi landSaftis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponentia, romelic garkveulwilad ganapirobebs
havis, niadagebis, mcenareulobis da cxovelTa samyaros gavrcelebis
Taviseburebebs. geomorfologia udides rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove
geodinamiuri procesebis (mewyrebi, Rvarcofebi, erozia da sxv.)
kvlevaSi, ris gaTvaliswinebasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba gaaCnia
mTiani teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis dagegmarebis saqmeSi.
ZiriTad mimarTulebaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: sazRvao,
dinamiuri, struqturuli, klimaturi, ekologiuri, evoluciuri, sainJinro,
gamoyenebiTi, zonaluri (ariduli, udabnoebis, myinvaruli da a.S.)
geomorfologia da sxva.
klimatologia (berZ. klima _ daxra, raSic mzis sxivebis
dedamiwaze dacemis kuTxe igulisxmeba) – swavlobs dedamiwis
havis da misi tipebis formirebis, ganviTarebis da cvalebadobis
Taviseburebebs. klimati mniSvnelovani landSaftwarmomqmneli
faqtoria, romlis ganawilebis Taviseburebani damokidebulia rogorc
planetarul (mzis dacemis kuTxeze da mzis radiaciaze), ise geografiul
(adgilis simaRleze, eqspoziciaze, zRvebisa da okeanuri dinebebis
siaxloveze, qvefenili zedapiris xasiaTze, mcenareulobis da niadaguri
safaris tipebze da sxv.) maxasiaTeblebze. igi mWidro kavSirSia
geofizikuri profilis samecniero disciplinasTan _ meteorologiasTan
(berZ. meteora _ atmosferuli da kosmosuri movlenebi).
klimatologiis gamoyenebiTi mimarTulebebidan aRsaniSnavia
samedicino, saaviacio, gamoyenebiTi, agro- da bioklimatologia.

18
 Tanamedrove klimatologia aqtiurad ganicdis “ekologizacias”.
gamokvlevebi mimdinareobs iseTi mimarTulebiT, rogoricaa - qalaqi
da hava, “birTvuli zamTris” problemebi, teqnogenuri katastrofebi da
havis cvalebadoba, globaluri daTboba, havis bunebrivi da
antropogenuli cvalebadoba, atmosferos dabinZureba, ozonis sferos
problemebi, dedamiwis zedapiris energetikuli balansi, “mJavuri
wvimebi”, “birTvuli zamTari”, haeris masebiT nivTierebebis
transsasazRvro gadatana, havis gavlena mosavlianobaze da a.S.
hidrologia (berZ. hidor – wyali) – swavlobs geografi-
ul garsSi wyalTan dakavSirebul movlenebsa da procesebs, maTi
ganviTarebis geografiul Taviseburebebs. wyali landSafturi garsis
erTerTi ZiriTadi komponentia, romelic mWidro urTierTkavSirSi
imyofeba havasTan, geologiur agebulebasTan, mcenareulobasTan da
niadagebTan.
hidrologiis mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia wylis re-
sursebis optimaluri marTvis, racionaluri gamoyenebis da dacvis
saqmeSi. igi iyofa zRvebis (okeanologiad anu okeanografia) da
xmeleTis hidrologiad. Tavis mxriv, xmeleTis hidrologiaSi
warmodgenilia rogorc Teoriuli (wylis balansis, hidrologiuri
modelirebisa da monitoringis), ise gamoyenebiTi (mag.
hidroteqnika) mimarTulebani. geografiuli garsSi warmodgenili
hidrologiuri obieqtebis mixedviT ganviTarda mdinareTa
(potamologia), tbebis (limnologia), Waobebis, wyalsacavebis,
myinvarebis (glaciologia), miwisqveSa wylebis (hidrogeologia)
hidrologia da sxva mimarTulebebi. swrafad viTardeba okeanologiac,
romlis mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia msoflio okeanis resursebis,
misi wylebis globaluri fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri Tvisebebis,
havis formirebis da prognozirebis, energetikuli da satransporto
daniSnulebis kvlevis saqmeSi.
Tanamedrove hidrologiaSi didi yuradReba maxvildeba wylis
balansisa da sameurneo saqmianobis urTierTdamokidebulebis,
hidrologiur ciklze adamianis zegavlenis, wylis xarisxis da
ganawilebis problemis, wylis ekologiis, havis cvalebadobisa da
wylebis marTvis problemebis kvlevaze.
hidrologiis, klimatologiisa da paleogeografiis mijnaze
damoukideblad viTardeba glaciologia, rasac mravali samecniero
19
 Sroma eZRvneba msoflioSi. misTvis aqtualuria iseTi sakiTxebis
kvleva, rogoricaa yinulisa da Tovlis roli geografiul (landSaftur)
garsSi, myinvaruli sistemebis masis cvalebadoba, mTis myinvarebis
wylis balansi, gamyinvarebisa da klimatis globaluri cvlilebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis Seswavla.
niadagmcodneoba – swavlobs niadagebis warmoSobas, Tvi-
sebebs, struqturas, geografiuli gavrcelebis, gamoyenebisa da dacvis
Taviseburebebs. niadags landSaftis “sarked” moixseneben, raSic
TvalnaTliv aisaxeba geografiul garsSi mimdinare abioturi da bioturi
procesebi, landSaftis formirebis geografiuli Taviseburebani.
niadagmcodneobis mimarTulebebidan landSaftmcodneobisTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania niadagebis geografia, romelic
niadagebis gavrcelebis da niadagwarmomqmneli procesebis
geografiul Taviseburebebs Seiswavlis. amJamad swrafad viTardeba
niadagebis fizikuri, qimiuri, biologiuri Tvisebebis, mineralizaciis da
mikromorfologiuri procesebis kvleva. gamoyenebiTi mimarTulebiT
mniSvnelovania melioraciuli da agro- niadagmcodneoba.
niadagebis geografia subieqturad daukavSirda
niadagmcodneobas, ris gamoc am samecniero mimarTulebis
mimdevrebi ZiriTadad calkeuli niadagebis struqturis, morfologiis,
Sedgenilobis, ekologiis, funqciebis da funqcionirebis Seswavlazea
orientirebuli. amis gamo, sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba im publikaciaTa
raodenoba, romlebic niadagisa da reliefis, havis, mcenareulobis da
sxva geografiuli komponentebis urTierTdamokidebulebas exeba.
biogeografia – (berZ. bios – sicocxle) swavlobs cocxali
organizmebis (mcenareulobis – sxvanairad “landSaftis saxe”,
cxovelTa samyaros da mikroorganizmebis) da biocenozebis (cocxali
organizmebis erToblioba konkretuli garemos, landSaftis farglebSi)
warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis Taviseburebebs. iyofa biocenologiad
(Camoyalibda biologiisa da fizikuri geografiis mijnaze),
fitogeografiad (Camoyalibda botanikisa da geografiis) da
zoogeografiad (Camoyalibda zoologiisa da geografiis mijnaze).
Tanamedrove biogeografia aqtiurad monawileobs rogorc globaluri
da regionuli, ise ekologiuri da zogadgeografiuli problemebis analizsa
da gadawyvetaSi. gansakuTrebuli masStabis ekologizaciam
biogeografia garkveulwilad daaSora sabunebismetyvelo geografias.
20
 biogeografiis gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba bioresursebis kvlevas,
daculi teritoriebis Seqmnas, biomravalferovnebis Seswavlasa da
racionalur gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. Tanamedrove samecniero
interesebidan aRsaniSnavia ekosistemebis da ekotonebis biologiuri
da geografiuli Taviseburebebis kvleva, ekosistemebis struqturisa da
funqcionirebis Seswavla, ekosistemebis zonaluri da dinamiuri
ganviTarebis kvleva da sxv,

2.2.2.sazogadoebrivi (socialur-ekonomikuri) geografia –

mosaxleobisa da meurneobis, socialuri aqtivobis anu sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis Semswavleli qvedargia
geografiaSi. misi ZiriTadi mizani sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisa da
yofis regionul organizaciasa da dagegmarebaSi mdgomareobs. igi
iyofa ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da mosaxleobis geografiad.
Tavis mxriv
ekonomikuri geografia moicavs Semdeg mimarTulebebs:
mrewvelobis (swavlobs mrewvelobis ganlagebis da sawarmoo
kavSirurTierTobebis geografiul Taviseburebebs; maTi
funqcionirebisTvis aucilebeli faqtorebis _ nedleulis, energiis,
SromiTi resursebis da sxv. _ sivrce-droiTi ganviTarebis
Taviseburebebs), soflis meurneobis (swavlobs soflis meurneobis
sawarmoTa ganlagebis da dargis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro bunebrivi
pirobebis geografiul Taviseburebebs; memcenareobisa da
mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis, miwis resursebis gamoyenebis,
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da
miwodebis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebs. igi mWidro kavSirSia
fizikur geografiasTan, kerZod ki niadagmcodneobasTan,
landSaftmcodneobasTan, klimatologiasa da hidrologiasTan),
transportis (swavlobs satransporto saSualebebis ganlagebis,
kavSirurTierTobebis da satransporto kvanZebis formirebisa da
funqcionirebis sivrcedroiT Taviseburebebs), kavSirgabmulobis,
mSeneblobis, vaWrobis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri
kavSirurTierTobebis geografias; socialuri geografia iyofa:
momsaxurebis, ganaTlebis, kulturis da sxv. geografiad; politikuri
geografia iyofa: politikuri mowyobis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis,
arCevnebis da sxv. geografiad. amrigad, sazogadoebrivi geografiis
21
es umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebani imdenad mWidro kavSirSia
ekonomikasTan, politikasTan, socialur mecnierebebTan,
demografiasTan, eTnografiasTa da sxva sazogadoebriv
mecnierebebTan, rom xSirad Znelia maT Soris sazRvris gatareba.
sazogadoebrivi geografiis upiratesoba zemoTaRniSnul
mimarTulebebTan mis geografiulobaSi – sazogadoebrivi
movlenebisa da procesebis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis
gamovlenasa da kvlevaSi mdgomareobs.
sazogadoebrivi geografiis umniSvnelovanesi nawili mosaxleobis
geografiaa, romelic swavlobs mosaxleobis ganlagebis, Sedgenilobis,
migraciis, dasaxlebuli punqtebis saxeebis, maTi warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis sivrce-droiT Taviseburebebs. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria
mosaxleobis geografiuli Taviseburebebis Seswavla Tanamedrove
epoqaSi, maSin roca msoflios mTel rig regionebSi aRiniSneba
demografiuli krizisi Tu mosaxleobis mier kritikuli bunebrivi
garemos intensiuri aTvisebis procesi, masStaburi SromiTi migracia,
gaudabnoeba da gaudabureba, mTiani teritoriebis dacla, saqalaqo
mosaxleobis (urbanizaciis) xvedriTi wilis zrda da a.S. am fonze,
mosaxleobis geografiis ZiriTadi amocanaa mosaxleobis ganawilebis
dagegmareba da regulireba, demografiuli problemebis sivrce-droiTi
Taviseburebebis warmoCena, centraluri funqciis mqone dasaxlebuli
punqtebis dadgena, mosaxleobis qcevis ganmsazRvreli socialuri,
ekonomikuri, bunebrivi da ekologiuri faqtorebis analizi.
mosaxleobis geografiaSi aseve ganviTarda mosaxleobis
sqesobriv-asakobrivi da religiuri Sedgenilobis, dasaxlebuli
punqtebis, SromiTi resursebis, globaluri demografiuli problemebis
geografiis mimarTulebebi.
socialuri geografiis meSveobiT mosaxleobis yofacxovrebis,
sulieri da materialuri kulturis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebi
Seiswavleba. am mimarTulebiT swrafad viTardeba mimarTulebebi:
ganaTlebis, kulturis, mecnierebis, sportis, turizmis, tradiciebis,
cxovrebis donis, moxmarebis geografia da sxv. socialuri geografiis
kvlevis interesebi usazRvrod didia da amJamad moicavs aTeulobiT
mimarTulebas da qvemimarTulebas. amgvari viTareba
garkveulwilad arTulebs maT klasificirebas da sxva
mecnierebebisgan mis gamijvnas.
22
 politikuri geografia Seiswavlis politikuri movlenebisa da
procesebis, politikuri da samxedro Zalebis, msoflio politikuri rukis
formirebis sivrce-droiT Taviseburebebs. igi mWidro kavSirSia
istoriasTan, eTnografiasTan, saerTaSoriso politikur da ekonomikur
urTierTobebTan, samxedro geografiasTan da sxv.
amrigad, sazogadoebrivi geografiis ZiriTadi mizania adamianis
saqmianobis da gavlenis Sedegad geografiuli garsis Semadgeneli
obieqtebis, movlenebis da procesebis kvleva globalur, regional,
nacionalur (erovnul) da lokalur doneze.

2.2.3. sazogadoebriv-sabunebismetyvelo qvedargi iseTi

nawilebisagan Sedgeba, rogoricaa: qveyanaTmcodneoba (dasavleTSi
_ regionuli geografia), geoekologia, bunebrivi resursebis geografia,
istoriuli geografia, rekreaciuli geografia, samxedro geografia,
samedicino geografia, msoflio okeanis geografia da sxva.
sazogadoebriv-sabunebismetyvelo geografiis nawilebi erTiani
geografiis TvalsaCino magaliTebia.
qveyanaTmcodneoba samarTlianad miiCneva geografiis
uZveles da tradiciul mimarTulebad, romelic kompleqsur geografiul
disciplinebs Soris yvelaze “xelsayrel” mdgomareobaSia. misi
meSveobiT kompleqsurad Seiswavleba calkeuli regionebisa da
qveynebis bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi, mosaxleoba da
meurneoba, socialuri sfero da ekologiuri viTareba. amgvari formiT
qveyanaTmcodneoba erTis mxriv saganmanaTleblo disciplinad,
meores mxriv ki erTiani geografiis safuZvladac moiazreba.
geografiuli mimarTulebebis da gamokvlevebis sinTezis aucileblobas
geografiis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba ayenebs dRis wesrigSi, raSic
gadamwyveti roli SeiZleba geografiulma qveyanaTmcodneobam
iTamaSos.
geoekologia anu geografiuli ekologia sazogadoebriv-sa-
bunebismetyvelo geografiis SedarebiT axali mimarTulebaa, romelic
sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebas, landSafturi
garsis ekologiuri xasiaTis problemebs, landSaftur-ekologiur
viTarebas da garemos ekologiur mdgomareobebs swavlobs.
geoekologiis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis mowinaaRmdegeTa
azriT, bunebrivi garemos ekologiuri kavSirurTierTobebis, misi
23
 struqturisa da funqcionirebis, anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis
formebisa da masStabebis, maTi geografiuli Taviseburebebis
Seswavla landSaftmcodneobis, da ara geoekologiis, kvlevis sagania.
Tumca landSaftmcodneobaSi ekologiur problematikaze aqcentirebas
swored geoekologiamde mivyavarT. geoekologiis kvlevis sagani
gacilebiT farToa, sadac adamianisa da bunebis urTierTobis yvela
Tavisebureba da ekologiuri Sedegi ganixileba. geoekologiisTvis
mniSvnelovania teritoriis ekologiuri viTarebis gansazRvra, analizi
da prognozireba. ekologiur problemaTa mravalmxrivobisa da
masStaburobis gamo, TviT geoekologiaSi ganviTarda axali qvedargi
– ekologiuri geografia.
bunebrivi resursebis geografia rogorc calkeuli bunebrivi
resursis, ise sxvadasxva donis teritoriis resursuli potencialis
Semswavleli da Semfasebeli samecniero disciplinaa.
istoriuli geografia bunebisa da sazogadoebis ganviTa-
rebis, maTi istoriuli urTierTdamokidebulebis, bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebis, meurneobis ganvTarebis da sivrcis aTvisebis istoriis,
geoekologiuri problemebis ganviTarebis sivrce-droiTi
Taviseburebebis Semswavleli samecniero disciplinaa.
rekreaciuli geografia Seiswavlis mosaxleobis dasvene-
bisa da turizmis obieqtebis geografiul Taviseburebebs, bunebrivi
landSaftis da misi komponentebis rekreaciul Rirebulebas, percefciul
da esteTikur Rirebulebebs.
samxedro geografia Seiswavlis warsulisa da SesaZlo samxedro
moqmedebebis geografiul Taviseburebebs, bunebrivi da socialur-
ekonomikuri garemos gavlenas samxedro moqmedebebze. igi
msoflioSi gansakuTrebiT swrafad ganviTarda meore msoflio omis
dam is Semdgom periodSi. saqarTveloSi samxedro geografia
Caisaxa XX saukunis bolos, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
saqarTvelos geografiisa da landSafturi dagegmarebis
mimarTulebaze.
samedicino geografia daavadebebis, samedicino da gama-
jansarebeli dawesebulebebis geografiuli Taviseburebebis
Semswavleli disciplinaa. misi swrafi ganviTareba adamianis
sacxovrebeli garemos degradaciam, ekologiuri problemebis
gamwvavebam, daavadebaTa globalizaciam, janmrTelobisTvis
24
xelsayreli ekologiuri garemos (landSaftis) Seqmnis, ekologiurad
sufTa sasmeli wylis da kvebis produqtebis gamoyenebis
aucileblobam ganapiroba.
msoflio okeanis geografia SedarebiT axali disciplinaa, romelic
kompleqsurad Seiswavlis msoflio okeanis da misi simdidris
gamoyenebis da SenarCunebis, sanapiro zolis aTvisebis da
ekologiuri problematikis geografiul Taviseburebebs.
geografiuli toponimika geografiul saxelwodebaTa warmoSobis
da Sinaarsis Semswavleli disciplinaa, romelic aseve moiazreba
geografiis sazogadoebriv-sabunebismetyvelo blokSi.
teritoriuli (landSafturi) dagegmareba Tanamedrove
geografiaSi swrafad ganviTarebadi disciplinaa, rac ekologiurad
orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmarebis sferoSi moiazreba. es
ukanaskneli farTodaa ganviTarebuli dasavleT evropis
germanulenovan qveynebSi, swrafad inergeba did britaneTSi,
holandiaSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, ruseTSi, CineTSi, centraluri
aziis da skandinaviis qveynebSi.

2.2.4. kartografia da geoinformatika

kartografia gamWol geografiul mecnierebebs miekuTvneba,
romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia yvela geografiuli
disciplinebisaTvis. igi swavlobs geografiul rukebsa da sxva
kartografiul nawarmoebebs, maTi Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis
meTodebs. misi ZiriTadi mizania kartografirebis meSveobiT
gamoxatos geografiuli obieqtebis realuri, sivrce-droiTi
urTierTganlagebs Taviseburebani. kartografirebis TvalsaCino
Sedegia sxvadasxva daniSnulebisa da Sinaarsis rukebi, romlebic iyos
rogorc zogadgeografiuli, ise Tematuri.
rukebis Seqmna mravaletapiani procesia, romelSic kar-
tografiis araerTi samecniero mimarTuleba monawileobs. maT
Sorisaa rukaTmcodneoba, maTematikuri kartografia, rukebis
redaqtireba da gamocema, kartografiuli warmoebis organizacia da
marTva.
kartografiuli nawarmoebebi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba araerTi
mecnierebis (istoria, eTnografia, geologia da sxv.) mier Tu praqtikul
saqmianobaSi (soflis meurneoba, transporti, mSenebloba, ganaTleba,
25
turizmi, arqeologiuri masalis da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Zebna-Zieba
da sxv.). maT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia samxedro
sferoSi, saomari moqmedebisas.
kartografia ganviTarda geografiuli, geodeziuri, maTe-
matikuri da teqnikuri mecnierebebis mijnaze. aq aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba saxviTi xelovnebis, araerTi sabunebismetyvelo Tu
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis meTodebi. Tanamedrove kartografia
warmoudgenelia kompiuteruli teqnologiebis gareSe, radgan
Tanamedrove msoflioSi farTodaa danergili geografiuli informaciis
miRebis, damuSavebisa da modelirebis kompiuteruli meTodebi. XX
saukunis bolos geografiaSi saboolod moikida fexi geoinformaciulma
teqnologiebma (sistemebma), raSic udidesi roli kartografias
ekuTvnis.

2.3. geografiul mecnierebaTa sistema _ “geografiis xe”

geografiul mecnierebaTa sistema, anu ZiriTadi qvedar-

gebi, nawilebi, mimarTulebebi da qvemimarTulebebi, dargis
gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebani erTgvari “xis” saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT. mis
“fesvTa sistemaSi” geografiis ZiriTadi qvedargebi (4 erTeuli),
nawilebi (or aTeulze meti) da mimarTulebebi (aseulze meti)
ganlagdeba, „Rero” warmoaCens erTian geografias, xolo “totebis”
saxiT (7 erTeuli) warmodgenili iqneba Tanamedrove geografiis
ZiriTadi asparezi da misi gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba.
geografiis gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba pirdapir kavSirSia
sazogadoebis moTxovnebTan, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
mdgradi ganviTareba – igulisxmeba samecniero da praq-
tikuli saqmianoba, romelic ganapirobebs qveynis an regionis mdgrad
politikur, socialur, ekonomikur da ekologiur ganviTarebas. mdgradi
ekologiuri ganviTareba gulisxmobs geografiuli garsis imgvar
gamoyenebas da SenarCunebas, roca momavali TaobebisTvis
garemo ar warmoadgens safrTxes maTi janmrTelobisTvis, bunebrivi
resursebis gamoyeneba ar miaRwevs kritikul zRvars da bunebrivi
garemo aseve SesaZlebeli iqneba gamoyenebul iqnes rekreaciisa da
saganmanaTleblo saqmianobisaTvis.
26
 geografiuli monacemebi bunebisa da mosaxleobis Sesaxeb –
igulisxmeba qveyanaTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis samecniero da
praqtikuli saqmianoba, romlis ZiriTadi mizania informaciis
mopoveba, Segroveba da analizi ama Tu im qveynis geografiuli
mdebareobis, bunebrivi pirobebis da resursebis, mosaxleobis,
meurneobis, socialuri sferos da ekologiuri viTarebis geografiuli
Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.
geoinformaciuli sistemebi (GIS) – igulisxmeba kompiuterebisa
da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis meSveobiT geografiuli informaciis
(monacemebis) Senaxvis, demonstrirebis, analizisa da gardaqmnis
(manipulirebis) saSualeba. amJamad kompiuteruli teqnologiebi
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba rogorc samecniero, ise praqtikul da
saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi. geografiaSi geoinformaciuli
teqnologiebis gamoyenebam XX saukunis bolo meoTxedSi saTave
daudo axali samecniero mimarTulebis – geoinformatikis
ganviTarebas, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba geografiis yvela
mimarTulebaSi, ganskuTrebiT kartografiaSi. geoinformaciuli
sistemebis ganviTareba da gamoyeneba geografiaSi araerT faqtors
da process ukavSirdeba, romelTagan ZiriTadia kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis teqnikuri da programuli ganviTareba. geografiul
literaturaSi geoinformatikis paralelurad da sinonimad xSirad
gamoiyeneba termini geomatika, raSic geografiis da gamoyenebiTi
maTematikis erTianoba moiazreba.
geografiuli prognozireba – igulisxmeba eqsperimentu-
li saxis is samecniero da praqtikuli saqmianoba, romlis mizania
geografiuli movlenebisa da procesebis, agreTve bunebrivi sistemebis
sivrce-droiTi ganviTarebis TaviseburebaTa gansazRvra. igi
maqsimalur yuradRebas amaxvilebs anTropogenuli zemoqmedebiT
bunebrivi procesebis SesaZlo ganviTarebis xasiaTze. geografiuli
prognozirebis mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT izrdeba globaluri
daTbobis, bunebrivi da ekologiuri kataklizmebis gaxSirebis,
SromiTi migraciis, demografiulad daZabuli regionebis, garemoze
anTropogenuli datvirTvis arnaxuli masStabebis pirobebSi. efeqturi
da gamarTlebuli prognozi uaryofiTi bunebrivi da socialur-
ekonomikuri procesebis drouli gansazRvris da aRkveTis, SesaZlo
zaralis Semcirebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. geografiuli
27
prognozirebis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia amindis prognozireba,
romelic didi moculobis informaciis analizis gzit xorcieldeba.
geografiuli modelireba – igulisxmeba geografiuli obieqtebis
struqturis da funqcionirebis, geografiuli movlenebisa da procesebis
urTierTkavSirebis gamosaxvis verbaluri (sityvieri), grafikuli
(geometruli figurebiT, isrebiT da sxv.), kartografiuli (rukis saxiT) da
matematikuri (matematikuri simboloebis saxiT) saSualeba. modeli
SesaZlebelia gavaigivoT kvlevis SedegebTan, romelic SesaZlebelia
gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc analizis, ise prognozisTvis. srulyofili
geografiuli modelireba SesaZlebelia gaxorcieldes lokalur, regional
an globalur doneze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba
yovlismomcveli geografiuli informaciis realuri raodenobrivi da
xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gansazRvra. geografiuli modelis
TvalsaCino magaliTia ruka, romelic sivrce-droiTi informaciis
warmodgenis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
teritoriuli dagegmareba – igulisxmeba teritoriis (sivrcis,
garemos, landSaftis) gamoyenebis optimaluri variantis SerCeva
maTi analizis, Sefasebis, rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis da
dakanonebis gziT, maTi socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis
gansazRvris da SenarCunebis mizniT. evropis qveynebSi teritoriuli
dagegmareba Tanadroulad warmoadgens ekologiurad orientirebuli
regionuli da dargobrivi dagegmarebis safuZvels. igi iTvaliswinebs
sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Taviseburebebs,
bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebs, miwaTsargeblobis
tradiciebsa da mimarTulebebs, landSaftis ekologiur Taviseburebebs.
mTian qveynebSi teritoriuli dagegmareba Sefasebis etapze
maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs maT geoekologiur da socialur-
ekonomikur specifikas. teritoriuli dagegmareba disciplinaTaSorisi
problemaa, romelSic geografebi yvelaze aqtiurad sawyis – teritoriis
geoekologiuri analizisa da Sefasebis etapze monawileoben.
geoekologiuri eqspertiza – igulisxmeba specialistebis
(eqspertebis) mier sxvadasxva saxis sameurneo RonisZiebis
(mSeneblobis, eqsploataciis, proeqtirebis) ekologiuri Sedegebis da
bunebriv pirobebTan misi Sesabamisobis kvleva, agreTve masTan
dakavSirebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da sxva SesaZlo procesebis
Sefaseba. geografiaSi Camoyalibda rogorc samecniero-praqtikuli
28
mimarTuleba, romelic efuZneba sistemis: buneba-mosaxleoba-
meurneoba efeqturi urTierTdamokidebulebis da ganviTarebis,
bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis da bunebrivi garemos
optimizaciis principebs. misi meSveobiT gamovlindeba sameurneo
saqmianobis uaryofiTi ekologiuri Sedegebi, gansaxorcielebadi
proeqtis Sesabamisoba garemosdacviT moTxovnebTan,
garemosdacviTi programebis koordinacia ekonomikur
programebTan da sxv.
2.4. geografiis adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi da kavSiri sxva
mecnierebebTan

mecnierebaTa dayofa calkeul mimarTulebebad atikuri xanidan

iwyeba. mecnierebaTa klasifikacias arTulebs mudmivi
diferenciaciisa da integraciis procesi, ris gamoc igi kvlav rCeba rTul
da aqtualur samecniero amocanad. amJamad miRebulia
mecnierebaTa dayofis araerTi varianti, romelTa Soris umeteswilad
mecnierebebs filosofiur, maTematikur, sabunebismetyvelo, teqnikur
da socialur (humanitarul anu sazogadoebriv) jgufSi aerTianeben.
miuxedavad mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis xangrZlivi istoriisa,
geografiis sayovelTaod miRebuli adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi
sabolood gansazRvruli ar aris. geografia umeteswilad ori
mimarTulebiT ganixileba – fizikuri geografia sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi da socialur-ekonomikuri geografia socialur
mecnierebebSi. am SemTxvevaSi geografia or damoukidebel
erTeulad warmoCindeba, rac arasamarTliania geografiis, rogorc
erTiani samecniero disciplinis mimarT.
mecnierebaTa klasifikacia umetes SemTxvevaSi subieqturi
midgomiT xorcieldeba, ris gamoc es procesi usasrulod gagrZeldes.
gasagebia, rom gansakuTrebiT rTulia im mecnierebaTa adgilis
gansazRvra, romlebic sxvadasxva mecnierebebis mijnas
warmoadgenen. amis gamo, ukanasknel xanebSi mecnierebaTa
sistemaSi gaCnda araerTi saklasifikacio erTeuli zusti, politikuri,
ekonomikuri, dedamiwis da garemos Semswavlel mecnierebaTa
saxiT. amgvari klasifikaciebis mixedviT geografia
sabunebismetyvelo an sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan erTad,

29
dedamiwis an garemos Semswavlel mecnierebaTa jgufSic
ganixileba.
geografia kavSirSia rogorc sabunebismetyvelo (fizika,
qimia, biologia, geologia da sxv.), ise maTematikur, socialur (istoria,
arqeologia, eTnografia da sxv.), ekonomikur, politikur da sxv.
mecnierebebTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samecniero interesebis da
urTierTkavSirebis masStabebiT geografia unikaluri da gamorCeuli
mecnierebaa.

2.5. Tanamedrove geografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebi

Tanamedrove geografiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia araerTi procesi,

rac warmoadgens misi ganviTarebis da geografiuli mimarTulebebis
integraciis safuZvels. maT Soris mniSvnelovania:
geografiis ekologizacia – geografiaSi aqtualuria sa-
zogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis, garemos
Tanamedrove da prognozuli mdgomareobis, mdgradi ekologiuri
ganviTarebis, garemoze eqstremaluri bunebrivi da anTropogenuli
zemoqmedebis masStabebis da formebis kvleva. geografiis
ekologizaciam sayovelTao da aRiarebuli saxe miiRo, rac kvlevis
kompleqsurobiT da masStaburobiTaa ganpirobebuli. ekologizaciis
procesebi geografiaSi kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens globaluri
ekologiuri problemebis fonze.
geografiis ekonomizacia – nebismieri mecnierebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesi, raSic misi gamoyenebiTi daniSnulebis,
sabazro ekonomikis principebTan morgebis aucilebloba
igulisxmeba. ekonomizaciis procesi ZiriTadad gardamavali
ekonomikuri orientaciis mqone qveynebis geografiaSi, axali
ekonomikuri da socialuri urTierTobiT dakavebuli
sazogadoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomikuri geografia erTerTi uZvelesi
mimarTulebaa, mecnierebis ekonomizaciis aqtiuri procesi XX
saukunis 70-iani wlebidan iwyeba. am periods ekuTvnis Sromebi,
sadac originaluradaa ganxiluli rogorc tradiciuli, ise sruliad axali
Tematika, kerZod: sazogadoebis ekonomikuri saqmianobis sivrciTi
aspeqtebi; meurneobis teritoriuli organizacia, rogorc ekonomikuri
30
ganviTarebis faqtori; vaWrobis, momsaxurebis, satransporto
sistemebis, komunikaciebis, sainformacio biznesis, maRali
teqnologiebis, transnacionaluri korporaciebis, sivrcis aTvisebis,
sameurneo dagegmarebis, sazogadoebis teritoriuli organizaciis
geografiuli Taviseburebani da sxv.
geografiis sociologizacia – maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis
geografiuli mecnierebisTvis aprobirebuli da postsabWoTa qveynebis
geografiuli mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesia. masSi
igulisxmeba geokologiuri da mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis
sivrce-droiTi procesebis dakavSireba. geografiis sociologizaciis
procesi ZiriTadad eTnografiasTan da socialur mecnierebebTan
integraciaSi aisaxeba.
pirveli samecniero Sromebi socialur geografiaSi XX saukunis
60-iani wlebis bolos daistamba germaneli, frangi da amerikeli
geografebis avtorobiT. mogvianebiT, geografiis aqtiuri
sociologizaciis Sedegad, araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna danaSaulis
da umuSevrobis geografias, religiebis geografias, saqalaqo cxovrebis
wesis, sportis, feminizmis, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis da medicinis
geografias, socialur sivrces da garemos fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis
kvlevas, socialuri samarTlianobis geografias da a.S.
geografiis humanizacia – igulisxmeba mecnierebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ltolva zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis
Seswavlisaken, agreTve nebismieri problemis sazogadoebriv
procesebTan, sazogadoebis mdgomareobasTan da ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebTan dakavSirebis aucilebloba. geografiuli mecnierebis
humanizaciis procesi ganixileba iseTi mimarTulebebiT, rogoricaa:
adamiani – garemo, adamiani – meurneoba – socialuri sfero,
adamiani – sasicocxlo sivrce, adamiani – teritoria, adamiani – resursi
da sxv. geografiaSi humanizaciis procesi TvalsaCinos xdis erTiani
geografiuli gamokvlevebis aucileblobas, radgan ukavSirdeba rogorc
adamians, ise misi saqmianobis (sameurneo, biologiur, socialur,
politikur da sxv.) yvela sferos, pirobebs da Sedegebs.
geografiis humanizaciis procesis Sedegia iseTi mimarTulebebis
ganviTareba da sakiTxebis kvleva, rogoricaa kulturis geografia,
kultura da garemo, Tanamedrove adamianis saarsebo garemos
geografiuli Taviseburebani, socialuri samarTlianobis, janmrTelobis
31
problemebis geografia, mosaxleobis daberebis sivrciTi
Taviseburebani, geografia da sqesi, sivrce da masSi qalis adgili,
“survilebis” geografia da sxv. misive meSveobiT TvalsaCino xdeba
zogirTi globaluri problema (resursebis da misi gamoyenebis, sivrcis
aTvisebis, sursaTisa da sasmeli wylis, mosaxleobis matebis da sxv.)
da misi sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebi.
geografiis politizacia _ geografiis politizaciis
aqtiuri procesi XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba, maSin, roca
aSS-Si da germaniaSi daistamba umaRlesi skolis
saxelmZRvaneloebi politikur geografiaSi. mogvianebiT ganviTareba
daiwyo iseTma mimarTulebebma, rogoricaa eleqtoruli da
arCevnebis, federalizmis, msoflio okeanis politikurma, adgilobrivi
da sazogadoebrivi problemebis, centrisa da periferiebis, omisa da
mSvidobis, konfliqtebis, msoflios axali wesrigis (mowyobis)
geografiam, geopolitikurma koncefciebma da sxv.
III Tavi. geografiis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi Taviseburebani

3.1. geografiis ganviTarebis mokle istoria

geografiis ganviTareba kacobriobis istoriis Tanxvedri da

xangrZlivi procesia, romlis Taviseburebani sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis sxvadaxva etaps da mis interesebs ukavSirdeba.
geografiis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs misi specialuri mimarTuleba
– geografiis istoria swavlobs. geografiis istoria or aspeqtSi
(periodad) ganixileba: dedamiwis Seswavlis istoria (mogzaurobebis
da aRmoCenebis istoria) da geografiuli ideebis (Teoriisa da
praqtikis) ganviTarebis istoria. Tu pirveli kacobriobis dasabamidan
TiTqmis XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde gagrZelda, meore dResac
aqtiurad viTardeba.

dedamiwis geografiuli Seswavlis ZiriTadi etapebi

dedamiwis geografiuli Seswavla kacobriobis istoriis uZvelesi

periodidan iwyeba. pirvelyofili adamiani ikvlevda garemos,

32
cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaros, misTvis damaxasiaTebel
movlenebsa da procesebs. Semgroveblobisa da monadireobis etapze
adamians cxovelTa da mcenareTa sasicocxlo garemos, bunebrivi
pirobebis da calkeuli bunebrivi resursebis geografiuli Taviseburebani
ainteresebda. meurneobis ganviTarebasTan erTad (mecxoveleoba,
miwaTmoqmedeba) adamiani saZovrebis da niadagebis geografiul
ganawilebas swavlobda, rac kargadaa asaxuli msoflios araerTi xalxis
eTnografiasa da geografiul saxelwodebebSi. miwaTmoqmedebis
ganviTareba eqstensiur xasiaTs atarebda, rac tyeebis masiur
ganadgurebas, ekologiuri problemebis gamwvavebas, mosaxleobis
masiur gadaadgilebas da axali teritoriebis aTvisebas ganapirobebda.
adamiani swrafad iTvisebda sazRvao sivrcesac, rac orientirebis
saSualebebis da meTodebis ganviTarebis fonze mimdinareobda.
uZvelesi geografiuli aRwerilobani da monacemebi babi-
lonis, egviptisa da CineTis xalxebis werilobiT wyaroebSi gvxvdeba.
Zv.w-aR. IV aTaswleulidan cnobilia pirveli geografiuli rukebi da
gegmebi, mdinareebisa da zRvebis, sarwyavi sistemebisa da
dasaxlebuli punqtebis aRweriloba. geografiuli monacemebis
Tavmoyras vaWrobis ganviTareba da saomari moqmedebebic
uwyobda xels. Zv.w-aR. VIII-VI saukuneebisTvis, garda xmeleTisa,
TiTqmis mTlianad aiTvises aRmosavleT atlantis, indoeTis da
wynari okeanis zomieri da tropikuli sartylis zoli, rasac magnituri
isris da gromonis gamogonebam Seuwyo xeli.
gansakuTrebiT itensiuri geografiuli gamokvlevebi anti-
kuri epoqidan iwyeba. Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi samarTliand
iTvlebian msoflioSi geografiuli azrovnebis da ideebis ganviTarebis
fuZemdeblebad. Zvel berZnebs ekuTvniT ara marto mecnierebis
saxelwodebis (eratosTene, III saukune Cvens eramde) pativi, aramed
pirveli warmodgenebi da cnobebi dedamiwis formis, zomebisa da
moZraobis, msoflio okeanis da atmosferos erTianobis, mosaxleobis
da sasicocxlo sivrcis, xmeleTisa da wylis, klimaturi sartylebisa da
bunebrivi pirobebis geografiuli ganawilebis Sesaxeb. maTve
Cauyares safuZveli fizikuri geografiis da misi calkeuli
mimarTulebebis (biogeografiis, geomorfologiis, paleogeografiis)
ganviTarebas. berZnebs ekuTvniT Cvenamde moRweuli, primitiuli,
Tumca mainc pirveli kartografiuli gamosaxulebanic.
33
 romaelebma ganaviTares kartografia, raSic maTematikuri
meTodebi gamoiyenes. maT gazardes informacia msoflios xalxebisa
da qveynebis, bunebisa da mosaxleobis Sesaxeb, rasac damyrobluri
omebi uwyobda xels. romaelebs aseve ekuTvniT ideebi
geodinamiuri procesebis (gansakuTrebiT vulkanizmis) da bunebrivi
zonalobis Sesaxeb.
antikuri periodSi Seswavlil iqna evropis, CrdiloeT
afrikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, centraluri, samxreTi da aRmosavleT
aziis udidesi nawilis geografiuli Taviseburebani.
feodalur Sua saukuneebis sawyis etapze (V – XV ss) faqtiurad
ugulvelyofil iqna antikuri epoqis mecnierTa Sexedulebani mzis
sistemis da dedamiwis geografiul maxasiaTeblebze, raSic udidesi
roli religiam iTamaSa. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi iTargmna
Zveli berZeni da romaeli mecnierebis Sromebi, romelTagan
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT ptolomeosis “geografiis
saxelmZRvanelo” gamoirCeoda. vaWrobisa da zRvaosnobis
ganviTarebasTan erTad aqtiurad xorcieldeboda
qveyanaTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis aRwerebi, axali teritoriebis
aTviseba da Seswavla. msoflios geografiul aRweraSi udidesi roli
miuZRviT norman, arab, italiel (veneciel) da sxva qveynebis
mezRvaurebs, mogzaurebsa Tu vaWrebs.
XV – XVI saukuneebi aRorZinebisa da didi geografiuli
aRmoCenebis epoqadaa cnobili. amerikis aRmoCenasTan, wynari da
indoeT okeanis SeswavlasTan erTad, Camoyalibda warmodgena
erTiani msoflio okeanisa da dedamiwis konfiguraciis Sesaxeb,
Seiqmna TanamedrovesTan mniSvnelovnad miaxloebuli
kartografiuli gamosaxulebebi, swrafad ganviTarda
sabunebismetyvelo geografiis araerTi mimarTuleba.
geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqa garkveulwilad gagrZel-
da XVII – XIX saukuneebSi, raSic udidesi roli inglisel, germanel da
frang mogzaurebsa da bunebismetyvelebs ekuTvniT. am periodSi
aRmoCenil da Seswavlil iqna avstralia da okeaneTi, centraluri da
samxreTi afrika, amerikis orive kontinenti, Crdilo yinulovani okeane
da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi azia. amave periodis bolos yalibdeba
geografiis araerTi mimarTuleba, iqmneba Teoriuli geografiis da
samecniero qveyanaTmcodneobis safuZvlebi, dgindeba bunebrivi
34
zonalobis kanonzomiereba, viTardeba raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis
analizis da SedarebiTi geografiuli meTodi, konkretdeba mecnierebis
sagani da amocanebi.

3.2. geografiuli ideebis ganviTareba

geografiul mecnierebaTa pirveli dargobrivi diferenci-

acia XIX saukunis dasawyisSi aRiniSna. am periodSi calke
samecniero disciplinebad Camoyalibda geologia, klimatologia da
okeanografia, gamoikveTa biogeografiis da ekonomikuri geografiis
(qveyanaTmcodneobis) konturebi. mogvianebiT, XIX saukunis 70-
ian wlebSi, daiwyo hidrologiisa da niadagmcodneobis, xolo 80-iani
wlebis bolos politikuri da “anTropogeografiis” formireba. cota
mogvianebiT geografiis farglebSi faqtiurad Camoyalibda ori
mkveTrad gamijnuli mimarTuleba – sabunebismetyvelo
(dedamiwaTmcodneobiTi profilis) da sazogadoebrivi
(qveyanaTmcodneobiTi profilis) mimarTulebani. miuxedavad
geografiis mzardi da masStaburi diferenciaciisa, im periodis
mecnier-geografTa garkveuli nawili (a. humbolti, k. rixteri, e.
eversmani, f. ratceli da sxv.) maTi integraciisa da sinTezis
momxreni iyvnen. amgvari viTareba xels uwyobda aqtiur diskusias
geografiis arsis, sagnisa da kvlevis obieqtis Sesaxeb, rac Tavis mxriv
mecnierebis Teoriuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo.
geografiuli ideebis Casaxvis procesi XIX saukunis Sua
xanebidan iwyeba, ris gamoc es periodi geografiis ganviTarebis axali
etapis dasawyisad miiCneva. amave periodSi mTel msoflioSi
aqtiurad yalibdeba erovnuli samecnierogeografiuli skolebi, izrdeba
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis interesi geografiuli informaciisa da
gamokvlevebisadmi, kartografiuli gamosaxulebebisadmi.
mimdinareobs evropuli samecniero skolebis sazogadoebriv-
sabunebismetyvelo geografiaze orientacia, raSic mniSvnelovani roli
germanelma geografebma iTamaSes. maTi ideebi swrafad gavrcelda
frangul da inglisurenovan qveynebSi.
pirveli samecniero geografiuli Jurnali 1839 wels,

35
germaniaSi gamoica saxelwodebiT “Die Erde” (dedamiwa), ruseTSi
1864 wels, aSS-Si 1888 wels (“National Geographic”), did
britaneTSi 1893 wels (“Geographical Journal”). universitetebSi
geografiuli kaTedrebis intensiuri Camoyalibebis procesi, ramac
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebas
da specialistebis aRzrdas, XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan iwyeba.
mogvianebiT (1884 - 1896 ww.) gamoica pirveli
saxelmZRvaneloebic umaRlesi skolisTvis. 3.3. geografiis
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi

XX saukuneSi geografiis ganviTarebis ramdenime tendencia

gamoikveTa, rac gamoixata specialuri geografiuli literaturis da
publikaciebis raodenobis zrdiT, axali erovnuli (nacionaluri) skolebis
formirebiT, kvlevis meTodebis ganviTarebiT, geoinformaciuli
teqnologiebis danergviT, saxelmwifo da globaluri mniSvnelobis
proeqtebSi monawileobiT, aTeulobiT specifikuri geografiuli
mimarTulebebis (mag. udabnoebis, tropikuli tyeebis, mTiani
teritoriebis, anTropogeografiis, geoekologiis, globaluri problemebis,
geodemografiis, eTnogeografiis da sxv.) ganviTarebiT, geografiis
ekologizaciiT, ekonomizaciiT, humanizaciiT, politizaciiT da
sociologizaciiT. XX saukunis bolo meoTxedSi erTgvari samecniero
centris funqciiT gamoikveTa ramdenime qveyana, romlebic
msoflioSi gamoirCeodnen geografiuli skolebis ganviTarebis
masStabebiT, tendenciebiT da tempebiT. amgvari centrebia:
amerikis (aSS), dasavleT evropis (didi britaneTi, germania,
safrangeTi) da aRmosavleT evropis (ruseTi). XX saukunis meore
aTwleulidan evropisa da amerikis samecniero wreebSi farTod
moikida fexi regionulma socialurma problematikam, ris gamoc aq
ZiriTad mimarTulebad sazogadoebrivi geografia iqca.
geografiis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi ukavSirdeba:
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebis arnaxul “ekologizacias”; kacobriobisa
da bunebis mdgomareobaTa prognozirebas; bunebrivi da
teqnogenuri katastrofebis gamomwvev mizezebs da Sedegebs;
bunebrivi garemos resursuli potencialisa da bunebaTsargeblobis
problematikas; landSaftTa ekologias, percefcias da esTetikas;

36
demografiul da socialur viTarebas; bunebriv da anTropogenul
procesebTan dakavSirebul riskebs; globalur politikur, socialur da
ekonomikur problemebs.
3.4. saerTaSoriSo geografiuli kavSiri

saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiri daarsda 1922 wels briuselSi.

Tumca saerTaSoriso geografiuli kongresebis istoria gacilebiT adre –
1871 wels, antverpenSi daiwyo.
masSi msoflios 20 qveynis 600 delegati monawileobda.
im erovnuli geografiuli sazogadoebebis formireba,
romlebmac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes geografiuli kongresebis
organizebasa da saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiris CamoyalibebaSi,
XIX sakunis dasawyisidan fiqsirdeba, kerZod: safrangeTSi (1821
w.), germaniaSi (1828 w.), did britaneTSi (samefo geografiuli
sazogadoeba, 1830 w.), meqsikaSi (1833 w.), braziliaSi (1838 w.),
ruseTSi (1845 w.), amerikaSi (1852 w.).
geografTa saerTaSoriso gaerTianebis mier SemuSavebulia
saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiris ZiriTadi miznebi da struqtura. igi
sam ZiriTad nawiladaa warmodgenili: 1. generaluri ansamblea
(kavSiris umaRlesi organo, romelic iqmneba wevri-saxelmwifoebis
delegatebiT), 2. aRmasrulebeli komiteti (Sedgeba prezidentis, rva
vice-prezidentis, generaluri mdivnisa da xazinadarisagan), 3.
komisiebis da kvleviTi jgufebi. kavSiris samuSao ena inglisuri da
frangulia. kavSirSi funqcionirebs 30 komisia da 4 kvleviTi jgufi.
garda Tematuri mimarTulebebisa, saerTaSoriso geogra-
fiul kavSirSi warmodgenilia iseTi komisiebi, rogoricaa: ekonomikuri
sivrcis dinamikis, geografiuli sazRvrebis axali sakiTxebis, genderuli
gamokvlevebis, geografiuli ganaTlebis, geografiis da sazogadoebrivi
politikis, geografiuli azrovnebis istoriis, zRvis geografiis, momavlis
qalaqebis monitoringis, mosaxleobis da garemos, politikuri
geografiis, gamoyenebiTi geografiis, globaluri cvlilebebis da
mosaxleobis migraciis, miwaTsargeblobis da landSaftis cvlilebis,
adgilobrivi ganviTarebis da sxv. qarTveli da mTiani teritoriebis
problematikiT dakavebuli geografebisTvis gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania iseTi komisiebis saqmianoba, rogoricaa: mTiani
teritoriebis mravalferovnebis, niadagebis degradaciis da
37
gaudabnoebis, karstis, stiqiuri movlenebis da riskis, wylis sistemebis
mdgradobis da sxv. komisiebi.
amJamad saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSirSi gaerTianebulia 100-
mde saxelmwifo. man arsebobis manZilze msoflios sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi gamarTa 29 saerTaSoriso kongresi (4 wliani intervaliT).
msoflios geografTa kongresebze ganixileba gamocdileba da ideebi,
koncefciebi da hipoTezebi, kvlevis Sedegebi, samecniero da
saganmanaTleblo geografiis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani da
geografiis mniSvneloba sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis. jer kidev
1899 wels berlinSi Catarebul kongresze gaJRerda idea geografiis
aRwerilobiTi mecnierebidan problemur, xolo 1960 wels stoqholmis
kongresze – gamoyenebiT (konstruqciul) da prognozul mecnerebad
formirebis idea.
saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSirSi wlebis manZilze vice-
prezidentis rangSi moRvaweobda akademikosi Teofane daviTaia,
xolo landSafturi analizis komisiis xelmZRvanelad profesori niko
beruCaSvili.

3.5. saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoeba

aleqsandre javaxiSvilis saxelobis saqarTvelos geog-

rafiuli sazogadoeba erT-erTi uZvelesi organizaciaa ara marto
saqarTveloSi, aramed kavkasiaSic. igi dafuZnda 1850 wlis 27 ivliss,
rogorc ruseTis saimperatoro sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofileba.
mis damfuZnebelTa Soris iyvnen cnobili sazogado moRvaweni –
ivane andronikaSvili, platon ioseliani, dimitri yifiani, konstantine
Tarxan-mouravi, daviT dadiani da sxv.
sxvadasxva wlebSi saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoe-
bis wevrebi gaxdnen grigol orbeliani, rafiel erisTavi, dimitri
baqraZe, giorgi yazbegi, eqvTime TayaiSvili, mose janaSvili, mixeil
maCabeli da sxv.
gasabWoebis Semdgom, saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis
xelaxali dafuZneba 1924 wlis 22 ianvars moxerxda. misi
damfuZneblebi iyvnen gamoCenili mecnierebi da sazogado
moRvaweni: aleqsandre javaxiSvili, giorgi nikolaZe, solomon
qurdiani, aleqsandre TvalWreliZe, sergi cxakaia, aleqsandre
38
didebuliZe, aleqsandre janeliZe, giorgi gextmani da sxv. sapatio
wevrebad arCeul iqnen ivane javaxiSvili, giorgi meliqiSvili, niko
musxeliSvili, niko kecxoveli, evgeni xaraZe da sxv. sapatio wevrebs
Soris ucxoeli mecnierebic arian, maT Soris – devid smiTi (didi
britaneTi), roland ableri (aSS), Jan radvani (safrangeTi), stanislav
kalesniki (ruseTi) da sxv.
saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis saqmianoba mravalmxrivi
da nayofieria. garda geografiuli codnisa da azrovnebis
popularizaciisa, igi xels uwyobda da uwyobs mniSvnelovani
eqspediciebis organizebas, geografiis maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciis
amaRlebas, kartografiuli da samecniero naSromebis publikacias,
sxvadasxva profilis geografiul gamokvlevebs, moswavleTa da farTo
sazogadoebis dainteresebas geografiuli problematikiT,
eTnogeografiul eqskursiebs, araerTi geoekologiuri problemis
Seswavlasa da gadawyvetas.
sakmaod mdidari, mravalferovani da mniSvnelovania
saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis biblioTeka, romelic 150
wlisaa. masSi warmodgenilia rogorc geografiuli sazogadoebis
gamocemebi, ise sxvadasxva periodSi SeZenili da naCuqari
samecniero da samecniro-popularuli literatura. isini xelmisawvdomia
nebismieri dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
amJamad aleqsandre javaxiSvilis saxelobis saqarTvelos
geografiul sazogadoebaSi aseulobiT geografi da sxva profilis
specialistia gawevrianebuli. igi mdebareobs TbilisSi, qaSueTis
eklesiis mimdebared, gudiaSvilis 11-Si.
IV Tavi. geografiis meTodologia, analizi da
sinTezi

erTiani, sayovelTaod miRebuli an aRiarebuli geografiuli Teoria

da meTodologia dRemde ar arsebobs. Tanamedrove geografiuli
meTodologia geografiuli kvlevis im mravalferovan meTods
emyareba, riTic SesaZlebelia geografiuli codnis da informaciis
mopoveba, misi analizi da sinTezi. amgvari mravalferovneba
geografiuli kvlevis obieqtebis simravliTa da kvlevis
mravalmxrivobiTaa ganpirobebuli. geografiuli meTodebi efuZneba

39
zogadmecnierul da specialur principebs, agreTve kvlevis teqnikur
saSualebebs.
zogadmecnieruli principebi efuZneba geografiaSi sayo-
velTaod miRebul midgomebs, romelTa Sorisaa sistemuri,
kompleqsuri, geoekologiuri, maTematikuri da a.S. specialur
principebze dafuZnebul midgomebs da meTodebs geografiis
qvedargebi, nawilebi da mimarTulebebi gamoiyeneben.
aswleulebis manZilze geografiuli meTodebi informaciis
mosapoveblad da gadmosacemad gamoiyeneboda, rasac rukaze
mocemuli cnobebi avsebda. geografiis samecniero Teoriis da
meTodologiis SemuSavebis procesi XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan
iwyeba, mas Semdeg, rac sayovelTaod iqna aRiarebuli geografiuli
garsis erTianobis, zonalobis da procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani. amave periodSi daiwyo SedarebiTi
geografiuli analizis meTodis gamoyeneba, riTac safuZveli Caeyara
specialur meTodologias.
geografia ori – Teoriis (maT Soris meTodologiis) da praqtikis
mimarTulebiT viTardeba. Teoriuli geografia, garda mecnierebis
struqturisa da mimarTulebebisa, axali Teoriebis, koncefciebis da
hipoTezebis analiziT da SefasebiTac aris dakavebuli.
geografiis erTiani Teoriis da meTodologiis axsnis mcdeloba
mocemulia amerikeli mecnieris v. bunges naSromSi (1962 w.)
“Teoriuli geografia”, ingliseli mecnieris d. harveis naSromSi (1969
w.) “mecnieruli analizi geografiaSi”, rusi mecnieris v. maqsakovskis
naSromSi (1998 w.) “geografiuli kultura”, a. isaCenkos naSromSi
(2004 w.) “geografiuli mecnierebis Teoria da meTodologia”, sadac
mocemulia dargis erTiani Teoriis Seqmnis da geografiuli meTodebis
sistematizaciis mcdeloba.

4.1. geografiuli midgoma

geografiul midgomaSi dargis ara mxolod meTodologiuri,

aramed meToduri msoflmxedveloba da misi Taviseburebani
igulisxmeba. geografiuli midgomebidan aRsaniSnavia kompleqsuri,
problemuri, ekologiuri, gamoyenebiTi, qceviTi da sxv., romlebic

40
Tanadroulad iTvaliswinebs sivrciTi sakiTxebis droiT WrilSi
ganxilvas.
geografiaSi drois gaTvaliswineba ramdenime aspeqtSi
ganixileba. mxolod amgvari midgomiTaa SesaZlebeli gamovlenil
iqnas geografiul procesTa xasiaTi, geografiuli obieqtebisa da
movlenebis dinamiuri, evoluciuri (ganviTarebis) da ritmuli
Taviseburebani da maxasiaTeblebi. drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebam
kidev ufro damajerebeli gaxada istoriuli geografiis (maT Soris
paleogeografiis) mniSvneloba rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ise
sabunebismetyvelo geografiis mimarTulebiT.
kompleqsuri midgoma, rac geografiis umniSvnelovanesi iaraRia,
gasuli saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi sistemuri midgomis saxeliT iyo
cnobili. kompleqsuri midgomis arsi geografiuli obieqtebis,
movlenebis da procesebis rTuli urTierTkavSirebis elementaruli
nawilebis doneze SeswavlaSi (analizSi) mdgomareobs. komplesuri
midgoma geografiis yvela mimarTulebis mier gamoiyeneba, Tumca
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri geografiisa da
landSaftmcodneobisTvisaa.
geografiuli analizi da sinTezi

analizi da sinTezi geografiuli obieqtebis, movlenebisa da

procesebis Seswavlis ZiriTadi saSualebaa. analizisas xorcieldeba
raime mTlianis an misi nawilebis maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla, xolo
sinTezi analizisas miRebuli Sedegebis Sejerebis da erTianad
warmodgenis saSualebaa. geografiuli analizi arasrulyofilia sinTezis
gareSe. analizisa da sinTezis meTodologiis gamoyeneba aucilebeblia
geografiul garsis komponentSorisi, agreTve misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli movlenebisa da procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis dasadgenad. analizi umeteswilad xorcieldeba landSaftis
komponenturi nawilis an dargobrivi (klimatologia _ haeris masebi,
hidrologia _ wylis masebi, biogeografia _ biomasebi, geomorfologia
_ liTomasebi, mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, transportis da sxv.)
geografiuli mimarTulebebis mier, sinTezi ki aucilebelia landSafturi,
qveyanaTmcodneobiTi, geoekologiuri, sabunebismetyvelo da
sazogadoebrivi qvedargebis ZiriTadi nawilebis da erTiani
geografiuli gamokvlevebisaTvis. geografiuli analizi da sinTezi
41
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba geografiul daraionebaSi, regionul da
landSaftur dagegmarebaSi, geoekologiur da landSaftur-ekologiur
gamokvlevebSi.
cnobilia calkeuli geografiuli mimarTulebebis far-
glebSi analizisa da sinTezis meTodologiuri safuZvlebis Seqmnis
precendentebi. magaliTad, landSafturi analizisa da sinTezis
koncefcia warmatebiT damuSavda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
martyofis fizikur-geografiuli stacionaris bazaze, profesor niko
beruCaSvilis TaosnobiT da xelmZRvanelobiT.

4.2. geografiis terminologiuri aparati

nebismieri mecniereba gamoirCeva sagniT, kvlevis obieqtiT da
ZiriTadi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli im terminologiuri
aparatiT, rac jerovnad gadmogvcems geografiuli kvlevis obieqtebis,
movlenebis da procesebis arss. ganmartebebis erToblioba
warmoaCens mecnierebis Teoriul da meTodologiur safuZvels da
warmoadgens mis “enas”.
geografiis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva mecnierebis mier,
gamoiyeneba uamravi termini, riTac SesaZlebelia warmodgena
viqonioT im obieqtebze, movlenebsa da procesebze, rac
damaxasiaTebelia geografiuli garsisaTvis. geografiul terminTa
umravlesoba mis dargobriv disciplinebs ekuTvnis, Tumca arsebobs
iseTic (geografiuli garsi, geografiuli garemo, landSafti, geografiuli
koordinati, mdebareoba, teritoria, areali, raioni, zona da sxv.),
romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad gamoiyeneba geografiis yvela
mimarTulebis mier.
geografiaSi aseve mravlad gvxdeba rogorc zogadmecnie-
ruli, ise sxva mecnierebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli terminebi (sivrce,
mdgomareoba, dinamika, ganlageba, eqspozicia, mosaxleoba,
sazRvari, migracia, urbanizacia, evolucia, prognozireba, struqtura,
zemoqmedeba da sxv.).
ZiriTadi geografiuli terminebidan aRsaniSnavia:
teritoria – sivrce, romelsac gaaCnia garkveuli saz-
Rvrebi; areali – teritoria, romlis farglebSi formirdeba da vrceldeba
msgavsi da erTgvarovani geografiuli obieqtebi, movlenebi da
procesebi; mdebareoba – geografiuli obieqtis mdebareoba
42
dedamiwis zedapiris an sxva obieqtebis mimarT, romelTanac
imyofeba urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. geografiuli mdebareoba
warmodgenas iZleva konkretuli adgilis im geografiul
maxasiaTeblebze, rac gansazRvravs mis bunebrivi Tu socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xasiaTs; ganarCeven mikro (lokalur),
mezo (regionis an qveyanis farglebSi), makro (mdebareoba
dedamiwis zedapiris mimarT an geografiul gasSi) mdebareobas.
garemo – bunebrivi pirobebis erToblioba (garemocva), sadac
Camoyalibda da viTardeba bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi movlenebi
da procesebi; raioni – SedarebiT vrceli da erTiani sivrce, romelic
gamoirCeva msgavsi maxasiaTeblebiT; zona – erTgvarovani
teritoria, sadac rogorc bunebri-
vi, ise sazogadoebrivi movlenebi da procesebi xasiaTdeba msgavsi
kanonzomierebebiT; ganlageba – geografiuli obieqtebis sivrciTi
urTier-
Tdamokidebuleba; geografiuli koordinati – dedamiwis zedapirze
geogra-
fiuli obieqtebis adgilmdebareobis maxasiaTeblebi; geografiuli
komponenti – geografiuli garsis an gare-
mos nawilebi, romlebic monawileoben mis formirebasa da
funqcionirebaSi; landSafti – geografiuli garsis genetikurad erTgva-
rovani bunebrivi pirobebiT da geografiuli komponentebis
urTierTdamokidebulebiT gamorCeuli teritoria, romelsac axasiaTebs
erTgvarovani bunebrivi potenciali da sameurneo gamoyeneba;
ruka – geografiis vizualuri ena
ruka, geografiis terminologiur aparatTan erTd, sao-
velTaodaa aRiarebuli geografiis vizualur “enad”. misi meSveobiTaa
SesaZlebeli warmodgena viqonioT geografiuli obieqtis, movlenis an
procesis ganlagebis an ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze. geografiuli
rukaze aisaxeba nebismieri qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba,
bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi, mosaxleoba da meurneoba,
ekologiuri viTareba da geografiuli garemos Taviseburebani.
rukis kiTxvis codnaSi igulisxmeba rukidan geografiuli
informaciis miRebis da analizis unar-Cvevebi. amisTvis saWiroa:
rukis anbanis (pirobiTi niSnebia) codna, kiTxva da misi meSveobiT
geografiuli (kartografiuli) gamosaxulebebis Sedgena.
43
 ruka Seucvlelia geografiis swavlebisas, mogzaurTaTvis,
samxedro saqmeSi, soflis meurneobaSi, saqalaqo meurneobasa da
mSeneblobaSi, mezRvaurTaTvis, mfrinavebisTvis, transportiT
sargeblobisas, samecniero eqspediciebSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania geografiuli ruka samxedro
saqmeSi. teritoriis samxedro-geografiuli Sefaseba, samxedro
operaciebis dagegmva da warmoeba warmoudgenelia rukis gareSe.
saqarTveloSi samxedro geografia ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze
imyofeba, da Sesabamisad – analogiur mdgomareobaSia teritoriis
samxedro-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT Seswavlis, kartografirebisa da
Sefasebis meTodologia.

4.3. geografiuli kvlevis meTodebi

geografiuli kvlevis meTodebi or jgufad erTiandeba: tradiciulad

da Tanamedroved. tradiciulia savele-eqspediciuri, statistikuri,
stacionaluri da kartografiuli meTodebi, Tanamedrovea distanciuri
meTodebi da geoinformaciuli kvleva.
stacionaluri meTodebi, romelic geografiuli obieqte-
bis, movlenebisa da procesebis struqturis, dinamikisa da
funqcionirebis kvlevis saSualebas iZleva, ZiriTadad ganviTarda
calkeuli geografiuli mimarTulebis farglebSi. gansakuTrebiT
masStaburia hidrologiuri da meteorologiuri stacionaluri
dakvirvebebi, romlebic msoflioSi ramdenime aTas dawesebulebas
aerTianebs. Zalze popularulia da swrafad izrdeba ekologiuri
monitoringis da fenologiuri dakvirvebebis im mudmivmomqmedi
centrebis raodenoba, romlebic daculi teritoriebis sxvadasxva
kategoriis farglebSia warmodgenili. msoflioSi ramdenime aTeuli
landSafturi stacionaricaa, sadac gamoiyeneba kompleqsuri
geografiuli kvlevis meTodebi.
kvlevis kartografiuli meTodi geografiaSi umTavresi,
universaluri da tradiciulia. gamoTqma – geografia iwyeba da
mTavrdeba rukiT – srulad asaxavs kvlevis kartografiuli meTodis
mniSvnelobas. ruka geografiul gamokvlevebSi gamoiyeneba
nebismieri doneze (masStabSi) da nebismier etapze. igi
warmoadgens teritoriis sivrciT models, romelzec asaxulia kvlevis
44
ama Tu im etapze arsebuli obieqturi sinamdvile. cnobilia geografiuli
informaciis da obieqtebis kartografirebis ramdenime ZiriTadi
saSualeba (foni, xazobrivi, wertilovani da mimarTulebis niSnebi,
diagramebi da sxv.), romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebelia nebismieri
geografiuli informaciis da kvlevis Sedegebis gadmocema.
geografiuli gamokvlevebis saboloo etapi kartografiuli nawarmoebis
(rukis) analizia, romlis Sedegebi pirdapir kavSirSia misi Sedgenis
meTodebis da saSualebebis saimedoobasTan. kartografirebis
SesaZleblobebi da saSualebebi arnaxulad gaizarda kompiuteruli da
gis-teqnologiebis meSveobiT. aq aseulobiT feris da niSnis,
diagramisa da izoxazis gamoyeneba da kombinirebaa SesaZlebeli.
msoflioSi swrafad izrdeba distanciuri (aero da kos-
mosuri) meTodebiT informaciis mopovebis da damuSavebis
masStabebi. amgvari meTodebiT miRebuli informacia muSavdeba
geoinformaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, rac TvalsaCinos xdis
nebismieri teritoriis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, gamoyenebis
masStabebsa da formebs. distanciuri meTodebiT miRebuli
informacia ganTavsebulia internetSi da farTod gamoiyeneba
geografebis mier.
sazogadoebriv geografiaSi ZiriTadad statistikuri da
sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli informacia
gamoiyeneba. amgvari informaciis efeqturoba da geografiuli
mniSvneloba matulobs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xerxdeba misi
damuSaveba geoinformaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT da saboloo
ganTavseba administraciuli erTeulebis, landSaftebis an mdinareTa
auzebis farglebSi.
geografiuli kvlevisas geografiuli analizisa da sinTezis
ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebuli meTodi gamoiyeneba, romelTagan
fundamenturi da tradiciulia:
SedarebiTi analizis meTodi – gamoiyeneba nebismieri
gansxvavebuli teritoriis bunebis, mosaxleobisa da meurneobis
Seswavlisas. Sedareba msgavsi da erTgvarovani geografiuli
obieqtebis maxasiaTebelTa Taviseburebebis dadgenis saukeTeso
saSualebaa. SedarebiTi meTodis masStabebi pirdapir kavSirSia
kvlevis mizanTan. Sedarebisas mniSvnelovania geografiuli
obieqtebis klasifikacia (tipizacia) da etalonuri erTeulebis gamovlena
45
zogadi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. etalonuri erTeulebis gamovlena
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bunebrivi komponentebis da
landSaftebis SedarebiTi analizisas, maTi Tanamedrove
mdgomareobis, transformaciis masStabebis da dinamiuri
Taviseburebebis gansazRvrisas.
maTematikuri meTodi – miekuTvneba zogadgeografiulTa
kategorias, radgan gamoiyeneba misi nebismieri mimarTulebis mier
da kvlevis yvela etapze. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia misi gamoyeneba
geografiuli obieqtebis, movlenebisa da procesebis modelirebisas
landSaftmcodneobaSi, klimatologiaSi, hidrologiaSi,
demogeografiasa da ekonomikur geografiaSi. maTematikuri
meTodebis gamoyenebis da modelirebis gareSe praqtikulad
warmoudgenelia geografiuli prognozireba.
geografiuli modelirebis meTodi – gamoiyeneba geografiis yvela
mimarTulebis mier geografiuli obieqtebis, movlenebisa da
procesebis struqturis aRweris da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis
dadgenis, analizisa da sinTezis mizniT. geografiuli modelis
TvalsaCino magaliTia geografiuli ruka, romlis meSveobiT
warmoCenilia geografiuli obieqtebis, movlenebisa da procesebis
urTierTganlagebis Taviseburebani. geografiuli modelirebis meTodi
farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc lokalur da regionul, ise globalur doneze.
geografiaSi ZiriTadad iqmneba grafikuli da maTematikuri modelebi.
kosmosuri da aerofotosuraTebis deSifrirebis meTodi
– gamoiyeneba geografiuli garsis an misi calkeuli maxasiaTeblebis
Tanamedrove mdgomareobis dadgenis mizniT, kosmosuri an
aerofotosuraTebis analizis meSveobiT. igi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia
iseTi geografiuli obieqtebis da procesebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa
bunebrivi garemos transformacia, bunebrivi garemos an mcenareuli
safaris ekologiuri mdgomareoba, geodinamiuri procesebi,
gaudabnoeba, mdinareTa kalapotis cvlileba, atmosferos
dabinZurebis wyaroebis gamovlena da sxv.
geografiuli daraionebis meTodi – gamoiyeneba geografiis yvela
mimarTulebis mier geografiuli obieqtebis, movlenebisa da
procesebis klasificirebis da sinTezis gziT. geografiuli daraionebisas
ganisazRvreba da gamoiyofa erTgvarovani teritoriebi (arealebi),
sadac geografiuli obieqtebi, movlenebi da procesebi xasiaTdebian
46
msgavsi TvisebebiT. cnobilia daraionebis ori sxvadasxva done: 1.
lokaluri an regionuli, 2. dargobrivi an kompleqsuri (fizikur-
geografiuli, ekonomikur-geografiuli).
gis-analizis meTodi _ ukavSirdeba geografiaSi kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis gamoyenebas da misi meSveobiT geoinformaciul
monacemTa bazebis Seqmnas. igi saTaves XX saukunis 70-iani
wlebidan iRebs, rasac SemdgomSi mravali monografia Tu statia
mieZRvna. maT Sorisaa: “kompiuterebi geografiaSi da
geografebisTvis”, “sivrciTi problemebis kompiuteruli
programireba”, kompiuteruli programebi geografebisTvis”,
“regionuli geoinformaciuli sistemebi”, “kompiuterebi geografiaSi”,
“personaluri kompiuterebi geografiaSi”, “geoinformaciuli da
eqspertuli sistemebi”, “geoinformaciuli kartografireba”
(gamocemulia aSS-Si, germaniaSi, did britaneTSi, safrangeTSi,
iaponiaSi, kanadaSi, ruseTSi, SvedeTSi, saqarTveloSi da sxv.).
amJamad gis-analizis meTodi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba geografiis yvela
mimarTulebiT.
geografiaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sxva mecnierebebis (fi-
zikis, qimiis, statistikis, ekonomikis, sociologiis da sxv.) calkeuli
meTodic. sabunebismetyvelo geografiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
landSaftmcodneobaSi, cnobilia fizikisa (masebis) da qimiis
(nivTierebis) Seswavlis araerTi meTodi. maTi gamoyeneba
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia geografiul-ekologiuri problematikis da
teritoriis bunebriv-resursuli potencialis kvlevisas.
nebismieri geografiuli kvlevis (garda Teoriulisa) saboloo
produqti rukaa, riTac amgvar gamokvlevebs didi gamoyenebiTi
daniSnuleba eniWeba.

4.4. landSaftur-ekologiuri gamokvlevebi

amJamad, landSaftur-ekologiuri kvleva, romelsac mcire xnis

istoria aqvs, yovel SemTxvevaSi saqarTveloSi, moklebulia
sayovelTaod miRebuli kvlevis meTodebsa da principebs; araa
SeTanxmebuli landSaftebis ekologiuri Sefasebis kriteriumebi da
maCveneblebi. mTavaria is, rom landSaftur-ekologiur kvleva aris
kompleqsuri analizi, romelic ar izRudeba mxolod bunebrivi
47
 komponentebis ganxilviT. misi mizania aCvenos is realuri
mravalferovani urTierTkavSiri, romelic arsebobs mosaxleobas,
meurneobasa da bunebas Soris.
landSaftis Semadgenel komponentTa da morfologiur
erTeulTa xarisxobrivad gansxvavebuli ekologiuri mdgomareobis,
urTierTdamokidebulebisa da teritoriuli organizaciis Seswavla
warmoadgens landSaftur-ekologiur gamokvlevaTa ZiriTad arss.
landSaftur-ekologiuri kvleva ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebul
etapad unda ganxorcieldes, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia:
landSafur-ekologiuri (zogadgeografiuli, landSafturi, socialur-
ekonomikuri, ekologiuri) analizi anu inventarizacia da sinTezi anu
Sefaseba.
zogadgeografiuli analizisas ganixileba sakvlevi regi-
onis geografiuli mdebareoba, farTobi, sazRvrebi, uSualo mezobeli
regionebi, zogadi fizikur-geografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da
istoriul-geografiuli Taviseburebani.
landSafturi analizisas, romlis masStabic kvlevis
miznebidan gamomdinareobs, Seiswavleba bunebriv-landSafturi
potenciali, fizikur-geografiul komponentTa ganlagebis da dinamikis
ZiriTadi xasiaTi, teritoriul kompleqsTa horizontaluri diferenciacia,
vertikaluri struqtura, eTologiuri Tavisebureba da a.S.
bunebriv-landSafturi potencialis mniSvnelovani maxasi-
aTeblebia: reliefi da geologiuri agebuleba, mineraluri resursebi, hava
da klimaturi resursebi, Siga wylebi da wylis resursebi, mcenareuloba
da fitoresursebi, biomravalferovneba, cxovelTa samyaro da
zooresursebi, niadagebi da miwis resursebi, rekreaciuli resursebi da
sxv.
landSaftur-ekologiur gamokvlevebSi umniSvnelovanesia
regionis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizi, raSic
mkafiod aisaxeba is viTareba, rac sabolood jamSi uSualod
moqmedebs sakvlevi teritoriis landSaftur-ekologiur
mdgomareobaze. mniSvnelovania isic, rom socialur-ekonomikuri
informacia (demografiuli viTareba, ekonomikis dargebis
mdgomareoba, socialuri foni) imgvarad iqnes ganlagebuli
sivrcobrivad, rom maqsimalurad iqnes warmoCenili maTi
landSafturi (regionuli) diferenciacia. amgvari analizi Tanadroulad
48
unda Seicavdes istoriul, kulturul da rekreaciul faseulobaTa
ganxilvasac, rac moqmedebs regionis landSaftur-ekologiur
viTarebaze.
regionis socialur-ekonomikur viTarebas ZiriTadad demografiuli
mdgomareoba, ekonomikis mimarTulebani, satransporto
komunikaciebi da gzebis xasiaTi gansazRvravs, rac, Tavis mxriv
ganapirobebs anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis masStabebs da formebs.
maTgan aRsaniSnavia:
1. mosaxleobis raodenoba, dinamika da simWidrove,
dasaxlebuli punqtebis xalxmravloba _ amgvari informacia
warmodgenas gvaZlevs bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebis
raodenobaze, zrda-klebis tendenciaze, formebsa da mimarTulebebze.
mWidrod dasaxlebul regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT mTian teritoriebze,
mwvaved dgas miwaTsargeblobisa da tyis eqspluataciis, xolo
mTaTaSoris barSi _ damatebiT wylis resursebis gamoyenebis
problemebi. magaliTad, kavkasionis (gansakuTrebiT centraluri
nawilis) farglebSi tyeTsargeblobis problemebi naklebi simwvaviT
dgas (depopulaciis gamo), Tumca mniSvnelovania sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegad aqtiuri geodinamikuri procesebis ganviTarebis
masStabebi da Sedegebi.
2. mrewvelobis ZiriTadi dargebis simZlavreebi da sivrciTi
ganlagebis Taviseburebani uSualo kavSirSia dasaqmebasTan da
Sesabamisad, resursebis gamoyenebis masStabebTan. magaliTad,
amJamad saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi praqtikulad gaCerebulia
yvela mniSvnelovani gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis sawarmo, rac
iwvevs umuSevrobis zrdas, SromiTi resursebis migracias, socialur
daZabulobas. soflis meurneobas, misi sezonurobidan gamomdinare
(zemo imereTi, Sida aWara, raWa-leCxumi da sxv.), ar SeuZlia
mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa saWiro materialuri anazRaurebiT. amis
gamo, mrewvelobis aRorZineba mTiani regionebis ganviTarebis da
demografiuli `SenarCunebis~ erTaderTi sawindaria.
3. soflis meurneobis specializacia _ miuxedavad
meurneobis am umniSvnelovanesi dargis Tvisebrivi evoluciisa,
romelic aRiniSna saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze, misi
ganviTareba mecnieruli miRwevebis ignorirebisa da fermeruli
meurneobis stiqiuri formirebis fonze mimdinareobs. soflis
49
meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqcia ZiriTadad mosaxleobis
pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebazea orientirebuli.
SedarebiT Warbi produqciis mwarmoebeli regionebi, bazridan
daSorebis gamo, ZiriTadad naturaluri gacvliT da umniSvnelo
materialuri SemosavlebiT xasiaTdeba. es gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinoa mTiani, araxelsayreli agroklimaturi resursebiTa da
dabalnayofieri niadagebiT warmodgenili regionebis soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebis tendenciebis analizisas.
soflis meurneobis specializacia pirdapir kavSirSia
teritoriis geoekologiur da miwaTsargeblobiT problemebTan.
regionis miwaTsargeblobiTi specializacia (memarcvleoba,
mebostneoba, mevenaxeoba da sxv.) ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi qveda
mTis tyis landSaftebis mimdebare teritoriebis degradaciis
winapirobaa, maSin roca, mesaqonleoba zeda mTis tyisa da
subalpuri mdelos landSaftebSi qmnis geoekologiur problemebs.
samxreT saqarTvelos saSualo mTis stepur landSaftebSi, sadac soflis
meurneobis orive saxea ganviTarebuli, bunebaTsargeblobiTi
problemebi yofiT, socialur moTxovnilebebTan, bunebrivi resursebis
simwiresa da mopovebis mcire masStabebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
4. satransporto qselis Sedgeniloba da sixSire _ mTian
regionebSi gadaadgilebis an tvirTis gadatanis ZiriTad saSualebas
saavtomobilo transporti warmoadgens, romlis intensivobac pirdapir
kavSirSia saavtomobilo gzebis xasiaTsa da sixSiresTan. rac ufro
maRalxarisxovani, `keTilmowyobilia~ saavtomobilo gza, miT ufro
didia anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis xarisxi. Tu myarsafariani gzidan
intensiuri zemoqmedeba 5-10 kilometris daSorebiTac ki aRiniSneba,
igive maCvenebeli droebiTi gzebis SemTxvevaSi 0,5-1 km-mde
mcirdeba. amis gamo, anTropogenuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli
geoekologiuri problemebis prognozireba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes
ori faqtoris: gzebidan daSorebisa da gzis kategoriebis mixedviT.
saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi Seqmnili socialur-ekonomikuri
viTarebis gamo, droebiTi gzebi kargaven funqcionirebis saSualebasa
da gamoyenebis formebs, ris gamoc maqsimaluri anTropogenuri
zemoqmedebiT SedarebiT `Senaxuli~, myarsafariani an moxreSili
saavtomobilo gzebis mimdebare, momijnave teritoriebi
gamoirCevian.
50
 5. zogadi ekonomikur-politikuri viTareba. aq ramdenime
aspeqti igulisxmeba, romelTagan ZiriTadia: socialuri problemebi
(samomxmareblo kalaTa), zogadi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da
ganviTarebis tendenciebi, komunikabeluroba mezobel regionebTan
(gansakuTrebiT mezobel saxelmwifoebTan), mezobeli qveynebis
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, resursebiT maTi uzrunvelyofis
done da a.S. magaliTad, zogadi ekonomikur-politikuri viTareba
garkveul SemTxvevebSi (gansakuTrebiT samxreT sazRvrispira
regionebSi), ganapirobebs kidec saqarTvelos mTiani teritoriebis
landSaftur-ekologiur viTarebas da Sesabamisad, landSaftTa
dagegmarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.
landSafturi da socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebebis
analizis safuZvelze ganixileba sakvlevi teritoriis resursuli (saTbob-
energetikuli, wiaRiseuli, hidroenergetikuli, rekreaciuli) potenciali,
rac srulyofils xdis ekologiuri viTarebis suraTs.
landSaftur-ekologiur gamokvlevebSi ekologiuri
mdgomareobis analizi gulisxmobs ori urTierTdakavSirebuli
sakiTxis: bunebrivi garemos ekologiuri mdgomareobisa da
landSaftTa ekologiuri potencialis Seswavlas da SedarebiT analizs.
bunebrivi garemos ekologiuri mdgomareobis analizSi igulisxmeba
misi Semadgeneli geografiuli komponentebis ekologiur
mdgomareobasTan da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
ganxilva, xolo landSaftTa ekologiur potencialSi misi ganmsazRvreli
pirobebis (produqtiuloba, mravalferovneba) gamovlena.
sakvlevi teritoriis zogadgeografiuli, landSafturi,
socialur-ekonomikuri da ekologiuri viTarebis gamovlenisa da
analizis saboloo mizani landSaftur-ekologiuri sinTezia, romelic
Tavis mxriv, ramdenime safexurisagan Sedgeba. landSaftur-
ekologiuri sinTezis pirvel doneze dgindeba landSaftTa Tanamedrove
mdgomareobis xasiaTi (stuqturuli, dinamiuri, funqcionaluri da
eTologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mdgomareobis mixedviT) da landSaftTa
potenciali. meore done landSaftTa socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis
gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia:
resurswarmoebiTi, garemosaRmdgeni, garemosdacviTi, seliteburi da
rekreaciuli funqciebi. landSafturekologiuri sinTezis mesame safexuri
dagegmarebiTi xasiaTisaa da igi im RonisZiebaTa Catarebas
51
gulisxmobs, romelTa mixedviTac landSafti SeZlebs Seasrulos is
socialurekonomikuri funqcia, romelic gansazRvrulia sazogadoebis
Tanamedrove an perspeqtiuli moTxovnilebiT.
landSaftur-ekologiuri midgomisa da kvlevis mniSvneloba
ganusazRvrelad didia mecnierebisa da praqtikisaTvis. mecnieruli
TvalsazrisiT igi araerTi disciplinis koordinaciis winapirobaa, xolo
praqtikisaTvis sameurneo RonosZiebaTa kompleqsuri analizisa da
dagegmarebis safuZveli. swored amitom, landSaftur-ekologiuri
gamokvlevebi mticed ikidebs fexs im regionuli an saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi, romlebic uSualo
kavSirSia bunebrivi garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebasTan.
4.5. geografiuli prognozireba

geografiuli movlenebisa da procesebis analizi da sinTezi

geografiuli prognozirebis saSualebas iZleva, rac dargis
gamoyenebiTi daniSnulebis erT-erTi dadebiTi maxasiaTebelia.
geografiuli prognozi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa bunebrivi garemos mdgomareoba, bunebrivi da
anTropogenuli procesebi, bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba,
mosaxleobis dinamika, regionis sawarmoo-ekonomikuri potenciali
da sxv.
geografiuli prognozis mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia iseTi
globaluri problemebis SefasebisTvis, romelTac udidesi mniSvneloba
gaaCnia mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. maT Sorisaa globaluri daTboba
da msoflio okeanis donis mateba, gaudabnoeba da gaudabureba,
tyeebis ekologiuri mdgomareoba da maTi produqtiulobis Sefaseba,
wylis resursebis gamoyeneba, miwis nayofiereba, mosaxleobis
migracia da SromiTi resursebi, urbanizacia, adamianis sameurneo
saqmianobis garemoze zemoqmedebis masStabebi, geopolitikuri
procesebi da a.S.
cnobilia geografiuli prognozis ramdenime tipi, romlebic
erTmaneTisgan xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdeba. igi SeiZleba iyos
xanmokle (erT wlamde), 3 wlamde, 5-dan 10 wlamde, 10-dan 15
wlamde da xangrZlivvadiani (aTwleulebis, aswleulebis da
aTaswleulebis). rac ufro drosa da sivrceSi swrafad ganviTarebad
52
movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme, miT ufro xanmokle prognozis
saWiroebaa. geografiuli prognozi masStabebiTac gansxvavdeba.
amJamad gansakuTrebiT popularulia saubari globalur prognozebze,
Tumca igi damajerebeli mxolod regionuli da lokaluri prognozebis
meSveobiT SeiZleba gaxdes.
geografiuli prognozireba kompleqsuri saqmianobaa, rac mis
upiratesobas da mniSvnelobas warmoaCens. geografiuli garsis
komponentTSorisi urTierTkavSirebis kompleqsuri prognozireba am
saqmianobis aucilebeli pirobaa. magaliTad, havis cvlilebis prognozi
havis maxasiaTeblebis prognozTan erTad, aseve moiTxovs
bunebrivi landSaftebis, wylis resursebis gamoyenebis, niadagis
nayofierebis, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis, gansaxlebis da
geografiuli garemos gamoyenebis sxva maxasiaTeblebis
prognozirebas.
geografiuli prognozireba saintereso da Sromatevadi
samecniero procesia. misi realizeba SeuZlebelia istoriuli da
Tanamedrove geografiuli procesebis da misi maxasiaTeblebis
modelirebis, ganviTarebis scenarebis analizis da sinTezis gareSe.
msoflioSi gansakuTrebiT popularulia klimaturi, hidrologiuri,
biogeografiuli, demografiuli, socilur-ekonomikuri da sxv. globaluri
prognozebi. cnobilia regionuli geografiuli prognozirebis mravali
scenari, romelTagan Cveni regionisTvis (kavkasiisTvis)
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania prof. n.beruCaSvilis prognozebi
temperaturis SesaZlo ryevasTan bunebrivi landSaftebis cvlasTan
dakavSirebiT. man XX saukunis bolos Seqmna kavkasiaSi haeris
temperaturis da naleqebis zrdis (klebis), gamyinvarebis, tyiani
teritoriebis da bunebrivi landSaftebis SesaZlo cvlilebis da masTan
dakavSirebuli procesebis geografiuli scenarebi.

4.6. geografiuli Sefaseba

landSaftTa Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba

geografiis ekologizaciis aqtiuri procesi XX saukunis 60-iani

wlebidan iwyeba. amave periodSi evropaSi mkvidrdeba termini –

53
geoekologia, raSic landSaftis struqturisa da funqcionirebis Seswavla
igulisxmeboda. amJamad masSi, upirveles yovlisa, geografiuli
obieqtebis, movlenebisa da procesebis ekologiuri, garemosdacviTi
da bunebaTsargeblobiTi Taviseburebebis kvleva igulisxmeba.
evropeli mecnierebi geoekologiur profils miakuTvneben teritoriul
(landSaftur) dagegmarebasac, radgan misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba
ekologiuri problematikis warmoCena da garemosdacviTi
RonisZiebebis dagegmareba.
anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis zrdasTan erTad matulobs
geoekologiis mniSvneloba da farTovdeba misi Tvalsawieri.
geoekologiuri gamokvlevebi geografiuli garemos yvela
maxasiaTeblis kompleqsur analizsa da sinTezs moiTxovs, ris gamoc
misi yuradRebis centrSia bunebrivi, ise socialurekonomikuri
movlenebi da procesebi. amJamad geografiul mecnierebaSi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania geoekologiuri kvlevis Sedegebis
warmoCena da geoekologiuri procesebis prognozireba, radgan misi
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mTeli rigi ekologiuri, socilur-ekonomikuri
Tu demografiuli problematikis gadawtvetis gzebis Zieba.
garemoze anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebidan
masStaburobiT atmosferos dabinZureba, wylis resursebis
moxmareba, niadagebis degradacia, reliefis gardaqmna, bunebrivi
mcenareulobis da cxovelTa samyaros ganadgurebis tendenciebi
gamoirCeva.
atmosferos dainZurebis masStabebi yovelwliurad iz-
rdeba, rac pirdapir kavSirSia mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan,
saqalaqo dasaxlebebis da saavtomobilo parkis zrdasTan. viTarebas
amwvavebs isic, rom mcirdeba im bunebrivi landSaftebiT
dakavebuli farTobebi, rac geografiul garsSi garkveulwilad
aregulirebda siTbosa da tenis ganawilebas.
arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia wylis resursebis gamoyenebam –
msoflios araerTi mWidrod dasaxlebuli regioni ukve ganicdis sasmeli
da sarwyavi wylis umwvaves deficits. wyalze moTxovnileba
ganuxrelad izrdeba. maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi mas ZiriTadad
samrewvelo sawarmoebi, xolo ganviTarebadSi _ soflis meurneoba
moixmars. matulobs moxmarebuli wylebis dabinZurebis

54
tendenciebic, rac am ganaxlebadi bunebrivi resursis nawils
gamousadegars xdis.
msoflioSi nayofieri miwis resursebi aswleulebis manZilze
ganicdis anTropogenul zemoqmedebas. eqstensiuri soflis
meurneobisTvis miwis resursebis gamoyenebis mizniT intensurad
mimdinareobs naklebnayofieri teritoriebis aTviseba, tyeebis Cexva,
Waobebis daSroba da a.S. niadagis araracionalur gamoyenebas misi
nayofierebis dakargva, eroziuli procesebis ganviTareba, damlaSeba,
gamofitva an gaudabnoeba mosdevs. amJamad soflis meurneobaSi
(maT Soris saTib-saZovrebad) gamoiyeneba msoflio miwis fondis
mxolod 1/3. gamouyenebeli miwebis xvedriTi wili, romelic
bedlendebiT, udabnoebiT, WaobebiT, wyalsatevebiT da maradi
mzralobiTaa warmodgenili, msoflio miwis fondis TiTqmis naxevars
Seadgens. swrafad izrdeba im miwebis farTobebic, romlebic
saqalaqo dasaxlebebis, samrewvelo, satransporto da
kavSirgabmulobis miznebiT gamoiyeneba (amJamad 2%). miwis
resursebis nakleboba msoflios aTeulobiT saxelmwifos awuxebs.
amis gamoa, rom miwis resursebis SenarCuneba kacobriobis
globaluri problema gaxda.
reliefis gardaqmnis masStabebi TvalsaCinoa msxvil dasax-
lebul punqtebSi, satransporto komunikaciebis farglebSi, Ria karieruli
wesiT sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebisas, samxedro
moqmedebebisas da a.S. reliefze zemoqmedeba arapirdapiri gziTac
xorcieldeba, rasac misi aranakleb masStaburi transformacia
mosdevs. dRes msoflioSi aqtualuria qarismieri gamofitvis, eroziis,
teritoriis daxramvis da bedlendebis ganviTarebis problemebi, rac
mcenareulobis ganadgurebas, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas,
intensiur Zovebas an bunebrivi garemos araracionalur gamoyenebas
ukavSirdeba.
geografiuli garsSi warmodgenili bunebrivi zonebis
mniSvnelovanma nawilma ZiriTadad dakarga pirvandeli ier-saxe,
rasac mcenareulobis ganadgureba ganapirobebs. TiTqmis
mTlianadaa gardaqmnili zomieri sartylis Sereuli, farTofoTlovani,
tyestepisa da stepis bunebrivi mcenareuloba, subtropikuli da
tropikuli sartylis tyeebi, dabali da saSualo mTis landSaftebi.
gansakuTrebiT mwvavea aRniSnuli zonebis cxovelTa samyaros
55
mdgomareoba, romelic geografiuli garsis komponentebidan yvelaze
yvelaze uaryofiTad ganicdis adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis
Sedegebs. cxovelTa samyaro ganadgurebis tempebiT yvelaze
gamorCeulia. marto ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze gadaSenda
ramdenime aTeuli saxeobis ZuZumwovari da frinveli.
geokologiuri gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani Sedegi bunebrivi
garemos geoekologiuri anu Tanamedrove mdgomareobis dadgenaa.
landSaftis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, transformaciis masStabebis
da gamoyenebis formebis mixedviT, ramdenime maxasiaTeblis
meSveobiT SeiZleba warmovaCinoT. maT Soris ZiriTadia
zemoqmedebis formebi da intensivoba. imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
saxis zemoqmedeba (bunebrivi, socialur-ekonomikuri anu
anTropogenuri da Sereuli) sWarbobs bunebriv garemoze,
ganisazRvreba procesis intensivoba da Sesabamisad _ landSaftis
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba. bunebrivi zemoqmedebis upiratesobis
SemTxvevaSi, landSaftis struqturisa da funqcionirebis
Taviseburebani mTlianad ganpirobebulia bunebrivi procesebiT _ aq
igrZnoba sameurneo saqmianobis garkveuli zegavlena, Tumca ar
icvleba landSaftis rogorc garegnuli (indikaciuri) ieri, ise eTologiuri
Tu dinamikuri maxasiaTeblebi. anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis
upiratesobis SemTxvevaSi landSaftis mdgomareoba umeteswilad
ganpirobebulia socialur-ekonomikuri procesebiT, romlis xasiaTi da
intensioba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis donesTan da moTxovnilebaTa
dakmayofilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rac ufro maRalganviTarebulia
meurneoba, rac ufro didia teqnologiuri zemoqmedeba, miT ufro
naklebadaa damokidebuli amgvari landSafti bunebrivi
faqtorebisadmi. garemos mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli mesame,
Sereuli saxis procesebi damaxasiaTebelia im landSaftebisaTvis,
sadac anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba epizodur xasiaTs atarebs. am
SemTxvevaSi landSaftis struqtura da funqcionireba ganpirobebulia
rogorc bunebrivi, aseve anTropogenuri faqtorebiT.
bunebrivi garemos Tanamedrove mdgomareobis gansazRvris
ZiriTadi kriteriumebi, ganpirobebuli struqturuli, funqcionaluri,
eTologiuri Tu fizionomiuri TaviseburebebiT, SesaZloa ganvixiloT
Semdegi dajgufebis saxiT:

56
 1. praqtikulad ucvleli landSaftebi – transformirebulia
horizontaluri struqturis 5%-ze naklebi, SenarCunebulia specifikuri
geomasebi, landSaftTa mdgomareobas mTlianad gansazRvravs
bunebrivi procesebi; amgvaria arqtikuli da tropikuli udabnoebi,
subnivaluri da nivaluri landSaftebi;
2. umniSvnelod Secvlili landSaftebi – transformirebulia
horizontaluri struqturis 5-20%, nawilobriv Secvlilia specifikuri
geomasebi, landSaftTa mdgomareobas gansazRvravs bunebrivi,
nawilobriv socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi; amgvaria Waobebi,
tundra da tyetundra, wiwvovani da ekvatoruli tyeebis zona;
3. saSualod Secvlili landSaftebi – transformirebulia
horizontaluri struqturis naxevari, nawilobriv an mniSvnelovnadaa
Secvlili specifikuri geomasebi. landSaftTa mdgomareobas
gansazRvravs rogorc bunebrivi, ise socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi;
amgvaria savanebi da naTeli tyeebi, sabalpuri da alpuri mdeloebi,
subekvatoruli cvalebadteniani tyeebi, saSualo mTebi.
4. Zlier Secvlili landSaftebi – transformirebulia
horizontaluri struqturis 1/2-ze meti, mniSvnelovnadaa Secvlili
specifikuri geomasebi, landSaftTa mdgomareobas gansazRvravs
socialur-ekonomikuri (nawilobriv bunebrivi) procesebi; amgvaria
Sereuli da farTofoTlovani tyeebi, tyestepebi da stepebi, dabali
mTebi da gorak-borcvebi.
5. praqtikulad gardaqmnili landSaftebi – TiTqmis
mTlianadaa transformirebuli horizontaluri struqtura (80%-ze meti),
arsebiTadaa Secvlili (gardaqmnilia) specifikuri geomasebi, Secvlilia
landSafti, landSaftis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs socialur-
ekonomikuri procesebi; amgvaria saqalaqo dasaxlebani, samrewvelo
centrebi da satransporto kvanZebi.

landSaftze zemoqmedebis formebis da masStabebis Sefa-

seba
bunebrivi garemos, landSaftTa mdgomareoba mniSvnelo-
vanwilad ganpirobebulia im procesebiT, rac gamowveulia masze
anTropogenuri Tu bunebrivi zemoqmedebiT. zemoqmedeba
ZiriTadad SeiZleba iyos geneturi (bunebrivi, anTropogenuri,
bunebriv-anTropogenuri), droSi gansazRvruli (xanmokle, perioduli,
57
mudmivi), procesualuri (komponentze, kompleqsebze, procesze)
masStaburi (susti, saSualo, Zlieri) da sxv. zemoqmedeba SeiZleba
ganixilebodes saxeobis, wyaros, intensiobis, periodulobis, formebis
da Sedegebis mixedviTac. yovelgvari saxis zemoqmedebisa da maTi
negatiuri Sedegebis geografiuli analizi Sromatevadi
samecnierokvleviTi procesia, rac ganpirobebulia amgvar
zemoqmedebaTa mravalferovnebiT, masStabebiTa da sirTuliT.
amgvari viTareba, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs zemoqmedebaTa
gamovlenasa da klasifikacias ara marto formebisa da saxeebis,
aramed landSafturi erTeulebis mixedviTac.
sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri aqtioba bunebaT-
sargeblobis sxvadasxva formebsa da masStabebs gulisxmobs. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba mTian teritoriebs. nebismieri zemoqmedeba
mTiani teritoriebis bunebriv garemoze moiTxovs teqnikur,
ekonomikur, socialur SedegTa kompleqsur geografiul kvlvevas.
meurneobis esa Tu is dargi bunebrivi resursebis mudmivi,
perioduli an xanmokle eqspluataciiT xasiaTdeba, risi
gaTvaliswinebac anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis klasifikaciis
mniSvnelovani kriteriumia. mudmivia: sasargeblo wiaRiseulis
mopoveba, tyis eqspluatacia, wylis gamoyeneba, urbanizaciuli
saqmianoba da sxv., periodulia: sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba,
TevzWera. rekreacia; xanmokle: monadireoba, samkurnalwamlo
mcenareebis Segroveba da sxv. anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba
SeiZleba iyos sivrciT gansazRvruli, anu: masStaburi, regionaluri da
lokaluri. masStaburia: hidro da Tboeleqtroenergetika, samTamadno
mrewveloba, niadagis rekultivacia da melioracia, satransporto
kvanZebisa da magistralebis funqcionireba, msxvili saqalaqo
dasaxlebebisa da samrewvelo centrebis arseboba-ganviTareba da
sxv.; regionaluria: transportis sxvadasxva saxeobebis
(gansakuTrebiT avto da sarkinigzo) moqmedeba, Camonadenis
regulireba, satyeo meurneoba da sxv.; lokaluria: wylis dabinZureba,
mecxoveleoba, rekreacia da a.S. landSaftebze anTropogenuri
zemoqmedebis xarisxis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia mosaxleobis
simWidrovis ganawileba landSaftebis mixedviT. zemoqmedebis
xasiaTze SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT geosis-

58
temaTa struqturis TviTaRdgenis meqanizmebis mdgomareobis
mixedviT. miCneulia, rom Tu zemoqmedeba exeba mxolod
biologiur komponents, geosistemas unarCundeba TviTaRdgenis
unari. TviTaRdgenis meqanizmis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia, Tu: 1.
zemoqmedeba emTxveva an xels uwyobs (aZlierebs) uaryofiT
bunebriv procesebs (daWaobeba, damlaSeba, daxramva, erozia da
a.S.) 2. roca zemoqmedebas ganicdis ZiriTadi
landSaftwarmomqmneli komponenti anu reliefi da klimati (Ria
karieruli wesiT wiaRiseulis mopoveba, dateraseba, satransporto
magistralebis mSenebloba da a.S.); 3. erTi biocenozi ivleba meore,
eqvivalenturi biocenoziT. Tqmulis dadasturebad gamodgeba iseTi
aqtiuri sameurneo zemoqmedebis magaliTi, romelsac Zovebis
Sedegad ganicdis mTis mdelos (alpuri, subalpuri) an mTaTaSorisi
baris stepis mcenareulobiT warmodgenili landSaftebi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom intensiuri Zoveba upiratesad iwvevs mcenareulobis
saxeobrivi Semadgenlobis da niadagis zedapiris degradacias,
biomasis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas da sxva uaryofiT movlenebs,
am SemTxvevaSi landSaftis cvla ar aRiniSneba.
nebismieri xasiaTis zemoqmedebas SesaZlebelia mohyves
rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi Sedegebi. yoveli, bunebisaTvis
eqstremaluri, zemoqmedeba iwvevs dinamiuri wonasworobis
darRvevas, komponentTa Soris sistemuri kavSirebis gardaqmnas,
struqturisa da funqcionirebis cvlas da a.S. zemoqmedebis Sedegebi,
miuxedavad zemoTaRniSnulisa, or aspeqtSi unda ganixilebodes:
pirveli – rogoraa SenarCunebuli zemoqmedebis Semdeg ama Tu im
landSaftis struqturul-funqcionaluri Taviseburebani da meore – rogor
asrulebs mocemuli landSafti socialur-ekonomikur funqcias. umetes
SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri `moTxovna~ ar
iTvaliswinebs landSaftis potenciur SesaZleblobas (resursul
potencials). xSir SemTxvevaSi zemoqmedebis formebi
ganpirobebulia: warmoebis interesebiT, sameurneo an rekreaciuli
miznebiT, teqnikuri avariebiT, arasworad gaTvlili normebis
mixedviT saqmianobiT (satyeo meurneoba), gansazRvruli,
normirebuli saqmianobiT (romelic ar an ver iTvaliswinebs landSaftis
fonur mdgomareobas), arasasurveli zemoqmedebis aRkveTis
dagvianebiT da sxv. bunebrivi zemoqmedeba da misi Sedegebi
59
SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori formiT: pirdapiriT da arapirdapiriT. pirveli
SemTxveva eqstremaluri hidroTermuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi
ganixileba (mag., gvalva, Warbi tenianoba), roca uSualod icvleba
biogeohorizontebi, Tumca sxva geomasebi (hidromasebi, fitomasebi,
pedomasebi) arapirdapiri saxiT TandaTanobiT saxesxvaobas
ganicdian. amis gamo, mniSvnelovania landSaftSi pasiuri da aqtiuri
faqtorebis, misi struqturis mdgradobis ganmsazRvreli
komponentebis gaTvaliswineba. landSaftSi pasiuria
reliefwarmomqmneli procesebi, aqtiuri – tenbrunva, biogeocikli da
mzis energiis transformacia da sxv. aqtiuri procesebis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba zemoqmedebis formebis
ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi unda iyos. anTropogenuri
zemoqmedebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas isic, rom landSafts
SeunarCundes TviTaRdgenis unari, raTa droulad aRdges sawyisi
mdgomareoba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im landSaftebs, romlebic
resurswarmoebiTi da garemosaRmdgeni funqciiT gamoirCevian.
mag. Tuki gvsurs gaCexili tyis adgilze aRdges igive saxeobis
mcenareuloba, saWiroa mizanmimarTulad vimoqmedoT im axali
saxeobebis mimarT, romlebic meoradi tyeebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli da romlebic xels uSlian pirveladi mcenareulobis
aRdgenas. zemoqmedeba unda ganixilebodes im SemTxvevaSi Tuki
igi
ganapirobebs landSaftis struqturuli, funqcionaluri, geofizikuri an
geoqimiuri maxasiaTeblebis saxecvlilebas. bunebrivi Tu
anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas
miRebuli landSaftis rogorc struqturul-funqcionaluri, aseve
komponentebis da komponentTSorisi urTierTkavSiris
mdgomareoba. komponentebisa da maTi urTierTkavSirebis
mdgomareoba mkafiod asaxavs landSaftze ama Tu im
zemoqmedebis Sedegebs, ris mixedviTac SesaZlebelia gakeTdes
movlenis ganviTarebis prognozi. yoveli komponentis mdgomareoba,
ganpirobebuli eqstremaluri zemoqmedebiT, pirdapir kavSirSia
nivTierebisa da energiis mudmivi cvlis procesTan
(funqcionirebasTan), romelTa xasiaTic, saboloo jamSi,
ganapirobebs landSaftis mdgomareobas. funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT,
reliefis zedapiri nivTierebisa da energiis transformaciiT,
60
biokomponenti da niadagi – akumulaciiT, haerisa da wylis masebi –
`transportirebiT~ gamoirCeva.
anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba gansxvavdeba meurneobis for-
mebis mixedviT. amgvaria: sasoflo-sameurneo, teqnogenuri
(mrewveloba, mSenebloba, transporti da sxv.), teqnoekologiuri
(tyeebis eqspluatacia, xanZrebi da sxv.) rekreaciuli saqmianoba da
sxv.
anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba SesaZlebelia iyos sinqronuli
(erTdroulad ramdenime saxis – teritoriis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi) an dublirebadi (roca erTi zemoqmedeba icvleba
meoreTi). sinqronuli zemoqmedeba ZiriTadad warmodgenilia
selitebur teritoriebze, iseT landSaftebSi, sadac erTdroulad
xorcieldeba sasoflo, satyeo da wylis meurneoba. dublirebadia
zemoqmedeba im regionebSi, sadac didia sezonuri sameurneo Tu
rekreaciuli datvirTva. amgvari landSaftebi ZiriTadad mTebSia
warmodgenili. sinqronuli zemoqmedebis arealad saqarTvelos
mTaTaSorisi baris landSaftebi unda CaiTvalos, sadac warmodgenilia
sazogadoebis mravalmxrivi sameurneo Tu socialuri saqmianoba,
Tavmoyrilia mosaxleobis udidesi nawili (90%), Seqmnilia
sacxovrebeli garemo, sawarmoo, sasoflosameurneo da satransporto
infrastruqtura da a.S. bunebriv landSaftebze ama Tu im saxis
anTropogenuri Semoqmedeba SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT misi
intensiobis, zemoqmedebis xarisxis mixedviT igi SeiZleba iyos
intensiuri, zomieri, eqstensiuri. intensiuri zemoqmedeba aRiniSneba
im regionebSi, sadac maqsimaluria mosaxleobis Tavmoyra,
sameurneo Tu rekreaciuli saqmianoba. intensiur zemoqmedebas
ganicdian msxvili saqalaqo dasaxlebis, maT maqsimalur
miaxloebaze da rekreaciul zonebSi warmodgenili landSaftebi.
intensiuri zemoqmedebis arealSi calkeuli rekreaciuli zonis
(gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi) moqceva sadiskusioa,
radgan aq zemoqmedeba garkveuli periodulobiT (sezonurobiT)
xasiaTdeba, mas ar gaaCnia mudmivi xasiaTi da ar gamoirCeva
masStaburobiT. Tumca, q. Tbilisis rekreaciuli zonis landSaftur-
ekologiuri analizi gviCvenebs, rom amgvari zonebis landSaftTa
struqturisa da funqcionirebis xasiaTi pirdapir kavSirSia rekreantTa
moTxovnilebebTan. rekreaciul zonebSi warmodgenil geosistemebSi,
61
miuxedavad zemoqmedebis periodulobisa, mTlianadaa darRveuli
rogorc struqturuli Taviseburebani, ise geomasebis krebadoba da
Sesabamisad, funqcionirebis xasiaTi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba qveda
mTis muxnari, rcxilnar-muxnari (zogan wiwvnari) mcenareulobiT
warmodgenil da Sua mTis wiflnari, rcxilnar-muxnari, rcxilnari da
wiflnar-muqwiwviani (zogan wiwvnari) mcenareulobiT
warmodgenil landSaftebs. swored maT farglebSi, tradiciulTan
erTad, ukanasknel wlebSi Camoyalibda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
ramdenime msxvili rekreaciuli regioni: Tbilisis sagareubno, algeTis,
bazaleT-Jinvalis da sionis. am regionebSi an saerTod Secvlilia
geosistemaTa vertikaluri Tu horizontaluri struqtura, ar ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, SenarCunebulia imgvarad, rom miuxedavad sezonuri
zemoqmedebisa, ar eZleva TviTaRdgenis saSualeba.
intensiuria zemoqmedeba selitebur da samTamadno resursebis
mopovebis teritoriebze. isini garkveul landSaftis farglebSi
viTardebian, warmoadgenen rTul socialurekonomikur sistemebs,
romelTa funqcionirebac mizanmimarTuli da mudmivi
saqmianobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
intensiuria zemoqmedeba sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisas,
Tumca igi periodul xasiaTs atarebs. miuxedavad periodulobisa,
agroteqnikuri zemoqmedeba imdenad arsebiTia, rom agrarul
landSaftTa struqtura da funqcionireba mTlianadaa damokidebuli
amgvar zemoqmedebaTa mizanmimarTulebaze. agrolandSaftebSi
agroteqnogenuri zemoqmedeba mimarTulia sasurveli agrokulturis
mdgradi ganviTarebis SenarCunebis da mosavlianobis
uzrunvelyofisTvis. rac ufro naklebad Seesabameba agrokultura
landSaftur-ekologiur pirobebs, rac ufro naklebadmdgradia igi
garemo faqtorebisadmi, miT ufro intensiuria agroteqnikuri
zemoqmedeba, miT ufro ararentabeluria warmoeba. erTwliani an
mravalwliani agrokulturebiT dakavebul bunebriv-agrarul teritoriul
kompleqsTa landSaftur-geofizikuri mdgomareobebis dinamikis
SedarebiTi analizi gviCvenebs, rom miuxedavad zemoqmedebis
xanmokle xasiaTisa, maTi bunebrivi reJimi srul SesabamisobaSi
modis sawyisi landSaftis bunebriv reJimTan.
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis umetesoba Sereuli

62
tipis zemoqmedebas ganicdis, romlis masStaburobac pirdapir
kavSirSia agrokulturis SesabamisobasTan sawyisi bunebriv
landSaftis struqturasa da funqcionirebasTan. rac ufro miuRebelia
agrokulturis struqturul-eTologiuri maxasiaTeblebi sawyisi landSaftis
analogiur maCveneblebTan, miT ufro intensiuria anTropogenuri
zemoqmedeba. eqstensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba
dakavSirebulia
garemoSi `energetikuli narCenebis~ (xmauri, siTbo, radiaqtiuri
narCenebi, `teqnogenuri narCenebis~ (Txevadi – samrewvelo,
sayofacxovrebo da melioraciuli wylebi; gazobrivi – Wvartli, mtveri,
mZime metalebi), sayofacxovrebo narCenebis (nagavi, jarTi da sxv.)
gabnevasTan. anTropogenuri warmoSobis narCenebis bunebaSi
gabneva xorcieldeba meqanikuri, bunebrivi an Sereuli formiT.
narCenebis meqanikuri gadatana umeteswilad mizanmimarTul,
iSviaTad ki stiqiur xasiaTs atarebs. narCenebis bunebrivi
meqanizmebiT ganpirobebuli gabneva ZiriTadad qarebiT, mdinari
wyliTa da geodinamiuri procesebiTaa gamowveuli. Sereuli formis
SemTxvevaSi narCenebis gadatanis meqanikuri meqanizmi icvleba
bunebriviT. anTropogenuri warmoSobis narCenebi, miuxedavad
maTi
lokaluri gavrcelebisa da landSaftebze eqstensiuri zemoqmedebisa,
xasiaTdebian mniSvnelovani raodenobiT, garkveuli koncentraciiT
da nivTierebisa da energiis transformaciaSi mniSvnelovani roliT.
amgvari viTareba ganapirobebs mocemuli teritoriis konkretul
landSaftur-geoqimiur mdgomareobas, rac saboloo jamSi
moqmedebs rogorc landSaftur-geofizikur, aseve struqturul-
funqcionalur ma-

63
xasiaTeblebze. narCenebis gabneva cvlis ekologiur garemos,
landSaftis calkeul komponentTa gamoyenebiT daniSnulebas,
amcirebs rekreaciul-esTetikur mxares, ganapirobebs samedicino-
geografiuli viTarebis gamwvavebas, sacxovrebeli garemos
gauaresebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi – mosaxleobis iZulebiT
migracias. msoflios maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi udidesi
yuradReba eqceva im samuSaoebs, romlebic narCenebis garemoSi
gabnevis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. samecniero gamokvlevebis
Sedegad dadgenilia, samrewvelo Tu sayofacxovrebo narCenTa 150-
mde saxeoba upirobo meqanikur an qimiur gadamuSavebas
moiTxovs.
anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sefaseba unda uswrebdes
sameurneo Tu socialuri proeqtebis dagegmva-ganxorcielebas.
dasavleTis samecniero Tu sameurneo organizaciebisTvis amgvari
midgoma Cveulebriv procedurad iqca, rac Tanadroulad landSafturi
dagegmarebis umniSvnelovanesi safexuria. Sefaseba xorcieldeba
nebismieri sameurneo saqmianobis dagegmvisas. dasavleTis
dagegmarebiTi profilis organizaciebisaTvis arsebiTia
sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlac, rac anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis
Sefasebis mniSvnelovan kriteriumad iTvleba. swored
sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswinebiT ganixileba amerikul
geografiul skolaSi peizaJis an landSaftis garegani saxis Secvla
garemos gabinZurebis iseTive xarisxad, rogoricaa haeris, wylisa da
niadagis dabinZureba.
anTropogenur zemoqmedebas, upirveles yovlisa, lan-
dSaftis geoqimiur ciklSi Seaqvs garkveuli koreqtivebi, rac saboloo
jamSi mis geofizikur balansSic aisaxeba. atmosferodan niadagSi an
mcenareTa zedapirze moxvedrili teqnogenuri naerTebi cvlis
fitomasis warmoqmnis, stabilizaciisa da gardaqmnis process, xels
uwyobs sxva fitocenozis ganviTarebas. agroqimiuri preparatebis
(sasuqebis, pesticidebi da sxv.) gamoyeneba niadagSi cvlis mis
reaqcias, biogenur elementTa balanss, niadagis mikroorganizmTa
saxeobriv Semadgenlobas, ris Sedegadac icvleba niadaguri te nis
xasiaTi da organuli nivTierebebis gardaqmnis bunebrivi procesebi.
-

64
teqnogenuri narCenebis gabnevisa da gavrcelebis raionebSi maRali
mdgradobiT gamoirCeva farTofoTlovanTa zogierTi (muxa, wifeli,
nekerCxali) saxeoba, naklebi mdgradobiT wiwvovnebi (naZvi,
fiWvi) da sxva farTofoTlovnebi (muryani, aryi, rcxila).
eqstremalur bunebriv movlenaTa mimdinareoba mravalmxrivi,
mravalferovani da regionalurad gansxvavebulia. maTi Sedegebi
pirdapir kavSirSia landSaftis struqturulfunqcionalur, eTologiur
TaviseburebebTan da mdgradobis xarisxTan. calkeul SemTxvevebSi
isini mTlianad cvlian aRniSnul maxasiaTeblebs. Tumca amgvari
movlenebi (semiariduli mdgomareoba, didTovlianoba da zvavebi,
gravigenuli nakadebi, intensiuri naleqebi da Camonadeni) mTis
landSaftTa araerTi saxisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac unda
ganixilebodes rogorc eTologiuri cvlis meqanizmi.

landSaftTa mdgradobis Sefaseba

landSaftur-ekologiuri kvlevisas, bunebisdacviT RonisZiebaTa

SemuSavebis da ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmarebis
sakiTxTa warmatebiT gadawyvetis saqmeSi udidesi Teoriul-
praqtikuli mniSvneloba eniWeba landSaftTa mdgradobis
Semswavlas. landSaftTa mdgradoba esaa misi TviTregulirebisa da
TviTaRdgenis unari, anu Tviseba, SeinarCunos struqturul-
eTologiuri maxasiaTeblebi masze sxvadasxvagvari (bunebrivi Tu
anTropogenuri) zemoqmedebisas. mdgradoba landSaftTa umTavresi
Tvisebaa, misi bunebriobis maCvenebelia, romlis safuZvelzec
uzrunvelyofilia landSaftis dinamiuri wronasworoba, Semadgeneli
komponentebis balansuri ganviTareba.
mdgradoba geosistemaTa endogenuri Zalebisadmi (bunebrivi,
anTropogenuri) gamovlenili reaqciaa aRidginon dakarguli
ekologiuri da resursuli potenciali. mdgradad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
sistema, romelic nebismieri saSualebiT inarCunebs invariantul
mdgomareobas im droSi, romelic aRemateba invariantuli
mdgomareobis gardamaval process da romelic saWiroa struqturisa
da funqcionirebis aRdgenisaTvis.

65
 termini mdgradoba geografiul literaturaSi teqnikidan movida,
mas Semdeg: rac araerTgzis aRiniSna bunebaze sameurneo
zemoqmedebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi; roca saWiro gaxda bunebriv
kompleqsebze zemoqmedebis zRvaris dadgena; roca aucilebeli
gaxda geosistemaTa TviTregulirebis meqanizmebis gamovlena; roca
garemos dacva da racionaluri bunebaTsargebloba TiTqmis gaigivda
bunebrivi sistemebis TviTaRdgenis SenarCunebasa da dacvasTan.
landSaftTa mdgradobis Seswavla erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia
geoekologiur gamokvlevebSi. garda amisa, landSaftTa mdgradobis
ganxilva TviT landSaftmcodneobis ganviTarebis Sedegi iyo, rac
ganapiroba sxvadasxva sameurneo Tu bunebaTsargeblobis
RonisZiebaTa normirebis kriteriumebis dadgenam da
gaTvaliswinebam. amis gamo, gasagebia, misi rogorc Teoriuli, ise
meTodologiuri da gamoyenebiTi (praqtikuli) daniSnuleba. klasikuri
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, landSaftis mdgradoba aris misi unari,
SeinarCunos struqtura da funqcionirebis xasiaTi sivrcesa da droSi
garemo faqtorebis cvlilebisas, daubrundes pirvandel mdgomareobas,
unari – aRiqvas zemoqmedeba sistemis rRvevis gareSe,
SeinarCunos socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia, Tviseba, SeinarCunos
struqtura, funqcionireba da eTocikli sxvadasxvagvari
zemoqmedebisas.
landSaftTa mdgradi mdgomareobis, dinamiuri wonasworobis
SenarCuneba sapirispiro Zalebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegad
miiReba. sistemis, kompleqsis farglebSi erTerT Semadgenel
elementze (komponentze) zemoqmedeba aisaxeba rogorc sxva
komponentebis, is mTlianad sistemis mdgomareobaze, rasac
mohyveba misi struqturis an funqcionirebis arsebiTi (uaryofiTi) an
araarsebiTi saxecvlileba. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovania rogorc sistemis, ise misi Semadgeneli elementebis
Semdgomi mdgomareoba, lan dSaftur-ekologiuri da landSaftur-
eTologiuri Taviseburebani, zemoqmedebis periodi, forma, xasiaTi
da sxv. amgvari mravalferovneba amcirebs eqspediciur, savele
gamokvlevaTa Sedegebis xarisxs, moiTxovs specialur, stacionalur
gamokvlevebs, rac mniSvnelovani samecniero problemaa. viTarebas
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arTulebs isic, rom umeteswilad landSaftTa mdgomareobis cvla ar
niSnavs imas, rom sistema aramdgradia. Tuki amgvari cvla
invariantuli struqturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis fonze
mimdinareobs, maSin saqme gvaqvs landSaftis bunebriv reJimTan
(ciklTan) an ubralod, eTociklTan. mdgradobis Seswavla
garTulebulia imis gamoc, rom igi ukavSirdeba misi TviTregulirebis
sakiTxebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom TviTregulirebis Seswavla
landSaftmcodneobaSi jer mxolod Teoriuli, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
eqsperimentaluri saxisaa. geosistemaTa mdgradoba aseve ar
ganixileba klimatis, an nivTierebisa da energiis Tanamedrove
teqnologiuri cvlilebis fonze.
aseve sainteresoa landSaftTa mdgradobis ganxilva
anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis, sameurneo aqtivobis sxvadasxva
etapze, garkveuli socialur-ekonomikuri formaciis farglebSi. es metad
saintereso sakiTxia. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom
geosistemaTa mdgradobis gauTvaliswineblobis SemTxvevaSi,
masStabur sameurneo RonisZiebaTa Sedegebi ukureaqciis saxiT
ubrundeboda sazogadoebas, regionisa Tu qveynis socialur-
ekonomikur viTarebas. cnobilia araerTi magaliTi imisa, roca
bunebrivi procesebis gauTvaliswineblobas, geosistemaTa
Semadgeneli komponentebis mdgradi Tanaarsebobis darRvevas
rogor mohyolia katastroful movlenaTa (gaudabnoeba, wyaldidoba,
mewyruli procesebi da a.S.) ganviTareba.
arsebobs garkveuli mosazreba imis Sesaxebac, rom rac
ufro mWidroa sistemuri urTierTkavSirebi (an
urTierTdamokidebuleba) geosistemis farglebSi, miT ufro
aramdgradia igi. subieqturia is mosazrebac, romlis mixedviTac
amgvari kavSirebis romelime rgolis rRveva iwvevs struqturis,
saboloo jamSi ki mdgradi mdgomareobis degradacias. sxva
mosazrebiT, arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri landSaftis struqturis
sirTulesa da mdgradobas Soris, romlis mixedviT, rac ufro martivia
struqtura, miT ufro naklebmdgradia landSafti.
gacilebiT rTulia mdgradobis ganxilva transformire-
buli, xelovnurad Seqmnili im landSaftebisTvis, romlebic
mizanmimarTuli sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegadaa miRebuli.

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amgvar geosistemaTa mdgradoba mTlianadaa damokidebuli
anTropogenur da bunebriv zemoqmedebaTa intensiobasa da
formebze, mezobeli geosistemebis mdgradobaze, sameurneo
RonisZiebaTa xarisxze da sxv. aramdgradad bunebriv-
anTropogenuri faqtorebiT funqcionirebadi geosistema SeiZleba
CaiTvalos im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki ar xerxdeba misi
struqturuleTologiuri maxasiaTeblis SenarCuneba, Tuki igi kargavs
unars, Seasrulos gansazRvruli socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia.
gasagebia, rom transformirebul landSaftebSi struqturul-
eTologiuri Taviseburebebis SenarCuneba xorcieldeba an
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod mudmivi, mizanmimarTuli
sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
landSaftis mdgradoba ukiduresobamde mcirdeba, mis
mdgomareobaze SesaZlebelia gavlena iqonios bunebrivi procesebis
umniSvnelo cvlam, amindis gauaresebamac ki. SedarebiT mdgradi
anTropogenuri landSafti SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas maSin, roca igi an
eqvivalenturia bunebrivi landSaftisa, anda anTropogenur
zemoqmedebaTa xasiaTi emTxveva bunebriv procesTa
mimdinareobis xasiaTs.
landSaftebze anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis formebi
calkea ganxiluli. Tumca mdgradobis gansazRvrisTvis
mniSvnelovania amgvar zemoqmedebaTa xarisxis dadgena
konkretuli landSaftisaTvis. landSaftis struqturisa da
funqcionirebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva saxis zemoqmedeba
sxvadasxva SedegebiT iqneba warmodgenili. magaliTad, xanZari
nebismieri fitogenuri struqturis mqone landSaftisaTvis er Tnairi
SedegiT – fitogenuri struqturis sruli degradaciiTa da ganadgurebiT
mTavrdeba, amgvari zemoqmedebisadmi isini aramdgradi arian.
Tumca, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT TviTaRdgenis siCqares, maSin
stepuri landSaftebi saSualodmdgradad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, xolo tyis
landSaftebi – aramdgradad.
landSaftTa mdgradoba damokidebulia rogorc zemoqme-
debis garegan formebze, aseve geosistemaTa agebulebasa da
komponentSorisi kavSirurTierTobebis simtkiceze. magaliTad, Tuki
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geosistema warmodgenilia yvela komponentiT, Camoyalibebuli
struqturiTa da komponentSorisi kavSirebiT, aseTi geosistema
gacilebiT mdgradia garemo zemoqmedebisadmi (gansakuTrebiT
bunebrivi xasiaTis), vidre isini, romlebSic aRniSnuli
maxasiaTeblebi formirebis procesSia (tyeebis gaCexvis, zvavis,
Rvarcofis an mewyeris Sedegad degradirebuli teritoria,
wyalsatevebis donis ryevis Sedegad gaSiSvlebuli ferdobi, msxvili
satransporto komunikaciebis mimdebare, zonebi da sxv.).
landSaftebSi mikroklimati, haerisa da wylis masebi
umniSvnelovanes `funqciur~ komponentebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
maTi xasiaTi da urTierTdamokidebuleba mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapirobebs nivTierebisa da energiis transformaciis da
Sesabamisad, funqcionirebis xasiaTs. yvelaze mdgradi (reliefi,
geologiuri agebuleba) da yvelaze `funqciuri~ komponentis (haeris
masebi, mikroklimati) gardaqmna mTlianad ganapirobebs
struqturuli mdgradobis rRvevas, iseTi meoradi struqturis
Camoyalibebas, romelSic bunebrivi kavSirurTierTobebi
maqsimaluradaa darRveuli.
yvela SemTxvevaSi, transformirebul geosistemaTa
mdgradoba SesaZlebelia gavaigivoT maT mier socialur-ekonomikur
funqciaTa Sesrulebis xarisxTan. transformirebuli geosistema
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mdgradad, Tuki igi srulfasovnad asrulebs masze
dakisrebul sazogadoebriv moTxovnas, Tuki igi inarCunebs ama Tu
im funqcias nebismieri saxis endogenuri zemoqmedebis
SemTxvevaSi.
mTian teritoriebze bunebrivi zemoqmedebisadmi mdgradobis
xarisxis gansazRvris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori migraciis
reJimi, ferdobebis daxriloba da eqspoziciaa. maRali mdgradobiT
gamoirCevian is bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsebi, romlebisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia avtonomiuri da subakvaluri reJimi, umniSvnelo
daxriloba (0-150) da is landSaftebi, romlebic warmodgenili arian
CrdiloeTis an aRmosavleTis eqspoziciis ferdobebze.
mdgradobis ganxilvisas mniSvnlovania davadginoT is, Tu
landSaftis konkretulad romeli komponenti ganicdis pirdapir an irib
zemoqmedebas, ganvsazRvroT am komponentis funqcia da

69
mdgradoba mocemul momentSi, gavukeToT prognozi misi da
komponentT Sorisi kavSirebis transformacias. prof. n. solncevis
komponentTa cnobili rigis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc bunebriv, aseve
sacvlil teritoriul kompleqsebSi landSatur – geofizikuri
komponentebi funqciis mixedviT ganlagebulia Semdegnairad: L
(liTomasebi)  A (aeromasebi)  H (hidromasebi)  S (pedomasebi)
 B (biomasebi: P fitomasebi  Z zoomasebi). aRniSnul sqemaSi
isriT () naCvenebia ZiriTadi urTierTkavSirebis Tanmimdevroba.
sqemis mixedviT, niadagis transformacia ganpirobebs biologiuri
komponentis mniSvnelovan saxecvlas, nawilobriv hidromasebis,
umniSvnelod ki aeromasebis transformacias. vertikaluri struqturis
komponenturi Semadgenlobis ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi aranakleb
TvalsaCinod ikveTeba komponentTa funqciuri Taviseburebani. am
SemTxvevaSi prof. n. solncevis rigi principialurad icvleba, rac
landSaftis fundamentidan vertikaluri agebulebis principiT
Semdegnairadaa warmodgenili: LSHPZMA.
vertikaluri struqturis warmodgenil sqemaSi mezofi-
luri mcenareulobiT warmodgenil bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqsis
mdgradoba ori: bioturi da abioturi faqtorebisa da struqturis
urTierTdamokidebulebis mixedviT ganixileba, rac geosistemis
vertikaluri komponentTSorisi mdgradobis dadgenis aucilebeli
pirobaa. bioturi struq turisa da abioturi komponentebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis arealSi struqturis mdgradobis
ganmsazRvrelia misi yvelaze mZlavri, fitogenuri (P) komponenti,
xolo danarCen komponentebs (A,H,M,Z) naklebi siZlavre, naklebi
roli da Sesabamisad, mdgradobis ganmsazRvreli naklebi funqcia
gaaCniaT. da piriqiT, abioturi struqturiTa da bioturi komponentis
urTierTdamokidebulebis arealSi struqturis mdgradobis
ganmsazRvrelia pedomasebi (S) nawilobriv liTomasebi (L) da
hidromasebi (H), danarCen komponentebs (Z, P) ki mdgradobis
umniSvnelo funqcia gaaCniaT.
landSaftis mdgradobis gansazRvris kriteriumebi

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 mdgradobis kategoriebi gamoiyofa bunebrivi landSaftebis
Tanamedrove mdgomareobis, SesaZlo anTropogenuri
zemoqmedebis Sedegebis da ekologiuri wonasworobis
SenarCunebis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. mdgradobis xarisxi
landSaftis individualuri maCvenebelia, romelic icvleba droSi da
damokidebulia anTropogenuli da bunebrivi zemoqmedebis
Taviseburebebze.
mdgradobis gansazRvris ZiriTadi kriteriumebia: relie-
fis daxriloba, migraciis reJimi, geologiuri agebuleba, geodinamiuri
procesebis xasiaTi, ferdobebis eqspozicia, landSaftis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba, landSaftis vertikaluri struqturis sirTule, niadagis
simZlavre da meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, danestianebis xarisxi da
reliefis tipi. maT mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos:
1. mdgradi teritoriebi – reliefis daxriloba – 0-10 0,
migraciis reJimi – avtonomiuri da superakvaluri, geologiuri
agebuleba – kristaluri qanebi, geodinamiuri procesebi – ar
SeiniSneba, eqspozicia – CrdiloeTi, landSaftis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba – praqtikulad ucvleli, niadagis simZlavre da
meqanikuri Sedgeniloba – mZlavri da Tixnari, reliefis tipi –
dabali da saSualo mTis akumulaciuri.

71
gamoyenebis forma – nebismieri qmedeba, teritoriis kritikul
ekologiur zRvramde.
2. saSualod mdgradi teritoriebi – reliefis daxriloba – 11-20 0,
migraciis reJimi – transeluviuri da eluviur-akumulaciuri, geologiuri
agebuleba – kristaluri da metamorfuli qanebi, geodinamiuri procesebi
– TiTqmis ar SeiniSneba, eqspozicia – CrdiloeTi da Crdilo-
dasavleTi, landSaftis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba – umniSvnelod
Secvlili, niadagis simZlavre da meqanikuri Sedgeniloba – saSualo
simZlavris da Tixnari, reliefis tipi – dabali mTis eroziul-akumulaciuri
da saSualo mTis denudaciuri. gamoyenebis forma – nebismieri
qmedeba, ganpirobebuli sazogadoebrivi saWiroebiT, saSualo
intensivobiT.
3. naklebad mdgradi teritoriebi – reliefis daxriloba – 21-30 0,
migraciis reJimi – transeluviuri da eluviur-akumulaciuri, geologiuri
agebuleba – metamorfuli qanebi, geodinamiuri procesebi –
SeiniSneba mcire fragmentebis saxiT, eqspozicia – Crdilo-dasavleTi
da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi, landSaftis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba –
saSualod Secvlili, niadagis simZlavre da meqanikuri Sedgeniloba –
saSualo simZlavris da Tixnar-qviSnari, reliefis tipi – saSualo mTis
eroziuli da eroziul-denudaciuri. gamoyenebis forma – garkveuli
qmedeba, ganpirobebuli socialuri saWiroebiT, dabali intensivobiT.
4. saSualod aramdgradi teritoriebi – reliefis daxriloba – 31-
450, migraciis reJimi – transeluviuri, geologiuri agebuleba –
metamorfuli da adviladSladi qanebi, geodinamiuri procesebi –
aqtiurad viTardeba 10-100 wlis manZilze, eqspozicia – samxreT-
dasavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi, landSaftis Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba – Zlier Secvlili, niadagis simZlavre da meqanikuri
Sedgeniloba – mcire simZlavris da Tixnar-qviSnari, reliefis tipi –
saSualo da maRali mTis eroziul-denudaciuri. gamoyenebis forma –
garkveuli qmedeba, gansakuTrebuli aucileblobis SemTxvevebSi.
5. aramdgradi teritoriebi – reliefis daxriloba – 45 0-ze meti,
migraciis reJimi – transeluviuri, bedlendebi, kldeebi, geologiuri
agebuleba – adviladSladi qanebi, geodinamiuri procesebi – aqtiurad
viTardeba 10 wlis manZilze, eqspozicia – samxreTi, landSaftis
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba – praqtikulad gardaqmnili, ekocidirebuli
an erodirebuli, niadagis simZlavre da meqanikuri Sedgeniloba –
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mcire simZlavris da qviSnari, reliefis tipi – saSualo da maRali mTis
eroziul-denudaciuri, denudaciuri da paleoglacialuri. gamoyenebis
forma – qmedebebis gareSe.

landSaftTa potencialis Sefaseba

landSaftTa potencialis Seswavla da Sefaseba erT-erTi ZiriTadi

sakiTxia geografiul gamokvlevebSi. landSaftTa potencialis jerovani
gansazRvra maTTvis socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis misadagebis,
landSaftTa dacvisa da racionaluri gamoyenebis mniSvnelovani
winapirobaa.
landSaftTa potenciali SesaZlebelia gaigivebul iqnas bunebriv
potencialTan. bunebriv (landSaftTa) potencialSi igulisxmeba: im
resursTa erToblioba, romlebic SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
amJamad an perspeqtivaSi cxovrebis pirobebis dacvisa da
gaumjobesebis, ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da jansaRi momavali
Taobebis ganviTarebis mizniT; im TvisebaTa erToblioba da
Taviseburebani, romlis safuZvelze da romlis mixedviTac SeuZlia
landSafts Seasrulos esa Tu is socialur-ekonomikuri funqcia.
landSaftTa potenciali garkveulwilad asaxavs landSaftis
monawileobis xarisxs sazogadoebis sxvadasxvagvar
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis saqmeSi.
landSaftTa potenciali SeiZleba Seicvalos an tran-
sformirdes sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, romelTa Soris,
Tanamedrove etapze, ZiriTadia resursuli da ekologiuri,
meorexarisxovani ki seliteburi da rekreaciuli moTxovnileba.
landSaftis potencialis saWiro mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebis mizniT
sazogadoeba Tavis saqmianobaSi mkafiod unda iTvaliswinebdes
geosistemis iseTi maxasiaTeblebis SenarCunebas, rogoricaa
struqtura da funqcionireba, mdgradoba, biomravalferovneba da sxv.
landSaftTa potencialSi upirveles yovlisa unda ganixilebodes
rogorc tradiciuli, aseve aratradiciuli resursuli (mzis, qaris,
geoTermuli, seliteburi, rekreaciuli da sxv.) potenciali. amgvari
midgoma amaRlebs landSaftis kompleqsuri da komponenturi
resursis, kompleqsuri da komponenturi potencialis Seswavlis Teoriul
da praqtikul mniSvnelobas, rac Tanadroulad fizikur-geografiuli da
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ekonomikur-geografiuli kvlevis ganviTarebisa da integraciis myari
safuZvelia.
landSafts SesaZlebelia hqondes rogorc bunebrivi, ise
bunebrividan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri potenciali. potenciali
SesaZlebelia iyos: bunebriv-resursuli, ekologiuri, seliteburi,
rekreaciuli da sxva. Tavis mxriv bunebriv-resursul potencialSi
SesaZlebelia gaerTiandes ekonomikuri (sasoflo-sameurneo),
biologiuri, wylis, mineraluri, energetikuli, da amgvari resursebis
landSaftis mier kvlavwarmoebis saSualeba, ekologiurSi _ adamianis
sacxovrebeli garemos ekologiuri mdgomareobis gajansaRebis,
landSaftis mier TviTwmendis, genofondisa da biomravalferovnebis
SenarCunebis Tviseba; seliteburSi _ gansaxlebaTa, komunikaciaTa,
samrewvelo obieqtTa mSeneblobis ekologiuri saimedooba;
rekreaciulSi _ bunebrivi, istoriuli da kulturuli mniSvnelobis obieqtTa
simravle, maRalesTetikuri, balneologiuri Tu gamajansaRebeli
potencialis mqone geosistemebis arseboba.
landSafts SesaZlebelia hqondes rogorc erTgvari, aseve
mravalgvari potenciali, romelic misi struqturulfunqcionaluri da
gamoyenebiTi (daniSnulebiTi) Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobs.
potencialis cvalebadobas landSaftis sezonuri da eTologiuri
Taviseburebanic ganapirobebs, rac misi struqturul-funqcionaluri
mdgomareobebis dinamikas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, maRali mTis
subalpuri da alpuri landSaftebi zamTarSi rekreaciuli, xolo zafxulSi
resursuli potencialis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian. umetes
SemTxvevaSi landSafti erTdroulad sxvadasxvagvar potencials flobs.
magaliTad, q. Tbilisis midamoebSi warmodgenili saSualo mTis tyis
landSaftebi resursuli, ekologiuri da rekreaciuli potencialis mqonea.
aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania landSaftTa potencialis rogorc
Tvisebrivi (xarisxobrivi), aseve sivrce-droiTi cvalebadobis Seswavla
da klasifikacia.
xSirad landSaftis bunebriv-resursul, gansakuTrebiT ki biologiur
an sasoflo-sameurneo potencials landSaftis produqtiulobasTan
aigiveben, raSic mis mier drois garkveul monakveTSi nivTierebisa
da energiis kvlavwarmoebisa unari igulisxmeba. ufro metic,
landSaftTa potencialis SenarCuneba an amaRleba misi
produqtiulobis SenarCunebasa da zrdasTanaa gaigivebuli. amgvari
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Tvalsazrisi gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki landSafti da misi
potenciali mxolod sazogadoebis mudmivad mzardi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisTvis iqneba gankuTvnili. Tumca, landSaftis sxvagvari
Tvisebebisa da potencialis gauTvaliswinebloba sameurneo da
socialuri ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis keTildReobis Semaferxebel
garemoebad SeiZleba warmoCindes.

landSaftTa bunebriv-resursuli potencialis Sefaseba

landSaftTa bunebriv-resursuli potenciali unda ganixilebodes misi

Semadgeneli nawilebis TaviseburebaTa mixedviT, kerZod:
_ sasoflo-sameurneo potenciali _ landSaftis unari, awarmoos
sxvadasxva saxis memcenareobis produqcia. amgvari unaris
gamosavlenad saWiroa: reliefis morfostruqturuli da hifsometriuli
analizi, geodinamiuri procesebis intesiobis, agroklimaturi resursebis,
zedapiruli Camonadenis, niadagis nayofierebisa da struqturuli
Taviseburebebis, landSaftis vertikaluri da horizontaluri struqturis,
geomasebis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis kompleqsuri
analizi;
_ biologiuri potenciali _ landSaftis unari awarmoos, ganaaxlos da
aRadginos biomasa. biologiuri potenciali pirdapir kavSirSia biologiur
produqtiulobasTan rac Tavis mxriv ganpirobebulia siTbosa da tenis
urTierTdamokidebulebis fizikur-geografiuli pirobebiT.
_ wylis resursuli potenciali _ landSaftis unari, atmosferodan
miRebul tens gaukeTos imgvari transformacia, rom igi gamoyenebul
iqnas ara marto mcenareulobis mier, aramed qmnides wylis brunvis
garkveul wres sameurneo Tu sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis.
amgvari TvalsazrisiT, wylis resursuli potencialiT unda
gamoirCeodnen ara marto mcenareulobiT `mdidari~ landSaftebi,
aramed specifikuri migraciis reJimis, geologiuri an geomorfologiuri
agebulebis mqone geosistemebi. zogadi saxiT, wylis resursuli
potencialiT gamoirCevian is geosistemebi, romlebic subakvaluri,
superakvaluri an avtonomiuri (eluvialuri) migraciis reJimiT
xasiaTdebian, sadac nivTierebaTa akumulacia xorcieldeba rogorc
atmosferodan, aseve gruntis wylebis saxiT. da piriqiT, wylis resursuli

75
potencialis umniSvnelo maCveneblebiT gamoirCevian
transakumulaciuri da transeluviuri migraciis mqone geosistemebi.
garda migraciis reJimisa, landSaftis wylis resursul
potencialze pirdapir kavSirSia misi geologiuri agebuleba, reliefis
daxriloba, eqspozicia, niadagis simZlavre da meqanikuri
Sedgeniloba, notio haeris masebis mimarT ganlageba, teritoriis
damokidebuleba eroziis bazisis mimarT da sxva.
landSaftis wylis resursul potencialze mkafiod metyvelebs
zedapiruli Camonadenisa da miwisqveSa wylebis geografiuli
ganawilebis Taviseburebani. saqarTveloSi wylis resursuli potencialiT
gamoirCevian saSualo mTis tyis landSaftebi (gansakuTrebiT
dasavleT saqarTveloSi), mcire potencialiT ki aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos ukiduresi samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili da TrialeTis
qedis Crdilo da aRmosavleTi ferdobebi.
landSaftis wylis energetikuli potencialis formireba, garda
naleqebis transformaciisa, dakavSirebulia mcenareul formaciaze,
qvefenili zedapiris xasiaTze, mzis energiis transformaciaze da sxv.
potencialis amgvari formiT mTel saqarTveloSi gamoirCeva subalpuri
da alpuri landSaftebi (garda samxr. saqarTvelos landSaftebisa). aq
naleqebis saSualo raodenoba 1200-2500 mm-ia, igi warmodgenilia
balaxeulobiT, gaaCnia mkveTrad daxrili reliefi, axasiaTebs Tovlis
mZlavri da stabiluri safari, aorTqlebis umniSvnelo (300-500 mm)
maCveneblebi da mniSvnelovani (1000-2000 mm/wl) jamuri
Camonadeni.
– mineraluri potenciali _ dakavSirebulia sasargeblo
wiaRiseulis (mineraluri resursebis) geografiuli (landSafturi)
ganawilebis TaviseburebebTan. mineraluri potencialis detaluri
landSafturi ganawilebis TaviseburebaTa gamovlena saintereso
samecniero problemaa, Tumca misi analizi (garda saTbob-
energetikuli resursebisa), garkveuli geografiuli kanonzomierebebis
gamovlenis saSualebasac iZleva.
– energetikuli potencialSi landSaftis mier an mis wiaRSi
kvlavwarmoebuli an transformirebuli sameurneo daniSnulebis
energia unda vigulisxmoT. landSaftTa energetikul potencialSi unda
ganixilebodes transformirebuli wylis energetikuli potenciali, saTbob-
energetikuli resursebis (navTobi, qvanaxSiri, gazi, torfi, sawvavi
76
fiqlebi) raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi Taviseburebani, SeSis damzadebis
da moxmarebis, helio da qaris energiis gamoyenebis saSualebani.
aqve SeiZleba saubari geoTermul energiazec, Tumca igi sruliadac ar
emorCileba landSafturi diferenciaciis princips.
saTbob-energetikuli resursebiT mTaTaSorisi baris vakisa da
gorak-borcvebis subtropikuli semiariduli (aRm. saqarTveloSi) da
subtropikuli humiduri (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) gamoirCevian.
fitomasis maqsimaluri maCveneblebi saSualo mTis wiflnar-
muqwiwvian, wiwvovan da farTofoTlovani (muxnariT)
mcenareulobiT warmodgenil landSaftebs axasiaTebs, helioresursebiT
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos vakis, gorak-borcvebis da dabali mTis
subtropikuli semiariduli, samxreT saqarTveloSi – mTis qvabulis
zomierad semiariduli da maRali mTis mdelos, dasavleT saqarTveloSi
ki maRali mTis subalpuri da alpuri mdelos landSaftebi gamoirCevian
(aq weliwadSi uRrublo dReTa ricxvi 25%-s aRwevs). qaris
resursebiT mdidaria mTaTaSorisi baris mdinareTa xeobebSi,
dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mijnaze (saSualo mTis
zomierad Tbili wiflnari tyis) da samxreT saqarTvelos vulkanuri
platos zomierad semiariduli landSaftebi.

landSaftTa ekologiuri potenciali da misi Sefaseba

ekologiur potencialSi landSaftis mravalwaxnagovani

maxasiaTeblebi igulisxmeba. zogierTi mecnieri mas landSaftis mier
sazogadoebis arsebobis pirveladi moTxovnilebebis (siTbos, haeris,
wylis, kvebis produqtTa wyaroebis) dakmayofilebis, SromiTi
saqmianobis, dasvenebis, mkurnalobs, sulieri ganviTarebis unars
ukavSirebs. landSaftis ekologiuri potencialis geografiuli
Taviseburebebis gamovlena sazogadoebis normaluri yofa-cxovrebisa
da ganviTarebis WrilSi unda ganxorcieldes. ekologiuri potenciali
umeteswilad adamianis sacxovrebeli garemos mimarTulebiT
ganixileba, anu im kuTxiT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens geosistemaTa
Semadgeneli komponentebi adamianze, meurneobaze, rekreaciaze,
geosistemaTa hidrologiur, biogeoqimiur da biotur Tvisebebze.
klimaturi TvalsazrisiT komfortuli garemo dakavSirebulia aqtiur
temperaturaTa jamTan (optimaluria 150020000), +100C-ze dReebis
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saSualo wliur raodenobaze, klimatis tipze, zafxulisa (+15 0 +200) da
zamTris (00-50) temperaturebis xangrZlivobaze, haeris sinotiveze (40-
60%, zogjer 70-80%), naleqebis raodenobaze (500-1500 mm),
formaze, intensiurobaze da sixSireze, danestianebis koeficientze
(k=1), qaris siCqareze (optimaluria 2-3 m/wm weliwadSi),
araxelsayreli klimaturi movlenebis (nisli, setyva, qarbuqi, Weqa-
quxili) ganmeoradobaze, Rrublianobaze (mzian dReTa ricxvze) da
sxv. hidrologiuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia wyliT
uzrunvelyofis maCveneblebi, kerZod: mtknari wylis raodenoba,
mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa mtknari wyliT, moTxovnileba wylis
resursebze da realuri saSualeba, mniSvnelovani wyalsatevebis
raodenoba, maTi Termuli reJimi, wylis mineralizacia, miwisqveSa
wylebis raodenoba da a.S. biogeoqimiuri da bioturi TvalsazrisiT _
sakvebi da samkurnalo mcenareulobiT uzrunvelyofis done,
rekreaciuli da rac Zalze mniSvnelovania, garemosdacviTi da
garemosaRmdgeni funqciebi, arakomfortuli meteomovlenebis
transformaciisa da geodinamiuri procesebis SeCerebis unari da sxv.
ekologiuri potencialis gansazRvrisaTvis landSaftTa
socioekologiuri Taviseburebebidan mniSvnelovania iseTi
maCveneblebs gamovlena, romlebic uSualod moqmedeben an
ganapirobeben amgvar potencials. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia:
landSaftSi mosaxleobis raodenoba da simWidrove, urbanizaciis
done, qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis Tanafardoba, ekologiuri
optimumi da mosaxleobis raodenoba, teritoriis sameurneo
aTvisebuloba, miwis fondis gamoyenebis formebi da intensioba,
istoriul-geografiuli foni da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom landSaftTa
socioekologiur TaviseburebaTa kvleva sruliad axali samecniero
mimarTulebaa mTiani qveynebis geografiaSi, romlisadmi interesi
izrdeba. igi geografiuli sinTezis, erTiani geografiuli gamokvlevebis
mniSvnelovani safuZveli da geografiis gamoyenebiTi daniSnulebis
srulad warmoCenis erT-erTi saSualebaa.
landSaftTa ekologiuri potenciali sivrce-droiTi kategoriaa,
romelic SesaZlebelia transformirdes socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis
da ekologiuri mdgomareobis SecvlasTan erTad. amis gamo,
ekologiuri potencialis gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi
regionis kompleqsuri, bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
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tendencia, prognozuli mdgomareoba. gasagebia, rom pirveli maTgani
SedarebiTi stabilurobiT, procesTan naklebi intensiobiT da
cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeba.

landSaftTa seliteburi potencialis Sefaseba

landSaftTa seliteburi potenciali calkeul SemTxvevebSi

gaigiveblia e.w. samSeneblo potencialTan, raSic igulisxmeba
ganaSenebianebisTvis Sesabamisi bunebrivi pirobebis mqone
teritoriebis arseboba – gansaxlebaTa, komunikaciaTa, samrewvelo
obieqtTa mSeneblobis saimedooba.
saqarTvelos landSaftTa seliteburi potenciali praqtikulad
Seuswavlelia. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, seliteburi potenciali Sefasebis
ramdenime urTierTdakavSirebuli kriteriumiT unda ganvixiloT,
romlebic sasurvelia iTvaliswinebdes ekologiur potencials.
seliteburi potencialis umniSvnelovanesi kriteriumi gansaxlebaTa
saimedobaa, raSic, upirveles yovlisa, seismuri da geodinamiuri
procesebiT stabiluri landSaftebi igulisxmeba. saqarTveloSi maTi
istoriuli gaTvaliswinebis nimuSebi ara marto gansaxlebis tradiciebis,
aramed xalxuri arqiteqturis saxiTac gvxvdeba. gansaxlebis arealebi
umeteswilad reliefur, hidrometeorologiur, niadagur, mcenareul da
sxva Taviseburebebsac iTvaliswinebs. saqarTveloSi seliteburi
potencialiT mTaTaSorisi baris is landSaftebi gamoirCevian, romlebic
qveda mTis tyis landSaftebis mijnaze imyofebian. gansaxlebis
arealebi istoriul-geografiuli da ekologiuri faqtorebiTacaa
ganpirobebuli.
sasoflo gansaxlebaTa xasiaTi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa geografiuli Taviseburebisagan. am
SemTxvevaSi landSafturi faqtori meorexarisxovnad gvevlineba.
garda istoriulisa, qalaqebis zrda-ganviTarebaze moqmedebs
geostrategiuli, ekonomikur-geografiuli, satransporto-geografiuli da
socialuri faqtorebi. bunebrivi faqtorebi qalaqebis formirebasa da
ganviTarebaSi, Tanamedrove epoqaSi, pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs _
maT gaaCniaT garkveuli, Tumca ara ganmsazRvreli roli. msxvili
qalaqebi (0,5 mlnze meti mcxovrebiT), rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia
ramdenime landSaftis farglebSi an maT mijnaze. aq gardaqmnilia
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yvela fizikur-geografiuli maxasiaTebeli, landSaftis bunebrivi
potencials, komponentTaSori kavSirebi, vertikaluri da horizontaluri
struqtura.

landSaftTa rekreaciuli potencialis Sefaseba

landSaftTa rekreaciul potencialad ganixileba buneb-

rivi da istoriul-kulturuli garemos is erToblioba, romelic dadebiTad
moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze, mis fizikur da socialur
mdgomareobaze da romelic xels uwyobs adamianis
Sromisunarianobis aRdgenas.
rekreaciuli potenciali rekreaciuli resursebis erTo-
bilobaa, romelSic aTeulobiT elementi ganixileba. maTgan
aRsaniSnavia: klimaturi pirobebi, wylis resursebi, balneoresursebi,
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro, reliefis tipebi da formebi,
landSafturi da bio mravalferovneba, landSaftTa esTetikuri garemo,
istoriuli Zeglebi, kulturis, janmrTelobis dacvis, sportuli profilis
dawesebulebebi da a.S. amgvari mravalferovneba arTulebs maT
landSaftur diferenciacias da klasifikacias, landSaftTa rekreaciuli
potencialis srulyofil gansazRvras.
rekreaciuli potencialis Semadgeneli elementebi gansxvavdebian
landSaftur erTeulTa regionuli da zonalurtipologiuri erTeulebis
mixedviT. regionuli erTeulebis mixedviT gamoyofa teritoriul-
rekreaciul sistemaTa oTxi (samkurnalo, gamajansaRebeli, sportuli,
SemecnebiTi) tipi; zonalur-tipologiuri erTeulebis gamoyofa ki
moiTxovs rogorc rekraciul obieqtTa tipologiuri erTeulebis
dajgufebas, aseve maT warmoCenas zonaluri (landSafturi) erTeulebis
saxiT. rekreaciuli resursebis kopleqsuri, landSafturi analizi da
sinTezi specialuri samecniero kvleva moiTxovs. rekreaciuli
potenciali sivrce-droiTi kategoriaa. calkeul SemTxvevebSi, landSafts
gaaCnia rogorc resursuli, aseve rekreaciuli potenciali, romelic icvleba
sezonebis mixedviT. magaliTad, maRali mTis mdelos landSaftebi
zamTris periodSi didTovlobiT gamoirCevian, ris gamoc aq
mniSvnelovania maTi rekreaciuli potencialis ganxilva, maSin roca
zafxulSi, igive landSaftebi atareben rogorc rekreaciul, aseve
resurswarmoebiT funqcias.
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 saqarTveloSi landSaftTa rekreaciuli potencialis gamoyeneba
kargad gamoxatuli sezonuri da regionuli saxesxvaobebiT
gamoirCeva. mudmivi rekreaciuli potencialiT gamoirCeva Tbilis-
rusTavis saqalaqo aglomeraciis mimdebare saSualo mTis tyis is
landSaftebi, romlebic mis sisaxloves (60-70 km-is radiusSi)
imyofebian, xolo perioduliT gansazRvruli _ sakurorto-rekreaciul
zonalobiT gansazRvruli landSaftebis umetesoba.
saqarTvelo mniSvnelovani rekreaciuli potencialis
mqone qveyanaa, rasac xelTuqmneli landSaftebisa da originaluri
istoriul-eTnografiuli Zeglebis mcire farTobebze Tavmoyra, speleo da
samTo turizmis obieqtTa simravle, samecniero-SemecnebiTi,
samonadireo da ekoturizmis potenciali da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi
ganapirobebs.
saqarTvelos landSaftTa rekreaciuli potencialis
sworad gansazRvra ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli
dagegmarebis, bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, turistul-
rekreaciuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebis da Sesabamisad qveynis
socialur-ekonomikuri aRmavlobis winapirobaa.
4.6. landSaftTa funqciebis gansazRvra
landSaftTa funqciebis gansazRvra zogadad geografiis,
kerZod ki geoekologiis da gamoyenebiTi landSaftmcodneobis,
landSafturi dagegmarebis sakvanZo sakiTxia. gasagebia, rom
amgvari saqmianoba araerTi profilis specialistis monawileobiTaa
SesaZlebeli, romlebic gaiTvaliswineben teritoriis landSaftur-
ekologiur viTarebas _ misi struqturisa da funqcionirebis
Tanamedrove mdgomareobas, anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis
formebsa da masStabebs, potencials, mdgradobas, garemosaRmdgen
TvisebaTa da im socialur-ekonomiur funqciaTa Taviseburebebs,
romlebic daakisra an SesaZlebelia daakisros sazogadoebam. amis
gamo, landSaftTa funqciebis dadgena mWidrod ukavSirdeba calkeuli
teritoriis socio-funqcionalur analizsa da perspeqtiul sameurneo
prognozs.
landSaftTa funqciebis gansazRvris erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanes etapad unda CaiTvalos landSaftTa pasportizacia, romelic
sasurvelia moicavdes informacias: landSaftis farglebSi mimdinare
geodinamiur procesebze, landSaftis struqturul-funqcionalur
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Taviseburebebze, calkeul komponentTa resursul potencialze,
migraciis reJimsa da danestianebis tipze, mosaxleobisa da
meurneobis ganawilebaze, socialur da ekologiur viTarebaze da a.S.
landSaftTa funqciebi dakavSirebulia or momentTan: 1. funqcia,
ganpirobebuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebiT da 2. funqcia,
gansazRvruli landSaftur-ekologiuri mdgomareobiT, mdgradobiT,
potencialiT da sxv. gasagebia, rom pirveli tipis socialur-ekonomikur
funqciaTa raodenoba gacilebiT metia, vidre meoris. pirveli tipi
moicavs sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis yvela sferos da Sesabamisad,
landSaftTa funqciebis mravalgvaroba swored amiT aixsneba. pirveli
tipis funqciaTa klasifikaciis Sedegad SesaZlebelia gamoiyos
Semdegi ZiriTadi jgufebi: 1. sameurneo saqmianobaSi Cabmuli
landSatfebi; 2. samecniero-saganmanaTleblo; 3. rekreaciul-
esTetikuri daniSnulebis; 4. seliteburi; 5. bunebis dacvisa da garemos
regulirebisaTvis saWiro landSaftebi. landSaftis funqciaTa meore
tipSi SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ori jgufi: ZiriTadi _ 1.
resurswarmoebiTi (sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi, satyeo teritoriebi,
sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT mdidari teritoriebi da a.S.); 2.
garemosaRmdgeni (wyalSemqmneli, TviTgawmendis, bioturi
regulirebis da a.S.); 3. resursul-informaciuli anu bunebisdacviTi
(sanakrZalo, samecniero, saganamanaTleblo funqciis mqone
landSaftebi); meorexarisxovani _ 4. rekreaciul-resursuli da 5.
seliteburi funqciis.
lantSaftma SesaZlebelia erTdroulad Seasrulos erTi
an ramdenime funqcia, romlebic icvleba sazogadoebis
moTxovnebidan da geoekologiuri viTarebidan gamomdinare.
amgvari cvla, rac upirveles yovlisa, landSaftis potenciuri
SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganxorcieldes. evropis
maRalurbanizebul saxelmwifoebSi landSafts ZiriTadad
mravalfunqciuri daniSnuleba gaaCnia, romlis regulireba saxelmwifo
politikis rangSia ayvanili da teritoriuli dagegmarebis ZiriTad
mimarTulebad iTvleba.
landSaftTa funqciebi dinamikuri maCveneblebia. isini icvlebian
sivrcesa da droSi, rac dakavSirebulia rogorc sazogadoebis mudmivad
mzard moTxovnebTan, aseve bunebaSi mimdinare procesebTan da
ekologiur problemebTan. sazogadoebis materialur Tu sulier
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moTxovnaTa cvalebadobam, maTi efeqturi dakmayofilebis gzebis
Ziebam bunebrivi procesebis da resursuli potencialis
gaTvaliswinebam, saboloo jamSi landSaftTa funqciis optimalur
gamoyenebamde unda migviyvanos. sworad gansazRvruli landSaftis
funqcia, misi ganuxreli dacva ara marto teritoriuli dagegmarebis,
aramed racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis qvakuTxedi unda gaxdes.
landSaftebi amJamad asruleben an SeuZliaT Seasrulon Semdegi
ZiriTadi funqciebi:
resurswarmoebiTi funqcia landSaftis bunebriv-resursuli
potencialidan gamomdinareobs da ZiriTadad meurneobis calkeul
dargebis (mopovebiT mrewvelobas, energetikas, soflis, satyeo da
wylis meurneobas) ganviTarebis miznebs emsaxureba. amgvari
funqciis mqone landSaftSi, romlebsac jer kidev gaaCniaT resursis
kvlavwarmoebis unari, unda ganxorcieldes biologiuri produqtiulobis
zrda, calkeuli saxis resursTa maragebis Seqmna da a.S.
resurswarmoebiTi funqcia nebismier landSafts gaCnia, Tumca isini
gansxvavdebian daniSnulebiT, intensiobiT, sezonurobiT da sxv.
yoveli landSafti moicavs bunebriv resursTa individualur kompleqss _
siTburs, wylis, mineralurs da biologiurs. landSaftSi nebismieri
aRdgenadi resursis kvlavwarmoeba xorcieldeba im bunebrivi
meqanizmebis saSualebiT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia misi
funqcionirebisaTvis, bunebrivi reJimisa da struqturisaTvis.
garemosaRmdgeni funqciis mqone landSaftebs unda gaaCndeT
unari SeinarCunon struqturul-funqcionaluri maxasiaTeblebi imgvari
formiT, romlis saSualebiTac moxerxdeba Semadgeneli
komponentebisa da landSaftis saerTo Tvisebebis aRdgena, maTi
urTierTdamokidebulebis regulireba. garemosaRmdgeni funqciis
mqone landSaftebi monawileoben rogorc qimiur-biologiuri sivrcis
formirebasa da regulirebaSi, aseve haeris, wylis da saerTod garemos
TviTwmendis procesebSi, geoekologiuri stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi,
bunebrivi reJimis da mimdebare (mezobeli) geosistemebis
mdgradobaSi da sxv.
garemosaRmdgeni funqciis mqone landSaftebi maRali
anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis an zemoqmedebis riskis mqone
teritoriebze unda iqnen warmodgenili. amgvar teritoriebSi, upirveles
yovlisa, igulisxmeba msxvili saqalaqo aglomeraciebi, samrewvelo
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centrebi, satransporto kvanZebi da magistralebi, intensiuri sasoflo-
sameurneo regionebi da maT mijnaze warmodgenili landSaftebi.
garemosaRmdgenil funqciis efeqturad Sesruleba, saqarTvelos
pirobebSi, umeteswilad satyeo meurneobis racionalur da
mizanmimarTul dagegmarebas ukavSirdeba.
saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa farglebSi garemosaRmdgeni funqcia
kulturul landSaftebs _ rekreaciuli funqciis mqone tye-parkebs unda
mieniWoT. evropaSi dasaxlebuli punqtebis farglebSi miRebulia
Semdegi tipis garemosaRmdgeni teritoriebi: baRebi, landSafturi
parkebi, saxalxo parkebi, kulturis parkebi. parkebis gansakuTrebuli
tipia zoologiuri da sakurorto parkebi. Tu mcire qalaqebis (5-10 aTasi
mcxovrebi) farglebSi garemosaRmdgen funqcias ZiriTadad baR-
bostnebiT dakavebuli teritoriebi asruleben, msxvili saqalaqo
dasaxlebebis farglebSi (50 aTasze meti mcxovrebi) igive funqcia
parkebs ekisrebaT. garemosaRmdgeni funqciis mqone teritoriebs
centraluri evropis qalaqebSi saSualod teritoriis 20-25% ukaviaT.
germaneli mecnierebis mier landSaftis resurswarmoebiTi da
garemosaRmdgeni funqciebi gaerTianebulia e.w. `landeskulturul~
funqciad, radgan orive zemoTganxiluli funqcia mWidrod
urTierTdakavSirebul, landSaftebis arsebobis ganmsazRvrel da
geoekologiuri procesebis mastabilizirebel faqtorad gvevlineba.
`landeskulturul~ funqciaSi qvesistemebis saxiT aseve ganixileba
teqnologiuri warmoSobis narCenebis dagrovebisa da utilizaciis
(TviTwmendis) qvefunqciac.
garemosdacviTi (bunebisdacviTi) funqcia Tanamedrove
geoekologiuri problematikis konteqstSi eqceva da landSaftebis mier
teritoriis sanitaruli, niadagdacviTi, wyaldacviTi mniSvnelobis,
agreTve geosistemaTa struqturuli mravalferovnebis (rac
ganapirobebs mis mdgradobas) SenarCunebas ukavSirdeba.
bunebisdacviTi funqcia pirdapir kavSirSia im RonisZiebaTa
sistemasTan (teqnologiuri, samarTlebriv-administraciuli,
ekonomikuri, samecniero, saganmanaTleblo da a.S.), romelic
mizanmimarTulia landSaftis mier aRniSnuli socialurekonomikuri
funqciis Sesasruleblad. amis gamo, bunebisdacviTi funqcia xSir
SemTxvevaSi gaigivebulia sanakrZalo reJimTan, romlis
Tanamedrove ganviTarebis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi daculi teritoriebis
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axali sistemas ukavSirdeba. sanakrZalo reJimis mqone teritoriebis
funqcionireba ar unda iqnes orientirebuli erTi romelime komponentis
SenarCunebaze. gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes landSaftis struqturuli
mravalferovneba, komopnentTa kavSirurTierTobebis mniSvneloba
florisa Tu faunis ama Tu im saxeobis SenarCunebisaTvis, landSaftis
daniSnuleba mezobeli teritoriebis resurswarmoebiTi Tu
garemosaRmdgeni funqciis maqsimaluri mdgradobisaTvis da sxv.
mTian teritoriebze gasakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania landSaftTa
vertikaluri zonalobis mdgradi speqtris SenarCuneba, rac landSaftTa
bunebisdacviTi funqciis Sesrulebis garantiaa. bunebisdacviTi
funqciis mqone landSaftebi stabilur ekologiur viTarebas unda
ganapirobebdnen cocxali organizmebis gansaxlebis, kvebisa da
TavSesafris arealebSi, xelTuqmnel Tu mcired Secvlil bunebriv
teritoriebze, iSviaTi cxovelebisa da reliqturi mcenareebisTvis.
bunebisdacviTi funqcia landSafts unda mieniWos garemos
bunebrivi da teqnogenuri zemoqmedebisagan dacvis, bunebrivi
resursebis, kulturuli landSaftebis, istoriuli da bunebis Zeglebis dacvis
mizniT. bunebisdacviTi funqciis maRal doneze Sesruleba amgvar
funqciaTa mqone landSaftTa urTierTdakavSirebuli sistemis
SemTxvevaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli, raSic daculi teritoriebis
Tanamedrove komponentebis (ekologiuri derefani, buferuli zona,
mwvane zonis tyeebi da sxv.) maRalmecnierul doneze SerCeva da
erTian sistemaSi CarTva igulisxmeba. bunebisdacviTi funqcis mqone
landSaftebi mniSvnelovanwilad SeiTavseben rekreaciul an
garemosaRmdgen daniSnulebas, rac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
SeiZens maRali anTropogenuli datvirTvis mqone teritoriebze an maT
maqsimalur miaxloebaze.
rekreaciuli funqciis mqone landSaftebi unda gamoirCe-
odnen maRali esTetikuri daniSnulebiT, Seicavdnen adamianis
janmrTelobisTvis aucilebel elementebsa da komponentebs,
gaaCndeT kulturul-istoriuli garemo da esTetikuri Rirseba,
moicavdnen regionis eTnogeografiul Taviseburebebs da
a.S. rekreaciuli funqcia SesaZlebelia SeiTavsos nebismieri
daniSnulebis landSaftma, Tuki mas gaaCnia zemoTaRniSnuli
resursebi, Tuki sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad aq ar irRveva
landSaftis esTetikuri Rirebulebani, Tuki rekreaciul obieqtTa siuxve
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landSaftis esTetikur aRqmas, percefcias emsaxureba. yoveli
landSafti, miuxedavad klimaturi komfortulobisa Tu
diskomfortulobisa, Semadgeneli komponentebis erTianobidan
gamomdinare, sxvadasxva eTnosisaTvis warmoadgens
bunebiTsargeblobiTi saqmianobis garkveul areals, eTnikur ekologiur
garemos. raki TiToeuli eTnosi garkveul landSaftebzea `mibmuli~,
mas uyalibdeba am landSaftTan urTierTobis Taviseburi, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tipi. amgvari Tvalsazrisi garkveul
winaaRmdegobaSia eTnosis mier teritoriis rekreaciuli daniSnulebiT
aRqmasTan. adamiani gonebrivi Tu fizikuri energiis aRdgenas
umeteswilad `ucxo~ landSaftur garemoSi cdilobs. amgvari ucxooba
mTiani teritoriebis SemTxvevaSi didi mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva, rac umniSvnelo gadaadgilebiTac ki miiRweva.
rekreaciuli funqciis mqone landSaftma garkveuli socialuri datvirTva
unda SeiZinon, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia: samkurnalo da
SemecnebiTi. geografiul literaturaSi rekreaciuli sistemebis saxiT
ganixileba ara romelime landSafturi erTeuli (rac sruliad
gamarTlebulia), aramed is bunebrivi da kulturuli kompleqsebi,
romlebic warmodgenilia landSaftSi da moicavs keTilmowyobil
sacxovrebel garemos, sakurorto adgilebs, istoriul Zeglebs,
hidroteqnikur da sainJinro nagebobebs, satransporto arteriebs,
momsaxurebis sferos da sxv.
funqciaTa Soris aseve mniSvnelovania landSaftis seli-
teburi (dasaxlebaTa, samrewvelo obieqtiTa, satransporto
komunikaciaTa) funqciis gansazRvra. amJamad saqarTveloSi
selitebur teritoriebad im saqalaqo Tu sasoflo gansaxlebaTa arealebia
warmodgenili, romelTac upirvelesad garemosaRmdgeni an
resurswarmoebiTi funqcia gaaCniaT.

4.7. landSafturi dagegmareba

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli civilizebuli msoflios

ganviTarebis aucilebel principad samarTlianad iqca regionebis
mdgradi socialur-ekonomikuri aRmavlobis da jansaRi ekologiuri
viTarebis uzrunvelyofa, raSic maTi cxovrebis donis daaxloeba da
gaTanabreba, ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCuneba igulisxmeba.
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regionebis mdgradi ekologiuri ganviTareba araerTi evropuli
maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifos prioritetuli mimarTuleba,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mniSvnelovani aspeqti, msxvili
transnacionaluri Tu bunebaTsargeblobiTi profilis proeqtis safuZveli
gaxda.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
maxvildeba axali socialur-ekonomikuri orientaciis mqone
saxelmwifoebze, romlebSic TandaTanobiT yalibdeba regionuli
socialur-ekonomikuri da ekologiuri politika, mimdinareobs
miwaTsargeblobis, bunebrivi pirobebisa da resursebis revizia,
bunebaTsargeblobis axali orientacia. maT Sorisaa saqarTveloc,
romlis Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikuri da geopolitikuri
orientacia bunebrivi garemos gamoyenebis, saerTaSoriso da
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis proeqtebis ekologiuri uzrurnvelyofisa da
saimedoobis garantiebsac unda iTvaliswinebdes. evropa-aziis
energetikuli da satransporto derefnis, daculi teritoriebis axali
sistemis, wylis resursebis gamoyenebis, tyis inventarizaciasTan da
gaumjobesebul eqspluataciasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebi ara marto
qveynis, aramed regionebis mdgradi socialur-ekonomikuri da
ekologiuri ganviTarebis principebis dacviT, bunebaTsargeblobiTi
profilis da ekonomikuri politikis ganmsazRvrel uwyebaTa
koordinaciis, ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmarebis gziT
unda ganxorcieldes.
miwaTsargeblobis restruqturizaciis, tyeebis gaumjobesebuli
eqspluataciis, ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmarebis
umnimnevnelovanesi etapi landSafturi dagegmarebaa, romelic
landSafturi arqiteqturis tradiciebis da principebis, regionaluri
politikisa da dagegmarebis safuZvelze viTardeba.
landSafturi dagegmarebis ZiriTadi amocanaa:
gamovlindes landSaftis, rogorc erTiani da dinamiuri
sistemis, esTetikuri faseuloba da ier-saxe; dadgindes racionaluri
bunebaTsargeblobis konkretuli kriteriumebi, rac saSualebas
mogvcems SevinarCunoT jansaRi sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba (maT
unda warmoaCinon garemos xarisxobrivi, mdgradi ganviTarebis is
kriteriumebi, romlebic Tanadroulad warmoadgens teritoriuli
ganviTarebisa da mSeneblobis dagegmarebis orientirebs, agreTve
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proeqtTa ekologiuri eqspertizisa da garemoze zemoqmedebis
regulirebis RonisZiebebs); Seiqmnas garemoTi mosargebleTaTvis
gadawyvtilebis miRebis SesaZleblobaTa safuZveli.
landSafturi dagegmarebis evropuli (didi britaneTi, holandia,
espaneTis, safrangeTi, germania, ruseTi da sxv.) gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, rom igi:
uSualo kavSirSia teritoriul miwaTsargeblobasTan,
regionalur socialur-ekonomikur dagegmarebasTan; iTvaliswinebs
sazogadoebis an adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
moTxovnebs landSaftTa socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebisadmi;
iZleva operatiuli reagirebis saSualebas im konkretul
bunebaTsargeblobiT problemebze, romelic SesaZlebelia gadaisinjos
droTa ganmavlobaSi; upirvelesad geoekologiuri profilisaa da
orientirebulia saxeobebisa da biotopebis, landSafturi da
biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebaze; iTvaliswinebs regionis
istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs, ris gamoc calkeul
SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia ara mxolod ekologiuri mimarTuleba, aramed
landSaftis (peizaJis) esTetikuri mdgomareobis gajansaRebis an
SenarCunebis funqcia;
ganicdis TandaTanobiT integracias evropis erTiani samarTlebrivi
bazis farglebSi, daculi teritoriebis erTiani qsels Seqmnis gziT.
landSafturi dagegmarebis evropuli (germanuli) gamocdileba
farTod inergeba postsabWoTa sivrcis (ruseTi, baltiispireTis, samxreT
kavkasiis, centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebi) samecniero da
dagegmarebiTi profilis uwyebebSi, rogorc: ekologiurad orientirebuli
teritoriuli dagegmarebis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawili da
safuZveli; disciplinaTaSorisi instrumenti, romelic SeTanxmebis
meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT aerTianebs sameurneo da politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis mimReb uwyebebs; garemosdacviTi problemebis
gamovlenisa da gadawyvetis ZiriTadi saSualeba; centalizebuli
miwaTsargeblobis sivrciTi da mmarTvelobiTi restruqturizaciis
xelsayreli instrumenti; mosaxleobis demokratizaciisa da socialur-
ekonomikuri stabilizaciis saSualeba; saerTaSoriso da regionuli
garemosdacviTi principebisa da programebis harmonizaciis
moxerxebuli gza da a.S.
sainteresoa landSafturi dagegmarebis damocdilebis da
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ganviTarebis tendenciebi ganxilva evropis zogierT qveyanaSi.
maTgan aRsaniSnavia:
germaniis – xasiaTdeba tradiciuli Teoriul-praqtiku-
li saqmianoba, ganmtkicebuli federaluri kanonmdeblobiT;
orientirebuli landSaftisa da misi Semadgeneli komponentebis
mdgradobis xarisxis, kompleqsuri dagegmarebis safuZvelze
landSaftTa socialur-ekonomikuri funqciis SenarCunebaze;
gamoirCeva maRali sazogadoebrivi interesiT da mosaxleobis farTo
fenebis monawileobis masStabebiT) gamocdileba.
didi britaneTis – xasiaTdeba SedarebiT susti tradici-
ebiT; orientirebuli individualur moTxovnebsa da mkacrad daculi
teritoriebis dagegmarebaze; gamoirCeva saxelmwifo politikis
arqoniT, Tumca TandaTanobiTi integraciiT evrokavSiris ekologiur
politikaSi;
holandiis – xasiaTdeba myari tradiciebiT; ayvanilia
saxelmwifos rangSi; orientirebulia lokalur, ekologiurad mimarTulia
teritoriul dagegmarebasa da wylis rusursebis marTvaze; bunebrivi
garemos dacvisa da landSaftis gardaqmnisaTvis Seqmnilia specialuri
programebi: e.w. `mwvane~ _ garemosdacviTi, `yviTeli~ _ intensiuri
soflis meurneobis, `cisferi~ _ ekonomikuri da ekologiuri intergaciis,
`yavisferi~ _ soflis meurneobisa da sxva proeqtebis integraciis;
safrangeTis – xasiaTdeba SedarebiT susti tradiciebiT; orientirebuli
landSaftis, rogorc esTetikuri kategoris, gajansaRebaze;
decentralizirebuli saxelmwifo da nebayoflobiTi ekologiuri politikiT;
espaneTis – xasiaTdeba susti tradiciebiT; orientirebu-
li erovnul bunebaTsargeblobiT programebze da garkveul socialur-
ekonomikur miznebze, teritoriis zonirebaze saxeobebisa da
biotopebis dacvis mizniT; TandaTan ganicdis integracias
evrokavSiris ekologiuri samarTlebrivi bazis farglebSi); landSafturi
dagegmareba, amerikelTa TvalsazrisiT, da-
kavSirebulia garemos (jandacva, ekologia, biosamedicino
dagegmareba) da garemos marTvis (arqiteqtura, raionuli
dagegmareba) profilis mecnierebebTan, agreTve sazogadoebriv da
`qceviT~ mecnierebebTan (ekonomika, politologia, fsiqologia,
sociologia). maT Soris sivrciTi, kompleqsuri kavSirurTierTobebi
sistematikuri, raodenobrivi da sinTezuri gziT Seiswavleba, rac
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SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes sam: saxelmwifoebiv (wvrilmasStabian),
regionul (saSualomasStabian) da lokalur (msxvilmasStabian) doneze.
landSafturi dagegmareba disciplinaTaSorisi problemaa, romelic
aerTianebs gegmis SemmuSavebel, ganmsazRvrel da
ganmaxorcielebel samecniero-praqtikuli profilis uwyebebs. misi arsi
sazogdoebis mdgradi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
uzrunvelyofaSi, ekologiuri viTarebis sworad gansazRvraSi,
Sefasebasa da gaTvaliswinebaSi mdgomareobs. landSafturi
dagegmarebis ekologiur safuZvels teritoriuli geoekologiuri anu
landSaftur-ekologiuri kvleva warmoadgens, romlis mizania bunebrivi
Tu socialur-ekonomikuri garemos sivrce-droiTi ganviTarebis,
garemos Semadgeneli komponentebis ekologiuri mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb monacemTa Segroveba, sistematizacia, analizi da sinTezi.
geoekologiur gamokvlevaTa saboloo produqtSi asaxul
unda iqnes bunebriv da socialur-ekonomikur garemoSi mimdinare
procesebi, bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
masStabebi, Sedegebi da prognozi.
saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc centraluri mdebareobis
mqone yvela mTian qveyanaSi, socialur-ekonomikur da ekologiur
procesTa mimdinareoba kargad gamoxatuli sivrce-droiTi da zonaluri
(landSafturi), istoriuli da eTnokulturuli mravalferovnebiT da
TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. amgvari mravalferovneba, maRali
sameurneo-rekreaciuli potenciali, mniSvnelovani geostrategiuli
mdebareoba Cveni qveynisadmi ara marto gansakuTrebuli
saerTaSoriso interesis, aramed anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT
bunebrivi garemos mravalgvari degradaciis da transformaciis
mizezicaa. amis gamo, qveynis ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu ekologiuri
politika, Sesabamis regionul politikasTan erTad, uzrunvelyofili unda
iqnes sakanonmdeblo, samarTlebrivi da politikuri baziT, normatiuli
dokumentebiT, unda efuZnebodes teritoriul ekologiur (da ara
dargobriv an uwyebriv) dagegmarebas.
gasagebia, rom landSafturi dagegmareba mowodebulia Seqmnas
da ganavrcos informacia landSaftTa Tanamedrove mdgomareobis,
anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis formebisa da masStabebis Sesaxeb.
misi gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba pirdapir kavSirSia
landSaftmcodneobis da landSafturi arqiteqturis ganviTarebasTan da
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gamocdilebasTan, tradiciebsa da miRebul principebTan, kompleqsuri
analizisa da sinTezis SesaZleblobis donesTan da a.S.
Tavi V. geografiuli swavlebani,
Teoriebi, kanonzomierebebi, koncefciebi

ZiriTadi ganmartebani: swavleba – Teoriebisa da

koncefciebis erToblioba;
Teoria – ZiriTadi ideebis erToblioba, romelic iZleva srul
warmodgenas kanonebsa da kanonzomierebebze; idea – mTavari
azri;
koncefcia – msoflmxedveloba, saxelmZRvanelo idea; hipoTeza –
mosazreba, dausabuTebeli azri, gardaiqmneba Teoriad an kvdeba.
ganmarteba – azrovnebis arsi, romelic asaxavs movlena-
Ta an obieqtTa ZiriTad mniSvnelobas; paradigma – aRiarebuli
codna, Sefaseba, monacemi, cnoba.

5.1. zogadgeografiuli swavlebani

evoluciuri
swavleba
geografiaSi evoluciuri swavleba ganviTarebas iwyebs XIX
saukunis dasawyisidan, xolo farTo aRiarebas miaRwia amave
saukunis Sua xanebSi. mis fuZemdeblad iTvleba ingliseli
bunebismetyveli Carlz darvini. evoluciuri swavleba swrafad
gavrcelda msoflioSi da aRiareba moipova sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi. geografiaSi evoluciuri swavleba faqtebisa da
movlenebis istoriuli ganviTarebis Seswavlis aucileblobas
ukavSirdeba, riTac safuZveli Caeyara paleogeografias. evoluciuri
swavlebis mixedviT geografiuli garemo viTardeba martividan
(erTferovanidan) rTulisaken (mravalferovanisaken). amJamad
swrafad viTardeba evoluciuri geografia - samecniero mimarTuleba,
romelic zrdis da afarToebs paleogeografiis kvlevis sferos
mniSvnelobas. evoluciuri geografiis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia
srulyofilad aixsnas globaluri ekologiuri problemebis ganviTarebis
sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebani, gamovlenil iqnas dedamiwis istoriis
manZilze da Tanamedrove etapze geografiuli garemos cvlilebaTa

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struqturul-funqcionaluri Taviseburebani, gakeTdes srulyofili
geoekologiuri prognozi. swavleba biosferos da noosferos Sesaxeb
swavleba aerTianebs araerT samecniero mimarTulebas,
romelic ukavSirdeba dedamiwaze zogadad sicocxlis, kerZod ki
biosferos ganviTarebis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis axsnas,
biosferos kavSiris Seswavlas aracocxal samyarosTan, biosferos rolis
dadgenas geografiuli garsis funqcionirebaSi, biosferoSi mimdinare
geografiuli procesebis Seswavlas.
swavlebis mixedviT, biosfero TanadaTan gadadis noosfe-
roSi (anu “moazrovne sferoSi” – idea da termini ekuTvnis rus
mecniers v. vernadskis), riTac fiqsirdeba sazogadoebis
umniSvnelovanesi roli bunebriv movlenebsa da procesebSi, maTi
urTierTkavSiris masStabebi, geografiuli garsis ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, adamianis roli garemos gardaqmnaSi _
rogorc axali “geologiuri movlena”. noosfero (sxva ganmartebiT –
teqnosfero, anTroposfero, sociosfero) miiCneva biosferos
ganviTarebis umaRles safexurad. geografiaSi noosfero
urTierTdakavSirebuli fenebis saxiT: “adamiani – buneba –
sazogadoeba” ganixileba. swavlebam noosferos Sesaxeb biZgi misca
iseTi samecniero mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa adamianis
ekologia, samedicino geografia da sxv.
swavleba bunebaTsargeblobis Sesaxeb
racionaluri bunebaTsargebloba aucilebloba, bunebrivi
garemos da bunerivi resursebis optimaluri gamoyeneba samecniero
da praqtikuli profilis amocanaa, romelic gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan dadga dRis wesrigSi.
bunebaTsargeblobaSi igulisxmeba qmedeba, romelic ukavSirdeba
bunebis dacvas, gamoyenebasa da gardaqmnas momavali
Taobebisadmi misi maqsimalurad pirvandeli saxiT SenarCunebis
mizniT, sazogadoebasa da bunebas Soris harmoniuli wonasworobis
SenarCunebis gziT. bunebaTsargebloba, Sedegebis mixedviT,
SeiZleba iyos racionaluri da iracionaluri, intensiuri da eqstensiuri, rac
TvalsaCinod asaxavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dones. racionaluri
bunebaTsargeblobisas maqsimalurad SenarCundeba bunebrivi
potenciali. bunebaTsargebloba warmodgenilia or ZiriTadi da
urTierTdakavSirebuli mimarTulebis – bunebrivi resursebis (garemos)
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gamoyenebis da garemos dacvis saxiT. racionaluri
bunebaTsargebloba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes araerTi midgomis
safuZvelze, romelTagan mniSvnelovania: socialur-ekonomikuri,
samarTlebrivi, teqnikur-ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da sxv.
bunebaTsargeblobis mimarTulebiT araerTi samecniero
mimarTuleba ganviTarda, romelTa Soris ZiriTadia
bunebaTsargeblobis geografia (bunebrivi garemos optimizacia,
bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis geografia, bunebaTsageblobis
socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebis kvleva, landSafturi arqiteqtura da
dagegmareba).
swavleba msoflio okeanis Sesaxeb
msoflio okeane ZiriTadad sabunebismetyvelo samecniero
mimarTulebebis (fizika, qimia, biologia, geologia) Seiswavleba,
Tumca misi bunebaTsargeblobiTi problemebi moiTxovda iseTi
mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa msoflio okeanis ekonomika
da geografia. msoflio okeanis geografia, gansakuTrebiT misi fizikur-
geografiuli nawili, mWidro kavSirSia okeanologiasTan, romelic erT-
erTi uZvelesi samecniero mimarTulebaa.
swavleba kulturul mcenareTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb
msoflioSi kulturul mcenareTa warmoSobis 8 ZiriTadi
keraa (centraluri meqsika, peru-ekvadori-bolivia, brazilia-paragvai,
xmelTaSuazRvispireTi, wina azia, abisinia, centraluri azia-CineTis,
indoeT-malais), romelTa Seswavla xorcieldeba maTi formirebis,
ganviTarebis da gavrcelebis geografiuli (bunebrivi), istoriuli da
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis analizis gziT.
swavleba niadagis (pedosferos) Sesaxeb
pedosfero pirobiTi terminia, radgan niadagi ar warmoadgens
geografiul garsSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebul bunebriv komponents da
gaaCnia diskretuli xasiaTi. igi ar gvxvdeba okeaneebisa da zRvebis
fskerze, nivalur zonaSi da civ sartyelSi, udabnoebSi da sxv. niadags
xatovnad “bunebis sarkes” uwodeben, radgan masSi aisaxeba
globaluri, regionuli da lokaluri bunebrivi movlenebi da procesebi.
geografiul garsSi niadagebis gavrcelebas kargad gamoxatuli
geografiuli – ganeduri (zonaluri) da simaRlebrivi (azonaluri) xasiaTi
aqvs. geografiaSi swavleba niadagis Sesaxeb (rac mWidro kavSirSia

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geologiasTan, botanikasTan, qimiasTan, fizikasTan, agronomiasTan)
ganviTarda niadagebis geografiis saxiT.
swavleba tyeebis Sesaxeb
swavleba tyeebis Sesaxeb biologiaSi ganviTarda sami ZiriTadi
mimarTulebiT (tyeebis saxeobaTa biologia, nargaobaTa biologia,
swavleba nargaobaTa tipebis Sesaxeb), romlebic mWidro kavSirSia
geografiasTan. mcenareuloba (tyeebi) biosferos nawilia, romelTa
ganviTarebis Taviseburebani araerT geografiul faqtors (geografiul
mdebareobas, adgilis simaRles, haeris temperaturas, naleqebis
raodenobas da xasiaTs, niadagebs, geologiur agebulebas)
ukavSirdeba. mTian regionebSi tyeebis ganviTarebaze, garda
aRniSnulisa, moqmedebs espozicia da geodinamiuri procesebi.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi Zalze aqtualuria tyiani teritoriebis
SenarCunebis da aRdgenis problema, raSic aqtiur monawileobas
geografiac Rebulobs (landSaftur-ekologiuri gamokvlevebis saxiT).
swavleba mTiani teritoriebis Sesaxeb
mTiani regionebi gamoirCeva specifikiT, romelic ukavSirdeba
geografiul, ekologiur, socialur-ekonomikur, eTnografiul, kulturul da
sxva Taviseburebebs. msoflios araerT regionSi SeimCneva mTiani
teritoriebis swrafi aTvisebis procesi, rasac ekologiuri problemebis
gamwvaveba da ekologiuri migracia mosdevs. amis gamo, specifikur
damokidebulebas moiTxovs mTiani qveynebis bunebaTsargebloba,
rac ZiriTadad misi aramdgradi bunebriv garemoTia ganpirobebuli.
mTiani teritoriebis geografiuli Seswavla misi geoekologiuri, socialuri
da ekonomikuri problemebis warmoCenis winapirobaa. swavleba
mTiani teritoriebis Sesaxeb faqtiurad ukavSirdeba amgvar regionebSi
bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi movlenebis da procesebis kompleqsur
Seswavlas da Sefasebas.
swavleba geografiuli garemos Sesaxeb
geografiul garemoSi ZiriTadad moiazreba adamianis
sacxovrebeli garemo an saqmianobis areali, ris gamoc mis
TaviseburebaTa kvlevaze (kvlevis obieqtTan dakavSirebiT) pretenzia
gaaCnia araerT mecnierebas. geografiuli mecnierebis mier garemo
miCneulia bunebrivi garemos sinonimad, romelic transformirebulia
adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad da romelSic sxvadasxva
xarisxiTaa SenarCunebuli bunebrivi meqanizmebi. arsebobs garemos
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sxvagvari terminologiuri gagebac. magaliTad, garemomcveli garemo,
anTropogenuli garemo da sxv.
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, garemo viTardeba rogorc bunebrivi, ise
sazogadoebrivi an Sereuli saxis procesebiT. mudmivad izrdeba
transformirebuli bunebrivi garemos masStabebi, rac mosaxleobis
zrdasTan da sasicocxlo sivrcis aTvisebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
amJamad geografiul garemoSi arsebobs iseTi geografiuli obieqtebic
(saqalaqo aglomeraciebi, samrewvelo kompleqsebi da satransporto
kvanZebi), romlebic praqtikulad funqcionireben bunebrivi
procesebidan izolirebulad, sazogadoebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
swavleba geosistemaTa Sesaxeb
swavleba ganviTarda XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi da
ukavSirdeba geografiaSi sistemuri azrovnebis ganviTarebas,
geografiul procesTa sistemuri axsnis mcdelobas. geosistemaSi
moiazreba teritoria, sadac warmodgenilia da mWidro
urTierTkavSirSia garemos rogorc bunebrivi, ise socialur-
ekonomikuri da demografiuli elementebi. termini xSirad igivdeba
bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqsTan, rac araswori interpretaciaa.
geosistema ganixileba rogorc globalur, ise regionul da lokalur
doneze. igi geografiuli mimarTulebebis integraciis mniSvnelovan
arealad miiCneva. swavleba geosistemaTa Sesaxeb jer fizikur-
geografiul, Semdgom socialur-ekonomikur, amJamad ki
zogadgeografiul swavlebaTa Soris ganixileba.
swavleba geoekologiis Sesaxeb
termini ekologia biologiis wiaRSi iSva, Tumca igi amJamad
gaigivebulia garemos dacvasa da bunebaTsargeblobis problemebTan.
ekologiuri problemetika bevri mecnierebisTvisaa aqtualuri, ric
gamoc ekologiam Tanamedrove samyaroSi zogadmecnieruli
(socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli) mniSvneloba da
Rirebuleba SeiZina. termini geoekologia XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis
dasawyisidan `gamoCnda~, romlis arsis warmoCenis aTeulze meti
ganmartebaa cnobili. geoekologia miiCneva rogorc biologiis,
geologiis, okeanologiis an niadagmcodneobis, ise geografiul
mimarTulebad.
geoekologiaSi geografiuli ekologia igulisxmeba, rac

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geografiis ekologizaciis logikuri Sedegia. masSi sazogadoebisa da
bunebis ekologiuri interesebis, Tanaarsebobis da
urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegad warmoqmnili problemebis kvleva
igulisxmeba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, geografiuli ekologiis interesTa
sferoSia sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
ekologiur TaviseburebaTa, SedegTa da problemaTa sivrce-droiTi
aspeqtebis kvleva.
swavleba konstruqciuli (gamoyenebiTi) geografiis Se-
saxeb geografia Tavisi arsiT gamoyenebiTi da SemecnebiTi xasiaTis
mecnierebaa, radgan moipovebs da analizs ukeTebs informacias
bunebrivi pirobebisa da resursebis, mosaxleobisa da meurneobis,
socialuri sferos da geoekologiuri problemebis Sesaxeb.
gamoyenebiTi geografia orientirebulia konkretul problemebze, rac
ukavSirdeba sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis Seswavlas, kvlevas, Sefasebas da
prognozirebas. gamoyenebiTi geografia gansakuTrebiT
masStaburad dasavleTis qveynebSia ganviTarebuli, Tumca misi
swrafad mzardi tendenciebi aRiniSneba aRmosavleT evropasa da
kavkasiaSi. swavleba ZiriTadad orientirebulia teritoriul
dagegmarebaze, Sefasebasa da inventarizaciaze. 1964 wlidan
saerTaSoriso geografiul kavSirSi warmodgenilia mudmivmoqmedi
komisia gamoyenebiT geografiaSi.

5.1.1. fizikur-geografiuli swavlebani

swavleba geografiuli garsis Sesaxeb

geografiuli sferoebi, rogorc bunebis urTierTdakavSirebuli
elementebi, samecniero literaturaSi pirvelad dafiqsirda 1875 wels
avstrieli geologis eduard zusis mier. 1910 wels idea erTiani
geografiuli garsis Sesaxeb ekuTvnis rus meteorologs petre brounovs,
swavlebis fuZemdeblad ki aseve rusi profesori aleqsandre grigorievi
gvevlineba. a. grigorievma gamoyo geografiuli garsis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi faqtorebi (siTbosa da tenis ganawileba) da etapebi
(araorganuli, biosferuli da anTroposferuli).
geografiuli garsi liTosferos, atmosferos, hidrosferos da biosferos
urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis arealia, romelSic
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materialuri sxeulebi sam agregatul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. aq
mimdinare movlenebi da procesebi ukavSirdeba rogorc endogenur,
ise egzogenur zemoqmedebas, mimdinareobs energiisa da
nivTierebis mudmivi gardaqmnis procesi rogorc cocxal, ise aracocxal
bunebas Soris.
geografiuli garsis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebia: ritmu-
loba, erTianoba, ganeduri da vertikaluri sartyluroba. swavleba
geografiuli landSaftis Sesaxeb
landSafti saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli terminia, raSic
garemo, adgili, peizaJi, buneba, erTgvarovan bunebriv komponentTa
erTianoba, geografiuli garsis Semadgeneli erTeuli (geografiuli garsis
mcire masStabis tipologiuri an regionuli modeli) igulisxmeba.
landSaftmcodneoba fizikuri geografiis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia,
romlis wiaRSi araerTi mimarTuleba ganviTarda. anTropogenizaciis
procesi landSaftebsac Seexo, ris gamoc landSatmcodneobaSi or
aTeulze meti termini gvxvdeba transformirebuli landSaftebis arsis
gadmosacemad. lanSafti fizikur-geografiul komponentTa, xolo
landSaftmcodneoba fizikur-geografiul mecnierebaTa gamaerTianebel
`mimarTulebad~ miiCneva.
swavleba zonalobis (azonalobis) Sesaxeb
geografiuli zonaloba geografiuli garsis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia, rac ukavSirdeba rogorc bunebriv,
ise sazogadoebriv procesebs. zonaluroba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia
geografiul garsSi siTbosa da tenis, xmeleTisa da wylis ganawilebis
TaviseburebebiT. amgvari ganawilebis Sedegad yalibdeba
mcenareulobisa da niadagebis zonaluri tipi, mosaxleobis socialuri da
ekonomikuri aqtivobis tradiciuli formebi da teritoriis sameurneo
gamoyenebis saxesxvaobani. zonalobis TaviseburebaTa kvleva
geografiaSi tipologiuri erTeulebis bunebrivi zonebis, gamovlenis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad iZleva
warmodgenas garemos ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebze.
swavleba bunebriv-teritoriul da aqvalur kompleqsTa
Sesaxeb swavlebas xSirad aigiveben landSaftebis an geosistemebis
kvlevasTan, Tumca aq saubaria landSaftis Semadgeneli, SedarebiT
mcire rangis morfologiuri erTeulebis – faciesebis, uroCiSCeebis,
sanaxebis da adgilebis kvlevaze. yoveli maTgani bunebrivi
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warmonaqmnia, romelsac axasiaTebs erTgvarovani struqtura da
funqcionireba, specifikur geomasaTa krebadoba, potenciali,
mdgradoba da a.S. bunebriv-teritoriul Tu aqvalur kompleqsTa
krebadoba warmodgenas gvaZlevs landSaftis struqturul-funqcionalur
Taviseburebebze. amis gamo landSaftis morfologiuri (elementaruli)
erTeulebis kvlevas da maTi geografiuli Taviseburebebis gansazRvras
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs landSaftis ekologiisTvis.
5.1.2. sazogadoebriv-geografiuli swavlebani

swavleba ekonomikur-geografiuli mdebareobis Sesaxeb

geografiuli mdebareobis TaviseburebaTa gansazRvra
xSir SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia ekonomikur-geografiul obieqtTa
SefasebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis sivrce-
droiTi ganviTarebis prognozirebisaTvis. geografiuli mdebareoba
ganixileba mikro, mezo da makro doneze. arsebobs centraluri,
periferiuli, sazRvao da mezobluri mdebareobac. ganixilaven
geografiuli mdebareobis kulturul, religiur, eTnikur, dargobriv
(samrewvelo, satransporto, geopolitikuri, agro, sabazro, demografiul,
rekreaciul) Taviseburebebs. garda ekonomikur-geografiuli
mdebareobisa, ama Tu im geografiuli movlenisa Tu procesis
SefasebisTvis mniSvnelovania iseTi maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvac,
rogoricaa mdebareoba zRvis donidan, eqspozicia mzis dacemis
kuTxis an ZiriTadi qarebis mimarT, ganeduri mdebareoba,
mdebareoba teqtonikuri da rRvevis xazebis mimarT, zRvasTan da
okeanur dinebebTan mimarTeba da sxv. amis gamo, sasurvelia
swavleba zogadgeografiulTa Soris iqnes ganxiluli.
swavleba Sromis geografiuli ganawilebis Sesaxeb
Sromis ganawileba da sameurneo (gansakuTrebiT sasfolo-
sameurneo) specializacia kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli
TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, rac garda bunebrivi da socialur-
ekonomikuri, ganpirobebulia istoriuli, eTnikuri, religiuri da sxva
faqtorebiT. Sromis ganawileba SeiZleba ganixilebodes saerTaSoriso,
regionul da raionul doneze. igi uSualo kavSirSia bunebriv
resursebTan, tradiciebTan, transportis ganviTarebis donesTan,
warmoebis TavmoyrasTan, warmoebis ganlagebis faqtorebTan
(nedleuli, energia, kvalificiuri muSa-xeli, ekologiuri viTareba,
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sazRvrebis siaxlove da sxv.), momsaxurebis sferos masStabebTan,
mecnierebis ganviTarebis donesTan, politikur da socialur
procesebTan, mosaxleobis ekonomikur aqtivobasTan, mosaxleobis
asakobriv struqturasTan da a.S.
swavleba sawarmoo-teritoriuli kompleqsebis Sesaxeb
meurneobis dargebis racionaluri ganlageba da warmoe-
bis maqsimalurad efeqturi teritoriuli SeTanawyoba misi ekonomikuri
warmatebis garantiaa. sawarmoebi qmnian sawarmoo-teritoriul
kompleqsebs, sadac miiRweva warmoebuli produqciis, nedleulis,
energiis da SromiTi resursebis efeturi da SeTanxmebuli gamoyeneba.
amgvari kompleqsebi ganixileba respublikur (saxelmwifo), makro da
mikro doneze. arsebobs istoriulad formirebuli da axladformirebuli,
dargobrivi, monocentruli da policentruli sawarmoo-teritoriuli
kompleqsebi.
swavleba meurneobisa da sazogadoebis teritoriuli
organizaciis Sesaxeb swavleba mowodebulia maqsimalurad efeqturi
gaxados warmoebisa da socialuri sferos (ganaTlebis, rekreaciis,
mecnierebis, kulturis, janmrTelobis dacvis, sportis da sxv.) obieqtTa
ganlageba qveynis regionuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri, demografiuli,
ekologiuri da saboloo jamSi, politikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. swavlebis
mixedviT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba regionebis da regionTSorisi
urTierTobebis mdgrad ganviTarebazea orientirebuli. aqcenti aseve
keTdeba periferiebisa da centris Tanabar an maqsimalurad
miaxloebul ganviTarebaze.

5.2. zogadgeografiuli Teoriebi

geografiuli determinizmis (mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSire-

bis) – determinizmi filosofiuri kategoriaa, movlenebisa da procesebis
urTierTkavSirebis, kanonzomierebebis, maTi ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebis Sesaxeb. misi meSveobiT araerT mecnierebaSi ganixileba
principuli zogadTeoriuli sakiTxi. geografiaSi deteminizmis Teoriis
mixedviT ganixileba bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare sivrce-
droiTi movlenebisa da procesebis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis
urTierTdamokidebulebis mizez-Sedegobrivi, obieqturi kavSirebi.

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amave Teoriuli mimarTulebis farglebSi ganixileba geografiuli
garemos roli (an piriqiT) sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. geografiuli
determinizmis mixedviT, kacobriobis sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba an
eTnikuri saxe bunebriv garemos ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, Teoriis
mixedviT miiCneva, rom klimati (cxeli an civi) ganapirobebda
adamianis aqtivobas, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones, kulturas da
a.S. umetes SemTxveSi, geografiuli garemo ganixileba
mamoZravebel Zalad, adamianis fizionomiuri ier-saxis formirebis
wyarod (anTropogeografiaSi). Teoria gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad
viTardeboda XVIIIXIX saukunis manZilze, Tumca XX saukunis
dasawyisidan iwyebs Sesustebas. amJamad mas garkveulwilad
aRiareben zogierT dasavleTevropul Tu amerikul skolebSi.
mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoria – gansakuTrebiT popularuli XX
saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan xdeba, mas Semdeg rac gaero-
m specialuri konferencia (rio, 1992) miuZRvna biomravalferovnebis
SenarCunebis da mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebs. mdgradi
ganviTarebis mniSvneloba da am mimarTebiT saerTaSoriso
TanamSroblobis aucilebloba aRiara msoflios mravalma qveyanam.
mdgrad ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba urTierTSemavsebeli da
urTierTdakavSirebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri
ganviTareba momavali Taobebisadmi jansaRi garemos SenarCunebis
mizniT.
msoflios Tu misi calkeuli regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis
mizniT unda amaRldes mosaxleobis keTildReoba da ganaTleba,
daaxlovdes ganviTarebadi da ganviTarebuli samyaro, dainergos
aRdgenadi an amouwuravi energiis wyaroebis moxmareba,
damuSavdes unarCeno da energodamzogavi teqnologiebi, Sewydes
saerTaSoriso terorizmi, konfliqtebi, dapirispireba da daZabuloba.
mdgradi ganviTarebis Teoriam farTo aRiareba da ganviTareba
hpova geografiaSi, radgan mxolod misi meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli
warmoCindes mdgradi ganviTarebis urTierTdakavSirebuli
principebis lokaluri, regionuli da globaluri saxesxvaobani.
raionuli dagegmarebis – axlosaa saerTaSoriso standartebiT
aRiarebul teritoriul dagegmarebasTan, rasac amJamad gamoyenebiTi
geografiis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens da didi yuradReba eqceva mTel
msoflioSi. igi SeiZleba CaiTvalos geografiis Teoriisa da praqtikis
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erTgvar asparezad, erTian geografiul gamokvlevaTa safuZvlad.
xorcieldeba oTx doneze da Sesabamis masStabSi. amgvaria: mcire
teritoria, sakrebulo an misi nawili, administraciuli raioni, regioni an
saxelmwifo. misi saSualebiT gegmardeba teritoriis ganviTareba,
dacva da aTviseba, romelic SinaarsiT Seesabameba teritoriis
gamoyenebis ekologiurad gamarTlebul mizans. miznis mixedviT
cnobilia: “mwvane gegma”, landSafturi gegma, “CarCo” landSafturi
gegma, landSafturi programa.
regionuli ganviTarebis – ukavSirdeba erTgvarovani te-
ritoriebis gansazRvras da gamoyofas (daraionebas) rogorc
sazogadoebriv, ise fizikur geografiaSi. erTgvarovani teritoriebis
gansazRvra da maTi ganviTarebis Sefaseba umniSvnelovanesi
saqmianobaa geografiaSi. regionul erTeulebad SesaZlebelia ganxilul
iqnas rogorc administraciuli raioni an mdinareTa auzebi, ise calkeuli
arealebi da landSaftebi, ekonomikur Tu fizikur-geografiuli olqebi,
regionebi da a.S. regionuli ganviTareba, romelic xangrZlivi periodis
saxelmwifo programebs unda efuZnebodes, moiTxovs is
uzrunvelyofas Sesabamisi geografiuli informaciiT, romlis analizi
prognozirebis saSualeba unda gaxdes. regionuli ganviTarebis Teoriis
safuZvelze ganviTarda iseTi mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa regionuli
ekonomika, regionuli politika da sxv. geografiuli Sefasebis Teoria –
aTwleulebs aTvlis. miznis mixedviT iyofa sam mimarTulebad:
teqnologiuri (saxelmwifos, teritoriis, bunebis obieqtis, movlenis an
procesis Sefaseba ama Tu im sameurneo saqmianobis
warmarTvisaTvis), ekonomikurad (teritoriis ekonomikuri
mniSvnelobis an efeqtianobis Sefaseba), anTropoekologiurad
(sacxovrebeli garemos xasiaTis Sefaseba). geografiuli Sefaseba aseve
SeiZleba iyos komponenturi (geografiuli garemos elementebis
mixedviT, kadastruli)Pda integraluri (kopleqsuri, geosistemuri,
landSafturi erTeulebis mixedviT). xorcieldeba oTx etapad,
romelTagan samis meSveobiTac dgindeba: garemoze zemoqmedebis
saxeebi da wyaroebi, formebi, masStabebi da Sedegebi. bolo etapi
teritoriis Sefasebaa, romlis drosac ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba
geografiuli garemos ekologiur, ekonomikur da anTropoekologiur
mniSvnelobaze.
geografiuli barierebis _ SedarebiT axali Teoriuli mi-
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marTuleba geografiaSi, romlis ganviTarebis aucilebloba landSaftur-
ekologiurma gamokvlevebma daayena dRis wesrigSi. geografiuli
barierebis gamoyofa bunebrivi Tu sazogadoebrivi procesebis (zogjer
politikurisac) analizisa da ganviTarebis prognozirebis aucilebeli
elementia. barieri SesaZlebelia iyos bunebrivi, ekonomikuri,
socialuri, ekologiuri, politikuri, eTnikuri, religiuri, enobrivi da sxva
Tvisebrivi xasiaTis, romelTa sivrciTi Taviseburebani, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, damokidebuli iqneba bunebriv, istoriul Tu
socialurekonomikur procesebze. geografiuli barierebi erTmaneTisgan
ara marto Tvisebrivi, aramed xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis
mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. isini SeiZleba iyos: rTuli da advilad
dasaZlevi, masStaburi da lokaluri, istoriuli da Tanamedrove,
bunebrivi da xelovnuri, perioduli da mudmivi, TvalsaCino da
Sefaruli, mkveTri da TandaTanobiTi da sxv.
geografiuli barierebidan gansakuTrebuli stabilurobiT bunebrivi
da geoekologiuri barierebi xasiaTdebian. socialur-ekonomikur
barierebs maRali dinamizmi axasiaTebs, geopolitikurs ki bunebrivsa
da socialur-ekonomikurs Soris gardamavali Tvisebebi gaaCnia.
aTaswleulebis manZilze bunebrivi (mTebi, mdinareebi, hava da
sxv.) da ekologiuri (bunebrivi zonebi, landSaftebi) barierebi
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erTaderT Semaferxebel faqtorad
gvevlineboda. adreul Sua saukuneebSi maT geopolitikuri
(gansakuTrebiT religiuri da eTnikuri), mogvianebiT ki ekonomikuri
da socialuri faqtorebic daemata. Tuki bunebrivi barierebi
Tanamedrove teqnikis pirobebSi TandaTanobiT kargavs aqtualobas
da ganicdis nivelirebas, igive ar iTqmis sxva danarCenze. MmaTi
arseboba globalizaciis Tanamedrove pirobebSic ki igrZnoba msoflios
araerT regionSi. bunebriv barierebs Soris masStaburobiT da mudmivi
xasiaTiT is orografiuli (maRalmTiani sistemebi), hidrologiuri
(okeaneebi, zRvebi, mdinareebi da sxv.) da klimaturi (havis tipebi,
klimaturi elementebis ganawilebis xasiaTi da sxv.) barierebi
gamoirCevian, romlebic ganapirobeben araerTi geografiuli movlenis
Tu procesis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs. katastrofuli xasiaTis
klimaturi movlenebi (aratradiciulad mkacri da xangrZlivi zamTari,
wyaldidoba, gvalva, Tavsxma wvimebi da a.S.) gamoirCeva
periodulobiT, da Sesabamisi barieruli TvisebebiT.
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 umetes SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivi barierebi urTierTdamokide-
buli da urTierTganmsazRvreli formebiT warmoCindebian. ase
magaliTad, mTian teritoriebze haeris temperaturis da saboloo jamSi,
havis ganawilebaze uSualod moqmedeben hifsometruli safexurebi,
romlebic garkveul barierebs mogvagonebs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
qedebis imgvar ganlagebaze, roca iqmneba Caketili, praqtikulad
gadaulaxavi barieri notio, zRvidan monaberi haeris masebis mimarT
da rac saboloo jamSi gansazRvravs hidrologiuri barierebis (am
SemTxvevaSi – mdinareebis) masStabebs. nebismieri saxis bunebrivi
barieri aseve dakavSirebulia Sidakomponentur barierebTan da
TaviseburebebTan. magaliTad, maRali Rrublianoba amcirebs mzis
naTebis xangrZlivoba, rac Tavis mxriv moqmedebs havis formirebis
da ganawilebis Taviseburebebze. Savi zRvis talRebis damagreveli
moqmedeba saqarTvelos sanapiro zolis araerT monakveTze
ganviTarda mas Semdeg, rac mniSvnelovan mdinareebze Seiqmna
xelovnuri barierebi wylis bunebrivi reJimis mimarT da Semcirda
maT mier naSali masalis Camotana.
geografiuli kvanZebis – Teoria daculi teritoriebis qselis
formirebis da samecniero-geografiuli turizmis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT viTardeba. cnobilia, rom geografiuli komponentebis
sivrciTi urTierTdamokidebuleba xSirad maT Tavmoyras, Sexvedras
an Sejerebas, anu geografiuli kvanZebis formirebas ganapirobebs.
ramdenime erTgvarovani geografiuli obieqti Tu komponenti zogjer
Tavs erT arealSi, erTmaneTTan maqsimalur miaxloebaze iyris. am
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs erTgvar geografiul kvanZebTan.
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, kvanZi Sedgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT
arealSi an maqsimalur miaxloebaze warmodgenili iqneba sami an
meti erTgvarovani geografiuli elementi. rac ufro meti erTgvarovani
maxasiaTebeli iqneba warmodgenili erT arealSi, miT ufro
TvalsaCinoa geografiuli kvanZi, miT ufro mravalferovani iqneba
mocemuli teritoria. geografiuli kvanZebi SeiZleba ganixilebodes
rogorc formebis (martivi, saSualod rTuli da rTuli), ise tipebis
(komponentur-geografiuli, dargobriv-geografiuli, geografiuli)
mixedviT.
geografiuli elementebis raodenobis mixedviT, cnobilia sami
formis geografiuli kvanZi, kerZod: martivi (areali, sadac Tavmoyrilia
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sami eTgvarovani geografiuli elementi), saSualo sirTulis (oTxi
erTeuli) da rTuli (xuTi da meti erTeuli). saqarTveloSi cnobilia
aTeulamde geografiuli kvanZi, romelTagan mravalferovnebiT
mcxeTis geografiuli kvanZi gamoirCeva.
geografiuli kvanZebi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa mTian
teritoriebze.
fizikur-geografiuli Teoriebi
fizikur-geografiuli daraionebis – Teoria zogjer
kompleqsur geografiul daraionebadac moixsenieba. misi meSveobiT
xorcieldeba obieqturad arsebuli bunebriv-geografiuli obieqtebis
diferenciacia Semdgomi integraciis mizniT. geografiaSi cnobilia
zonaluri (tipologiuri) da regionuli diferenciaciis meTodebi da
principebi. maTi ZiriTadi mizani saklasifikacio erTeulebis (sartyeli –
zona – qvezona – landSafti, qveyana – olqi – qveolqi – raioni -
landSafti) gamoyofaa. TviT landSaftebi, romlebic fizikur-geografiuli
daraionebis sakvanZo erTeuls warmoadgenen, iyofa Semdeg
morfologiur erTeulebad: adgili – sanaxi - uroCiSCe – faciesi. fizikur-
geografiuli daraioneba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mTian
teritoriebisTvis, maTi mravalferovnebis sivrciTi Taviseburebebis
gansazRvris mizniT.
liTosferuli plitebis teqtonikis – ATeoriis fuZem-
debelia germaneli mecnieri alfred vegeneri, romelmac XX saukunis
dasawyisSi wamoayena da ganaviTara idea kontinentebis da
xmeleTis didi nawilebis moZraobis Sesaxeb. Teoriis mixedviT
xmeleTi ganixileba ramdenime msxvili liTosferuli plitis saxiT
(evraziuli, afrikis, indo-avstraliis, Crd. amerikis, samxr. amerikis,
wynarokeanuri da antarqtikuli), romlebic sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
gadaadgildeba. Teoriis ganviTarebis Sedegad amJamad samjer meti
liTosferuli plita ganixileba.

sazogadoebriv-geografiuli Teoriebi

sawarmoo Zalebis ganlagebis – Teoria exeba materialu-

ri da kulturuli faseulobebis gavrcelebis sivrce-droiT Taviseburebebsa
da process, maTi gamoyenebis geografiul aspeqtebs. ganviTarda
germaniaSi, XX saukunis dasawyisSi. sawyis doneze Teoriis
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farglebSi ganixileboda soflis meurneobis dargebis imgvari
ganlagebis sakiTxebi, romelic maqsimalurad Seamcirebda sawarmoo
da satransporto xarjebs, maqsimalurad gaiTvaliswinebda
agroklimatur pirobebs, niadagis nayofierebas da kulturul mcenareTa
agroTvisebebs.
mrewvelobis geografiaSi Teoria samrewvelo sawarmoTa
ganlagebis ZiriTad principebad transportis, muSaxelis da dasaxlebuli
punqtis (aglomeraciis) faqtors ganixilavda. SemdgomSi mis
safuZvelze ganviTarda Teoria, romelic sawarmoTa ganlagebis
principebs maqsimaluri mogebis faqtors ukavSirebda. sabWoTa
geografebis mier ganviTarda warmoebis ganlagebis specialuri
koncefcia (Teoria), romelic kidev ramdenime faqtoris (Tavdacvis,
nedleulisa da energiis, jansaRi garemos SenarCunebis)
gaTvaliswinebasac gulisxmobda.
ekonomikur-geografiuli daraionebis – Teoria exeba iseTi
teritoriuli erTeulebis gansazRvris aucileblobas, romelic Sromis
geografiuli ganawilebisas gamoirCeva ekonomikuri specializaciiT
(urTierTdakavSirebuli ekonomikuri elementebiT) da marTvis
sistemebiT. amis gamo, sazogadoebriv geografiaSi daraionebis
ZiriTadi erTeuli umeteswilad Seesabemeba administraciul erTeuls.
ekonomikur-geografiuli raionis sworad dadgena ekonomikuri
politikis gansazRvris umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia.
gansaxlebis – Teoriis mixedviT ganixileba gansaxlebis
formebi, dasaxlebuli punqtebis urTierTkavSirebi, mosaxleobis
migracia da sxva demografiuli procesebis sivrce _ droiTi
Taviseburebani. mis interesebSia sociologiis, demografiis,
eTnografiis, qalaqmSenoblobis sferoc. Teoriis geografiuli nawili
gansaxlebis formaTa da bunebrivi garemos urTierTdamokidebulebis
kvlevas, dasaxlebaTa formebs (saqalaqo, sasoflo, mudmivi da
droebiTi), sistemebs (qselebs) da faqtorebs (socialur-ekonomikuri,
bunebrivi, demografiuli) ukavSirdeba.
geoubanistikis – Teoria geografiaSi cnobilia qalaqebis
geografiis saxeliT. ganixileba qalaqebis rolis zrdasTan da saqalaqo
cxovrebis wesis mimzidvelobasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, agreTve
maTi gamomwvevi socialuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri (bunebrivi),
demografiuli da sxv. faqtorebi.
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 centralur adgilTa (centris) – Teoria ganviTarda XX
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi da Seeexeba iseTi dasaxlebuli punqtebis
gansazRvris meTodologias, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mimdebare
teritoriebis socialur momsaxurebas da ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
Zalzed mniSvnelovania mTiani teritoriebis da uaryofiTi demografiuli
procesebiT gamorCeuli regionebisTvis. misi meSveobiT
SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSi ganisazRvros is dasaxlebuli punqtebi,
romlebic “itvirTveben” centralur adgilTa funqcias da SeaCereben
mTiani regionebidan mosaxleobis migraciis process.
demografiuli gadasvlis – ganixilavs mosaxleobis de-
mografiuli qcevis Taviseburebebs da ganviTarebis fazebs. cnobilia 4
faza: umniSvnelo bunebrivi matebis (Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis
maRali maCveneblebis gamo); maRali bunebrivi matebis (medicinis
ganviTarebis Sedegad mcirdeba sikvdilianoba, gansakuTrebiT
axaldabadebulebsa da erT wlamde bavSvebSi); stabiluri mosaxleobis
(Semcirebulia rogorc Sobadoba, ise sikvdilianoba, mosaxleobis
raodenoba ar mcirdeba); mosaxleobis klebis (mkveTrad mcirdeba
Sobadoba, sikvdilianoba igive donezea).
geopolitikis – Caisaxa XX saukunis dasawyisSi, rac im periodSi
gaxSirebul teritoriul pretenziebs, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs da politikur
daZabulobas ukavSirdeba. Teoriis mimdevrebi misi meSveobiT
erTmaneTs ukavSireben geografiul mdebareobas, istoriul da
socialur-ekonomikur, demografiul da politikuri procesebs, qveynis
sagareo politikas, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs da samxedro strategias.

5.3. geografiuli kanonzomierebebi zonalobisa da azonalobis

kanonzomiereba erT-erTi
fundamenturia geografiaSi, radgan mas ukavSirdeba geografiul
garsSi ara mxolod bunebis elementebis ganawilebis Taviseburebani,
aramed meurneobisa da gansaxlebis tradiciebi, sazogadoebis
socialuri da eTnokulturuli aqtivoba.
geografiul garsSi siTbosa da tenis, cocxali samyarosa da
landSaftebis, adamianis sameurneo aqtivobis ganawileba
warmodgenilia bunebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis, bunebrivi

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zonebis ganeduri (zonaluri) da subganeduri (azonaluri da vertikaluri)
ganawilebis saxiT.
zonaloba geografiul garsSi warmodgenilia bunebrivi
pirobebis, obieqtebis, movlenebisa da procesebis kanonzomieri
ganawilebis saxiT ekvatoridan polusebisaken. zonalobis
ganmsazRvreli faqtorebidan ZiriTadia mzis energiis da atmosferuli
naleqebis ganawileba, romlis saxesxvaobani misi dacemis kuTxes,
dedamiwis sferoseburobas da araerT geografiul maxasiaTebels
(qvefenili zedapiris xasiaTi, xmeleTis da wylis ganawileba, okeanuri
dinebebi, atmosferos cirkulacia, eqspozicia, aorTqlebadoba, adgilis
simaRle, atmosferos gamWvirvalobis xarisxi da sxv.) ukavSirdeba.
amis gamo, geografiul garsSi warmodgenilia ZiriTadi da
gardamavali bunebrivi zonebi, romelTa ganeduri gavrceleba
umeteswilad transformirebulia zemoTaRniSnuli geografiuli
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. xmeleTze gamoiyofa 6 geografiuli
sartyeli da 14 bunebrivi zona, romelTagan 5 gardamavali, momijnave
saxisaa.
msoflio okeaneSi ganedebis wylis temperaturisa da sinaTlis
SeRwevadobis mixedviT, kargadaa gamoxatuli zonaluri
Taviseburebani. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa Selfur zonasa da
wylis zeda - 100 metrian fenaSi, anu iq, sadac gansakuTrebiT didi
raodenobiTaa SesaZlebeli siTbosa da sinaTlis SeRweva.
msoflio okeaneSi ramdenime zona gamoiyofa, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan temperaturiT, atmosferuli naleqebis raodenobiT,
marilianobiT, sicocxlis ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT, gamoyenebis
masStabebiT da formebiT gansxvavdeba. maT Sorisaa:
• CrdiloeTis yinulovani zRvebis zona – warmodgenilia C.g.
700-idan CrdiloeTiT. xasiaTdeba wylis zamTris uaryofiTi da
zafxulis umniSvnelo temperaturebiT (0+10 0), yinulis
mniSvnelovani safariT, arqtikuli haeris masebis batonobiT,
200-300 mm naleqebiT, 30 %0 marilianobiT, Jangbadis da
planqtonis didi raodeobiT, udidesi sarewao mniSvnelobiT,
dasaxlebuli punqtebis da sanaosno arteriebis simciriT.
• CrdiloeTis zomieri zona – warmodgenilia C.g. 500700 Soris.
xasiaTdeba wylis zamTris da zafxulis dadebiTi, Tumca

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 dabali temperaturebiT (5+150), zomieri haeris masebis
batonobiT, 500-1000 mm naleqebiT, 33 %0 marilianobiT,
didi sarewao mniSvnelobiT, dasaxlebuli punqtebis da
sanaosno arteriebis garkveuli raodenobiT.
• CrdiloeTis pasaturi dinebebis zona – warmodgenilia C.g. 5 0-
500 Soris. xasiaTdeba wylis zamTris da zafxulis dadebiTi
temperaturebiT (15+250), tropikuli haeris masebis da
pasatebis batonobiT, naleqebis didi (100-3000 mm)
saxesxvaobiT, 40 %0 marilianobiT, okeanis bunebrivi
mravalferovnebiT da maRali sarewao mniSvnelobiT,
dasaxlebuli punqtebis da rekreaciuli obieqtebis simravliT,
aseve umniSvnelovanesi sanaosno arteriebiT.
• marjnis zRvebis zona – warmodgenilia C.g. da s.g. 5 0 Soris.
xasiaTdeba wylis maRali temperaturebiT (+270), ekvatoruli
teniani haeris masebis batonobiT, 2000-3000 mm naleqebiT,
35 %0 marilianobiT, marjnis kunZulebiT da rifebiT, saSualo
sarewao mniSvnelobiT, dasaxlebuli punqtebis simciriT da
sanaosno arteriebis didi raodenobiT.
analogiuri ganlagebis da maxasiaTeblebis mqonea samxreT
naxevarsferoSi warmodgenili zRvebic.
geografiuli garsisTvis damaxasiaTebelia azonaluri movlenebic,
rac ukavSirdeba dedamiwis qerqis moZraobas, okeanur dinebebs,
xmeleTisa da wylis ganawilebas, adgilis simaRles, geologiur
agebulebas, eqspozicias, reliefis formebs da sxv. azonalobis yvelaze
TvalsaCino gamovlinebaa simaRlebrivi sartyluroba mTebSi da
meridianuli (regionuli) zonalobis gamovlineba vakeebze
(gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT amerikis kontinentze).
erTianobis (mTlianobis) _ geografiuli garsis erTerTi
umniSvnelovanesi kanonzomiereba misi erTianobaa. bunebrivi
komponentebi viTardeba rogorc damoukideblad, ise sxva
komponentebTan urTierTdamokidebulebis Sedegad. bunebrivi
komponentebis urTierTdamokidebuleba geografiuli garsis
erTianobas ganapirobebs. amgvari erTianobis mkafio gamoxatulebaa
geografiuli garsis imgvari bunebrivi warmonaqmnebi, rogoricaa
niadagebi da landSaftebi. erTianobis Sedegia is, rom TviT erTi

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komponentis ganviTareba an cvlileba ganapirobebs ara mxolod sxva
komponentebis, aramed mTeli kompleqsis ganviTarebas Tu
cvlilebas. bunebriv komponentebze zemoqmedebis an maTi
cvlilebebis ganxilvisas saWiroa vicodeT misi mniSvneloba erTian
sistemaSi.
erTianobis kanonzomierebis Sedegia geografiuli garsis
Semadgeneli erTeulebis struqturisa da mdgradobis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi. adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegebi
TvalsaCinod aisaxeba rogorc bunebis calkeul komponentebze, ise
geografiuli garsis mTlianobaze, rac saboloo jamSi misi struqturisa da
mdgradobis transformacias ganapirobebs.
nivTierebisa da energiis brunvis _ kanonzomiereba geog-
rafiuli movlenebisa da procesebis axsnis umniSvnelovanesi
winapirobaa. igi geografiul garsSi sami umniSvnelovanesi procesis
saxiT warmoCindeba, esenia: mzis energiis transformacia, tenbrunva
anu wylis brunva da biogeocikli.
mzis energiis transformacia landSaftTa ekologiis,
landSaftTa energetikis TaviseburebaTa mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebelia. mzis energiis cvalebadobasTan dakavSirebulia
funqcionirebis wliuri, sezonuri, dekaduri xasiaTi. mzis radiaciis
raodenobrivi maCveneblebi, radiaciuli balansi pirdapir kavSirSia
qvefenili zedapiris TaviseburebebTan da meteorologiur pirobebTan.
wyali monawileobas iRebda da iRebs yvela im procesSi,
romelic mimdinareobs rogorc dedamiwis zedapirze, ise dedamiwis
qerqSi. dedamiwaze praqtikulad araa iseTi nivTiereba, romlis
SedgenilobaSi ar iyos wyali. misi meSveobiT formirdeba bunebrivi
garemos qimiuri da fizikuri ier-saxe, hava da amindi. faqtia, rom
hidrosfero erTiani sistemaa, sadac mudmivad mimdinareobs wylis
brunva (tenbrunva) da masTan dakavSirebuli procesebi. dedamiwis
geologiuri ganviTarebis manZilze ZiriTadad tenbrunvis oTxi forma
ganviTarda: 1. geokosmosuri - tenbrunvis uZvelesi forma, romelic
ukavSirdeba rogorc dedamiwaze mosul kosmosur mtvers da
meteoritebs, aseve atmosferodan wyalbadis atomebis gasvlas
kosmosSi; 2. atmosferosa da okeanes Soris - ukavSirdeba
okeaneebidan wylis mudmivi aorTqlebis da naleqebis saxiT kvlav
okeaneSi dabrunebis process; 3. atmosferul-kontinentur-okeanuri -
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Camoyalibda kontinentebis formirebasTan erTad da ukavSirdeba
aorTqlebas, tenis gadatanas xmeleTze da zedapiruli da miwisqveSa
wylebis saxiT wylis kvlav okeaneebSi dabrunebis process; 4.
atmosferul-kontinentur-biosferul-okeanuri - Camoyalibda biosferos
formirebasTan erTad da ukavSirdeba geografiul garsSi wylis
Tanamedrove brunvas. amrigad, wylis brunva globaluri
mniSvnelobis procesia, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs
rogorc geografiuli garsis mTlianobas, ise nivTierebis da energiis
mudmivi cvlis process.
cnobilia wylis didi da mcire brunva, romlis intensivoba da
raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi damokidebulia mzis energiis
ganawilebasTan, atmosferos cirkulaciasTan, reliefTan da qvefenil
zedapirTan. tenbrunvis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi
mniSvnelovani sivrce-droiTi cvalebadobiT gamoirCevian. isini
gansxvavdebian landSaftebis mixedviT da garda zemoTaRniSnulisa,
damokidebuli arian sxva fizikur-geografiul pirobebzec. maT Soris
umniSvnelovanesia mcenareuli safari, romelic aseve gansazRvravs
zedapirul Camonadens da Sesabamisad, landSaftis wylis resursul da
energetikul potencials. magaliTad, Camonadenis koeficienti
bunebrivi zonebis mixedviT Semdegnairad icvleba: 0,04 savanebi;
0,12 stepebi; 0,30 - farTofoTlovani tyeebi; 0,40 - wiwvovani tyeebi
da 0,50 - teniani ekvatoruli tyeebi. wylis brunvis aseve mkafio
magaliTia okeanuri dinebebi, risi geografiuli Taviseburebani
dedamiwis moZraobas, mudmiv qarebsa da kontinentebis sanapiro
xazs ukavSirdeba.
yovelwliurad geografiul garsSi 1 mln km3 wyali bru-
navs. misi siCqare gansxvavdeba geografiuli mdebareobis an
obieqtebis mixedviT. magaliTad, atmosferoSi wylis orTqli 9 dReSi
icvleba, mdinareebSi wyali – 15 dReSi, WaobebSi – 5 weliwadSi,
tbebSi – 17, miwisqveSa wylebSi – 1500, xolo antarqtidis
myinvarebSi – 15 000 weliwadSi erTxel. tenbrunvis intensivoba
maRalia ekvatorul da zomier, minimaluri ki – tropikul da arqtikul
sartyelSi.
biogeocikli, Tavisi arsiT, biogeoqimiuri anu produqciuli
procesia, romlis intensivoba damokidebulia fizikurgeografiul
pirobebze (ZiriTadad siTbosa da tenis raodenobaze). misi intensivoba
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da Taviseburebani kargad aisaxeba iseT maCveneblebze, rogoricaa
fitomasis raodenoba, pirveladi produqcia, cxovelTa mier fitomasis
moxmareba, cxovelTa biomasa da sxv. biogeocikli sami
urTierTdakavSirebuli procesis saxiT viTardeba: 1. daSla (cocxali
organizmebis kvdomis da daSlis procesi), 2. gardaqmna (organul
naerTebSi wylisa da nivTierebebis gardaqmnis saxiT) da 3.
STanTqma (nivTierebisa da energiis STanTqma cocxali
organizmebis mier axali organuli nivTierebebis Seqmnis an
ganviTarebis mizniT).
garda ganxilulisa, nivTierebisa da energiis mudmivi brunvis
magaliTia atmosferos cirkulacia da gamofitva. atmosferos cirkulacia
haeris masebis gadaadgilebas da masTan dakavSirebul mudmiv
movlenebsa da procesebs ukavSirdeba. atmosferos cirkulacia
xorcieldeba rogorc vertikalurad (simaRlis mixedviT), ise
horizontalurad (ganedebis an xmeleTi-wylis ganawilebis mixedviT).
gamofitvis intensivoba dakavSirebulia fizikur, qimiur da biologiur
procesebTan, rac Tavis mxriv ganpirobebulia siTbosa da tenis
ganawilebis TaviseburebebiT.
amJamad mudmivad izrdeba adamianis gavlena bunebriv
landSaftebze, rasac qvefenili zedapiris transformacia (gardaqmna)
mosdevs. adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba umeteswilad
mcenareulobaze aisaxeba, rac saboloo jamSi tenbrunvis da siTbos
ganawilebis cvlas iwvevs. globaluri daTbobis fonze, rasac msoflio
okeanesa da xmeleTze aorTqlebis mateba mosdevs, mTel
dedamiwaze imatebs naleqebis raodenoba da Sesabamisad,
mniSvnelovanwilad Seicvleba wylis brunvis (balansis)
maCveneblebi. dadgenilia, rom anTropogenuli mizeziT dedamiwaze
yovelwliurad mosuli naleqebis raodenoba uaxloes momavalSi
SeiZleba gaizardos 2 aTasi km3-iT, rasac zedapiruli Camonadenis
800 km3-iT mateba mohyveba.
ritmulobis _ kanonzomiereba geografiuli movlenebisa
da procesebis ganmeoradobas ukavSirdeba. ritmulobidan
aRsaniSnavia dReRamuri, sezonuri, wliuri (Sigasaukuneobrivi),
zesaukuneobrivi da sxv. ritmebi. dReRamuri ritmika ukavSordeba
dedamiwis moZraobas warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo, rac
geografiul gasSi gamofitvis intensivobas, temperaturis cvalebadobas,
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mcenareTa da cxovelTa aqtivobas, sazogadoebis saqmianobas da
sxv. procesebs ganapirobebs. sezonuri ritmika dedamiwis wliur
moZraobas ukavSirdeba, rac mcenareulobis fenologiur da vegetaciur
Taviseburebebs, cxovelTa migracias, hidrologiuri reJimis
cvalebadobas, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis araerT formas
ganapirobebs. wliuri ritmika ZiriTadad 11 wliani ciklebis saxiTaa
cnobili, rac mzis aqtivobis ganmeoradobas ukavSirdeba. amgvari
ritmika zogierTi saxeobis cxovelisa da mcenaris cxovelmyofelobaSi
aisaxeba. cnobilia 1800-2000 wliani zesaukuneobrivi ritmulobac, rac
globalur klimatur cvalebadobaSi (Tbili da teniani, mSrali da civi
periodebis monacvleoba) da myinvarebis dinamikaSi aisaxa.
teritoriis landSafturi diferenciaciis _ zonalobis (azonalobis),
mTlianobis, ritmulobis da sxva geografiuli kanonzomierebebis
srulyofileba uSualo kavSirSia geografiul adgilmdebareobasTan,
teritoriis geologiur agebulebasTan, reliefis formebTan, siTbosa da
tenis ganawilebasTan da a.S. geografiul (landSaftur) garsSi mkafiod
aisaxeba cocxali da aracocxali bunebis da sazogadoebis yofiTi
procesebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelsac kargad gamoxatuli
globaluri, regionuli da lokaluri (teritoriuli) Taviseburebani gaaCniaT.
cnobilia, rom geografiuli garsis teritoriuli saxesxvaobebi
warmodgenilia rogorc mWidro urTierTdamokidebulebaSi myofi
geografiuli komponentebis, ise maTi ekologiuri sistemebisagan.
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, teritoriuli diferenciaciis nebismieri erTeuli
geografiuli komponentebis an landSaftebis TanabarmniSvnelovani
krebadobis saxiT unda ganixilebodes.
landSafti Tavisi SinaarsiT iseTi ekologiuri sistemaa, romelsac
axasiaTebs erTgvarovani geologiuri fundameti, hava, hidrologiuri
reJimi, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro, eTnogeografiuli
Taviseburebani, ekonomikuri da socialuri aqtioba. landSafti, misi
masStabidan gamomdinare, erTgvari sakvanZo safexuria im rTul
ierarqiul kibeze, romlis saTaveSi mTeli geografiuli garsia
warmodgenili, qveda safexurze ki _ elementaruli teritoriuli
kompleqsi. landSafti Tavisi arsiT bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsia,
romelic warmoadgens im geografiul komponentTa sivrcedroiT
sistemas, romelTa ganlageba da ganviTareba ganpirobebulia maTi
urTierTdamokidebulebis ekologiuri TaviseburebebiT. nebismieri
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rangis (planetarul, regionalur, lokalur) bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqss
gaaCnia struqtura, romelSic warmodgenilia, rogorc Semadgeneli
komponentebi (elementebi), ise maTi urTierTkavSirebi,
ganpirobebuli energiisa da informaciis mudmivi cvliT.
landSafts axasiaTebs regionaluri da lokaluri diferenciacia,
romelTa morfologiuri erTianoba ganpirobebulia nivTierebisa da
energiis mudmivi gardaqmniT (funqcionirebiT). amis gamo
nebismieri donis teritoriuli kompleqsi Sedgeba geografiuli
komponentebis garkveuli krebadobisagan, romelsac gaaCnia
formirebis istoria, struqtura da funqcionireba, axasiaTebs bunebrivi
Tu bunebriv-anTropogenuli reJimi, eTocikli da dinamiuri
ganviTarebis tendencia. aRniSnuli Taviseburebis gamovlena da
analizi warmoadgens landSaftmcodneobis, rogorc mecnierebis,
kvlevis obieqts.
Tanamedrove landSaftSi urTierTdakavSirebulia rogorc
bunebrivi, aseve sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebiT ganpirobebuli
anTropogenur-teqnogenuri elementebi. miuxedavad bunebrivi
garemos anTropogenuri transformaciis masStabebisa, landSafti
viTardeba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sivrcedroiTi
kanonzomierebebiT. igi bunebriv-istoriuli fenomenia, romelSic
teritoriuli sistemebis saxiT warmodgenilia geografiul garsSi
mimdinare bunebriv da socialurekonomikur procesTa saxesxvaobani.
landSafturi (teritoriuli) diferenciacia damaxasiaTe-
belia sazogadoebisTvisac, Tumca mas gacilebiT rTuli da
mravalferovani xasiaTi aqvs. msoflios mosaxleoba warmodgenilia
yvela bunebriv zonaSi – sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis, istoriuli, religiuri,
kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mravali formiT.
amgvari mravalferovneba da globalizaciis masStabebi sazogadoebis
landSafturi diferenciaciis kanonzomierebebis dadgenas TiTqmis
SeuZlebels, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki subieqturs xdis. sazogadoebriv
geografiaSi cnobilia landSafturi teritoriuli diferenciaciis araerTi
magaliTi, sadac kriteriumebad gamoiyeneba iseTi maxasiaTeblebi,
rogoricaa saxelmwifos sidide an mosaxleobis raodenoba, religiebis
gavrceleba an eTnokulturuli Taviseburebani, ekonomikuri da
socialuri ganviTarebis done, politikuri an politikur-administraciuli
mowyoba, civilizaciis forma, ekonomikuri, sawarmoo da
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satransporto kavSirebi, Sromis geografiuli ganawileba da a.S.
sazogadoebriv geografiaSi teritoriuli diferenciaciis an misi struqturis
formebad miiCneva iseTi erTeulebi, rogoricaa sistema, kompleqsi,
organizacia, raioni, sazogadoebriv-geografiuli an teritoriul-
geografiuli sistema, saxelmwifo, saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba da sxv.,
rac garkvel siZneleebs qmnis misi geografiuli aRqmisTvis.
landSaftis struqturisa da funqcionirebis - landSaftTa struqturisa
da funqcionirebis xasiaTi ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia geofizikuri da
geoqimiuri procesebiT, rac uSualo kavSirSia nivTierebisa da energiis
mudmiv cvlasTan (reJimTan). cnobilia amgvari cvlis xuTi tipi:
avtonomiuri, transeluvialuri, transakumulaciuri, superakvaluri da
akvaluri. migraciis reJimis sworad gansazRvra (profilireba) mTiani
teritoriebis landSaftTa struqturul-funqcionaluri maxasiaTeblebis da
ekologiuri Taviseburebebis gansazRvris umniSvnelovanesi
momentia. amasTan, landSafturi profilireba kompleqsuri fizikur-
geografiuli kvlevis, dominirebul morfologiur erTeulTa gamovlenis,
landSaftureTologiuri kartografirebisa da struqturul-funqcionaluri
nawilebis (geomasebis) dadgenis safuZvelicaa.
nebismieri landSafti Sedgeba struqturul-funqcionaluri
nawilebisagan, romlebic cnobilia geografiuli masebis anu
geomasebis saxelwodebiT. maTi ZiriTadi saxeebia aeromasebi,
fitomasebi, mortmasebi, pedomasebi, liTomasebi, hidromasebi da
biomasebi. isini, garda fizikuri masisa, xasiaTdebian specifikuri
ekologiuri da funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT, sivrcesa da droSi
cvalebadobis TaviseburebebiT. geomasebis da maTi
urTierTdamokidebulebis horizontaluri da vertikaluri krebadobis
Taviseburebani warmoaCens landSaftis Sesabamis struqturas.
landSaftis vertikaluri struqtura aisaxeba geohori-
zontebis (erTgvarovani geomasebis specifikuri krebadobis)
ganlagebiT da SedgenilobiT bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsis
vertikalur profilSi. vertikaluri struqturis Ziri-
Tadi maxasiaTeblebia: simZlavre (manZili zeda da qveda saz-
Rvars Soris), sirTule (geohorizontTa raodenoba vertikalur profilSi) da
daZabuloba (geohorizontTa raodenoba vertikaluri profilis 1 pirobiT
metrze). geomasebis ama Tu im jgufis upiratesoba ganapirobebs
vertikaluri struqturis xasiaTs, romlis mixedviTac gamoiyofa:
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fitogenuri (dominirebs mcenareuloba), postfitogenuri (dominireben
mortmasebi), hidrogenuli (dominirebs wyali nebismieri agregatuli
formiT), pedogenuri da liTogenuri. umetes SemTxvevaSi vertikaluri
struqturis tipebi Sereuli xasiaTisaa.
landSaftis horizontaluri anu mozaikuri struqtura,
romlis Taviseburebani ganpirobebulia landSaftis funqcionirebiTa da
sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebiT, aisaxeba misi morfologiuri erTeulebis
raodenobasa da mdgomareobaze. landSaftTa mozaikis
ganmapirobebeli bunebrivi faqtorebidan umniSvnelovanesia is
egzogenuri geomorfologiuri faqtorebi (meqanikuri da qimiuri
gamofitva, erozia da akumulacia, karsti, defliacia, mewyerebi da a.
S.), romlebic qmnian reliefis mezo da mikroformebis
mravalferovnebas. maTi intensivoba mTian teritoriebze ZiriTadad
dakavSirebulia adgilis absolutur simaRlesTan, reliefis
eqspoziciasTan, daxrilobasTan da sxv. horizontaluri struqturis
ZiriTadi erTeulebia faciesi da uroCiSCe, xolo damatebiTi _ sanaxi
da adgili. faciesi elementaruli bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsia,
romelic xasiaTdeba erTgvarovani adgilmdebareobiT, ekologiuri
garemoTi da biocenoziT. mas moixsenieben rogorc: epimorfi,
elementaruli landSafti, mikrolandSafti, biogeocenozi, ekosistema da
sxva. uroCiSCe faciesebis SeuRlebuli sistemaa, romlis struqturuli
Taviseburebani ganpirobebulia reliefis erTgvarovani mezoformiT,
substratiT da fizikur-geografiuli procesebiT.
vertikaluri struqtura gaaCniaT aqvalur landSafteb-
sac. msoflio okeanis vertikaluri struqtura siTbosa da sinaTlis
vertikalur ganawilebas ukavSirdeba. igi ramdenime fenis saxiTaa
warmodgenili, romelTagan ZiriTadia: Selfi (200 m siRrmemde),
kontinenturi kalTa (3000 m siRrmemde) da okeanuri fskeri (6000 m
siRrmemde) da Rrmulebi. landSaftis funqcionireba SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc sxvadasxvagvari bunebrivi procesis erToblioba,
romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia fizikuri (meqanikuri), qimiuri da
biologiuri. amgvari procesebi landSaftmcodneobis specialuri
mimarTulebis: landSaftTa geofizikis, landSaftTa geoqimiis da
geobiocenologiis kvlevis sagania. landSaftur-ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovania zemoT aRniSnuli procesebisa da Sesabamisi
samecniero mimarTulebaTa sinTezi, radganac funqcionirebis
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formebi imgvaradaa urTierTdakavSirebuli landSaftur garsSi, rom
erTis mimdinareobis xasiaTi ganapirobebs meores (an mesames)
intensiobis xarisxs.
landSaftis funqcionireba, anu masSi nivTierebisa da
energiis transformaciis mudmivi procesi sami umniSvnelovanesi
ciklis: mzis energiis transformaciis, tenbrunvis da biogeociklis
saxiTaa warmodgenilia. maT garda aRsaniSnavia: mizidulobasTan
dakavSirebuli simZimis Zalis transformacia, gravigenuli nakadebi,
biogenuri komponentebis migracia da sxv.
landSaftTa funqcionireba, adamianis sameurneo aqtiobasTan
erTad, uSualod gansazRvravs mis struqturas, mdgomareobas,
potencials da a.S. funqcionirebis detaluri Seswavla SesaZlebelia
mxolod stacionaluri gamokvlevebisas, Tumca garkveuli procesebis
gamovlena eqspediciuri gamokvlevebis drosac xerxdeba.
dinamikuri wonasworobis – kanonzomiereba exmianeba
nivTierebisa da energiis mudmivi brunvis kanonzomierebas.
nivTierebis da energiis mudmivi brunva mudmiv da gawonasworebul
urTierTdamokidebulebaSi imyofeba. erT-erTi blokis cvla iwvevs
funqcionalur, funqciur, struqturul, raodenobriv an xarisxobriv
cvlilebebs. dinamiuri wonasworobis darRveva: 1) iwvevs jaWvur
reaqciebs (da Tu ar xdeba Sedegebis neitralizacia da wonasworobis
aRdgena, iqmneba axali bunebrivi sistemebi); 2) SeiZleba iyos
sxvadasxva masStabis (Zlieri, saSualod Zlieri an susti); 3) ZiriTadad
lokaluri xasiaTisaa, Tumca saboloo jamSi aisaxeba globalur
procesebze; 4) cvlis bunebrivi sistemis ekologiur potencials da
Sedegad, ekonomikur potencials (rogorc wesi uaryofiTad).
individisa da sistemis garemoSi ganviTarebis –
kanonzomiereba garkveulwilad exeba nivTierebisa da energiis
kanonzomierebas, agreTve ganviTarebis zogad Taviseburebebs.
cnobilia, rom geografiul garemoSi yvelaferi viTardeba rogorc
Sinagani, ise garemo faqtorebiT. absoluturad izolirebuli bunebaSi
araferia. cnobila individisa da sistemis garemoSi ganviTarebis sami
ZiriTadi postulati: 1) ar arsebobs absoluturad unarCeno warmoeba;
2) maRalganviTarebuli sistema (indvidi) safrTxes uqmnis
naklebganviTarebuls; 3) geografiuli sistemebi viTardebian rogorc
garemo an kosmosuri, ise Sinagani faqtorebiT.
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 bunebrivi nayofierebis – kanonzomiereba exeba bunebrivi
garemos erTgvarovan da mudmiv gamoyenebas, rac bunebrivi
garemos degradacias da nayofierebis (produqtiulobis) Semcirebas, da
saboloo jamSi, dakargvas ganapirobebs. igi gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinoa miwaTmoqmedebaSi, Tanac iseT qveynebSi, sadac ar
an ver iTvaliswineben bunebriv-resursul potencials da erTgvarovani
kulruruli mcenareebis moyvaniT arian dakavebuli. amgvari
miwaTasargebloba iwvevs: niadagis qimiuri da organuli
Sedgenilobis gaRaribebas, misi profilis zeda nawilSi monokulturis
fesvTa sistemis SenarCunebas, qimikatebis akumulacias, niadagebis
struqturis cvlas da Sedegad _ nayofierebis Semcirebas. cnobilia, rom
amJamad nayofiereba dakarguli aqvs msoflios saxnavi teritoriebis
naxevars.

5.4.koncefciebi geografiaSi

sivrce-droiTi analizisa da sinTezis - bunebriv Tu so-

cialur-ekonomikur teritoriul kompleqsTa struqturisa da
funqcionirebis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis kvleva
Tanamedrove geografiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, SedarebT
axalgazrda samecniero mimarTulebaa. igi XX saukunis 70-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi prof. niko beruCaSvilis iniciativiT da
xelmZRvanelobiT Caisaxa saqarTveloSi, martyofis fizikur-geografiul
stacionarze. koncefcia, romelic bunebriv landSaftTa sivrce-droiTi
organizaciis Seswavlis, analizisa da prognozis saSualebas iZleoda,
sakmaod male gaxda popularuli da swrafad gavrcelda rogorc
postsabWour sivrceSi, ise dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom axali samecniero mimarTuleba SemuSavebul iqna mTiani
regionebisa da xelTuqmneli landSaftebisaTvis, igi warmatebiT iqna
aprobirebuli vakisa da anTropogenuli zemoqmedebiT
transformirebuli bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsebisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia sivrce-droiTi analizisa da sinTezis Teoriuli
koncefciis qarTul geografiul skolaSi ganviTarebis ramdenime
urTierTdakavSirebuli etapi (periodi).
1965-1970 wlebSi dafuZnda da aqtiuri samecniero moRvaweoba
daiwyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis geografia-geologiis
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fakultetTan arsebulma martyofis fizikurgeografiulma stacionarma. igi
erTaderTi iyo da aris kavkasiaSi (amJamad martyofis geografiuli
centris statusiT). stacionari (mudmivmoqmedi saswavlo-samecniero
centri) ganTavsebul iqna iseT geografiul arealSi, sadac
warmodgenilia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barisa da mTis (qveda, Sua,
maRali) dominirebul landSaftTa ramdenime saxe. misi amgvari
mdebareoba, garda landSafturi mravaferovnebis Seswavlisa,
bunebrivi, agraruli da seliteburi (socialurekonomikuri) teritoriuli
kompleqsebis SedarebiTi analizis saukeTeso winapiroba gaxda.
martyofis stacionarze samecniero-eqsperimentaluri kvleva jer kidev
formirebis procesSi myofi mimarTulebis _ landSaftTa geofizikis
gziT warimarTa.
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi martyofis stacionarze
bunebriv-teritoriuli kompleqsebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis
Seswavla daiwyo. eqsperimentalur, sistematikur da empiriul
gamokvlevaTa mniSvnelovanma moculobam safuZveli Cauyara
teritoriul kompleqsTa vertikaluri struqturisa da funqcionirebis (mzis
energiis transformacia, biogeocikli, tenburnva) landSaftur-geofizikur
Seswavlas. miuxedavad imisa, rom im droisaTvis ukve iyo garkveuli
gamocdileba moskovis da sankt-peterburgis universtetebSi aRniSnul
maxasiaTebelTa statikuri Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, martyofis
stacionarze Sesrulebuli samuSaoebi landSaftis funqcionirebis
dinamikuri Taviseburebebis analizis saSualebas iZleoda. garda
amisa, landSaftis, rogorc rTuli sistemuri warmonaqmnis, struqturul-
funqciuri Tvisebebis Seswavla momijnave geografiuli disciplinebis
(meteorologia-klimatologia, biocenologia, niadagmcodneoba,
ekologia da sxv.) samecniero miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebasa da
koordinacias moiTxovda, rac warmatebiT ganxorcielda.
gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Seiqmna bu-
nebriv-teritoriul kompleqsTa sivrce-droiTi analizisa da sinTezis
Teoriuli koncefcia, romelic aprobirebul iqna postsabWour
saxelmwifoTa wamyvan samecniero centrebSi da araerTi samecniero
eqspediciis pirobebSi. Teoriuli koncefcia ganixilavda landSaftis
yvela saklasifikacio erTeuls, romelTa Seswavla xorcieldeboda
landSafturi kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebis (savele,
naxevradstacionaluri, stacionaluri, aerovizualuri, kosmosuri
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fotoinformaciis deSifrireba) gamoyenebiT. amave periodSi Seiqmna
kavkasiis landSafturi ruka (1:1000000 masStabSi), romelic sabazisoa
regionaluri da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis geografiuli
gamokvlevebisTvis.
Teoriuli koncefciis sivrciTi Wrili landSaftis vertikaluri Tu
horizontaluri struqturis sistemur Seswavlas iTvaliswinebs, droiTi
Wrili ki dRe-Ramuri, sezonuri da wliuri mdgomareobis dinamiuri
Tvisebebis gamovlenas. amgvari midgoma aadvilebs
landSaftmcodneobaSi iseTi problemuri sakiTxebis garkvevas,
rogoricaa teritoriuli kompleqsTa dinamika, bunebrivi reJimi,
eTologia da sxv.
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis Segrovda
uzarmazari empiriuli masala mTiani teritoriebis (kavkasia, centraluri
azia, centraluri evropa, baikalispireTi, karpatebi da sxv.) landSaftTa
sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, daisaxa da gamoikveTa
geosistemaTa radiometrul, landSaftur-geoqimiur, poligonur
gamokvlevaTa, geoinformaciul sistemaTa Seqmnis aucilebloba,
Seiqmna pirveli videokartografiuli filmi. empiriuli masalis didma
moculobam da farTo diapazonma realuri pirobebi Seuqmna
landSaftTa yovlismomcvel kadastrs (pasportizacias), rac
umniSvnelovanesi safuZvelia landSaftTa ekologiuri Seswavlis,
bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis da dacvis saqmeSi.
geografiul gamokvlevebSi personaluri kompiuterebis
danergvam geografiuli informaciis konstruqciul-gamoyenebiTi
mimarTuleba gaaZliera. odnav mogvianebiT Seiqmna saqarTvelosa
da kavkasiis geoinformaciuli sistemebi, romlebmac geografiis
dargobrivi disciplinebis koordinaciasa da kompleqsur analizs
Seuwyo xeli. geoinformaciuli sistemebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda
da xorcieldeba operatiuli geografiuli prognozi, rac mecnierebis da
praqtikis ganviTarebis sawindaria. gasuli saukunis bolos sivrce-
droiTi analizisa da sinTezis safuZvelze viTardeba
landSafturekologiuri mimarTuleba.
amrigad, sivrce-droiTi analizisa da sinTezis Teoriuli koncefciis
praqtikuli realizacia saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda, rac garkveuli
kanonzomierebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: sivrce-droiTi azrovneba mxolod
landSafturi mravalferovnebis (mTiani teritoriebis) arsebobis
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SemTxvevaSi da Sesabamisi materialuri Tu samecniero potencialis
qonis pirobebSi SeiZleboda ganviTarebuliyo. qarTuli geografiuli
skolis miRwevebma jerovani gamoxmaureba hpova msoflioSi da igi
mTiani teritoriebis bunebaTsargeblobis samecniero Seswavlis
umniSvnelovanes centrad iqna aRiarebuli. geoteqnikur sistemaTa –
SemuSavebulia gamoyenebiT lan-
dSaftmcodneobaSi, misi erT-erTi mimarTulebis saxiT; mis
koncefciis mixedviT, is sainJinro nagebobebi da komunikaciebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven sxvadasxvagvari bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebis formebs (mag. wyalsacavebi, plantaciebi,
hidroeleqtrosadgurebi, rekreaciuli zonebi da a.S), ganixileba rogorc
bunebrivi garemos Semadgeneli erTeulebi, romlebic monawileoben
bunebriv procesebSi. amgvari sistemebi moicavs rogorc bunebriv
konponentebs, ise teqnikur obieqtebs da teqnologiur procesebs.
amgvari sistema warmoadgens mudmivad an periodulad kontrolebad
teritorias, romelsac sazogadoeba qmnis calkeuli bunebrivi resursis
srulyofili gamoyenebis mizniT.
garemos monitoringis – ukavSirdeba geografiaSi im
informaciuli sistemebis SemuSavebas, romlis amocanaa bunebrivi
garemos mdgomareobaze mudmivi an perioduli meTvalyureoba
(dakvirveba) da Sefaseba. monitoringi xorcieldeba bunebrivi
garemos da resursebis regionuli gamoyenebis da dacvis mizniT da
moicavs: 1) bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis formebsa da
masStabebze dakvirvebas; 2) bunebrivi garemos mdgomareobebis
Sefasebas; 3) mdgomareobaTa prognozirebas. monitoringi masStabis
mixedviT SesaZlebelia iyos lokaluri, regionuli da globaluri, xolo
miznidan gamomdinare: bioekologiuri, geosistemuri da biosferuli.
bioekologiuri (sanitarul-higienuri) mdgomareobis monitoringi
xorcieldeba lokalur teritoriebze, geosistemuri (bunebriv-sameurneo)
da biosferuli – regionul doneze.
geografiuli eqspertizis – geografiuli eqspertiza xorcieldeba
bunebaTsargeblobiTi profilis saqmianobisa da proeqtebis ekologiur
saimedoobaze, raSic geoekologiuri profilis eqspertebi monawileoben.
eqspertizis meSveobiT dgindeba amgvari proeqtebis sxvadasxvagvari
(rogorc xanmokle, ise xangrZlivi) ekologiuri saimedooba. geografiuli
eqspertizis ZiriTadi debulebebi asaxulia mravali saxelmwifos
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sakanonmdeblo aqtSi. eqspertizis Sedegebi orientirebulia Semdeg,
ZiriTad, amocanebis gadaWraze: 1) sazogadoebisTvis jansaRi
garemos uzrunvelyofa; 2) garemos sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis
gaumjobeseba an SenarCuneba; 3) ekosistemebis da geosistemebis
mdgradobis SenarCuneba; 4) landSaftTa socialur-ekonomikuri
funqciebis SenarCuneba.
polarizebuli landSaftis – koncefciis mixedviT,
kulturuli landSaftis Seqmna ramdenime mizans unda isaxavdes, risi
ganxorcielebac urbanuli teritoriis sami urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilis
formirebis gziT unda warimarTos. esenia: 1) gansaxlebis (qalaqi,
sofeli) zona, 2) bunebriv-anTropogenuli (magaliTad, sasoflo-
sameurneo) gardamavali zona; 3) rekreaciuli zona. sxva SexedulebiT,
urbanuli landSafti aseve sami ZiriTadi, Tumca funqciurad
gansxvavebuli teritoriisagan unda Sedgebodes: istoriuli landSaftis,
garemosdacviTi landSaftis da esTetikuri landSaftisgan. amave
koncefciasTan ideurad axlosaa teritoriis sayrdeni karkasis koncefcia,
romelic moiTxovs centraluri, sayrdeni dasaxlebuli punqtis
gansazRvras. amgvari punqtebi unda gamoirCeodnen
individualizmiT da warmoadgendnen ekonomikuri, politikuri,
kulturuli cxovrebis an socialuri momsaxurebis centrebs.
resursuli ciklebis – koncefcia erTobliobaSi ganixilavs bunebrivi
resursebis mopovebis, gamoyenebisa da gavrcelebis ciklebs
(sakiTxebs), rac amJamad mudmivi da Seuqcevad xasiaTi aqvs.
resursebis gamoyeneba klasificirdeba misi saxeebis mixedviT,
kerZod: 1) energoresursebi, 2) liTonuri resursebi, 3) aramadneuli
resursebi, 4) tyis, 5) niadagur – klimaturi, 6) veluri florisa da faunis.
resursuli ciklebi gansxvavdebian daniSnulebis, xangrZliobis,
masStaburobis da specifikis mixedviT.
msoflio ekonomikuri ciklebis (didi ciklebis) – msoflio
ekonomikaSi cnobilia ekonomikuri aRmavlobis da krizisebis
epoqebi, romlebic sxvadasxva epoqasa da regionSi sxvadasxva
periodulobiT, Tumca msgavsi maxasiaTeblebiT warimarTa. aq
erTiandeba ramdenime samrewvelo revolucia (orTqlisa da
qvanaxSiris, eleqtroobisa da navTobis gamoyenebis,
mikroprocesebisa da genuri inJineriis), romelmac axali stimuli da

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biZgi misca msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebas. nebismieri cikli,
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba daiyos zrdis, stabilizaciis an stagnaciis fazad.
zrdis polusebis – koncefciis mixedviT nebismieri qa-
laqi an raionuli centri, garkveul periodSi an momentSi
warmoCndebian rogorc samrewvelo (an ekonomikuri) ganviTarebis
centri, rac ganapirobebs rogorc mimdebare raionebis (teritoriebis)
ekonomikur aRmavlobas, ise maT funqciur ganviTarebas. Tu
amgvari polusebis gamovlena geografiis umniSvnelovanesi
amocanaa, misi stimulireba saxelmwifos regionuli politikis ZiriTadi
mizania.
msoflio (globaluri) qalaqebis – msoflioSi gamoikveTa globaluri
(saerTaSoriso) mniSvnelobis qalaqebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT
araerTgvarovani funqcia. globaluri qalaqis gansazRvrisas ganixileba
sxvadasxva maxasiaTebeli an faqti, kerZod: mosaxleobis raodenoba,
finansuri organizaciebis Tavmoyra, mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso
organizaciis ofis-centris arseboba, saqmiani momsaxurebis maRali
done, gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis koncentracia, satransporto
kvanZis funqcia. amgvar qalaqebs Sorisaa niu-iorki, tokio, londoni
da parizi.
istoriul – eTnikuri daraionebis – koncefciis mixed-
viT msoflioSi gamoiyofa ramdenime kulturul-istoriuli regioni,
romlebic gadamwyvet rols asruleben geopolitikuri viTarebis
formirebaSi da sameurneo urTierTkavSirebSi, amgvaria: evropuli,
arabul-muslimanuri, indoeT-CineTis, Soreuli aRmosavleTis,
tropikul-afrikuli, Crdiloamerikuli da laTinoamerikuli regionebi.
TiToeuli maTgani iyofa nawilebad.
SezRuduli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, moTxovnebisa da
mosaxleobis zrdis – Camoyalibda XX-s. 60-70-iani wlebSi, rac iyo
reaqcia ekologiuri problemebis gamwvavebaze. ukav-
Sirdeba ekologiuri katastrofis saSiSroebas, rac ganpirobebulia
mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdiT, moTxovnasa da dakmayofilebas Soris
disproporciiT, sacxovrebeli garemos SezRudviT, bunebrivi resursebis
amowurviT da sxv. koncefciis farglebSi ganixileboda demografiuli,
ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da Sesabamisad politikuri prognozebi – anu
is saSiSroeba, rac elodeboda msoflios mosaxleobis swrafi zdis fonze.
koncefciis ZiriTadi debulebebi da gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi XX
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saukunis bolos Serbilebul iqna. civilizebuli kacobrioba ganviTarebis
axal fazaSi Sevida, radgan sayovelTaod iqna aRiarebuli racionaluri
bunebaTsargeblobis da mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi, mineraluri
da energetikuli resursebis gamoyenebis maqsimalurad Semcirebis
aucilebloba, momWirneobis da mosaxleobis zrdis politikis
gadaxedvis saWiroeba, mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis
aucilebloba, ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri
xelSewyobis miznebi da a.S.

VI Tavi. Asazogadoebisa da bunebis

urTierTdamokidebulebis
geografiuli Taviseburebani

6.1 globaluri problemebi da geografia

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze araerTi problema aRiniSna,

romelTac umeteswilad kargad gamoxatuli geografiuli Taviseburebani
axasiaTebs. isini nebismier – lokalur, regionul da globalur doneze
gamovlindeba. Tumca amJamad gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saubari
globalur ekologiur, ekonomikur, socialur da politikur problemebze,
rasac yvelaze TvalsaCinod geografia warmoaCens.
analizis kompleqsuri xasiaTi, bunebrivi da socialurekologiuri
movlenebis da procesebis sivrce-droiTi Taviseburebebis kvleva,
bunebrivi da saxecvlili (bunebriv-anTropogenuli) landSaftebis
Seswavla, planetaruli da regionuli ekologiuri problemebis
gamovlenis SesaZlebloba geografiul mecnierebas gansakuTrebiT
aqtualurs xdis. geografia, romelic iyenebs kvlevis araerT meTods
(kartografiuls, daraionebis, SedarebiTs, paleogeografiuls da istoriul-
geografiuls, saveles da kosmosurs, geoinformaciuls da modelirebis),
TvalsaCinos xdis bunebrivi da socialuri garemos transformaciis
maStabebs, maTze zemoqmedebis formebs da bunebrivi garemos
mdgomareobas.
bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis optimizacia
Sesazlebelia ganxorcieldes mdgradi politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri
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da ekologiuri ganviTarebis gziT. amgvari ganviTarebis sivrciTi
(lokaluri, regionuli da globaluri) Taviseburebebis kvleva geografiis
ZiriTadi amocanaa, riTac igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sxva
mecnierebebisagan.
sazogadoebrivi procesebi da ekologiuri problemebi,
Tanamedrove teqnikuri progresi da bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis
globaluri masStabebi, axal moTxovnebs uyenebs geografiul
mecnierebas. amJamad globaluri problemebis geografia swrafad
ganviTarebadi samecniero mimarTulebaa.
adamianis da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
istoriul-geografiuli Taviseburebani

adamiani da buneba ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan da mWidro-

daa urTierTdakavSirebuli. buneba sazogadoebisTvis ara marto
erTaderTi sacxovrebeli garemo, aramed arsebobisTvis saWiro
resursebis ZiriTadi wyaroa. bunebrivi garemo da bunebrivi resursebi
is aucilebeli pirobaa, romlis gareSec warmoudgenelia kacobriobis
materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. adamiani
bunebis nawilia da Tavisi saqmianobiT udides gavlenas axdens
masze. adamianis bunebaze gavlenis masStabebi izrdeboda da
izrdeba mosaxleobis matebasTan, Sromisa da Tavdacvis iaraRebis
gaumjobesebasTan erTad.
kacobriobis istoriaSi araerTxel aRiniSna ekologiuri krizisi -
bunebrivi garemos imgvari mdgomareoba, ramac msoflios araerT
regionSi adamianis arseboba da sazogadoebis ganviTareba safrTxis
winaSe daayena.
Tanamedrove adamianis uZveles kulturad zeda paleoliTi
miiCneva. am periodis adamianis ZiriTadi saqmianoba nadiroba,
nawilobriv ki Semgrovebloba warmoadgenda. zeda paleoliTis bolos
evraziisa da amerikis zomier subtropikul da tropikul sartyelSi
aRiniSna pirveli ekologiuri krizisi kacobriobis istoriaSi, rac
nadirobiT miRebuli sakvebis Semcirebas (aTeulobiT saxeobis
msxvili cxovelis ganadgurebas) da mosaxleobis zrdis Senelebas
ukavSirdeba. am droisTvis, ZiriTadad adamianis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, ganadgurda mamonti, zubri, giganturi iremi, gamoqvabulis
lomi, gamoqvabulis daTvi da sxv. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda
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CrdiloeTis iremis, aqlemis da cxenis rogorc raodenoba, ise
gavrcelebis areali. nadirobisas aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda cecxli, rac
tyisa da stepis mcenareulobis masiuri ganadgureba mosdevda.
Sedegad, pirvel ekologiur kriziss cxovelTa ramdenime saxeobis
moSinaureba da miwaTmoqmedebis Casaxva mohyva.
mecxoveleobis ganviTarebasTan erTad gaZlierda garemo-
ze zemoqmedebis masStabebi. Sinaur cxovelTa Tavmoyra erTis
mxriv saZovrebis degradacias, xolo meores mxriv cxovelTa veluri
saxeobebis ganadgurebas da maTi gavrcelebis arealebis Semcirebas
ganapirobebda. mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis Sedegad, msoflios
araerT regionSi, gansakuTrebiT subtropikul da tropikul sartyelSi,
tyeebma stepisa da savanebis, xolo stepisa (preriebis) da savanebis
bunebrivma zonam naxevradudabnoebis saxe miiRo. aRniSnul
satylebSi mcenareulobis ganadgureba haeris temperaturis zrdas da
sinotivis Semcirebas, qarismieri da wylismieri eroziis gaaqtiurebas
ganapirobebda. swored amgvari procesebi gaxda mizezi CrdiloeT
indoeTSi da centralur amerikaSi uZvelesi civilizaciis, xolo
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis calkeul regionSi subtropikuli tyeebis
gaqrobisa.
bunebrivi garemosTvis gansakuTrebulad uaryofiTi iyo
miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebis Sedegebi. miwaTmoqmedebis
ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli garemo stepebSi da
savanebSi, tyestepebSi, farTofoTlovani tyeebis da subtropikuli
sartylis bunebriv zonebSi, mdinareTa xeobebis gaswvriv (aluviuri
niadagebis gavrcelebis arealebSi) iyo. stepebis masStaburma xvnam,
tyeebis gadawvam (mcenareulobis cecxliT ganadgureba ara marto
teritoriebis soflis meurneobisTvis gamonTavisuflebas, aramed
niadagebis nayofierebis “amaRlebasac” isaxavda miznad) da
Cexvam, sairigacio sistemebis mSeneblobam aridul regionebSi
mkveTrad Secvala adamianis sacxovrebeli garemo, bunebrivi
landSaftis iersaxe.
swored am periodidan iwyeba mdinareebSi wylis xarjis
Semcirebis, eroziuli procesebis gaaqtiurebis, bunebrivi
mcenareulobis SezRudvisa da cxovelTa samyaros faseuli saxeobebis
ganadgurebis Seuqcevadi procesi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amave dros
xelsayreli garemo iqmneboda araerTi saxeobis mwerebisa Tu
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mRnelebis gamravlebisTvis, romlebic dRemde qmnian problemebs
rogorc yofa-cxovrebaSi, ise soflis meurneobaSi (gansakuTrebiT
miwaTmoqmedebaSi).
gansakuTrebiT maStaburi bunebaTsargebloba da ekologi-
uri problemebi XVIII-XIX saukunidan xdeba. mrewvelobis da
transportis ganviTarebam moiTxova bunebrivi resursebis didi
raodenobiT gamoyeneba da maTi axali saxeobebis sameurneo
daniSnulebiT mopoveba. daiwyo miwis, tyis, mineraluri, wylis
resursebis da cxovelTa samyaros masStaburi, stiqiuri da mtacebluri
gamoyeneba. tyeebis masiurma ganadgurebam xmeleTis wylebis da
niadagebis hidrologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi
ganapiroba. gaZlierda eroziuli procesebi, gaxSirda wyaldidobebi da
wyalmovardnebi, dadga sasmeli wylis da udabnoebis zrdis, cxovelTa
samyaros araerTi saxeobis gadaSenebis problema. garda bunebrivi
resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisa,
mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad aqtualuri gaxda bunebrivi
garemos SenarCunebis da garemos dabinZurebis problemac.
samrewvelo narCenebiT dabinZurda wyalsatevebi, atmosferuli haeri,
niadagebi. samrewvelo narCenebma safrTxe Seuqmna ara marto
niadagebis an kulturuli mcenareulobis nayofierebas, aramed
adamianebis janmrTelobasac.
bunebaTsargeblobam arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia XX
saukuneSi, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi. mosaxleobis
swrafma zrdam, urbanizebuli da sameurneo daniSnulebis teritoriebis
gafarToebam ukiduresad Seamcira bunebrivi garemo, arnaxulad
masStaburi da mravalferovani gaxda bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyeneba. TiTqmis mTlianad iqna aTvisebuli zomieri,
subtropikuli da tropikuli sartyeli, vake-dablobebi, dabali da saSualo
mTis landSaftTa ZiriTadi nawili. sameurneo daniSnulebiT
gamoiyeneba aRniSnuli teritoriebis miwis da wylis resursebis
ZiriTadi nawili. amas daemata isic, rom garemoSi moxvda didi
raodenobiT radiaqtiuli narCenebi, pesticidebi da sxva qimiuri
sasuqebi, gaxSirda teqnogenuri da bunebrivi katastrofebi, Tavi iCina
globaluri daTbobis, gaudabnoebis da gaudaburebis, problemebma.
Tu wina periodebSi adamianis zemoqmedeba ganapirobebda
bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis, bunebaSi arsebuli
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kavSirurTierTobebis da wonasworobis droebiT gardaqmnas, XX
saukunis meore naxevridan igi mudmivi da Seuqcevadi gaxda.
amrigad, Tanamedrove kacobrioba bunebaSi arsebuli wonasworobis
darRvevis anu globaluri ekologiuri krizisis winaSe aRmoCnda.

bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli prob-

lemebi

kacobriobas ramdenime saukunis manZilze awuxebs araerTi

bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis da amowurvis problema. Sua
saukuneebSi adamiani gamoiyenebda 19 qimiur elements, xolo XIX
saukunis Sua xanebSi 50-s, XX saukuneSi – dedamiwaze da periodul
sistemaSi arsebul yvela elements. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis
istoria gviCvenebs, rom maT adamiani ZiriTadad sami umTavresi
produqtis – sursaTis, nedleulisa da energiis misaRebad moipoveboda.
dRemde kacobrioba axerxebs samive sferoSi mniSvnelovanwilad
daikmayofilos moTxovnebi.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleboda bunebrivi
resursebis gamoyenebis ara marto masStabebi, aramed formebic. Tu
Sua saukuneebSi energiis ZiriTad wyaros SeSa warmoadgenda, XIX
saukuneSi ZiriTad saTbob-energetikul resursad qvanaxSiri
iTvleboda. mogvianebiT, XX saukunidan igi jer navTobma,
Semdgom ki bunebrivma airma da eleqtroenergiam Secvala. Tu Sua
saukuneebSi tyis resursebs ZiriTadad sasoflo-sameurneo
savarguleebis gazrdis mizniT, naxSiris misaRebad da gemebis
asagebad anadgurebdnen, XIX saukunidan mas qaRaldis, xolo XX
saukunidan xelovnuri boWkos da spirits misaRebad gamoiyeneben.
ufro metic, gasuli saukunis bolodan moyolebuli tyis resursebi,
zemoTaRniSnulTan erTad, qimiuri mrewvelobis erTerT ZiriTad
nedleulad iqca. Tu XX saukunis Sua xanebamde Tevzis rewva
ZiriTadad okeaneebisa da zRvebis sanapiro zolSi xorcieldeboda.
mogvianebiT, naosnobis ganviTarebasa da TevzsaWeri flotiliis
teqnikur ganaxlebasTan erTad, am procesma Ria zRvaSi
gadainacvla.
bunebrivi resursebis nebismieri formiT mopovebas da
gamoyenebas mudmivad sdevda ekologiuri problemebi.
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gansakuTrebulad uaryofiTi SedegebiT tyis, wylis da miwis resursebis
araracionaluri gamoyeneba xasiaTdeba.
tyis resursebis gamoyenebis istoria aTaswleulebs iTvlis.
msoflioSi, kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, tyiT dafaruli teritoriebi 2-jer
Semcirda (amJamad 40 mln km2), maT Soris subtropikul sartyelSi
3/4-iT, zomierSi ½1/2iT, xolo tropikulSi 1/3-iT. praqtikulad
aTvisebulia am zonebis saxnavad vargisi miwis da wylis resursebi.
Sesabamisad – aq TiTqmis ganadgurda gareul cxovelTa Tavmoyrisa
da migraciis arealebi. tyis resursebze dResac didi moTxovnilebaa
mSeneblobaSi, qimiur mrewvelobaSi, transportSi, parfiumeriis
warmoebaSi da sxv. amis gamo, mas xSirad “mwvane oqrod”
moixseneben. maTi ekologiuri mniSvneloba ganuzomelia - tyeebs
udidesi garemosdacviTi (gansakuTrebiT wyaldacviTi) da
garemosaRmdgeni funqcia gaaCniaT. misi meSveobiT msoflios
araerT regionSi regulirdeba siTbocvla da tenbrunva, ferxdeba
eroziuli procesebi, daculia niadagis nayofiereba, amcirebs aridizaciis
process da sxv. tyeebi rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTarebis erTerTi
ZiriTadi resursicaa.
tyeebs farTo ekologiuri diapazoni gaaCniaT da hidroTermuli
pirobebisadmi mdgradobiT xasiaTdebian. maTi ganviTareba
SesaZlebelia 200 – 4000 mm naleqis da +50 0C-dan 500C haeris
temperaturis farglebSi. amis gamo, gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa tyeebis
eqsploatacia iseT garemoSi, sadac maTi bunebrivi ganviTarebis
ekologiuri zRvaria. miuxedavad amgvari daniSnulebisa da ekologiuri
mdgomareobisa, tyis resursebis eqsploataciam arnaxuli masStabebi
miiRo teniani tropikuli da zomieri sartylis wiwvovani tyeebis
gavrcelebis arealebSi. yovelwliurad, isic ZiriTadad tyeebis xarjze,
soflis meurneobis, rekreaciuli, urbanizebuli da samrewvelo
teritoriebis ganviTarebisaTvis, iCexeba aTiaTasobiT heqtari tye.
mosalodnelia, rom XXI saukunis Sua xanebisTvis amJamad arsebuli
tyiani teritoriebi ganaxevrdeba.
wylis resursebis araracionalur gamoyenebas, mtknari wylis
moculobis (raodenobis) SemcirebasTan erTad, maTi xarisxis da
qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvla mohyveba. wylis xarisxis gauareseba
ganpirobebulia rogorc misi samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo da
sayofacxovrebo miznebiT moxmarebis zrdiT, ise gamwmendi
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mowyobilobebis da meTodebis gaumjobesebis neli tempiT. cobilia,
rom sazogadoebisTvis gansakuTrebiT faseulia xmeleTis mtknari
wylis resursebi, romlis xvedriTi wili hidrosferoSi 0.4%-s ar
aRemateba. mtknari wylis ZiriTadi maragi myinvarebisa (3/4) da
miwisqveSa wylebis (24,6%) saxiTaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad
imsa, rom mtknari wylebi mudmivad ganaxlebadi resursia, misiT
uzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli msoflioSi, erT mcxovrebze
gaangariSebiT, 2.5-jer Semcirda. msoflioSi mtknari wylis
moxmarebis maCveneblebi yovelwliurad izrdeba – Tu igi gasuli
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi 4.6 aTas km 3-s aRwevda, amJamad 6 aTas
km3-s gadaaWarba (anu moicva mtknari wylis brunvis
1/6). gansakuTrebiT swrafad matulobs misi moxmarebis masStabebi
mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi, saidanac igi ZiriTadad
dabinZurebuli saxiT ubrundeba garemos. mtknari wylis xarisxis
SenarCuneba msoflios erTerTi udidesi problemaa.

wylis
1900 w. 1940 w. 1980 w. 2007 w.
moxmareba
mosaxleoba 20 40 150 600

mrewveloba 30 120 650 2200

soflis 350 660 2100 3700

meurneoba
dagroveba 0 2 110 250
wyalsacavebSi

nax.6.1.1. wylis moxmarebis sferoebi da misi dinamika

msoflioSi (km3)

129
 bunebrivi pirobebi da mosaxleobis raodenoba gansazRvravs
mtknari (mdinareuli) wylis resursebis xvedriTi wilis geografiul
Taviseburebebs. Tu igi avstraliasa da okeaneTSi 93 aTasi m 3-is tolia,
analogiuri maCvenebeli samxreT amerikaSi 44, CrdiloeT amerikaSi
– 16, afrikaSi – 9, aziaSi – 5, evropaSi ki 4.5 aTasi m 3 aRwevs.
gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTareba iqmneba, romelic msoflioSi
mosaxleobis da sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis zrdis tempebiT
gamoirCeva.
msoflio miwis resursebi 130 mln km2-s aRwevs, rac
xmeleTis 87%-ia. dedamiwaze saxnav teritoriebs da mravalwlian
nargaobas 15 mln km2, xolo saTibebsa da saZovrebs 40 mln km 2
ukavia. mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad yovelwliurad mcirdeba miwis
resursebis da gansakuTrebiT, saxnavi teritoriebis xvedriTi wili. Tu
gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi igi 0.5 ha-s Seadgenda, amJamad erT
sul mosaxleze 0.2 ha saxnavad gamoyenebuli farTobi modis. miwis
resursebis aTvisebis masStabebi pirdapir kavSirSia ara marto qveynis
mosaxleobis raodenobasa da ganviTarebis donesTan, aramed
bunebriv pirobebTanac. magaliTad, Tu evropis teritoriis 1/3 ixvneba,
igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 3-jer, xolo avstraliaSi 10-jer naklebia.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis warmoebis zrda sasoflo-
sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis resursebis gafarToebiT miiRweva,
rac meurneobis eqstensiuri tipis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. miuxedavad
zrdis masStabebisa, amgvar qveynebSi kvebis produqtebis
warmoebis moculoba da saheqtaro mosavlianoba 4-5 jer CamorCeba
ganviTarebuli samyaros maCveneblebs. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi
miwis resursebis gamoyenebis Sedegad Zalzed saSiS masStabebs
maTi qimiuri dabinZureba aRwevs, ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ZiriTadi problema niadagebis degradacia (nayofierebis Semcireba,
erozia, damlaSeba) da gaudabnoebaa (bedlendebis farTobebis
zrdasTan erTad). ZiriTadad amis gamoa, rom ganviTarebad
qveynebSi yovelwliurad izrdeba damSeuli mosaxleobis raodenoba,
ise importirebuli sursaTis moculoba (magaliTad, marcvlis importi
1950 – 2005 wlebSi 10-jer gaizarda).
ganuzomelia mineraluri resursebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisTvis. misi meSveobiT mosaxleoba uzrunvelyofilia
energiiT, mrewveloba nedleuliT, soflis meurneoba sasuqiT, xolo
130
transporti sawvaviT. amis gamoa, rom swrafi tempebiT
mimdinareobs mineraluri resursebis mopovebis, transportirebis da
gamoyenebis maCveneblebis zrda. marto gasuli saukunis manZilze
msoflioSi mopovebul da gadamuSavebul iqna 200 mlrd tonamde
mineraluri nedleuli. resursebisadmi interesi ar neldeba - marto
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze mineraluri nedleulis mopovebis
maCveneblebi gaizarda 2-jer, maT Soris navTobis da bunebrivi airis
5-jer, boqsitebis 9-jer, qvanaxSiris 3jer da a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom swored mineralur resursebis mopovebas da gamoyenebas
ukavSirdeba iseTi globaluri ekologiuri problemebi, rogoricaa
garemos dabinZureba, teritoriis niadagur-mcenareuli safaris mospoba
(ekocidi), okeaneebis gaWuWyianeba, globaluri daTboba da sxv.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi aTvisebulia da intensiur zemoqmedebas
ganicdis 85 mln km2 anu xmeleTis zedapiris TiTqmis 60%. amgvar
masStabebTan erTad, bunebrivi garemos Tanamedrove
mdgomareobaze moqmedebs bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis da
warmoebis narCenebi. mavne nivTierebebisa da maTi naerTebis
gabnevam atmosferoSi, hidrosferosa da niadagur-mcenareul safarSi
Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo. viTareba sagangaSoa, bunebrivi garemos
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba ukve Sefasda rogorc krizisuli da
sagangaSo.

adamiani da reliefis gardaqmna

adamiani aqtiurad ereva reliefwarmomqmnel procesebSi – xels

uSlis danaleqi qanebis formirebas da ativnarebuli masalis
akumulacias, xels uwyobs teqnogenuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas da
stiqiuri bunebrivi procesebis ganviTarebas, wiaRiseulis mopovebiT
dedamiwis dedamiwis qerqSi qmnis xelovnur siRruveebs,
gardaqmnis reliefs da sxv.
masStaburi xasiaTis sameurneo saqmianoba reliefis gardaqmnis
siCqariTa da negatiuri SedegebiT ukve aRemateba teqtonikur
moZraobas. amgvar saqmianobaTa Soris ZiriTadia wiaRiseulis
mopoveba, miwisqveSa wylebis gamoyeneba, wyalsacavebis da
qalaqebSi mravalsarTuliani saxlebis mSenebloba. marto ukanaskneli

131
saukunis manZilze wiaRiseulis mopovebis moculoba gaizarda 7-jer,
xolo bunebrivi garemos gardaqmnis masStabebi – 3-jer.
Saxturi wesiT wiaRiseulis mopovebisas reliefis deformacia da
moZraoba aRiniSneba im regionSi, sadac qanebis zedapiruli fena
300-jer naklebia mis qveS gamomuSavebul siRruvis sisqeze. amgvar
procesebs xels aseve uwyobs mineraluri resursebis narCenebi, rac
ZiriTadad sabados ghavrcelebis arealSi iyris Tavs. reliefis
deformacia ukve dadgenilia qvanaxSiris Saxturi wesiT mopovebis
regionebSi germaniaSi, iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi, ruseTSi da sxv. teqtonikur aqtivobas aseve zrdis
miwisqveSa samSeneblo, sameurneo da samxedro afeTqebebic,
romelTa raodenoba yoveldRiurad 5 aTas aRwevs.
gansakuTrebiT ,,efeqturia‟‟ birTvuli afeTqebebi, romelTa
magnitudam SeiZleba miaxwios 5-7 bals.
miwisqveSa wylebis masStaburi gamoyenebis Sedegad meq-
sikis dedaqalaqma mexikom 8.5 metriT “daiwia”. SedarebiT naklebi
masStabis analogiuri procesebi dafiqsirebulia tokioSi (4 m),
kaliforniis Statis sxvadasxva qalaqSi (3-4 m) londonSi (2 m)da sxv.
am regionebSi reliefis deformacia ramdenime aseul kilometrze
aRiniSneba, rac saqalaqo meurneobis ganviTarebas arnaxul
problemebs uqmnis.
navTobisa da gazis mopovebisas miwisqveSa danaleq fenebSi
did farTobebze icvleba wneva, hidro da siTburi reJimi, aqtiuria
reliefis saxecvlileba. amgvari procesebi ukve dafiqsirebulia aSS-s
araerT StatSi, venesuelaSi, italiaSi da sxv. magaliTad, qalaq
long_biCSi (los-anJelesTan), romlis ,,daZirvis” siCqarem miaRwia
30-50 sm/wlSi. amJamad qalaqi TiTqmis 9 metriT dablaa im doneze,
romelzec XX saukunis Sua xanebSi mdebareobda. Sedegad, dazianda
araerTi samrewvelo sawarmo, navsadguri, rkinigza, WaburRilebi da
navTobsadenebi, xidebi da Senobebi. navTobisa da gazis mopovebis
regionebSi, miwisqveSa wnevis Semcirebis Sedegad ukve aRiniSna
(ruseTsa da aSS-Si – 3-jer, avRaneTSi – 2-jer, meqsikaSi da
ukrainaSi TiTojer) sakmaod Zlieri miwisZvrebi.
reliefis deformacias didi wyalsacavebic ,,uwyobs‟‟
xels. 1-2 sm/wl-Si iZireba md.koloradoze, zambezze, lenaze, eniseize
da sxv. ganlagebuli wyalsacavebis fskeri. wyalsacavebis farglebSi,
132
gansakuTrebiT seismurad aqtiur regionebSi, izrdeba miwisZvrebis
albaToba. maqsimaluri simZlavris miwisZvra (8_9 bali), romelic
ukavSirdeba wyalsacavs, dafiqsirda 1967 wels indoeTSi, md. koinas
auzSi. miwisZvris Sedegad, romelic gavrcelda 700 km-ian radiusSi,
daiRupa 200-mde da daSavda 2500 adamiani. SedarebiT naklebi
simZlavris miwisZvrebi wyalsacavebis provocirda CineTSi,
zambaiSi, saberZneTSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, kanadaSi, ruseTSi
da sxv.
im qalaqebSi, sadac mcire teritoriaze Tavmoyrilia
maRlivi Senobebi, miwis zedapirTan axlosaa metros sadgurebi da
gvirabebi, aqtiuria reliefis deformacia. magaliTad, moskovSi metros
sadgurebisa da gvirabebis gaswvriv gruntis daZirvis siCqare 20-jer
aRemateba sacxovrebeli kvartlebis an qalaqis centraluri nawilis
analogiur maCvenebels.
amJamad xmeleTis TiTqmis 1/10 ukavia did qalaqebs,
wyalsacavebs, wiaRiseulis mopovebis areals, rac orjer aRemateba
avstraliis farTobs. amgvari farTobebi swrafad izrdeba, rac kidev
erTxel miuTiTebs reliefis gardaqmnis globalur procesze.
resursebiT uzrunvelyofis problema sxvadasxva wlebSi Tu
sxvadasxva regionebSi mudam iyo aqtualuri. Tumca mineraluri,
gansakuTrebiT ki energetikuli resursebis problema kacobriobisTvis
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT dadga.
meore msoflio omis Semdgom aTwleulebSi mopovebul da
moxmarebul iqna ufro meti saTbobi da mineraluri nedleuli, vidre
kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze. marto ukanaskneli naxevari
saukunis manZilze mineraluri nedleulis mopoveba 2-jer gaizarda.
gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan dRemde mopovebuli sasargeblo
wiaRiseulis moculoba ormagdeba yovel 10-15 weliwadSi. amgvari
masStabebi TvalsaCinos xdis mineraluri resursebis amowurvis
realobas, rac xels uwyobs misadmi rogorc ekonomikuri, ise politikuri
interesebis zrdas.
Tanamedrove msoflio meorneobis araerTi dargis da
mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo moTxovnebis dakmayofileba moiTxovs
didi raodenobiT energetikuli resursebis gamoyenebas. energetikuli
resursebi amowurvadia, ris gamoc maTganis maragi swrafad ileva. es

133
gansakuTrebiT exeba navTobda da gazs, romelTa mopoveba sul ufro
ZviradRirebuli da rTuli xdeba.
prognozuli monacemebiT, energoresursebis Tanamedrove
moxmarebis pirobebSi, kacobriobas dadgenili maragis mixedviT igi
150 wlis manZilze eyofa, maT Soris navTobi 30-35, gazi 50, xolo
qvanaxSiri 450 weliwadi iqneba sakmarisi. amgvari viTareba
momavalSi araerT problemas warmoSobs, rac saboloo jamSi
mosaxleobas ,,energetikuli SimSiliT~ emuqreba.

globaluri daTbobis niSnebi

globaluri daTbobis niSnebma XX saukunis 80-iani

wlebidan sagangaSo xasiaTi miiRo. dafiqsirda, rom CrdiloeT
yinulovani okeanis mTel rig kunZulebze (grelandia, Spicbergeni,
axali miwa da sxv.) da sanapiro zolSi haeris saSualowliuri
temperatura erTi saukunis manZilze 2-3 0iT gaizarda. islandiaSi
yinulisgan ganTavisuflda is teritoriebi, romlebic 600 wlis win
erTwliani kulturebis mosayvanad gamoiyeneboda. yinulis swrafi
ukandaxeva aRiniSna aliaskaze da grelandiaze, xolo misi safaris
Semcireba zomieri sartylis yvela mTian sistemaSia.
garda yinuliT dafaruli farTobis Semcirebisa, Crdi-
loeT naxevarsferoSi SeiniSneba maradi mzralobis, taigisa da tundris
qveda sazRvris CrdiloeTiT gadaadgilebis procesi.
CrdiloeT naxevarsferos aridul regionebSi kidev ufro Semcirda
atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT wlis civ periodSi.
amgvar movlenas mdinareTa xarjis Semcireba da Sida wyalsatevebSi
wylis donis dakleba mohyva. gaizarda gvalvebis masStabebi,
intensivoba da raodenobac, rac araerT regionSi sasicocxlo da
ekonomikuri aqtivobis degradaciis mizezi gaxda.
msoflios TiTqmis yvela regionis Termul reJims analizi
gviCvenebs, rom amJamad globaluri daTboba fiqsirdeba yvelgan,
Tumca sxvadasxva intensivobiT. havis maqsimaluri cvlilebebi
fisirdeba xmeleTze, CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, C.g. 40-70 0 Soris. aq
haeris saSualowliuri temperaturebis matebasTan erTad aRiniSneba
eqstremaluri maCveneblebis gaxSirebac. magaliTad, skandinaviis
qveynebSi, sadac TiTqmis mTeli XX saukunis manZilze ar
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dafiqsirebula temperaturis ryeva, ukve SeiniSneba zamTris
temperaturis zrda.
okeaneebze klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis cvalebadoba Se-
darebiT umniSvneloa, Tanac zogierT akvatoriaSi uaryofiTi
anomaliebic ki SeimCneva. globaluri daTbobis Sedegebi
TvalsaCinoa mTel msoflio okeaneze – misma donem ukanaskneli
100 wlis manZilze 10-15 sm-iT moimata. amgvari viTareba,
upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirdeba yinulis dnobis globlur tendeciebs.

atmosferos dabinZurebis wyaroebi da misi geografiuli

Taviseburebani
atmosferos dabinZurebaSi adamiani Tavisi sameurneo saq-
mianobiT monawileobs, riTac arRvevs atmosferos qimiur
Sedgenilobas, Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis Tanafardobas. amJamad
troposferoSi mimdinareobs Jangbadis raodenobis Semcirebis procesi,
rasac xels uwyobs: saTbobis wva (yovelwliurad iwveba 9 mlrd t
saTbobi, rasac 16 mlrd Jangbadi “xmardeba”), aviacia (erTi reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinavi saSualod 25-35 t Jangbads wvavs), avtotransporti
(yovelwliurad moixmars 5 mlrd t Jangbads), samrewvelo
sawarmoebi da JangviTi procesebi. amrigad, atmosferos qveda
fenebSi yovelwliurad 20-30 mlrd t Jangbadi „iwvis”. amJamad
adamiani moixmars 1/5-iT met Jangbads, vidre igi mcenareulobis
mier gamomuSavdeba mTel msoflioSi. amas emateba isic, rom
intensiuri eqspluataciis Sedegad yovelwliurad mcirdeba Jangbadis
Sevsebis yvelaze mZlavri bunebrivi wyaro – tyeebiT dafaruli
teritoriebi.
cnobilia, rom adamianis normaluri cxovelmyofelobisTvis, haerSi
Jangbadis minimaluri raodenoba ar unda iyos 17%-ze naklebi. arada
mTel rig maRalurbanizebul da samrewvelo regionebSi misi
koncentracia Zalze dabal niSnuls - 19% aRwevs. msoflios araerTi
maRalganviTarebuli da ariduli (utyeo) qveyana ukve Jangbadis
ukmarisobis zRvarzea. TviT tyianobiT gamorCeul qveynebSic
(brazilia, kanada, ruseTi) gaCnda iseTi arealebi, sadac mosaxleoba
mwvaved ganicdis Jangbadis naklebobas.
Jangbadis globaluri naklebobis problemas naxSirorJangis
mudmivi matebis tendenciac emateba. naxSirorJangi atmosferoSi
135
xvdeba: saTbobi wiaRiseulis wvis, tyis xanZrebis da vulkanuri
moqmedebis Sedegad. swored misi matebis Sedegad yvelaze
mwvaved Tanamedrove msoflioSi “saTburi efeqtis” saSiSroeba
ganixileba, rasac aucileblad mohyveba globaluri daTboba.
atmosfero Tavisuflad atarebs dedamiwis zedapiramde
mzis radiacias, Tumca STanTqavs misgan momaval grZeltalRovani
gamosxivebas. atmosferoSi arsebuli orTqli akavebs dedamiwis
siTburi gamosxivebis 2/3 da naxSirorJangis 1/5. amgvarad,
atmosfero dedamiwas unarCunebs da ukan ubrunebs dakargul
siTbos. amJamad dedamiwis zedapiris saSualo temperatura +15 0C-ia.
rom ara atmosferos “saTburis efeqti”, misi temperatura 40 0-iT
naklebi anu -250 iqneboda. ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze
atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis Semcveloba 0.027%-dan 0.036%-mde
gaizarda, ris gamoc dedamiwaze haeris saSualo wliurma
temperaturam 0.60C-iT moimata. haeris temperaturis mateba ukve
aisaxa rogorc arqtikisa da antarqtidis, ise mTiani regionebis
myinvarul safarze. amgvari tendenciis gagrZelebis da msoflio
okeanis donis matebis SemTxvevaSi, datborva emuqreba xmeleTis
3%s, sadac aseulobiT milioni mcxovrebia.
adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba atmosferoSi sxva mavne
gazebis koncentraciis zrdasac uwyobs xels. amJamad troposfero
binZurdeba Wvartlisa da kvamlis nawilakebiT, mJavebiTa da
radiaqtiuli narCenebiT. amgvari nivTierebebiT gajerebulia didi
dasaxlebuli punqtebis haeri. ukeTesi viTarebaa sasoflo dasaxlebaTa,
da ramdenjerme ukeTesi didi wyalsatevebis bunebriv garemoSi.
atmosferos dabinZurebis orgvari wyaro arsebobs – bunebrivi da
anTropogenuli. bunebrivi wyaroebidan aRsaniSnavia vulkanebi,
udabnos qariSxlebi, gamofitva, tyis xanZrebi da cocxali
organizmebis gaxrwnis procesebi. anTropogenuls wyaroebs faqtiurad
warmoadgens adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Tu yofa-cxovrebis
TiTqmis yvela sfero, Tumca maT Soris masStaburobiT ramdenime
gamoirCeva.
atmosferos dabinZurebis mZlavri wyaroa samrewvelo
sawarmoebi, gansakuTrebiT saTbob-energetikuli, metalurgiuli,
qimiuri da manqanaTmSeneblobis mimarTulebiT. garkveuli roli aqvs
qaRaldis mrewvelobas da cementis warmoebasac. magaliTad, Sav
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metalurgiaSi, mxolod 1 t Tujis warmoebisas atmosferoSi ganibneva
200 kg-mde myari mavne nivTierebebi, xolo gadamuSavebisas 10
kg-mde mtveri, gogirdis anhidridi da marganeci.
atmosferos anTropogenuli dabinZurebis ZiriTadi wyaroebidan
erT-erT pirvel adgilzea avtotransporti. saavtomobilo Zravebi, rogorc
dizelis, ise benzinis wvis Sedegad, atmosferoSi gamonabolqvis saxiT
200-mde mavne naerTs gamoyofs. maT Sorisaa: naxSirorJangi,
mxuTavi airi (warmoiqmneba arasruli wvis da arasakmarisi
Jangbadis pirobebSi, didi raodenobiTaa gzajvaredinebsa da
saavtomobilo sacobebSi), azotis Jangi, sxvadasxvagvari
naxSirwylebi (maT Soris kancerogenuli benzapireni), aldehidebi
(momwamlavi nivTierebebi), gogirdis anhidridi da sxv. eTilirebuli
benzini mniSvnelovani raodenobiT Seicavs tyvias, rac
antidetonatoris funqcias asrulebs. amgvari benzinis wvisas
gamoiyofa tyviis naerTebi, romelic atmosferuli procesebis Sedegad
vrceldeba mTel planetaze. magaliTad, grenlandiis myinvarebSi
ukanaskneli 100 wlis manZilze tyviis Semcveloba 5-jer, xolo msoflio
okeaneSi bolo 20 wlis manZilze 10-jer gaizarda.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi 500 mln-ze meti avtomobilia, erTi
avtomobili ki yovelwliurad moixmars 4 tona Jangbads da gamoyofs 1
tonaze met mavne nivTierebebs. haeris dabinZurebaze aseve
moqmedebs avtomobilis gadaadgilebis Taviseburebebi. minimaluria
dabinZureba Tanabari da swrafi gadaadgilebis, maqsimaluri ki
wyvetili da neli gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi.
atmosferos dabinZurebaSi garkveuli roli aqvs aviaci-
as. erTi TviTmfrinavi rogorc afrenisas, ise dafrenisas 7 aTasjer met
damabinZurebels gamoyofs, vidre avtomobili daZvrisas an
gaCerebisas. stratosferoSi TviTmfrinavis gadaadgilebisas,
gamoyofili azotis Jangi xels uwyobs imgvari reaqciis ganviTarebas,
rac ozonis Semcirebas ganapirobebs.
dedamiwaze yovelwliurad 10 mlrd t saTbobi wiaRiseu-
lis wvis Sedegad, atmosferoSi miliardobiT tona mavne
nivTierebasTan erTad, aseulobiT milioni tona Wvartli, kvamli da
mtveri ganibneva.
atmosferos dabinZureba soflis meurneobis sawarmoebi-

137
danac xorcieldeba. msxvilfexa rqosani da mefrinveleobis fermebidan
garemoSi xvdeba amiaki, gogirdwyalbadi da sxva mavne gazebi.
pesticidebis gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT aviaqimiuri
damuSavebisas, xSirad maTi didi raodenobiT gabneva mosdevs.
kosmosis aTvisebam gaaZliera Termosferoze zemoqmedebis
masStabebi. atmosferos maRal fenebSi yovelwliurad aTasobiT
safreni aparati da xomaldi gadaadgildeba, romlebic aTeul aTasobiT
myar da gazobriv nivTierebas gamoyofs. atmosferoSi xvdeba
kosmosuri aparatebis narCenebic, ris gamoc swrafad mimdinareobs
misi maRali fenebis “metalizacia”. mxolod erTi kosmosuri xomaldi,
stratosferoSi gavlisas, anadgurebs 10 mln t ozons. dadgenilia, rom
sayofacxovrebo meurneobaSi freonis gamoyenebis masStabebis zrda
aseve ganapirobebs ozonis fenis Semcirebas, rac saboloo jamSi
sicocxlis mospobis mizezic SeiZleba gaxdes.

ozonis fenis cvalebadoba da misi geografiuli Taviseburebani

ozonis fenis da Sesabamisad, misi damcavi Tvisebebis

degradacia bunebriv garemos da kacobriobas mraval safrTxes uqadis.
kacobriobas imunuri sistemis daqveiTeba, kanisa da Tvalis
daavadebebis gaxSireba da garTuleba, infeqciuri daavadebebisadmi
organizmis mdgradobis daqveiTeba da fsiqiuri ganwyobis
gauareseba emuqreba.
ultraiisferi gamosxivebis zrda gansakuTrebiT msof-
lio okeanis binadarT emuqreba. amgvar SemTxvevaSi wylis floras da
faunas uqveiTdeba gamravlebisa da ganviTarebis, agreTve
orientaciis da migraciis unari. dadgenilia, rom ozonis fenis 1/4-iT
Semcireba ganapirobebs fotosinTezis intensivobis da Sesabamisad
fitoplanqtonis produqciis 1/3-iT klebas. arada, swored misi
meSveobiT gardaiqmneba msoflioSi saTbobi wiariseulis wvis
Sedegad atmosferoSi moxvedrili naxSirorJangis naxevari. okeaneSi
binadari Tevzebis garkveul nawils, romelsac didi sarewao
mniSvneloba gaaCnia, daRupva emuqreba. Sedegad, SimSilis
zRvarze aRmoCndeba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis da msoflios
araerTi regionis mosaxleoba.

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 analogiuri saSiSroebaa mosalodneli xmeleTis mcenareulobis
umniSvnelovanesi saxeobebisTvis. ozonis fenis degradacia da
ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gazrda mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs
gogrisebrTa da bardisebrTa mcenareulobis mosavlianobas. gacilebiT
gamZlea mzesumzira, bamba da zogierTi saxeobis marcvleuli
(simindi da brinji), romelTa mosavlianobac mxolod 5%-iT
Semcirdeba.
ozonis fenis efeqturobis cvalebadoba niadagis nayofierebazec
aisaxeba. baqteriebi, romlebic axerxeben atmosferodan azotis
utilizacias (gamoyenebas) da romelsac Semdgom mcenareebis zrda-
ganviTarebas xmardeba, niadagis zeda fenaSi cxovroben. cnobilia,
rom amgvari baqteriebis mier gadamuSavdeba imdenive azoti (35
mln t), ramdenic iwarmoeba msoflioSi azotovani sasuqebis saxiT.
ultraiisferi gamosxivebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad
semcirdeba rogorc mikroorganizmebis cxovelmyofeloba da
Sesabamisad, niadagis nayofiereba.
ozonis fenis cvalebadoba garkveulwilad ozonis “xvrelebis”
gaCeniT gamoixateba, rasac geografiuli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia.
gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas warmoadgens ozonis xvreli, romelic
antarqtidis Tavze formirdeba da romlis farTobic 20 mln km 2-s
aRwevs. igi garkveul problemebs ukve qmnis antarqtidis mimdebare
regionebSi. magaliTad, avstraliis, Cilesa da argentinis zomieri
sartylis ganedebSi ukanasknel aTwleulebSi TiTqmis 2-jeraa gazrdili
ultraiisferi gamosxiveba.
CrdiloeT naxevarsferos atmosferos cirkulaciaSi SeimCneva
ozoniT gaRaribebuli haeris masebis maRali ganedebidan (magaliTad,
grenlandiidan) evropisken gadaadgilebis xSiri procesi. ruseTis
hidrometeorologiurma samsaxurebma ukve daafiqsires uralsa da
cimbirSi ozonis fenis 40%-iT Semcirebis faqti. cnobilia isic, rom
CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi ozonis fenis cvalebadoba kargad gamoxatuli
sezonurobiT xasiaTdeba. Tu gazafxulze misi fenis sisqe normis
farglebSia, igives ver vityviT gvian Semodgomasa da zamTarze.

wylis resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli proble-

mebi da misi geografiuli Taviseburebani

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 msoflio mosaxleobis zrda, mrewvelobisa da soflis
meurneobis ganviTareba, ganapirebobebs wylis moxmarebis
masStabebis zrdas. amJamad yovelwliurad 6 aTasi km 3 zedapiruli da
20 aTasi km3 miwisqveSa wyali moixmareba, romlis 70% soflis
meurneobaze modis. garda amisa, sasmeli wylis resursebiT
uzrunvelyofa, rac mosaxleobis zrdas da wylis xarisxis gauaresebas
ukavSirdeba, XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan mudmivad uaresdeba.
mosaxleobis mier gamoyenebuli wylis klebis tendenciam XX
saukunis Sua xanebidan globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. mtknari wylis
dabnZurebis Sedegad aseve ikargeba misi gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi. amJamad
yvelaze aqtualuri sasmeli wylis xarisxis SenarCunebis da miwodebis
problemaa.
wylis xarisxis gauareseba Camdinare wylebs ukavSirdeba,
rac ZiriTadad didi qalaqebis arealebSi aRiniSneba. amis gamo,
araerT qveyanaSi aSenda milsadenebi, romlis meSveobiTac wyali
aseulobiT kilometridan miewodeba dasaxlebul punqtebs. magalitad,
avstriis dedaqalaqi vena 150 km-dan, parizi da Stutgardi – 200-km-
dan, xolo san-frabcisko 500 km-dan irebs sasmel wyals.
xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT vaWroba aTeulobiT msxvili
kompaniis Semosavli wyaro gaxda. evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTis
qveynebs didi raodenobiT miewodeba alpebsa da skandinaviis
mTebSi mopovebuli sasmeli wyali, muSavdeba proeqtebi avstraliaSi,
afrikasa da samxreT amerikaSi antarqtidis aisbergebis
transportirebisaTvis.
nebismieri Camdinare wyali garkveuli doziT abinZurebs
mdinareebsa da wyalsatevebs. rac ufro metia amgvar wylebSi
ativnarebuli mavne nivTierebebi, miT ufro uaresdeba bunebrivi
wylebis fizikuri, qimiuri da biologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. Camdinare
wylebi cvlis wyalsatevis temperaturas, ganapirobebs florisa da faunis
ganadgurebas, safrTxes uqmnis adamianis jamrTelobas. cnobilia,
rom 1kub.m dabinZurebuli wylis CaRvrisas ekologiurad uaresdeba
60-jer meti wyali.
msoflios mWidrod dasaxlebul regionebSi mdinareebi
ukve gamousadegaria sayofacxovrobo miznebisaTvis. magaliTad,
mdinare reini, romelsac XX saukunis dasawyisSi sarewao
140
mniSvneloba gaaCnda, dabinZurebulia rogorc SesarTavSi, ise zemo
dinebebSi. Tu SveicariaSi mdinaris ganivkveTSi 4 kilogramamde
qrolidebi fiqsirdeba, igive maCvenebeli mas SesarTavSi 50-jer metia.
asevea mdinare dunaic, romelic evropis rva saxelmwifos tertoriaze
miedineba. mdinare volgaSi, romlis Camonadenis 10% Camdnare
wylebi Seadgens, yovelwliurad xvdeba 400 aTasi t mJava, 200 aTasi
t navTobproduqti, 6 aTasi t fenoli da sxv.
amJamad msoflio saqalaqo mosaxleobis da soflis mo-
saxleobis ¾ 3/4 mudmivad ganicdis sufTa wylis deficits.
msoflio okeanis araerTi regioni da sanapiro zoli
binZurdeba navTobiT da navTobproduqtebiT, qimiuri da biologiuri
nivTierebebiT, samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo nagviT.
dabinZurebuli wyali ganicdis migracias rogorc horizontalurad, ise
vertikalurad. okeaneebis dabinZurebis Sedegad ferxdeba Jangbadis
miwodeba da ganaxleba, rasac ewireba zRvis organizmTa sicocxle.
qimiuri nivTierebebi aseve xvdeba wylis faunis kvebiT jaWvSi, rasac
sabloo jamSi adamiani gamoiyenebs.
navTobiT da navTobprduqtebiT dabinZureba progresirebs
misi gamoyenebis masStabebis zrdasTan erTad. navTobis mopoveba
yovelwliurad izrdeba Selfur zolSi, izrdeba navTobmzidi tankerebis
raodenobac. Sedegad matulobs teqnologiuri avariebis ricxvi ara
marto sabadoze an tankerebze, aramed wyalqveSa milsadenebzec,
rasac gamousworebeli ziani moaqvs wyalqveSa ekosistemebisTvis.
yovelwliurad msoflio okeaneSi saSualod iRvreba 10-15 mln t
navTobi. misi fena aTasobiT kvadratul kilometrze vrceldeba, sadac
mTlianad cvlis aorTqlebis, albedos, temperaturis da wylis brunvis
maxasiaTeblebs. amrigad, msoflio okeanis dabinZureba aisaxeba ara
marto ekologiur procesebze, aramed globalur klimatzec.
msoflio okeaneSi qarebiT da mdinareebis mier didi raodenobiT
xvdeba pesticidebi. isini aRmoCenilia arqtikasa da antarqtidis faunis
warmoadgenelTa RviZlSi da kanqveSa cximSi, tropikuli moluskebis
organizmSi, anu iq, sadac amgvari nivTierebebi arasdros
gamoyenebula. agvarad, soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli
Sxamqimikatebi garemoSi mravalferovan da rTul migracias ganicdis.
garemoSi qimiuri nivTierebebi sayofacxovrebo narCenebis saxiTac
ganibneva. maT Sorisaa kvebis narCenebi, maTeTrebeli da sarecxi
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saSualebebi. sayofacxovrebo narCenebiT da navTobproduqtebiT
“mdidaria” didi qalaqebis mimdebare sanapiro zoli, saidanac
aRniSnuli nivTierebebi Tavsxma wvimebs, Tovlis dnobas an
quCebis morwyvis Sedegad Caedineba. globaluri xasiaTi miiRo
msoflio okeanis mZime metalebiT dabinZurebam. amJamad
vercxliswyali, tyvia da kadmiuni okenur wyalSi yvelganaa, radgan
isini aq rogorc atmosferodan, ise mdinareebiT xvdeba. amgvari
liTonebi, baqteriebis meSveobiT, didi raodenobiT erTveba adamianis
kvebiT jaWvSi. msoflios araerT dasaxlebul punqtSi, sadac didi
raodenobiT moixmaren zRvis produqtebs, ukve aRiniSneba e.w.
minamatis (igive saxelobis yurea iaponiaSi) daavadeba (intoqsikacia,
rasac axlavs fsiqiuri aSliloba, halucinaciebi da nervozi).
vercxliswyali aseve moqmedebs imunuri sistemis reaqciaze,
ganayofierebis funqciaze, aferxebs nivTierebaTa cvlis process.

miwis resursebis gamoyeneba

miwis resursebis gamoyeneba aTaswleulebs iTvlis. misi

mniSvneloba TvalsaCinoa imiT, rom miwis resursebis meSveobiT
kacobrioba TiTqmis mTlianad (95%-iT) ikmayofilebs sursaTze
moTxovnas. miwis resursebis (129 mln km 2 anu xmeleTis 86.6%)
mxolod 1/5 SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas saxnav-saTesad. igive
maCvenebeli msoflios qveynebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis kidev ufro
umniSvneloa. cnobilia, rom erTi adamianis gamosakvebad saWiroa
minimum 0.1 ha miwis damuSaveba. saxnavi miwis farTobis
xvedriTi wili swrafad mcirdeba - Tu ramdenime aTeuli wlis win
(1960 w.) dedamiwis erT mcxovrebze 0.5 ha saxnav-saTesi farTobi
modioda, amJamad es maCvenebeli (0.21 ha) mniSvnelovnadaa
Secvlili. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas miwis resursebis da misi
gamoyenebis problemebi mTian da mosaxleobis raodenobiT
“gamorCeul” saxelmwifoebSi.
saukuneebis manZilze eqstensiuri soflis meurneoba XX
saukunis dasawyisSi intensiurma Secvala, Tumca anTropogenuli
zemoqmedebis masStabebze da mis uaryofiT Sedegebze aqtiuri
saubari mxolod gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan daiwyo. amJamad
niadaguri safaris struqturis da nayofierebis SenarCuneba msoflios
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araerTi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. amgvari
maxasiaTeblebis SenarCuneba rogorc socialuri an ekonomikuri, ise
ekologiuri aucileblobacaa.
niadagebis struqturis cvlaze ZiriTadad anTropogenu-
li faqtori moqmedebs, xolo nayofierebaze anTropogenulic da
bunebrivic.
niadagebis struqturis cvlaze gansakuTrebiT moqmedebs
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika da agrowesebi. sasoflo-sameurneo
teqnikis zegavleniT da intensiuri ZovebiT aRiniSneba niadagebis
gamvriveba, xvniTa da kultivaciiT - gafxviereba da niadaguri
horizontebis aRreva, xSir rwyvas niadagis tenianobis da forianobis
cvla mosdevs (rac xSirad gruntis wylis donis cvalebadobas an
damlaSebas iwvevs), qimiuri sasuqebis gamoyenebas – niadagis
cocxali samyaros ganadgureba da a.S. adamianis sameurneo
saqmianobis Sedegad intensiurad icvleba niadagwarmomqmneli
faqtorebi - reliefi, mikroklimati, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro,
Sendeba dasaxlebuli punqtebi, wyalsacavebi da a.S. gaaqtiurda
eroziuli da geodinamiuri procesebic, rasac saboloo jamSi niadagebis
nayofierebis dakargvamde mivyavarT. nayofierebis dakargva
kulturuli mcenareebis mosavlianobis Semcirebas ganapirobebs, rasac
socialuri problemebis gamwvaveba da migraciuli procesebis
gaaqtiureba mosdevs.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi niadagebis struqturisa da nayofierebis
SenarCuneba globaluri problema gaxda.
niadagebze adamianis zemoqmedeba ramdenime formiT
vlindeba, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania: meqanikuri,
agromelioraciuli, qimiuri, cocxali samyaros ganadgurebiT da sasoflo-
sameurneo saqmianobiT ganpirobebuli zemoqmedeba. meqanikuri
zemoqmedeba xvna-Tesvas, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebas,
mSeneblobas da sabrZolo moqmedebebs ukavSirdeba. miwis
resursebis mdgomareobaze garkveulwilad metyvelebs teritoriis
moxvnis masStabebi, rac pirdapir kavSirSia bunebriv pirobebTan da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan. magaliTad, Tu evropaSi
ixvneba teritoriis 1/3, igive maCvenebeli afrikaSi 14%, xolo
avstraliaSi 4% aRwevs. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Ria karieruli wesiT
mopovebisas an mSeneblobisas mTlianad nadgurdeba niadagis fena.
143
qveynis nawile-
tyeebis
bi da gaZoveba xvna
ganadgureba
kontinentebi
evropa 84 50 64
azia 298 197 204
afrika 67 243 121
Cr. amerika 18 38 91
s. amerika 100 68 64
avstralia da 12 83 8
okeania
sul xmeleTi 579 679 552

nax.6.1.2. msoflioSi miwis fondis degradaciis raodenob-

rivi maCveneblebi (mln ha)

agromelioraciul zemoqmedebaSi rwyva, daSroba da

gruntis wylebis specialuri, xelovnuri gadaadgileba (aweva an
daweva) igulisxmeba. sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebis istoria 7 aTas
wels iTvlis, Tumca ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis manZilze sarwyavi
miwebis farTobi msoflioSi 25-jer gaizarda. gansakuTrebiT didia
sarwyavi miwebis xvedriTi wili CineTSi (45%), indoeTsa (21%) da
aSS-Si (16.5%). daSroba tenian niadagebs esaWiroeba, rac ZiriTadad
drenaJiT an gruntis wylebis daweviT miiRweva. rogorc rwyvisas, ise
daSrobisas mniSvnelovnad icvleba niadagis rogorc sinotivis, ise
siTburi maxasiaTeblebi. garda amisa, niadagSi didi raodenobiT Tavs
iyris marilebi, rac mis gamkvrivebas da fizikuri Tvisebebis
gauaresebas ganapirobebs. cnobilia, rom msoflioSi sarwyavi miwebis
TiTqmis naxevari ukve damlaSebulia. amJamad niadagebis
damlaSebis problema awuxebs sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedebiT
“ganTqmul” axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebs, avRaneTsa da irans, erays
da egviptes, CineTs, meqsikasa da aSS, avstralias, indoeTs da sxv.
qimiuri zemoqmedeba mineralur sasuqebs da pesticidebis

144
gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba, romlis moxmarebis masStabebi
yovelwliurad matulobs. amgvari qimiuri elementebi rCeba da
grovdeba niadagSi, xvdeba miwisqveSa wylebSi da atmosferoSi.
niadagSi dagrovili qimiuri elementebi anadgurebs
mikroorganizmebs, cvlis nivTierebis ganawilebisa da energiis
gardaqmnis procesebs, amcirebs niadagis nayofierebas. msxvili
dasaxlebuli punqtebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis da
avtomagistralebis gaswvriv niadagSi damatebiT xvdeba sxvadasxva
qimiuri elementi (tyvia, kaliumi, nikeli, vercxliswyali da sxv.). myari
narCenebi auaresebs niadagebis aeracias da spobs cocxal
organizmebs, xolo qimiuri elementebi Warbi raodenobiT xvdeba
kulturul mcenareebSi.
gansakuTrebiT swrafad icvleba niadagis fizikuri Tvisebebi da
qimiuri Sedgeniloba mcenareulobis, kerZod tyeebis ganadgurebisas.
mcenareulobis gareSe niadagis zedapirze izrdeba Camonadenis
siCqare, icvleba niadagis wylis balansi, Termuli reJimi da
nivTierebis gardaqmnis procesi. amgvar niadagebze swrafad ikargeba
mcenareulobis TviTaRdgenis unari da viTardeba bedlendebi.
niadagebis nayofierebas da TviTwmedis unars aseve swrafad
amcirebs cxovelTa samyaros cvla an ganadgureba. niadaguri
mikroorganizmebis Secvlas xSirad paTogenuri baqteriebis
gamravleba mosdevs, rac infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebas
uwyobs xels.
mosavlis aRebis Semdeg niadagi araerTi qimiuri nivTie-
rebis (azotis, fosforis, kaliumis, kalciumis) naerTiT ifiteba.
gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT azoti esaWiroeba bostneul,
marcvleul, teqnikur da baRCeul kulturebs. mosavlianobis
asamaRleblad an SesanarCuneblad adamiani iZulebulia xelovnurad
aRadginos niadagis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. cnobilia, rom yovel heqtar
saxnavze wliurad 50 kg azoti SeaqvT, romlis TiTqmis naxevari
garemoSi ganibneva.
amJamad, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobiT degradirebul
miwebTan erTad, swrafad izrdeba eroziis Sedegad saxecvlili da
nayofierebadakarguli niadagebiT warmodgenili teritoriebis farTobi.
ukanaskneli aswleulis manZilze wylismierma da qarismierma
(defliaciam) eroziam moicva 2 ml ha anu msoflios sasoflo-sameurneo
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savargulTa 1/4-ze meti. erozia globalur problemad iqca. msoflioSi
masStabebiT wylismieri erozia gamoirCeva, rasac defliaciasTan
SedarebiT niadagis arsebiTi degradaciac SeuZlia. eroziis gamowvevi
faqtorebi orgvaria: bunebrivi da anTropogenuli. bunebrivi
faqtorebidan mniSvnelovania ferdobis daxriloba, reliefis
danawevreba, naleqebis intensiboba da mcenareulobis sixSire.
eroziuli procesebi mudam mimdinareobda bunebriv garemoSi,
Tumca imdenad nela, rom igi kompensirdeboda
niadagwarmomqmneli procesebiT. adamianis sameurneo
saqmianoban aseuljer daaCqara igi. cnobilia, rom eroziuli procesebis
gaaqtiurebas xels uwyobs mcenareulobis ganadgureba, ferdobebis
damuSaveba, intensiuri Zoveba da sxv. gansakuTrebiT swrafad
viTardeba erozia naleqebis didi raodenobiT da eqstensiuri soflis
meurneobiT gamorCeul regionebSi. aq tyeebs miwis soflis
meurneobaSi gamosayeneblad Cexen, rac eroziis myisier
ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
eroziis Sedegad irecxeba rogorc niadagis zeda fena,
ise amgebeli qanebic. amgebeli qanebis gadarecxvas umeteswilad
xevebisa da xramebis warmoqmna mosdevs, rac dabla swevs gruntis
wylis dones, Tanac SeuZlebels qmnis amgvar teritoriebze sasoflo-
sameurneo teqnikis gamoyenebas. erozirebul farTobebze
mosavlianoba ramdenjerme mcirdeba da uaresdeba mosavlis xarisxi.
eroziis masStabebiT ariduli da mTiani regionebi, stepisa da tyestepis
bunebrivi zonebi gamoirCeva. aq eroziis Sedegad gaudabnoebis
procesebi ganviTarda, ramac ukve moicva msoflios mSrali
regionebis nayofieri miwebis 60%. gaudabnoebis procesi aqtiuria
centralur amerikaSi, samxreT afrikaSi, dasavleT, samxreT da
centralur aziaSi. am regionebSi yovlwliurad milionobiT heqtari
sasoflo-sameurneo savargule nayofierebadakargul teritoriad iqceva.
dedamiwaze mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad matulobs ero-
ziisadmi aramdgradi teritoriebis aTvisebis tempi, rac maTi
degradaciis, gaudabnoebis da Semdgom - gaudaburebis winapirobaa.
gaudabnoebis procesi sxvadasxva bunebriv garemoSi sxva-
dasxva faqtors ukavSirdeba. Tumca misi gamowvevi ZiriTadi
mizezia niadagebis fizikuri Tvisebebis gauareseba, mcenareulobis
ganadgureba, gruntis wylebSi marilebis raodenobis zrda,
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ekosistemebis TviTaRdgenis unaris Semcireba. gaudabnoebas
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mixedviT landSaftis “sikvdili”
uwodes. gaeros monacemebiT, msoflioSi gaudabnoebam ukve
moicva 40 mln ha sarwyavi teritoriebi, Tanac yovelwliurad 6 mln ha
izrdeba misi masStabebi. gaudabnoeba emuqreba samxreT amerikis
teritoriis 10%, aziis 19%, afrikis 23% da avstraliis 45%. magaliTad,
afrikaSi saharis udabno samreTis mimarTulebiT 6 km/weli siCqariT
farTovdeba. amJamad msoflio mosaxleobis 10% cxovrobs
gaudabnoebis intensiuri procesebiT cnobil regionebSi.
msoflioSi gaudabnoeba ariduli regionebisTvisaa dama-
xasiaTebeli. aq adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba provocirebas
ukeTebs iseT bunebriv procesebs, rac arRvevs ekologiur
wonasworobas, iwvevs Seuqcevad ekologiur procesebs da teritoriis
jer gaudaburebas, Semdeg ki gaudabnoebas iwvevs. gaudabnoebis
Sedegad msoflios araerT regionSi gamwvavda sursaTis da wylis
problema, saTib-saZovrebis da mcenareulobis saTbobad
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis problemebi

msoflios calkeul regionebSi biomravalferovneba

swrafad mcirdeba, klebulebos cocxali organizmebis saxeobaTa
raodenoba. amgvari procesi ZiriTadad adamianis sameurneo
saqmianobiT da bunebrivi garemos degradaciiTaa ganpirobebuli.
biomaravalferovnebaze gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad moqmedebs
tyeebis intensiur eqspluatacia, axali miwebis aTviseba, qalaqebis
zrda da saavtomobilo magistralebis mSenebloba. bunebrivi garemos
gardaqmna yvelaze masStaburia tropikul qveynebSi, sadac
yovelwliurad uzarmazar farTobebze iCexeba biomravalferovnebiT
mdidari tropikuli tyeebi.
mTebi da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

mTiani teritoriebis gamoyenebis formebi da masTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis ganviTarebis
donesTan. Tu ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTiani regionebi
“gamoirCevian” ekonomikuri CamorCenilobiT, socialuri
147
daZabulobiT da migraciis maRali maCveneblebiT, sapirispiro
viTarebaa ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aq mTiani regionebi ukve
Camoyalibdnen turistul centrebad da xasiaTdebian cxovrebis maRali
doniT. Tumca, mTebs gacilebiT didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. isini
samarTlianad iTvleba wylis da hidroenergetikuli resursebis
formirebis arealad, biologiuri da kulturuli mravalferovnebiT
gamorCeul teritoriad. mTebi cnobilia ekologiurad sufTa garemoTi,
ris SenarCunebasac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto geografiuli
garsis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis, aramed kacobriobis
momavlisTvisac.
mTebi da adamiani

mTian teritoriebs xmeleTis 1/4 ukavia. misi ZiriTadi nawili

eqstremaluri garemo pirobebiT (adgilis simaRle, dabali
temperaturebi, dabalnayofieri niadagebi, ferdobebis daxriloba,
kldeebi, mudmivi Tovli da myinvarebi da sxv.) xasiaTdeba, ris
gamoc SeuZlebelia misi ZiriTadi nawilis gamoyeneba sacxovreblad
da meurneobisaTvis. amis gamoa, rom aq Sesabamisi sacxovrebeli
garemoTi da niadagur-klimaturi resursebiT uzrunvelyofilia msoflio
mosaxleobis mxolod 1/10 (Tumca mTebSi warmodgenili mineraluri
da rekreaciuli resursebiT sargeblobs mTeli kacobrioba).
mTebs uZvelesi droidan iTvisebdnen, rac ZiriTadad usafrTxo,
TavdacvisTvis xelsayrel garemos ukavSirdeboda. magaliTad,
ramdenime aTasi wlis win evropaSi, alpebis mTaTaSorisi xeobebi
ufro mWodrod iyo dasaxlebuli, vidre mimdebare gorak-borcvebi da
vakeebi. aq miwaTmoqmedebas zR.d. 2000 m-mde misdevdnen -
didi raodenobiT mohyavdaT marcvleuli, bostneuli, kanafi, seli da
sxv.
amJamad mTian teritoriebze 700 mln-mde adamiani cxovrobs.
maTi ZiriTadi nawili centraluri da samxreT amerikis, aziis da afrikis
mTian regionebSia dasaxlebuli. aRniSnuli mTiani teritoriebis
bunebrivi pirobebidan da mciremiwianobidan gamomdinare SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom isini didi simWidroviT anu Warbi mosaxleobiT
gamoirCevian. evropaSi mTiani teritoriebidan mosaxleobis maRali
simWidrove mxolod alpebs axasiaTebs. TiTqmis ukacrielia
CrdiloeTis mTebi - kordilierebi, skandinaviisa da cimbiris mTebi.
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 mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi
rTuli gamosayenebelia, ris gamoc mosaxleobas eqstremelur
garemosTan Segueba da brZola uwevs. mTebSi mcxovrebma
xalxebma aTaswleulebis manZilze meurneobis uCveulo da
specifikuri formebi Seqmnes, rac erTis mxriv miwaTsargeblobas
(mciremiwianobis da arasakmarisi agroklimaturi resursebis fonze),
xolo meores mxriv - mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayrel
garemos ukavSirdeba. mTebSi miwaTsargeblobis tradiciuli formebi
mTis mdinareebis da xelovnurad Seqmnil terasebze ganviTarda, xolo
mesaqonleoba maRalnayofier sazafxulo saZovrebsa da saTibebze.
amJamad mTebisadmi, misi bunebrivi resursebisadmi inte-
resi izrdeba. mTebs srafad iTviseben mTel msoflioSi – aq Sendeba
masiuri wyalsacavebi, amuSaveben wiaRiseulis axal sabadoebs,
gahyavT gzebi da komunikaciebi, viTardeba turizmi, izrdeba
sazafxulo saZovrebis gamoyenebis masStabebi da droebiT (sezonur)
dasaxlebaTa raodenoba.

mTebi da bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba

mTebi mdidaria araerTi saxeobis bunebrivi resursiT,

romelTagan kacobriobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
sasmeli wyali, hidroenergia, mzis da qaris energia, Termuli da
mineraluri wylebi. mTebSi warmodgenilia mravali saxis sasargeblo
wiaRiseulis sabado, romelTagan mniSvnelovania feradi da Zvirfasi
liTonebi, samSeneblo da mosapirkeTebeli qvebi.
mTebi gansakuTrebiT mdidaria rekreaciuli resursebiT, kerZod
efeqturi da elamazesi peizaJebiT, esTetikuri adgilebiT, sufTa da
gamWvirvale haeriT, mravalferovani mcenareulobiT da unikaluri
cxovelTa samyaroTi. mTebi erTdroulad warmoadgens cocxali
saxeobis araerTi warmomadgenlis bunebriv TavSesafars, bariersa da
koridors. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba barisa da maRali mTis
cxovelTa Sereva, maTi gadaadgileba sxvadasxvagvar geografiul
arealSi mTebi turizmis ganviTarebis potencialiT gamorCeulia mTel
msoflioSi. aq adamians samogzaurod ganumeorebeli buneba,
eTnikuri da kulturuli mravalferovneba, mineraluri da sasmeli wylebi,
efeqturi peizaJebi da ekologiurad sufTa kvebis produqtebi izidavs.
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sworad organizebuli turistuli infrastruqtura jerovan doneze Seuqmnis
Semosavlebs adgilobriv mosaxleobas, Secvlis sameurneo profils da
minimumamde Seamcirebs mTiani teritoriebis anTropogenul
datvirTvas.
mTebSi araerTi saxis turizmia ganviTarebuli, romelTagan
gamoirCeva sportuli, ekologiuri, eqstremaluri da samedicino
(gamajansaRebeli) saxeobebi. rTuli reliefuri pirobebi xels uwyobs
mTebSi biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebas, rac maT simaRlebriv
ganawilebasTan erTad, umniSvnelovanesi resursia SemecnebiTi
(samecniero, saganmanaTleblo) turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.
mTebi Zalze faqizi, myife da aramdgradi bunebrivi gare-
moTi xasiaTdeba. aq myisierad fiqsirdeba garemoSi mimdinare
procesebi, adamianis zegavlena, eqstremalur bunebriv movlenaTa
Sedegebi. mTebi gansakuTrebiT mgZnobiarea havis
cvalebadobisadmi, rac swrafad aisaxeba myinvarebis farTobze da
moculobaze, mcenareulobis ganviTarebaze, wylis resursebze da sxv.
amJamad mTebi klimatis globaluri cvlilebis saukeTeso indikatorad
iTvleba.
mTebi gamoirCeva maRali riskebiT, rasac bunebrivi da
anTropogenuli faqtorebi ganapirobebs. bunebrivi faqtorebidan
aRsaniSnavia vulkanebi da miwisZvrebi, mewyerebi, Rvarcofebi,
zvavebi, wyaldidobebi da sxv. aq sul ufro da ufro izrdeba adamianis
faqtori, rac ZiriTadad mopovebiT mrewvelobasTan, tyeebis
eqsploataciasTan da gzebis mSeneblobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
swrafad cvalebadi klimaturi pirobebis da adamianis
mzardi sameurneo saqmianobis gamo, mTebis bunebrivi
mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba kacobriobis erTerTi
umniSvnelovanesi globaluri problemaa.

mTiani teritoriebis biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis

problema

mTebi msoflioSi biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovnebiT,

bunebrivi srulyofilebiT da unikalobiT gamoirCeva. amis gamo,
mTebi saukeTeso “eqsperimentuli” adgilia, sadac TvalsaCinoa

150
globaluri teqtonikuri, geodinamiuri, klimaturi da biologiuri
movlenebisa da procesebis mimdinareobis Taviseburebani.
mTebis bunebrivi mravalferovneba damokidebulia ramdenime
faqtorze, kerZod: maT geografiul mdebareobaze, adgilis simaRlesa
da eqspoziciaze, okeaneebisa da zRvebis siaxloveze, qaris
mimarTulebaze, adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis formebze da
masStabebze. mTebSi jer kidev warmodgenilia endemebisa da
reliqtebis Tavmoyris arealebi, rac kidev ufro zrdis maT ekologiur da
saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas. veluri bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi
(WWF) erovnuli da globaluri garemosdacviTi proeqtebis
SemuSavebisas, ZiriTad yuradRebas mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi
mravalferovnebiT da faseulobiT gamorCeul arealebs uTmoben.
samwuxarod, mTiani teritoriebis endemebisa da reliqtebis
umravlesoba, araerTi qveynis “wiTel wignSi” aRnusxulia, rogorc
gadaSenebis piras myofi. mTiani teritoriebis biomravalferovnebis
SenarCuneba da gadaSenebis piras myofi cocxali samyaros dacva,
Tanamedrove msoflios erTerTi upirvelesi sazrunavia.

mTiani teritoriebis gamoyenebis tendenciebi da proble-

mebi

mTebi uZvelesi droidan iTvleboda civilizaciis gavrcelebis erT-

erT umniSvnelovanes barierad. amasTanave mTebSi Camoyalibda
araerTi TviTmyofadi xalxi, kultura, tradicia. erTsa da imave mTian
sistemaSi (magaliTad, kavkasionze) mcxovrebi xalxebis izolacia
imdenad didi iyo, rom gansxvavebuli enebis formirebasac ki
ganapirobebda. kargi magaliTia daRestani, sadac 30-mde sxvadasxva
xalxi cxovrobs. miuxedavad rTuli pirobebisa, mTebSi, romelsac
xmeleTis 20% ukavia, 400 mln kaci cxovrobs. maTgan, 3000 metrze
maRla (himalaebsa da andebSi) 20 milioni mcxovrebia. dedamiwaze,
zR. donidan 2000-3000 metris farglebSi, 120 milionamde adamiani
cxovrobs.
mTiani teritoriebis bunebrivi resursebis intensiuri gamoyeneba,
rasac bunebrivi mravalferovnebis degradacia da gaRaribeba
mohyveba, garkveuli tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba. maTgan globaluri
xasiaTi aqvs: subalpur da alpur saZovrebze pirutyvis suladobis
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ekologiur zRvare yofnas, maRali mTis mcenareulobis
mravalferovnebis gaRaribebas intensiuri Zovebis da
samkurnalwamlo balaxeulobis didi raodenobiT damzadebis gamo,
zeda mTis tyeebis degradacias, eroziuli (geodinamiuri) procesebis
gaaqtiurebas da niadagis humusovani fenis gadarecxvas, wylis
resursebis Semcirebas, cxovelTa adgilsamyofelis, migraciis gzebis da
ekologiuri koridorebis SezRudvas, mTiani regionebis mosaxleobis
socialur infrastruqturis da cxovrebis ukiduresad dabal dones.
cnobila, rom ukanaskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze
mTiani regionebis tyianobis maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad Semcirda,
zogan ki (magaliTad, pamiri, tian-Sani da sxv.) ganaxevrda. tyeebs
mTebSi udidesi, gadamwyveti ekologiuri ganiSnuleba gaaCniaT –
niadagdacviTi, wyaldacviTi, wyaldidobis, wyalmovardnis da
geodinamiuri procesebis Semaferxebeli, jansaRi garemos Semqmneli
da biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis. mTebSi mecxoveleobis
ganviTareba ZiriTadad zeda mTis tyeebze moqmedebs, romlebic tyis
ekosistemebidan yvelaze aramdgradia. Zovebisa da Tibvis
masStabebi xels uSlis tyis TviTaRdgenis unars, ris gamoc mTebSi
mecxoveleobis ragulireba, tyeebis racionalur gamoyenebasTan
erTad, mTiani teritoriebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
mTian teritoriebze adamianis teqnogenuri saqmianoba
sxvadasxva formebiT gamoixateba. Tumca maTi Sedegebi ZiriTadad
wylis resursebis regulirebis problemas ukavSirdeba.
gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTarebaa Seqmnili ariduli regi-
onebis mTian sistemebSi wylis resursebis formirebasTan da
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. misi moculobis Semcireba pirdapir
kavSirSia globalur daTbobasTan da adamianis sameurneo
saqmianobasTan. amgvar regionebSi mosalodnelia wylis resusebis
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamwvaveba ara marto
calkeuli xeobis zeda da qveda welSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, aramed
im saxelmwifoebs Sorisac, romlebic sargebloben tranzituli
mdinareebis resursebiT.
msoflios mTian regionebSi wyalsacavebis mSeneblobis
istoria aswleulebs iTvlis. garemoze zemoqmedebiT mxolod didi
wyalsacavebi (100-150 m siRrmis mqone) gamoirCevian, romelTa
raodenoba amJamad ramdenime aTeulia. wyalsacavebis umravlesoba
152
zomieri, subtropikuli sartylis mTiani regionebis mdinareebzea
agebuli. misi meSveobiT efeqturad regulirdeba wyali, Tumca izrdeba
seismuri daZabuloba, itboreba mTis mosaxleobisTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mdinarispira terasebi, tyeebi da
mdeloebi, garkveulwilad icvleba mikroklimati, miwisqveSa wylebis
done, cocxali samyaros saxeobrivi Sedgeniloba, migraciis gzebi da
a.S.
amgvarad, mTiani teritoriebis aTviseba sworad da
mizanmimarTulad, mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis
gaTvaliwinebiT unda ganxorcieldes. sxva SemTxvevaSi, kidev ufro
gaizrdeba mTiani regionebis mosaxleobis migracia, bunebrivi
resursebis araracionaluri da mtacebluri gamoyeneba, kulturuli da
eTnikuri faseulobebis degradacia, konfliqtebi, mTis mosaxleobis
siduxWire da sxv.

adamiani da sasicocxlo sivrcis aTvisebis geografiuli

Taviseburebani

adamiani sacxovreblad xelsayrel garemos irCevda da irCevs.

amJamad vake-dablobebsa da maRlobebze, anu zRvis donidan 500
metrze dabla, cxovrobs msoflio mosaxleobis 83%, 500-dan 1000
metramde – 11%, ufro maRla ki 6%. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili
(90%) Crdilo naxevar-
sferos tropikul, subtropikul da zomier sartylebSi cxovrobs.
uzarmazari farTobebis mqone subarqtikuli da arqtikuli sartyeli
TiTqmis dausaxlebelia – mTel msoflioSi am sartylebSi 5 milionamde
mcxovrebia. C.g. 780-dan CrdiloeTiT da da s.g. 540-dan samxreTiT
mudmivi dasaxlebuli punqtebi aRar gvxvdeba. samxreT
naxevarsferoSi warmodgenilia msoflio mosaxleobis 1/10.
kontinentebis mixedviT, mosaxleobis naxevarze meti aziaSi
cxovrobs, maSin roca avstraliasa da okeaneTSi mxolod 0.5%.
amrigad, mosaxleobis ganawileba araerT faqtorTanaa
dakavSirebuli. bunebrivi faqtorebidan gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
reliefsa da havas eniWeba. swored isini “gansazRvraven” dResac
dedamiwaze mosaxleobis ganawilebis globalur Taviseburebebs.
aseve didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia wyals, mcenareulobasa da
153
niadagebs. bunebis es komponentebi mosaxleobis ganawilebis
Sefasebisas ZiriTad bunebriv faqtorebad ganixilebian.
dedamiwaze sasicocxlo sivrce SezRudulia. maRali
mTebi, arqtikuli da tropikuli udabnoebi, Waobebi da gauvali tyeebi
gamousadegaria sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebisaTvis.
mniSvnelovani farTobebi aseve ukaviaT dasaxlebul punqtebs da
satransporto komunikaciebs. mosaxleoba ganuwyvetliv izrdeba,
iTvisebs axal teritoriebs, gardaqmnis garemos. magaliTad, Tu
amJamad dedamiwaze mosaxleobis saSualo simWidrove erT kv km-
ze 42.3 kacis tolia, igi 2.5-jer aRemateba 1950 wlis, xolo 3.8-jer XX
saukunis dasawyisis analogiur maCvenebels.
msoflioSi, mosaxleobis simWidrovis maRali maCveneble-
biT da Sesabamisad, sasicocxlos sivrcesTan dakavSirebuli
problemebiT, evropa gamoirCeva. XVI saukunis dasawyisidan XX
saukunis Sua xanebamde evropis saxelmwifoebi sasicocxlo sivrcis
problemis gadaWras Crdilo da samxreT amerikis, afrikis, avstraliis,
Crdilo-aRmosavleT aziis kolonizaciis gziT cdilobda. am periodSi
mTlianad iqna aTvisebuli msoflioSi soflis meurneobisTvis vargisi
teritoriebi.

demografiuli problemebis geografiuli Taviseburebani

msoflios mosaxleoba yovelwliurad 80 mln-mde adamia-

niT matulobs. yovel wamSi dedamiwaze ibadeba 4 adamiani, kvdeba
2. Tumca, mosaxleoba yvelgan erTnairad ar matulobs. misi
maqsimaluri maCveneblebiT dedamiwaze indoeTi gamoirCeva –
misi mosaxleoba yovelwliurad 16 mln adamianiT izrdeba. CineTi,
miuxedavad mosaxleobis didi raodenobisa, am maCvenebliT mainc
CamorCeba indoeTs. Tuki ase gagrZeldeba, 30 wlis Semdeg indoeTi,
mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, msoflioSi pirvel adgilze
gadainacvlebs. varaudoben, rom am qveyanaSi XXI saukunis Sua
xanebisTvis 1.5 miliardi adamiani icxovrebs. arian qveynebi
(magaliTad, bangladeSi), sadac mosaxleobis yovelwliuri mateba
Seadgens 4.6 mln kacs, anu imdens, ramdeni mcxovrebicaa
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi.

154
 msoflios or aTeulamde qveyanaSi mosaxleoba klebulobs.
magaliTad, ukrainaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,
mosaxleobis raodenoba Semcirda 4 milioniT, ruseTSi 2 mln-iT, xolo
saqarTveloSi 700 aTasi mcxovrebiT.
mosaxleobis sikvdilianobis da Sobadobis done araerT
geografiul Tu socialur-ekonomikur faqtorze damokidebuli,
romelTagan mniSvnelovania:
• mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturis Taviseburebani (15-dan
49 wlis asakamde qalTa maRali xvedriTi wili
mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi gansazRvravs
Sobadobis maRal maCveneblebs, da piriqiT,
moxucebulTa didi raodenoba sikvdilianobis zrdis
macvenebelia);
• sakvebi da yofa-cxovrebis pirobebi (Tanamedrove
msoflioSi, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebidan, jansaR bunebriv garemosTan da sakvebTan
erTad, ZiriTadi aqcenti wylis sisufTaveze keTdeba, rac
ganapirobebs sikvdilianobis Semcirebas)
• samedicino momsaxurebis done;
• ekonomikuri pirobebi. ganviTarebad qveynebSi bavSvebi
pataobidanve arian Cabmuli soflis meurneobaSi,
warmoadgenen muSaxels. amis gamo, ojaxi cdilobs rac
SeiZleba meti bavSvi iyolios;
• socialuri da religiuri faqtorebi. zogierTi qveynis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba an religiuri aRmsarebloba ar
aZlevs qals sazogadoebriv dawesebulebeSi an
warmoebaSi dasaqmebis saSualebas. isini ZiriTadad
ojaxuri meurneobiT arian dakavebuli, rac Sobadobis zrdis
garkveul mizezad gvevlineba. araerTi religia mis
midevrebs mravalSvilianobisken mouwodebs, rac aseve
mniSvnelovani faqtoria;
aTaswleulebis manZilze mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSua-
lo xanrgZlivoba 30-35 wels Seadgenda. medicinis miRwevebma es
maCvenebeli mTel msoflioSi mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesa.
amJamad qali saSualod 69 wlamde, xolo mamakaci – 65 wlamde
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cocxlobs. gansakuTrebiT maRalia sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba
iaponiaSi. aq qali msoflios saSualo maCvenebelze 16, xolo
mamakaci 13 wliT ufro xangrZlivad cocxlobs. evropaSi igive
maCveneblebi qalisTvis 80-83, xolo mamakacisTvis 75-78 welia.
ganviTarebiT qveynebSi viTareba diametralurad sapirispiroa.
magaliTad, eTiopiaSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 41 welia.
demografiuli problemebidan mniSvnelovania migraciebi. amJamad
msoflioSi 175 milioni migrantia. maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi
mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 5-15% emigrantebi Seadgenen.
migrantTa umravlesobam, ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi, nebayoflobiT
miatova Tavisi samSoblo da gadasaxlda sxva qveynebSi. amJamad
saerTaSoriso migraciam moicva yvela kontinenti da qveyana,
mosaxleobis yvela socialuri fena. emigrantTa nakads SeuerTda
SromiTi migrantebis, mecnierTa, studentTa, ltolvilTa, iZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTa da aralegalTa nakadebi. amJamad evropaSi,
miuxedavad sxvadasxvagvari akrZalvebisa, yovelwliurad samjer
meti emigranti axerxebs SeRwevas, vidre gasuli saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi.
emigraciis gamomwvevi mizezebi mravalgvaria – pilitikuri,
ekonomikuri, religiuri, ekologiuri da sxva. Tanamedrove msoflioSi
mosaxleobis gadaadgileba ZiriTadad ekonomikuri mizezebiTaa
ganpirobebuli. mdidari qveynebi “izidavs” Raribi qveynebis
mcxovrebT. amJamad tradiciuli emigraciis qveynebs – amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas – daemata dasavleT evropis
saxelmwifoebi. gansakuTrebiT didia emigrantTa raodenoba
germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, italiaSi da inglisSi. magaliTad, marto
germaniaSi 7 milioni, xolo safrangeTSi 6 milioni emigranti cxovrobs.
ruseTis federaciaSi 13 milioni emigrantia, Tumca maTi umravlesoba
is rusi mosaxleobaa, romlebmac XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi datoves
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi.
yovelwliurad izrdeba emigrantTa raodenoba sparseTis yuris
qveynebSi. am regionis qveynebi msoflioSi navTobis mopovebiT
mzardi tempebiT gamoirCevian, rac didi raodenobiT muSaxels
saWiroebs. aq samuSao Zala, romelic Zalze mZime samuSaos dabali
anazRaurebis xarjze asrulebs, ZiriTadad mezobeli arabuli
saxelmwifoebidan, indoeTidan da pakistanidan Sedis.
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 emigrantebi sul ufro da ufro did rols TamaSoben
ganviTarebuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul
cxovrebaSi, yovelwliurad izrdeba maTi xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobaSi, magaliTad, luqsemburgSi yoveli mesame
mcxovrebi emigrantia, xolo avstraliaSi da SveicariaSi – yoveli
mexuTe. emigrantebi “axal samSobloSi‟ garkveulwilad amkvidreben
TavianT kulturas, tradiciebs, religias, cvlian qveynis erovnul
struqturas. Tu dasavleT evropaSi gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi
emigrantTa saerTo raodenobis mxolod erTi meoTxedi iyo afrikidan
da aziidan, igive maCvenebelma XX saukunis bolos 75%s miaRwia.
msoflios araerT mniSvnelovan qalaqSi vxvdebiT Cinur, arabul an
afrikul kvartlebs. aseTi kvartlebia londonSi, parizsa da evropis sxva
qalaqebSi, sadac sakmaod Znelia daadgino, rom imyofebi ara
CineTSi an nigeriaSi, aramed evropis centrSi.
garda ekonomikurisa, migraciis gamomwvev mizezebs Soris
aseve mniSvnelovania politikuri faqtorebic. maT Sorisaa omebi,
konfliqtebi, religiuri da erovnuli (eTnikuri) dapirispireba. msoflioSi
migrantTa 10% ltolvili anu politikuri mizezebiT 17 milioni
adamiania wasuli emigraciaSi. msoflioSi yvelaze meti ltolvili iransa
da pakistanSia. isini ZiriTadad avRanelebi da erayelebi arian, anu im
qveynebis moqalaqeebi, sadac ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze araerTi
samxedro operacia Catarda. bevri ltolvili miiRo aSS-m da evropis
qveynebmac. samxedro gadatrialebis, religiuri da eTnikuri
dapirispirebis gamo ltolvilTa didma raodenobam moiyara Tavi
afrikisa da centraluri amerikis qveynebSic.
afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlSi, gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi da 2008 wlis agvistoSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo,
saqarTvelos aTiaTasobiT moqalaqe iZulebiT datova Tavisi
sacxovrebeli adgili da ltolvilad iqca. Tumca maTi umravlesoba isev
saqarTveloSi cxovrobs, ris gamoc isini iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs
miekuTvnebian.

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 SimSilsa da Warb kvebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

dedamiwaze warmoebuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia, Tanabari

ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, mTlianad daakmayofilebda mosaxleobis
moTxovnas kvebis produqtebze. Tumca Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
sxvagvaria – msoflioSi amJamad 600 mln adamiani “zedmetad”
ikvebeba, maSin roca 800 mln adamiani SimSilobs an
arasrulfasovnad ikvebeba.
mosaxleobis keTildReobis erTerTi maCvenebeli moxmarebuli
kvebis produqtebis raodenoba da xarisxia. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba
iseTi maCvenebeli, romelic gviCvenebs dRis manZilze miRebuli
kaloriebis raodenobas. kveba iTvleba normalurad, Tu adamiani
dReSi iRebs 2600-2800 kilokalorias (kkal).
miRebuli kaloriebis mixedviT, zogadad msoflioSi mo-
saxleobis mdgomareoba, ukanasknel aTwleulSi gaumjobesda. Tumca
gansxavebanic TvalsaCinoa. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi erT sul
mosaxleze 3400 kkal modis, igive maCvenebeli laTinur amerikaSi
2700-is, xolo centralur afrikaSi 2000-s aRwevs. kvebis produqtebSi,
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, cxoveluri warmoSobisaa 1/3, xolo
ganviTarebadSi 7%. cxoveluri warmoSobis produqtebs didi
raodenobiT moixmaren laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi, rac
mesaqonleobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
dedamiwaze arasrulfasovnad aseulobiT milioni adamiani
ikvebeba, xolo yovelwliurad SimSiliT 12 milionze meti iRupeba.
maT Soris 1/3 bavSvia. dedamiwaze cnobilia SimSilis farTo sartyeli,
romelic ZiriTadad ekvatorul qyeynebs miuyveba. misi “epicentri”
afrikaSi mdebareobs, saxelmwifoebidan ki am mxriv Cadi, somali,
uganda, mozambiki da sxv. qveynebi gamoirCevian. raodenobrivad
yvelaze meti adamiani (250 milioni) SimSilobs samxreT da samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziis regionSi. nepalSi, indoeTSi, pakistanSi da sxv.
mosaxleobis naxevarze meti arasrulfasovnad ikvebeba. es maSin,
roca msoflioSi warmoebuli marcvleulis mxolod 10%-is ganawileba
ikmarebda imisTvis, rom dedamiwaze aravis eSimSila. dasavleT
evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi yovelwliurad nadgurdeba
Warbi warmoebis, „zedmeti” sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia.
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 Cveni saukunis dasawyiss kacobrioba axali problemiT Sexvda.
esaa simsuqnis problema. msoflio jandacvis organizaciam mas XXI
saukunis epidemia uwoda. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac msoflio
mosaxleobis 15% cxovrobs, moiyvaneba da moixmareba msoflio
sursaTis 3/4. msoflioSi Warbi wonis problema yvelaze metad
amerikelebs da did britanelebs awuxebT. marto aSS-Si simsuqnis
problema 60 milionze met adamians awuxebs. germaniis
mosaxleobis 1/10-s simsuqne, xolo naxevars zedmeti wona awuxebs.
epidemia swrafad vrceldeba. ukanasknel aTwleulSi simsuqniT
“daavadebulTa” raodenoba msoflioSi gaormagda.
simsuqne rogorc individualuri mizezebiT, ise cxovrebis wesiT da
sakvebis xarixiTaa ganpirobebuli. masTan brZolaze marto amerikaSi
yovelwliurad 40 miliardi dolari ixarjeba, anu 10-jer meti, vidre
saqarTveloSi Seqmnili erToblivi erovnuli produqti.

saarsebo minimumis da samomxmareblo kalaTis geografi-

uli Taviseburebani

ama Tu im qveynis socialuri ganviTarebis doneze, sxva

maCveneblebTan erTad, TvalsaCinod metyvelebs saarsebo
minimumis moculoba. igi gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT –
ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi es maCvenebeli ramdenjer aRemateba
ganviTarebadisas. saarsebo minimumi gamoixateba im TanxiT,
romelsac gamoiyenebs adamiani kvebisa da sayofacxovrebo
moTxovnebis minimaluri dakmayofilebisaTvis.
saarsebo minimumze dabali Semosavlis mosaxleobis xved-
riTi wili umniSvneloa dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, dabali CrdiloeT
amerikis da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, saSualo samxreT
amerikasa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, maRali – centralur afrikaSi.
samomxmareblo kalaTis ganawilebis Taviseburebani naTlad
warmoaCens mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones da socialur interesebs.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis samomxmareblo kalaTis
ZiriTadi nawili momsaxurebis sferoze da rekreaciaze modis, maSin
roca ganviTarebad qveynebSi mosaxleoba danaxarjebs sursaTis
SesaZenad gaiRebs.
saarsebo minimumis da samomxmareblo kalaTis geografiu-
159
li Taviseburebebis kvleva saintereso samecniero samianobaa, rac
saqarTveloSi pratikulad ar ganxorcielebula.

qalaqebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

qalaqebis geografiuli Taviseburebebis kvleva da “qalaquri”

problemebis gadawyveta aqtualuri samecnier-praqtikuli amocanaa.
amitom msoflioSi swrafad viTardeba landSafturi arqiteqturisa da
dagegmarebis samecniero mimarTulebebi, romlebic umeteswilad
dasaxlebuli punqtebis da maTi mimdebare teritoriebis bunebrivi da
esteTikuri ier-saxis SenarCunebazea orientirebuli.
qalaqebSi klimaturi pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
mimdebare teritoriebis da sasoflo dasaxlebaTa klimaturi
Taviseburebebisgan, kerZod: qalaqebSi maRalia haeris temperatura,
gansxvavebulia atmosferos Sedgeniloba (maRalia naxSirorJangisa da
mtvris Semcveloba), didia Rrublian dReTa ricxvi, gazrdilia elWeqian
da setyvian dReTa ricxvi, Semcirebulia qaris siCqare, icis xangrZlivi
da mkvrivi nisli. rac ufro didia qalaqi, miT ufro TvalsaCinoa
klimaturi gansxvavebani. magaliTad, Tbilisis centraluri nawilis
haeris saSualowliuri temperatura TiTqmis 20-iT gansxvavdeba
gareubnebis analogiuri maCveneblisagan. haeris temperatura qalaqis
centralur nawilSi gansakuTrebiT maRalia zamTris TveebSi. did
qalaqebSi sagangaSo ekologiuri viTarebaa Seqmnili: aq 10-30 jer
gazrdilia haerSi mtvrisa da sxvadasxva minarevebis raodenoba; erT
mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT moixmareba da binZurdeba 10-jer meti
wyali, vidre soflad; qalaqebSi mTlianadaa degradirebuli mcenareuli
da niadaguri safari; mwvaved dgas narCenebisa da nagvis
gadamuSavebis problema.
didi qalaqebs udidesi gavlena gaaCniaT adgilobriv
klimatze, Tumca maT mniSvnelovani roli gaaCniaT globaluri
daTbobis procesSi.
did qalaqebSi administraciuli, saqmiani da finansuri
organizaciebi ZiriTadad mis centralur nawilSia ganlagebuli. miwis
siZvire maT aiZulebs aaSenon maRalsarTuliani ofisebi, rac qalaqis
centrSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis praqtikulad gausaZlis viTarebas
qmnis.
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 qalaqebis zrda gansakuTrebul safrTxes mis istoriul
da kulturul faseulobebs uqmnis. uZveles qalaqebSi mudmivad dgas
quCebis gafarToebis, mcire zomis sacxovrebeli kvartlebis ganaxlebis
da qaoturi ganaSenianebis mowesrigebis problemebi. arada qalaqis
ier-saxe, misi rekreaciuli miziduloba umeteswilad istoriul
RirSesaniSnaobebs ukavSirdeba.
qalaqebis zrda moiTxovs socialuri, satransporto da
kavSirgabmulobis komunikaciebis Tanadroul ganviTarebas, rac
Zalian did TanxebTanaa dakavSirebuli. es gansakuTrebiT mwvaved
igrZnoba ganviTarebadi qveynebis qalaqebSi, sadac mudmivad
mougvarebelia ara marto sacxovrebeli farTis mSeneblobis, aramed
sasmeli wylis, kanalizaciis, ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis da
kulturis sferos dawesebulebebaTa gafarToebis problema.
didi qalaqebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia e.w.”axali riskebi”,
romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT socialuri konfliqtebi
viTardeba. sxvadasxva rasebis, erovnebis Tu religiis adamianebis
Tavmoyris adgilebSi xSiria dapirispireba, Setakebebi da sisxlisRvrac
ki. dRemde saSiSia ierusalimSi, baRdadSi an belfastSi cxovreba,
sadac teroristuli aqtebi Zalian xSirad xdeba.
narCenebis gadamuSavebis problema yvela qalaqs awuxebs.
garda imisa, rom narCenebi abinZurebs garemos, igi cvlis qalaqis
esTetikur ier-saxes da Tanadroulad warmoadgens epidemiis keras.
did qalaqebSi arnaxuli raodenobis narCeni grovdeba. magaliTad, niu-
iorkis mcxovreblebi yoveldRiurad 24 aTas tona narCens yrian,
romelSic garda biologiurisa, xvdeba saSiSi qimiuri naerTebic. misi
gabneva ki ekologiuri katastrofis momaswavebelia.
gansakuTrebiT saSiSi Sedegebi moyveba qimiuri narCenebis
wyalSi moxvedras. dabinZurebuli wylebi xvdeba mdinareebSi,
romliTac Semdgom irwyveba sagareubno soflis meurneobiT
dakavebuli teritoriebi. amgvari tipis meurneoba ki didi qalaqebis
bostneuliT da baRCeuliT momaragebazea orientirebuli. amrigad,
dabinZurebuli wyali ukan “gvibrunebs” arasworad gadayril
narCenebs.
rac ufro swrafad izrdeba qalaqi, miT ufro swrafad „Sordeba” misi
mosaxleoba garemomcvel bunebas.

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 globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi

ekonomikuri globalizacia TvalsaCinoa geografiuli analizis

meSveobiT – swrafad yalibdeba erTiani bazari da safinanso sistema,
martivdeba ekonomikuri barierebi da iSleba erovnul saxelmwifoTa
sazRvrebi. msoflio ekonomikaSi aseve swrafad izrdeba
transnacionaluri korporaciebis xvedriTi wili da mniSvneloba, rac
uaryofiTad momedebs araerTi qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
perspetivebze.
transnacionaluri kompaniebis wili msoflio ekonomikaSi
yovelwliurad izrdeba, gansakuTrebiT bunebrivi resursebis
mopovebasa da gadamuSavebaSi. maTi producia msoflios aTeulobiT
qveyanaSi iyideba, riTic izRudeba saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri
interesebi da mcirdeba erovnuli Semosavali. gansakuTrebiT
uaryofiTi gavlena finansur globalizacias mosdevs, maSin roca
saerTaSoriso finansuri operaciebis moculoba aRemateba warmoebis
da vaWrobis maCveneblebs. erovnul ekonomikaze aseve uaryofiTad
moqmedebs calkeuli qveynis myari valutis (mag. dolaris, evros, funti
sterlingis) mimoqceva.
faqtia, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF), msoflio bankis
(WB) da vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis saqmianoba (WTO) ori
kuTxiT unda Sefasdes – erTis mxriv isini exmarebian calkeul
qveynebs erovnuli ekonomikis SenarCunebaSi, meores mxriv xels
uwyoben mxolod calkeuli ekonomikuri mimarTulebebis
ganviTarebas, adgilobrivi (tradiciuli) meurneobis degradacias da
qveynis finansur damokidebulebas.
globaluri ekonomikuri procesebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavs
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikur keTildReobas, adgilobriv
warmoebas da vaWrobas, akninebs mosaxleobis socialuri
ganviTarebis da stabilurobis dones. Cveni qveyana, romelsac
mniSvnelovani samewarmeo tradiciebi da potenciali gaaCnia,
valdebulia orientacia gaakeTos imgvari produqciis warmoebaze,
romelsac msoflio bazarze konkurenciis unari eqneba. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqcias, romlis xarisxic
pirdapir kavSirSia ama Tu im kulturis bunebriv garemosTan
misadagebis xarisxTan. garda amisa, meurneobis dagegmarebaSi
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aqtiurad unda miiRos monawileoba saxelmwifo struqturebma, xolo
ekonomikuri geografiis meSveobiT detalurad iqnes Seswavlili
msoflio bazris ganviTarebis da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
geografiuli Taviseburebani.

geografiuli garemo da sazogadoebrivi progresi

sazogadoebis ganviTareba ZiriTadad ramdenime faqtors

ukavSirdeba, romelTagan erT-erTi da umniSvnelovanesia geografiuli
faqtori. masSi ara marto geografiuli mdebareoba an bunebrivi
pirobebi igulisxmeba, aramed geografiuli garemos aTvisebis
tradiciebi, bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis formebi da
sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis Taviseburebanic.
geografiuli garemos, rogorc sazogadoebrivi ganviTare-
bis faqtoris mniSvneloba mudmivad icvleboda da icvleba. geografiuli
garemo sazogadoebrivi progresisTvis kvlav rCeba ganviTarebadi
samyaros ganmsazRvrel faqtorad, rasac ver vityviT ganviTarebul
qveynebze. cnobilia, rom araerTi qveynis mosaxleoba aTaswleulebis
manZilze misdevda qvis xanis primitiul meurneobas imis gamo, rom
mas ar gaaCnda liTonuri wiaRiseulis sabadoebi da Sesabamisad, misi
gamoyenebis tradiciebi. momTabare xalxebis sameurneo
ganviTareba aswleulebis manZilze uSualo kavSirSi iyo stepuri da
naxevradudabnos mcenareulobis ganawilebasTan, naleqebis
sezonurobasa da raodenobasTan. amJamad, Tanamedrove msoflioSi
mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi mniSvnelovanwilad
ukavSirdeba bunebrivi resursebis ganawilebisa da moxmarebis,
demografiuli viTarebis, sameurneo specializaciis da ekologiuri
mdgomareobis geografiul Taviseburebebs.
geografiuli garemos Tanamedrove mdgomareobis, buneb-
riv-resursuli potencialis da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sinTezuri
kvleva kvlav rCeba geografiis aqtualur samecniero amocanad, rac
zdis iseTi gamoyenebiTi mimarTulebebis mniSvnelobas, rogoricaa
landSafturi (teritoriuli) dagegmareba, resursmcodneoba, kompleqsuri
qveyanaTmcodneoba, istoriuli geografia da sxv.

6.2. geografiuli garemo da meurneoba

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 geografiuli garemos aTviseba ukavSirdeba rogorc bu-
nebriv pirobebs da resursebs, ise teritoriis geografiuli mdebareobis
Taviseburebebs da istoriul procesebs.
cnobilia, rom geografiul gamokvlevaTa umravlesoba
orientirebulia rogorc bunebis calkeuli komponentebis, ise
mTlianobaSi – landSaftebis bunebriv-resursuli potencialis
gamovlenasa da gamoyenebis problemebs. geografiul literaturaSi
mravali naSromi eZRvneba reliefis, havis, wylebis, niadagebis,
mcenareulobisa da landSaftebis sameurneo mniSvnelobas.
ganarCeven teritoriis sameurneo aTvisebis orgvar for-
mas – pirvelads da meorads. pirveladi adamianis sameurneo
saqmianobis mopovebad formebs ukavSirdeba, kerZod im bunebrivi
resursebis gamoyenebas, romelic aucilebeli iyo sazogadoebis yofa-
cxovrebisTvis. amgvari formebi warmodgenili iyo Semgrovebel da
miwaTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi. im periodis sazogadoeba didi
masStabebiT iTvisebda garemos da bunebrivi resursebis eqstensiuri
gamoyenebiT iyo dakavebuli. eqstensiuri meurneobis ganviTarebis
Sedegad aTvisebul iqna zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli sartylis
vrceli teritoriebi, ganadgurda msoflios tyiani farTobebis naxevari,
gadaSenda aseulobiT saxeobis florisa da faunis warmomadgeneli,
nayofiereba daikarga milionobiT kvadratul kilometrze da sxv.
kacobriobis istoriaSi tyeebis da misi resursebis gamoyeneba
Semgroveblobis da monadireobis adreuli epoqidan iwyeba. masze
masStaburi zemoqmedeba mesaqonleobis da miwaTmoqmedebis
ganviTarebas emTxveva. magaliTad, evropaSi vakis tyeebis
mniSvnelovani nawili jer energiis misaRebad da samSeneblo
masalad iqna gamoyenebuli, mogvianebiT ki gaCexes an dawves
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis. aq X saukunis bolos teritoriis
70% tyeebiT iyo dafaruli, amJamad ki es maCvenebeli 25% ar
aRemateba. gacilebiT rTuli viTarebaa evropis maRalganviTarebul
qveynebSi – did britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, italiaSi da sxv.
SemorCenilia tyeebis mxolod 5-10%. mTel msoflioSi, istoriul
periodSi, tyeebiT dakavebuli farTobebi Semcirda orjer.
gansakuTrebuli anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba Sereulma da
farTofoTlovanma (Semcirda 40-50%-iT), xmelTaSuazRviurma
164
subtropikulma (70-80%) da musonuri havis olqebis (85-90%)
tyeebma ganicada. amJamad aRmosavleT CineTisa da ind-gangis
dablobze arsebuli tyeebis mxolod 5% SemorCa. swrafad mcirdeba
tropikuli teniani tyeebiT dakavebuli farTobebic (weliwadSi 10-11
mln ha).
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleboda bunebrivi
garemos da resursebis gamoyenebis ara marto masStabebi, aramed
formebic. Tu Sua saukuneebSi energiis ZiriTad wyaros SeSa
warmoadgenda, XIX saukuneSi ZiriTad saTbob-energetikul resursad
qvanaxSiri iTvleboda. mogvianebiT, XX saukunidan igi jer
navTobma, Semdgom ki bunebrivma airma da eleqtroenergiam
Secvala. Tu Sua saukuneebSi tyis resursebs ZiriTadad sasoflo-
sameurneo savarguleebis gazrdis mizniT, naxSiris misaRebad da
gemebis asagebad anadgurebdnen, XIX saukunidan mas qaRaldis,
xolo XX saukunidan xelovnuri boWkos da spirtis misaRebad
gamoiyeneben. ufro metic, gasuli saukunis bolodan moyolebuli tyis
resursebi, zemoTaRniSnulTan erTad, qimiuri mrewvelobis erTerT
ZiriTad nedleulad iqca. Tu XX saukunis Sua xanebamde Tevzis
rewva ZiriTadad okeaneebisa da zRvebis sanapiro zolSi
xorcieldeboda. mogvianebiT, naosnobis ganviTarebasa da
TevzsaWeri flotiliis teqnikur ganaxlebasTan erTad, am procesma Ria
zRvaSi gadainacvla.
sameurneo aTvisebis meore forma industriul meurneo-
bas ukavSirdeba, anu im periods, roca adamiani intensiurad iTvisebs
sasargeblo wiaRiseuls, gardaqmnis reliefs, gamoiyenebs wylis
resursebs, gamohyavs kulturul mcenareTa da cxovelTa axali jiSebi,
qmnis urbanizebul da kompaqtur samrewvelo garemos. meoradi
formis dros sazogadoeba sul ufro da ufro naklebad damokidebulia
garemosa da resursebze, Tumca axasiaTeba ekologiurad sufTa
sakvebTan da garemosTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
garemos aTvisebis masStabebiT soflis meurneoba gamoirCeva,
rac pirdapir kavSirSia niadagur da agroklimatur resursebTan.
amgvari resursebis maRali xarisxi ara marto soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis, aramed garemos intensiuri aTvisebis winapirobacaa.
teritoriebis aTvisebis Sefaseba specialuri kriteriumebis meSveobiT
xorcieldeba, sadac meurneobis pirvelad (eqstensiur) tips ukavSirdeba
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praqtikulad ucvleli da umniSvnelod Secvlili landSaftebi, xolo meore
tips – saSualod Secvlili, Zlier Secvlili da praqtikulad Secvlili
landSaftebi.
garda soflis meurneobisa, bunebrivi garemos masStabur
transformacias cocxali samyaros sameurneo gamoyeneba,
gansakuTrebiT ki tyiani teritoriebis aTviseba ganapirobebs. arada,
cocxali samyaros SenarCunebas udidesi socialur-ekonomikuri da
ekologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. ukanaskneli ramdenime aTasi wlis
manZilze ukve gadaSenda xmeleTis xerxemlianTa 200-ze meti
saxeoba, xolo gadaSenebis pirasaa 2-jer meti. marto ukanaskneli ori
saukunis manZilze dedamiwaze gadaSenda 180 saxeobaze meti
ZuZumwovari, amdenive saxeobis frinveli, gadaSenebis pirasaa
ZuZumwovrebis meoTxedi da frinvelebis meaTedi. mizezi ara marto
mosaxleobis zrdaa, aramed adamianis mier sasicocxlo sivrcis
TiTqmis sruli aTviseba, bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis
masStabebis zrda da cocxali organizmebis migraciis gzebze
anTropogenuli saqmianobis gaaqtiurebaa. arada, sazogadoebis
janmrTeloba da keTildReoba pirdapir kavSirSia cocxal
samyarosTan. sakmarisisa iTqvas, rom amJamad msoflioSi
medikamentebis warmoeba swrafad gadadis “bunebriv” safuZvelze,
mcenareulobisa da cxovelTa gamoyenebaze. sadReisod yvelaze
saWiro 25 samkurnalo medikamentidan naxevari mcenareebisgan
keTdeba, romelTa gayidvis wliuri moculoba 100 miliard dolars
aRemateba.
tyis resursebis gamoyeneba kacobriobis istoriis manZilze
mimdinareobs. amJamad misi racionaluri gamoyeneba da dacva ara
marto globaluri mniSvnelobis problemaa, aramed sasicocxlo sivrcis
da araerTi bunebrivi resursis SenarCunebis winapirobacaa. tyeebs
gadamwyveti roli gaaCniaT mdinareTa hidrologiuri reJimis
SenarCunebaSi, eroziuli procesebis stabilizaciaSi, sinotivis
maCveneblebis gaumjobesebaSi. mosavlianobis gasazrdelad
gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs qardamcavi zolebis gaSenebas
da SenarCunebas. Walis tyeebi icavs ara marto wylis resursebs,
aramed warmoadgens bunebriv “filtrs” sxvadasxva saxis
damabinZureblebisTvis.
tyeebi inarCuneben msoflio biomravalferovnebis mniSvne-
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lovan nawils. bunebriv tyes, sxva ekosistemebTan SedarebiT,
SeuZlia SeinarCunos saxeobaTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. msoflioSi
yovelwliurad izrdeba tyis resursebis mopovebis da gamoyenebis
masStabebi. marto afrikaSi, ukanasknel saukuneSi, teniani tropikuli
tyeebiT dakavebuli farTobi samjer Semcirda. teniani tropikuli tyeebi
msoflios 70 qveyanaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca misi udidesi nawili
samxreT amerikis, afrikisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis
ganviTarebad qveynebSia warmodgenili. ganviTarebad qveynebSi
tyiani teritoriebis aTvisebis masStabebma biomravalferovnebis
gaRaribebas Seuwyo xeli.
tyeebs xmeleTis 30% ukavia, Tumca maTi geografiuli
ganawileba metad araTanabaria. tyeebis ZiriTadi nawili
warmodgenilia CrdiloeT naxevarsferos zomier da ekvatorul sartyelSi.
marto tropikuli tyeebSi, sadac 4 mln-mde saxeobis cxoveli cxovrobs,
iqmneba msoflio Jangbadis maragis 1/4. tropikuli tyis resursebiT
msoflioSi mdidaria brazilia, kongo, angola da indonezia. msoflioSi
mTian teritoriebs ukavia 35.8 mln km 2, romlis 26.5% tyeebiTaa
dafaruli.
tyeebis Cexvas gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi Sedegebi swored
mTian regionebSi mosdevs. didi daxrilobis ferdobebxe tyeebis
Cexvas geodinamiuri procesebis gaaqtiureba mohyveba, ris gamoc
qveynis meurneoba did danakargebs ganicdis. adgilobrivi mosaxleba
saTbobis, samSeneblo masalebis, tyis nobaTisa da samkurnalwamlo
saSualebaTa gareSe rCeba. utyeo teritoriebze izrdeba zedapiruli
Camonadeni da aorTqleba, viTardeba eroziuli procesebi, Sreba
wyaroebi. utyeo teritoriebze swrafad icvleba bunebrivi garemo,
nadgurdeba cxovelTa samyaro, iwyeba maTi masiuri migracia.
dedamiwaze gansakuTrebul degradacias (gardaqmnas) ari-
duli, mSrali regionebi ganicdis. amgvari teritoriebi ki xmeleTis 1/3-
zea warmodgenili. aq mimdinareobs “gaudabnoebis” procesebi, anu
udabno “utevs‟ da ikavebs cocxali organizmebis adgilsamyofels. es
procesebi intensiuria afrikis, centraluri da wina aziis araerT
qveyanaSi. mcenareTa da cxovelTa mravali saxeobis adgilsamyofelia
wyal-Waobis teritoriebi. maT miekuTvneba Waobebi, wyalmarCxi
da gatorfebuli adgilebi. garda adgilobrivi saxeobebisa, amgvar
teritoriebze Tavs iyrian da isveneben gadamfren frinvelTa gundebi.
167
garda amisa, maT udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCniaT mikroklimatis da
tebrunvis regulirebaSi. msoflioSi swrafad mimdinareobs Warbteniani
teritoriebis aTviseba, rasac Zalze uaryofiTi ekologiuri Sedegebi
mosdevs.
ganuzomelia mineraluri resursebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebisTvis. misi meSveobiT mosaxleoba uzrunvelyofilia
energiiT, mrewveloba nedleuliT, soflis meurneoba sasuqiT, xolo
transporti sawvaviT. amis gamoa, rom swrafi tempebiT
mimdinareobs mineraluri resursebis mopovebis, transportirebis da
gamoyenebis maCveneblebis zrda. marto gasuli saukunis manZilze
msoflioSi mopovebul da gadamuSavebul iqna 200 mlrd tonamde
mineraluri nedleuli. resursebisadmi interesi ar neldeba - marto
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze mineraluri nedleulis mopovebis
maCveneblebi gaizarda 2-jer, maT Soris navTobis da bunebrivi airis
5jer, boqsitebis 9-jer, qvanaxSiris 3-jer da a.S.
bunebaTsargeblobam arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia XX
saukuneSi, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi. mosaxleobis
swrafma zrdam, urbanizebuli da sameurneo daniSnulebis teritoriebis
gafarToebam ukiduresad Seamcira bunebrivi garemo, arnaxulad
masStaburi da mravalferovani gaxda bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyeneba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi aTvisebulia da intensiur
zemoqmedebas ganicdis 85 mln km2 anu xmeleTis zedapiris 60%.
TiTqmis mTlianad iqna aTvisebuli zomieri, subtropikuli da tropikuli
sartyeli, vake-dablobebi, dabali da saSualo mTis landSaftTa ZiriTadi
nawili. sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba aRniSnuli teritoriebis
miwis da wylis resursebis ZiriTadi nawili. amas daemata isic, rom
garemoSi moxvda didi raodenobiT radiaqtiuli narCenebi, pesticidebi
da sxva qimiuri sasuqebi, gaxSirda teqnogenuri da bunebrivi
katastrofebi, Tavi iCina globaluri daTbobis, gaudabnoebis da
gaudaburebis, problemebma. Tu wina periodebSi adamianis
zemoqmedeba ganapirobebda bunebrivi movlenebis da procesebis,
bunebaSi arsebuli kavSirurTierTobebis da wonasworobis droebiT
gardaqmnas, XX saukunis meore naxevridan igi mudmivi da
Seuqcevadi gaxda.

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 6.3. saqarTvelos samxedro geografiis ganviTarebis miznebi da
amocanebi

saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis agvistos pirvel naxevarSi

ganviTarebulma movlenebma kidev erTxel daadastura, rom
samxedro aRmSenebloba qveynis upirvelesi amocana unda gaxdes.
saqarTveloSi sabrZolo moqmedebebis bedi, garda SeiaraRebisa da
samxedro momzadebisa, ramdenime geografiulma faqtormac
gadawyvita. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma ver moaxerxes
ruseTisTvis samxedro-strategiulad mniSvnelovani rokis gvirabis
ganadgureba, TavdacviTi zRudeebis mowyoba, mTiani reliefis,
hidrografiuli qselis da tyiani mcenareulobis faqtoris gamoyeneba.
geografiuli pirobebis gaTvaliswineba ki gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria
mTiani teritoriebis SemTxvevaSi, anu iq, sadac martivad SeiZleba
misi upiratesobebis gamoyeneba samxedro kontingentis
gadaadgilebis Sesaferxeblad Tu sabrZolo moqmedebis
warmatebisTvis.
saqarTvelo, msoflioSi da regionSi mimdinare geopolitikuri
cvlilebebisa da arsebuli gamowvevebis fonze, saxelmwifoebrivi
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes etapze imyofeba. qveynis
saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTareba da integrireba evro-atlantikur sivrceSi,
moiTxovs araerTi problemis mogvarebas, romelTa Soris umTavresia
samxedro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da Tavdacvisunarianobis
ganmtkiceba. swrafi tempiT mimdinare erovnuli samxedro
aRmSenebloba myarad unda efuZnebodes samxedro da masTan
dakavSirebul sazogadoebriv, sabunebismetyvelo Tu teqnikur
mecnierebebs. maT integracias didi mniSvneloba aqvs samxedro
reformebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. samxedro saqmesTan
dakavSirebul samecniero mimarTulebaTa Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadi
adgili geografias ekuTvnis. igi msoflioSi ukve ori saukunea, rac
araerT ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi mWidrodaa integrirebuli
samxedro mecnierebasTan samxedro geografiis saxiT.
saqarTveloSi samxedro geografiis ganviTarebis auci-
leblobaze saubari praqtiulad amJamad iwyeba, rac Sedegia Cvens
qveyanaSi ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze ganviTarebuli istoriuli
procesebisa. am drois manZilze saqarTvelos samxedro mSenebloba
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damoukideblad ar uwarmoebia. sabWoTa periodSi samxedro
geografiuli mimarTulebis kvlevebs xelmZRvanelobda sabWoTa
kavSiris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabi.
amJamad ar arsebobs qveynis teritoriis samxedro-geografiuli
analizi da Sefaseba, TiTqmis ar moiZieba qarTul enaze specialuri
literatura da ar arseboben Sesabamisi kadrebi. regionis geopolitikuri
mdgomareoba da viTareba ki saswrafod moiTxovs Cveni qveynis
bunebrivi, demografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da ekologiuri
Taviseburebebis kvlevas samxedro strategiuli da taqtikuri
TvalsazrisiT.
amgvari viTareba kidev erTxel adasturebs saqarTveloSi
samxedro geografiis, rogorc samecniero-praqtikuli mimarTulebis
ganviTarebis aucileblobas.

samxedro geografiis adgili da samxedro-geografiuli

informacia

samxedro geografia geografiul mecnierebebSi ganixile-

ba misi sazogadoebriv-sabunebismetyvelo mimarTulebis anu erTiani
geografiis farglebSi. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba sazogadoebrivi da
bunebrivi sistemebis, obieqtebis, movlenebis da procesebis analizi da
Sefaseba samxedro (taqtikuri, operatiuli da strategiuli) amocanebis
gadasaWrelad. samxedro geografiis meSveobiT fasdeba informacia
teritoriis im geografiuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, romelTa
gaTvaliswinebasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs samxedro
moqmedebebis xelSewyobisa da warmatebisTvis.
samxedro-geografiuli informacia droSi da sivrceSi
cvalebadi kategoriaa, romelTagan gansakuTrebuli dinamizmiT
geopolitikuri da sazogadoebrivi procesebi xasiaTdeba. aseve swrafad
viTardeba samxedro xelovneba da samxedro teqnikac, ris gamoc
teritoriis samxedro-geografiuli analizi da Sefaseba mudmiv
ganaxlebas moiTxovs.

saqarTvelos zogadi samxedro-geografiuli

Taviseburebani

170
 msoflioSi Znelad moiZebneba iseTi rTuli geopolitikuri regioni,
rogoric kavkasiaa, sadac saqarTvelos mudmivad gaaCnda centraluri
saxelmwifos funqcia. Cveni qveynisadmi saerTaSoriso interesi kidev
ufro gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo globaluri mniSvnelobis
energetikuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. amgvari viTareba wina planze
wamowevs geopolitikur problematikas, saqarTvelos adgilis
gansazRvris aucileblobas msoflios geostrategiul dayofaSi.
saqarTveloSi gadaxlarTulia religiuri da enobrivi
jgufebi, qveynis maqsimalur siaxlovesaa sxvadasxva samxedro
blokebi da saerTaSoriso korporatiuli interesebi. viTarebas
amwvavebs isic, rom saqarTvelos teritorize warmodgenilia
okupirebuli regionebi afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis (e.w. samxreT
oseTis) saxiT. garda amisa, saqarTvelo imyofeba araerTi samxedro
konfliqtis (mTiani yarabaRi, qurTistani, CeCneTi da sxv.) siaxloves.
ufro metic, Cvens qveyanaSi kvlav rCeba ramdenime
feTqebadsaSiSi regioni, romlebic dasaxlebulia uSualod mezobeli
eTnosebiT da sadac mosalodnelia samxedro moqmedebaTa
provocireba.
saqarTvelosadmi interesi ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom mas
gaaCnia Zalzed xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba da
gasasvleli msoflio okeaneze. Sua aziidan, iranidan, somxeTidan da
azerbaijanidan umoklesi saxmeleTo gza evropisken saqarTveloze
gadis. didi mniSvneloba aqvs CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebis
damakavSirebel arteriebsac, romlis ZiriTadi nawili saqarTvelos
satransporto qselze modis.
saqarTvelos sazRvrebi, bunebrivi pirobebis mixedviT,
ramdenime saxisaa. sazRvris CrdiloeTi nawili Znelad gadasalaxi
kavkasionis mTiani sistemaa, maSin roca samxreTi sazRvari advilad
dasaZlev reliefis formebs (saSualo da dabal mTebs, vakeebsa da
mdinareTa xeobebs) warmoadgens. miuxedavad amgvari
Taviseburebebisa, samxedro konfliqtebis ZiriTadi nawili swored
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebidan viTardeba, rac SesaZlebelia efeqturad
aRikveTos geografiuli pirobebis samxedro TvalsazrisiT xelsayreli
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa, romlis teritoriis 4/5

171
mTebze, mTiswineTebsa da gorak-borcvebze modis. qveynis saSualo
simaRle 1250 metria. aq warmodgenilia mTebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli reliefis formebi (cicabo da maRali daxrilobis
formebi, kanioniseburi da Rrma xeobebi), romelTa samxedro-
geografiul (taqtikur da operatiul) Sefasebas udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs.
samxedro moqmedebebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs havis
geografiul Taviseburebebs, gansakuTrebiT naleqebis raodenobasa da
xasiaTs. saqarTvelo havis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. aq
warmodgenilia 11 tipis hava, romlebic ara marto siTbos ganawilebiT,
aramed sinotivis maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdeba. naleqebi meryeobs
4000 mm-dan (dasavleTi saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi) 250 mm mde
(samxreT-aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo), Tovlis safaris simZlavre (20
sm-dan 3 m-mde) da xangrZlivoba (1-dan 7 Tvemde) ki icvleba
eqspoziciisa da simaRlis matebasTan erTad.
saqarTvelo mdidaria hidroenergetikuli da wylis re-
sursebiT. aq 26 aTasze meti mdinarea, rac hidrografiuli qselis maRal
maCveneblebs ganapirobebs. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva dasavleTi
saqarTvelo (2-2.5 km/km2-ze), rac naleqebis did raodenobasa da
mTiani reliefis formebs ukavSirdeba. mdinareTa qselis sixSiris
maCvenebeli mcirdeba (0.2 km/km2mde) aRmosavleTis
mimarTulebiT. samxedro moqmedebebisTvis garkveuli mniSvneloba
aqvs mdinareTa iseT hidrologiur maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa wylis
xarji, sazrdooba, wyaldidoba da wyalmovardna. saqarTvelos
mdinareebis udidesi nawili Sereuli sazrdoobisaa – ikvebeba rogorc
myinvaruli, ise miwisqveSa wylebiT da atmosferuli naleqebiT.
Tovlis safari saqarTvelos yvela mniSvnelovani mdinaris auzSi
formirdeba, ris gamoc gazafxulobiT Cveulebrivi movlenaa
wyaldidobebi. wyalmovardnebi swrafi da uxvi wvimis Sedegia, rasac
gansakuTrebuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi ariduli da semiariduli regionebis
mdinareTa wyalSemkrebi auzebisTvis aqvs.
samxedro-geografiuli SeswavlisaTvis mniSvnelovania
mcenareulobis gavrcelebis da fenologiur TaviseburebaTa gamovlena.
saqarTvelo tyiani qveyanaa, romlis teritoriis 2/5 dafarulia tyis
mcenareulobiT. tyeebi ramdenime saxisaa – dawyebuli notion
subtropikuli tyeebiTa da kolxuri hemihileebiT (dasavleT
172
saqarTveloSi) da damTavrebuli savanis tipis naTeli tyeebiT
(aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi). Tu tyian farTobebs mivusadagebT
mTian teritoriebs, aRmoCndeba rom, saqarTvelos mTebis 2/3
tyiania. tyianobis maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla arsebiTia sabrZolo
moqmedebebis dagegmarebisTvis. sabrZolo moqmedebebisTvis
aseve mniSvnelovania niadagis
struqturis da Sedgenilobis iseTi maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena,
rogoricaa niadagis simZlavre, meqanikuri Sedgeniloba, tenis
ganawileba, infiltraciis Taviseburebani da sxv. saqarTveloSi cnobilia
or aTeulamde tipis niadagi, romelTagan gavrcelebiT vakeebze
aluviuri, xolo mTebSi mcire simZlavris tyis yomrali niadagebi
gamoirCeva.
saqarTveloSi 11 tipis (4 baris da 7 mTis) landSaftia,
romlebic erTmaneTisgan ekologiuri da eTologiuri TaviseburebebiT,
sameurneo gamoyenebis tradiciebiT, formebiTa da masStabebiT
gamoirCevian.
samxedro-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
iseTi socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa: 1.
mosaxleobis raodenoba, simWidrove, asakobrivi da religiuri
struqtura, migracia da a.S.; 2. meurneobis ganviTarebis tendenciebi,
samxedro mrewvelobis da energetikuli sawarmoebis ganlageba da
sxv.; 3. satransporto da kavSirgabmulobis komunikaciebis (gzebis,
xidebis, misladenebis, rkinigzis, portebis da a.S.) obieqtebi
geografiuli Taviseburebani. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi amgvari
informacia geografiulad jerovan donezea Seswavlili, Tumca araa
Sefasebuli maTi samxedro mniSvneloba. saqarTveloSi samxedro
geografiis ganviTareba ramdenime
amocanis gadawyveta moiTxovs, kerZod saWiroa:
1. damuSavdes da gamoices qarTul enaze samxedro
geografiis meTodologiuri (Teoriuli) da praqtikuli (gamoyenebiTi)
safuZvlebi natos standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
migvaCnia, rom meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT saWiroa
gamovlindes sazogadoebrivi viTarebis da bunebrivi pirobebis (reliefi,
mcenareuloba, wylis obieqtebi, niadag-gruntebi, meteorologiuri
elementebi, stiqiuri movlenebi, sakomunikacio qseli da a.S.) is
elementebi, romelTac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba
173
gaaCndes samxedro moqmedebebisas (saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis da
mTiani teritoriebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT). samxedro
geografiaSi meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
saimedoobis, riskis da amovardnebis Teoriis calkeuli principebi, rac
misi, rogorc mecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis garkveuli
winapiroba gaxdeba.
praqtikuli (gamoyenebiTi) mimarTulebiT saWiroa saqarTvelos
teritoriis kompleqsuri, samxedro-geografiuli analizi da Sefaseba, rac
dRemde ar ganxorcielebula.
samxedro geografiis rogorc meTodologiuri, ise gamoyenebiTi
mimarTulebis ganviTarebis procesSi didi mniSvneloba eqneba
mTiani teritoriebis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis sabrZolo
moqmedebebze SesaZlo gavlenis Sefasebas, rac saqarTveloSi
dRemde ar ganxorcielebula. aseve Sesafasebelia saqarTvelos
bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri garemos da samxedro
moqmedebebis SesaZlo urTierTdamokidebulebis Taviseburebani.
2. Seiqmnas Sesabamisi saxelmZRvanelo da dainergos
umaRles saswavlebelTa saswavlo procesSi.
saqarTvelos samxedro geografiis mimarTulebiT Catarebuli
kvlevis Sedegebi da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi gamoyenebul iqneba
samxedro akademiis da iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis geografiis mimarTulebis saswavlo procesSi.
3. Sefasdes saqarTvelos teritoria samxedro-geografiuli
TvalsazrisiT da Seiqmnas geografiul monacemTa bankebi da
geoinformaciuli sistemebi; saqarTvelos samxedro-geografiuli
kvlevis Sedegebis
uSualo momxmarebeli iqneba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabi,
sazRvris dacvis departamenti, samxedro-geografiuli problematikiT
dainteresebuli samecniero da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi,
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. igi, erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaze
dayrdnobiT, saSualebas mogvcems SemuSavebul iqnes saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionebis samxedro-geografiuli strategia da daisaxos
maTi samxedro-geografiuli kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani.

6.4. geografia da kultura

geografiisa da kulturis urTierTSemavsebel Tvisebebze
174
didi xania saubroben. bunebrivi garemo aswleulebis manZilze
warmoadgens STagonebis wyaros, ris gamoc igi sxvadasxvagvari
formebiTaa warmoCenili rogorc religiaSi, ise xalxur
SemoqmedebaSi, mxatvrobasa da musikaSi.
religiur wes-CveulebebSi gansakuTrebiT didi roli da
mniSvneloba wyals eniWeba. magaliTad, budizmSi wyali
Tayvaniscemis simboloa. musulmanTaTvis wyals gansakuTrebuli
daniSnuleba aqvs. yuranSi miTiTebulia, rom morwmune yovel diliT
valdebulia, locvis dawyebamde daibanos saxe da xelebi, Semoiwyos
Tavze dabanili xelebi da Seudges locvas. gansakuTrebuli
mniSneloba aqvs wyals qristeanebisTvis.
qristeanuli naTlisReba wylis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
msoflios bevr qveyanaSi wyalTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva
wes-Cveulebaa cnobili. magaliTad, afrikis ariduli regionebis
qveynebSi mcxovrebi xalxebi, wvimebis sezonis dadgomamde,
awyoben specialur rituals, raTa wvimebi droulad daiwyos. wylis
Tema xelovnebaSi amouwuravia. wylisadmi miZRvnilia poemebi,
dawerilia uamravi suraTi, mxatvruli nawarmoebi. zogierT amgvar
nawarmoebs miTiuri daniSnuleba gaaCnia. araerT musikalur
nawarmoebSia asaxuli mdinari wylis xma, araerT simReraSi
adideben wylis Zalas, mis mniSvnelobas qveynisaTvis, xalxisaTvis.
qarTvelebma mtkvars dedamdinare uwodes.
landSaftis specifikuri aRqma gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCi-
noa araerTi xalxis saxviT xelovnebasa da arqiteqturaSi. cnobili
fermwerebis umravlesoba efeqturad, specialuri ferebisa da xazebis
meSveobiT aRwerda mSobliur garemos, maxasiaTebel peizaJsa Tu
landSafts. adgilobrivi samSeneblo masalis gamoyeneba arqiteqturis
nimuSebs ganumeorebel xiblsa da bunebasTan maqsimaluri
Serwymis saSualebas aZlevs. dasavleTis araerT saxelmwifoSi
ganviTarebulia landSafturi arqiteqturis samecniero-praqtikuli
mimarTulebani, risi meSveobiTac xerxdeba bunebisa da arqiteqturuli
nawarmoebis harmonuli SeTanawyoba.
musikalur xelovnebaSi araerTma gamoCenilma kompozi-
torma aRwera bunebis movlenebi, cocxali samyaros xmebi, calkeuli
adgilebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bgerebi.
geografiuli garemos damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi asaxulia
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mravali qveynis heraldikaSi, emblemebze, gerbebsa da droSebze.
geografias aTwleulebis manZilze mxatvrul literaturas
adarebdnen, riTac xazi esmeoda mis did SemecnebiT mniSvnelobas.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda da eniWeba
qveyanaTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis geografiul nawarmoebebs, sadac
xatovnad da sainteresodaa aRwerili ama Tu im qveynis bunebrivi
pirobebi, xalxebi da Cveulebebi, mogzaurobebi da mogzaurebi.
qveyanaTmcodneobiTi profilis geografiuli informacia exlac didi
moTxovniT sargeblobs, Tumca saqarTveloSi ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi praqtikulad ar xorcieldeba amgvari naSromebis
momzadeba da gamocema.
VII Tavi. geografiis asparezi

7.1. saqarTvelos geografiis aqtualuri sakiTxebi

saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri procesebi qarTuli

geografiuli skolis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis axlebur gaazrebas
saWiroebs. Teoriul gamokvlevebTan erTad, rac mecnierebis
ganviTarebis aucilebeli winapirobaa, sasurvelia gamoyenebiTi
geografiuli mimarTulebebis swrafi ganviTareba da popularizacia,
geoinformaciuli teqnologiebis farTo danergva saswavlo da
samecniero procesSi, geografiuli kvlevis evropuli gamocdilebis
gaTaviseba, saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis
gafarToeba, geoekologiuri eqspertizis, kadastris, samecniero-
geografiuli turizmis da ekoauditoruli saqmianobis organizeba. arada,
geografia TiTqos ar moiTxovs amgvari qmedebebis ganxorcielebas,
radgan miiCneva, rom igi Tavisi arsiT gamoyenebiTi, konstruqciuli
xasiaTis mecnierebaa. iTvleba, rom misi gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba
miT ufro didia, rac ufro kompleqsuria sivrce-droiTi kvleva, rac ufro
meti geografiuli movlena da procesi ganixileba mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirSi da rac ufro srulyofilia maTi prognozirebis saSualeba.
qarTul geografiul skolas, ise rogorc arasdros, esaWiroeba
yuradRebis gamaxvileba mTiani teritoriebis problematikaze da masSi
sxvadasxva, analogiuri TematikiT dainteresebuli samecniero Tu
praqtikuli organizaciebis Cabmis aucileblobaze. ukanasknel wlebSi,
qarTvel geografTa da saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis
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aqtiurobis SemcirebasTan erTad, SeiniSneba samecniero aqtivizacia
kavkasiis sxvadasxva samecniero-geografiul wreebSi mTiani
teritoriebis geografiul problematikaze. amgvari viTareba
damRupvelad imoqmedebs qarTuli geografiuli skolis avtoritetze da
ganviTarebaze. aRniSnul viTarebas amwvavebs isic, rom ukanasknel
wlebSi qarTul geografiul skolas gamoaklda ramdenime gamoCenili
mecnieri, romlebsac kargad icnobdnen saerTaSoriso asparezze da
romlebic samarTlanad iTvlebodnen mTiani teritoriebis eqspertebad
demogeografiis, geoekologiis da landSaftur-ekologiuri
gamokvlevebis sferoSi.
aqtualur problemaTa Soris aseve mniSvnelovania ro-
gorc arsebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganmtkiceba da
ganviTareba, ise axlis damyareba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
saerTaSoriso geografiul kavSirTan urTierTobebs, sadac wlebis
manZilze saqarTvelos Rirseulad warmoadgendnen prof. Teofane
daviTaia da prof. niko beruCaSvili. saerTaSoriso geografiuli kavSiris
komisiebis saqmianobaSi amJamad qarTveli mecnierebi ar
monawileoben.
geografiis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi aseve
moiTxovs mis mimarTulebaTa integracias, erTian geografiul
gamokvlevaTa organizacias da misi Sedegebis warmoCenas.
Tanamedrove geografia dakavebulia geografiuli garemos rogorc
SefasebiT, ise misi ganviTarebis modelirebiT da prognozirebiT.
msoflios wamyvan samecniero wreebSi metad popularulma
globalurma modelirebam, ramac farTo gavrceleba hpova XX
saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, TandaTanobiTi `geografizacia“ da
regionalizacia ganicada. amgvari viTareba ganapiroba iman, rom
nebismieri globaluri problema (politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri,
ekologiuri, demografiuli da sxv). SesaZlebelia gaanilizdes
geografiuli anu regionuli Tu lokaluri movlenebis analizis da
Sejerebis gziT. amis gamo, araerTi saxis globaluri problemis
modelireba da prognozireba SeuZlebelia fizikuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da politikuri geografiis dargobrivi disciplinebis codnisa
da gamocdilebis, kompleqsuri analizisa da sinTezis gareSe. garda
amisa, erTiani geografiisaken, geografiul disciplinaTa
integraciisaken swrafva dargobriv geografiul mimarTulebaTa
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ganviTarebis “arageografiuli” tendenciebiT, bunebrivi garemos
anTropogenuli transformaciis masStabebis da garemoze
zemoqmedebis SedegTa prognozirebis aucileblobiT da racionaluri
bunebaTsargeblobis sadReiso moTxovnebiTaa gansazRvruli.
amJamad kompleqsuri fizikur- da ekonomikur-geografiuli
gamokvlevani geografiis ZiriTad amocanad, socialur SekveTad
gvevlineba.
nebismieri bunebaTsargeblobiTi xasiaTis proeqti bunebrivi
faqtorebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis analizs da erTian
geografiul eqspertizas saWiroebs. racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis
konceptualuri safuZvlebis Seqmnaze ZiriTadi pretenzia ki or
samecniero mimarTulebas SeiZleba hqondes: ekologias da erTian
geografias. erTiani geografiis momxreTa umravlesoba kvlevis
obieqtad ganixilavs rogorc geografiul garsSi (globaluri Tvalsazrisi),
ise sxvadasxva rangisa da Sedgenilobis teritoriul kompleqsSi
adamianisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sivrce-droiT
TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas. dasavleTis araerT qveyanaSi geografia
erTian mecnierebad ganixileba, Tumca aq ZiriTadi aqcenti socialur-
ekonomikuri procesebis analizsa da prognozirebazea gadatanili.
calkeul SemTxvevaSi, integraciul ganStoebebad iseTi `bunebriv-
sazogadoebrivi“ mimarTulebebic miiCneva, rogoricaa msoflio
okeanis geografia, melioraciuli, rekreaciuli, istoriuli, samxedro
geografia da sxv.
geografiuli integraciis aucilebeloba fizikur da socialur-
ekonomikur mecnierebebSi Seqmnili viTarebiTacaa nakarnaxevi.
fizikuri geografiis specialistebi swavloben geografiul komponentTa
da landSaftTa anTropogenuli transformaciis xarisxs, zemoqmedebis
formebs, mdgradobis, produqtiulobis, nivTierebisa da energiis
mudmivi gardaqmnis procesebs, Tumca ar (an ver) iTvaliswineben
geosistemis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis gamomwvev istoriul,
socialur-ekonomikur, eTnografiul, an Tundac politikur mizezebs.
meore mxriv, mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba, Sidaregionuli
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebis orientacia da sxva procesebis axsna bunebrivi pirobebis,
geoekologiuri viTarebisa da geosistemuri azrovnebis TiTqmis sruli
ignorirebis fonze mimdinareobs. socialur-ekonomikur geografiaSi
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kvlevis sabaziso teritoriul erTeulad umeteswilad administraciuli
raioni ganixileba, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi ver asaxavs realuri
viTarebis geografiul suraTs.
arada, geografiuli mecnierebis erT-erT umTavres amocanad
kvlav rCeba erTiani geografiis Teoriuli safuZvlebis gaZliereba
geografiul disciplinaTa uaxlesi miRwevebis sinTezis gziT, erTiani
geoinformaciuli sistemis Seqmna regionebis bunebis, mosaxleobis,
meurneobisa da socialuri sferos dinamiuri maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.
kompleqsuri geografiuli gamokvlevebi sasurvelia landSaftur-
ekologiuri kvlevis da landSafturi dagegmarebis gziT ganxorcieldes,
ramac saboloo jamSi maTi socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis
gamovlenamde, dakanonebamde da teritoriis Sesabamis sameurneo
orientaciamde unda migviyvanos. landSaftTa funqciebis srulfasovani
gansazRvra da ekologiurad orientirebuli teritoriuli dagegmareba
SeuZlebelia erTian geografiul gamokvlevaTa gareSe. Tavis mxriv,
miwaTsargeblobiTi saqmianoba an sivrciTi dagegmareba, romlebic
TandaTan iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso standartebs, aseve xelsayrelia
fizikuri da ekonomikur-geografiuli gamokvlevebis organuli
SerwymisaTvis anu erTiani geografiis ganviTarebisaTvis.
XXI saukunis pirveli aTwleuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da
socialur-ekonomikuri sferos Tvisebrivi evoluciis saxeliT Seva
istoriaSi. swrafad viTardeba sabazro urTierTobani, rac garkveulwilad
ar iTvaliswinebs qveynis inteleqtualur-sawarmoo potencials,
bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis aucileblobas, mTiani
teritoriebis geoekologiur specifikas, demografiul viTarebas, istoriul-
sameurneo specializacias da a.S. amgvar viTarebaSi erTiani
geografiuli gamokvlevebi kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens, rac
qarTuli geografiuli skolis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes, prioritetul
mimarTulebad unda iqces.
msoflioSi swrafad izrdeba daculi teritoriebiT da-
kavebuli farTobebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mTian regionebSi
formirdeba. amasTan, mTiani regionebi gamoirCeva ekologiuri,
ekonomikuri, istoriuli, eTnikuri da sxv. TaviseburebebiT, ris gamoc
samarTlianad miiCneva msoflios bunebrivi da kulturuli
memkvidreobis umniSvnelovanes kerebad. saqarTveloSic axali
erovnuli parkebis organizeba swored mTiani teritoriebis farglebSi
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igegmeba, rac zogjer winaaRmdegobaSia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
socialur-ekonomikur interesebTan. aq gadamwyveti sityva
geografebs ekuTvniT, rac zemoTaRniSnul proeqtebSi aqtiur
monawileobas moiTxovs. swored maT unda gansazRvron mTian
landSaftTa mdgradobis xarisxi bunebrivi Tu anTropogenuli
zemoqmedebis mimarT, geodinamiur procesTa SesaZlo ganviTarebis
Taviseburebani, bunebaTsargeblobis mimarTulebani, demografiuli
problematika, bunebrivi-resursuli potenciali da misi efeqturi
gamoyenebis gzebi.
gamoyenebiTi geografiis umniSvnelovanesi qvakuTxedi
SesaZlebelia gaxdes landSafturi dagegmarebis Teoriul-praqtikuli
gamocdilebis drouli aprobacia da danergva rogorc kavkasiis, ise
saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis ekologiurad mdgradi ganviTarebis
mizniT. landSafturi dagegmareba postsabWouri sivrcis
saxelmwifoTa mdgari ekonomikuri da ekologiuri ganviTarebis,
miwaTsargeblobis axali orientaciis, teritoriuli dagegmarebis
umniSvnelovanesi safuZveli xdeba. 2008 wels damTavrda
landSafturi dagegmarebis germanuli skolis meTodologiuri
safuZvlebis prezentacia da praqtikuli gamocdilebis aprobacia
samxreT kavkasiis samive saxelmwifoSi, rac SemdgomSi
mniSvnelovani winapiroba gaxdeba msxvil Tu saSualomasStabiani
sameurneo proeqtebis realizaciisTvis.
geografiuli mecnierebis gamoyenebiTi mniSvnelobis um-
niSvnelovanesi asparezi ekologiuri eqspertizaa, rasac Cvens
qveyanaSi araarsebiTi yuradReba eqceva. arada igi civilizebul
msoflioSi nebismieri sameurneo saqmianobis aucilebeli winapirobaa.
misasalmebelia, rom msgavsi eqspertizis, kerZod ki ekoaditoruli
nebarTvis mniSvneloba ukve warmoCinda saqarTveloSi zogierTi
bunebrivi resursis xangrZlivvadiani eqsploataciisaTvis nebarTvis
gasacem nusxaSi.
aqtualur sakiTxTa Soris aseve aRsaniSnavia saqarTve-
loSi samecniero turizmis organizebis aucilebloba, rac geografiul
samyaroSi integraciis mniSvnelovani winapirobacaa. samecniero-
geografiuli turizmis organizebisTvis sasurvelia damuSavdes
specialuri koncefcia da marSrutebi, sadac warmoCenili iqneba ara
marto landSafturi mravalferovnebis percefciuli mniSvneloba, aramed
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yvela saxis geografiuli kvanZis daniSnuleba. samecniero-geografiuli
turizmis Teoriuli safuZvlebis damuSaveba saintereso amocanaa,
romlis praqtikuli realizacia geografiuli mecnierebis ganviTarebis
mZlavri stimuli SeiZleba gaxdes.
saqarTvelosadmi sxvadasxvagvari interesi qveynis bunebriv-
resursuli, inteleqtualuri da ekonomikuri potencialis geoinformaciul
inventarizacias moiTxovs, rac gamoyenebiTi geografiis prioritetad
unda CaiTvalos. amgvari inventarizacia ara marto mZlavri
sainformacio bazis samecniero, aramed komerciuli miznebiTac
gamoyenebis winapirobaa. mniSvnelovania isic, Tu moxerxdeba im
Sromebisa Tu safondo masalebis inventarizacia, romlebic exeba
saqarTvelos geografiul Seswavlas. isini gabneulia rogorc umaRles
saswavleblebSi, ise samecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebebSi da
geografiul sazogadoebaSi. geografiul dawesebulebaTa
infrastruqturuli reorganizaciis pirobebSi, rac amJamad swrafi
tempebiT mimdinareobs, zemoTaRniSnuli problemis drouli
gadawyveta kidev ufro saSuri saqmea.
amJamad araerTi saerTaSoriso fondis Tu safinanso organizaciis,
saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo seqtoris mier gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba maxvildeba iseTi problemebis Seswavlisa da gadawvetis
aucileblobaze, rogoricaa globaluri daTboba da misi Sedegebi, sasmeli
wylis xarisxi da transasazRvro mdinareebis gamoyenebis
Taviseburebani, kvebis, daculi teritoriebis erTiani evropuli qselis
formireba da sxv. gansakuTrebiT aqtualurad globaluri daTboba da
misi Sedegebi iTvleba. globaluri daTbobis Sedegebi TvalsaCinoa
arqtikis yinulovan safarze, zomieri da subtropikuli sartylis mTian
teritoriebze. aq yinulis safari swrafad ixevs ukan da katastrofiT
emuqreba rekreaciul da soflis meurneobas, mTiani regionebis
mosaxleobas, wyalmomaragebas, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaros.
analogiuri procesebi viTardeba kavkasiaSic, rac kidev ufro zdis
geografiuli kvlevis mniSvnelobas. nebismieri zemoTaRniSnuli
sakiTxis Seswavlasa da warmoCenaSi gansakuTrebuli roli qarTvel
geografebsac ekuTvniT, romelTac ara marto profesiuli gamocdileba,
aramed mniSvnelovani sainformacio bazac gaaCniaT.
saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi da procesebi, Cveni
qveynisadmi mzardi geopolitikuri interesi samxedro geografiis
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uswrafes ganviTarebas da danergvas moiTxovs. amJamad am
mimarTulebiT garkveuli samuSaoebi mimdinareobs iv.javaxiSvilis
sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. samxedro geografiis
meTodologiuri sakiTxebis damuSavebaSi mTelma geografiulma
sazogadoebam unda miiRos monawileoba, rac sakiTxis
mravalwaxnagovnebiT da saqarTvelos bunebrivi da socialur-
ekonomikuri mravalferovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saxelmwifo struqturebs gaaCndeT
qveyanaTmcodneobiTi (kompleqsur-geografiuli) xasiaTis informacia
ara marto Cveni regionis, aramed zogadad msoflios da calkeuli
qveynebis Sesaxeb. amgvar informacias gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc geopolitikuri azrovnebis
ganviTarebisaTvis, aseve socialur-ekonomikuri saqmianobis
dagegmarebisaTvis. jerjerobiT qarTul geografiul sivrceSi aRniSnuli
mimarTulebiT mxolod ramdenime publikaciaa gamoqveynebuli, isic
mxolod uaxles mezoblebTan mimarTebaSi.
germanelma da avstrielma kolegebma didi daintereseba
gamoxates im proeqtis aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
geografiul samyaroSi cnobilia “alpebi – kavkasiis” saxelwodebiT. igi
aqtiurad xorcieldeboda gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, Tumca igi,
cnobili movlenebis gamo TiTqis daviwyebas mieca. mecnierTa
damokidebuleba proeqtis aRorZinebisadmi calsaxaa – mxolod
erToblivi eqspediciebisa da kvlevis Sedegad iqneba SesaZlebeli am
ori umniSvnelovanesi geografiuli obieqtis TaviseburebaTa jerovani
kvleva, aramed aq mimdinare bunebrivi, demografiuli, socialuri da
ekonomikuri procesebis SedarebiTi analizi da mdgradi ganviTarebis
ZiriTad mimarTulebaTa dagegmareba.
civilizebuli msoflio did yuradRebas uTmobs kulturuli da
bunebrivi memkvidreobis SenarCunebis sakiTxebs. saqarTveloSi
kacobriobis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebi dadgenilia an aqtiurad
mimdinareobs saqmianoba maTi gansazRvris mizniT. rac Seexeba
bunebriv memkvidreobas, aq jer araa SemuSavebuli is kriteriumebi,
riTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda saqarTveloSi arsebuli da kacobriobisTvis
faseuli teritoriebis da landSaftebis gamovlena. aqac gadamwyveti
sityva, biologebTan da geologebTan erTad, qarTvel geografebsac
ekuTvniT.
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 7.2. geografiis asparezi
geografia mudam asrulebda sazogadoebis da saxelmwi-
fos moTxovnebs – igi Tavisi arsiT gamoyenebiTi mecnierebaa.
nebismieri saxis geografiuli aRweriloba Tu informacia, romelic
aswleulebis manZilze geografiuli kvlevis ZiriTad saxes da
sazogadoebisTvis garemomcveli Tu Soreuli samyaros Semecnebis
ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda, iZleoda cnobebs ama Tu im teritoriis
Tu qveynis bunebrivi pirobebis, mosaxleobis da meurneobis (yofa-
cxovrebis) Sesaxeb. qveyanaTmcodneobiTi profilis geografiuli
gamokvlevebi da informacia aqtualuri da aucilebelia amJamadac –
igi nebismieri saxelmwifos Tu sazogadoebis interesebis sferoSia.
amiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba geografiis udidesi sainformacio
daniSnuleba.
geografiis araerTi mimarTuleba asrulebs mniSvnelovan
rols sameurneo saqmianobis optimizaciaSi. magaliTad, erTiani
geografiis mimdevrebi aqtiurad monawileoben samxedro da
samedicino problematikis, landSafturi dagegmarebis da
garemosdacviTi problematikis gadawyvetaSi, geomorfologiis
specialistebi - mSeneblobasa da satransporto infrastruqturis
ganviTarebaSi, niadagebis geografiisa da klimatologiis specialistebi
– soflis da rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTarebaSi,
landSaftmcodneobis, fitogeografiis da zoogeografiis specialistebi –
daculi teritoriebis qselis formirebaSi da satyeo meurneobis
ganviTarebaSi, hidrogeografiis specialistebi – wylis resursebis
ganawilebaSi, socialuri da ekonomikuri geografiis specialistebi –
Sesabamisi problematikis gamovlenasa da gadawyvetaSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania geografiis roli ekologiuri
problematikis warmoCenis, analizisa da gadawyvetis saqmeSi.
sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis kvleva
geografiaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad XX saukunis Sua xanebidan
daiwyo. Tanamedrove msoflioSi globaluri daTbobis, atmosferos
dabinZurebis, wylis resursebis xarisxisa da raodenobis,
gaudabnoebisa da gaudaburebis, biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis,
mosaxleobis dinamikisa da migraciis, politikuri, socialuri da
ekonomikuri problematikis warmoCenaSi geografiasac miuZRvis.
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interesi mis mimarT gaizarda mas Semdeg, roca geografiam daikava
ZiriTadi adgili ekologiurad orientirebul teritoriul dagegmarebaSi,
racionalur bunebaTsargeblobis problematikis kvlevasa da resursuli
potencialis SefasebaSi.
ekologiuri problematikis mravalmxrivobis, geografiisa da
ekologiis urTierTdakavSirebuli problematikis gamo, amJamad
aqtiurad mimdinareobs diskusia ara marto geografiis ekologizaciaze,
aramed ekologiis geografizaciazec. faqtia, rom orive mimarTulebiT
izrdeba momijnave samecniero Tematika, formirdeba axali
disciplinaTaSorisi samecniero mimarTulebani. saubaria ara marto
geoekologiuri mimarTulebebis, aramed ekologiuri geografiis
(geografiuli garemos ekologiuri da sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis,
bunebriv-ekologiuri karkasis, teritoriis ekologiuri potencialis da misi
ganmsazRvreli geografiuli faqtorebis kvleva) masStabebis
ganviTarebaze.
mniSvnelovania geografiis roli geodinamiuri procese-
bis Seswavlasa da prognozirebaSi. geodinamiuri procesebi mTiani
teritoriebis gamoyenebisa da ganviTarebis Seamaferxebeli faqtoria.
misi intensivoba pirdapir kavSirSia rogorc ekologiur viTarebasTan,
ise socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan.
geografebi aqtiurad monawileoben ekologiur eqspertizaSi, daculi
teritoriebis da sameurneo saqmianobis dagegmarebaSi, rekreaciuli
meurneobisa da turizmis ganviTarebaSi, sakadastro saqmianobaSi,
samxedro aRmSeneblobaSi, janmrTelobis dacvaSi, ganaTlebaSi da
sxv.
geografiuli midgomisa da informaciis mniSvneloba ga-
nuzomlad didia istoriisa da arqeologiisaTvis, medicinisa da
rekreaciisaTvis, mrewvelobisa da transportisTvis, soflis meurneobis,
turizmisa da vaWrobisTvis, eTnografiisa da lingvistikisTvis,
geopolitikisa da urbanuli dagegmarebisTvis.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi aqtiurad ganixileba sazogadoebisa da
bunebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Taviseburebani, bunebrivi garemos
mdgomareoba, bunebrivi resursebis maragi da xarisxi, sasicocxlo
sivrcis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, meurneobis
internacionalizacia, migraciebi da konfliqtebi, Sromis geografiuli

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ganawileba da misi Sedegebi. geografia aqtiuradaa CarTuli am
procesSi.
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, sadac materialuri da finansuri
saxsrebis SezRuduli raodenoba ar iZleva fundamenturi
mecnierebebis jerovan doneze ganviTarebis saSualebas, jidev ufro
matulobs im samecniero mimarTulebaTa mniSvneloba, romlebic
srulyofil warmodgenas iZlevian sazogadoebasa da bunebaSi
mimdinare movlenebsa da procesebze. maT Sorisaa geografiac,
uZvelesi da marad axalgazrda mecniereba, romelic sakuTari
arsebiTaa dakavSirebuli bunebis, mosaxleobis, meurneobis da
ekologiuri viTarebis problematikasTan, misi sivrcesa da droSi
ganviTarebis TaviseburebebTan. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. n. elizbaraSvili. landSafturi dagegmarebis geoekologiuri

safuZvlebi. -Tb., 2005. – 300 gv.
2. Введение в географию. под ред. А.Дьяконова.- М., 2004.-164
с.
3. Машбиц Я.Г. Основы страноведения. -М. ,1999,- 256 с.
4. Исаченко А.Г. Теория и методология географической науки.
– М., 2004.-400 с. 5. Жекулин В.С. Введение в географию.
Учебн.пособие.-Л.: 1989.-272 с.
6. Лихачева Э.А., Тимофеев Д.А. Экологическая
геоморфология: Словарь-справочник.-М.,2004,-240 с.
7. Пребраженский В.С., Александрова Т.Д., Максимова Л.В.
География в меняющемся мире. Век ХХ. Побуждения к
размишлению.-М.: ИГ РАН,1997.-273 с.
8. Мересте У.И., Ныммик С.Я. Современная география:
вопросы теории.-М., 1984,-295 с.
9. Скиннер М., Редферн Д., Фармер Дж. География.А-Я.-М.:
1999.-528 с.
10. Грегори К. География и географы.-М., 1988.-384 с.
11. Джонстон Р.Дж. География и географы.-М.,1987.-368 с.
12. Ландшафтное планирование: приципы, методы,
европейский и российский опыт.-Иркутск,2004, -141 с.

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13. Ландшафтное планирование и охрана природы.
Словарьсправочник. -Иркутск,2006, - 191 с.
14. Максаковский В.П. Географическая Культура.-М.,1998.-416
с.
15. Данилова В.С.,Кожевников Н.Н. Основные концепции
современного естествознания.-М.,2000.-256 с.
sarCevi

I Tavi. geografiis arsi, kvlevis sagani da amocanebi

1.1. geografiis arsi ........................................................................ 3
1.2. geografiis kvlevis sagani da amocanebi ........ 5
1.3. geografiuli garsi da misi Sedgeniloba ..... 7
1.4. geografiis kvlevis obieqtebi ................................... 9
1.5. geografiis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri
safuZvlebi ..................................................................................
.... 10
1.6. ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, rasac pasuxobs geografia
...................................................................................................
................. 12

Tavi II. geografiis struqtura da adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi

2.1. erTiani geografia .................................................................. 13
2.2. geografiis struqtura ..................................................... 18
2.3. geografiul mecnierebaTa sistema _
“geografiis xe” .........................................................................
29
2.4. geografiis adgili mecnierebaTa sistemaSi da kavSiri sxva
mecnierebebTan ......................................... 33
2.5. Tanamedrove geografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
procesebi ....................................................................................
............ 34

III Tavi. geografiis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

Taviseburebani
3.1. geografiis ganviTarebis mokle istoria ....... 37
3.2. geografiuli ideebis ganviTareba ........................ 39
3.3. geografiis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tenden-

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 ciebi ...........................................................................................
........... 41
3.4. saerTaSoriSo geografiuli kavSiri ................. 42
3.5. saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoeba ....... 43

IV Tavi. geografiuli meTodologia, analizi da sinTezi

4.1. geografiuli midgoma ...................................................... 46
4.2. geografiis terminologiuri aparati ............... 47
4.3. geografiuli kvlevis meTodebi .............................. 50
4.4. landSaftur-ekologiuri gamokvlevebi .......... 54
4.5. geografiuli prognozireba......................................... 59
4.6. geografiuli Sefaseba ...................................................... 61
4.6. landSaftTa funqciebis gansazRvra .................. 91
4.7. landSafturi dagegmareba ............................................. 97

Tavi V. geografiuli swavlebani, Teoriebi, kanonzomierebebi,

koncefciebi, hipoTezebi
5.1. zogadgeografiuli swavlebani ................................ 102
5.1.1. fizikur-geografiuli swavlebani ............. 108
5.1.2. sazogadoebriv-geografiuli swavlebani
...................................................................................................
................. 110
5.2. zogadgeografiuli Teoriebi..................................... 111
5.3. geografiuli kanonzomierebebi ................................ 119
5.4. koncefciebi geografiaSi ............................................... 132

VI Tavi. Asazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierT- damokidebulebis

geografiuli Taviseburebani
6.1 globaluri problemebi da geografia .............. 139
6.2. geografiuli garemo da meurneoba ...................... 184
6.3. saqarTvelos samxedro geografiis ganviTarebis
miznebi da amocanebi ............................................................
190
6.4. geografia da kultura .................................................... 196

VII Tavi. geografiis asparezi

7.1. saqarTvelos geografiis aqtualuri sakiTxebi

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 ...................................................................................................
................. 198
7.2. geografiis asparezi ............................................................ 205

gamoyenebuli literatura: .................................................................. 208

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 1E-mail: universal@internet.ge , : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17

22 30

garekani

ukana
yda

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 nodar elizbaraSvili
geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos geografiis da
landSafturi dagegmarebis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, al. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis saqarTvelos geografiuli sazogadoebis vice-prezidenti, samecniero
Jurnalis “saqarTvelos geografia” mTavari redaqtori
E-mail: nelizbarashvili@yahoo.com

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