soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

koba noniaSvili

kvlevis meTodebi
sociologiaSi
(damxmare saxelmZRvanelo)

gamomcemloba `mwignobari~
Tbilisi
2015
 avtorisagan

naSromSi, rogorc qarTvel, ise ucxoel avtorTa Srome-

bze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia empiriul da gamoyenebiT so-
ciologiaSi gamoyenebuli kvlevis meTodebi. Cvens soci-
ologiur literaturaSi ukve ganxiluli sakiTxebi war-
modgenilia ufro srulyofilad, damatebiTi niuansebiT.
amasTan, naSromSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba iseT
sakiTxebs, romlebic CvenSi dRemde ganxiluli ar yofila
da, romlebic pirvel gamocemasTan SedarebiT ufro sru-
lyofilad aris warmodgenili. es aris pirveli cda, soci-
ologiuri kvlevis meTodebis srulyofilad warmodgenisa,
amitomac igi dazRveuli ar iqneba naklovanebebisagan. av-
tori madlieri iqneba da gaiTvaliswinebs Sesabamisi dargis
specialistTa yvela saqmian SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs.
wigni did daxmarebas gauwevs umaRlesi saswavleblebis
socialur-politikuri mimarTulebis bakalavriatisa da
magistraturis studentebs, socialuri mecnierebis mkv-
levarebs, agreTve daexmareba sociologiisa da sociolo-
giuri kvlevebiT dainteresebul yvela mkiTxvels.

Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema

redaqtori: profesori k. qecbaia

recenzentebi: profesori. v.Wiaureli

profesori. d. zaqaraia

ISBNBN 978-9941-450-75-4
 Sinaarsi

Sesavali.........................................................................................5

Tavi 1.
1.1. sociologiuri codnis struqtura.............................11
1.2. mecnieruli meTodi da misi ZiriTadi principebi....15
1.3. socialuri faqtebi...........................................................23
1.4. empiriuli sociologiis warmoSoba da ganviTareba....26
1.5. gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi.............................................36
1.6. sociologiuri gamokvlevis programa........................63
1.7. SerCevis meTodologia da Teoria................................89
1.8. sociologia da samecniero kvleva..............................107

Tavi 2.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis saxeebi..................................115
2.1. socialuri da sociologiuri gamokvlevebi............116
2.2. sacdeli da pilotaJuri gamokvlevebi......................126
2.3. aRweriTi da analitikuri gamokvlevebi....................130
2.4. wertilovani (erTjeradi) gamokvlevebi..................131
2.5. SerCeviTi da mTliani dafarvis gamokvlevebi ........134
2.6. ganmeorebiTi gamokvlevebi............................................135
2.7. monitoringi......................................................................137
2.8. savele da laboratoriuli gamokvlevebi................141
2.9. SemTxvevis analizi (Case study) ....................................142
2.10. operatiuli gamokvlevebi............................................145

Tavi 3.
sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi......................................146
3.1. mecnieruli gamokiTxvis meTodi..................................156
3.2. masobrivi gamokiTxva, misi saxeebi da tipebi............161
3.3. eqspertuli gamokiTxva...................................................175

3
3.4. SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvlevis meTodi..............188
3.5. dokumentebis analizi.....................................................192
3.6. gafarToebuli interviu................................................208
3.7. fokus-jgufi......................................................................215
3.8. dakvirvebis meTodi..........................................................221
3.9. eqsperimentis meTodi......................................................235
3.10. ACTION RESEARCH......................................................248

Tavi 4.
eTikuri sakiTxebi....................................................................270

Tavi 5.
cnobili kvleviTi centrebi.................................................276
konsaltinguri organizaciebi............................................301
gamoyenebul terminTa mokle leqsikoni..........................303
gamoyenebuli literatura...................................................314

4
 Sesavali

sociologia miekuTvneba im mecnierebaTa ricxvs,

romlebic Seiswavlian ara mxolod sazogadoebas mT-
lianobaSi, aramed mis calkeul nawilebs, sferoebs,
elementebs. sazogadoeba imdenad rTuli obieqtia, rom
erT mecnierebas misi Seswavla ar SeuZlia. mxolod sxva-
dasxva mecnierebis gaerTianebuli ZalisxmeviT SeiZle-
ba adamianTa sazogadoebis srulad da winaaRmdegobis
gareSe aRwera da Seswavla. mecnierebebis erToblioba,
romlebic Seiswavlian erTsa da imave obieqts, gansaku-
TrebiT iseT dids, rogoric sazogadoebaa, gaerTiane-
bulia erTmaneTTan logikuri kavSirebiT, saerTo cne-
bebiTa da meTodebiT.
misTvis monaTesave disciplinebTan (fsiqologia,
socialuri fsiqologia, ekonomika, anTropologia, po-
litikis mecnierebebi da eTnografia) mWidro Taname-
gobrobaSi sociologia qmnis mecnieruli codnis qvesi-
stemas _ socialur codnas. monaTesave disciplinebi
sesxuloben an gadmoiReben erTmaneTisgan cnebebsa da
kategoriebs, cvlian kvlevis Sedegebs, meTodebsa da
Teoriul daskvnebs. roca miuTiTeben, rom sociologia
miekuTvneba socialur mecnierebebs, maSin amboben, rom
igi warmoadgens mecnierebas _ adamianTa, rogorc didi
socialuri jgufebis warmomadgenelTa qcevebis, sazo-
gadoebis socialuri struqturisa da masSi Semavali
socialuri institutebis funqcionirebis obieqtur
kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb.
sociologia ikvlevs adamianTa didi masis yoveldRi-
ur qcevebs, maT rwmenas, cnobierebis mdgomareobas,
mentalitets, faseulobebs, azrebs, urTierTmimar-
Tebas. adamianTa qcevas Seiswavlis yvela socialuri
mecniereba. maT asec uwodeben `qceviT disciplinebi~.
sociologs saqme aqvs ara konkretul `aramed gasaSua-
lebul adamianTan-ganzogadebul sqematur tipTan,

5
romlis Taviseburebebi damaxasiaTebelia erTbaSad
yvelasaTvis da aravisTvis cal-calke. sociologs ain-
teresebs Semdegi principuli sakiTxebi. romeli mimar-
TulebiT da rogori saxiT axdens gavlenas sazogadoeba
(misi struqtura da institutebi) adamianTa qcevebze;
rogor SeiZleba calkeuli adamianebis gamokiTxvis sa-
fuZvelze miviRoT ama Tu im jgufis tipiuri warmomad-
genelis socialuri portreti.
Tanamedrove mkiTxveli ukve Cveulebriv, gaocebis
gareSe xvdeba cnobebs sociologebis Sesaxeb, romle-
bic kargad nacnob organizaciebsa da kompaniebSi mou-
lodnel faqtebs gamoamJRavneben. magaliTad, roca
warmatebul finansur kompaniaSi sociologebi gamo-
avlenen socialur korozias, Seumwynareblobis atmo-
sferos xelmZRvanelebsa da xelqveiTebs, aqcionerebsa
da menejerebs, muSebsa da administracias Soris. ga-
mokvlevis specialuri meTodebiT isini gamoaaSkarave-
ben “avadmyof” adgilebs: mmarTvelobis avtoritarul
stils, xelqveiTebis uiniciativobas, erTi socialuri
jgufis gulgrilobas sxvebis mimarT.
rogorc gamocdileba gviCvenebs, sociologiur ga-
mokvlevebs SeuZliaT Zalian bevri. kerZod: gaigon mo-
saxleobis umravlesobis azri, iwinaswarmetyvelon po-
litikuri arCevnebis Sedegebi, axsnan mosaxleobis ma-
siuri ukmayofileba, an piriqiT, saerTo gataceba saeWvo
saqonliT, saestrado varskvlavebiT, religiuri ideebiT.
arcerTi politikosi, arcerTi xelmZRvaneli da-
savleTSi ar gaakeTebs seriozul gancxadebas, sanam ar
gaigebs, Tu ras fiqrobs am sakiTxze xalxi. sociolo-
gebs SeuZliaT aCvenon, Tu rogor meryeobs politikuri
moRvawis reitingi misi satelevizio gamosvlis Semdeg.
anketebis saSualebiT, Tu isini Sedgenilia mecnieruli
wesebiT, SeiZleba Seswavlil iqnes adamianebis faseuli
orientaciebi da ganwyoba, maTi SromiTi saqmianobis mo-

6
tivebi, qceviTi, verbaluri aspeqtebi. sociologi svams
kiTxvebs, daxvewilad formulirebuls, “eSmakurad”
ganlagebuls anketis furcelze da varaudobs, miiRos
respondentebisagan (gamosakiTxebisagan) gulwrfeli
pasuxebi. mecnierebi am pasuxebidan, sakmaod rTuli
teqnikis gamoyenebiT, gamoyofen saeWvo imformacias.
am xerxebis erTobliobas emateba anketebis Sedgenis
teqnika, savele gamokvlevis organizacia, SerCevis gan-
sazRvra, dokumentebis kodireba, maTi damuSaveba da
monacemTa cxrilebSi warmodgena, rac qmnis sociolo-
giuri gamokvlevis meTodikas. Tu amas davumatebT ga-
mokvlevis programis Teoriuli nawilis damuSavebis
aranakleb rTul procedurebs, cnebebis operaciona-
lizacias, empiriuli monacemebis interpretacias, e.i.
yvelafer imas, rasac uwodeben mecnierebis meTodur_
meTodologiur sferos, Cven davrwmundebiT, rom pro-
fesionaluri sociologia _sakmaod rTuli dargia.
meTodebi TamaSoben gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
rols mecnieruli codnis SeqmnaSi. es aris wesebi da
procedurebi, romelTa saSualebiT myardeba kavSiri
faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs Soris. isini warmo-
adgenen im “algoriTmebs”, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian
empiriuli obieqtebidan Teoriis Seqmnaze gadasvlas.
swored meTodebis daxmarebiT xdeba faqtebis Sekreba
da interpretacia.
fsiqologebi darwmunebulni arian, rom laborato-
riuli eqsperimenti, romlis msvlelobaSi dgindeba
adamianTa qcevis sxvadasxva mxareebs Soris mizez-Se-
degobrivi kavSirebi, srulad amowuravs socialuri
gamokvlevis yvela SesaZleblobas. bevri maTgani, vinc
dakavebulia konkretuli ekonomikiT, aqamde darwmu-
nebulia, rom mxolod statistikuri analizis saSua-
lebiT SeiZleba fasebis meryeobisa da saqonlis masis
obieqturi suraTis gadmocema, da, rom igi warmoadgens

7
ekonomikuri qcevis yvelaze saimedo sazoms. maTgan
gansxvavebiT, anTropologebi Tvlian, rom Semecnebis
yvelaze saimedo saSualebad dRemde rCeba “araCarTu-
li” dakvirveba, romlis Sedegadac Cven SeviswavliT
adamianTa yoveldRiur urTierTobebs. anTropologe-
bisaTvis Semecnebis tradiciul meTods warmoadgens
savele gamokvlevebi, romelic gulisxmobs aborigene-
bis dasaxlebaSi xangrZliv cxovrebas. magram zogjer
anTropologebi iyeneben meTods, romelic iwodeba “mo-
nawile” dakvirvebad: mecnieri monawileobs im movle-
nebSi, romlebsac aregistrirebs, akvirdeba da aRwers.
mecnierTa jgufi, moawyobs mecnierul eqspedicias da
miemgzavreba dedamiwis mitovebul regionebSi primi-
tiul tomebze dasakvirveblad, raTa Seiswavlos maTi
Cveulebebi: qcevis normebi, ritualebi da ceremoniebi.
simboluri interaqcionistebisaTvis sociologiuri
kvlevebis sayvareli meTodi yovelTvis iyo CarTuli
dakvirveba, roca sociologi raRac periodis manZilze
cxovrobs, muSaobs da moqmedebs imaTTan erTad, visac
Seiswavlis.
magram yvelaze xSirad sociologias aigiveben anketu-
ri gamokiTxvis gamoyenebasTan. anketuri gamokiTxva _
sociologiuri saqmianobis yvelaze masobrivi da pro-
duqtiuli saxeobaa. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba iTqvas, rom
misi daxmarebiT sociologiuri informaciis 80%-mde
grovdeba. Tumca, maTgan mxolod 20% muSavdeba, xolo
danarCeni (daaxloebiT 80%), ver aRwevs SemkveTamde.
sociologiaSi, pirveladi monacemebis Segrovebis
dros iyeneben oTx ZiriTad meTods, romelTagan
TiToeuls aqvs ori ZiriTadi nairsaxeoba: gamokiTxva
(anketireba da interviu), dokumentebis analizi (Tvise-
brivi da raodenobrivi _ kontent_analizi), dakvirve-
ba (araCarTuli da CarTuli), eqsperimenti (kontroli-
rebadi da arakontrolirebadi).

8
 gamokiTxva ewodeba pirveladi verbaluri (e.i. sityv-
ieri) informaciis Segrovebis meTods, romelic gamoiy-
eneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, ekonomikaSi, demo-
grafiaSi, eTnografiasa da sxva mecnierebebSi. gamok-
iTxva aqtiurad gamoiyeneba marketingul gamokvleveb-
Si, romlebic amJamad SromiTi mowyobis mniSvnelovan
sferoebs warmoadgenen.
gamokvlevis saSualebebis _anketebis, interviuebis,
dakvirvebis Tavisebureba sociologiaSi iseTia, rom so-
cialur organizaciebSi mimdinare socialuri procesebi,
aisaxeba sazogadoebrivi azris saSualebiT, ubralo ada-
mianebis gamonaTqvamebSi imaze, rac maT irgvliv xdeba. so-
ciologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebs gaaCniaT ara mxolod
mmarTvelobiTi Rirebuleba, aramed diagnostikuri mniS-
vnelobac; isini warmoadgenen Tavisebur “gamadidebel
SuSas”, romlis fokusSic cxadad Cans rogorc miRweuli
warmatebebi, ise arsebuli naklovanebebic.
sociologiuri gamokvlevebi sul ufro rTuli da
ZviradRirebuli xdeba. mkveTrad izrdeba mecnieruli
informaciis moculoba, romelic saWiroa aTvisebul
iqnas manamade, sanam saZiebo da danergviT saqmianobas
SevudgebodeT. sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisas,
iseve rogorc sociologiuri gamokvlevebis nebismieri
sxva saxeobis gamoyenebis dros, arsebobs uamravi niuan-
si, romelic cnobilia mxolod profesionalebisaTvis,
damwyebTaTvis ki _ ucnobia. imaze, Tu rogor iqceva
anketiori (interviueri), rogor acvia mas, rogor re-
agirebs pasuxebze, rogor aris ganlagebuli kiTxvebi
da rogoraa isini formulirebuli anketaSi, damokide-
bulia sabolood socialuri informaciis xarisxi.
adamianebi, magaliTad, sxvadasxvanairad pasuxoben
qal-interviuersa da mamakac-interviuers; upirateso-
bas aniWeben mokle anketas did anketasTan SedarebiT,
ufro xSirad irCeven im pasuxebs, romlebic ganlagebu-
lia pirvel rigSi alternatiul sistemaSi. informaciis
ufro meti WeSmariteba damokidebulia instrumentis
9
gadawyvetis unarze, mis saimedoobasa da mkacr mec-
nierul principebTan Sesatyvisobaze.
yvela sabunebismetyvelo da socialur mecnierebaSi _
instrumentebi asruleben erTi da imave rols, gansxvave-
buli SeiZleba iyos mxolod maTi efeqturoba. sociolo-
giaSi instrumentebad iyeneben: anketebs, intervius, dak-
virvebis blankebs da sxv. amasTan, instrumenti ar asru-
lebs pasiur funqcias. is warmoadgens Teoriis konkret-
izaciis saSualebas, erTi enidan meoreze “mTargmnels”.
instrumentebi _ es aris saSualebaTa erToblioba,
romelTa daxmarebiTac sociologi cdilobs Seamow-
mos, daadasturos an uaryos dasaxelebuli hipoTezebi.
sociologiaSi instrumentebs miekuTvneba: anketa, in-
tervius blankebi, statistikuri cxrilebi, eqsperi-
mentis Catarebis oqmebi da a.S. sabunebismetyvelo mec-
nierebebsac gaaCnia Tavisi instrumentebi _skalpeli-
dan mikroskopamde.
telefoni da kompiuteri, romlebic farTod gamoiy-
eneba gamokiTxvis dros, mecnieruli Semecnebis instru-
mentebs ar warmoadgenen. isini mxolod respondentTan
kavSiris, an monacemTa analizis swrafi teqnikuri saSu-
alebebia, romlebic gamogonil iqna ara sociologiuri
saWiroebisaTvis. instrumentebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva
sirTule da asruleben sxvadasxva SemecnebiT funqcias.
funqcionaluri gansxvavebis miuxedavad, sociolo-
giaSi gamoyenebul yvela meTods, aqvs saerTo Sinagani
struqtura. masSi SeiZleba gamoiyos elementebis sami
jgufi: normatiuli, instrumentaluri da procedu-
ruli. rac ufro rTulia Sesaswavli movlena, miT ufro
rTuli unda iyos instrumenti.
empiriuli gamokvlevebis specifika gamoixateba imaSi,
rom is aris ara romelime socialuri faqtis ubralo
amorCeva (aseTi amorCeva SeiZleba iyos subieqturi),
aramed mecnieruli procedura, romelSic gamoiyeneba,
rogorc informaciis Segrovebis specialuri soci-
ologiuri meTodebi, agreTve specialuri sociologi-
uri teqnologiebic.
10
 Tavi 1.

1.1. sociologiuri codnis struqtura

sociologiuri codnis sistema, mTlianobaSi, ar aris

erTgvarovani. masSi xSirad CarTulia metaTeoriul-
filosofiuri xasiaTis codnac. Tanamedrove meTodo-
logiaSi sociologiuri codnis struqtura gagebulia
ierarqiulad da warmoadgens xuTi safexurisagan, xuTi
donisagan Semdgar sistemas(ix. sqema #1).
zeda-mexuTe safexurs warmoadgens socialuri sa-
myaros mecnieruli suraTi: masSi Sedis sociologiuri
codnis filosofiuri wanamZRvrebi, metaTeoriebi da
zogad-intuiciuri warmodgenebi. esa Tu is filosofi-
uri mimdinareoba da tradicia xSirad gansazRvravs so-
ciologiur Teorias da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
masze. mag., maqs vebersa da emil diurkems socialuri
samyaros gansxvavebuli suraTi aqvT mocemuli. veberi
orientirebuli iyo neokantianelobaze da Tvlida, rom
socialur sivrceSi realuria mxolod individi da so-
ciologiis Seswavlis obieqtic mxolod individi unda
iyos. diurkemi ki, piriqiT, idga pozitivizmis pozi-
ciaze, erTaderT realobad da sociologiuri kvle-
vis obieqtad koleqtiur cnobierebas Tvlida. veberi
emyareboda nominalizmis, xolo diurkemi _ realizmis
filosofiur moZRvrebebs.
sociologiuri codnis meoTxe safexuri ukavia zogad
sociologiur Teorias, romelic moicavs yvelaze ab-
straqtul sociologiur kategoriebs.
mesame safexurze imyofeba kerZo anu specialuri Teo-
riebi. isini formalizebuli, logikurad kompaqturni
arian da socialuri sinamdvilis konkretul modelebs
warmoadgenen.

11
 meore safexuri moicavs empiriul gamokvlevebs (em-
piriuli sociologia). aq Sedis SedarebiTi, msxvil-
masStabiani, reprezentatuli gamokvlevebi, rom-
lebic Seesabamebian mecnierulobis yvelaze mkacr
moTxovnebs da xels uwyoben axali codnis zrdas, mate-
bas. empiriuli gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba
aris ara ubralod faqtebis Segroveba da damuSaveba,
aramed Teoriuli codnis sandoobis Semowmebis uz-
runvelyofa, misi verifikacia.
qveda pirveli safexuri _ gamoyenebiT sociologias
uWiravs. aq Sedis mciremasStabiani da arareprezen-
tatuli gamokvlevebi, romlebic mowodebuli arian
Seiswavlon konkretuli socialuri problemebi da
SeimuSavon praqtikuli rekomendaciebi maT gadasawyve-
tad. gamoyenebiT sociologias miekuTvneba yvela saxis
politikuri gamokiTxvebi, sazogadoebrivi azris Ses-
wavla, marketinguli gamokvlevebi, saqmiani TamaSebi
da rigi sxva mimarTulebebi, romlebic orientirebuli
ar arian fundamenturi Teoriis Semowmebaze da axali
codnis zrdaze.
sociologiuri codnis oTxi zeda safexuri warmod-
genilia fundamenturi sociologiiT, xolo qveda, mex-
uTe _ gamoyenebiTi sociologiiT.
empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi _ sociolo-
giuri gamokvlevebis sxvadasxva tipebia; gansxvavebulia
maTi meTodologiebi da teqnologiebi. arsebobs ori ni-
Sani, romelic maTi gamijvnis saSualebas gvaZlevs:
1. axali codnis mateba-zrda. empiriuli gamokv-
levebi gamiznulia codnis zrdaze, an adasturebs,
an uaryofs romelime kerZo Teorias. gamoyenebiTi
gamokvlevebi ar aris gamiznuli axali codnis matebaze
da isini iyeneben kerZo Teoriebs, e.i. gamoiyeneben maT
konkretul obieqtebs;

12
 2. reprezentatuloba. empiriuli gamokvlevebi
aucileblad unda iyos reprezentatuli. maT bevri
obieqti aqvT; mag., saSualo qalaqebi sxvadasxva re-
gionebSi. gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi aucilebeli ar
aris iyos reprezentatiuli. isini tardeba erT obieq-
tze (sawarmoSi).
gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi _ operatiuli gamokv-
levebia, Catarebuli mokle vadebSi erT konkretul
obieqtze (sawarmoo, banki, sofeli) ama Tu im situaciis
socialuri diagnostikis mizniT, gansazRvruli movle-
nis mizezebis gamosavlenad da Sesabamisi praqtikuli
rekomendaciebis mosamzadeblad. maTi ZiriTadi miza-
nia _konkretuli, praqtikuli problemis gadawyveta.
gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi _ yvelaze dabali donea
sociologiaSi. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi _ es aris mov-
lenis adgilobrivi gamokvlevebi. gamoyenebiTi gamokv-
levebis mizania ara socialuri realobis, aramed misi
cvlilebis aRwera. mniSvnelovania gamoyenebiTi gamokv-
levebis instrumentebis, maTi miznebisa da amocanebis
codna. Tu sociologma es ar icis da magaliTad, miitans
sawarmoSi fundamenturi gamokvlevis meTodologias
da Seecdeba Seiswavlos RirebulebiTi orientaciebis
dinamika, maSin mas ver gaugeben, radgan praqtikuli
muSakebi, romlebic SemkveTebs warmoadgenen, am kat-
egoriebiT ar msjeloben, isini laparakoben sruliad
sxva eniT.
gansxvavebiT akademiuri sociologebis mkvlevarebi-
sagan, gamoyenebiTi sociologiis specialistebis wi-
naSe dgas sruliad sxva problemebi. gamoyenebiTi so-
ciologebisaTvis akademiuri dargis mecnierebis mier
muSavdeba iseTi standartuli anketebi da instru-
mentebi, romlebSic ibeWdeba sxvadasxva sawarmoebis
gamocdileba. mag., ketelis testi. is gamoiyeneba mra-

13
val sawarmoSi erTi da igive mizniT: piradi da saqmiani
Tvisebebis SefasebisaTvis. am testiT araviTari axali
mecnieruli codna ar moipoveba, axali codna mxolod
administraciisaTvis miiReba.

sqema #1

sociologiuri codnis struqtura

14
 1.2. mecnieruli meTodi da misi
ZiriTadi principebi

sociologiuri kvleva emyareba mecnierul meTods,

romlis safuZvelia empiriul monacemTa Tavmoyra Teo-
riebis asagebad da gamosacdelad.
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi samyaros praqtikuli Secno-
ba xdeba. Cven SegviZlia viaroT, Tumca ar vicodeT kun-
Tebis fiziologia, SegviZlia visaubroT metyvelebis
Teoriaze Seswavlis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT _ yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi bevr rames TavisTavad, dasabuTebis
gareSe viRebT da ise vmoqmedebT, TiTqos yvelaferi
gvesmodes, Tundac ar SegveZlos amis axsna. praqti-
kuli, yoveldRiuri Secnoba mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba
qmedebaSi, magram mainc SezRudulia. samyaros Sesaxeb
Cveni codnis gaRrmavebas mecnierebis calkeuli darge-
bi isaxavs miznad da Cvens pirad gamocdilebas mecnier-
uli meTodis saSualebiT afarToebs.
mecniereba _ samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebi-
sa da organizebis SedarebiT axali formaa. dRes mec-
nierebaSi vgulisxmobT bunebaze dakvirvebis sistemur
meTods, obieqturad aRqmulis interpretacias, mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiris Ziebas da Cveni warmodgenebis
sistemaSi moyvanas Teoriis meSveobiT. iseT mecnierTa
mier, rogoric galilei, koperniki da niutoni iyvnen
me-17 saukuneSi gakvaluli es gza “mecnierul revolu-
ciaSi” gadaizarda codnis yvela sferoSi. amJamad cno-
bili mecnierebis yvela dargs _ fizikas Tu biologias,
ekonomikas da sociologias _ safuZveli mecnierulma
revoluciam Cauyara.
mecnieruli revolucia emyareboda or ZiriTad prin-
cips, romlebic mecnierebaSi dRemde daculia. pirveli
empiriuli dakvirvebaa. mecnieruli meTodi dasabuTe-
buls eyrdnoba da ara savaraudosa da yurmokruls. em-

15
piriuli informacia Cveni xuTi grZnobiT (mxedveloba,
smena, ynosva, Sexeba, gemos SegrZneba) an maTi gafarToe-
biT aris SeZenili da Semowmebuli. meore ZiriTadi prin-
cipi _ logikuri analizia. movlenis mecnieruli xedva
gulisxmobs, rom SegviZlia igi racionalurad gaviaz-
roT da logikuri forma mivceT. logika da empiriuli
dakvirveba mecnierebaSi uerTmaneTod ar muSaobs. Seu-
Zlebelia mizez-Sedegobriobas mxolod dakvirvebiT
CavwvdeT; yvela Cvengans SeuZlia dainaxos, rom ori ram
erTdroulad xdeba _vTqvaT wvima da yvavilebis zrda.
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gamosavlenad am ori mov-
lenis logikur mimdinareobas unda mivyveT (wvima uSua-
lod ar iwvevs yvavilobas, magram Teslis gaRvivebasa da
mcenaris ayvavebisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs warmoqm-
nis, Tuki Tesli nayofier niadagSia moxvedrili da a.S.).
empiriul dakvirvebasa da logikur analizze damyare-
buli mecnieruli meTodi iswrafis Seamowmos codna,
radgan igi Cveulebrivi Sexedulebisagan gansxavevulia.
mecniereba WeSmaritebad arafers scnobs mxolod avto-
ritetze (mefis iqneba, Tu romis papis), tradiciaze (vi-
naidan xalxs odiTganave sjeroda, rom es asea), anda kon-
sensusze (yvelas ase hgonia) dayrdnobiT. mecnieruli
codna yovelTvis ar ukuagdebs avtoritets, tradicias
Tu konsensuss, magram SeuZlia asec moxdes. amis erT-er-
Ti yvelaze gamorCeuli magaliTia manamade gavrcele-
buli Sexedulebis _ dedamiwis garSemo mzis brunvis
sawinaaRmdegod galileis gamoTqmuli mosazreba da Ta-
visi daskvnis empiriuli dakvirvebiTa da logikuri ana-
liziT gamyareba. Tavdapirvelad xalxma sruliad uaryo
galileis mosazreba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda maT
mama-papaTa da, SesaZloa, miTologiur rwmenas (tradi-
cia); ufro metic, upirispirdeboda eklesiur moZRvre-
bas (avtoriteti). amasTanave, TiToeuls SeeZlo daenaxa,
rom mze aRmosavleTidan amodis, gadakveTs cas da dasav-

16
leTiT Cadis (konsensusi). yovelive amis miuxedavad, am
SemTxvevaSi sabolood mecnierebam gaimarjva.
mecnieruli meTodi metad Zlieria. Tanamedrove ep-
oqaSi mas SeuZlia uaRresad gaafarTovos codna, ra-
sac didi miRwevebi aqvs teqnologiaSi. mecnierebasa-
viT Zliers, mas mainc ar SeuZlia “srulqmnili” codna
mogvawodos. pirveli, mecnieruli codna dausrule-
belia: saTanadod Seuswavlelia mravali fenomeni da
axal Ziebas SeuZlia eWvqveS daayenos is, rac manamde
garkveuli gvegona; meore, zogierT kiTxvas SeuZlebe-
lia mecnierulma kvlevam gasces pasuxi (magaliTad, ar-
sebobs Tu ara RmerTi). metic, sxvadasxva adamiani, mec-
nierTa CaTvliT, sxvadasxva kulturaSi gabatonebuli
TvalsazrisiT xelmZRvanelobs, sxvadasxva Sexedule-
ba aqvs sagnebze, maT aRsawerad gansxvavebul enasa da
gamoTqmebs iyenebs da daskvnac gansxvaveuli gamoaqvs.
mecnierTa TanamSromlobas SeuZlia srulyos mecniere-
ba da teqnologia, warmatebiT ganaxorcielos praq-
tikuli saqmianoba, xidebis mSenebloba iqneba, Tu kos-
mosuri xomaldis gaSveba, magram mecnierebi verasodes
SesZleben sxvadasxva TvalsazrisTa Sedegebis srulad
gabaTilebasa da erT “WeSmaritebaze” SeTanxmebas.
rogorc mecniereba, sociologia specifikur winaaR-
mdegobebs awydeba. rodesac sociologebi dakvirvebis
mecnierul meTods mimarTaven, isini akvirdebian ara
“bunebas”, romelic adamianebis gareT arsebobs da
met-naklebad dafiqsirebulia maTTan urTierTobaSi,
aramed ufro im samyaros adevneben Tvals, romelic
nawilobriv adamianTa mier aris Seqmnili da romelsac
mecnierebi verasodes gaemijnebian. socialuri samyaro
ar aris uZravi, igi gamudmebiT icvleba. magaliTad, ena
mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom mas adamianebi iyeneben,
magram gamoyenebisas maT cotaodeni cvlilebac SeaqvT

17
masSi. socialuri samyaro Cveni nawilia, Cven ki misi
nawili varT. socialuri mecnieruli dakvirveba araa
ubralod bunebis interpretacia, sul cota, igi inter-
pretaciaa xalxisa, vinc Tavad axdens interpretacias
da Tavis samyaroebs qmnis.

empiriuli dakvirveba

empiriuli dakvirveba sityvasityviT “yurebasa da

danaxvas” unda niSnavdes. sinamdvileSi igi ufro rTu-
lia. sociologebma Tavisi dakvirveba unda aqcion mo-
nacemebad _ informaciad, romelic gamosadegi iqneba
specifikur sociologiur kiTxvebze pasuxis gasace-
mad. amisaTvis sami etapis gavlaa saWiro. pirveli _
ganyeneba, abstraqciaa. sociologma dasakvirvebeli
fenomenis niSan-TvisebaTagan yvelaze niSandoblivi
unda SearCios. raa niSandoblivi, dasmul SekiTxvazea
damokidebuli. magaliTad, reproduqciul teqnolo-
giebTan dakavSirebuli politikis Seswavlisas CineTSi,
bavSvis sqess mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan mSoblebs
abortis ufleba mxolod nayofis Tandayolili de-
feqtis, memkvidreobiTi naklis an sxva problemebis Sem-
TxvevaSi aqvT. magram, rodesac vigebT, rogor gamoiy-
eneba es teqnologia (da ra borotad iyeneben am poli-
tikas vaJebs danatrebuli mSoblebi), bavSvis sqesi me-
tad niSandoblivi gaxdeba.
meore etapi _ Cveulebrivi dakvirvebis monacemebad
gadasaqcevad interpretaciaa. igi aseve mniSvnelova-
nia fizikuri bunebis Seswavlisas, magaliTad, rodesac
meteorologebma Rrublebis formebze TavianTi dak-
virveba da klasifikacia unda moaxdinon. socialuri
cxovrebis Seswavlisas interpretacia met mniSvnelo-
basac iZens, radgan adamianTa qmedebis Sesaxeb unda Se-

18
viqmnaT warmodgena. Tandayolili da memkvidreobiTi
defeqtebis matarebeli bavSvis gaCenis riskis mqone qa-
lebisaTvis sagangebod Seqmnili mSobiarobamdeli di-
agnostikuri testebi amJamad aucilebeli wesia ocdaaT
wels gadacilebuli qalebisaTvis, radgan maT surT
darwmundnen, rom jansaR bavSvs gaaCenen (Tuki ara _
ganixileba abortis SesaZlebloba) da eqimebi am sinjiT
saWiro informacias miiReben dedisa da nayofis janmr-
Telobis Sesaxeb. da mainc, orsuli qalebis gamokiTxvam
SesaZloa gamoavlinos, rom maT testi, pirvel rigSi,
meanis rCeviT Caitares, xolo man, cxadia, ukeT icis.
meanTa gamokiTxvam ki SeiZleba gamoavlinos, rom isini
pirvel yovlisa, mSobiarobamdeli testis gakeTebas
urCeven Tandayolili defeqtis mqone bavSvis dabadebis
SemTxvevaSi mSoblebis mier sasamarTloSi Civilis Ta-
vidan asacileblad. Cveulebrivi dakvirveba motivebsa
da mniSvnelobebs ar gamoavlens.
mesame etapi _ dakvirvebaTa monacemebad gardasaqm-
nelad gulisxmobs maT dafiqsirebas im saxiT, rom Sesa-
Zlebeli iyos maTi ganmeoreba. ganmeoreba niSnavs imave
gamokvlevis xelaxal Catarebas axali obieqtebis Tanx-
lebiT, raTa gairkves, miviRebT Tu ara imave Sedegs.
yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom calkeuli
gamokvlevis obieqti tipiuri ar aRmoCndes mosaxleo-
bisaTvis, romlis warmosaCenad is SeirCa, an kvlevis
meTodebi iyo mcdari. mecnieruli monacemebis wardge-
nasa da gamoyenebas yovelTvis unda axldes zusti anga-
riSi im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebSic dakvirveba Cat-
arda, mkvlevaris gamoyenebuli abstragirebis xerxis
CaTvliT. agreTve unda aRiniSnos, ra ganasxvavebda mas
sxva dakvirvebaTagan da rogor interpretacias aZlev-
da mkvlevari dakvirvebas.

19
 logikuri analizi

empiriuli dakvirvebis msgavsad, logikuri anal-

izic bevrad rTulia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans. rode-
sac ojaxur cxovrebas, religiuri institutisa Tu
socialuri cxovrebis romelime sxva aspeqts ganvixi-
lavT, davinaxavT, rom mravali gansxvavebuli sakiTxi
da fenomenia gadajaWvuli. logikuri analizis pirveli
nabijia gadawyveta, romel sakiTxsa an sakiTxebze unda
gavamaxviloT yuradReba. analizis erTeulebi ufro
vrceli, rTuli mTlianis diferencirebuli nawilebia.
davuSvaT, sociologs surs Seiswavlos sociologi-
uri jgufebi da saamisod eklesiis mrevls irCevs. up-
irvelesi da yvelaze gamokveTili erTeulebi analizis
Casatareblad individualuri wevrebi arian. analizis
meore erTeuli _ am pirovnebebs Soris urTierTka-
vSiria _ unda gairkves, vin megobrobs erTmaneTTan,
vinaa erTi ojaxis wevri, vin msaxurobs erT kompaniaSi
da a.S., raTa Seiqmnas jgufis axleburi suraTi. anal-
izis mesame erTeuli _ kulturaa, romelsac eklesiis
wevrebi iziareben, maTi rwmenis, eklesiis istoriis,
saeklesio ritualebisa da wesebis CaTvliT. analizis
Semdegi erTeuli eklesiis formaluri organizaciaa _
meurveobisa da movaleobebis struqtura, urTierToba
moZRvarsa da mrevls Soris, pasuxismgebelia Tu ara
mRvdeli episkoposis winaSe da sxv. analizis yoveli es
erTeuli logikurad gansxvavebulia danarCenebisagan,
xolo eklesiis erTiani suraTi TiToeuli maTganis Ses-
axeb Seicavs informacias.
logikuri analizis Semdegi etapia _ urTierTobaTa
gamovlena analizis erTeulebs Soris, pirovnebebi iqne-
ba, piradi urTierTobebi, kulturuli midrekilebani
Tu organizaciuli struqturebi. sociologis mTavari
amocanaa gaarkvios, sociologiur wyobaSi erTdrou-

20
lad arsebul saganTagan romelia danarCenebze metad
gavlenisunariani. magaliTad, ra faqtori axdens ufro
Zlier gavlenas iseT gadawyvetilebaze, rogorc winamZ-
Rvris SerCeva anda diakvnisa Tu uxucesis daniSvnaa _
wevrTa rwmena (kultura), Tu organizebis wesi (struq-
tura)? es sakiTxi mizez-Sedegobriobas ukavSirdeba.
sociologebs ainteresebT funqciuri urTierTkavSiri
sxvadasxva erTeuls Tu mTelsa da mis nawilebs Soris.
saeklesio gundSi, magaliTad, lotbari da sxvadasxva
xmis mqone momRerlebi (sopranoebi, baritonebi, teno-
rebi, banebi) saerTo produqtis _musikaluri nawar-
moebis Sesaqmnelad, rac mxolod socialuri TanamS-
romlobiT aris SesaZlebeli. maTi gansxvavebuli role-
bi, amrigad, funqciurad SekavSirebulia, arc-erTi
maTgani araa swored meoriT gamowveuli (diriJoris
CaTvliT), magram TiToeuli damokidebulia sxvebze.
mesame safexuri logikur analizSi aris codnis Cam-
oyalibeba Teoriad. Teoria urTierTobaTa amokiTx-
visa da maTi moqmedebis axsnis mwyobri, logikuri mcd-
elobaa. mecnieruli Teoria damyarebulia empiriuli
dakvirvebisas mopovebul garemoebebsa da faqtebze.
Teoritikosis winaSe ismeba kiTxva, ratom aqvs faqtebs
swored aseTi mimarTuleba da ara sxvagvari. vTqvaT,
ratom irCevs zogi qristianuli eklesia winamZRvars,
xolo sxvagan episkoposi agzavnis? pasuxis gasacemad,
nawilobriv istoriis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro (rodis
da rogor daedo saTave ama Tu im aRmsareblobas), nawi-
lobriv sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebisa (gansakuTrebiT
_ ra saxiT iZens pirovneba religiur Sexedulebebs
_ locviTa da bibliis SeswavliT, Tu zemdgom avto-
ritetebze dayrdnobiT), nawilobriv _ gansxavebuli
saeklesio struqturisa (ierarqiuloba Tu Tanasworo-
ba). am sakiTxis Teoriuli gaazreba damokidebulia
yoveli calkeuli faqtoris Sekrebasa da erTmaneTTan

21
dakavSirebaze. magaliTad. mRvdlis arCeviTobis wesi,
SesaZloa, individualisturi azrovnebis aRzevebis
Sedegi iyos (Tundac _ protestantuli reformaciis
dros warmoSobili Sexedulebisa, rom pirovnebas Sesa-
Zloa uSualo kavSiri hqondes RmerTTan) da agreTve
SedarebiT demokratiuli azrovnebidan (xalxma Tavisi
lideri Tavad unda airCios) momdinareobdes.
idealuri warmodgeniT Teoriebi sakmaod mkafiodaa
gamoxatuli, raTa epiriuli dakvirvebisa da informa-
ciis gavrcobiT gamokvlevas daeqvemdebaros. Tumca,
aseTi sizuste da gamokvleva SedarebiT iolia mcire,
metad specifikuri TeoriebisaTvis _ aseTia magali-
Tad, Teoria, romelic amtkicebs, rom eklesiis wevrTa
Soris piradi urTierTobebi ufro ganmsazRvrelia ax-
ali winamZRvris arCevisas, vidre sarwmuneobrivi gan-
sxvavebani, xolo zogadi, farTomasStabiani Teoriebi-
saTvis sizustis dacva da gamokvleva ufro rTulia
_vTqvaT, Teoriisa, romelic acxadebs, rom socialuri
cxovrebis yvela sferosaTvis socialuri struqtura
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre pirovnuli arCevani. aseTi
vrceli Teoriebi, Tundac, karl marqsis Teoria, rom-
lis mixedviT istorias, umTavresad, klasobrivi brZo-
la ayalibebs an adam smiTis Teoria, romelic amtkicebs,
rom pirovnuli arCevani sayovelTao keTildReobas
gansazRvravs _ safuZvels uyris SedarebiT specifi-
kuri Teoriebis ganviTarebas, romelTa sizuste ufro
advili Sesamowmebelia.

22
 1.3. socialuri faqtebi

saerTod, faqti ganimarteba, erTi mxriv, rogorc nam-

dvili, aragamogonili SemTxveva, movlena, meore mxriv,
faqtSi gulisxmoben myarad dadgenil debulebas, ro-
melic damyarebulia gamocdilebaze, cdaze, eqsperimen-
tze da emsaxureba saboloo daskvnas, warmoadgens ra,
romelime varaudis, ganzraxvis Semowmebis saSualebas.
sociologs saqme aqvs socialur faqtebTan. maTi in-
terpretacia mdgomareobs SemdegSi. Cveulebrivi azriT
_ es aris movlena, SemTxveva, romelic xdeba gansaz-
Rvrul dros, gansazRvrul pirobebSi, damoukideblad
imisa, iyvnen Tu ara isini mkvlevarebisa an sxva subi-
eqtebis mier Seswavlilni. SemecnebiTi, gnoseologiuri
TvalsazrisiT ki _ es aris movlena, SemTxveva, aRwerili
mkafio, garkveuli cnebebiT, im socialuri situaciis
specifikis miTiTebiT, romlebSic is moxda. socialur
faqtebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT adamianebis, socialuri
da sxva jgufebis moqmedebebi, saqcieli da qcevis maxa-
siaTeblebi, adamianuri moRvaweobis, saqmianobis mate-
rialuri da sulieri produqtebi, adamianTa azrebi,
Sexedulebebi, Sefasebebi, maTi urTierTkavSiri.
faqti, faqtebi namdvilad warmoadgens socialuri
realobis Semecnebis bazas, radganac isini dakavSire-
bulia adamianis cxovrebasTan, qcevebTan, cnobierebas-
Tan, SegnebasTan, adamianTa saqmianobasTan.
rogorc cnobilia, sociologia Seiswavlis sazoga-
doebasa da mis struqturul komponentebs mTlianobaSi,
erTianobaSi. amitom sociologiaSi obieqtis Seswavli-
sas, aucilebelia misi yvela mniSvnelovani mxaris, maxa-
siaTeblis gaTvaliswineba, sxvanairad _ yvela faqtis
gaTvaliswineba. socialuri faqti SeiZleba gamoixatos
sityvebiT, modelebiT, grafikulad da a.S.

23
 Sinaarsis mixedviT, socialuri faqtebi SeiZleba
daiyos: pozitiur an negatiur faqtebad; aRweriTad.
ukanaskneli SeiZleba diferencirebul iqnas sam jgu-
fad: a. individis, jgufis, koleqtivis qcevebi;
b. saqmianobis, moRvaweobis produqtebi (Sedegebi);
g. adamianTa verbaluri moqmedebebi (msjeloba, azri
da a.S.).
faqtis aRwera, misi gamoxatva dakvirvebis saSuale-
biT sociologebs (saerTod mecnierebs, mkvlevarebs)
aZlevs socialur faqtebs, rogorc empiriul codnas.
roca xdeba misi gaazreba, misi arsis gamomJRavneba, ma-
Sin faqti xdeba codnis rezultati, Sedegi. swored
faqtis arsis codna qmnis mis Sinaarss Teoriad.
socialuri faqtebi did rols asruleben Teoriebis
Semowmebis, dadasturebis da uaryofis mizniT. maTi
erTmaneTTan Sesatyvisoba warmoadgens yvela mec-
nierebis aucilebel moTxovnas, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda
_ sociologiis. es Sesabamisoba, Sesatyvisoba xSirad
xorcieldeba empiriuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebis
daxmarebiT.
yoveli mecniereba damokidebulia rogorc empiriul
dakvirvebaze, aseve logikur analizze. gansxavebuli
mecnierebebi specifikur sakiTxebs awydeba da gansx-
vavebul midgomasac gvTavazobs. magaliTad, qimia Teo-
riebis Sesamowmeblad aucileblad mimarTavs cdebis
Catarebas. am saxis cdebi sociologiisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli ar aris. sociologebi rac SeiZleba met monace-
mebs kreben mimdinare socialuri cxovrebis proceseb-
sa da agreTve gamorCeuli movlenebis_revoluciebisa
Tu stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sesaxeb, sadac socialuri
modelebis gansakuTrebuli tipebi areulia.
sxvadasxva mecniereba, rogorc monacemTa Sesakrebad
iyenebs gansxavavebul midgomas, aseve faqtebis gansxa-
vavebul saxeebzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas. socialuri

24
faqtebi socialuri cxovrebis mudmivi Tanmdevia da
gansazRvravs anda aferxebs pirovnebaTa qmedebebs. isi-
ni, rogorc socialuri cxovrebis nawili, ver Tavsdeba
izolirebul pirovnulSi, aramed piriqiT, garegnulad
mJRavndeba, Tumca maTSi pirovnebebic monawileoben.
ekonomika socialuri cxovrebis kargi magaliTia. Cve-
ni ekonomika arcerTi pirovnebis mier gamogonebuli da
daarsebuli ar aris da arc-erTi pirovneba Tu jgufi
ar akontrolebs. pirovnebebs ekonomikis Secvla Seu-
ZliaT axali produqciisa Tu teqnologiis danergviT,
an axali organizaciebisa da sawarmoo strategiis dam-
kvidrebiT. zogierTni mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen
sameurneo ganviTarebis tendeciebze, sxvani zRvars
miRma arseboben. magram yoveli Cvengani, ramenairad,
monawileobs ekonomikaSi. faqtiurad igi mxolod mra-
vali adamianisa da jgufis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad
arsebobs. ekonomikis mdgomareoba _ aRmavlobis gzas
adgas, Tu daqveiTebulia _ Tavis mxriv, pirovnebebs
Seexeba maRali Tu dabali saprocento ganakveTis, umu-
Sevrobisa Tu sxva formiT.
zogierTi socialuri faqti socialuri movlenebis
maCvenebeli anu mosaxleobaSi yovelwliurad momxdar
SemTxvevaTa procentuli xarisxia. danaSaulis maCvene-
beli socialuri faqtia. igive iTqmis qorwinebis, So-
badobisa, Tu SidsiT inficirebis maCveneblebze. igi
irRveva mxolod mravali kerZo SemTxvevis Sekrebisa
da ganxilvis Sedegad da Seexeba imaTac, visac saerTo
araferi hqonia danaSaulTan, qorwinebasTan, dabade-
basa Tu SidsiT daavadebasTan mocemuli wlebis ganma-
vlobaSi. zogadi maCveneblebi im socialur modelebs
avlens, rac calkeuli SemTxvevebis analizisas ar Cans.
komunikaciis iseTi saziaro saSualeba, rogoricaa ena,
agreTve socialuri faqtia. axali sityvebis, frazebis,
mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnisa da gavrcelebis asaxsnelad
sociologebi im socialur Zalebs eZeben, romlebsac

25
axali sityvebis Semotana SeuZliaT. isini Seiswavlian,
axali sityvebi prestiJul sazogadoebriv figurebT-
an asocirdeba Tu ara, Tu imeoreben maT filmebSi, Tu
aitacebs maT sazogadoebis erTi jgufi da Semdeg, Tu
vrceldeba sxva jgufebSi da a.S.
socialuri faqtebi SedarebiT stabiluri da xan-
grZlivia, Tumca mTlad ucvleli mainc ar aris. am
mizezis gamo, sociologia ar emsgavseba fizikur mec-
nierebebs. socialur cxovrebas srulad verasodes aR-
wers mecnierul kanonTa rigi, romelic yvela adamian-
ze, yvela adgilsa da dros gavrceldeba. amasTanve, ada-
mianma SeiZleba saqmianoba da cxovrebis wesi Seicvalos.
amis gamo, sociologebi mudam axal-axal movlenebs
awydebian, romlebic aRwerasa da axsnas moiTxovs.

1.4. empiriuli sociologiis

warmoSoba da ganviTareba

empiriuli sociologia warmoadgens sociologiuri

codnis gansazRvrul dones, gamokvlevebis kompleqss,
sadac gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs sociologiuri
gamokvlevis programis damuSaveba, misi organizacia,
Segrovebis meTodebi da teqnika, miRebuli socialuri
informaciis damuSaveba da analizi. empiriuli soci-
ologiuri gamokvlevebi tardeba upiratesad, kerZo,
specialuri sociologiuri Teoriis (qalaqis, soflis,
ganaTlebis, Sromis, ojaxis sociologia, sazogadoe-
brivi azri da a.S.) farglebSi.
rogorc cnobilia, sociologia warmoadgens samec-
niero disciplinas, romelic Seiswavlis sazogadoe-
basa da mis struqturul komponentebs erTianobaSi _
adamianis, sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebisa da fenebis
TvalTaxedvidan sazogadoebaSi. TiToeul etapze (mas

26
Semdeg, rac sociologia institucirebuli iqna, ro-
gorc mecniereba), igi warmoadgens sazogadoebaze
codnis gansazRvrul sistemas. magram sazogadoeba
viTardeba, icvleba. amitom saWiroa iseTi instrumen-
ti, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda am cvlilebebs, zogad
da ufro konkretul warmodgenebs sazogadoebasa da
misi struqturebis Sesaxeb. saWiro iyo instrumenti,
romelic, erTi mxriv, xels Seuwyobda gavrcelebuli
codnis SenarCuneba _ dacvas, xolo meore mxriv _ maT
(Teoriebis) Semowmebas, dazustebas, gaRrmavebas. aseT
instrumentad ki gamodis sociologiuri gamokvlevebi.
Tumca, ufro xSirad maT akavSireben sociologiuri
codnis empiriul donesTan, gamokvlevebi SeiZleba Se-
exos sazogadoebis ara mxolod calkeul movlenebsa da
procesebs, aramed maT erTobliobasac, sazogadoebas
mTlianad. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom gamokvlevis saxeebs
Soris mniSvnelovan rols asruleben fundamental-
uri (Teoriuli), gamoyenebiTi da kompleqsuri gamokv-
levebi. isini gamoiyofa kvleviTi amocanebis xasiaTis
safuZvelze (an Teoriuli donis mixedviT).
empiriuli sociologia socialuri gamokvlevebis
formiT Caisaxa sam evropul qveyanaSi _inglisSi, saf-
rangeTsa da germaniaSi, magram gansakuTrebiT farTo
gavrceleba hpova me-19 da me-20 saukuneebis mijnaze
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
socialuri gamokvlevebi tardeboda inglissa da saf-
rangeTSi jer kidev me-17 saukuneSi, e.i. “politikuri
ariTmetikisa” da “socialuri fizikis” droidan (sity-
va “sociologiis” warmoSobamde didi xniT adre). me-17
saukunis ingliselma “politikurma ariTmetikosebi”
(uiliam petti, jon graunti, gregori kingi da Eedmund
galei) daamuSaves socialuri procesebis raodenobri-
vi kvlevis meTodebi, kerZod, jon grauntma gamoiyena
igi 1662 wels sikvdilianobis donis analizisaTvis. em-

27
piriuli gamokvlevebis meTodologiasa da meTodikaze
ZiriTadad muSaobdnen bunebis mkvlevarebi. bevri gamo-
Cenili bunebismkvlevari (e galilei, p. laplasi, J. biuf-
foni, a. lavuazie) Sevida sociologiis fuZemdebelTa
ricxvSi.
adreul etapze Teoriuli da empiriuli sociologia
viTardeboda erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. Teor-
iisa da empiriis erTmaneTisagan mowyveta, romeli niS-
niTac xdeboda me-19 saukunis klasikuri sociologiis
Camoyalibeba, Rrmavdeboda imiT, rom erTi mxriv, kon-
tisa da spenseris makrosociologiuri Teoriebi prin-
cipulad ar uSvebdnen Semowmebas mikrodoneze, meore
mxriv –isini orientirebulni iyvnen mxolod warsulze
(sociologia formirdeboda, rogorc istoriuli so-
ciologia), xolo empiriuli gamokvlevebi miZRvnili
iyo Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mwvave problemebisad-
mi. ase iyo me-19 saukunis bolomde, vidre diurkemi da
veberi ar dainteresdnen meTodologiiT. mxolod me-20
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daiwyo Teoriuli da empiriuli
sociologiis gaerTianeba, damuSavda raodenobrivi
meTodologia (gansxvavebiT Tvisebrivisagan, romelic
gaamdidres diurkemma, zimelma, tenisma da veberma),
romlis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: p. lazars-
feldi, r. mertoni, jon landbergi da sxva.
empiriuli sociologia evropaSi yalibdeboda ara
universitetebSi, aramed praqtikul sferoSi _ sax-
elmwifo moxeleTa, mewarmeTa, eqimebis, bunebis mecni-
erTa, maswavleblebis garemoSi. misi warmoSoba stimu-
lirdeboda kapitalisturi sazogadoebis praqtikuli
saWiroebisaTvis, romlis ganviTarebam me-19 saukuneSi
gamoiwvia qalaqebis swrafi zrda, siRaribisa da simdid-
ris polarizacia, mosaxleobis gaRatakeba da danaSau-
lis zrda. am periodSi SeimCneva sxvadasxva sazogadoe-
brivi moZraobebis zrda, romlebic cdilobdnen mieq-
ciaT sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis yuradReba im so-
cialuri mankierebisa da ubedurebisadmi, romlebsac

28
ganicdida sazogadoeba. gamodiodnen ra, socialuri
reformebisa da mosaxleobis ganaTlebis moTxovniT,
inglissa da aSS-Si aqtiurad gamoavlinda “moZraoba so-
cialuri gamokvlevebisaTvis”.
me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi aRiniSneboda socialuri
empirizmis Taviseburi bumi. didi xnis Sesvenebis Sem-
deg inglissa da safrangeTSi aRdga regularuli mo-
saxleobis aRwerebi (1801w/), formirdeba statistikuri
samsaxurebisa da sazogadoebebis sistema, empiriuli
gamokvlevebis enTuziastebis gaerTianeba (manCesterisa
da londonis statistikuri sazogadoeba, safrangeTis
statistikis centri da a.S.). socialuri informacia, maT
Soris samrewvelo sawarmoebidan, grovdeboda saekle-
sio mrevlisa da saxelmwifo finansuri inspeqciebis, sa-
parlamento komisiebis, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis,
mTavrobisa da kerZo pirebis meSveobiT.
inglisSi empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevebis Camoya-
libebaze didi gavlena moaxdina jon sinkleris _ agra-
ruli Sromis monumenturma gamokvlevam “Sotlandiis
statistikuri aRwera” (21 tomi). specialurad Sedge-
nili kiTxvari Seexeboda mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqeso-
briv, profesionalur-kvalifikaciur da struqturul
problemebs, soflis Sromisa da xelobebis mdgomareo-
bas. jeims kei _Satluortis gamokvleva “manCesteris
safeiqro muSebis moraluri da fizikuri cxovrebis pi-
robebi” (1832w.), Seexo mSromelTa yofis sanitarul pi-
robebs. inglisur empiriul mecnierebaSi mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitanes liverpuleli mewarme-gemTmflobeli
Carlz butis (1840-1916ww.) gamokvlevebma. misi orien-
tacia siRaribis problemis empiriul Seswavlaze, sam-
rewvelo qalaqSi dasaqmebisa da cxovrebis pirobebze,
warmoadgenda ara akademiuri, aramed praqtikuli in-
teresis Sedegs. 1889-1903 wlebSi gamosuli 17-tomi-
ani naSromi “xalxis cxovreba da muSaoba londonSi”,

29
gamoirCeoda monacemTa Sekrebisa da analizis, meTo-
dikisa da teqnikis saguldagulo damuSavebiT.
C. buti cnobilia imiT, rom is idga qalaqis ekologiis
Seswavlis da qalaqis raionebis socialuri dasuraTebis
saTaveebTan. statistikuri aRwera moicavda SedarebiT
analizs _ mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenis cxovrebis pi-
robebs, siRaribis kavSirs _ dasaqmebasTan, Sromis pi-
robebTan da regularul SemosavlebTan. sami weli buti
cxovrobda londonis RaribTa kvartlebSi da Caatara
aTasobiT interviu samuSaoTa mimcemebTan (damqirave-
blebTan), profkavSirul liderebTan, muSebTan. magal-
iTad, butis angariSi londonSi religiurobis Sesaxeb,
agebuli iyo 1800 interviuze. man Seqmna mosaxleobis
axali klasifikacia sam klasad (dabali, saSualo da
maRali), Seadara mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargis muSak-
Ta Sromisa da cxovrebis pirobebi. butis gamokvlevebSi
aqtiurad monawileobda fabianuri sazogadoebis dam-
aarsebeli beatrisa vebbi (1858-1943ww.), romelmac ufro
gvian, Tavisi meuRle sidneemi vebbTan (1859-1947ww.) er-
Tad dawera cnobili naSromi muSaTa moZraobis isto-
riis Sesaxeb “tred-iunionizmis istoria” (1894w.), sadac
mdidari dokumenturi masalebis safuZvelze naCvenebia
sxvadasxva socialuri institutebis evolucia.
safrangeTSi empiriuli sociologiis fuZemdeblad
Tvlian lui vilarmes. napoleonis armiis yofilma eq-
imma gamoaqveyna mravali Sroma socialuri higienis
Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT cnobilia misi ortomeuli naS-
romi “muSaTa fizikuri da moraluri mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb _ bambis, Salisa da abreSumis manufaqtureb-
Si” (1840w.). socialuri empirikis ganviTarebaSi mniS-
vnelovani wvlili Seitanes aleqsandre paran-diuS-
atlesa (“sazogadoebrivi higiena” (1836w.)) da (“prosti-
tucia parizSi”(1834w.) da andre geris _ (”safrangeTis

30
moraluri statistikis narkvevebi” (1832w.)) Sromebma,
sadac dgindeboda kavSiri departamentebis samrewve-
lo ganviTarebis donesa da danaSaulis dones Soris.
mniSvnelovani kvali datova muSaTa ojaxebis e.w. mono-
grafiulma gamokvlevam, romelic ekuTvnis frederik
le-ples (1806-1882ww.). mis eqvstomian naSromSi “evro-
peli muSebi” (1877-1879ww.) amomwuravad aris gadmoce-
muli muSaTa ojaxebis cxovrebis wesi, profesiebi da
biujeti, moipoveba informacia sxvadasxva dargebis te-
qnikur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, axalgazrda muSebis
profesiuli winsvlisa da cxovrebis pirobebze. man Se-
qmna safrangeTSi mTeli skola (romelic mis saxels at-
arebs), romlis warmomadgenlebma _anri de turvilma,
edmon demolenma da sxvebma ganaviTares geografiuli
determinizmis doqtrina. mocemuli koncefciis Tanax-
mad, bunebrivi pirobebi gansazRvraven SromiTi saqmi-
anobis saxesa da xasiaTs.
yvelaze gamoCenili cnobil empirikosebs Soris iyo
franko-belgieli mecnieri-maTematikosi, me-19 sauku-
nis erT-erTi yvelaze udidesi statistikosi, adolf
ketle (1796-1874ww.). mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli
socialuri statistikis faqtebis Sekrebisa da asax-
vidan gadasvla statistikur kanonzomierebebze. misi
naSromia “adamianisa da misi SesaZleblobebis ganviTa-
rebis Sesaxeb anu socialuri cxovrebis gamocdileba”.
swored ketles droidan SeiZleba daiwyos sociolo-
giis, rogorc mkacri, empiriulad dasabuTebuli mec-
nierebis aTvla.
a. ketles ekuTvnis anketis kiTxvebis formulirebis
meToduri wesebi, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs mniS-
vneloba. isini Semdegia:
1. mxolod iseTi kiTxvebi unda dasva, romlebic
aucilebelia da maTze pasuxis miReba SesaZlebelia;

31
 2. ar unda dasva iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic mosaxleo-
baSi eWvsa da SiSs gamoiwvevs;
3. kiTxvebi unda Camoyalibdes naTlad da zustad,
rom isini erTnairad gaigos gamokiTxulTa mTelma er-
Tobliobam;
4. kiTxvebi unda uzrunvelyofdes urTierTkon-
trols, anu kiTxvebis erT nawilze pasuxebma, kiTxvaTa
meore nawilis Semowmebis saSualeba unda mogvces.
inglisur da frangul empiriul sociologiaSi Sei-
Zleba gamovyoT pirobiTad Semdegi ZiriTadi mimar-
Tulebebi:
1. politikuri ariTmetika (u. petti da j. graunti) _
sazogadoebrivi movlenebis umartivesi raodenobrivi
gamokvlevebi;
2. socialuri fizika (a. ketle)_empiriuli raodeno-
brivi gamokvlevebi adamianis fizikur maxasiaTeblebze
da sazogadoebrivi movlenebis statistikuri kanonzo-
mierebebis dadgena rTuli maTematikuri procedurebis
gamoyenebiT;
3. socialuri higiena (e. Cadviki, l.villarme, a.
paran-diuSatle)_ qalaqebis samrewvelo muSebis
Sromisa da yofis sanitaruli pirobebis empiriuli aR-
wera, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis socialuri maCvene-
blebis klasifikacia _ gamokiTxvis, interviusa da
dakvirvebis safuZvelze, praqtikuli rekomendaciebis
SemuSaveba SemdgomSi saqvelmoqmedo socialuri re-
formebis gatarebis mizniT;
4. moraluri statistika (a. gerri, j. kei-Satluorti)
_ mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenis zneobriv da intele-
qtualur maCveneblebze raodenobrivi monacemebis
Sekreba da analizi, socialur politikasa da social-
ur marTvaSi gadawyvetilebebis damuSavebis mizniT;
5. sociografia (le-ples skola) _ gansazRvruli
teritoriuli an profesiuli erTobis monografiuli

32
aRwera, ara aucileblad monacemTa damuSavebis raode-
nobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT, aramed statistikiTa
da dakvirvebis saSualebiT, romelTa Sedegebi Cveu-
lebriv gamoiyeneba obieqtis dinamiuri mdgomareobis
analizisaTvis sxvadasxva dros.
sociografias xSirad miakuTvneben, magaliTad, b. da s.
vebbebisa da f. engelsis _ ‘muSaTa klasis mdgomareoba
inglisSi” gamokvlevebs. sociografiis statusis das-
abuTebuloba, rogorc gamokvlevis aRweriTi tipisa,
mTlianad empiriuli sociologiis Sesatyvisisa, mogvca
f. tennisma.
germaniaSi miTiTebulma mimarTulebam miiRo meo-
rexarisxovani ganviTareba. me-19 saukunis germanuli
statistika warmoadgens sxvadasxva mecnierebebidan
monacemTa konglomerats (geografia, istoria, demo-
grafia, ekonomika da medicina), xolo sakuTriv empiri-
uli sociologiis dabadeba mimdinareobda me-19 sau-
kunis meore naxevarSi, franguli da inglisuri empiri-
uli skolebidan ideebis sesxebiT (gadmoRebiT). ase
mag., 60-70-ian wlebSi germaniaSi momzadda da Catarda
konkretuli gamokvlevebi, maT Soris muSaTa yofisa da
Sromis pirobebze. maTi Catareba da organizeba moxda
ernst engelis, adolf vagnerisa da vilhelm leqsisis
monawileobiT.
faqtiurad, empiriuli gamokvlevebis organizebis
da Catarebis erTaderT centrs germaniaSi warmoad-
genda “socialuri politikis sazogadoeba” (Seiqmna
1872 wels), romelmac udidesi roli iTamaSa evropis in-
teleqtualur cxovrebaSi. aq moRvaweobdnen germaneli
politekonomiis istoriuli skolis Zalian cnobili
warmomadgenlebi (zogjer maT moixsenieben, rogorc
germanel social-politikosebs). kerZod: g.Smolleri,
m. veberi, a. veberi, f. tennisi. sazogadoebis yvelaze
maRali aqtiuroba gamovlinda me-19 saukunis 80-90-ian

33
wlebSi. sazogadoebis saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli iyo momavali gamokvlevis programis winaswari
koleqtiuri ganxilva, sakvanZo problemebis gansaz-
Rvra, romelzec grovdeboda pirveladi informacia,
maTi uSualo gadayvana-Targmna anketis kiTxvebis
formulirebisaTvis, romlebic Semdeg egzavnebodaT
“eqspertebs”. Sekrebili monacemebi qveyndeboda Rrma
damuSavebis gareSe, radganac social-politikosebi na-
klebad interesdebodnen meTodologiiT.
pirvelad, gamokvlevis meTodologias, kiTxvebis swor
formulirebas seriozuli yuradReba miaqcia m.veberma.
misi ZalisxmeviT sazogadoebis empiriuli saqmianoba
xarisxobrivad axal doneze amaRlda. Tavisi cxovrebis
manZilze m. veberi monawileobda sul eqvs gamokvleva-
Si. germaniaSi 1890-1891 ww. sazogadoebam organizeba
gaukeTa agrarul urTierTobebze empiriul gamokv-
levas. veberma Seadgina misTvis programa da anketa,
gamouSva Tavisi naSromi “germaniis aRmosavleT elbis
sasoflo meurneobis muSaTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb”
(1892w.). veberi brwinvaled flobda monacemTa raode-
nobrivi da SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis meTodo-
logias. cnobilia zogierTi detalebi mis mier Catare-
buli pirveli gamokvlevidan. sami aTasi gagzavnili an-
ketidan 1890 wels, ukan dabrunda anketebis 70%, xolo
10000 saeqsperto blankidan 1891 wels, ukan dabrunda
mxolod aTasi. vebers uyvarda gamokvlevis Sedegebis
dawvrilebiT aRwera: misi pirveli samecniero angariSi
Seicavda 890 gverds, romelTagan 120-ze moyvanili iyo
muSaTa ojaxebis Semosavlebisa da biujetis cxrilebi.
1908 wels Tavisi umcrosi Zmis, alfredis winadadeb-
iT, m. veberi iwyebs mrewvelobis muSaTa gamokvlevebis
cikls. empiriul bazas warmoadgenda saqarxno statis-
tikis masalebi, dakvirveba da interviu muSebTan. mx-
olod programis meTodologiuri dasabuTeba Seicavda

34
60 gverds. garda amisa, veberma moamzada ramdenime vr-
celi meTodologiuri dokumentic. erTi maTgani _ ”sa-
muSao gegma” _ moicavda 27 Temas. instruqciaSi inter-
viuerisaTvis, veberi kerZod, rekomendacias iZleoda
daewyoT sawarmos teqnologiuri daxasiaTebiT, xolo
Semdeg ukve gadasuliyvnen muSaxelis formirebis is-
toriul da geografiul Taviseburebebze, kvalifika-
ciisa da swavlebis problemebze.
me-20 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi empiriuli sociolo-
giis ganviTarebaSi lideri gaxda aSS. ukve 1910 wels
qveyanaSi Catarda sami aTasamde empiriuli gamokvleva
uaxlesi statistikuri teqnikis gamoyenebiT. pirvel
meTodologiur programaSi j. landbergis mier (30-ian
wlebSi) gadmocemuli iqna raodenobrivi meTodologi-
is centraluri principebi: operacionalizmi, kvanti-
fikacia da biheviorizmi. p. lazarsfeldis, g. bleilo-
kas, a. brijmenis, u. ogbornis, r. mertonis, g. zetter-
bergis ZalisxmeviT safuZveli Caeyara empiriuli so-
ciologiis maTematikur-statistikur da meTodikur-
meTodologiur fundaments. maTematikis SeRwevam so-
ciologiaSi gaamdidra igi klasteruli, faqtoruli,
korelaciuri, longitiduri da sxva monacemTa anal-
izis meTodebiT, xolo urTierTmoqmedebam fsiqologi-
asTan, migviyvana movlenaTa gazomvis zusti meTodebis:
testebis, Skalebis, sociometriis, proJeqtoruli,
fsiqodiagnostikuri procedurebis ganviTarebamde.

35
 1.5. gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi

gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis yvelaze adreuli for-

ma socialuri gamokvlevebi _ warmoiSva inglisSi,
xolo Semdeg masiurad gavrcelda amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi.
pirvelad sakiTxi gamoyenebiTi sociologiis Sesaxeb
daisva 1895 wels aSS-Si. sazogadoebaTmcodneebi aq-
tiurad ganixilavdnen sociologiis daniSnulebas da
mis rols mecnierul TeoriaSi. ra warmoadgens soci-
ologiis ZiriTad mizans? xeli Seuwyos axali codnis
Seqmnas, Tu xeli Seuwyos konkretuli socialuri prob-
lemebis gadawyvetas? saboloo pasuxi aqamde ar moZeb-
nila. arsebobs bazisuri sociologia, romelic orien-
tirebulia profesionalebsa da axali codnis miRebaze
da gamoyenebiTi sociologia, orientirebuli klien-
tze (damkveTze), praqtikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad.
sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTareba mra-
vali istorikosis mier iyofa sam mTavar etapad. pirve-
li me-19 saukunis bolodan me-20 saukunis 20-ian wle-
bamde _ xasiaTdeba socialuri reformebisadmi in-
teresiT. realuri procesebis Sesaxeb empiriuli codna
sazogadoebaSi aSkarad arasakmarisia. amitomac isini,
vinc fiqrobda raime inovaciaze socialur proeqteb-
Si adamianTa urTierTobebis praqtikul gardaqmnaze,
iZulebulni iyvnen orientiri aeRoT saRi azris Teo-
riul agebaze. Teoria maSin gagebuli iyo an rogorc
social-filosofiuri daskvnebisa da msjelobebis
erToblioba, an rogorc filosofiuri diskusia jer
arsisa da realuris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. gavixsenoT,
rom es iyo socialuri gamokvlevebiT e.w. gatacebis pe-
riodi, romelTa mizanic iyo sazogadoebisTvis mwvave
problemebis socialuri diagnozi, mis mimarT presis

36
yuradRebis mipyroba da praqtikuli rekomendaciebis
gamomuSaveba.
sociologiis praqtikul gamoyenebaSi igulisxmeboda
ara RonisZiebebis specialuri sistema sakuTari pro-
cedurebiTa da danergvis mowesrigebuli meqanizmebiT,
rogorc amJamad aris miRebuli, aramed rogorc gamo-
Cenili pirovnebebis moRvaweobis aqti: “mecnieruli
menejmenti”. me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi swored aseTi gamoCenili socialuri inJin-
rebis moRvaweoba iyo wina planze wamoweuli. aRsaniS-
navia f.teiloris, g. emersonis, g. taunis, s. tompsonis
saqmianoba. praqtikul moRvaweobas ar ugulebelyofd-
nen akademiuri sociologebic: mag., a. smolli msaxu-
robda Cikagos moqalaqeTa federaciaSi, u. tomasi_Ci-
kagos vice-komisiaSi, r. parki-Cikagos saqalaqo ligaSi.
Cikago amerikis sociologiur rukaze SemTxveviT ar
gamoCnda. swored Cikagos skolasTan aris dakavSireb-
uli empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociologiis ayvavebis
adreuli periodi (urbanizacia, ekologia, SromiTi
damokidebuleba-urTierToba).
a.gouldneris azriT _ e. diurkemic unda CaiTvalos
gamoyenebiT sociologad. amis dasamtkiceblad igi
miuTiTebda mis wignSi _ “TviTmkvleloba” erT-erT
Tavs “praqtikuli gamoZieba-Sedegi”, agreTve diurke-
mis rekomendaciebs naSromSi “sazogadoebrivi Sromis
ganawilebis Sesaxeb”. Tavis wignSi _ “sociologiuri
meTodis wesebi”, diurkemi miuTiTebda, rom socialuri
mecniereba valdebulia mogvces moqmedebis wesebi mo-
mavalze”
meore etapi (1920-1959ww.) xasiaTdeba raodenobrivi
meTodologiis arnaxuli ganviTarebiT, maTematikis
SemosvliT sociologiaSi, kvlevis axali meTodebisa
da teqnikis gamoCeniT: testebi, Skalebi, sociometria,
proJeqtoruli, fsiqodiagnostikuri procedurebi

37
da a.S. ekonomikidan Semovida modelireba, eqsperimen-
ti da ekonometriuli meTodebi. 40-50-ian wlebSi ukve
damTavrebuli iyo im yvelaze ufro cnobili testebis
damuSaveba, romlebic amJamad gamoyenebiT kvlevebSi
gamoiyeneba, kerZod: kettelis pirovnebis Teqvsmet-
faqtoriani kiTxvari, Tematuri apercepciis testi, ve-
ksleris inteleqtis sazomi Skala.
am bazaze mimdinareobda akademiuri sociologiis
ayvaveba, romlis prestiJi im periodSi gamoyenebiT-
Tan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro maRali iyo. sociolo-
gia mTeli ZaliT cdilobda ganecxadebina, rom igi iyo
zusti da rafinirebuli disciplina. yvelas ar SeeZlo
aq gaCereba. uiRblo adamianebi midiodnen kerZo biz-
nessa da samTavrobo organoebSi. empiriuli sociolo-
giis dominirebis miuxedavad, aqtiurad viTardeboda
gamoyenebiTi sociologia. zogierTi msxvili kvleviTi
proeqtebi, magaliTad, msoflioSi cnobili gamokvleva
s.stauferis “amerikeli jariskaci” (1949w.), Tavdapir-
velad Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc gamoyenebiTi. magram
kvlevis Sedegebi aRmoCnda imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom
man saxeli gaiTqva, rogorc bazisurma gamokvlevam.
gamoyenebiTi iyo agreTve saxelganTqmuli xotornis
gamokvlevebi, romlebic Catarda 20-iani wlebis bolos
da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, harvardeli mecnierebis
mier, e.meios xelmZRvanelobiT samrewvelo sawarmoeb-
Si. maT Seitanes metad mniSvnelovani wvlili fundamen-
tur mecnierebaSi, bazisuri kvlevebis msgavsi wvlili.
mesame etapi _ 50-iani wlebis dasawyisidan dRemde xa-
siaTdeba Teoriis dominirebiT. akademiur sociolo-
giaSi sabolood Camoyalibda da wamyvani roli daikava
talkont parsonsis struqturul-funqcionalurma
midgomam, romelic gansazRvravda zogadi Teoriis
meTodologiur xasiaTs; didi raodenobiT damuSavda
saSualo rangis, anu specialuri, sociologiuri Teor-

38
iebi, gansakuTrebiT gacvlis Teoria, rolebis Teoria,
konfliqtis Teoria. bevri maTgani hgavda srulyofil
arqiteqturul Sedevrs da gamoirCeoda: mkacri for-
malizaciiT, logikuri daskvnebis dasabuTebulobiT,
utyuari prognoziT. kerZo Teoriebs SeiZleba miekuTv-
nos motivaciis klasikuri koncefcia, romelic warmoiS-
va 50-60-ian wlebSi: es aris a. maslous moTxovnilebis
ierarqiuli Teoria (pirvelad gamoqveynda 1943wels,
magram aRiareba moipova 50-60-ian wlebSi), f. xercber-
gis motivaciis orfaqtoriani Teoria da d. makgrego-
ris “X” da “Y” Teoria. TandaTanobiT maT safuZvelze
Seiqmna “Sromis humanizaciis” gamoyenebiTi proeqtebi:
“Sromis gamdidreba”, funqciebis gafarToeba, rotacia,
socioteqnikuri proeqtebi, avtonomiuri jgufebi,
partisipatiuri menejmenti.
50-60-ian wlebi SedarebiT mdgradi ekonomikuri aR-
mavlobis periodia aSS-Si, roca Sromisnayofierebis
zrdis tempebi maRali iyo, xolo inflaciis tempebi _
dabali, amitom amerikul sociologiaSi gabatonda op-
timisturi prognozebi. maTTvis Teoriuli bazas war-
moadgenda “adamianuri urTierToebebis” doqtrina. im
drois Tavisebur samecniero avangards warmoadgenda e.
meios, a. maslous, f. xercbergis da d. makgregoris da-
muSavebuli Sromis motivaciis koncefciebi. maTi gan-
masxvavebeli Tviseba iyo _ adamianis bunebis humanis-
turi gagebis Sesaxeb mowodeba da warmoebis gardaqmna
,,Sromis gamdidrebis” principebze. socioinJinruli
saqmianobisa da gamoyenebiTi meTodebisaken mobrune-
ba iyo ara mxolod obieqturad kanonzomieri, aramed
fsiqologiurad misaRebi amerikis saqmiani adamianebis
umravlesobisaTvis.
axali naxtomi gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis ganviTare-
baSi SeiniSneboda 70-ian da gansakuTrebiT 80-ian wleb-
Si, Tumca ekonomikuri aRmavlobis tempebi am momenti-

39
saTvis Semcirda, xolo cxovrebis doniT aSS pirveli
adgilidan CamoqveiTda me-5 adgilze msoflioSi. in-
flaciis tempebi 70-iani wlebis bolos pirvelad ameri-
kis istoriaSi ufro maRali iyo, vidre sxva samrewvelo
maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi. ufro rTulia aixsnas
publikaciebis zrda gamoyenebiT problematikaze. am-
Jamad, roca specialistebi SeSfoTebuli laparakoben
socialuri programebis asignebebis Semcirebaze da
sazogadoebis mecnieruli profilis mecnierebis gan-
viTarebaze. miuxedavad amisa, gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi
da konstruqtiuli namuSevrebi (xangrZliv fundamen-
talur gamokvlevebTan erTad) jer kidev rCeba pri-
oritetul mimarTulebad, romlebic uzrunvelyofen
korporaciebs ukeTesi inovaciuri strategiiT, vidre
gaaCniaT konkurentebs. dafinanseba xdeba ZiriTadad
kerZo seqtoris saSualebiT, Tu saxelmwifo seqtorSi
asignebebi SeiZleba droebiT Semcirdes, maSin kerZo
seqtorSi igi myarad izrdeba. Sedegad, gamoyenebiTi
gamokvlevebis ganviTareba 6-jer aRemateba fundamen-
turis zrdis tempebs.
rogorc Cans, ekonomikuri zrdisa da mecnieruli
azris aRmavlobis periodebis ciklebi yovelTvis ar
emTxveva erTmaneTs. (gavixsenoT Tundac cnobili xo-
torinis eqspetimentebi, Catarebuli didi ekonomi-
kuri deprsiis momentSi 1929-1932 wlebSi, da romelmac
safuZveli daudo gamoyenebiT socialur gamokvlevebs
sawarmoebSi). amasTan erTad, maT Soris arsebobs udavo
da ufro Rrma kavSiri, rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans.
ra Tqma unda, analizis dros angariSi unda gavuwioT
sociokulturul faqtorebsac.
60-iani wlebidan safuZveli Caeyara amerikuli so-
ciologiis zogad Teoriul safuZvels. akademiuri
sociologiis wiaRSi gamoCndnen rafinirebuli Teo-
retikosebi da empirikosebi. gamoyenebiTi mxare aR-

40
moCnda mecnieruli diskusiis periferiaze. warmoSo-
bilma mravalricxovanma Teoriebma ver SeZles SeevsoT
YdarRveuli bzari, romelic warmoiSva mecnierebasa
da praqtikas Soris. TandaTanobiT, daaxloebiT 60-ani
wlebis Sua xanebsa da bolos, gamoyenebiTi sociologia
gamodis am mdgomareobidan da ikavebs Sesabamis adgils
mecnieruli codnis sistemaSi.
aSS-Si 250-ze meti kaTedraa universitetebsa da kole-
jebSi, sadac iswavleba sociologia da mzaddeba kadre-
bi. garda amisa, arsebobs aseulobiT biznesis skole-
bi, sadac ikiTxeba sxvadasxva kursebi sociologiaSi.
amerikaSi gamoicema ramodenime aTeuli specialur-so-
ciologiuri da sociologiasTan Sereuli Jurnalebi.
gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba gamoyenebiTi sociolo-
giis CamoyalibebaSi miuZRvis p. lazarsfelds, romel-
mac arsebiTad gardaqmna igi maTematikisa da fsiqolo-
giis bazaze. jer kidev germaniaSi, man daaarsa mcire
sawarmo ,,ekonomikur-fsiqologiuri kvleviTi insti-
tuti” Tavis kolegebTan _ biuxlerovskis seminariis
studentebTan erTad _ axalgazrda lazarsfeldi
atarebda komerciul gamokvlevebs, uzrunvelyofda
ra mecnier-megobarTa wres sakmaod kargi SemosavliT.
arasaunivestiteto tipis amgvari mecnieruli sawar-
mos organizaciuli principebi da saqmianobis stili
(romlis sakonsultacio sabWoSi Sediodnen saxelovani
profesorebi) lazarsfeldma mogvianebiT gadaitana
amerikaSic. 1934 wels niu-iorkis universitetTan man
daaarsa analogiuri instituti, xolo misma megobrobam
r. mertonTan ufro gaamyara gamoyenebiTi sociologi-
is avtoriteti. omis Semdgom periodSi kvleviTi insti-
tutebi da ganyofilebebi Seiqmna ara mxolod ameri-
kul, aramed evropul universitetebSic.
cnobilia, rom evropuli sociologia Zlieria Tavisi
Teoriuli tradiciebiT, xolo axali midgomebi gamoy-

41
enebiT-komerciul sferoSi ufro xSirad iqmneba ameri-
kaSi. amJamad msoflioSi arsebobs asobiT organizacia
(didi da patara, saxelmwifo da kerZo), romelTa kvle-
vis SedegebiT formdeba socioinJinruli proeqtebi,
romlebic gamoiyeneba mimarTvelobiTi amocanebis ga-
dasawyvetad da praqtikuli rekomendaciebis mosamza-
deblad. saqmianobis es sfero mudmivad farTovdeba.
Zveli da kargad cnobili firmebis gverdiT, romlebic
ar arian damokidebuli universitetebze da romlebic
izidaven maRalkvalificiur specialistebs, iqmneba
axali organizaciebi. isini aseve iTxoven soliduri in-
vesiticiebs da seriozul daxmarebas. zogierT msxvil
dawesebulebebSi muSaoben ufro meti doqtorebi, vi-
dre nebismier universitetSi.
xSirad gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi aralegaluri _ fa-
ruli biznesis formiT gamovlindeba, romlebic afor-
meben oficialur kontraqts gamokvlevebze, amuSaveben
mecnierul programebs, iyeneben standartul proce-
durebs da a.S. kanonmdeblebi, finansistebi da xelm-
rudi politikuri moRvaweebi aRweven mniSvnelovani
Tanxebis gamoyofas viTomda mniSvnelovani socialuri
problemebis gadasaWrelad. Tumca, TaRliTobis garda,
aqedan araferi ar gamodis. xSirad, aseT firmebSi aR-
moCndebian xolme arakvalificiuri muSakebi da adami-
anebi, romlebic Tvlian Tavs socialur mecnierebad. k.
rosis azriT, es aris aSS-Si gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis
swrafi zrdis damaxasiaTebeli. romelic xels uSlis
maTi prestiJis amaRlebas mecnierul wreSi.
gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sedegebi zogjer politikur
elfers iZenen. isini zemoqmedeben klientis socialuri
da mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze. msxvil
korporaciaSi es SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri strategiis
SerCeva, RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic mimarTulia
Sromis humanizaciisa da aTasobiT adamianis keTil-

42
dReobaze, axali produqciis momavali, romelsac firma
gamoitans bazarze, raTa konkurentebisagan gadaibiros
potenciuri myidvelebis nawili. (SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom momxmareblis azrisa da RirebulebiTi orientaciis
Seswavla _ erT-erTi yvelaze masobrivi da maRalrenta-
beluri sferoa gamoyenebiTi sociologis saqmianobaSi).
gansakuTrebiT farTod sociologiuri monacemebi
partiaTaSoris brZolasa da monopolistur konkuren-
ciaSi gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, senati eyrdnoba ra
gamokiTxvebis masalebs, iRebs kanons xelfasis gayinvis
Sesaxeb. gasagebia, rom samTavrobo fraqciebis momxree-
bi, romlebic iReben ufro liberalur sakanonmdeblo
RonisZiebebs SromiT kanonmdeblobaSi, sxvagvarad
aRiqvaven amas, vidre konservatorebi.
amasTan, Tavis negatiur damokidebulebas sociolo-
gebis mimarT isini beWdaven sxvadasxva gamocemaSi. so-
ciologebi TavianTi nebis sawinaaRmdegod xSirad aR-
moCndebian xolme gareuli partiaTaSoris brZolaSi.
xSirad sociologi xvdeba Tavisebur maxeSi, saidanac
gamosvla Zalian Znelia.
gamoyenebiTi sociologia aSS-Si gaxda ekonomikis
swrafad ganviTarebadi seqtori. misi saWiroebisaT-
vis gamoyofili dotaciebi mTavrobisa da kerZo kom-
paniebis mier anazRaurdeba sakmaod swrafad da aRe-
mateba asignebebs fundameturi samuSaoebisaTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, gamoyenebiTi dargis specialistebis
Sromis organizaciis formebi, swavleba da ganawileba
universitetebsa da kolejebSi ar Seesabameba dRevan-
del moTxovnebs. seriozuli winaaRmdegoba SeiniSne-
ba gamokvlevebis mecnierul idealsa da im socialur
rols Soris, romlis Sesruleba uwevs sociologs, gam-
oyenebiTi sociologiis avtoritetisa da misi dRevan-
deli ganviTarebis miuxedavad.

43
 samrewvelo sociologiaSi pirveli empiriuli kvlev-
vbi ZiriTadad prof orientaciasa da profSerCevaze
Catarda jer kidev 20-e saukunis dasawyisSi. 50-80-ian
wlebSi SeimCneoda sociologiis gamoyenebiTi fun-
qciebis gafarToeba. 70-iani wlebis bolos saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebisa da samecniero centrebis egidiT
ganxorcielda daaxloebiT 30 msxvili kvleviTi pro-
grama da Catarda Zalian bevri gamoyenebiTi gamokv-
levebi, romlebic mTavrobam daafinansa. yvelaze metad
gavrcelebulad industriul sociologiasa da fsiqo-
logiaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Temebi: SromiTi dakmayo-
fileba da motivacia, Sromis Sinaarsi, pirobebi da or-
ganizacia, formaluri da araformaluri urTierTo-
bebi samuSao jgufebSi, organizaciuli klimati, xelmZ-
Rvanelobis stili, kadrebis denadoba, axalgazrdobis
adaptacia da a.S.
mxolod _ SromiT dakmayofilebis problemaze _
1935wlidan 1973wlis CaTvliT, aSS-Si Catarda 8 aTasze
meti gamokvleva, xolo liderobis stilis Seswavlaze
_ 5 aTasamde kvleva. federaluri biujetidan maTze
yovelwliurad gamoiyofoda 1-dan 2 mlrd dolaramde.
garda amisa, Catarda mravalricxovani gamokiTxvebi,
dafinansebuli monopoliebis mier. yovelwliurad ma-
Tze ixarjeboda 4 mlrd dolari. zogierTi Sefasebis
Tanaxmad, 70-iani wlebis bolos daxarjuli Tanxebi 10-
jer aRemateboda im Tanxebs, romlebic gamoiyofoda 15
wlis win. gavixsenoT, rom 50-iani wlebis meore naxevar-
Si 3-dan 4aTasamde amerikuli sawarmo damoukideblad
atarebda gamokvlevebs sociologiasa da Sromis fsiqo-
logiaSi.
msxvilmasStabiani kvleviTi saqmianobis organizaci-
isaTvis saWiroa kvalificiuri kadrebi. 1980wlisaTvis
aSS-Si arsebobda sociologiis 120 fakulteti, romle-
bic amzadebda magistrebsa da mecnierebaTa doqtorebs,

44
70-ian wlebSi sociologiis dargSi muSaobda _ daax-
loebiT 30 aTasi diplomirebuli specialisti, garda
amisa, daaxloebiT 2000 adamiani yovelwliurad iRebda
magistris xarisxs, xolo 600-s eniWeboda filosofiis
doqtoris xarisxi. 1914 wels daregistrirebuli iyo
amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis mxolod 500 wevri,
1963 wels_7000 meti, xolo 1985 wels_ 12000.
Tavis moxsenebaSi, amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis
prezidenti p.rossi 1980 wels aRniSnavda, rom amerikis
sociologiuri asociaciis bolo 30 prezidentidan _18
upiratesad dakavebuli iyo gamoyenebiTi gamokvleve-
biT, xolo danarCeni 12 periodulad muSaobdnen gamoy-
enebiT sferoSi. bevri saxelganTqmuli mecnieri-soci-
ologi aSS-sa da evropaSi Tavisi drois mniSvnelovan
wils uZRnidnen gamoyenebiT kvlevebs. maT Soris iyvnen
:diurkemi, giddinsi, ogburni, stauferi, parki, lazars-
feldi, k.devisi, f. xauzeri, sevela, kudemani da a.S.
maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSania _ gamokveTili mis-
wrafeba raodenobrivi meTodebisadmi, ris Sedegadac
kvlevis procedurebis teqnikuri ganviTareba maTi
mecnieruli wvlilis gansxvavebuli niSani gaxda. ma-
gram es ar miuTiTebs gamoyenebiTi sociologiis ay-
vavebaze, radgan igi ar warmoadgens sociologebis
gansakuTrebul monopolias. am gamokvlevebiT dakave-
bulni arian fsiqologebi, ekonomistebi, politikuri
mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi. garda amisa, fondebis
Tanxebis umetesoba, romlebic afinanseben gamoyenebiT
kvlevebs, xvdeba araakademiur organizaciebSi, rac
mkveTrad aqveiTebs pirvelebis mecnierul dones.
fundamentalur da gamoyenebiT mecnierebas gaaCnia sx-
vadasxva meTodebi da kvlevis sagani, sxvadasxva midgome-
bi da TvalTaxedva socialur sinamdvileze. TiToeul
maTgans gaaCnia Tavisi xarisxobrivi kriteriumi, Tavisi
xerxebi da meTodologia, Tavisi gageba mecnieris fun-

45
qciebze, sakuTari istoria da ideologiac ki. sxva si-
tyvebiT, Tavisi samyaro da Tavisi subkultura.
fundamentaluri codna mecnierebaSi _SedarebiT um-
niSvnelo nawilia gamocdilebiT Semowmebuli mecnier-
uli Teoriisa da meTodologiuri principebisa an anal-
itikuri xerxebisa, romliTac sargebloben mecnierebi
programis xelmZRvanelobisas. danarCeni codna _ mim-
dinare empiriuli da gamoyenebiT kvlevebis, axsniTi
modelebis erTobliobis Sedegia, romlebic miRebu-
lia hipoTezuri sqemebis, intuiciuri koncefciebis da
egreT wodebuli “sacdeli” Teoriebis saxiT.
fundamentalur mecnierebas, roca igi viTardeba
ZiriTadad universitetebsa da mecnierebaTa akademieb-
Si, uwodeben agreTve akademiurs.
maSasadame, sociologias, romelic axali codnis Se-
qmnasa da movlenis siRrmiseul analizs awarmoebs,
gaaCnia ori saxelwodeba: termini _ “fundamentaluri
sociologia” miuTiTebs miRebuli codnis xasiaTze,
xolo termini _ “akademiuri sociologia” _ adgilze
sazogadoebis socialur struqturaSi.
fundamentalur ideebs mivyavarT revoluciuri cv-
lilebebisaken. maTze ixarjeba udidesi Tanxebi, radgan
mxolod maT, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca ki iSviaTad
SeuZliaT mecnierebaSi seriozul winsvlas miaRwion.
roca saxelmwifo amcirebs fundamentaluri mec-
nierebis dafinansebis moculobas, akademiuri mecniere-
bi mimarTaven sabazro wyaroebs_sameurneo xelSek-
rulebis praqtikas, iwyeben muSaobas kerZo firmebis,
komerciuli bankebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis, saxelm-
wifo organizaciebis, birJebis SekveTebze. komerciul
relsebze gadadian odesaRac damoukidebeli da Semo-
qmedebiTad Tavisufali universitetebebi, akademiuri
institutebi da kvleviTi centrebi. fundamentalur
mecnierebas unarCundeba praqtikulad erTaderTi Ses-

46
aZlebloba gadarCes _ es ki niSnavs Seasrulos gamoy-
enebiTi gamokvlevebi. aseTia msoflio tendencia, rom-
lebic damaxasiaTebelia rogorc mrewvelobiT ganviTa-
rebuli, ise ekonomiurad CamorCenili qveynebisaTvis.
gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi arsebobs nebismier mecnierul
disciplinaSi_fizikaSi, fsiqologiaSi, ekonomikaSi,
sociologisa da a.S. termin _ “gamoyenebiTi socio-
logiasTan” erTad ucxour literaturaSi SeiZleba
SevxvdeT agreTve gamoyenebiT socialur fsiqologias,
gamoyenebiT ekonomikas da a.S. aSS-Si, farTod gamoiy-
eneba termini “gamoyenebiTi socialuri mecnierebebi”
da “gamoyenebiTi socialuri gamokvlevebi”, romlebic
aRniSnaven gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis nebismier saxes
ekonomikaSi, sociologiasa da sxva socialur mecniere-
bebSi. mecnieruli codnis struqturaSi gamoiyofa mTe-
li rigi dargebi da mimarTulebebi, romlebic SeiZleba
miekuTvnos ara fundamentalur, aramed upiratesad
gamoyenebiT codnas. kerZod ki: socialuri inJineria,
saqmiani TamaSebi, kliringi, mmarTvelobiTi konsul-
tireba, socialuri muSaoba da sxva mravali.
gamoyenebiTi sociologia _ es aris gamokvlevis Teo-
riuli modelebis, meTodologiuri principebis, meTo-
debis da procedurebis erToblioba, agreTve social-
uri teqnologiebi, konkretuli programebi da reko-
mendaciebi, orientirebuli praqtikul gamoyenebaze,
realuri socialuri efeqtis misaRwevad. aSS-Si mas
uwodeben: “problemur-orientirebuls”, “orientire-
buls klientze”, “gamoyenebiT socialur mecnierebas”,
gansxvavebiT akademiuri sociologiisagan, rogorc
fundamentaluris, bazisurisagan, romelic “orien-
tirebulia disciplinaze”. saubaria _sociologiur
samuSaoze, romelic vinmesTvis keTdeba. Cveulebriv,
es aris klienti an SemkveTi: saxelmwifo dawesebuleba,
samTavrobo organizacia, kerZo forma, xelisuflebis
federaluri organoebi da a.S.

47
 gamoyenebiTi sociologia gansxvavdeba akademiuri-
sagan ara mxolod mecnieruli saqmianobis Sinaarsi-
iT da xasiaTiT. aq ZiriTadia orientacia praqtikul
sargebelze da ara codnis matebaze, fundamentalur
aRmoCenaze. igi sxvanairad aris dakavSirebuli Sem-
kveTebTan. aq miRebulia sxva kriteriumebi saboloo
Sedegebis Sefasebis, Sromis anazRaurebisa da profe-
siuli karierisa sxva kriteriumebi. ufro metad gamo-
yenebiTi sociologebi damokidebuli arian kompaniis
ekonomikur mdgomareobaze _es ki Zalze xSirad bizne-
sia, romelic xSirad riskavs.
gamoyenebiTi sociologiis auditoria _es aris klien-
tebi da SemkveTebi, romlebic afinanseben gamokvlevebs
im imediT, rom miiRon TavisTvis dadebiTi Sedegebi.
auditorias akademiuri sociologiisaTvis Seadgenen:
profesionalebi, diletantebi, romlebic interesdebi-
an socialuri problemebiT, studentebi, romlebic so-
ciologias swavloben. yvela SemTxvevaSi is ufro far-
Toa, vidre pirveli. statiebi profesiul JurnalebSi
da mecnieruli monografiebi _ erTaderTi xerxia aka-
demiuri sociologebisaTvis moipovos aRiareba, audi-
toria da statusi. gamoyenebiTi sociologebisaTvis _
es damatebiTi, magram ara mTavari gzaa. maTi produq-
ciaaP _ sityvieri Setyobineba firmis xelmZRvanelebi-
saTvis, menejerebisaTvis, leqciebi, socioinJinruli
proeqtebi da wliuri angariSebi, romlebic SeiZleba
arsebobdes ramdenime egzempliaris saxiT.
akademiuri sociologi da gamoyenebiTi sociolo-
gi sruliad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan statusiT,
sazogadoebaSi adgiliT, muSaobis saSualebebiT da miR-
wevebis SefasebebiT.
akademiuri sociologi Semoqmedia fundamentaluri
mecnierebisa, Temis SerCevaSi Tavisufali mkvlevari da
maswavlebelia. gamoyenebiTi sociologi _ki Semoqme-

48
dia gamoyenebiTi damuSavebebisa, romlebsac gaaCniaT
wuTieri Rirebuleba, damokidebulia Tematikaze, Sem-
kveTis gemovnebasa da interesebze, daqiravebuli mu-
Sakia. pirveli _ Tavisufalia Tavis kvlevis Sedegebis
marTva_gamgeblobaSi, ganagebs maT, rogorc surs,
meores ara aqvs ufleba_ ase moiqces, radgan misi muS-
aobis Sedegebi _ kompaniis sakuTrebaa. pirvels gaaC-
nia maRali avtoriteti da prestiJi, magram mcire aqvs
xelfasi, meores ki ufro dabali prestiJi aqvs, magram
xelfasi maRali. pirvels garantirebuli aqvs samuSao,
meores dasaqmebaze araviTari garantia ar gaaCnia.
1980 wels daaxloebiT 14,5 aTasi sociologi (69,5%)
muSaobda aSS-s universitetebsa da kolejebSi, xolo 6,8
aTasi gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi. 90-ian wlebSi Tana-
fardoba akademiur da gamoyenebiT sociologias So-
ris Seicvala, pirvelis wili Semcirda 70-dan 60%-mde,
xolo meoris wili gaizarda 30-dan 40%-mde. axlo moma-
valSi gamoyenebiT sociologiaze moTxovna ufro gaiz-
rdeba. umaRles saswavleblebSi sul ufro popularuli
xdeba kursebi gamoyenebiT sociologiaSi. Tu 1970 wels
241 sociologiuri ganyofilebidan universitetebsa
da kolejebSi mxolod 11%-s hqonda aseTi kursebi, 1979
wels igi gaizarda 44%-mde, xolo 2000 wlisaTvis maTma
raodenobam 50%-s miaRwia. studentebi praqtikas ga-
dian ara mxolod savele gamokvlevebSi, aramed Tavis
momaval samuSao adgilze. swavlebisaTvis gamoiyeneba
auditoriuli da damoukidebeli mecadineobebi, saswav-
lo filmebi, audiotaipebi, kompiuteri, moduli, pro-
gramirebuli Seswavla da a.S. gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs,
rom gamoyenebiTi sociologebis mosamzadeblad gamoi-
yeneba swavlebis Semdegi meTodebi: savele gamokvleve-
bi (38%), damoukidebeli gamokvlevebi (25,5%), wignebi
(25%), filmebi (23,5%), rolebis TamaSebi da sociodrama
(21,3%), kompiuteri (20,4%), TamaSebis meTodi (19%), au-

49
diotaipi (18,5%), TviTswavleba (17,3%), zepiri gamos-
vlebi (16,1%), kursebis satelevizio demonstracia
(15,1%), moduli (12,9%), programireba (12,5%), saxelmZ-
Rvaneloebi (9,8%), gamocdebi(9,1%).
gamoyenebiTi sociologia dasavleTSi Seiqmna, ga-
formda da amJamad viTardeba mWidro kavSirSi menej-
mentisa da samewarmeo moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad.
mecniereba iTvisebs Tavisi SemkveTis kulturul Ri-
rebulebebs, egueba mis interesebs, miznebs, amocanebs,
amdidrebs mecnieruli ideebiTa da aRmoCenebiT, praq-
tikuli rekomendaciebiTa da meTodebiT. gamoyenebiTi
sociologebisaTvis menejmentis safuZvlebis Seswav-
la iseve aucilebelia, rogorc xelmZRvaneli _ praq-
tikosebisaTvis sociologiis safuZvlebis swavleba.
gamoyenebiTi sociologiis missiaa _ moemsaxuros
menejmentis interesebsa da moTxovnilebebs. amaSi ax-
ali araferia. asobiT da aTasobiT qarxnis sociologi
aSS-Si sxvadasxva warmatebiT _ mravali aTeuli welia
dakavebulia servisuli damuSavebiT. aseTi tendencia
momavalSi unda gaZlierdes. dro Tavisas karnaxobs.
“humanitaruli gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi unda gaxd-
nen mmarTvelobiTi praqtikis servisis elementebi” _
de martinis azriT, ase Tvlian teqnikuri TamaSebis moZ-
raobis liderebi.
gamoyenebiTi sociologia biznesis samsaxurSi _ es
ara mxolod awymoa, aramed es aris mecnierebis ganvi-
Tarebis saerTo msoflio gza, romlzedac didi xania
myarad dadgnen mowinave qveynebi.
biznesi Zalian momTxovni da kaprizi sponsoria. is
sastikia, roca Tavs axvevs mecniers Tavis standartebs,
moTxovnebs, vadebsa da TamaSis wesebs. igi guluxvia,
roca ixdis gamoyenebiTi sociologis Seqmnil maRalx-
arisxovan produqciaSi yvelaze maRali fasebiT. biz-
nesSi muSaoba Znelia da sariskoa, magram masSi SeiZleba

50
gamoimuSavo gacilebiT meti. aq sxva kriteriumebi da
xerxebi, wesebi da principebia, fundamentaluri mec-
nierebis sferosagan gansxvavebiT. aq saerTod sxva sub-
kultura da sxva realobaa.
ucxour literaturaSi ar arsebobs gamoyenebiTi
gamokvlevebis arssa, amocanebsa da funqciebze erTiani
azri. saerTod termini “gamoyenebiTi sociologia”
ucxoeTSi gamoiyeneba ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. erT Sem-
TxvevaSi, is empiriuli sociologiis sinonimad iTvleba,
e.i. gansazRvravs savele kvlevebs. magram ufro sworia
misi gageba rogorc problema orientirebuli kvlevisa,
gansxvavebiT bazisuri anu fundamentaluri sociolo-
giisagan, romelic orientirebulia Teoriaze. funda-
mentalur samuSaoSi mecnieruli Ziebis mamoZravebeli
motivia _ axali cnebebisa da koncefciebis Seqmna,
dazusteba gaumjobeseba an axali faqtebis aRmoCena,
romlebic mxolod meore xarisxovan rols asruleben
konkretuli socialuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi.
akademiuri sociologebi _es arian raRac axlis aR-
momCenebi meTodikasa da TeoriaSi, xolo gamoyenebiTi
sociologebi yovelTvis arian isini, vinc aRmoCenis ti-
raJirebas akeTeben, aqceven mas masobriv teqnologiad.
maSasadame, gamoyenebiT sociologad SeiZleba iwode-
bodes akademiuri mecnieric, Tu is axals ki ar aRmoa-
Cens, aramed iyenebs cnobils.
akademiuri mecnieri idealSi _ aris erTi viwro dar-
gis specialisti, siRrmiseuli specializaciis gareSe,
romelic xSirad mTeli cxovreba grZeldeba; aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi Znelia miaRwio maRal Sedegebs, maTi intere-
sebi iSviaTad gamodis erTi disciplinis sazRvrebidan.
gamoyenebiTi mecnieri _ mravalprofiliani mkvle-
varia. is unda flobdes farTo Tvalsawiers. misi kli-
entebi icvlebian, iseve rogorc icvleba Tematikac.
misTvis Znelia mTeli cxovreba erT problemaze iyos

51
specializirebuli, xSirad uxdeba sxvadasxva sakiTxebis
gadawyvetaze muSaoba. biznesis sferoSi es aris saba-
zro qcevebi _ propagandisa da reklamis saSualebebi,
momxmarebelTa qcevebi, moTxovnebisa da winadadebebis
koniunqtura, SromiTi morali, piradi da saqmiani Tvise-
bebis testireba, xelmZRvanelobis stili. garda amisa,
gamoyenebiTma sociologma kargad unda icodes ram-
denime mecniereba: statistika, ekonomika, sociologia,
fsiqologia, samarTali da a.S. gansakuTrebiT kargad
unda flobdes statistikur analizs, radgan mas mouwevs
konkurencia sxva socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgen-
lebTan, maT Soris ekonomistebTan da fsiqologebTan.
bazisuri da gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi gansxvavdebian
auditoriiT. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis auditoria _ es
arian klientebi, romlebic afinanseben maT da imedovne-
ben miiRon TavisTvis sasargeblo _ dadebiTi Sedegebi.
statiebi profesionalur JurnalebSi da monografie-
bi, agreTve universitetebSi _maswavlebloba_aseTia
wesi xerxi ipovo auditoria bazisuri gamokvlevebisaT-
vis. gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebisaTvis ki, es aris Sez-
Ruduli gamomcemlobiTi SesaZleblobebi, mecnieruli
angariSebi da zepiri warmodgenebi.
gansxvavdebian isini aseve warmoSobis adgiliTac.
bazisuri kvlevebi warmoiSva universitetebis cen-
tralur departamentebSi, xolo gamoyenebiTi gamokv-
levebisaTvis universitetebSi gamoiyo damoukidebeli
institutebi da centrebi. akademiuri sistema aRmoCnda
moumzadebeli gamoyenebiTi kvlevebisaTvis. pirvel
rigSi, organizaciuli TvalsazrisiT. amitomac, so-
cioinJinrebi da klinicistebi wavidnen universitete-
bidan, ipoves adgilebi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi
organoebis sagegmo ganyofilebebSi an kerZo firmebis
marketingul ganyofilebebSi. sociologebs mxari
dauWires firmebma. 70-ian wlebSi Seiqmna asobiT kerZo

52
kvleviTi firma, romlebmac sxvadasxva mxaridan miiRes
mZlavri finansuri mxardaWera. maT Soris gamoirCeoda
mcirericxovani jgufi gansakuTrebiT didi firmebisa,
romelTa StatebSi iricxeboda ufro meti xarisxiani
filosofiis doqtori, vidre universitetebis social-
uri mecnierebis departamentebSi.
specialistebi asaxeleben ori tipis codnis demarka-
ciis sxva kriteriumebsac. mag., Tu gamokvleva gankuTv-
nilia Teoriuli ideebis Sesamowmeblad, maSin igi kval-
ificirdeba, rogorc bazisuri. magram Tu empiriuli
gamokvleva tardeba socialuri programebis praqtiku-
li mdgomareobis Sesamowmeblad, romelic damuSavebu-
lia klientis SekveTiT, mas uwodeben gamoyenebiTs.
gamoyenebiTi sociologebi akademiur sociologebze
naklebad wesieri, naklebad faqizi, naklebad punqtua-
lurebi arian, Tavisi gamokvlevebis meTodologiisa da
meTodikis aRweraSi. Cveulebriv, meTodologia gamoy-
enebiT gamokvlevebSi an damatebulia boloSi, an gamoi-
kveTeba swored kvlevis procesSi da mxolod iSviaTad
formirdeba dasawyisSive, rogorc dasrulebuli, er-
Tiani. igi SeiZens metad Tu naklebad struqturirebul
saxes gamokvlevis dasrulebis miaxloebisas. gamoyenebiT
sferoSi farTod gamoiyeneba savele interviu da dak-
virveba. gamoyenebiTi sociologi ise gadis “velze”, rom
ar gaaCnia winaswar struqturirebuli instrumentebi.
igi iwyebs gamokvlevis obieqtis arsis_raobis aRweriT
da asrulebs klientisaTvis angariSis wardgeniT.
gamoyenebiTi sociologis pozicia sazogadoebaSic
da organizaciaSic _aris marginaluri. samedicino
kolejs an hospitalSi socialuri mkvlevari –mecn-
ieri muSaobs ganyofilebebSi, romelsac gaaCnia dabali
statusi: fsiqiatriis, jandacvis da zogierTi sxvebis.
samrewvelo organizaciaSi is ikavebs funqciuri spe-
cialistis adgils, magram gansxvavebiT inJinris, te-

53
qnologis an buRaltrisagan, romlebic mudmivad muS-
aoben sawarmoSi da iTvlebian “Tavisianad”. socialuri
muSaki ki miuxedavad imisa rom orientirebulia imave
mecnierul normebsa da Rirebulebebze, mainc is yov-
elTvis autsaideria. mWidro kavSirSia ra administra-
ciasTan, is maTTvisac rCeba marginalur pirovnebad.
gamoyenebiTi sociologi asrulebs or funqcias: 1.
uSualod mecnieruls, monawileobs ra rogorc mecni-
er-mkvlevari romelime proeqtSi; 2. socialurad gaSu-
alebuls, gamodis ra Suamavlad SromiTi konfliqtebi-
sa da urTierTobebis gadawyvetisas, asrulebs fun-
qciebs supervaizerisa, menejerisa, arCeuli an daniS-
nuli sazogadoebrivi moRvawisa. magram rogorc ar
unda warimarTos misi bedi, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar
aris mudmivad imyofebodes Tanamdebobaze. Tu firmis
saqmeebi kargad midis, mas SeiZleba hqondes. metad Tu
naklebad xangrZlivad dasaqmebis imedi. amiT is gansx-
vavdeba Tavisi akademiuri kolegebisagan.
Tumca, amis sakompensaciod, mas ufro maRali xel-
fasi aqvs, vidre es universitetebSia. magaliTad, dam-
wyebi gamoyenebiTi sociologi Rebulobs imave xel-
fass, ramdensac universitetis maRalanazRaurebadi
asistent-profesori. gamoyenebiTi sociologi orga-
nizaciaSi yovelTvis mkacri kontrolis qveS imyofeba.
mas mkacrad moeTxoveba samuSaos damTavreba konkre-
tul vadebSi, Tundac es damokidebuli iyos sxvebis
(mecnierebis, menejerebis, specialistebis, administra-
ciis) saqmianobis Sedegebze. akademiuri muSaoba ki_ in-
dividualuri avtonomiaa, Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebaa,
zemodan umniSvnelo kontrolia. cxadia, rom uinicia-
tivo, mouwesrigebeli adamianebisaTvis gamoyenebiTi
samuSao Seuferebelia.
akademiuri sociologi TiTqmis yovelTvis kabinetu-
ri moRvawea: is aswavlis (kiTxulobs leqciebs), ikvlevs

54
an konsultaciiT aris dakavebuli laboratoriaSi, au-
ditoriaSi an ofisSi.
piriqiT, gamoyenebiTi sociologi_mkvlevari mra-
valaspeqtiania. magaliTad, gamoyenebiTi sociolo-
giis bevri specialisti muSaobs cixeebis administra-
torebad, fsiqiatrebad suliT daavadebulTa hos-
pitalebSi, moxucTa da invalidTa saxlebSi da a.S.
gamoyenebiTma sociologma aucileblad unda icodes
laparaki muSaTa klasTan, ubralo moqalaqeebTan da
marginalebTanac ki, sxvanairad igi verafers gaakeTebs
Tavis specialobaSi.
danaSaulis sociologia mecniers gansakuTrebul val-
debulebas akisrebs. is mudmiv kontaqtSia kriminogen-
ur subkulturasTan _ narkomanebTan, iaraRis mflo-
belebTan, profesionalur qurdebsa da mkvlelebTan,
danaSaulebriv sindikatebTan, mafiozur warmonaqm-
nebTan, meZavebTan, alkoholis moyvarulebTan, band-
formirebebTan. atarebs ra CarTul dakvirvebas _ es
ki informaciis yvelaze efeqturi da yvelaze sruli wy-
aroa, mecnieri mudmivad riskavs sicocxliT.
dasavleTis specialistTa azris Tanaxmad, gamoyenebi-
Ti sociologiuri gamokvlevebi yvelaze axlos dganan
bazisur gamokvlevebTan da umniSvnelod gansxvavdebi-
an maTgan. swored amitom maT xSirad erTmaneTSi ure-
ven. aSS-Si, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, iSviaTad ixmareba
termini _ “socialuri teqnologia”, xSirad laparako-
ben gamoyenebiT sociologiur gamokvlevebze.
gamoyenebiTi sociologiuri gamokvleva _ es aris so-
ciologiuri codnisa da kvleviTi xerxebis gamoyeneba
praqtikul problemebze empiriulad dasabuTebuli in-
formaciis misaRebad. kvleviTi meTodebi aq TiTqmis ar
gansxvavdebian bazisuri mecnierebisagan, magram gamoy-
enebiTi sociologiuri kvlevebiT miRebuli sociolo-
giuri codna ufro specifikuri da detalizirebulia.

55
 erTmaneTisagan ansxvaveben gamoyenebiTi sociologi-
uri gamokvlevebis sam nairsaxeobas: aRweriTs, analiti-
kursa da SefasebiTs.
aRweriTi gamokvlevebi _ yvelaze martivia da misaRe-
bi tipis realobis Sesaswavlad. misi daniSnulebaa _
miiRos empiriuli informacia socialur problemebze.
magaliTad, saqmiani firmebi sTxoven sociologebs aR-
weron moraluri klimati SromiT koleqtivSi, Seiswav-
lian romel produqtebs aniWeben upiratesobas misi my-
idvelebi.
analitikuri gamokvlevebis damaxasiaTebeli detalia
_ miswrafeba, aagos socialuri movlenis _SemTxve-
vis empiriuli modeli, xolo nebismieri modeli miznad
isaxavs ara mxolod procesis aRweras, aramed axsnasac.
ase magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi organizaciis SekveTiT,
sociologi, aRwers ra obieqts, unda ganmartos, Tu ra-
tom uWers mosaxleoba mxars erT kandidats da mxars
ar uWers meores. amasTan “mjobineba”_ upiratesobis
micema unda ganisazRvros amomrCevelTa socialuri
jgufebis, partiuli mikuTvnebulobis, social-ekono-
miuri statusis terminebSi. analitikuri gamokvleve-
bi Zalian hgvanan bazisurs, Tu Catarebulia erTsa da
imave Temaze. gamoyenebiTi sociologi irCevs mraval-
ricxovani cvladebidan da indikatorebidan mxolod
iseTebs, romlebic SemdgomSi SeiZleba gamoiyenos praq-
tikaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, akademiuri so-
ciologi ki eyrdnoba mTel informacias.
SefasebiTi gamokvlevebi _ es aris modelebisa da saSu-
alebebis erToblioba, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis so-
cialur procesebSi mizanmimarTuli Carevis saboloo
Sedegebi. Sefasdes socialuri, ekonomikuri da poli-
tikuri terminebiT amis magaliTs warmoadgens xelmZ-
Rvanelobis stilis gaumjobesebis danergvis programa
saqmian organizaciebSi.

56
 pirvelad SefasebiTi gamokvlevebi gamoiyenes qvanax-
Siris warmoebaSi aSS-Si. 60-ian wlebSi isini tardeboda
kerZo firmebTan kontraqtuli sistemiT, romlebic,
rogorc wesi, qiraobdnen profesionalurad momzade-
bul sociologebs. amJamad, SefasebiTi gamokvlevebi
_ gamoyenebiTi sociologebis. Sromis gamoyenebis
ZiriTadi sferoa. Tumca sociologebs TavianTi pub-
likaciebiT umniSvnelovanesi roli miuZRviT am dis-
ciplinis TviTgamorkvevaSi, amis miuxedavad raodeno-
brivad am dargSi isini ar Warboben.
sociologis roli gamoyenebiT sociologiur gamokv-
levebSi ZiriTadad teqnikurad iTvleba. is svams konkre-
tul problemebs politikuri moRvaweebisa da biznes-
menebis winaSe da gadahyavs igi gamokvlevis programaSi.
b.taCfildi gamoyofs gamoyenebiTi sociologiuri
gamokvlevebis or sxvadasxva models. pirvels uwodebs
“disciplinarul perspeqtivas” da aRniSnavs, rom masSi
yuradReba koncentrirebulia imaze, Tu politika ro-
gor gamodis Teoriidan. magaliTad, socialuri cvli-
lebebis, uaryofis, rasobrivi damokidebulebis (urT-
ierTobebis), socialuri stratifikaciis, organizaci-
uli struqturis Teoriebi. Seicaven sasargeblo cod-
nas, romlebic gamoiyeneba socialur dagegmarebaSi.
mocemuli modeli orientirebulia disciplinis SigniT
codnis matebaze da mimarTulia kolegebze da ara kli-
entebze. meore modeli _”programuli perspeqtiva”
Seicavs tradiciul SefasebiT gamokvlevebs, radgan
afasebs konkretuli socialuri programis efeqturo-
bas. is moicavs problemis dasmis, programis miznebisa
da amocanebis, Sekrebis meTodebsa da monacemTa anal-
izs. kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg Sedgenili mecnieruli
angariSi, imis gamo, rom ar Seicavs seriozul empiriul
monapovars, profesionalur JurnalSi publikaciisaT-
vis jer mzad ar aris.

57
 SesaZlebelia gamoyenebiTi sociologiuri gamokv-
levebis aseTi klasifikaciac: 1. Teoriulad dasabuTe-
buli empiriuli gamokvlevebi socialur politikaze
gasasvlelebiT;
2. socialuri politikis ganxorcieleba _ praqtiku-
li muSakebiTa da konsultantebiT, magram Teoriuli da
empiriuli literaturis farTo gamoyenebiT (wyaroe-
bis analizi, eqspertTa gamokiTxva, mowinave sawarmoe-
bis monaxuleba da a.S.);
3. msxvilmasStabian socialur eqsperimentebSi Teo-
riuli da empiriuli codnis gamoyeneba.
socialuri teqnologiebis danergvasa da gamoyenebi-
Ti sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Catarebas ucxoeTSi
ewevian ori tipis gamoyenebiTi sociologebi _inJin-
rebi da klinicistebi.
inJiner-sociologi ufro xSirad iyenebs mcire-
masStabian gamokiTxvebs, savele eqsperimentebis se-
rias, amuSavebs mcire jgufebis socialuri gardaqmnis
proeqtebs, dakavebulia dagegmviTa da dizainiT.
sociolog-klinikosis amocanaa, daadginos ama Tu im
movlenis diagnozi, SesTavazos alternativa, gauwios
konsultacia da miuTiTos Terapiul zomebze. es
ukanaskneli, faqtiurad axorcielebs sociologiis
fuZemdeblis, kontis anderZs (mikrodoneze), romlis
Tanaxmadac, sociologiis ZiriTadi amocana sazoga-
doebis gardaqmnaSi, srulyofaSi mdgomareobs.
praqtikul problemebze Teoriis gamoyeneba aZlevs
gamoyenebiT sociologebs ufro saimedo Semowmebis
saSualebas, vidre kolegebis kritika profesionalur
JurnalebSi. gamokvlevis xarisxian Sedegebsac ki ar
SeuZliaT daicvan igi daviwyebisagan. TeoriaSi profe-
sionalizmi ar axdens gavlenas imaze, Tu ra SeuZlia
gaukeTos mecnierul aRmoCenas klientma.
gamoyenebiTi socialuri mecnierebebi warmoadgenen
ganStoebuli dargebis, mimarTulebebisa da teqnolo-
giebis sistemas, romelic iqmneba ekonomistebis, soci-

58
ologebis, fsiqologebisa da sxva mecnierebis warmomad-
genlebis mier konkretuli situaciebis diagnozisa da
praqtikuli problemebis gadasawyvetad.
gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis im ZiriTad mimarTulebebsa
da dargebs Soris, romlebic ganviTardnen sxvadasxva
wlebSi ucxoeTSi, SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi saxeebi:
praqtikuli socialuri fsiqologia _ socialuri
fsiqologiis dargia; bolo wlebSi gamoyofilia misgan
da romelic Tavis sagnad Tvlis ara imdenad socialur-
fsiqologiur kvlevebs, ramdenadac socialur pro-
cesebSi praqtikul Carevas. praqtikuli socialuri
fsiqologiis formebia: eqspertiza, konsultireba,
treiningi. magaliTad, ruseTSi Seqmnili praqtikuli
socialuri fsiqologiis asociacia koordinirebas uw-
evs am dargSi saqmianobas.
fsiqoteqnika _ sabWoTa Sromis fsiqologiis gam-
oyenebiTi mimarTulebaa 20-30-ian wlebSi, romelic
Seiswavlida socialuri sakiTxebis farTo wres _sa-
muSao adgilis dizainidan da daRlilobis problemi-
dan Sromis motivaciamde da personalis swavlebamde
damTavrebuli. igi gaxda saqarxno sociologiis isto-
riuli winamorbedi.
socialuri dagegmareba _arsebobda 60-iani wlebis
Sua xanebidan 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde _ gamoy-
enebiTi mimarTulebaa araakademiur sferoSi: warmoe-
baSi, soflis meurneobaSi, regionaluri mmarTvelo-
bis organoebSi. socialuri dagegmarebis mizani imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom mecnieruli konsultirebiTa da
cdebiT gadaewyvita “socialuri problemebi” (kadrebis
denadoba, loTobasTan brZola da a.S.). mowveuli aka-
demiuri da gamoyenebiTi sociologebi, agreTve sawar-
moebis kadrebis ganyofilebis muSakebi amuSavebdnen
da nergavdnen _ SromiTi koleqtivebis socialur-eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebis kompleqsur xuTwlian progr-

59
amebs. sawarmoebsa da regionebSi im droisaTvis Catareb-
uli gamokvlevebi unda kvalificirdebodes rogorc so-
cialuri da ara rogorc sociologiuri. xSirad maT at-
arebdnen sawarmoebSi kadrebis, Sromis da xelfasis gan-
yofilebis muSakebi, partiis raikomebis instruqtorebi
da TanamSromlebi. socialuri dagegmarebis farglebSi,
sabWoTa kavSiris regionebsa da samrewvelo sawarmoebSi
Seqmnili iyo sociologiuri samsaxurebis qseli.
socialuri inJineria _ gamoyenebiTi socialuri mec-
nierebebis an gamoyenebiTi sociologiis midgomaTa er-
Tobliobaa, romelic orientirebulia organizaciuli
struqturebis mizanmimarTuli Secvlisaken, adami-
anuri qcevebis gansazRvrasa da maTze kontrolis uz-
runvelsayofad.
socialuri muSaoba _ Seiqmna amerikasa da evropaSi
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo ruseTSi 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi. codnisa da praqtikuli moqmedebebis gamoy-
enebis disciplinaTSorisi (fsiqologiis, sociolo-
giisa da medicinis SeerTebiT) dargia, romelic orien-
tirebulia socialuri autsaiderebis dasaxmareblad
(igulisxmeba: umuSevrebi, invalidebi, moxucebulebi,
mravalSvilianebi, mcireSemosavlianebi).
saqmiani TamaSebi _ gamoyenebiTi meTodika da siste-
maa sawarmoebsa da organizaciebSi konkretuli mmarT-
velobiTi amocanebis gadasawyvetad, romelsac gaaCnia
xelmZRvaneli personalisaTvis xanmokle treiningis
xasiaTi (aqtiuri swavlebis meTodi).
qarxnuli sociologia _ sabWoTa kavSirSi indus-
triuli sociologiis gamoyenebiTi dargi iyo, romlis
drosac sawarmoebis StatSi iricxebodnen an mowveuli
iyvnen kontraqtiT sociologebi. Cveulebrivi prob-
lematika moicavda: SromiTi urTierTobebis, social-
ur-fsiqologiuri klimatis, stabilizaciisa da de-
nadobis sakiTxebs, kvlevebs Sromis efeqturobaze,
xelmZRvanelobisaTvis praqtikuli rekomendaciebis
damuSavebas.
60
 ergonomika _ mecnierebis dargia, romelic Seiswav-
lida adamians (an adamianTa jgufs) da mis (maT) saqmiano-
bas warmoebaSi Sromis procesis, pirobebisa da iaraRis
srulyofis, gaumjobesebis mizniT. ergonomikis kvle-
vis sistemis ZiriTadi obieqtia “adamiani _manqana”, maT
Soris e.w. ergatiuli sistemebi. kvlevis meTodia _
sistemuri midgoma.
gamoyenebiTi kulturis sociologia _ socialuri
gamokvlevebis erTobliobaa, realuri procesebis Ses-
aswavlad da kulturis dawesebulebebis saqmianobis
gaumjobesebisaTvis praqtikuli rekomendaciebis Sesa-
muSaveblad. kulturis dargis gamoyenebiT sociologs
SeuZlia gauwios qalaqis administracias Seufasebeli
daxmareba socialuri, kulturuli da sayofacxovrebo
dawesebulebebis sworad dagegmarebasa da ganlagebaSi.
swored is Seiswavlis dRe-Ramis romel drosa da romel
raionebSi Semodis an miemgzavreba yvelaze meti adami-
ani, romel dawesebulebebs stumroben ufro xSirad da
romels ufro naklebad, Rirs Tu ara qalaqis “saZinebel
raionebSi” Teatrisa da muzeumebis mSenebloba, Tu unda
SeizRudos, rogorc es bolo wlebSi xdeba da aSendes
kafe da restorani? rogori unda iyos sarepertuaro
politika kinoTeatrebsa da videosalonebisa, raionis
mcxovrebTa asakis, sqesis, ganaTlebis donis gaTval-
iswinebiT? sociologi arkvevs qalaqis mcxovreblebi-
saTvis kulturuli Rirebulebis srul sias dRevandel
pirobebSi. gamoTvlis ra kulturis dawesebulebebis
reitings, sociologi exmareba gadawydes, swored ra da
ramdeni raodenobiT unda aSendes, xolo romeli mSene-
bloba unda “gaiyinos”. l.n. koganis azriT, “yovel did
qalaqSi unda iyos kulturis sociologiis saqalaqo
samsaxuri”. gamoyenebiT sociologs bevri ram SeuZlia.
magaliTad, aravis ar sjeroda uralis sociologebis,
roca maT jer kidev 1968 wels iwinaswarmetyveles qa-

61
laqis kinoTeatrebSi mayurebelTa daswrebis Semci-
rebis Sesaxeb, magram es prognozi gamarTlda.
gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis yvelaze Sromatevad
mimarTulebas warmoadgens socialuri teqnologiebi.
ruseTSi es termini mecnierul xmarebaSia 80-iani wlebis
dasawyisidan. gansxvavebiT tradiciuli sociologi-
uri gamokvlevebisagan, rodesac programa da instru-
mentebi yovelTvis xelaxla iqmneba, socialuri teqno-
logia SesaZleblobas iZleva mravaljer gamoviyenoT
SemuSavebuli standartuli algoriTmebi socialuri
mmarTvelobis tipiuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad, mag-
aliTad, atestaciaSi, kadrebis SerCevasa da ganawile-
baSi. es SesaZlebels xdis qarxnis sociologebis mier
gamoyenebuli meToduri xerxebis tiraJirebas.
socialuri teqnologia sakmaod martivia gamoyene-
baSi, radgan misi ganmaxorcieblebi midian gakvaluli
gziT, magram Znelia misi Seqmna, romelsac wlebi sWird-
eba. socialuri teqnologiebi arsebobs sxvadasxva
tipisa da gansxvavdeba SromatevadobiT, originaluro-
biT, ubraloebiTa da xelmisawvdomobiT, efeqturobiT,
gamoyenebis sferoebiT.
80-iani wlebis bolosa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi axa-
li teqnologiebis Seqmna ruseTSi Semcirda an saerTod
SeCerda. Tumca swrafi tempebiT daiwyo ganviTareba
teqnikurma TamaSebma _ mmarTvelobiTi teqnologiis
kidev erTma saxeobam.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi saTamaSo meTodikebs far-
Tod iyeneben sxvadasxva diagnostikur procesebSi,
pirvel rigSi, organizaciuli konsultirebis praqtika-
Si, SemoqmedebiTi procesis organizaciis dros, dasmuli
amocanebis optimaluri gadawyvetilebis gamomuSaveba-
Si, socialuri prognozirebis praqtikaSi, agreTve ada-
mianebisaTvis konkretuli Cvevebis swavlebasa da opera-
tiuli da strategiuli unarebis dauflebaSi.

62
 1.6. sociologiuri gamokvlevis programa

programa sociologiuri gamokvlevis aucilebel

dokumentad iTvleba. miuxedavad imisa, kvleva Teori-
ulia, Tu gamoyenebiTi, operatiuli Tu xangrZlivi da
fundamenturi, kvlevis amosavali wanamZRvrebi, mizne-
bi da amocanebi, meToduri uzrunvelyofa da bolos,
gamokvlevis organizaciuli struqtura, winaswar gan-
isazRvreba mis programaSi. igi warmoadgens mecnierul
dokuments, romelic asaxavs codnis Teoriuli doni-
dan (gamoxatuli modulebsa da hipoTezebSi) logikur
gadasvlas misi empiriuli miRebis xerxebze, e.i. gamokv-
levis obieqtsa da instrumentebze.
fundamenturi akademiuri gamokvlevebis programa
SeiZleba warmoadgendes specialuri gamokvlevebis
Ziebis Sedegs. isini gamoicema calkeuli wignebisa da
broSurebis saxiT. piriqiT, operatiuli gamokvlevebis
programa Tavsdeba 5-7 nabeWd gverdze. magram maTi
struqturis ZiriTadi elementebi ucvleli rCeba,
radganac TiToeuli maTgani axorcielebs Tavis fun-
qciebs: normatiuls, meTodurs, organizaciuls, in-
formaciuls da sakontrolos.
empiriuli gamokvlevebi gulisxmobs gamokvlevis
programis SemuSavebas, dakvirvebisa da eqsperimentis
organizebas, maTi monacemebis aRweras, klasifikacias,
pirvelad ganzogadebas.
sociologia ver iarsebebs, Tu ar moipova sxvadasxva
saxis empiriuli informacia _ amomrCevelTa azris,
prezidentis reitingis, ojaxuri biujetis, umuSevro-
bis raodenobis, skolaSi Tavisufali drois, Sobadobis
donis Sesaxeb. sociologis muSaoba iwyeba: Temis (prob-
lemis) formulirebiT, kvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis,
ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvriTa da dazustebiT, maT
Soris kavSirebis dadgeniT da am kavSirebis Sinaarsis

63
gansazRvriT. es inteleqtualuri, SemoqmedebiTi samuS-
aoa, romelic moiTxovs sakmaod farTo erudiciasa da
sociologiis Teoriuli safuZvlebis kargad codnas.
pirvel rigSi, mkvlevari iyenebs Teoriul statisti-
kas, romelic mocemulia JurnalebSi, gamosvlebSi, biu-
letinebSi. sxva informacias is moipovebs sociologi-
uri gamokiTxviT, sadac gamoirkveva xalxis subieqturi
azrebi. pasuxebi maTematikurad gaSualdeba, ganzo-
gadebuli monacemebi statistikuri cxrilebis saxiT
warmodgeba, gamoiyvaneba da aixsneba kanonzomierebebi.
bolo dros teqnologiuri daxmarebis mZlavr saSuale-
bas warmoadgens globaluri kompiuteruli qseli _
interneti, saboloo Sedegi ki_mecnieruli Teoriis
Seqmnaa, romelic SesaZlebels xdis movlenis momavlis
winaswarmetyvelebas da praqtikuli rekomendaciebis
damuSavebas.
dReisaTvis, empiriul gamokvlevebSi igulisxmeba _
pirveladi monacemebis Segroveba, romelic xorcield-
eba gansazRvruli programiTa da mecnieruli daskvnis
wesebis gamoyenebiT. gadascems ra mecnieris gankar-
gulebaSi reprezentatul informacias. monacemTa Se-
grovebis teqnologia (meTodika da meTodebi) pasuxobs
kiTxvaze: “ rogor iqna miRebuli monacemebi?”, xolo
TviT monacemebi warmoadgenen kvleviTi Ziebis Sedegs
da pasuxoben kiTxvaze: “ra iqna miRebuli gamokvl-
evaSi?”. empiriuli gamokvlevebis strategia asaxulia
gamokvlevis programaSi, sadac Sedis: gamokvlevis sa-
gnis Teoriuli modeli, gamokvlevis obieqtis empiri-
uli sqema, monacemTa miRebis meTodika da meTodebi,
monacemTa analizi da interpretacia, magram ar Sedis
mecnieruli angariSi, romelSic asaxulia Sedegebi.
sociologis muSaobis yvela stadia asaxulia mis
ZiriTad dokumentSi_sociologiuri gamokvlevis
programaSi. programa miekuTvneba mecnieruli gamokv-

64
levebis strategiuli dokumentebis tips, romelTa
mizania _warmoadginon momavali RonisZiebebis gegma
da zogadi sqema, gadmoscen mTeli gamokvlevis konce-
fcia. igi Seicavs konkretuli movlenis an procesis
Seswavlis Teoriulad dasabuTebul meTodologiur
midgomebsa da meTodur xerxebs. ar SeiZleba zustad
iTqvas: gamokvleva programiT iwyeba, Tu mTavrdeba.
programa _es aris samuSaos erTi etapis dasawyisi da
meore etapis dasasruli. is yovelTvis ivseba, zustde-
ba, sabolood muSavdeba.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis programa Seicavs Semde-
gi sakvanZo momentebis dawvrilebiT, mkafiod da das-
rulebul gadmocemas:
Teoriul-meTodologiuri nawili _ problemis for-
mulireba da dasabuTeba, miznebis miTiTeba, gamokvle-
vis sagnisa da obieqtis gansazRvra, ZiriTadi cnebebis
logikuri analizi, gamokvlevis amocanebisa da hipoTe-
zebis formulireba;
meToduri nawili _sakvlevi erTobliobis gansaz-
Rvra, pirveladi sociologiuri informaciis Seg-
rovebis gamosayenebeli meTodebis daxasiaTeba, am in-
formaciis SegrovebisaTvis instrumentebis logikuri
struqtura, eleqtrogamomTvlel manqanaze misi da-
muSavebis logikuri sqema, organizaciuli gegma.
literaturaSi Cveulebriv asaxeleben gamokvlevis
programis Sedgenis Semdeg ZiriTad etapebs: proble-
mis formulireba; gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis
gansazRvra; ZiriTadi cnebebis logikuri analizi; hi-
poTezebis wamoyeneba da cnebebis operacionalizacia;
SerCeviTi erTobliobis gansazRvra; meTodebis SerCeva
da instrumentebis Sedgena; savele gamokvleva; miRebu-
li monacemebis damuSaveba da interpretacia; daskvnebi
da mecnieruli angariSis momzadeba.
zogierTi mecnieri saWirod miiCnevs gamokvlevis pro-

65
gramis zemoT CamoTvlil etapebs daematos ori axali
pozicia. kerZod, ki: gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli mod-
elis ageba da gamokvlevis obieqtis empiriuli sqema,
rasac Cvenc veTanxmebiT. gamokvlevis programis Sedge-
nis ZiriTadi etapebis saboloo sqema ase gamoiyureba:
_problemis formulireba;
_gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvra;
_ZiriTadi cnebebis logikuri analizi;
_gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modelis ageba;
_hipoTezebis wamoyeneba da cnebebis operacional-
izacia;
_gamokvlevis obieqtis empiriuli sqemis damuSaveba;
_SerCeviTi erTobliobis gansazRvra;
_meTodebis SerCeva da instrumentebis Sedgena;
_savele gamokvleva;
_miRebuli monacemebis damuSaveba da interpretacia;
_daskvnebi da mecnieruli angariSis momzadeba.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Semdeg xdeba anketebisa
da intervius blankebis Semowmeba Sevsebis sisrulesa
da sizusteze. Tu isini Sevsebulia arasworad an Sevse-
bulia nawilobriv (mxolod 30%), xdeba aseTi anketebis
(blankebis) amoReba da isini ar eqvemdebareba damuSavebas.
anketebis SedarebiT mcire raodenoba (300-mde), Sei-
Zleba xeliT damuSavdes, ufro didi raodenoba ki_
personaluri kompiuteriTa da eleqtrogamomTvleli
manqanebiT. am dros aucilebelia informaciis kodi-
reba. programis Sedgenaze gamocdili sociologebi
xarjaven gamokvlevis mTeli drois mesamedidan _nax-
evramde. sociologiuri gamokvlevis organizaciisaT-
vis saWiro drois ganawileba, sanimuSod daaxloebiT
ase gamoiyureba:
a. programis damuSaveba _30-40%;
b. informaciis Segroveba _10-15%;

66
 g. monacemTa momzadeba manqanaze damuSavebisaTvis _
10-15%;
d. monacemTa damuSaveba 5-10%;
e. masalis analizi, angariSis dawera_30-40%.
mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevari miiRebs Sedegebis maTemati-
kur jams, SeuZlia Seudges sociologiuri monacemebis
analizsa da interpretacias. analizis siRrme, mec-
nieruloba, obieqturoba da interpretaciis sisrule
damokidebulia mkvlevaris kompetenturobaze, momza-
debis doneze, mis moxerxebaze, gamoiyenos socialuri
realobis analizisaTvis Tavisi codna.
gamokvlevis damamTavrebel etapze misi Sedegebi do-
kumenturad formdeba _danarTis saxiT. mas Tan erTvis
_angariSi da analitikuri cnoba.

problemis formulireba da dasabuTeba.

yvela sociologiuri kvleva iwyeba problemuri situ-

aciis dafiqsirebiT, romelic yovelTvis gulisxmobs
socialuri winaaRmdegobis arsebobas. masSi igulisx-
meba winaaRmdegoba, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebaSi arsebul
moTxovnilebebsa da meore mxriv, am moTxovnaTa dauk-
mayofileblobas Soris - Sesabamisi pirobebisa Tu saSu-
alebebis ararsebobis gamo.
socialur problemas uwodeben Cvens garemomcvel re-
alur cxovrebaSi arsebul winaaRmdegobriv situacias,
romelic atarebs masobriv xasiaTs da didi socialuri
jgufebis an socialuri institutebis interesebs Seexe-
ba. es SeiZleba iyos: axalgazrdobaSi danaSaulis zrdis
mizezebis arcodna, umuSevrobis zrda, Tu mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis daqveiTeba, samamulo warmoebis kvebis
produqtebze moTxovnilebis dacema da sxv. socialuri

67
winaaRmdegoba, rom sociologiuri kvlevis problemad
iqces, igi unda gacnobierdes.
gamokvlevis miznebis Sesatyvisad gamoyofen: gnose-
ologiur da sagnobriv problemebs. gnoseologiuri
problemebi warmoiSoba socialuri procesebis mdgo-
mareobisa da Secvlis tendenciebis Sesaxeb arasakmari-
si codnis dros (pirobebSi). sagnobrivi problemebi _
iseTi problemebia, romlebic warmoiSoba mosaxleobis
jgufebis an socialuri institutebis interesTa Se-
jaxebis Sedegad da sazogadoebis saqmianobis destabi-
lizacias axdenen.
problema masStabebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: saerTo
nacionaluri, regionaluri da adgilobrivi. arsebobis
xangrZlivobis mixedviT problemebi iyofa: mokleva-
dian, saSualovadian da grZelvadian problemebad.
firmis personalis ukmayofileba menejeris xelmZRvan-
elobis stiliT, miekuTvneba moklevadian problemas,
radganac igi SeiZleba gadawydes kviris an Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi. amave personalis adaptaciis problema Sromis
organizaciis an Sromis anazRaurebis axal formasTan,
SeiZleba miekuTvnos saSualovadian problemas, xolo
firmis personalis adaptacia sabazro pirobebTan, Sei-
Zleba dakvalificirdes, rogorc grZelvadiani prob-
lema. marTlac, empiriuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
personalis adaptacias sWirdeba 3-dan 5 wlamde da met-
ic ki.
obieqturi winaaRmdegobis asaxvis siRrmis mixedviT,
ganasxvaveben: problemebs, romlebic socialuri mov-
lenis erT mxares Seexeba (magaliTad, soflis mcxovreb-
Ta damokidebuleba miwaze kerZo sakuTrebasTan) da
problemebs, romlebic movlenis mraval mxares Seexe-
ba da asaxavs maT disbalanss. (magaliTad, urTierT-
damokidebulebis Secvla ojaxSi, rogorc socialur
institutSi, roca xdeba rolebis ganawilebis, social-

68
izaciis formebis, pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqtebis
procesebi).
Tu ar arsebobs problemuri situacia, maSin sociolo-
giuri kvleva azrs kargavs. amitom, sociologma naTlad
unda gansazRvros, ra socialuri winaaRmdegobebi arse-
bobs sazogadoebaSi da kvleva mimarTos iseT sakiTxebze,
romlebic problematuria. erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi
ar aris mizanSewonili ramdenime socialuri problemis
Seswavla, radganac es arTulebs instrumentalebs da
xdis maT metismetad_gaberils, rac, Tavis mxriv, amci-
rebs, pirvel rigSi, Sesagrovebeli informaciis xarisxs,
meore mxriv, ki, gamokvlevis operatiulobas.

gamokvlevis sagnis, obieqtisa da miznebis

gansazRvra

sociologiuri gamokvlevis obieqts, farTo azriT,

warmoadgens ama Tu im socialuri problemis matarebe-
li, viwro azriT _xalxi an obieqtebi, romlebsac Seu-
ZliaT gadascen sociologs aucilebeli informacia.
yvelaze xSirad obieqts warmoadgens socialuri jgufi,
studentebi, muSebi, mozardebi da a.S. Tu, magaliTad,
Seiswavleba umaRles saswavlebelSi akademiuri Camor-
Cenilobis mizezebi, maSin Seswavlis obieqts Tanabari
zomiT warmoadgenen studentebi da maswavleblebi.
gamokvlevis sagani, moicavs obieqtis im Tvisebas (ni-
Sans) Tu mxareebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro srulad
gamoxataven sakvlev problemas (masSi dafarul winaaR-
mdegobebs) da eqvemdebarebian Seswavlas. umaRles sas-
wavlebelSi akademiuri CamorCenilobis mizezebi _es
aris gamokvlevis sagani. is socialuri problemebisa da
gamokvlevis obieqtis urTierTkavSiris koncentrire-
bul gamovlenas warmoadgens.

69
 gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Semdeg Cven vayali-
bebT generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis
erTobliobas, romlebic im socialur_demografiuli
Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa Seswavlac mkv-
levaris mizans warmoadgens. magaliTad, Tu Cveni miza-
nia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla, gener-
alur erTobliobas saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani
moqalaqe warmoadgens. Tu soxumis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad,
generalur erTobliobas am universitetis yvela stu-
denti warmoadgens.
sociologiuri kvlevis miznis gansazRvra SeiZleba
moxdes ori _Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi mimarTule-
biT. rodesac mizani Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, kvlevis
daniSnulebaa gansazRvros socialuri problema da
misi gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis, sociologma
unda Caataros Teoriuli samuSao, romelic gulisx-
mobs: mocemuli problemis garSemo mecnieruli liter-
aturis Seswavlas, ZiriTadi cnebebis interpretacias,
kvlevis obieqtis logikur-sistemur analizs, samuSao
hipoTezebis Camoyalibebas. amis Sedegad miiReba obi-
eqtis Sesaxeb garkveuli, hipoTeturi, konceptualuri
modeli. mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyebs sociologi Ser-
CeviTi gamokvlevis Catarebas hipoTeturi modelis
Sesamowmeblad.
gamoyenebiTi kvlevis mizania socialur problema-
Ta praqtikuli gadawyveta. misi Sedegebis Rirebuleba
gaizomeba praqtikuli sargeblianobiT, radgan aseTi kv-
levebis ukan yovelTvis dgas SemkveTi; mas ki sociolo-
giuri kvleva sWirdeba, rogorc saSualeba konkretul
socialur situaciaSi ukeTesad orientirebisaTvis.
kvlevis miznis Sesabamisad Camoyalibdeba amocanebic.
Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevaris farTo interess
gamoxatavs, amocanebi am miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia.

70
Teoriul kvlevebSi ZiriTadia Teoriul-SemecnebiTi
amocanebi, xolo praqtikuli amocanebi _mxolod dam-
atebiTi (araZiriTadi). praqtikul kvlevebSi amocanaTa
ganawileba piriqiT xdeba. kvlevis ZiriTadi amocana
dakavSirebulia centralur sakiTxTan. damatebiTi
amocanebi yalibdebian araZiriTadi hipoTezebis Sesa-
mowmeblad, momavali kvlevis mosamzadeblad da sxva
miznebisaTvis.

ZiriTadi cnebebis analizi

programis am nawilSi ganixileba ZiriTadi cnebe-

bi, romlebic aRweren socialur problemas, mis arss
gamoxataven. zustdeba maTi mniSvneloba, Semdeg xdeba
interpretacia da paralelurad formulirdeba sa-
muSao hipoTezebi. empiriuli interpretacia gulisx-
mobs cnebaTa empiriuli (cdiseuli) mniSvnelobebis
dadgenas. sociologiur kvlevas yovelTvis aintere-
sebs konkretul drosa da sivrceSi arsebul socialur
sinamdvileSi gamJRavnebuli sazogadoebrivi azris Ses-
wavla. empiriul sociologiaSi sociologi ar muSaobs
realobisagan ganyenebuli kategoriebiT. misi upirve-
lesi amocanaa, Teoriul terminTa Targmna empiriis
“enaze”, rac, Tavis mxriv, hipoTezebis Camoyalibebas da
maTi Semowmebis efeqturi meTodikis (kvlevis instru-
mentis) Seqmnas uzrunvelyofs.
cnebaTa interpretacia xorcieldeba e.w. “operacio-
naluri gansazRvrebis” gziT, rac gulisxmobs empiriul
indikatorebze miTiTebas. isini ki, Tavis mxriv, cnebaSi
mocemuli viTarebis arsebobis an ararsebobis xarisxs
naTelyofen. empiriul indikatorad iwodeba raime niS-
nis garegnulad kargad gamoxatuli maCvenebeli, rom-
lis dafiqsireba cdaSia SesaZlebeli. sakvanZo cnebis

71
interpretacia xdeba ara pirdapir, aramed iribad. xde-
ba am cnebis daSla qvecnebebad anu maxasiaTeblebad,
romelTa Sinaarsi ufro konkretulia. empiriul
maCvenebelTa dafiqsireba ki SesaZlebelia _gazomvis,
dakvirvebisa da sxva procedurebis safuZvelze.
ZiriTadi cnebebis empiriuli interpretaciis Semdeg,
unda ganxorcieldes kvlevis obieqtis logikuri ana-
lizi. am dros socialuri obieqti ganixileba, rogorc
erTiani sistema. logikuri analizi gulisxmobs siste-
mis Semadgeneli elementebis da maTi funqcionirebis
meqanizmis gamoaSkaravebas. Sedegad, aigeba kvlevis obi-
eqtis logikuri modeli, romelsac hipoTetur model-
sac uwodeben. igi emsaxureba kvlevis sagnis specifikis
gansazRvras. obieqtis struqturuli da funqcional-
uri daxasiaTebiT, gamoiyofa is faqtorebi, romlebic
kvlevis sagans ganapirobebs, e.i. sistemuri analizi xde-
ba sakvlevi sagnis mimarTulebiT. amitom, aRniSnaven,
rom analizis procesSi obieqti sagnad iqceva.

hipoTeza sociologiur kvlevaSi

`hipoTeza~ berZnuli sityvaa da `varauds~ niSnavs.

isini nebismieri mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis aucilebeli
nawilia. gansakuTrebiT efeqtur rols isini empiriul
mecnierebebSi asruleben. maTi erToblioba gamoxatavs
Teoriuli koncefciebis simdidresa da SesaZleblo-
bebs, gamokvlevis saerTo mimarTulebas. hipoTezebi _
es aris Sesaswavli problemis warmoSobis mizezebisa da
xasiaTis Sesaxeb varaudis aSkara gamoxatva. hipoTezebis
winaswar dasaxelebas SeuZlia gansazRvros gamokvlevis
mTeli procesis Sinagani logika. magaliTad, Tu umaR-
les saswavlebelSi akademiuri CamorCenilobis mizeze-
bis analizisas ivaraudeba, rom isini ganpirobebulia:

72
 1. swavlebis dabali xarisxiT;
2. imiT, rom studentebi iZulebuli arian imuSaon;
3. administracia ar aris momTxovni Sromis dasci-
plinis dacvisadmi;
4. daSvebuli iqna Secdomebi umaRles saswavlebel-
Si misaRebi konkursis dros; maSin swored isini unda
Semowmdes gamokvlevaSi. hipoTezebi unda iyos: zus-
ti, konkretuli, gasagebi da unda Seexebodes mxolod
gamokvlevis sagans. hipoTezebis formulirebazea xSir-
ad damokidebuli, rogori iqneba gamokvlevis meTo-
debi. magaliTad, hipoTeza swavlebis dabal xarisxze,
moiTxovs eqspertuli gamokiTxvis Catarebas, xolo hi-
poTeza _ imaze, rom studentebi iZulebulni xdebian
imuSaon_ respondentebis Cveulebriv gamokiTxvas.
kvlevis procesSi hipoTezis aucilebloba maSin Cnde-
ba, roca mkvlevari Tavisi codniT ver xsnis socialur
faqtebs. mkvlevars yovelTvis aqvs warmodgena, Tu ram-
denad mniSvnelovania misTvis saintereso problema
socialur sinamdvileSi. am warmodgenas igi varaudis
saxiT ayalibebs da mizanmimarTulad moqmedebs maT
Sesamowmeblad. hipoTezebi Tavis TavSi atareben, ro-
gorc maTi WeSmaritebad qcevis, ise mcdarobis SesaZle-
blobas. hipoTezebis Semowmeba xdeba empiriuli kvle-
vis Sedegad, cdis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, hipoTezebi
an uariyofian, an dasturdebian. Tu dadasturdeba, hi-
poTeza Teoriis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva.
hipoTeza sociologiur kvlevaSi unda akmayofileb-
des Semdeg pirobebs: pirveli, hipoTezis Sinaarsi re-
aluri socialuri sinamdvilisagan ar unda iyos gany-
enebuli; amisaTvis igi iseTi cnebebisagan unda Sedge-
bodes, romelTa empiriuli interpretacia ganxor-
cielebulia. meore, hipoTeza winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda
movides TeoriasTan; masSi gamoTqmuli varaudi unda
iTvaliswinebdes mecnierebis ama Tu im sferoSi dagro-

73
vil gamocdilebas; mesame, hipoTezaSi gamoTqmuli unda
iyos varaudi Seumowmebel, e.i. mosalodnel faqtobriv
viTarebebze; da bolos, hipoTeza ise unda iyos formu-
lirebuli, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes misi dadastureba an
uaryofa.
hipoTezebi iyofa sxvadasxva safuZvelze: a. zoga-
dobis xarisxis mixedviT, arsebobs: safuZvelmdebare
da gamomdinareobiTi xasiaTis hipoTezebi. pirvelSi
gamoTqmulia varaudi Sesaswavli socialuri obieqtis
Sesaxeb mTlianobaSi. maTgan gamoiyvaneba gamomdinare-
obiTi hipoTezebi, romlebic sociologiuri kvlevis
procesSi mowmdeba; b. ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi hipoTe-
zebi gamoiyofa kvlevis amocanebis mixedviT. ZiriTadi
hipoTeza Seesabameba kvlevis mTavar amocanebs, xolo
araZiriTadi _meorexarisxovan amocanebs, amasTan,
isini gamoiyvanebian ZiriTadisagan; g. safuZvlianobis
xarisxis mixedviT arsebobs _pirveladi da meoradi
hipoTezebi. pirveladi hipoTezebi prioritetulia,
radganac maT SesaZlebloba aqvT namdvilad iqcnen; d.
aRweriTi da axsniTi hipoTezebi Sinaarsobrivi Tval-
sazrisiT jgufdebian. aRweriTi hipoTezebi pasuxoben
kiTxvas _rogor arsebobs esa Tu is socialuri mov-
lena mocemuli obieqtis farglebSi? amaSi igulisxmeba:
erTi mxriv, Sesaswavli socialuri obieqtis struqtu-
ris gaxsna, xolo, meore mxriv, struqturuli element-
ebis funqcionaluri daxasiaTeba.
axsniTi hipoTezebi ki pasuxoben kiTxvas _ ratom
arsebobs esa Tu is socialuri movlena ase da ara sx-
vagvarad? aqedan gamomdinare, axsniTi hipoTeza ayali-
bebs varauds mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb so-
cialur obieqtSi. mas or faqtors Soris mizezobrivi
mimarTeba ainteresebs, rac analizis SedarebiT Rrma
dones gulisxmobs.

74
 hipoTezebis formirebis codna iseve aucilebelia
gamoyenebiTi sociologebisaTvis, rogorc akademiuri
dargis mecnierTaTvis. es Teoriuli savarjiSo ki ara,
empiriuli monacemebis Segrovebisa da analizis logi-
kuri dasayrdenia. Tu gamokvlevis avtorebi ayalibeben
hipoTezebs, maSin empiriuli monacemebi emsaxureba maT
Semowmebas: dadasturebas an uaryofas.
yvela zemoTCamoTvlili etapebi miekuTvneba sociolo-
giuri gamokvlevis programis meTodologiur nawils.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis meTodur nawilSi Car-
Tulia pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi-
sa da saSualebebis (xerxebis) daxasiaTeba (anketuri
gamokiTxvis, intervius, dokumentebis analizis, dak-
virvebis); gamosayenebeli meToduri instrumentebis
struqtura; miTiTebulia, gamokvlevis sagnis romel
maxasiaTeblebisa da Tvisebebis gamomJRavnebazea mimar-
Tuli kiTxvebis esa Tu is bloki; kiTxvebi dalagebu-
lia rigis mixedviT. TviTon instrumentebi Tan erTvis
programas damoukidebeli dokumentis saxiT, zogjer
aqve CarTulia Segrovebuli informaciis damuSavebis
logikuri sqema, romelic aCvenebs monacemTa analizis
savaraudo siRrmesa da diapazons.
meTodur nawilSi xdeba Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa,
romlis Sedegad gamoiyofa Sesaswavli mosaxleobis Tu
dokumentebis raodenoba da konkretuli maxasiaTeble-
bi. Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva imitom aris aucile-
beli, rom sociologiur gamokvlevebSi praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yve-
la erTeulis, anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela war-
momadgenlis Seswavla. isini ki generaluri erToblio-
bidan sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. Sesaswavl jgufs, ro-
melic gamoiyofa generaluri erTobliobidan, SerCevi-
Ti erToblioba hqvia da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul
wesebs eyrdnoba.

75
 sociologiuri gamokvlevis programis SemuSavebisas,
yvelaze rTuli da mniSvnelovania gamokvlevis sagnis
Teoriuli modelis Seqmna, romelic winaswar gansaz-
Rvravs saqmis warmatebiT dasrulebas.
gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modelis asagebad Cven
gvainteresebs misi Tvisebebi, mdgomareoba, sxva obi-
eqtebTan logikuri kavSirebi. empiriuli gamokv-
levebis amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Seamowmos,
ramdenad gamarTldeba Cveni Teoriuli winadadebebi,
realuri obieqtebis Seswavlis dros, daadginos miuwv-
domeli kavSirebi da kanonzomierebebi. Teoria praqti-
kaSi Semowmdeba.
gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modeli warmoadgens
logikurad urTierTdakavSirebuli abstraqtuli cne-
bebis erTobliobas, romlebic aRweren gamokvlevis
sagnobriv mxares. kategoriebi, cnebebi da terminebi
gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modelis struqturis
Tavisebur samSeneblo masalas warmoadgenen, maSin roca
konceptualizacias, konkretizacias da operacional-
izacias SeiZleba Teoriuli modelis warmoqmnis saSu-
alebebi vuwodoT.
konceptualizacia _ aris sityvebidan Teoriuli az-
ris gamoyofa an gansazRvra da cnebebad maTi gardaqm-
na. magaliTad, cneba “avtomobili” _SeiZleba gada-
viyvanoT ufro metad zogad cnebaSi “satransporto
saSualeba”. ekonomisti miiCnevs mas “samomxmareblo
saqonlad”, fsiqologi _”warmodgenas mamaze, mamis Ses-
axeb”, sociologi _”statusur simbolod”. maSasadame,
konceptualizacia _es aris kerZos gamoyvana zoga-
didan, magram konkretuli mecnierebis saSualebebiT
da CarCoebSi. konceptualizacia _ aris logikuri az-
rovnebis organizaciis wesi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis
pirveladi Teoriuli konceptebidan da masalidan sul
ufro da ufro abstraqtuli konstruqtebisaken moZ-

76
raobas, dasaSveb farglebSi, romlebsac gamokvlevis
sagnis Teoriuli modeli emyareba.
Tu konceptualizacia moZraobis veqtors codnis or-
ganizaciis ufro maRali donisaken warmarTavs, maSin
operacionalizacia _ es “Sebrunebuli” moZraobaa _
konceptebisaken (cnebebisaken), maTi konkretizaciaa.
operacionalizacia mecnierebaSi _ es aris Tavisebu-
rad mTelis daSla mis Semadgenel nawilebad. mTeli war-
moadgens Zalian rTul, Teoriulad konstruirebul
warmonaqmns, romelzec uSualo dakvirveba praqtiku-
lad SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, aravis arasodes ar unax-
avs kapitalizmi, magram Cven yoveldRiurad vawydebiT
mis konkretul gamovlinebebs.
magram praqtikaSi sociologi awydeba iseT ararTul
cvladebs an cnebebs, magaliTad, rogoricaa _”ele-
qtronuli danadgari”, romelic SeiZleba gadaTargmni-
li iyos erT Semdeg anketur kiTxvad: “visTvis apirebT
xmis micemas?” da amiT moxdes misi operacionalizacia.
operacionalizaciis procesSi sociologs SeiZleba
Sexvdes seriozuli sirTuleebi. es maSin xdeba, roca
operacionalizacia arasworad aris ganxorcielebu-
li, e.i. roca sruliad konkretul da mkafio cnebebSi
moyvanilia iseTi niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic sul sxva
movlenis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba. Tavdapirve-
lad, unda dadgindes movlenis arsi, misi struqtura,
funqcionirebis kanonebi, gamovlinebis formebi da Tu
aRmoCndeba, rom dakvirvebadi empiriuli niSnebi Tana-
fardobaSia Teoriul konceptebTan, mkvlevars Seu-
Zlia gaaerTianos Teoriuli cnebebi da misi empiriuli
niSnebi. magaliTad, Tu Cven vayalibebT sainvesticio
qcevis gamokvlevis Teoriul models, maSin gamovyofT
masSi yvela modelisaTvis Cveulebriv xuT elements:
subieqti, Tanxa, motivebi, obieqti, rezultati-Sedegi.
isini sruliad abstraqtulebia da ar Seicaven miTiTe-

77
bas, saxeldobr, romeli subieqtebis (mosaxleobis
kategoria) gamokiTxva igulisxmeba. imis dazusteba,
saxeldobr, mosaxleobis romeli kategoria Sedis sain-
vesticio gamokvlevis subieqtis SemadgenlobaSi, war-
moadgens kidec _ konkretizacias. Semdeg, Sesabamisad,
konkretizirdeba gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli model-
is danarCeni oTxi elementi. mas Semdeg, rac yvela xuTi
elementi miyvanili iqneba konkretulobis erTnair do-
nemde, sociologi Seudgeba operacionalizacias.
sociologiaSi “operacionalizacia” gulisxmobs Teo-
riuli cnebebis gadayvanas gasazom maCvenebelTa siste-
maSi. “operaciuli” gansazRvrebis cneba mecnierebaSi
pirvelad Semoitana persi u. brijmenma 1927wels Tavis
naSromSi “Tanamedrove fizikis logika”. operacional-
izaciis mgznebare damcvelad sociologiaSi gamovida
jorj a. landsbergi wignSi “sociologiis safuZvle-
bi” 1939wels. igi Tvlida, rom gazomva warmoadgens sa-
gnebis ganmsazRvrel xerxs. brijmens miaCnda, rom cneba
gansazRvruli unda yofiliyo ara obieqtis TvisebebiT,
aramed operaciebiT, romlebsac masze mkvlevarebi gan-
axorcielebdnen. Tumca aq wamoiWreba cnobili siZnele:
rogor moviqceT im SemTxvevaSi, roca erTi obieqti Sei-
Zleba gaizomos ramdenime sxvadasxva wesiT, meTodiTa
da operaciiT? brijmeni amtkicebda, rom aseT SemTx-
vevaSi mecnieri miiRebs sxvadasxva cnebebs. anu: opera-
ciis SecvliT, Cven, arsebiTad, vcvliT TviTon cnebas.
operacionalizaciis problemebis Sesaxeb yvelaze
ufro mwvave da nayofieri diskusia amerikul samecnie-
ro literaturaSi mimdinareobda 30-40-ian wlebSi. mec-
nierebma daayenes rigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi gazom-
vis procesebze da mis gavlenaze mecnierul Teoriaze.
kerZod, im Teoriebis agebis mkveTri kritika gaismoda,
romlebic moklebulni iyvnen Sesamowmebel hipoTeze-
bsa da operacionalizebul cnebebs. swored am droidan

78
iwyeba empiriuli sociologiis era, romelic rogorc
fundamenturi disciplina, orientirebulia mkacri
mecnieruli meTodis kanonebze.
Teoria axdens kategoriebis, cnebebisa da terminebis
operirebas. magram cnobilia, rom Tavisi Teoriuli in-
strumentebis agebis dros, sociologi operirebs iseTi
erTeulebiT, rogoricaa _ cvladebi. rogorc cnobili
ucxoeli sociologebi miuTiTeben, Teoriuli modeli
iwyeba swored cvladebiT, romelTa urTierTkavSiric
gamokvlevis sagans warmoqmnis.
roca mecnierebas gadahyavs sityva cifrebSi, igi cv-
ladebis enasTan midis. TiTqmis yvela cnebebi socio-
logiaSi saWiroeben gadayvanas cvladebis sistemaSi. es
niSnavs imas, rom sociologiuri cnebebi da terminebi
_pirdapir Tu gaSualebulad SeiZleba gamovsaxoT gas-
azom enaze.
cvladi _ cnebaa sociologiaSi, romelmac SeiZleba
miiRos sxvadasxva mniSvneloba. magaliTad, Semosavali
da ganaTleba. orive maTgans SeuZlia miiRos mravali
mniSvneloba, gamoxatuli cifrebSi. “sqess” aqvs mxolod
ori mniSvneloba, magram isic cvladia. cvladia “asa-
kic”, “mikuTvneba socialur klasze”, sakuTreba, statu-
si, socialuri daZabuloba da sxv. sociologiaSi ufro
xSirad gamoyenebul cvladebs miekuTvneba: socialuri
statusi, Semosavali, sqesi, asaki, ojaxuri mdgomareoba,
erovneba. aucilebeli ar aris, rom cvlads hqondes ra-
odenobrivi gamoxatuleba. sqesi_tipiuri sociologi-
uri cvladia, romelic cifrebSi ar gamoixateba.
zogierTi mniSvnelovani cnebebi mecnierebaSi ar war-
moadgenen cvladebs. magaliTad, kultura _ saerTod
ar warmoadgens cvlads. magram, Tu Cven vlaparakobT
konkretuli qveynis an sazogadoebis kulturis Sesaxeb,
maSin mocemuli cneba SeiZleba rogorRac gavzomoT,
e.i. vaqcioT igi cvladad.

79
 operacionaluri gansazRvreba gulisxmobs sam
aucilebel moments:
1. gasazomi instrumentis aRweras (kiTxvis formuli-
reba, Skala da sxv.);
2. mkvlevaris moqmedebis aRwera mocemuli instru-
mentis gamoyenebaze (instruqcia);
3. monacemTa Segrovebis pirobebis aRwera da gazomva
(tardeba Tu ara gamokiTxva quCaSi, sacxovrebeli ad-
gilis mixedviT, Catarebis dro da sxv.). pirveli ori
momenti ZiriTadia, xolo mesame _ damatebiTi, Tumca
aucilebelia.
cvladebis gansazRvris orive tipi _ konceptualuri
da operacionaluri _ mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan.
Tu empiriuli gamokvlevis sawyis stadiaze SeiZleba kon-
ceptualuri gansazRvriT SemovifargloT, magaliTad,
iseTi cnebis, rogoricaa _ “cxovrebis simWidrove”, ma-
Sin momdevno stadiebSi SeiZleba dagvWirdes misi oper-
acionaluri gansazRvreba oTaxebis raodenobis an erT
adamianze farTis zomis miTiTebiT. maSasadame, empiri-
uli gamokvlevebi iwyeba konceptualuri gansazRvriT,
xolo operacionaluriT mTavrdeba.
cvladebi gansxvavdeba imiT, rom maTi erTi nawili Sei-
Zleba gaizomos erTaderTi xerxiT, xolo sxvebi gamov-
lindeba ramdenime wesiT.
socialur mecnierebaSi gamoyenebuli yvela cvladebi
pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT, romlebic izomeba: 1. ad-
vilad; 2. Znelad da 3. praqtikulad ar izomeba. pirvels
uwodeben ubralod cvladebs, xolo meores da mesames
uwodeben konceptualur cvladebs.
mecnierebas ubralod ki ar gadahyavs movlena si-
tyvaSi, xolo sityva _cvladebSi, aramed eZebs kavSirs
cvladebs Soris, raTa ukeTesad axsnas da iwinaswarme-
tyvelos realuri movlenebi.

80
 meTodologia namdvilad yofs cvladebs or saxed: da-
moukidebeli cvladebi _ maT cvlilebaze sxva aravin
da araferi ar zemoqmedebs da damokidebuli cvladebi
_ romlebic icvlebian sxva cvladebis zemoqmedebiT.
magaliTad, socialuri klasisadmi mikuTvneba _ da-
moukidebeli cvladia, xolo Semosavali _damokidebu-
li. asaki da sqesi yovelTvis damoukidebeli cvladebia,
mxolod dakonkretebuli cnebebi SeiZleba gaizomos.
magaliTad _ ganaTleba. SeiZleba misi gazomva? imisaT-
vis, rom gamovavlinoT cnebis “ganaTleba” raodenobri-
vi maxasiaTeblebi, Cven unda “davuSvaT” igi terminebis
doneze. axali Teoriuli modeli iqneba _”ganaTlebis
done”. ganaTlebis done izomeba ara diplomebis raode-
nobiTa da xarisxiT, aramed swavlebis wlebis ricxviT.
individma SeiZleba 4 weli iswavlos da miiRos dawyebi-
Ti ganaTleba, xolo 15 wliani swavlebiT ki _ umaRlesi
ganaTleba. swavlebis welTa ricxvi _saerTaSoriso er-
Teulia ganaTlebis donis gasazomad, amitom swavlebis
welTa raodenoba _sazomia cvladisa _”ganaTleba”.
gamokvlevis programis asagebad sociologi da-
sawyisSi daamyarebs hipoTetur kavSirs_Teoriuli
msjelobisa da logikis daxmarebiT. cvladebis urT-
ierTkavSiris logikur-Teoriuli sistemas, romelic
warmoSobs gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriul models, ar
gaaCnia raodenobrivi sazomi, Tumca ki principulad
mniSvnelovania. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT ori an meti
cvladis urTierTkavSiris xarisxi, vTqvaT, xelfasis
gadauxdelobisa da saprotesto qcevis mzadyofnisad-
mi, unda Catardes empiriuli gamokvleva, gamoikiTxos
xalxi, Segrovdes statistika, moxdes miRebuli mona-
cemebis ineterpretacia. maSasadame, cvladebis Soris
kavSiri myardeba orjer _ Tavdapirvelad logikuri,
xolo Semdeg _empiriuli.

81
 rogor myardeba cvladebs Soris logikuri kavSiri?
ori xerxiT _Teoriuli hipoTezebisa da logikuri
daskvnis daxmarebiT. logikur daskvnas SeiZleba kanoni
ewodos, xolo Teoriul-hipoTetur daskvnas, Tu man mi-
iRo empiriuli dadastureba_kanonzomiereba.
amrigad, cvladi _ es aris Teoriuli cneba, Semosili
empiriuli “spec_saWurveliT”, romlebic SesaZle-
blobas aZlevs mas gazomos realuri movlenebi.
sociologiuri gamokvlevis programaze muSaobis
dros, yvelaze rTuli da mniSvnelovania gamokvlevis
sagnis Teoriuli modelis Seqmna. ganvixiloT igi _
gaficvis magaliTze. gaficva _es aris samuSaoze droe-
biTi, koleqtiuri uari. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
Cven saqme unda gvqondes sawarmos mTel personalTan da
ara mis erT nawilTan, romlebmac gadawyvites erT dRes
samuSaoze ar gamovidnen. gaficva SeiZleba mxolod da
mxolod formalur organizaciebSi, e.i. organizacieb-
Si, romlebzec vrceldeba saxelmwifo kanonebi. maT
Soris aris kanoni gaficvaze, romelic gansazRvravs,
vis SeuZlia gaficva da vis ara, ra SemTxvevebSi iTvleba
gaficva kanonierad da a.S.
emorCilebian ra kanons, gaficulebi iReben saxelwi-
fos mier dawesebul TamaSis wesebs, rac gulisxmobs: maT
ara aqvT gaficvis ufleba xelisuflebisaTvis yvelaze
uxerxul momentSi, roca misgan SeiZleba udidesi sarge-
blis miRweva. gaficulebi qmnian TviTdacvis sxvadasx-
va meqanizmebs. kerZod, urTierTdaxmarebis salaros,
sagaficvo komitets, romelic aregulirebs gaficvis
mimdinareobas da amiT mas ufro efeqturs xdis, axdens
SimSilobisa da demonstraciis organizebas, romlis ms-
vlelobaSic isini aqtiurad zemoqmedeben sazogadoe-
briv azrze, izidaven Tavis rigebSi axal monawileebs
an Tundac Tanamoazreebs. gaficvis meqanizmebis orga-
nizebis zrdasTan erTad, igi ufro farTovdeba. magram

82
rogor mimdinareobs igi? es unda Seiswavlos kidec so-
ciologma.
sociologi yofs mosaxleobis im nawils, visac Seexeba
gaficva, sxvadasxva kategoriebad: gaficvis aqtiuri
monawileebi, pasiuri monawileebi, pirebi, vinc gafic-
vas TanaugrZnoben, gaficvisadmi pasiurad ganwyobili
adamianebi, gaficvis winaaRmdeg aqtiurad gamomxatve-
li da aqtiurad mebrZoli adamianebi (presaSi kontrag-
itaciuri gamosvlebi, kontrdemonstraciebis organi-
zeba, gaficvis monawileebisaTvis cilis dawameba) da
“mesame Zala” _ abstraqtuli sazogadoebrivi azri,
romelic gulisxmobs qveynis mTel mosaxleobas. xSirad
im regionis mosaxleobas, sadac gaficva mimdinareobs,
gaficulebisadmi gaorebuli damokidebuleba aqvs:
erTi mxriv, isini TanaugrZnoben gaficulebs, meore
mxriv _adanaSauleben, radganac Tavis Tavze ganicdi-
an gaficvis Sedegebs. magaliTad, ver iReben saxlebSi
siTbos, Suqs, ver mgzavroben transportiT da a.S. so-
ciologma mxedvelobis miRma ar unda datovos “mesa-
me Zala”, romelSic Sedis ara marto regionis, aramed
mTeli qveynis mosaxleoba. mizanSewonilia gamoirkves
gaficvis efeqtis negatiuri sidide. is SeiZleba iyos
arawinawar ganzraxuli: gaficulebis miznebSi ar Sedis
aimxedron Tavis winaaRmdeg mosaxleobis farTo fene-
bi. magram msgavsi ram mainc xdeba sxvadasxva obieqturi
mdgomareobiT. kerZod, ki, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
sameurneo, socialuri da yofiTi kavSirebis gamo (zus-
tad romelis, gamoirkveva gamokvleviT). rogorc ki,
Cven gaverkveviT gaficvis yvela detalebSi, mis arssa,
mizezebsa da SedegebSi, maSin Cven viRebT cnebaTa er-
Tobliobas, romlebic aucilebelia gamokvlevis sagnis
Teoriuli modelis Sesaqmnelad. am cnebebs Soris Cam-
oyalibdeba Teoriuli kavSiri, romelic farTo saxiT
Seadgens Teoriuli modelis Sinaars.

83
 ganzraxuli: gaficulebis miznebSi ar Sedis aimxedron Tavis winaaRmdeg
gamokvlevis
mosaxleobis farTo sagnis
fenebi. Teoriuli
magram msgavsi modeli
ram mainc warmoadgens
xdeba sxvadasxva
gansazRvruli saxiTkerZod,
obieqturi mdgomareobiT. SeerTebul cnebaTaarsebuli
ki, sazogadoebaSi sistemas, hi-
sameurneo,

poTezebis Sesabamisad _ maTi urTierTkavSirisa da

socialuri da yofiTi kavSirebis gamo (zustad romelis, gamoirkveva
gamokvleviT). rogorc ki, Cven gaverkveviT gaficvis yvela detalebSi, mis
urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb (ix. sqema #2)
arssa, mizezebsa da SedegebSi, maSin Cven viRebT cnebaTa erTobliobas,
romlebic aucilebelia gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modelis Sesaqmnelad. am
cnebebs Soris Camoyalibdeba Teoriuli kavSiri, romelic farTo saxiT
sqema #2
Seadgens Teoriuli modelis Sinaars.
gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modeli warmoadgens gansazRvruli saxiT
gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modelis sqema
SeerTebul cnebaTa sistemas, hipoTezebis Sesabamisad _maTi urTierTkavSirisa

gaficvis magaliTze
da urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb (ix. sqema #2)
sqema #2
gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modelis sqema gaficvis magaliTze

gaficulTa xelfasis
aqtiuri
moTxovnebi Seferxeba
gaficulebis
raodenoba

tvirTis sagaficvo

argagzavna sagaficvo komitetis ricxvi

komiteti

mosaxleobis
damuqreba sazogadoebis
ukmayofileba
presaSi raodenoba

_Zlieri kavSiri

_susti kavSiri
61

84
abstraqtul obieqtebs Soris arsebul Teoriul kav-
Sirebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva xasiaTi da sxvadasxva Zala.
cxadia, rom kavSiri “sagaficvo komitetsa” da “gafi-
culTa moTxovnebs” Soris yvelaze Zlieria, radganac
komiteti iniciatoria da ayalibebs moTxovnaTa
CamonaTvals. is aris gaficvis centri, Stabi. iq imyofe-
bian gaficvis yvelaze aqtiuri monawileebi.
Zlieri Teoriuli kavSiria aseve Semdeg abstraqtul
obieqtebs: “mosaxleobis ukmayofileba”-sa da “tvirTis
ar gagzavnas”, “xelfasis Seferxebas” da “gaficul-
Ta moTxovnebs”, “damuqreba presaSi” da “sagaficvo
komitets” Soris. sustia kavSiri iseT abstraqtul obi-
eqtebs Soris, rogoricaa: “xelfasis Seferxeba”-s da
“damuqreba presaSi” Soris. logikurad isini naklebad
arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
gamokvlevis sagnis Teoriuli modelis asagebad, Cven
pirvel rigSi gvainteresebs logikuri kavSirebi, rom-
lebic SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Teoriuli sqemis daxmare-
biT. aagebs ra azrobriv kavSirebs abstraqtul obi-
eqtebs Soris, sociologi momdevno etapze ayalibebs
ramdenime Sinaarsobriv hipoTezas. magaliTad:
1. gaficulTa “birTvis” aqtiurobis xarisxi
damokidebulia jgufis raodenobaze;
2. gaficulebisadmi aqtiurad TanamgrZnobTa raode-
noba damokidebulia masobrivi informaciis saSuale-
baTa poziciaze;
3. gaficulTa mier wamoyenebul moTxovnaTa raode-
noba damokidebulia maTi radikalurobis xarisxze.
saWiroa programis yvela sakvanZo cnebebis da kate-
goriebis operacionalizacia, e.i. monacemTa fiqsaciis
saSualebebis damuSaveba (indeqsebi, Skalebi, anketebi).
Cvens magaliTSi maTi raodenoba SeiZleba iyos aTze
meti. amasTan erTad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT cnebebs So-
ris Teoriuli kavSiri, romelic Cven gadaviyvaneT hi-

85
poTezebis enaze. erT-erT maTganad SeiZleba gamoiyos
aseTi varaudi, romelic Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba Camo-
vayaliboT kiTxvis formiT: simarTlea Tu ara, rom aq-
tiuri gaficulebis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
gaficulTa moTxovnebis simkacre da kategoriuloba?
Tu gadaviyvanT kiTxvas, Cven miviRebT hipoTezas: aq-
tiur gaficulTa ricxvis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba wam-
oyenebuli moTxovnebis kategoriuloba, an: rac metia
aqtiur gaficulTa ricxvi, miT ufro maRalia wamoy-
enebuli moTxovnebis kategoriuloba. magram, SeiZleba
is, piriqiT, Semcirdes da es SesaZlebloba unda gamovx-
atoT hipoTeturad.
rogorc pirvel, ise meore SemTxvevaSi Cven gvWird-
eba cnebis “wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis kategoriuloba”
_operacionalizacia. mas ara aqvs zusti da erTmniS-
vnelovani formulireba, xolo is, rasac ara aqvs aseTi
niSan-Tviseba, terminebs ar miekuTvneba. raSi gamoix-
ateba “kategoriuloba”? literaturaSi ar arsebobs mza
pasuxi. cnebis _ “wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis kategori-
uloba” _ operacionalizaciam SeiZleba dagvakargvi-
nos ramdenime Tve da gaxdes damatebiTi gamokvlevis
sagani. Cven unda movaxdinoT yvela sxva cnebebis opera-
cionalizaciac. cneba SeiZleba CaiTvalos operaciona-
lizirebulad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SemuSavda spe-
cialuri meToduri instrumentebi, maT mier aRniSnuli
da asaxuli socialuri obieqtis Sesaswavlad.
imisaTvis, rom miviRoT Cveni kvleviTi amocanebis ga-
dasaWrelad aucilebeli informacia, sociologma unda
Camoayalibos kiTxvebi (gasazomi imstrumentebi). kiTx-
vebis safuZvelze, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSire-
bulia gansazRvruli wesebiT, Camoyalibdeba anketa.
rac ufro metia kiTxvebi anketaSi, miT metia cxrilebi
angariSSi da miT metia albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ver Se-
ZlebT miRebuli informaciis xarsxobriv damuSavebas,

86
mis zust-utyuar interpretacias, gamokvlevis Sede-
gebis dasabuTebas.
rac Seexeba gamokvlevis obieqtis empiriul sqemas, is-
eve rogorc kvlevis sxva mravali xerxi, sociologiam
isic isesxa sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebidan.
eqsperimentuli situaciis aRwera, gamokvlevis in-
strumentis damuSaveba da aRwera, cvladebis operacio-
naluri gansazRvreba da empiriuli niSan- Tvisebebis
Cveneba, SerCeviTi erTobliobis gamoyofa da sxva mra-
vali Seadgens gamokvlevis obieqtis empiriuli sqemis
Sinaarss. is warmoadgens mkvlevaris praqtikuli saqmi-
anobis moqmedebis “strategias”, instrumentebis opera-
ciebisa da asaxvis algoriTms. empiriuli sqema warmoad-
gens realuri urTierTmoqmedebis models, obieqtebis
erTobliobebis praqtikuli gardaqmnis tipiur sqemas.
sqema Seesabameba ara calkeul, konkretul situacias,
arsebuls mocemul droSi da mocemul adgilze, aramed
iseTi situaciebis tips empiriul gamokvlevebSi, rom-
lebic moicaven mraval obieqtebs da gamoavlenen maT-
gan tipiurs, ganmeorebads, kanonzomiers.
empiriuli sqemis funqcias asrulebs: SerCeviTi er-
Tobliobis struqtura (respondentTa ganawileba _
asakis, sqesis, erovnebis, profesiis da sxva niSnebiT),
SerCevis safuZveli (SerCevis erTeulebis sia), SerCevis
moculoba (SerCevis erTeulebis raodenoba), general-
uri erTobliobis struqtura (mag., gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis struqtura _ tipebis, saxeebis, dargebis,
muSakTa ricxviT, maTi profesiul-kvalifikaciuri
struqturiT da a.S.).
gamokvlevis obieqtis empiriuli sqema gamiznulia re-
aluri faqtebis Sesaswavlad. faqtebi _ es aris movle-
nebi, SemTxvevebi, romlebsac SeiZleba uSualod (empir-
iulad) davakvirdeT. aseT faqtebs uwodeben empiriuls.
empiriuli faqti mecnierebaSi gamoixateba konkretul

87
movlenaze erTjeradi msjelobiT. magram yvelaferi,
rasac SeiZleba davakvirdeT, faqti ar aris. calkeuli
sagni an moqmedeba, faqti ar aris. faqts mxolod maSin
aqvs adgili, roca miTiTebulia konkretuli obieqti
(an subieqti), maTi urTierTmoqmedebis (an urTierT-
mimarTebis) konkretuli xerxi, adgili da dro.
faqtebis gareSe ar aris mecniereba, amitom mecnierebi
akvirdebian mraval faqts, gamoavlenen maT ganmeore-
bebs da gamohyavT kanonzomierebebi. erTjeradi faqte-
bi mecnierebs ar ainteresebT, isini xom statistikur
damuSavebas ar ganicdian.
ganmeorebis garda, faqtebi unda flobdnen kidev erT
Tvisebas_iyvnen obieqturebi. amisaTvis ki isini unda
iyvnen konkretulebi da zustebi. mxolod aseTi faqte-
bi SeiZleba Semowmdes da gadamowmdes.
SerCeviTi gamokvlevis Sedegebi ganicdis maTematikur
damuSavebas. amis Sedegad isini ricxviTi gamosaxulebis
formas Rebuloben, romlebic erT an ramdenime faqts
asaxaven. maT uwodeben statistikur faqtebs. statis-
tikuri faqtebi _es aris mecnierebis nedli, gadau-
muSavebeli masala. isini ar emsaxureba sociologiis
empiriul safuZvels. sociologiis empiriul bazas qm-
nian _socialuri faqtebi. isini sociologiur codnad
iqcevian maTi registraciis meSveobiT.
imisaTvis, rom dadasturdes varaudi (hipoTeza) mov-
lenis ganmeorebadi myari kavSirebis Sesaxeb, aucilebe-
lia dakvirvebebis seria an masobrivi gamokiTxvebi.

88
 1.7. SerCevis meTodologia da Teoria

empiriuli movlenebis zogierTi klasebi imdenad

uzarmazaria, rom sociologs mTeli cxovreba ar eyofa
maT Sesaswavlad. aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba SerCev-
iTi gamokvlevebi, romelTa drosac gamokiTxaven moce-
muli simravlis tipiur warmomadgenlebs. specialuri
maTematikur_statistikuri procedurebi exmareba
sociologs gamoarCios didi masivis swored tipiuri da
ara gansakuTrebuli warmomadgenlebi.
SerCeviTi gamokvlevebi _ empiriuli gamokvlevebis
erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens. magram empiriuli
gamokvlevebis mTeli mravalferovneba mxolod Ser-
CeviTi ar aris. empiriuli gamokvlevebi SeiZleba ganx-
orcieldes sruli dafarvis formiTac, romlis mag-
aliTebs warmoadgens _ aRwerebi da referendumebi.
sociologiuri gamokvlevebis umravlesobas aqvs ara
sruli dafarvis, aramed SerCeviTi xasiaTi: mkacri wese-
biT gamoiyofa xalxis gansazRvruli raodenoba, romle-
bic mosaxleobis struqturis socialur-demografiul
niSnebs asaxaven. aseT gamokvlevebs SerCeviTi ewodeba.
igi warmoadgens ufro ekonomiur da ara nakleb saim-
edo meTods, vidre sruli dafarvis kvlevebi, Tumca
moiTxovs ufro daxvewil meTodikasa da teqnikas. es,
pirvel rigSi, Seexeba respondentTa SerCevis wesebs.
am wesebis daucvelobis pirobebSi saboloo Sedegebi
sando ar iqneba. sociologiuri gamokiTxvis dros yve-
la adamianis gamokiTxva SeuZlebelia, amitom arsebobs
specialuri wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba respon-
dentebis SerCeva. swori SerCeva _ yvela gamokiTxvis
warmatebis sawindari da aucilebeli winapirobaa.
SerCevis meTodis arsi gamoixateba imaSi, rom gansaz-
Rvruli, sakmaod mkacri wesebiT, mosaxleobis saerTo
ricxvidan, e.w. generaluri erTobliobidan (qveynis

89
mTeli mosaxleoba, erTi qalaqis an raionis mTeli mo-
saxleoba, mTeli axalgazrdoba da a.S.), SeirCeva xalxis
SezRuduli raodenoba, romelic obieqtis struqturis
Taviseburi modelis asaxvas warmoadgens. sociologiis
enaze xalxis am jgufs ewodeba SerCeviTi.
SerCeviT meTods aqvs aSkara upiratesoba sruli da-
farvis SeswavlasTan SedarebiT, radganac; amcirebs
samuSaoTa moculobas, saSualebas gvaZlevs davzogoT
Tanxebi da samuSao Zala, miviRoT informacia iseT er-
Tobliobebze, romelTa sruli Seswavlac praqtiku-
lad SeuZlebelia an mizanSeuwonelia. magram es moxdeba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daculi iqneba SerCeviTi
gamokvlevis mecnieruli wesebi.
gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sworad ganxorciele-
buli SerCeva sakmaod kargad warmoadgens generaluri
erTobliobis struqturasa da mdgomareobas. magram
SerCeviTi monacemebis sruli damTxveva generaluri
erTobliobis damuSavebul monacemebTan, rogorc
wesi, ar xdeba. amaSi gamoixateba kidec SerCeviTi meTo-
dis naklovaneba, romlis fonzec kargad Cans general-
uri erTobliobis sruli aRweris upiratesoba. amitom
mkvlevaris amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gaiTval-
iswinos da daicvas is pirobebi, romlis drosac SerCeva
rac SeiZleba reprezentatuli iyos generaluri erTo-
bliobis mimarT.
SerCevis SemuSaveba moicavs rogorc TviT SerCevis
process, aseve Sefasebis process, rodesac xorcield-
eba SerCevis statistikisa da Sedegebis analizi da kom-
piuteruli damuSaveba. amasTan, kvlevis ganxorciele-
bac moicavs sxva elementebs, rogoricaa: kvlevis er-
Teulebis (cvladebis), dakvirvebis meTodebisa (gazom-
va) da analizis meTodebis dadgena, kvlevis Sedegebis
gamoyeneba (praqtikuli Sedegi).

90
 generaluri erToblioba anu kvlevis populacia ewo-
deba yvela im jgufis wevrebs, romlebsac kvlevis obieq-
ti moicavs. SerCeviTi erToblioba aris am didi jgufis
nawili, romelic uSualod xdeba gamokvlevis monawile.
SerCeviTi erTobliobis ZiriTadi Tviseba aris
reprezentatuloba _ SerCevis unari, asaxos general-
uri erTobliobis struqtura da Tvisebebi, misi pro-
porciuli Semadgenloba _ proporciulad warmod-
genili ama Tu im maxasiaTeblis an Tvisebis ganawileba.
amasTan, generaluri erTobliobis TiToeul elements
unda hqondes Tanabari Sansi, moxvdes SerCevaSi.
SerCevis reprezentatuloba damokidebulia sx-
vadasxva pirobebze da pirvel rigSi imaze, Tu rogor
xorcieldeba SerCeva generaluri erTobliobidan _
gegmazomieri Tu aragegmazomieri SerCeviT. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi SerCeva unda iyos tipiuri da sruliad obi-
eqturi. amerikasa da dasavleT evropis qveynebSi Cat-
arebul gamokvlevebSi mosaxleobis sul 1-2%-s gamok-
iTxaven. Tumca, es ricxvic sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom
sworad asaxos mTeli mosaxleobis azri. es imitom xdeba,
rom SerCeva reprezentatulobis wesebis sruli dacviT
aris ganxorcielebuli da proporciulad asaxavs gen-
eralur erTobliobas. amitom, Tu vatarebT mosaxleo-
bis gamokiTxvas, SerCevaSi unda moxvdnen sazogadoebis
yvela fenis, asakis, ganaTlebis, Semosavlis mqone ada-
mianebi da amasTan, SerCevaSi maTi wili unda Seesabam-
ebodes maT wils sazogadoebaSi. am wesebis dacva saSu-
alebas gvaZlevs, SerCeviT erTobliobas generaluri
erTobliobis mikromodeli vuwodoT. reprezentat-
uli SerCeva saSualebas gvaZlevs, miRebuli Sedegebi
generalur erTobliobaze gavavrceloT, ris Sedega-
dac gamokiTxul respondentTa azri generaluri er-
Tobliobis amsaxvel azrad iTvleba. reprezentatulad
iTvleba iseTi gamokvleva, romlis drosac SerCeviT

91
erTobliobaSi gadaxra sakontrolo niSnebidan ar aRe-
mateba 5%-s.
saxeldobr, vin miekuTvneba generalur erTobliobas,
gansazRvraven gamokvlevis miznebi, xolo vin Sevidnen
SerCeviT erTobliobaSi, gadawyveten maTematikuri
modelebi.
kvlevis populaciis _generaluri erTobliobis mag-
aliTi: saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe, skolis yvela mo-
swavle. SerCeviTi erTobliobis magaliTi: skolis yvela
klasidan ramdenime warmomadgenlis erToblioba. TviT
generaluri erToblioba ganisazRvreba masSi Sema-
vali elementebis erTobliobiT. is unda ganisazRvre-
bodes Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebiT: a. Semadgenloba;
b. erTeulebi; g. sazRvrebis zoma da d. dro. magaliTad,
romelime kvlevisaTvis Cven SeiZleba dagvWirdes, gan-
vsazRvroT:

a. yvela pirovneba;
b. ojaxebSi;
g. saqarTvelos teritoriaze;
d. kvlevisaTvis saintereso periodSi.
xSirad saWiroa, populacia ganisazRvros damatebiT.
magaliTad:
a. garkveuli asakis yvela piri;
b. mravalSvilian ojaxebSi;
g. saqarTvelos aRmosavleT regionSi.
populaciis elementebi warmoadgenen rogorc in-
formaciis matarebel erTeulebs, aseve analizis er-
Teulebs. populaciis elementebis maxasiaTeblebi kv-
levis sazomi operaciebis meSveobiT gardaiqmneba cv-
ladebad.
kvlevis uzusto Sedegebi gamowveulia kvlevis pro-
cesSi daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi saxis SecdomiT: TviT
SerCevis cdomilebebze, romelic damokidebulia Ser-

92
CeviTi erTobliobis zomasa da struqturaze da ara
SerCeviT cdomilebebze, romelTagan umniSvnelova-
nesia gazomvis Secdomebi. raodenobriv da Tvisebriv
gamokvlevebSi SerCeva xorcieldeba sapirispiro prin-
cipebze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi is statistikuria da da-
fuZvnebulia homogenuri jgufis respondentebis
moZiebaze, romlebic emTxvevian ZiriTadi niSnebiT (mag-
aliTad: asaki, sqesi, klasi). meore SemTxvevaSi igi miis-
wrafvis monaxos gansxvavebuli adamianebi, Seqmnas het-
erogenuli respondentebis jgufi; axali responden-
tis, obieqtis an situaciis SerCeva mimdinareobs maTi
dapirispirebulobisa da variaciulobis principiT.
Tavs arideben ra SerCeviTi erTobliobis erTgvarovne-
bas (homogenuroba), mecnierebi aseTi xerxiT cdiloben
asaxon Sesaswavli movlenis rac SeiZleba meti aspeqti,
gaaSuqon igi sxvadasxva mxridan, miaRwion mis kompleq-
sur da yovelmxriv Seswavlas.
Tvisebriv gamokvlevebSi SerCevas ewodeba Teoriuli.
SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba aq meryeobs 20-50
erTeulamde. mkacri raodenobrivi parametrebi ar arse-
bobs. isini gamomdinareoben gamokvlevis amocanebidan.
raodenobrivi meTodologiis warmomadgenlebi sixa-
ruliT xvdebian im moments, roca yoveli momdevno in-
terviu iwyebs wina an gasulis gameorebas. sociologi
winaTgrZnobs tendenciebisa da SesaZlebeli statis-
tikuri kanonzomierebis gamoCenasac. ai, mis metoqes ki,
tendenciebi da statistika ar sWirdeba. is eZebs arams-
gavsebas, mravalferovnebas, gansakuTrebulobas.
generaluri erToblioba icvleba Casatarebeli
gamokvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare da damokidebulia
imaze, Tu rogor kvleviT kiTxvebTan gvaqvs saqme. mag-
aliTad, Tu winasaarCevno gamokvlevas vatarebT, 15-16
wlis skolis moswavleebis gamokiTxvas araviTari azri
ara aqvs, radgan isini ar monawileoben arCevnebSi.

93
 nebismieri sociologiuri gamokiTxvisaTvis SerCevis
momzadebis pirvel nabijs generaluri erTobliobis
gansazRvra warmoadgens, anu imis dadgena, mosaxleobis
romeli nawilis Seswavla gvWirdeba. amis Semdeg SerCe-
vis momzadebis Semdeg etapze unda gadavideT, e.i. unda
ganvsazRvroT, ra moculobis SerCevaa saWiro, anu ram-
deni respondentis azri unda gamovikiTxoT.
statistikosebs SemuSavebuli aqvT specialuri
cxrilebi, romelTa mixedviTac generaluri erToblio-
bis raodenobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
SerCevis raodenoba. es cxrilebi SemuSavebulia mosa-
lodneli Sedegebis sizustis sasurveli donis gaTval-
iswinebiT. es SeiZleba iyos 95%-iani sizuste, 99%-iani
sizuste da sxv. magaliTad, Tu generaluri erToblioba
100 000 adamians Seadgens, Sedegebis sisworeSi 95%-iani
darwmunebis misaRwevad _ 384 adamianis azris Seswav-
laa saWiro; 98%-iani darwmunebisaTvis ki saWiro Ser-
Cevis moculoba ukve 2345 adamians Seadgens. Sedegebis
sizustis gazrdisaTvis aucilebelia SerCevis mocu-
lobis mniSvnelovani gazrda. sizustisaTvis danaxar-
jebi izrdeba, radganac sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis
Catarebis xarjebis umetesi nawili interviuebis Cat-
arebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad, es xarjebi
pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli SerCevis odenobasTan.
Tu generaluri erToblioba 500 000 adamians Seadgens,
Sedegebis sisworeSi 95%-iani darwmunebis misaRwevad
1065 adamianis gamokiTxva dagvWirdeba.
SerCevis sididis gansazRvris Semdeg, unda gadavwyvi-
toT da davasabuToT, Tu ra tipis SerCeva dagvWirdeba.
Tu ver SevZlebT SerCevis gegmis praqtikul ganxor-
cielebas, adgili eqneba SerCevis cdomilebas da miRe-
buli Sedegebi naklebad sando iqneba.
Cveulebriv, SerCevis mosamzadeblad statistikuri an
demografiuli monacemebia saWiro. SerCeva aucileblad

94
garkveul informaciaze dayrdnobiT unda momzaddes.
es SeiZleba iyos amomrCevelTa siebi (aq miTiTebulia
amomrCevelTa dabadebis weli da misamarTi), satelefo-
no cnobari, sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi, qalaqebis an
soflebis dawvrilebiTi gegmebi yvela Senobis miTiTe-
biT da sxva.
sociologiur literaturaSi, rogorc sazRvargareT,
ise CvenTan, samwuxarod, SerCevis tipebis garkveuli,
erTiani klasifikacia ar arsebobs. SeiZleba Segvxvdes
erTi da igive tipis SerCevis sxvadasxva dasaxeleba. ar
arsebobs erTiani Sexeduleba imaze, Tu rogor iyofa
SerCeva _ mTavar da meorexarisxovan tipebad da ra
romels miekuTvneba. magaliTad, v. iadovi gamoyofs: 1.
reprezentatul statistikur SerCevas da 2. miznobriv
analitikur SerCevas; n. Curilovi gvTavazobs SerCevis
tipologias, romelic yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebu-
li ruseTSi da yvelaze popularulia. igi yofs SerCevas
_SemTxveviT da araSemTxveviT tipebad. SemTxveviTs
miekuTvneba: 1. albaTuri; 2. sistematuri; 3. raionire-
buli (stratificirebuli), 4. budobrivi; xolo araSem-
TxveviTs: 1. “stiqiuri”, 2. qvoturi, 3. “ZiriTadi masiv-
is” meTodi.1¹ marketingSi, e.golubkovis azriT, SerCevis
formirebisaTvis, gamoiyeneba _albaTuri (SemTxvevi-
Ti) da araalbaTuri (araSemTxveviTi) meTodebi. Tu Ser-
Cevis yvela erTeuls gaaCnia Sansi (albaToba) moxvdes
SerCevaSi, maSin SerCevas ewodeba albaTuri. Tu es al-
baToba ucnobia, maSin SerCevas ewodeba araalbaTuri.
albaTuri meTodebi Seicavs: martiv, SemTxveviT Ser-
Cevas, sistematur SerCevas, klasterul SerCevasa da
stratificirebul SerCevas. martivi SemTxveviTi Ser-
Ceva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi meTodebis dax-

1. (¹Чурилов Н.Н. _Проектирование выборочного социологического

исследования. Киев: Наукова думка, 1986.С. 13-28).

95
marebiT: brmad formirebuli SerCevisa da SemTxveviTi
ricxvebis cxrilebis daxmarebiT.1
maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi,
SerCeviTi tipebi iyofa: albaTur (SemTxveviT) da ara-
albaTur (araSemTxveviT, miznobriv, mizanmimarTul)
saxeebad. TiToeuli tipis gamokveTili warmomadgeneli
cotaa; magaliTad, SemTxveviTi SerCeva dabrunebis gar-
eSe, aSkarad miekuTvneba pirvel tips, xolo qvoturi _
saukeTeso saxiT daaxasiaTebs meore, araalbaTuri ti-
pis Rirsebebsa da naklovanebebs. ufro metia SerCevis
iseTi saxeebi da meTodebi, romlebic SeiZleba mivakuT-
vnoT Sereul tips. isini SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes, ro-
gorc pirvel, ise meore tips, SeiZleba _ mxolod erT
maTgans. Secdoma ar iqneba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu movi-
fiqrebT mesame tips, SevarqmevT mas kombinaciurs da
SevitanT masSi Sereul saxeebs. maTi naklovaneba imaSi
gamoixateba, rom miRebuli informaciis reprezetatu-
loba saeWvoa. magram es ar niSnavs, rom SerCevis Sereuli
tipebi yovelTvis arareprezentatulia. isini SeiZleba
iyvnen reprezentatulebi, xolo SeiZleba ar iyvnen. ami-
tom SerCevis aseTi tipebis arareprezentatulad ga-
mocxadeba, ar SeiZleba.
SerCevis or tips gamoyofen: albaTuri da araalbaTu-
ri. albaTuri SerCevisas populaciis yvela elements
Tanabari Sansi aqvs moxvdes SerCevaSi. aseve, popula-
ciis TiToeul elements garkveuli SesaZlebloba aqvs
moxvdes SerCeviT erTobliobaSi. am SesaZleblobis uz-
runvelyofa meqanikuri operaciebis daxmarebiT xdeba.
araalbaTuri SerCevisas populaciis elementebs Ser-
CevaSi moxvedris sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba aqvT.
maqsimaluri SemTxveviTobis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba
SemTxveviTi SerCevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs:
1. (¹Голубков Е.П._Маркетинговое исследование //Маркетинг в
России и за рубежом. 2001 №1).

96
mTeli populaciis siis Sedgenas (mas uwodeben SerCe-
vis CarCos) da Semdeg am siidan populaciis elementebis
amorCevas.
albaTuri (mas xSirad SemTxveviTs uwodeben) SerCe-
vis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: 1. ubralo (martivi)
SemTxveviTi SerCeva; 2. sistematuri SerCeva; 3. strati-
ficirebuli SerCeva; 4. klasteruli SerCeva. maTi ganx-
orcieleba damokidebulia kvlevis problemaze, SerCe-
vis CarCos xelmisawvdomobaze, kvlevisaTvis gamoyo-
fil fulad saxsrebze, sizustis sasurvel xarisxsa da
monacemTa Segrovebis meTodebze.
albaTuri (SemTxveviTi) SerCevis realizeba SeiZleba
ori xerxiT: latariis meTodiT da SemTxveviTi ricx-
vebis cxrilebis daxmarebiT. SemTxveviTi SerCevis
daxmarebiT xorcieldeba satelefono gamokiTxvebis
umravlesoba da gamokiTxvebi saarCevno siebis safuZ-
velze. aseTi SerCevis asagebad aucilebelia general-
uri erTobliobis yvela elementis sruli sia. ubralo
(martivi) SemTxveviTi SerCeva xorcieldeba ori meTo-
dis saSualebiT:
1. brmad – SerCeviT (sxva dasaxelebaa _latariis an
kenWisyris meTodi);
2. SerCeva SemTxveviTi ricxvebis cxrilebis meSveobiT.
garda amisa, ubralo SemTxveviTi SerCeva iyofa or
nairsaxeobad ukve sxva kriteriumebiT, kerZod ki _la-
tariis burTulis dabrunebiT an ar dabrunebiT ukan
kalaTSi. am SemTxvevaSi gamoyofen: a. SemTxveviTi gan-
meorebiTi SerCeva (dabrunebiT), b. SemTxveviTi ganmeo-
rebiTi SerCeva (dabrunebis gareSe).
albaTuri SerCeva mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnes
mxolod Sesabamisi pirobebis arsebobis dros. alba-
Turi SerCevis ganxorcielebis pirveli piroba aris _
generaluri erTobliobis yvela elementis sruli siis
arseboba. Tu is aris, xdeba nomrebis miniWeba TiToeuli

97
elementisaTvis, amis Semdeg ki SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
zemoT aRwerili meTodikebi. latariis meTodis gam-
oyenebis dros, Jetonebs yvela elementebis nomrebiT
aTavseben urnaSi, saguldagulod aureven da amoiRe-
ben TanmimdevrobiT Jetonebis raodenobas, sadac
π-SerCeviTi erTobliobis elementebis ricxvia. gener-
aluri erTobliobis elementebi, arsebuli nomrebiT,
romlebic aRmoCnda amoRebul Jetonebze, Seadgenen
SerCeviT erTobliobas. es Zalian Sromatevadi da xan-
grZlivi operaciaa.
albaTuri SerCevis meore piroba aris _ generaluri
erTobliobis elementebis erTmaneTSi kargad Sereva.
Tu elementebis SerCeva xdeba yuTidan, maSin igi sa-
guldagulod unda avurioT da ukve amis Semdeg amovi-
RoT baraTebi SemTxveviTi wesiT. mxolod aseTi piro-
bebis dros aqvs yvela maTgans Tanabari Sansi moxvdes
SerCevaSi. xSirad SemTxveviTi SerCevis Sesaqmnelad
generaluri erTobliobis elementebi winaswar inomre-
ba, xolo TiToeuli nomeri Caiwereba calkeul baraTze.
amis Sedegad miiReba baraTebis Sekvra, romelTa ricx-
vic emTxveva generaluri erTobliobis moculobas.
saguldagulo arevis Semdeg am Sekvridan iReben TiTo
baraTs. obieqti (respondenti), romelsac aqvs baraTis
Sesabamisi nomeri, moxvdeba SerCevaSi. amasTan, SesaZle-
belia SerCeviTi erTobliobis warmoqmnis ori princi-
pulad gansxvavebuli xerxi.
pirveli _amoRebuli baraTi misi nomeris fiqsaciis
Semdeg kvlav brundeba SekvraSi, ris Semdegac baraTebi
kvlav saguldagulod aireva. Tu gavimeorebT aseT Ser-
Cevas TiToeul baraTze, SeiZleba SevqmnaT nebismieri
moculobis SerCeviTi erToblioba. aseTi sqemiT war-
moqmnilma SerCeviTma erTobliobam miiRo saxelwodeba
SemTxveviTi SerCeva dabrunebiT.

98
 meore _TiToeuli Sekvridan amoRebuli baraTi misi
Caweris Semdeg ukan ar brundeba. SerCeviT erToblio-
bas, romelic Seiqmneba mocemuli sqemiT, uwodeben Sem-
TxveviT SerCevas dabrunebis gareSe.
magram generaluri erTobliobis didi moculobis
dros es meTodi Zalze Sromatevadi iqneba, amitom ufro
mosaxerxebelia SemTxveviTi ricxvebis cxrilebiT
sargebloba. aseT cxrilebSi ricxvebi Cawerilia SemTx-
veviTi saxiT. erTobliobis erTeulebs eniWebaT rigiTi
nomrebi. cxrilSi irCeven nebismier sawyis wertils da
moZraoben nebismieri mimarTulebiT, irCeven nomrebis
aucilebel raodenobas, SerCevis moculobis winaswar
dadgenil ricxvs.
amJamad, SemTxveviTi ricxvebis cxrilebi SeiZleba
Secvalos kompiuterma _specialuri programebis meS-
veobiT. maT uwodeben SemTxveviTi ricxvebis genera-
torebs. satelefono interviuebisaTvis komiuters,
romelsac gaaCnia SemTxveviTi ricxvebis generatori,
SeuZlia ekranze gamosaxos SemTxveviTi saxiT amorCeu-
li telefonis nomrebi.
sistematuri SerCeva warmoadgens mecnieruli mniSvn-
elobiT meore, xolo gamoyenebis popularobiT SemTx-
veviTi SerCevis pirvel saxeobas. mas uwodeben agreTve
meqanikur SerCevas da Tvlian martivi SemTxveviTi Ser-
Cevis gamartivebul variantad.
Tu xelT ara gvaqvs SemTxveviTi ricxvebis cxrilebi,
xolo generaluri erToblioba SedarebiT mcirea, ma-
Sin SeiZleba gamoviyenoT _ magaliTad, sawarmos per-
sonalis an saarCevno ubnis anbanuri siebi. sistematuri
SerCevis procedura martivia: generaluri erToblio-
bis erTeulebis raodenoba, savaraudod, sawarmos 2000
muSaki, iyofa anketebis raodenobaze, vTqvaT, 200-ze, da
ganisazRvreba SerCevis biji (“biji” warmoadgens im in-
tervals, romlis dacviTac xdeba respondentebis Ser-

99
Ceva siidan). igi gulisxmobs, rom dawyebuli siis nebism-
ieri nomridan, gamoikiTxeba yoveli meaTe (2000:200=10).
“biji” anu intervali gvCvenebs, Tu ramdeni nomeri unda
gamovtovoT generalur erTobliobaSi Semaval ada-
mianTa gvarebis siaSi, raTa miviRoT SerCeviTi erTo-
bliobis sia.
meore magaliTi. davuSvaT, Cven gvWirdeba 100 - kaciani
SerCevis SemuSaveba _5000 studentis siidan, romelime
umaRles saswavlebelSi. Tu Cven gamoviyenebT sistema-
tur SerCevas, maSin Tavdapirvelad unda gamoviTvaloT
SerCevis intervali. amisaTvis, siaSi elementebis ricx-
vi unda gavyoT SerCevis zomaze. am SemTxvevaSi, gavyofT
ra 5000-s SerCevis moTxovnil zomaze, e.i. 100-ze, Cven
miviRebT SerCevis intervals _50. ase, rom Cven siste-
maturad vimoZravebT da SevarCevT siidan yovel or-
mocdameaTe students, e.i. amoirCeva 100 saxeli. siebSi
im adgilis gansazRvra, romliTac daviwyebT amorCevas,
xdeba SemTxveviTi wesiT, SemTxveviTi ricxvebis cxril-
iT. Tu magaliTad, SemTxveviT SerCeuli iqna sastarto
nomeri _31, maSin SerCevaSi moxvdebian studentebi,
romelTa nomrebia _31, 81, 131, 181 da a.S. sistematuri
SerCevis Sedgenis dros mkvlevaris nebaa, romeli nom-
ridan daiwyebs respondentebis SerCevas. Tu intervali
(“biji”) 10 respondents Seadgens, maSin pirveli respon-
denti aucileblad pirvelidan meaTe nomramde unda
iyos arCeuli.
Tu generaluri erToblioba mravalricxovania, xolo
aseTi ram empiriul gamokvlevebSi Zalian xSirad xdeba,
maSin saWiroa gamosakvlevi erTobliobis dayofa metad
Tu naklebad erTgvarovan nawilebad, xolo Semdeg maTSi
unda ganxorcieldes erTeulebis amorCeva. ramdenadac
generaluri erToblioba, gansakuTrebiT Zalian mra-
valricxovani, magaliTad, qveynis mTeli mosaxleoba,
SeiZleba daiyos regionaluri niSniT, amitom CvenSi dam-

100
kvidrda termini “raionirebuli SerCeva”. magram, amas-
Tan erTad, generaluri erToblioba SeiZleba daiyos
stratebadac (sqesis, asakis, Semosavlis da a.S.), amitom
aseT SerCevas uwodeben stratificirebul SerCevas.
amrigad, praqtikaSi damkvidrda, erTi mxriv, gener-
aluri erTobliobis dayofa stratebis (socialuri
jgufebis) mixedviT da mas uwodeben stratificire-
bul SerCevas, xolo, meore mxriv, Tu dayofa xdeba eko-
nomikur-geografiuli raionebis mixedviT, maSin saqme
gvaqvs raionirebul SerCevasTan.
literaturaSi da marketingul praqtikaSi ori ter-
mini _raionirebuli da stratificirebuli SerCevebi
xSirad ixmareba, rogorc eqvivalenturi (tolfasi).
am ori xerxis erTianobas adasturebs sociologiuri
gamokvlevebis praqtika. aRmoCnda, rom msxvilmasSta-
bian proeqtebSi sociologebi iwyeben raionirebuli
SerCeviT, xolo Semdeg gadadian stratificirebulze.
saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi ar ixmareba sityva “raio-
ni”, rogorc geografiuli zona (regioni, teritoriis
nawili), amitomac iq ver SexvdebiT termins “raionire-
buli SerCeva”. mis nacvlad ixmareba termini “strati-
ficirebuli SerCeva”, igulisxmeba ra, rom roca erT
mTels vyofT nawilebad, aucilebeli ar aris zustad
mivuTiToT, Tu ras warmoadgenen isini _jgufebs, Tu
raionebs.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, stratificirebuli SerCeva _al-
baTuri SerCevaa, romelic SerCeviT erTobliobaSi mo-
saxleobis sxvadasxva nawilebis, tipebis, jgufebisa da
fenebis Tanabar warmomadgenlobas uzrunvelyofs.
ucxour leqsikonebSi da, upirveles yovlisa, ameri-
kulSi, yvelaferi, rac dakavSirebulia teritoriul
niSnebTan, maT Soris, raionebad dayofa, miekuTvneba
qvotur SerCevas.

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 maSasadame, stratificirebuli SerCevis ZiriTa-
di amocana aris stratificirebadi cvladis (an cv-
ladebis) dadgena _es aris is maxasiaTebeli, romelic
uzurvelyofs reprezentatulobas. dadgenili cvla-
dis safuZvelze SerCevis CarCo iyofa stratebad da
Semdeg gamoiyeneba sistematuri SerCeva am stratebSi
individebis proporciuli warmodgenisaTvis. strati-
fikacia SeiZleba sakmarisad rTuli da zogjer ramden-
ime etapiani iyos.
sociologiaSi sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba e.w. “budo-
brivi” SerCevis meTodi. is aris SerCevis saxeoba, rom-
lis drosac SerCeuli obieqtebi warmoadgenen ufro
patara erTeulebis jgufebs an budeebs (klasterebs).
erTeulebis ricxvs, romlebic qmnian budes, uwodeben
mis zomas. budeebs (klasterebs) SeiZleba warmoadgend-
nen: dasaxlebuli punqtebi, raionebi, saxlebi, sadarba-
zoebi, sawarmoebi, saamqroebi, brigadebi.
budobriv meTods gaaCnia didi organizaciuli upi-
ratesoba. gacilebiT advilad xorcieldeba ramdenime
kompaqturi jgufis SerCeva da gamokvleva, vidre aTeu-
li da aseuli calkeuli erTeulebisa. budobrivi Ser-
Cevis teqnikuri upiratesoba gansakuTrebiT aSkarad
Cans teritoriuli SerCevis Sedgenis dros. mcire ricx-
vis teritoriuli segmentebis (dasaxlebuli punqtebis,
raionebis, sacxovrebeli kvartlebis da a.S.) amorCeva,
Semdeg ki iq mcxovrebi mosaxleobis SerCeviTi an sruli
dafarvis gamokiTxva, mniSvnelovnad amcirebs gamokv-
levis xarjebs da Catarebis vadebs.
procedurulad aseTi meTodis gamoyeneba ufro ad-
vilia, vidre raionirebuli meTodisa. problemebi,
romlebic aq iqmneba, dakavSirebulia: budeebis sidi-
dis, gamosakvlev budeTa raodenobis gansazRvrisa da
generalur erTobliobaSi maTi ganlagebis sakiTxebis
gadawyvetasTan.

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 maSasadame, budobrivi meTodis dros, gamoikiTxeba
ara calkeuli respondenti, aramed jgufi (mag., 30 ka-
ciani studenturi jgufidan amoirCeva 10 studenti) da
aq tardeba SerCeviTi an sruli gamokiTxva. Tu jgufebi
maqsimalurad emsgavseba erTmaneTs (asakiT, sqesiT da
sxva niSnebiT), es meTodi mecnierulad dasabuTebul,
saimedo informacias gvawvdis.
mravalsafexuriani klasteruli SerCevis meTodi
moicavs ramdenime SerCevis Catarebas SerCevis sab-
oloo modelis dadgenis mizniT. sawyisi etapi aris re-
gionebad dayofa (ufro didi regionebidan SeirCeva Se-
darebiT mcire, Semdeg kidev ufro mcire da sxv.).
araalbaTuri SerCevis gamoyenebis dros, populaciis
elementebs SerCevaSi moxvedris sxvadasxva SesaZle-
bloba aqvT. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven ver ganvsazRvravT,
ramdenad sworia (reprezentatulia) SerCeva. am mizez-
iT upiratesoba, Cveulebriv, eniWeba albaTur SerCevas,
Tumca zogjer gamokvlevis pirobebidan gamomdinare,
rCeba erTaderTi SesaZlebloba _ Catardes araalba-
Turi SerCeva. igi gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad im SemTxveveb-
Si, rodesac SerCevis CarCos miReba SesaZlebelia an kv-
levis populacia ganlagebulia iseT did sivrceze, rom
klasteruli gamokvlevis Catareba arapraqtikuli xde-
ba. araalbaTuri SerCeva gamoiyeneba kvlevis teqnikis
mosinjvisas, kvlevis sacdel fazaSi. agreTve SeiZleba
am teqnikis gamoyeneba iseT kvlevebSi, sadac reprezen-
tatulobas didi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sinaarsobrivi kriteriume-
biT araalbaTuri SerCeva araTu uaresia albaTurze,
aramed, SeiZleba, ukeTesic kia. misi naklovanebebia:
reprezentatulobis xarisxis gansazRvris SeuZle-
bloba da ufro maRali Rirebuleba (danaxarjebiT igi,
Cveulebriv, aRemateba albaTurs ramdenjerme), magram

103
gaaCnia upiratesobac _albaTurTan SedarebiT, xdeba
sagnis ufro Rrma, xarisxiani da yovelmxrivi ganxilva.
gamoyofen araalbaTuri SerCevis or ZiriTad saxeobas:
mizanmimarTuli SerCeva (sxva saxelwodeba _ miznobri-
vi, neba-surviliT SerCeva) da stiqiuri SerCeva.
mizanmimarTuli anu miznobrivi amorCeva xasiaTdeba
erTeulebis SerCevis romelime winaswar gansazRvruli
principebiT. mis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul formebad
iTvleba: a. tipiuri obieqtebis SerCeva (tipiuri warmo-
madgenlebis meTodebi), b. qvoturi SerCeva.
tipiuri warmomadgenlebis meTodi xSirad mosaxerxe-
belia SerCevis umaRles safexurze, roca aucilebelia
SemovifargloT mcire raodenobis obieqtebiT. tipi-
uri obieqtebis SerCevas SeuZlia miRebuli monacemebis
reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofa sakmao zomiT mx-
olod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iqneba miRebuli obieqtebis
SerCevis dasabuTebis zomebi. amisaTvis aucilebelia
sxvadasxva niSnebis mixedviT damatebiTi informaciis
arseboba, romlebic SeiZleba ganixilebodes kontro-
lis xarisxSi.
stiqiuri SerCevis meTodi mxolod garegnulad hgavs
SemTxveviT SerCevas, ramdenad, sociologma daaxloe-
biT icis, Tu vis unda gamokiTxos. igi midis quCaSi, an
Cerdeba metros sadgurTan, ekiTxeba yvelas, vinc mox-
vdeba, an vinc hgavs generaluri erTobliobis warmo-
madgenlebs, magaliTad, adamianebs 30-dan 40 wlamde.
araviTari maTematikuri procedurebi SerCevis Sesad-
genad aq ar gamoiyeneba da SeuZlebeli xdeba reprezen-
tatulobis uzrunvelyofis kontrolis dacva. ufro
xSirad fiqsirdeba imaTi azrebi, visac aqvs saSualeba
da survili interviuerTan gasaubrebis. stiqiurma Ser-
Cevam SeiZleba miiRos sxva forma, roca sociologi ki
ar midis quCaSi pirvelive SemxvedrTan gamosakiTxad,
aramed pirvelive msurveli rekavs televiziaSi da

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monawileobs e.w. interaqtiur gamokiTxvaSi, romlebic
Zalian moduri gaxda 1990-ian wlebSi.
stiqiuri SerCevebi formirdeba TviTneburad da
xSirad TviT mkvlevarisagan damoukideblad. stiqiuri
SerCevis magaliTebs warmoadgens: gamokiTxvebi maso-
brivi informaciis saSualebebis daxmarebiT, supermar-
ketebis momxmareblebisa (myidvelebis) da mgzavrebis
gamokiTxvebi maRaziebsa da sazogadoebriv transport-
Si, SerCeva “pirvelive Semxvedrisa“ da sxv. stiqiuri
SerCevis erT-erTi Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom Cven xSirad ar SegviZlia winaswar ganvsazRvroT
misi zoma, xolo misi mTavari naklia is, rom xSirad Seu-
Zlebelia dazusteba, romel generalur erTobliobas
warmoadgenen isini.
stiqiur SerCevasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
ZiriTadi masivis meTodi. es meTodi warmoadgens gener-
aluri erTobliobis 60-70%-is gamokiTxvas. misi proce-
dura Zalze martivia. mocemuli raionis mcxovrebTagan
an sawarmos muSakebidan gamoikiTxeba ubralo umeteso-
ba. am meTods warsulSi xSirad iyenebdnen sawarmoebisa
da qarxnebis sociologebi.
garda amisa, SerCevis araalbaTur meTodebs miekuT-
vneba agreTve: SerCeva xelsayreli principebis safuZ-
velze da SerCeva msjelobis safuZvelze.
SerCeva xelsayreli principebis safuZvelze _ gu-
lisxmobs, SerCevis ganxorcielebas mkvlevarisaTvis
yvelaze mosaxerxebel poziciaSi. magaliTad, droisa da
Zalisxmevis minimalur danaxarjebiT, respondentebis
xelmisawvdomobiT da sxv.
SerCeva msjelobis safuZvelze _ dafuZvnebulia
kvalificiuri specialistebis Sexedulebebis gamoy-
enebaze, SerCevis Semadgenlobaze, eqspertebis az-
rebis Sedarebaze. aseTi midgomis safuZvelze, xSirad
formirdeba fokus-jgufebis Semadgenloba.

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 qvoturi SerCeva _ warmoadgens sociologiuri gamokv-
levis obieqtis mikromodels, romelic formirebulia
upiratesad generaluri erTobliobis elementebis so-
cialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis statistikuri
monacemebis safuZvelze. saWiro monacemebs Cveulebriv
iReben statistikuri cnobarebidan.
“qvota” _ laTinurad “wils, normas” niSnavs. qvoturi
SerCevis Sedgenisas ama Tu im socialur-demografiuli
maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentTa raodenoba gen-
eralur erTobliobaSi am maxasiaTeblebis ganawilebis
proporciulad ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, Tu cnobi-
lia, rom generalur erTobliobaSi qalTa da mamakacTa
Tanafardoba Seadgens 53% da 47%-s, aseTive unda iyos
es Tanafardoba SerCevaSi. rodesac gamokiTxva qvotu-
ri SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba, interviueri iRebs
SerCevis gegmas, sadac aRniSnulia ama Tu im socialur-
demografiuli jgufis respondentTa raodenoba da
intervius im respondentebTan atarebs, romlebic am
moTxovnebs pasuxoben. e.i. qvotebiT SerCevisas inter-
viuerebma unda gamokiTxon gansazRvruli raodenobis
garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT gamorCeuli respondente-
bi. qvotebis dadgenis meqanizmi eyrdnoba saboloo Ser-
Cevis reprezentatulobas.
Cveulebrivad, qvoturi SerCeva gamoiyeneba SerCevis
bolo safexurebze da asrulebs raionirebuli (strati-
ficirebuli) da gamoyenebuli albaTuri procedurebis
process.
qvoturi SerCeva _ TiTqmis savaldebulo momentia
samecniero eqsperimentis Catarebisas, Tu is socialur
mecnierebebSi xorcieldeba. rac Seexeba sazogadoebri-
vi azris gamokiTxvebs, aq qvoturi SerCeva gamoiyeneba
albaTur SerCevebTan erTad. es meTodi mosaxerxebelia
agreTve mcire generaluri erTobliobis SerCevis Ses-
adgenad.

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 qvoturi SerCeva farTod gamoiyeneba gamoyenebiT
sociologiaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom samecniero kri-
teriumebiT is axlosac ver miva klasikur SerCevasTan,
igulisxmeba SemTxveviTi SerCeva, romelic iTvleba et-
alonad. Tumca, praqtikaSi SemTxveviTi SerCeva iSvia-
Tad gamoiyeneba, radgan misTvis aucileblad saWiroa
generaluri erTobliobis erTeulebis sia. Tu is ar
aris, an aris, magram ara iseTi xarisxis, rom mecnieruli
miznebisaTvis gamoviyenoT, maSin laparaki SemTxveviT
SerCevaze ar SeiZleba.

1.8. sociologia da samecniero kvleva

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, samecniero meTodi

moiTxovs sistematur, empiriul da logikur Segrove-
basa da analizs.
adreuli periodis sociologi, romelmac udidesi
gavlena moaxdina socialur kvlevebze, iyo frangi mec-
nieri emil diurkemi (1858 -1917). igi ikvlevda TviTmkv-
lelobis faqtebs sazogadoebaSi da im daskvnamde mi-
vida, rom TviTmkvleloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilo-
briv mainc, damokidebuli iyo socialur viTarebaze.
TviTmkvlelobis kvlevisas, diurkems mtkiced hqonda
gadawyvetili eCvenebina: pirveli _ samecniero meTodi
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes socialuri qcevis kvlevi-
sas da meore _ sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi axal
ganzomilebas matebs Cvens mier gare samyarosa da saku-
Tari Tavis wvdomas.
kvlevis procesSi diurkemi iyenebda Svid “sanimuSo”
nabijs: problemis gansazRvras, literaturis mimox-
ilvas, hipoTezis Camoyalibebas, kvlevis gegmis SerCe-
vas, monacemTa Segrovebas, monacemTa gaanalizebasa da
daskvnebis gakeTebas (ix. sqema 3). TiToeuli am nabijT-

107
gan gadamwyvetia, Tumca SesaZloa, yovelTvis aRniSnu-
li zusti TanmimdevrobiT ar Segvxvdes.

sqema #3.

1. problemis
gansazRvra
sakvlevi Temis SerCeva da
mTavari koeficientebis
gansazRvra.
5. monacemTa Segroveba
hipoTezis Sesamowmebel
monacemTa Segroveba.

2. literaturis 6. monacemTa gaanalizeba

mimoxilva monacemebze muSaoba da
arsebul TeoriasTan gacnoba maTi Semowmeba hipoTezis
da Temis kvleva asaxsnelad.

3. hipoTezis
Camoyalibeba
kavSiris dadgena zomvad
cvladebs Soris ise, rom
SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi
gazomva da hipoTezis
Semowmeba
7. daskvnebis gakeTeba
kvlevis Sedegebis
Sejameba maTi
mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
aRmoCenebis dakavSireba
arsebul Teoriasa
da kvlevasTan da
momavali kvlevisaTvis
problemebis dadgena.

4. kvlevis gegmis
SerCeva
Sesaswavli meTodis SerCeva:
eqsperimenti, mimoxilva,
savele dakvirveba an
istoriuli meTodi.

pirveli nabiji _problemis gansazRvra, arc ise mar-

tivia, rogorc SeiZleba erTi SexedviT mogveCvenos. ra
aris TviTmkvleloba? gavrcelebuli ganmarteba iqne-
boda “sakuTari sicocxlis ganzrax dasruleba”. di-

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urkemma gadawyvita TviTmkvlelobad CaeTvala “sikvdi-
lis yvela is SemTxveva, romelic pirdapir an arapir-
dapir gamomdinareobs TviT msxverplis im pozitiuri
an negatiuri qmedebisagan, romelic amgvar Sedegebs
gamoiwvevs da es man icis”.
iseve, rogorc sxva mecnierebi, sociologebic cvladi
sidideebis pirobebSi azrovneben. cvladi sociologi-
uri sidide aris socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri aspeq-
ti, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba meryeobdes
an icvlebodes, an Tavs iCendes sxvadasxva odenobiTa
da sixSiriT. TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti cvladi
sididea, radgan igi meryeobs sxvadasxva periodSi da
icvleba sxvadasxva socialur jgufebTan mimarTebaSi.
diurkemi miiCnevda, rom TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti
damokidebuli iyo sxva cvlad sidideebze da maTi dad-
gena miznad hqonda dasaxuli. amgvarad, diurkemis kvl-
evaSi TviTmkvlelobis koeficienti iyo damokidebuli
cvladi sidide. is faqtorebi ki, romlebic masze moq-
medebdnen _ damoukidebeli cvladi sidideebi.
mkvlevarebma ara marto unda gansazRvron is cvladi
sidideebi, romelTa Seswavlac swadiaT, aramed aseve
unda daazuston, risi gageba surT maT Sesaxeb. sxva si-
tyvebiT, maT unda Camoayalibon kvlevis problema. di-
urkheimis problema _ is, rasac igi mTeli yuradRebiT
moekida _ ar iyo kiTxva, ras niSnavs TviTmkvleloba
maTTvis, vinc Tavs iklavs da arc is, rogor ganicdian
amas maTi ojaxebi. misi problema iyo TviTmkvlelobaTa
koeficientebSi variaciis socialuri modelebis axsna.
ratom xasiaTdeba wlis garkveuli sezonebi, garkveuli
adgilebi da garkveuli socialuri jgufebi TviTmkv-
lelobaTa ufro maRali an dabali koeficientebiT, vi-
dre sxvebi?
sociologebi umetesad, maTTvis saintereso sakiTxis
Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis mimoxilvaze dayrdno-

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biT wyveten, ra kiTxvebi daisvas kvlevisaTvis da sad
moiZion pasuxebi maTze. magaliTad, diurkemi cdilob-
da daedgina, ra iyo saerTod cnobili TviTmkvlelobis
Sesaxeb. literaturis mimoxilvisas, diurkemi gaecno
ramdenime arsebul Teorias. amrigad, diurkems Tavisi
kvlevis Sedegad mieca, rogorc TviTmkvlelobis zo-
gierTi Zveli Teoriis Sefasebis, aseve axali Teoriebis
mniSvnelobis dadgenis saSualebac.
diurkems miaCnda, rom adamianebze zogierTi umniS-
vnelovanesi zegavlena momdinareobs iqidan, ramdenad
kargad integrirebulia maTi socialuri jgufebi. aqe-
dan man wamoayena mTavari hipoTeza: rac ufro metia so-
cialur jgufebSi integrirebul adamianTa raodenoba,
miT ufro naklebia TviTmkvlelobis Cadenis albaToba.
am hipoTezaSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi ori cvladi: 1. in-
tegraciis xarisxi socialur jgufebSi da 2. TviTmkvl-
elobis koeficienti.
diurkemma gamoTqva azri, rom am cvladTagan pirve-
li ukukavSirSia meoresTan: e.i. rac ufro dabalia so-
cialuri integraciis done, miT ufro maRalia TviTmkv-
lelobis koeficienti.
sakuTari hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebs
esaWiroebaT faqtebi anu monacemebi: statistika, in-
tervius Sedegebi da kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli sxva
informacia. pirveli nabiji monacemTa SegrovebaSi gu-
lisxmobs imis gadawyvetas, rogor vawarmooT dakvirve-
ba da, Tu es SesaZlebelia, sxvadasxva Sesaswavli cvla-
dis gazomva. zogierTi cvladi SeiZleba met-naklebad
pirdapir iqnes Seswavlili, sxvebi ki_mxolod arapir-
adapir. indikatori SeiZleba iyos “Semcvleli” sazomi:
raime SeiZleba gaizomos empiriulad _ im abstraqtuli
cvladis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad, romlis pirda-
pir gazomva rTulia.

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 monacemTa SegrovebaSi Semdegi nabiji aris kvlevis
gegmis arCeva anu faqtobrivi gegma saWiro informaciis
mosagroveblad. zogierTi mkvlevari atarebs gamokiTx-
vebs da kiTxvebs usvams bevr gansxvavebul adamians. zogi
ki, raki cxovrobs da muSaobs Sesaswavl adamianTa Soris,
amjobinebs dakvirvebas monawileebze, raTa uSualod
pirvelwyarodan daadginos, rogor fiqroben da iqcev-
ian isini. zogierTi mkvlevari atarebs eqsperimentebs;
magaliTad, isini xelovnurad qmnian iseT situacias,
romelSic SesaZlebloba eZlevaT daakvirdnen adamian-
ebis reagirebas sxvadasxva stimulze. arian iseTi mkvl-
evarebic, romlebic istoriul saarqivo Canawerebs iy-
eneben monacemTa Sesagroveblad. problemaTa umravle-
sobis Sesaswavlad saukeTeso midgoma gulisxmobs ram-
denime kvleviTi strategiis kombinirebas: gamokiTxvebi
plus dakvirveba, plus dokumentebis moZieba.
kvlevis romel gegmasac unda iyenebdnen, mkvlevarTa
mizania mogrovdes sakmao informacia: 1. problemis
siRrmiseuli gagebiT damuSavebisaTvis da 2. sakuTari
hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba es
martivi da sworxazovani Candes, magram xSirad Zalian
rTuli gasakeTebelia. mkvlevari SeiZleba waawydes
problemas ara mxolod monacemTa Segrovebisas, aramed
SesaZlebelia ramdenadme gansxvavebulad iqnes interp-
retirebuli ukve arsebul monacemTa erTobliobac ki.
mas Semdeg, rac sociologebi monacemebs moagroveben
Semdegi nabijia im informaciis gaanalizeba, romelic
xSirad statistikis an ricxvebSi asaxuli monacemebis
saxiTaa warmodgenili. analizi aris gaazrebis procesi
_ romeli nawilebi Seesabameba erTmaneTs modelis an
mTelis Sesadgenad da rogor ukavSirdeba es nawilebi
erTmaneTs. analizi monacemTa Segrovebaze bevrad adre
iwyeba. sakvlevi problemis gansazRvrisas sociologi

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wyvets, romeli faqtorebi Seiswavlos da rogor gazo-
mos isini.
pirveli nabiji kvlevis procesSi aris analizis Sede-
gebze damyarebuli daskvnebis gakeTeba. daskvnebis ga-
sakeTeblad mniSvnelovania imis Cveneba, rogor aSuqebs
Teoriul kiTxvebs kvlevis romelime gansakuTrebu-
li nawili, an rogor amowmebs igi arsebul Teorias, an
gvTavazobs axal Teorias.
diurkemis analizi adasturebs mis hipoTezas, rom
TviTmkvlelobis sixSire matulobs, roca adamianTa
kavSiri mniSvnelovan jgufebTan dasustebulia da kle-
bulobs, rodesac socialuri kavSirebi Zlierdeba.
mecnierebaSi daskvnebi arasodes miiCneva sabolood,
isini yovelTvis Riaa kiTxvebisa da xelaxali gamokv-
levisaTvis. roca gamokvleva mniSvnelovan rols as-
rulebs sociologiuri codnis gaRrmavebaSi, Cveu-
lebriv igi qveyndeba, raTa sxva sociologebma SeZlon
am daskvnebis damoukideblad Sefaseba.
kvlevis arcerT proeqts ar ZaluZs mniSvnelovani
Temis bolomde amowurva. yovelTvis rCeba sivrce sxva
mkvlevarTa muSaobisTvisac. am mkvlevarebs SeuZliaT
sxva Teoriuli kuTxiT Sexedon sakiTxs da gamoiyenon
mniSvnelovani cvladebis sxva indikatorebi an ukeTesi
sazomebi; SesaZloa, maT dasvan damatebiTi kiTxvebi da
moagrovon damatebiTi monacemebi. sociologiuri cod-
na amgvari mudmivi kvlevis procesis meSveobiT izrdeba,
romlis drosac bevri gansxvavebuli mkvlevari swav-
lobs erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul problemebs.
adamianTa socialuri qcevis Seswavlisas arsebobs
araerTi problema, zogierTi maTgani saerToa yvela sa-
mecniero kvlevisaTvis, zogi damaxasiaTebelia mxolod
socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis.
rogorc sxva mecnieruli, sociologiuri kvlevebic
unda Sefasdes ori niSniT _dasabuTebulobiTa da san-

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doobiT. dasabuTebuloba aris maCvenebeli, romliTac
gamokvleva sazRvravs imas, risi gansazRvris mcdelobac
arsebobs. sandooba is maCvenebelia, romliTac gamokvl-
eva iRebs imave Sedegebs, rodesac imeorebs pirvelad an
sxva mecnierebis gamokvlevebs. Cveulebriv, sandoobis
naklovaneba mianiSnebs kvlevis gegmis problemebze. ma-
gram, sandooba ar gansazRvravs dasabuTebulobas.
sxva problema, romelic upirispirebs erTmaneTs mkv-
levarebs, aris gansxvavebul maxasiaTebelTa Soris ka-
vSirebis gansazRvra. sociologebi Zalian arian dain-
teresebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgenaSi
anu kavSirebSi, rodesac erTi maxasiaTeblis cvlileba
iwvevs meoris cvlilebas. miuxedavad amisa, xSir SemTx-
vevaSi sociologebs ar SeuZliaT gansxvavebul maxa-
siaTebelTa Soris mizezobrivi kavSiris gansazRvra.
maT SeuZliaT aCvenon, rom ori maxasiaTebeli icvle-
ba erTdroulad _ aris korelaciuri _garkveuli
gazomvadi meTodiT. korelacia miuTiTebs mudmiv kav-
Sirze or gansxvavebul maxasiaTebels Soris. miuxeda-
vad amisa, maxasiaTeblebs Soris korelaciis kvleva ar
adasturebs, rom maT Soris aris mizez-Sedegobrivi ka-
vSiri. ori maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos korelaciuri,
magram ar hqondes mizezobrivi jaWvi erTimeoresTan. es
cnobilia, rogorc yalbi korelacia da aris kvlevaSi
cdomilebis mizezi. sociologiuri analizis gadam-
wyveti momentia mniSvnelovani da yalbi korelaciebis
gansxvaveba. magaliTad, vinmes SeuZlia dasvas kiTx-
va, diurkemis mier aRmoCenil kavSirs TviTmkvlelo-
bis sixSiresa da religiur kuTvnilebas Soris hqonda
mizezobrivi safuZveli, Tu iyo yalbi. SesaZloa orive
maxasiaTebeli aris raRac mesame faqtoris Sedegi, ro-
goricaa qonebrivi gansxvaveba an geografiuli regioni.
diurkemma icoda, rom romelime mesame maxasiaTebels

113
SeeZlo aexsna misi monacemebi da cdilobda daedgina,
rom es ar iyo damajerebeli.
Teoria da kvleva sociologiaSi ganuyofelia. Teo-
riis Seswavla aris gadamwyveti problemis gansazRvraSi,
hipoTezebis formulirebaSi, Sedegebis analizSi da maT
mixedviT daskvnebis gakeTebaSi. Teoria xels uwyobs kv-
levis Sedegebis sinqronizebasa da wesrigSi moyvanas.
amavdroulad, igi mudmivad gadaixedeba kvlevis Sede-
gad miRebuli codnis Sesabamisad. kvleviT miRebuli
Sedegebis gareSe Teoria aris ubralod daudasturebe-
li msjeloba da ara mecnierebis nawili. kvlevas SeuZlia
gamoscados debuleba, romelic aris TeoriaSi da Seita-
nos naTeli axali empiriuli monacemebi, rac migviyvans
axal Teoriamde an arsebulis gardaqmnamde. am gziT so-
cialuri Teoriebi ganicdis ganaxlebas da daxvewas.
gansxvavebul Teoriul perspeqtivebs SeuZlia migvi-
yvanos kvlevis proeqtebamde. maT naTeli SeaqvT prob-
lemis gansxvavebul aspeqtebSi da avseben erTmaneTs.
socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb SesaZlo yvelaze vrceli
swavleba xSirad moiTxovs ramdenime kvlevis meTodisa
da Teoriuli midgomis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, soci-
ologebma SesaZloa SeniSnon, rom diurkemis kvlevaSi
TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb ugulebelyofilia sakiTxi
TviTmkvlelobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb orive mxarisaT-
vis. misTvis, vinc sCadis amas da jgufisaTvis, romelsac
msxverpli ekuTvnoda. rogorc sociologs, safiqrebe-
lia SeeZlo ganexila Sroma ufro dakvirvebiT; rogor
xdeboda TviTmkvlelobis TiToeuli SemTxveva da ra
mniSvneloba hqonda maTTvis, vinc dakavSirebulia amas-
Tan. es, cxadia, ar cvlis diurkemis midgomas da is ver
gvetyoda yvelafers, TviTmkvlelobis sixSiris Ses-
axeb, magram SesaZleblobas mogvcemda, Cagvexeda, ram-
denad dakavSirebulia TviTmkvlelobebi socialur in-
tegraciasTan da ramdenad Seavsebda diurkemis Sromas.

114
 Tavi 2

sociologiuri gamokvlevis saxeebi

empiriuli gamokvlevebi _ es aris logikurad Tanamim-

devruli meTodologiuri, meToduri da organizaci-
ul-teqnikuri procedurebis sistema, dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan erTi mizniT: miiRos Sesaswavl movlenas
an procesze utyuari, sarwmuno monacemebi, SemdgomSi
maTi praqtikaSi gamosayeneblad.
empiriuli (fundamenturi) gamokvlevebi _ aris obi-
eqtis uSualo gamokvleva, konkretuli sociologiuri
meTodebis daxmarebiT (gamokiTxva, dakvirveba, eqsperi-
menti da sxv.) da mimarTuli kerZo Teoriis Sesamowme-
blad. misi ZiriTadi mizania _ mecnieruli codnis gam-
didreba, realobis gamosakvlevad axali kanonzmiere-
bebisa da tendenciebis gamovlena.
specialistebi Tvlian, rom sociologiuri gamokv-
levebis erTiani sqema, romelic gamodgeboda sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs. gamokvlevis saxeobis SerCeva
nakarnaxevia dasaxuli miznis xasiaTiT da amocanebiT.
sxva sityvebiT, socialuri problemis saWiroebis siR-
rmiseuli analiziT, movlenaTa mocvis masStabiT.
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli kriteriumebia aRebuli kla-
sifikaciis safuZvlad, gamoyofen empiriuli gamokv-
levebis ramdenime saxeobas:
_ socialuri problemis analizis siRrmisa da mov-
lenaTa mocvis masStabebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben:
sacdel, aRweriT da analitikur gamokvlevebs;
_monacemTa Segrovebis meTodebis mixedviT ganasx-
vaveben: gamokiTxvas, dakvirvebas, dokumentebis anal-
izs, eqsperiments;
_gamokvlevis miznis mixedviT _ imis Sesabamisad,
Seiswavleba movlenis statika Tu dinamika _ gamo-

115
yofen sociologiur gamokvlevebis kidev ori saxeobas:
wertilovans (erTjeradi) da ganmeorebiTs;
_gamokvlevis obieqtis mocvis TvalsazrisiT,
gamokvlevis tipebi iyofa: mTliani _sruli dafarvis
da SerCeviT tipebad;
_Catarebis adgilis mixedviT, sociologiasa da
anTropologiaSi gamoyofen_ savele, xolo socialur
fsiqologiaSi, rogorc savele, aseve laboratoriul
gamokvlevebs.

2.1. socialuri da sociologiuri

gamokvlevebi

cnebebi “socialuri gamokvlevebi” da “sociologiuri

gamokvlevebi” farTod gamoiyeneba samecniero da praq-
tikul sferoebSi. magram garkveuli, mkafio warmodge-
na maT arsze, bunebasa da Sinaarsze dRemde ar Seqmnila.
xSirad isini gamoiyeneba rogorc sinonimebi, magram
zogjer ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs.
1960-ian wlebSi iTvleboda, rom termini “konkretuli
socialuri” tolfasia terminisa_“sociologiuri”.
maTi msgavsebis ramdenime mizezi arsebobda. Teoriul-
meTodologiuri gamoixateboda cneba “socialuri”-s
interpretaciaSi. mas iyenebdnen ori _ farTo da Sez-
Ruduli mniSvnelobiT. farTo azriT, socialuri _
tolfasia, udris sazogadoebrivs, radganac laTinur-
idan “socialuri” iTargmneba, rogorc “sazogadoebri-
vi”. magram sabWoTa tradiciiT, istoriuli material-
izmidan gamomdinare, mTeli sazogadoeba iyofoda oTx
sferod: ekonomiuri, politikuri, socialuri da su-
lieri. radganac es sferoebi iyo sazogadoebis nawili,
warmoiqmna paradoqsi: erT SemTxvevaSi socialuri_
tolfasia mTelis (socialuri=sazogadoebrivs), meore

116
SemTxvevaSi ki _warmoadgens mxolod mis nawils (so-
cialuri =socialur sferos).
winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda rogorc sociologiis
sagani, aseve misi statusi. erTi mxriv, sociologia mo-
wodebulia Seiswavlos sazogadoeba mTlianad da ara
mxolod misi erTi sfero, ganazogadebs ra yvela spe-
cialuri disciplinis miRwevebs (aseTebad iTvleboda:
fsiqologia, iurisprudencia, ekonomika, pedagogika,
politologia, kulturologia). magram Tu sociolo-
gia _ saerTo, zogadi mecnierebaa, maSin igi unda iwode-
bodes, rogorc sazogadoebaTmcodneoba. magram ase ar
SeiZleboda: sazogadoebaTmcodneoba _ es aris yvela
zemoT CamoTvlili specialur mecnierebaTa jami; sxva
sityvebiT, sazogadoebaTmcodneoba sabWoTa droSi da
Semdegac iyo saerTo dasaxeleba sxvadasxva im mecniere-
bebisa, romlebic sazogadoebas Seiswavlidnen. sazoga-
doebaTmcodneoba, rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba,
arasodes ar arsebobda. ar arsebobs igi dResac. sabWoTa
droSi igi iwodeboda sazogadoebaTmcodneobad, xolo
sociologiis monaTesave mecnierebis warmomadgenlebs
(iqneboda igi iuristi, Tu filosofosi) _ uwodebdnen
sazogadoebaTmcodneebs.
marqsizmSi mimdinareobda polemika ,,socialuris”
kategoriis gagebis irgvliv, romlis gadawyvetazec
damokidebuli iqneboda sociologiis statusis gageba:
iqneboda igi integrirebuli, Tu specialuri mecniereba.
roca kontma 1838wels moifiqra sityva “sociolo-
gia”, mas esmoda igi, rogorc “mecniereba sazogadoebis
Sesaxeb”, amasTan, erTadaerTi arsebuli. sxva arcerTi
sazogadoebrivi mecniereba _samarTalmcodneoba,
fsiqologia, politologia an ekonomika _mecnieruli
codnis horizontze im wlebSi ar Canda. sociologias
upirispirdeboda _ maTematika, fizika, qimia, astro-
nomia, biologia _ Zveli mecnierebebi da sakmaod av-

117
toritetuli. gamoyo ra maTgan sociologia, kontma
maSinve daayena igi sxvebze maRla da imedovnebda, rom
zustad sociologias aqvs yvelaze rTuli Seswavlis
obieqti _ mTeli sazogadoeba da TiToeuli misi el-
ementi damoukideblad. gasagebi mizezebis gamo, kont-
ma, ver upasuxa kiTxvas _ kerZo Tu zogad disciplinas
warmoadgenda sociologia. misi azriT, igi iyo, rogorc
erTi, ise meore.
samecniero codnis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia ekonomi-
kis, eTnografiis, anTropologiis, fsiqologiis, poli-
tikuri mecnierebis warmoSoba da gaCaRda brZola _
sazogadoebisaTvis. vin da ras Seiswavlida sazogadoe-
baSi? magram, rac ufro bevri socialuri mecnierebebi
gamoCnda, miT ufro mitovebuli darCa socialuris
kategoria da mxare: mas TiTqosda Seiswavlis yvela
nawilobriv da aravin konkretulad.
sabWoTa filosofosebma, romlebic ikavebdnen xelmZ-
Rvanel Tanamdebobebs mecnierebaTa akademiaSi, parti-
ul da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, ganacxades, rom mar-
qsistuli filosofiis is nawili, romelic Semobrunda
sazogadoebis mxares, konkretulad ki_istoriuli ma-
terializmi, Seasrulebda diriJoris, sxva danarCeni so-
cialuri mecnierebebi ki _ solistebis rols orkestr-
Si. sabWoTa filosofosebi (kerZod, m.n. rutkeviCi)-¹, as-
abuTebdnen ra sociologiis upirates statuss, mis gan-
sxvavebas socialur mecnierebaTa rigidan _ZiriTadad
emyarebodnen k. marqss, romelic Tavis naSromSi “poli-
tikuri ekonomikis kritikisaTvis” winasityveobaSi so-
cialur procesebs sazogadoebaSi ganixilavda, rogorc
gansxvavebuls ekonomikuri, politikuri da sulieri
procesebisagan. Tu es asea, maSin sociologia, Seiswav-
lis ra socialur procesebs, maRldeba ekonomikasa da
politologiaze, radganac “misi socialuri” ar udris
“maT socialurs”. “maTi socialuri” _es gansakuTre-

118
bulia, Taviseburia, SemosazRvrulia CarCoebiT Tavis
sferoSi, xolo sociologiaSi _ socialuri _es aris
sazogadoebrivi, romelic moicavs yvela sferoebs1
magram amis gancxadeba im wlebSi SeuZlebeli iyo,
radgan socialurs, rogorc sazogadoebrivs, ganagebda
istoriuli materializmi. amitomac daiwyes kompro-
misze fiqri da SemovliTi gzebis Zieba. erT-erTi aseTi
iyo _ socialuris kategoriis gaorebuli gageba da so-
ciologiis gaorebuli statusi. igi TiTqosda_Tana-
baria sxva socialuri mecnierebebisa, magram warmoad-
gens upiratess, TanabarTa Soris. erTi mxriv, igi sru-
lad miuaxlovda istoriul materializms, meore mxriv
ki _ ar xelyofda mis uflebamosilebas.
sazogadoebaSi sociologiis statusi, sagani da ad-
gili ar SeiZleba ar yofiliyo gaorebuli. SezRuduli
mniSvnelobiT, sociologia _es aris mecniereba so-
cialuri movlenebisa da procesebis Sesaxeb, isini ki,
garda ekonomikuri, sulieri da politikuri proce-
sebisa, Zalian bevria.
maSasadame, sociologia gaTanabrebulia sxva social-
ur mecnierebebTan. magram, meore mxriv, sociologia
aris aseve mecniereba sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da
funqcionirebis _saerTo kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.
amiT ar arian dakavebuli arc ekonomistebi, arc poli-
tologebi da arc fsiqologebi, aramed mxolod fi-
losofosebi. sociologiis statusi _SesaZleblobas
aZlevs mis warmomadgenlebs SeaRwion sazogadoebis
nebismier adgilas, aRmoaCinon iq socialuri aspeqtebi
da gadaaqcion isini Tavis Seswavlis sagnad. marTlac,
socialuri mxare aqvs_ aRmzrdelobiT-pedagogiur,
ekonomikur, ideologiur, politikur da a.S. movlenebsa

1. (¹Руткевич М.Н.-О значении и структуре теоритического уровния

социологических исследований // Социологические исследования.
1984., №2, ст. 16-17).

119
da procesebs. socialuri aris yvelgan, amitom yvelgan
unda arsebobdes sociologiis sasicocxlo interesi,
misi sasicocxlo sivrce. gamodis, rom is yvelasaTvis
axlobelia. magram, amasTan erTad, Tu socialuri ar-
sebobs yvelgan, maSin misi SeswavliT aseve SeiZleba da-
kavdes yvela. amitomac iuristebi, fsiqologebi, poli-
tologebi, ekonomistebi warmatebiT axorcielebdnen
gamokvlevebs, romelic Seexeboda adamianis azrebs,
Sexedulebebs, qcevebs, damokidebulebas maT Soris da
sruliad samarTlianad uwodebdnen maT socialurs.
radganac maT sociologiuri ganaTleba ar hqondaT
miRebuli, gamokvlevebs isini atarebdnen, rogorc See-
ZloT da rogorc surdaT.
1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi sabWoTa qveyanaSi Seiqmna
situacia, romelmac asaxva hpova im drois samecniero
literaturaSi. TiToeul sazogadoebriv discipli-
naSi (samarTali, ekonomika, filosofia, istoria da
sxv.), garda Teoriisa, arsebobda ori tipis empiriuli
gamokvlevebi: pirveli tipi_sakuTriv disciplinaru-
li (iuristebi Seiswavlian konkretul samarTlebriv
problemebs, istorikosebi _istoriuls da a.S.); meore
tipi _socialuri problemebisa, romelTanac Sexeba
hqonda mocemul disciplinebs (iuristebi swavloben
danaSaulis socialur problemebs, istorikosebi _is-
toriuli realobis socialur problemebs da a.S.). meo-
re tipis gamokvlevebs daerqva kidec konkretuli so-
cialuri gamokvlevebi. sakuTari, e.i. Sida disciplina-
ruli gamokvlevebi iTvleboda, ra Tqma unda, ufro
prestiJulad. iuristi pirvel rigSi dakavebuli unda
iyos iuridiuli sakiTxebiT. es aris misi mTavari saqmi-
anoba, profesionaluri kodeqsi, kvalifikaciis donis
maCvenebeli; Tavisufal dros ki SeiZleba mosazRvre
problemebiT dakaveba, romlebic ar moiTxovs Rrma
codnas, radganac socialuri sakiTxebi yvelasaTvis

120
xelmisawvdomi da gasagebia, masTan Sexeba aqvs yvelas
da TiToeuls.
sociologebi empiriuli meTodebiT Seiswavlian imas,
rasac ar ikvleven iuristebi, ekonomistebi an filo-
sofosebi. ra ar SeuZliaT Seiswavlon iuristebma an
ekonomistebma? pirvel rigSi _socialuri struqtu-
ra, socialuri institutebi da sxva Temebi, romlebic
Seadgenen sociologiis Teoriul birTvs da gasagebi
xdebian sociologiuri gamokvlevebis meSveobiT, iqne-
ba igi Teoriuli, Tu empiriuli.
aqedan SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdegi meTodologiuri
daskvna: sociologiur gamokvlevebad unda CaiTvalos
mxolod Sidadisciplinaruli gamokvlevebi, romelTa
Seqmna, organizacia da Catareba imarTeba sociologi-
uri Teoriis saSualebiT, romlebic miZRvnilia soci-
ologiur Temebze, SesaZleblobas iZleva wina planze
wamovwioT sociologiuri da ara sxva romelime momi-
jnave codna. am azriT marketinguli gamokvlevebi ar
warmoadgenen sociologiurs, Tundac isini Catarebu-
li iqnas momzadebuli sociologis mier.
mokled, gamokvlevis am or tips Soris gansxvaveba Sei-
Zleba CamovayaliboT ase:
_cneba “socialuri gamokvlevebi” ufro farToa,
vidre cneba “sociologiuri gamokvlevebi”;
_cneba “socialuri gamokvlevebi” ar asaxavs mis ukan
mdgar konkretul mecnierebas, xolo “sociologiuri
gamokvlevebi” _ asaxavs. es aris sociologia;
_sociologiuri gamokvlevebi normirebulia mecni-
eruli meTodebis idealebiT, xolo _socialuri _ ara;
_sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gansazRvrulia so-
ciologiis sagniT da TematikiT, agreTve meTodiT, so-
cialuri gamokvlevebi _ara;
_sociologiur gamokvlevebs aqvT specifikuri
meTodebi, socialurs _ara;

121
 _sociologiuri gamokvlevebi _ Semecnebis Sida-
disciplinaruli meTodia, socialuri _ disciplina-
TaSorisi;
_socialuri gamokvlevebi moicaven sazogadoebis
nebismier socialur problemebs, imaTac ki, romlebic
ar miekuTvnebian sociologias, xolo sociologiuri
_problemebis SezRudul wres, sociologiis sagnis
davalebiT;
_socialuri gamokvlevebi yvelafris momcveli da
gaurkvevelia, sociologiuri _SerCeviTi;
_socialur gamokvlevebs atareben iuristebi, eq-
imebi, ekonomistebi, Jurnalistebi. isini arian sazoga-
doebrivi sociologebi. sociologiur gamokvlevebs
atareben mxolod profesionalebi. maTi damaxasiaTe-
beli, ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebaa _ Teoriasa da meTods
Soris mWidro kavSiri. es ar esmiT pirvelebs;
_sociologiuri gamokvlevebis wyaroa _ mecnier-
uli literatura da profesionaluri momzadeba, so-
cialuris _ popularuli literatura da yoveldRi-
uri, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba an mocemuli uwye-
brivi gamocdileba;
_socialuri gamokvlevebi asaxavs sazogadoebaze
farTo Sexedulebebs, sociologiuri _ viwro, Sez-
Rudul, specializirebuls.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, riT gansxvavdeba sociologiuri
da socialuri gamokvlevebi, mecnierebaSi sabolood
gadawyvetili ar aris. mecnierebi kamaToben rig prin-
cipul da meorexarisxovan momentebze. zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT: sociologiuri
ewodeba _ iseT gamokvlevebs, sadac erTi socialuri
movlena aixsneba sxva socialuri movlenebis daxmare-
biT. zustad aseve, fsiqologiuri ewodeba iseT gamokv-
levas, sadac erTi fsiqikuri movlena aixsneba sxva
fsiqikuri movlenebiT. movlenebis axsnis principi “Ta-

122
visive” movlenebiT, ixmareba yvela fundamentur mec-
nierebaSi. ekonomikaSi erTi ekonomikuri movlena aix-
sneba ara iuridiuli an socialuri, aramed sxva ekono-
miuri movlenebiT. kulturologiaSic aseve: kultura
aixsneba kulturiT. aseT proceduras SeiZleba ewodos
fundamenturi mecnierebis meTodologiuri TviTdak-
mayofilebis principi.
piriqiT, disciplinaTSoris (interdisciplinarul)
dargebSi erTi tipis movlenis codna aixsneba sxva tipis
movleniT. mag., socialur geografiaSi gaerTianebulia
geografiuli da socialuri movlenebi, xolo ekonomi-
kur geografiaSi _ geografiuli da ekonomikuri faq-
torebi. anTropologiaSi adamianis Zvlebis naSTebi Tavs-
deba erT rigSi kulturul da ojaxur struqturebTan
da gasakviri ar aris, rom zogierTi ucxoeli specialis-
ti Tvlis anTropologias sociologiis nawilad.
rogorc ki, sociologi Seecdeba axsnas socialuri
faqtebi ekomikuri, fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da sxva
mizezebiT, igi tovebs sociologiis, rogorc mkacri mec-
nierebis sazRvrebs. ar SeiZleba avxsnaT deviantoba (so-
cialuri faqti) fsiqikuri xasiaTiT an rasobriv-anTrop-
ologiuri niSniT. es ar iqneba sociologiuri axsna. amave
mizeziT, mravalricxovani Teoriebi: socialuri dar-
vinizmis, geografiuli determinizmisa da fsiqologi-
uri skolebisa sociologiaSi, ar miekuTvneba sociolo-
giuri Teoriebis ricxvs _ es socialuri Teoriebia.
rogorc Cans, socialuri gamokvlevebi iseTi gamokv-
levebia, romelSic socialuri faqtebi aixsneba araso-
cialuris daxmarebiT. maSasadame, socialuri gamokv-
levebi ar miekuTvneba mxolod sociologiur dargs.
es aris disciplinaTSorisi (interdisciplinaruli)
gamokvlevebi, formirebuli sociologiisa da monaTe-
save sazogadoebrivi disciplinis SeerTebiT. magali-
Tad, ekonomikaSi, socialuri gamokvlevebi miekuTvneba

123
erTdroulad or mecnierebas. am SemTxvevaSi _ socio-
logias da ekonomikas. fsiqologiisa da sociologiis
gadakveTaze formirdeba socialur-fsiqologiuri
gamokvlevebi. socialuri anTropologia aseve atarebs
Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT disciplinaTSoris gamokv-
levebs.
erT SemTxvevaSi, gamokvlevaSi axali mimarTuleba
ar saxeldeba, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki igi Rebulobs da-
moukidebel dasaxelebas, statussa da sagans. mag.,
socialuri gamokvlevebi, romlebic tardeba soci-
ologiisa da pedagogikis meSveobiT, ar Rebuloben da-
moukidebeli disciplinis statuss. piriqiT, social-
ekonomikuri gamokvlevebi, formirebuli ekonomikisa
da sociologiis SeerTebiT, gadaiqcnen dReisaTvis
mZlavr mecnierul disciplinad_ekonomikur socio-
logiad. mis statusze, sagansa da meTodebze mecniere-
bi jer kidev kamaToben: ekonomistebi amtkiceben, rom
ekonomiuri sociologia _ ekonomikis nawilia, xolo
sociologebs miaCniaT, rom is sociologiis dargia. ma-
gram erTi ram udavoa: ekonomikuri sociologia asobiT
da aTasobiT mkvlevaris, leqtoris (umaRlesis maswav-
leblebis), studentis, yuradRebas iqcevs, romlebic
swavloben bazris, mewarmeobis, marketingis sociolo-
giur aspeqtebs.
amJamad, sociologiis sazRvrebTan formirebulia gam-
oyenebiTi (dargobrivi) mimarTulebebis farTo fena,
dakavebuli zustad aseTive disciplinaTaSorisi anu
socialuri gamokvlevebiT. es aris ekonomiuri socio-
logia, samarTlis sociologia, socialuri inJineria,
socialuri ekologia, socialuri fsiqologia da sxv.
sxva akademiur mecnierebebSi, rogorc sociologiaSi,
Camoyalibda gamoyenebiTi mimarTulebebis aseTive fena,
romlebic SemosazRvrulia Taviseburi sartyeliT. maT
farglebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebi ar SeiZleba CaiT-

124
valos mkacrad fsiqologiurad, iuridiulad an eko-
nomiurad _ isini disciplinaTaSorisi gamokvlevebia.
mag., ekonomiuri fsiqologia, fsiqoteqnika, medicinis
fsiqologia.
aSS-Si gamoiyofa gamoyenebiTi samuSaos Semdegi sax-
eebi: klinikuri praqtika, politikis analizi, biznes-
konsultacia, socialuri gamokvlevebi. maT Soris
socialuri gamokvlevebi sociologiuri praqtikis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli da warmatebuli saxea.
gamoyenebiTi dargiT dakavebulni arian: ministrebi da
eqs-ministrebi, radikalebi da eqs-radikalebi, konser-
vatorebi da eqs-konservatorebi. sociologiam moxib-
la isini Tavisi SesaZleblobebiT, raTa gavlena moaxdi-
nos socialur reformebze. amasTan erTad, isini flo-
ben unikalur gamocdilebas da codnas am dargSi. gamoy-
enebiTi socialuri gamokvlevebi mowodebulia Seiswav-
los da Seafasos sazogadoebasa da bunebaSi mimdinare
realuri procesebis Sedegebi. mag., wyaldidobis zemo-
qmedeba adamianTa qcevebze da qalaqebis sacxovrebel
fondze. misi mizania _ gamoarkvios, rogori federal-
uri daxmareba unda gaewioT dazaralebulebs. mis sapir-
ispirod, bazisuri gamokvlevebi mimarTulia sasamarT-
los mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebis normatiul-
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis gamosavlenad, romlebic
Seexeba dazaralebuli saxlis mepatroneeb da maTTvis
kompensaciis gadaxdas gulisxmobs.1
pirveli tipis gamokvlevebi informaciiT amaragebs
adgilobriv xelisuflebas, raTa maT miiRon kompeten-
turi gadawyvetileba socialuri politikis sferoSi,
meore ufro Sors midis mimdinare sakiTxebze, radganac
kompensaciis gadaxdaSi igulisxmeba Semosavlebis

1. (² Rossi P.H. _The Presidential Adress: Challenge and Opportunities of Ap-

plied Social Research // Amer. Sociol. Rev. 1980. Vol.45 No.6. P. 890).

125
gadanawileba, romelTa gadawyveta ar Sedis mxolod ad-
gilobrivi xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaSi.
maSasadame, sociologiuri gamokvlevebi _es aris Si-
dadisciplinaruli gamokvlevebis tipi. socialuri
gamokvlevebi ki _ disciplinaTSorisi (interdisci-
plinaruli) gamokvlevebis tipi.

2.2. sacdeli da pilotaJuri gamokvlevebi

termini _ sacdeli gamokvlevebi literaturaSi ix-

mareba, rogorc:
1. sinonimi _saZiebeli (dazverviTi) gamokvlevebisa;
2. sinonimi _pilotaJuri gamokvlevebisa;
3. krebiTi _cneba, romelic moicavs saZiebel da pi-
lotaJur gamokvlevebs, rogorc Tavis nairsaxeobebs.
CavTvaloT, rom saZiebeli (dazverviTi) da pilota-
Juri gamokvlevebi _ aris sacdeli gamokvlevebis ori
ZiriTadi qvesaxeoba.
saZiebeli (dazverviTi) gamokvlevebi gamoiyeneba
problemis dazustebis, dasaxuli amocanebis, ufro ki,
wamoyenebuli hipoTezebis dasabuTebis mizniT. Tavisi
arsiT, igi aris konceptualuri gamokvleva. misi gamoy-
eneba gansakuTrebiT sasurvelia im SemTxvevaSi, roca
CvenTvis saintereso Tematikaze literatura ar arse-
bobs, xelmiuwvdomelia an sakmarisi ar aris.
dazverviTi gamokvleva _ sociologiuri analizis
yvelaze martivi saxea: amocanebis wre SezRudulia,
gamosakiTxTa ricxvi mcirea, programa da instrumente-
bi Zalze gamartivebulia, monacemebi reprezentatuli
ar aris. mecnierebi Rebuloben mxolod savaraudo mo-
nacemebs gamokvlevis obieqtis Sesaxeb, problemaze
zogadi orientaciisaTvis. igi gamoiyeneba naklebad

126
Seswavlili, an saerTod Seuswavleli problemebisaT-
vis. misi lozungia _daaxloebiT, iafad, swrafad.
saZiebeli gamokvlevebi SeiZleba Catardes Semdegi
meTodebiT: interviu _(umjobesia araformalizebu-
li) potenciul respondentebTan erTad; dakvirveba,
fokus_ jgufi; eqspertTa gamokiTxva _specialiste-
bis an ubralod adamianebis monawileobiT, romelTac
aqvT damokidebuleba CvenTvis saintereso proble-
mebTan; dokumentebis Seswavla, statistikuri monace-
mebi, romlebic Seicaven aucilebel monacemebs dasax-
elebuli amocanebisa da hipoTezebis Sesaxeb.
saZiebeli gamokvlevis variants warmoadgens eqspres
_ gamokiTxva. mas aseve uwodeben operatiul gamokiTx-
vas. es gamokiTxvebi fundamenturi mecnierebis ganvi-
Tarebas isaxaven miznad. misi daxmarebiT sazogadoeba,
uwyeba an kerZo SemkveTi iRebs uaxloes, xanmokle, ma-
gram mocemul momentSi Zalian saWiro informacias.
dazverviT gamokvlevas xSirad uwodeben agreTve
pilotaJur gamokvlevas. Tumca ufro samarTliani
iqneba CavTvaloT igi sociologiuri gamokvlevis da-
moukidebel saxed.
dazverviTi da pilotaJuri gamokvlevebi msgavsia or
aspeqtSi:
maTi mizania _ miiRon savaraudo monacemebi ama Tu
im movlenis Sesaxeb, an moaxdinon meTodikis gamoyenebis
aprobireba ufro farTomasStabiani gamokvlevebisaTvis.
maTi kvlevis obieqti _ am gamokvlevebis gansaxor-
cieleblad saWiroa obieqtebis umniSvnelo erToblioba,
amitomac isini tardeba SezRudul, gansazRvrul vadebSi.
magram dazverviTi gamokvlevebisagan gansxvavebiT, pi-
lotaJuri gamokvlevebi gankuTvnilia teqnikuri pro-
cedurebisa da saSualebebis damuSavebisaTvis, ufro
xSirad ki _ kiTxvaris aprobaciisaTvis.

127
 pilotaJuri gamokvlevis Catarebisas aucilebelia
gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi wesebi:
_pilotaJuri gamokvlevisas _ SerCevis moculo-
bas ara aqvs garkveuli meToduri dasabuTebuloba.
Cveulebriv miiCneven, rom sakmarisia 30 respondentis
gamokiTxva. mxolod mniSvnelovania, rom isini warmoad-
gendnen dagegmili gamokvlevebis obieqtebis yvela ar-
sebiT kategoriebs;
_SerCeva _ pilotaJis dros, aucilebeli ar aris
iyos reprezentatuli generalur erTobliobasTan
mimarTebaSi. ufro mniSvnelovania misi sxva Tviseba
_ mravalferovneba. masSi Seyvanili unda iyvnen im
jgufebis respondentebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT in-
strumentebze reagireba sxvadasxvanairad. Tu dabalga-
naTlebuli adamianebi warmoadgenen momaval SerCevaSi
umniSvnelo nawils, isini aucileblad unda gamoikiTx-
on pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom maT SeuZliaT upasuxon
Tqvens kiTxvebs ara ise, rogorc mosalodnelia;
_pilotaJur SerCevaSi SehyavT is respondentebi,
romlebsac gamokiTxvis TemisaTvis aqvT yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani social-demografiuli niSnebi (sqesi, asa-
ki, ganaTleba, muSaobis staJi, Sromis Sinaarsi da sxv.).
sociologiaSi pilotaJuri gamokvleva ZiriTad
gamokvlevamde tardeba da warmoadgens Semowmebis sa-
Sualebas, hipoTezebisa da amocanebis dasasabuTeblad,
agreTve instrumentebis profesiuli donis Sesafase-
blad da meToduri damuSavebisaTvis. pilotaJi gvex-
mareba SevafasoT SerCevis meTodis samarTlianoba da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SevitanoT masSi Sesabamisi Ses-
worebebi, davazustoT gamokvlevis obieqtisa da sagnis
zogierTi maxasiaTebeli, davasabuToT mTavari gamokv-
levis finansuri danaxarjebi da Catarebis vadebi. pi-
lotaJi sasargebloa agreTve interviuerTa (anketior-
Ta) jgufis savarjiSod.

128
 Tanamedrove sociologebi misdeven Semdeg wesebs:
sanam anketas gadascemen didi tiraJiT gamosacemad,
mizanSewonilia misi aprobireba mciretiraJian (pilo-
tur) gamokiTxvaSi, raTa davazustoT: sworad igeben Tu
ara SekiTxvebs respondentebi, anketa Zalian didi da
damRleli xom ar aris, ramdeni dro sWirdeba mis Sevse-
bas (an intervius), xolo safosto gamokiTxvis dros
_ramdeni dRe sWirdeba gagzavnili anketebis ukan da-
brunebas.
pilotaJi SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTavari gamokvlevis
generalur repeticiad. pilotaJi SeiZleba ori vari-
antiT Catardes. pirvelis dros _ respondentebis
mTel jgufs miipatiJeben calke oTaxSi, sadac magid-
aze moTavsebulia anketebi. maT acnoben pilotaJuri
gamokvlevis mizansa da amocanebs, uxsnian anketebis
Sevsebis teqnikasa da Txoven maT, anketis Sevsebis Sem-
deg gamoTqvan kritikuli SeniSvnebi gaugebar sakiTxe-
bze, romlebic arTuleben anketaze muSaobas. Sevsebul
anketebs inaxaven dabeWdil urnebSi, romlis Semdegac
iwyeba anketis mTliani Sinaarsis jgufuri ganxilva.
pilotaJis meore varianti gulisxmobs 3-4 kaciani
jgufebis mowvevas da anketis ganxilvas. maT uxsnian,
rom pasuxebis Sinaarsi ar analizdeba, radgan gamok-
iTxva miznad isaxavs mxolod meTodologiur amo-
canebs. maT Txoven igive meTodur kiTxvebze pasuxs,
rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi pro-
cedura amaRlebs anketis kritikul Sefasebas respon-
dentebis mier.

129
 2.3. aRweriTi da analitikuri
gamokvlevebi

es ori urTierTdapirispirebuli fundamenturi

gamokvlevebis tipia mecnieruli miznebiTa da miRe-
buli Sedegebis mixedviT. aRweriTi gamokvleva mec-
nieruli Ziebis ufro rTuli tipia, vidre dazverviTi
gamokvleva. misi amocanebi ufro seriozulia, tardeba
xangrZlivad, programa dawvrilebiTia, safuZvliania;
instrumentebi Seesabameba yvela mecnierul parame-
trebs. aRweriTad iwodeba ara imitom, rom movlenis
zedapirul, zerele Wrils gvaZlevs, aramed imitom,
rom ar gamoavlens mizezobriv kavSirebs. aRweriTi
gamokvlevebi gvaZlevs movlenis mTlian suraTs. ufro
metic, igi aRwers movlenis struqturasa da dinamikas,
dafuZvnebulia reprezentatul, sando monacemebze da
Seesabameba mecnieruli meTodis yvela moTxovnas.
analitikuri gamokvlevebi _ sociologiuri anal-
izis yvelaze rTuli saxeobaa. igi reprezentatulia,
saimedoa, utyuaria da sxv. garda amisa, igi gamoavlens
socialuri movlenis dafarul mizezebs. es ukve profe-
sionalizmis umaRlesi pilotaJia. magram igi xorciel-
deba iSviaTad da mas aRwevs mxolod mcire nawili.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT Semdegi kanonzomiereba:
_ gamokvlevis sirTulis xarisxi izrdeba pirveli-
dan mesame tipamde;
_ rac ufro rTulia gamokvlevis tipi, miT ufro na-
klebad gavrcelebulia da piriqiT.

130
 2.4. wertilovani (erTjeradi)
gamokvlevebi

wertilovani (erTjeradi) gamokvleva gvaZlevs in-

formacias socialuri movlenis mdgomareobis an ra-
odenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb Seswavlis momen-
tSi. aseTi gamokvlevis magaliTs warmoadgens mono-
grafiuli gamokvleva.
monografiuli gamokvleva SezRuduli mniSvnelobiT
_ aris erTi an ramdenime obieqtis gamokvleva kargad
damuSavebuli Teoriis farglebSi.
monografiuli gamokvleva farTo mniSvnelobiT _
aris erTi an ramdenime obieqtis nebismieri gamokvleva,
rogorc SemecnebiTi, ise praqtikuli mizniT. gamokv-
levis obieqti amoirCeva arsebuli informaciis safuZ-
velze. igulisxmeba, rom is damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa
mTeli klasisaTvis.
rogorc wesi, anTropologiaSi gamokvlevis obi-
eqts warmoadgens erTi sofeli, romelic Seiswavleba
rac SeiZleba Rrmad da intensiurad. gamokvlevis aseT
tips uwodeben kidec _ monografiuls. monografiuli
gamokvlevebi gavrcelebulia soflis sociologiaSi.
igi pretenzias ar acxadebs reprezentatuli infor-
maciis miRebaze. misi amocanaa _axali movlenis deta-
luri analizi, romelzec informaciis nakleboba Seu-
Zlebels xdis msxvilmasStabiani SerCeviTi gamokvlevis
Catarebas. monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi gamoiy-
eneba msxvilmasStabiani empiriuli gamokvlevebis pro-
gramebis damuSavebis dros.
monografiuli gamokvleva anTropologebis mier iqna
SemuSavebuli da Semdeg damkvidrda socialur mecniere-
bebSi. es meTodi erT-erTma pirvelma gamoiyena brita-
nelma anTropologma bronoslav malinovskim pirveli
msoflio omis periodSi. monografiul gamokvlevad

131
SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli me-19 saukunis bolos, london-
Si Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis gamokvleva,
romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTv-
leba da kavSiri ara aqvs anTropologiasTan.
monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo
frangul mecnierebaSic, sadac is klod levi-strosis
da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba. le pleim
sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis
meSveobiT gadawyvita. igi iyenebda informaciis Seg-
rovebis iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa: dakvirveba, in-
terviu da dokumentur monacemTa Seswavla.
monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi mniS-
vnelovani roli Seasrules Cikagos sociologiuri
skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi maTi damkvi-
drebulia mkvlevarebis xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis
tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT da maTTvis saintereso
fenomenis mravalmxrivi, gafarToebuli Seswavla.
monografiuli gamokvleva calkeuli SemTxvevis, Te-
mis an socialuri jgufis gafarToebuli da yovelmxri-
vi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela saSuale-
biT, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia CarTuli dak-
virveba. monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upirateso-
bad iTvleba mis mier problemis Rrmad da mravalmxriv
Seswavlis unari.
mkvlevaris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da
pirveli kontaqtebis damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgu-
fis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi Zalian
mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli. muSaobis
warmateba didad aris damokidebuli kargi informan-
tebis povnaze. mkvlevari unda imyofebodes “saitze”
sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan
erTad icxovros da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elemen-
ti. amiT mkvlevari uSualo urTierTobas amyarebs aq-

132
torebTan, Rrmad swavlobs maT cxovrebas da moipovebs
maT ndobas.
savele muSaoba xangrZlivi drois manZilze gulisx-
mobs mkvlevaris cxovrebas aqtorebis gverdiT, roca
igi eswreba maT Sexvedrebs, saubrobs maTTan, isvenebs
maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv _ yoveldRiuri
angariSebis Sedgenas, sadac dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemu-
li yovelive is, rasac mkvlevari akvirdeboda da, rac
man Seityo dRis manZilze.
monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc
erTma mkvlevarma, aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma; meore Sem-
Txvevis dros, kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi erTsa da imave
sakiTxze unda muSaobdnen da miRebuli Sedegebis Sedar-
eba SemdgomSi SesaZlebeli iqneba. monografiuli gamokv-
levebi Tavdapirvelad individualur kvleviT pro-
eqtebs warmoadgenda da dRemde es tendencia SeimCneva.
monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi, in-
formaciis Segrovebis ramdenime meTodi gamoiyeneba.
esenia: dakvirveba, sxvadasxva saxis interviu, doku-
mentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi monografiuli gamokvlevis
meSveobiT Seiswavlian iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs,
rogorebicaa: saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi, social-
uri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove
samrewvelo organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da
rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca, amJamad, mono-
grafiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT mcire Temebis an
organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa Sesa-
Zlebeli iyos mkvlevaris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli
jgufis wevrebTan.
saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania
aRweros Sesaswavli jgufis cxovreba da gaanalizos
am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, SeZlebis-
dagvarad _ gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi,

133
arsebuli ierarqiis, urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S.
Sesaxeb.
monografiuli gamokvleva pretenzias ar acxadebs
reprezentatuli informaciis miRebaze. misi amocanaa
_ axali movlenis detaluri analizi, romelzedac in-
formaciis ar arseboba SeuZlebels xdis farTomasSta-
biani SerCeviTi gamokvlevis Catarebas. monografiuli
gamokvlevis Sedegebi gamoiyeneba msxvilmasStabiani em-
piriuli gamokvlevebis programebis damuSavebis dros.

2.5. SerCeviTi da mTliani dafarvis

gamokvlevebi

SerCeviTi gamokvleva_ empiriuli gamokvlevebis erT-

erTi saxesxvaobaa. magram empiriuli gamokvlevebis
mTeli mravalsaxeoba ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mxolod
SerCeviTs. empiriuli gamokvlevebi SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes sruli dafarvis gamokvlevebis saxiT, romlis
magaliTs warmoadgens nacionaluri aRwerebi da ref-
erendumebi.
sociologiuri gamokvlevebis umravlesobas aqvs ara
mTliani dafarvis, aramed SerCeviTi xasiaTi. mkacri
wesebiT gamoiyofa adamianebis gansazRvruli raode-
noba, romlebSic asaxulia mosaxleobis struqturis
socialur-demografiuli niSnebi. aseT gamokvlevebs
ewodeba SerCeviTi.
SerCeviTi gamokvleva warmoadgens sistematiur mona-
cemTa Sekrebis xerxs_ adamianTa qcevebsa da ganwyo-
baze, specialurad SerCeuli respondentebis gamokiTx-
vis saSualebiT. SerCeviTi gamokvleva _ ekonomikuri
da saimedo meTodia, Tumca moiTxovs daxvewil meTo-
dikasa da teqnikas. misi safuZvelia _ SerCeviTi erTo-
blioba, romelic warmoadgens generaluri erToblio-

134
bis nawils, SerCeuli specialuri saSualebebiT, mTel
erTobliobaze informaciis misaRebad. generaluri er-
Toblioba_ aris yvela SesaZlo socialuri obieqtebi,
an maTi is nawili, romelic sociologs gansazRvruli
aqvs Sesaswavlad.
generaluri erTobliobaa _ yvela is, vis Seswavla-
sac apirebs sociologi, sargeblobs ra SerCeviTi er-
TobliobiT. xSirad generaluri erToblioba (mas aseve
uwodeben populacias) imdenad didia, rom TiToeuli
misi warmomadgenlis gamokiTxva SeuZlebelia. es is
xalxia, viskenac mimarTulia sociologis Teoriuli
interesi.
SerCeviTi erToblioba _ aris generaluri erTo-
bliobis Semcirebuli modeli; isini, visac sociologi
urigebs anketas, vinc iwodeba respondentad, vinc war-
moadgens sociologiuri gamokvlevis obieqts. eseni
arian adamianebi, romelTac sociologi gamokiTxavs.
sruli dafarvis gamokvlevebi moicavs generaluri er-
Tobliobis yvela erTeuls. maT miekuTvneba mosaxleo-
bis aRwerebi da referendumebi. amasTan, sociologiaSi
Semecnebis yvelaze gavrcelebul instruments war-
moadgens SerCeviTi gamokvlevebi.

2.6. ganmeorebiTi gamokvlevebi

ganmeorebiTi gamokvlevebi _es aris ramdenime gamokv-

levis erToblioba, erTiani programiTa da instru-
mentebiT, romelic xorcieldeba TanamimdevrobiT,
gansazRvruli drois Semdeg da mowodebulia obieqtis
cvlilebebis dinamikis dasaxasiaTeblad. isini warmoad-
genen SedarebiTi analizis saSualebas. maT miekuTvneba:
longitiduri gamokvlevebi _ erTi jgufis adamianTa
erTobliobis xangrZlivi Seswavla;

135
 kohortuli gamokvlevebi _erTi asakis (Taobis)
pirebis Seswavla xangrZlivi drois manZilze. mizani _
cxovrebis wesisa da orientaciis analizi erTi Taobis
adamianebSi. gamokvlevis obieqtebi icvlebian, magram
adamianebi SenarCundebian;
trenduli gamokvlevebi _ tardeba erTi da igive gen-
eralur erTobliobaze, droSi intervaliT da erTi
meTodikis dacviT. mizani _ socialuri cvlilebebis
tendenciebis dadgena (trendebSi). magaliTi _mo-
saxleobis aRwera;
paneluri gamokvlevebi _ tardeba erTiani programiT,
erTi da igive SerCeviTa da erTiani meTodikiT, drois
gansazRvruli intervalis Semdeg. mizani _ movlenis
dinamikis analizi. adamianebi SeiZleba Seicvalon, ma-
gram gamokvlevis obieqti (saamqro, sawarmo) _ Senar-
Cundeba.
paneli _ aris erTi da igive respondentebis erTo-
blioba, romlebic gamoikiTxnen sabazo da ganmeorebi-
Ti (magaliTad, 15 wlis Semdeg) gamokvlevebiT. ganmeo-
rebiT gamokvlevaSi isini iqnebian ukve 15 wliT ufrose-
bi. fsevdopaneli _ es aris respondentebis erToblio-
ba, SerCeuli ise, rom ZiriTadi parametrebiT _ asaki,
ganaTleba, profesia _ is mogvagonebs bazisur gamokv-
levas, magram eseni ar arian erTi da igive adamianebi (ax-
algazrdebi 1962 wels da axalgazrda muSebi 1976 wels
_fsevdopanelia).
paneluri gamokvlevebi (ganixileba, rogorc longiti-
duri gamokvlevebis erT-erTi saxesxvaoba) _ sociolo-
giuri dakvirvebis erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelSic infor-
macia ramdenime gamokiTxvis (aranakleb oris) saSuale-
biT grovdeba, mudmivad erTi da igive SerCeuli erTo-
bliobis wevrebisagan. radganac informacia moicavs mo-
nacemebs panelis TiToeuli wevris Sesaxeb da es orjer
da metad xdeba sxvadasxva dros, es ki SesaZleblobas

136
gvaZlevs erTobliv ZvrebTan erTad, SeviswavloT indi-
vidualuri cvlilebebi. paneluri gamokvlevebi gamoiy-
eneba mizezobrivi kavSirebis Sesaswavlad da damkvidre-
bulia sazogadoebrivi azris gamokvlevebis praqtikaSi.
drois intervali ganmeorebiT gamokiTxvebs Soris mci-
rea (ramdenime dRidan ramdenime Tvemde). ganmeorebiTi
informacis Sekreba SeiZleba gagrZeldes or, sam da met
etapebad. drois intervalis xangrZlivoba sawyis da
ganmeorebiT stadiebs Soris SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva,
radgan TviTon socialuri faqtebis dinebis siCqare gan-
sxvavdeba. xSirad, TviT obieqtis Tvisebebi karnaxobs im
drois intervalebs, rac saWiroa ganmeorebiTi gamokv-
levebis CatarebisaTvis.
longitiduri gamokvlevebi, rogorc ganmeorebiTi
gamokvlevebis saxesxvaoba, sxvanairad iwodeba moni-
toringad.

2.7. monitoringi

monitoringi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc mudmivi

dakvirveba procesze, obieqtis mdgomareobaze, movle-
nis ganviTarebaze sakmarisad xangrZlivi drois man-
Zilze erTnairi sistemis maCveneblebiTa da meTodikiT.
monitoringis obieqtze xdeba mudmivi Tvalyuris devne-
ba maCveneblebis (indikatorebis) perioduli gazomvis
meSveobiT, romlebic saTanadod gansazRvravs mas.
pirvelad monitoringi, rogorc obieqtis mdgomareo-
bis, Sefasebisa da prognozirebis Sesaxeb dakvirvebis
wesi, xerxi gamoyenebuli iyo niadagmcodneobaSi, xolo
Semdeg ekologiasa da sxva momijnave mecnierebebSi.
amJamad igi farTod gamoiyeneba teqnikur, sabunebism-
etyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, agreTve praqti-
kul saqmianobaSi-praqtikaSi. yvelaze xSirad ki eko-

137
logiaSi, biologiaSi, pedagogikaSi, sociologias, eko-
nomikasa da marketingSi, fsiqologiasa da marTvaSi.
ekologiaSi monitoringis cneba ganisazRvreba, ro-
gorc ganuwyveteli Tvalyuris devneba garemoze, misi
umniSvnelovanesi parametrebis arasasurveli gadaxre-
bidan gafrTxilebis mizniT. medicinaSi monitorings
iyeneben adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis saxifaTo kri-
tikuli situaciebis gamovlenisa da gafrTxilebisaT-
vis. fsiqologiuri monitoringi gamoavlens garkveu-
li jgufis adamianebisa da calkeuli pirovnebebis
fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis tendenciebsa da kanonzo-
mierebebs. misi sagani SeiZleba iyos bavSvebis fsiqolo-
giuri mzadyofna skolaSi swavlebaze, profesionaluri
da piraduli TviTgamorkvevis dinamika, fsiqikuri pro-
cesebisa da ganaTlebis funqcionirebisa da ganviTa-
rebis cvlilebebis dinamika gansazRvrul asakobriv da
profesionalur jgufebSi da sxv.
ekologiasa da biologiaSi gamoiyeneba haeris, wylis,
tyeebis, zRvis donis, klimaturi sistemis, temperatu-
ris, garemos, seismologiuri monitoringi. aseve mom-
wamlavi gazebis, xmauris, gamosxivebis, ekologiuri,
niadagis qimiuri, frinvelTa da cxovelTa janmrTelo-
bis monitoringi.
medicinaSi_sanitarul-higienuri, samedicino, kiboTi
daavadebulTa, temperaturis, ariTmiis, gulis muSao-
bis, wnevis, glukozisa da sisxlis monitoringi.
ekonomikaSi _ sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis,
fasebis, gadasaxadebis, mowyobilobebis, Semosavlebis,
Sromis bazris, kvebis produqtebis bazris, samSeneblo
saqonlis monitoringi.
ganaTlebaSi_moswavleTa codnis, ganaTlebis siste-
mis da a.S.
sociologiuri monitoringi_es aris sistematurad
organizebuli erToblioba regularulad ganmeo-

138
rebadi gamokvlevebisa, romelTa mizans warmoadgens
gauwion dainteresebul dawesebulebas samecniero-in-
formaciuli daxmareba socialuri programebis real-
izaciaSi (a.v.tolstixis azriT).
i.v. bestuJev-lada Tvlis monitorings prognozirebis
sistemis efeqturi funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofis sa-
Sualebad. _ idealurad, prognozi unda iyos uwyveti.
yvelaze ubralo, iaf da efeqtur saSualebas amoca-
nis gadasawyvetad warmoadgens eqspertebis periodu-
li gamokiTxvebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac aRiricxeba
Secvlili situacia. erTi da imave jgufis eqspertebis
gamokiTxebis dros tardeba paneluri gamokvlevebi.
prognozi, dafuZvnebuli eqspertebis sistematiurad,
specialurad organizebul gamokiTxvaze, gulisxmobs
SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebas mmarTvelobiT
gadawyvetilebebSi saZiebo da normatiuli xasiaTis pi-
robiTi varaudebis daxmarebiT.
prognozis agebis ZiriTadi etapebia: sawyisi_amo-
savali maCveneblebi, saprognozo foni, perspeqtiuli
problemebis saZiebo damuSaveba da ageba, mmarTvelo-
biT saSualebebs daqvemdebarebuli gadawyvetilebebi,
normatiuli damuSaveba winaswar gansazRvruli krite-
riumebisa da optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
safuZvelze.
monitoringi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, rogorc mini-
mum ori Semdegi pirobis dros: 1. dasazveri movlena an
procesi icvleba droSi (ucvleli obieqtebi ukeTesia
Seswavlil iqnen sxva saSualebebiT); 2. movlenam miiRo
socialuri (masobrivi), an saSiSi mniSvneloba (sxvanai-
rad masze fuls ar gamoyofen). monitoringis obieqtebi
dinamiurebi arian da (advilad) ganicdian garegan ze-
moqmedebas, gavlenas, romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvion
obieqtis funqcionirebaSi arasasurveli cvlilebebi.
ramdenadac Sesaswavli movlena dinamiuri da saSiSia,

139
amitom ori an ramdenime mimdinare gazomviT speciali-
stebi yovelTvis cdiloben aagon misi ganviTarebis
scenari uaxloes an Soreul momavalSi. amitomac moni-
toringis sferoSi xSirad gamoiyeneba prognozirebis
meTodologia.
monitoringis gamoyeneba efeqturia warsulis Ses-
aswavladac, radganac nebismieri movlena-SemTxveva
rodesRac mTavrdeba, xolo drouli Tvalyuris devne-
ba misi dinamiurobis procesze, saSualebas gvaZlevs: a.
SevadaroT erTmaneTs ramdenime sxvadasxva wertili;
b. davakvirdeT, Tvali vadevnoT cvlilebebis tenden-
ciebs an kanonzomierebebs; g. gamoviyenoT rTuli anal-
itikuri da grafikuli saSualeba am movlenis droSi
asaxvisaTvis. magaliTad, davakvirdebiT ra regionis
ganaTlebis sistemas ramdenime wlis manZilze, SeiZleba
miviRoT kadrebis denadobis potenciuri maCveneblebi
(pedagogTa raodenoba, romlebic SeiZleba wavidnen
ganaTlebis sistemidan). SevadarebT ra myar negatiur
tendenciebs romelime etalonTan, vTqvaT, kritikul
barierTan, SeiZleba gamovavlinoT misi saSiSroebis
xarisxi sazogadoebisaTvis an konkretuli socialuri
institutisaTvis. SeiZleba SevadaroT mogebis araswo-
ri cvlileba mocemuli firmisa da konkurenti firmebi-
sa da miviRoT saqmeebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saukeTe-
so Sefaseba.
monitoringis programa warmoadgens agreTve kvlevis
instrumentebis meTodologiuri saimedobis Sesamowme-
blad mniSvnelovan saSualebas. gansazRvruli maCvene-
blebis mravalTviani da mravalwliani gazomvis Sede-
gebis siaxlove iZleva principialur SesaZleblobas
saimedod CaiTvalos aseTi Sedegebi.

140
 2.8. savele da laboratoriuli
gamokvlevebi

sociologiuri gamokvlevebis gansakuTrebul saxe-

obas, romelic gamoiyeneba _eTnografiaSi, anTro-
pologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, arqeologiasa da socio-
logiaSi, warmoadgens savele gamokvlevebi. es aris
socialuri movlenebis Seswavla uSualo dakvirvebis
meTodiT adamianTa qcevebze, realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi. pirvelad igi gamoiyenes Cikagoelma so-
ciologebma me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi. igi unda
ganvasxvavoT SerCeviTi gamokvlevisagan, an SerCeviTi
gamokiTxvisagan, romlebSic mecnierebi Txoven re-
spondentebs gaixsenon, Tu ras grZnobdnen, sad iyvnen,
rogor iqceodnen, ras akeTebdnen romelime droSi
winaT. aseTi saSualebiT miRebuli monacemebi realo-
bas mowyvetilia. savele gamokvlevisas mkvlevari imy-
ofeba movlenis epicentrSi da awarmoebs uSualo dak-
virvebas. mag., SerCeviTi gamokiTxvis dros sociolo-
gi ekiTxeba adamianTa jgufs narkotikebis miRebaze,
xolo savele gamokvlevaSi igi imyofeba narkomanebis
gverdiT da akvirdeba maT moqmedebebs. iTvleba, rom
meore SemTxvevaSi Segrovebuli informacia zusti
da saimedoa, vidre pirvel SemTxvevaSi. samagierod,
savele gamokvlevebis Sedegebi Semoifargleba erTi
situaciiT, igi SeuZlebelia tipirebuli iyos, Tu ar
Catarda damatebiTi gamokvlevebi. sxva sityvebiT,
aseTi monacemebi zusti da saimedoa, magram ar aris
reprezentatuli, Semoifargleba erTi SemTxveviT.
sociologiaSi savele gamokvlevebad iwodeba ZiriTa-
di gamokvlevis faza, romelic iwyeba programis Se-
muSavebis, anketis pilotaJisa da meToduri doku-
mentebis gamravlebis Semdeg. veli – am SemTxvevaSi, ar
aris aucileblad bunebrivi sacxovrebeli garemo. ter-

141
mini “veli” aq atarebs metaforul xasiaTs da aRniSnavs
mkvlevarebis gundis gasvlas obieqtze, iqneba es ba-
zari, qalaqis quCebi, sawarmo, saamqro Tu sxva.
saxelwodeba “savele gamokvlevebi” ar aris damokide-
buli Seswavlis meTodze, amitom saubari SeiZleba Seexe-
bodes tradiciul anketirebas, araformalur intervius
an CarTul dakvirvebas. Tumca, kabinetSi an biblioTeka-
Si muSaoba ar miekuTvneba savele gamokvlevebs.
1990 wlebis meore naxevridan “savele gamokvlevebi” sul
ufro metad aRniSnavs sociologiuri gamokvlevebis mx-
olod erT saxeobas, ufro zustad ki _ Tvisebrivs. maSa-
sadame, sociologiaSic TandaTanobiT mtkicdeba savele
gamokvlevebis anTropologiuri gageba.
laboratoriul gamokvlevebSi sociologebi sagnebs
ganixilaven xelovnur garemoSi, sadac SesaZlebelia
pirobebis iolad regulireba. amasTan erTad, am gamokv-
levebSi win wamoweulia subieqtebTan mopyrobis eTi-
kuri sakiTxebi. isini mkvlevarebs avaldebulebs:
_ subieqtisaTvis proceduris axsnas; misTvis mx-
olod simarTlis Tqmas;
_ subieqtis gafrTxilebas raime xifaTis Sesaxeb;
aRweras, rogor unda gamoiyenon monacemebi;
_ subieqtis konfidencialobis dacvas da subieqtis
Tanxmobamde mis xelT arsebuli informaciis sisrulis
gamokvlevas.

2.9. SemTxvevis analizi (Case study)

msoflio mecnierebaSi, maT Soris amerikulSi, sadac igi

didi xania gamoiyeneba, am meTodis arsze erTiani gage-
ba, ar arsebobs. SemTxvevis analizi aris SemTxvevebis
(faqtebis) gamokvleva, romelic mimdinareobs “rome-
lime obieqtze, romelime moqmedi piris daxmarebiT”. mas

142
eqvemdebareba meTodebis mTeli rigi jgufi: biografi-
uli, istoriuli, dakvirveba da eqsperimentic ki. mag.,
j. mitCeli1-¹gansazRvravs SemTxvevis analizs, rogorc
“movlenis detalur ganxilvas an urTierTdakavSirebu-
li movlenebis serias, romlebic mkvlevaris azriT, war-
moadgenen gansazRvrul Teoriul principebs”, xolo r.
iini2 aRwers mas, rogorc `empiriul gamokvlevas, ro-
melic Seiswavlis movlenas realur cxovrebiseul kon-
teqstSi, rodesac sazRvrebi movlenasa da konteqsts
Soris waSlilia~. r. uolkeri3 miakuTvnebs SemTxvevis
analizs Tvisebrivi gamokvlevebis jgufs, romlebSic
upiratesad gamoiyeneba gafarToebuli interviu, jgu-
furi interviu, SemTxvevis aRwera misi monawileebis
mier, saproeqto teqnikebi da sxv. meTodebi. maTgan gan-
sxvavebiT, j. plati4 Tvlis SemTxvevis analizs ara im-
denad meTodad, ramdenadac kvleviT midgomad. Tavis
droze amerikeli sociologiis patriarqi f. gidingsi,
romelic me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi cxovrobda, ambob-
da: “SerCeviT gamokvlevebSi aRweren ramdenime Strixs
didi adamianuri portretidan, xolo SemTxvevis anal-
izSi mcire raodenobis adamianTa bevr Tvisebas”
SemTxvevis analizs zogjer uwodeben “monografiul
midgomas”, magram ufro xSirad mis analogebad ganix-
ileba eTnografiuli da savele gamokvlevebi, aseve Car-
Tuli dakvirveba.
zogadad, SemTxvevis analizi SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc romelime problemis Rrma, SerCeviTi gamokv-

1. Mitchell J.C._Case and Situation Analysis //The Sociolodical Rev. 1983.

Vol.31.P.191-192.
2.YYin R.K. _Case Study Reseacrh: Design and Methods. Beverly Hills: Sage.
1984. P.23.
3.AApplied Qualitative Research/ Walker R. (eds). Gower Publishing Company
Ltd., 1985. P.4-7).
4.PlattWhatCanCaseStudiesDo?//StudiesinQualitatioveMethodoLogy1988,#1

143
leva erT calke aRebul, magram warmomadgenlobiT
obieqtze. amasTan erTad, gamokvlevis sagani, misi urT-
ierTkavSiri obieqtTan, Seiswavleba vrclad da gul-
modgined. SemTxvevis analizi _ aris Tvisebrivi aR-
weriTi gamokvlevis forma, romlis obieqts warmoad-
gens calkeuli individi an mcire jgufi. mis sagnad Sei-
Zleba gamodiodes mxolod realuri urTierTqmedeba
Tvalmisawvdomi adamianTa mxridan da mxolod Zalian
specifikur konteqstSi. monacemTa Sesagroveblad aq
gamoiyeneba CarTuli an pirdapiri dakvirveba, inter-
viu, oqmebi, testebi, saarqivo dokumentebi, audio-vid-
eo Canawerebi, intervius transkriptebi, Semowmebuli
Canawerebi da sxv.
sociologebi, romlebic praqtikulad muSaoben am
meTodiT, ar miiswrafvian globaluri ganzogadebisak-
en, mizez-Sedegobrivi kanonebis aRmoCenisa da statis-
tikuri, reprezentatuli informaciis mosapoveblad.
aq Seiswavleba erTi movlena (SemTxveva) an erTi erTo-
ba, dawvrilebiT. aseTi gamokvlevis arsi mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom detalurad Seiswavlis erT an ramdenime Sem-
Txvevas, ikvlevs sazogadoebaSi mimdinare siRrmiseuli
procesebis Sinaarss, ukeT Seicnobs Sesaswavl movlenas
da SemogvTavazebs mravalgvar interpretaciebs. SemTx-
vevis analizis sakvanZo meTodologiur moments war-
moadgens empiriuli masalebis Sekrebisa da analizis
Tvisebriv meTodebze dayrdnoba. SemTxvevis analizis
strategiiT Catarebuli gamokvlevebi sociologebs
SesaZleblobas uqmnis Cawvdnen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
siRrmiseul SreebSi, Seiswavlon yofierebis is mxareebi,
romlebic Znelad misaRwevia an saerTod SeuZlebelia
ganaxorcielon tradiciuli anketuri gamokiTxviT.
SeiZleba gamoiyos aseTi gamokvlevebis ori nairsaxe-
oba. erTi maTgania monografiuli “SemTxvevis analizi”.

144
misi strategia gulisxmobs obieqtTan gamokvlevis sa-
gnis urTierTkavSiris gamovlenas.
SemTxvevis analizis meore nairsaxeoba (SeiZleba mas
vuwodoT gamWoli an obieqtTaSorisi) gamoyofs gamokv-
levis sagans, gadakveTs ra sxvadasxva obieqtebis saz-
Rvrebs, romlebic ar qmnian misTvis raRac erTian gare-
mos; mag., kadrebis denadoba erTi sawarmodan meoreSi.
“SemTxvevis analizis” mTavari upiratesobaa _ infor-
maciulobis mravalferovneba. garda amisa, is xelmis-
awvdomia praqtikuli sociologebisTvisac.

2.10. operatiuli gamokvlevebi

sociologiuri gamokvlevebis gansakuTrebul nair-

saxeobas, romelic tardeba Cveulebriv, praqtikuli
miznebisaTvis, mokle droSi da Semcirebuli mecnieru-
li programiT, ewodeba operatiuli gamokvlevebi. isi-
ni gavrcelebuli iyo sabWoTa droSi da dResac popu-
larulia. operatiul gamokvlevebs miekuTvneba fokus-
jgufis meTodi, romelic sociologiuri informaciis
Segrovebis efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgens.
aseTi gamokvlevebi mimarTulia gansazRvruli mmarT-
velobiTi, praqtikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad.
operatiuli gamokvlevebis meore damaxasiaTebeli
niSani is aris, rom isini tardeba ara mecnieris, aramed
SemkveTis iniciativiT. es aris ara Teoriul- Sinaarso-
brivi, aramed SezRuduli mecnierul-praqtikuli prob-
lema, mimdinare taqtikuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad.
operatiuli sociologiuri gamokvlevebi _ es Ta-
viseburi krebiTi dasaxelebaa “swrafi reagirebis”
sociologiuri meTodebisaTvis. am terminis nacvlad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva. mag., zondaJi an eqspres-
gamokiTxva, magram saqmis arsi ar icvleba. maT saerTo

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amocana aqvT _ sazogadoebrivi azris mdgomareobis Se-
faseba konkretul droSi, momentaluri “fotografi-
is” miReba. orive SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba SedarebiT
mcire SerCeva da kiTxvarebi, standartuli meTodebi da
Zveli codna, magram ar gamoiyeneba sociologebisaTvis
tradiciuli specialuri saSualebebi, monacemTa san-
doobisa da maTi verifikaciisaTvis. cnebebi: “zondaJi”,
“eqspres-gamokiTxva” da “operatiuli gamokvlevebi”
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc sinonimebi.
jgufuri gamokiTxva, iseve rogorc individualuri,
warmoadgens maT saxesxvaobas. is gviCvenebs mxolod
erTs, kerZod _ anketebis darigebisa da responden-
tebis mier maTi Sevsebis wesebs.

Tavi 3.

sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi

sociologia mxolod SexedulebaTa da koncefciis

Sesaxeb mecniereba rodia, is mecnieruli kvlevis sa-
ganicaa. es kvlevebi ki, socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasx-
va aspeqtis axsnaSi gvexmareba. sociologiuri gamokv-
levebis daxmarebiT sociologebi socialuri sinamdvi-
lis sul ufro da ufro met mxares Seiswavlian.
mainc ra aris sociologiuri gamokvleva? soci-
ologiuri kvleva SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc ama
Tu im socialuri problemis yovelmxrivi da mTliani
Seswavla, romelic eyrdnoba am problemisaTvis spe-
cialurad SemuSavebul, pirveladi masalis Sekrebisa
da damuSavebis meTodikasa da teqnikas. sociologiuri
kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens socialuri problema. ras
warmoadgens socialuri problema? socialuri prob-
lemis yvelaze zogadi gansazRvreba imaSi mdgomareobs,

146
rom igi aris ramdenime daukmayofilebeli sazoga-
doebrivi moTxovnileba, romelic socialuri struq-
turis sxvadasxva doneze sxvadasxvanairad vlindeba.
amitom socialuri problemis analizisaTvis saWiroa
daisaxos moTxovnilebaTa klasifikacia. sociologiis
TvalsazrisiT, isini SeiZleba daiyos: 1) elementaruli
moTxovnilebebi, 2) socializaciis moTxovnilebebi; 3)
SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis moTxovnilebebi.
arsebobs garkveuli erToblioba elementaruri ada-
mianuri moTxovnilebebisa _ mag: sakvebis, tansacmlis,
sacxovreblis da a.S. romelTa dakmayofileba adamianis
organizmis normaluri cxovelmoqmedebis pirveladi da
aucilebeli pirobaa. moTxovnilebaTa meore jgufi so-
cializaciis procesTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnilebe-
bia. esenia: ganaTlebis miRebis, transportis, komunika-
ciis saSualebebis da a.S. moTxovnilebebi. ufro rTuli
xasiaTisaa adamianis SemoqmedebiTi bunebisaTvis dam-
axasiaTebeli moTxovnilebebi. am SemTxvevaSi dakmayo-
filebulma _ garkveuli miRwevis gancda, xolo dauk-
mayofilebloba-warumateblobis gancda. pirveli ori
tipis moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba garkveulad gavaigivoT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirvelad meore tipis moTxovnile-
baTa dakmayofileba mesame tipis moTxovnilebebis dak-
mayofilebis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria.
socialuri problemis ganxilvisas sociologiuri
kvlevis obieqtad, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes misi
gamamJRavnebis sami dane mainc: pirveli danea _ so-
cialur-fsiqologiuri, rodesac socialuri problema
vlindeba calkeuli jgufebisa da individebis fsiqo-
logiaSi, cnobierebaSi; meore danea _ instituciuri.
am SemTxvevaSi problema exeba ara marto calkeuli ada-
mianebisa da mosaxleobis metad Tu naklebad didi masis
interesebs, aramed institutTa garkveul sistemasac

147
da maT Soris urTierTobasac da bolos, mesame dones
SeiZleba ewodos societaluri dane, e.i. iseTi dane, ro-
melic exeba mTel mocemul sazogadoebas da ara adami-
anTa romelime jgufs an am sazogadoebis institutTa
erTobliobas. radganac sociologiuri kvlevebis Sede-
gebs sazogadoebis mxridan sul ufro meti yuradReba
eqceva, amitom saWiro da aucilebelicaa isini kompeten-
turad, profesionalur doneze iqnes Catarebuli. mec-
nieruli kvlevis organizebisaTvis saWiroa sxvadasxva
principebisa da “normebis” dacva, xolo im principebisa
da “normebis” erTobliobas, romlebic axdenen mecni-
eruli kvlevis organizebas, meTodologias uwodeben.
“meTodologia” berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da Sei-
Zleba iTargmnos, rogorc “moZRvreba_gza raimesaken”.
meTodologias sxvanairad mecnieruli kvlevis strate-
giasac uwodeben.
meTodologia _ mecnierebaa principebisa da xe-
rxebis, wesebisa da normativebis, saSualebebisa da op-
eraciebis sistemis Sesaxeb. meTodologiaSi Sedis rigi
sakiTxebi, kerZod, is, Tu rogoria mecnieruli codnis
buneba, rogor aris mowyobili mecnieruli Teoria da
rogor viTardeba is, Tu rogor iqmneba hipoTezebi da
mimdinareobs maTi empiriuli dasabuTeba, rogor xdeba
cnebebis konceptualizacia da operacionalizacia,
rogor avagoT SerCeviTi erToblioba, gavakeToT mona-
cemTa logikuri analizi da sxv.
meTodika da teqnika _ es aris konkretuli saSuale-
bebi da procedurebi SerCeviTi erTobliobis gamosay-
ofad, anketebis, blankebis damuSaveba, dakvirveba Tu
interviu, monacemTa Sekreba, analizi da sxv.
nebismieri mecnieruli, maT Soris, sociologiuri
kvlevac saWiroebs Sesabamis meTodologias. soci-
ologiuri kvlevebi tardeba empiriuli sociologiis
farglebSi. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia war-

148
moadgens empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevis warmarT-
vis “logikur da Teoriul” safuZvels. meTodologia
ganixilavs kvlevis konkretul meTodebs da cdilobs
Teoriulad daasabuTos ama Tu im meTodis gamoy-
enebis marTebuloba gamokvlevis tipidan gamomdinare.
meTodologia socialur Teorias eyrdnoba da social-
uri codnis gaRrmavebisa da misi praqtikuli gamoy-
enebis gzebis Seswavlas emsaxureba. empiriuli soci-
ologiuri kvlevis meTodologias zogjer sociolo-
giuri kvlevis meTodikasac uwodeben. is warmoadgens
proceduraTa sistemas, romlebic uzrunvelyofen em-
piriuli sociologiuri kvlevis Catarebas.
procedura _ ki, Tavis mxriv, moicavs operaciaTa er-
Tobliobas; kerZod, meTodebis, teqnikuri saSualebebis
da kvlevis instrumentebis Tanamimdevrul gamoyenebas.
meTodi sociologiur kvlevaSi warmoadgens soci-
ologiuri informaciis (monacemebis) mopovebis, da-
muSavebisa da analizis ZiriTad xerxs. teqnika ki Seicavs
specialur wesebs, romelTa gamoyeneba aucilebelia ama
Tu im meTodis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis. mag., so-
ciologiuri informaciis mopovebis erT-erT meTodad
SeiZleba gamoiyenon anketuri gamokiTxva, an interviu.
teqnika, mocemul SemTxvevaSi iqneba kiTxvebis for-
mulirebis sxvadasxva wesi. rac Seexeba kiTxvars, misi
Sevsebis instruqcias, interviurisa Tu respondentis
ufleba-movaleobebs da sxva dokumentebs _ yvelaferi
es warmoadgens instrumentebs sociologiuri kvlevi-
saTvis. sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologiis Semad-
geneli ZiriTadi procedurebi ar arian sagnobrivi Si-
naarsis matarebeli, anu ar ukavSirdeba sinamdvilis
romelime sferos. es procedurebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon
sxvadasxva mecnierebaSi. mag., gamokiTxvis (testireba)
meTodi warmatebiT muSaobs fsiqologiuri Sinaarsis
kvlevebSi, xolo iseTi statistikuri meTodi, rogori-

149
caa maxasiaTeblebis gazomva, farTod gamoiyeneba ro-
gorc socialur, aseve sabunebismetyvelo (mag., fizika-
Si) mecnierebaSi. amdenad, sociologiuri kvlevebi-
saTvis gamosayenebeli meTodebi, Tu teqnikuri wesebi
interdisciplinaruli xasiaTisaa. konkretuli soci-
ologiuri kvleva formalizebuli procesia, romelsac
Tavisi logika aqvs da garkveul wesebs emorCileba.
sociologiuri kvleva moicavs avtonomiur, Tumca
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul etapebs:

1. sociologiuri kvlevis programis damuSaveba;

2. kvlevis meTodikis Seqmna;
3. pilotaJuri gamokvlevis Catareba;
4. SerCevis modelis SemuSaveba;
5. savele samuSaoebis Catareba, anu pirveladi soci-
ologiuri informaciis Segroveba;
6. miRebuli monacemebis momzadeba damuSavebisaTvis
(logikuri kontroli da kodireba) da maTi manqanuri
(kompiuteruli) damuSaveba;
7. damuSavebuli masalis analizi da daskvniTi anga-
riSis Sedgena.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi-

ka Seiswavlis empiriuli sociologiuri kvlevis ganx-
orcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs pirveladi
sociologiuri informaciis Segrovebis, damuSavebisa
da gamoyenebis konkretuli saSualebebis anu meTodebis
erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs, romlebsac unda
emorCilebodes sociologiuri kvleva.
meTodebi asruleben mecnieruli codnis SenebaSi gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols. isini warmoadgenen im
„algoriTmebs“, romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven empir-
iuli obieqtebidan gadavideT Teoriis agebaze, asaxaven
ra movlenebs, romlebic gansazRvraven am obieqtebis
Tvisebebs.

150
 meTodebi sociologiaSi _ es aris wesebi da pro-
cedurebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac myardeba kavSiri
faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs Soris.
sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi or jgufad iyofa:
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi. marTalia isini erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavdebian, magram erTi mniSvnelovani
faqti aerTianebT. orives mTavari mizania socialuri
samyaros Sesaxeb obieqturi codnis miReba.
raodenobrivi meTodebi (aseTia: masobrivi gamokiTx-
vebi, kontent-analizi) eyrdnoba raodenobriv maCvene-
blebs da miznad isaxavs, daadginos ama Tu im socialuri
movlenis gamovlenis sixSire. es meTodebi uaRresad
formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini „mkacri“ meTodebis
saxeliT aris cnobili. raodenobrivi kvlevisas soci-
ologebi gamoiTvlian romelime socialuri fenomenis
calkeul SemTxvevebs da cdiloben daukavSiron isini
sxva socialur faqtorebs statistikuri analiziT. ra-
odenobrivi kvleva iyenebs mravalgvar statistikur
meTods, sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels Soris damokideb-
ulebis gamovlenisa da mizezobrivi kavSirebis anal-
izisaTvis. raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT
umTavres Rirebulebas am Sedegebis reprezentatu-
loba warmoadgens, romelSic igulisxmeba, rom kvle-
vis procesSi gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi)
proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel mosaxleobas, an mo-
saxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kv-
levis procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic
ganisazRvreba yoveli konkretuli kvlevis amocanidan
gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli Ser-
Ceva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis
gavrcobas generalur erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac
saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli
azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis az-
rad CavTvaloT.

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 raodenobriv meTodebs Soris mTel msoflioSi
yvelaze gavrcelebulia masobrivi gamokiTxvebi_mo-
saxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemebTan daka-
vSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba:
1. mosaxleobis mier socialuri movlenebis Sefasebis
gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs emorCile-
ba; da 2. rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone
pirovnebebi, rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben mov-
lenebs.
masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros yoveli respondenti ga-
nixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba, mdidari da
ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu
im socialuri erTobis (jgufis) nawili, romelic war-
moadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawvdis in-
formacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis
an misi Sefasebis Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdin-
are, iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri mdgomareo-
bis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi „urTierTSemcv-
lelni“ arian. raodenobrivi meTodebi pasuxoben kiTx-
vebs: ra?, ramdeni? es meTodebi ver gvexmareba respon-
dentebis mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis Seswav-
laSi. respondentebs ar eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu
ratom fiqroben ase da ara sxvagvarad.
cxadia, yvela socialuri movlena ar SeiZleba iyos
gamoTvlili da Sefasebuli raodenobrivi Tvalsaz-
risiT. SesaZloa, raodenobrivad SevafasoT TviTmkv-
lelobis sixSire calkeuli SemTxvevisaTvis, magram
ara TviTmkvlelobis aqtis mniSvneloba., TviTmkvl-
elobis CamdenisaTvis. amrigad, Tvisebrivi analizic
mniSvnelovania sociologisaTvis. Tvisebrivi gamokv-
levisas sociologebi iyeneben sityvier aRweras, pi-
rad dakvirvebas da zogjer socialuri qcevis arsis
interpretacias, an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sqemebis
detalebis analizs. mkvlevari, romelic mimoixilavs

152
muSa jgufebs, imis gansazRvrisaTvis, rogor vlindeba
lideris roli an atarebs gamokiTxvas mcirewlovan
bavSvebSi, imis gamosakvlevad, rogori damokidebuleba
aqvT maT mSoblebs ganqorwinebasTan, atarebs Tvisebriv
gamokvlevas.
socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi Rrmad
Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas. es meTodebi inter-
disciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografi-
aSi, anTropologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi,
istoriasa da sxv. zogadad, am meTodebis meSveobiT
mopovebuli monacemebi sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo ver
daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs. am meTodebs ak-
lia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi daxmarebiT miRebuli
Sedegebis Sejameba cifrebisa da procentebis saxiT ar
xdeba, iseve, rogorc ar xdeba maTi ganzogadeba ufro
farTo socialur jgufebze.
samagierod, maTi gamoyenebisas mkvlevarebs eZlevaT
saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianTa
qcevis iseTi niuansebi, romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli
darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. Tvise-
brivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas vi-
RebT im xalxis Sesaxeb, vis cxivrebas an vis mosazre-
bebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod vafiqsirebT maT
mier gamoTqmul azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas
vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, miuTiTon, Tu ratom
fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben; ra faqtorma iqonia
gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am
faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es
meTodebi gvaZlevs saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im
movlenis mizezebi, vupasuxoT kiTxvebs: „ratom?“, „ro-
gor?“. am meTodebis Rirseba is aris, rom isini saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis
obieqtebis TvaliT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebi-

153
sas mkvlevaris mizans individualuri saqcielis gageba
warmoadgens. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSire-
biT erTi seriozuli sirTule arsebobs; gamokvlevis
Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba individu-
aluri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebaze gadasvla,
ris gamoc socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am
meTodebis mecnierebulobaSi anu imaSi, rom maTi meS-
veobiT SesaZlebelia sando monacemebis miReba social-
uri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebi-
sas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad
damtkiceba, rom srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is feno-
meni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi obieqturi da
sandoa, miT umetes _ rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs
reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi kvleviT
miRebuli Sedegebi arasdros ar aris reprezentatuli,
rac imas niSnavs, rom isini ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT
da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur erTo-
bliobaze. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvise-
brivi kvlevis mizani _ Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis
imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani socialur samyaros da
Tavis adgils masSi.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aer-
Tianebs. esenia, mag., : gafarToebuli (Rrma) interviu,
dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, SemTxvevis Ses-
wavla, fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu, „cxovrebis
istoria“, biografiuli interviu, zepiri istoria, wer-
ilebis, piradi dRiurebisa da sxv. werilobiTi doku-
mentebis Tvisebrivi Seswavla.
xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva
moiTxovs erTdroulad ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis
gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs sxvadasx-
va kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni.
Tvisebrivi meTodebis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze
xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi xdeba.

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 Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli,
amitom maT „rbil“, „moqnil“ meTodebsac uwodeben. in-
glisurenovan qveynebSi, sadac warmoiSva socialuri
kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi, dRemde ar aris dazuste-
buli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs „Tvise-
brivi meTodebi“, „eTnografia“, „CarTuli dakvirveba“,
„SemTxvevis Seswavla“ xmaroben, rogorc sinonimebs.
yvelaze xSirad Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eT-
nografiasTan.
rogorc raodenobriv, aseve Tvisebriv gamokvlevebSi
gamoyenebulia monacemebis Segrovebis mravali gansx-
vavebuli meTodi. gamokiTxebis Catarebidan pirad dak-
virvebamde, istoriuli Canawerebis amoRebidan eqsper-
imentebis Catarebamde.
rogorc raodenobriv, ise Tvisebriv meTodebs aqvT
Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare; amitomac ver vi-
tyviT, romelia maT Soris ukeTesi. meTodis SerCeva
konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda
moxdes _ aris amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaW-
rasac ukeT SeZleben raodenobrivi meTodebi, iseve ro-
gorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi
meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili. xSirad,
socialuri sinamdvilis sirTulis gamo, aucilebeli
xdeba raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis gaer-
Tianeba, saukeTeso Sedegis misaRebad. isini ar unda ga-
nixilebodes, rogorc urTierTgamomricxavi. piriqiT,
isini aucileblad unda ganixilebodes, rogorc urT-
ierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli.

155
 3.1. mecnieruli gamokiTxvis meTodi

farTo gagebiT _ gamokiTxva, moicavs rogorc inter-

vius, ise anketirebasac. viwro azriT, termini _ ”gamok-
iTxva” gulisxmobs mxolod zepir saubars da amitomac
SeerTebulia intervius ramdenime saxesTan. anketireba
aq ar Sedis.
meTodikis cnobili specialistebis j. manheimisa da r.
riCis azriT, arsebobs gamokiTxvis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi:
pirispiri interiu (daswrebiTi interviu), satelefono
interviu, safosto anketireba da presis saSualebiT
gamokiTxva. am klasifikaciaSi tradiciuli anketireba
(individualuri da jgufuri) ar figurirebs. Tumca an-
ketireba moxseniebulia mxolod safosto da sagazeTo
formiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamokiTxva _ es aris informa-
ciis miRvbis sociologiuri meTodi, romlis drosac
respondentebs werilobiTi an zepiri formiT usvamen
specialurad SerCeul SekiTxvebs da Txoven maTze pa-
suxebs. gamokiTxva _ sociologiuri gamokvlevebis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa da erTdroulad
pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis yvelaze xSirad gam-
oyenebuli meTodia. gamokiTxva Seucvlelia im situa-
ciebSi, roca Seiswavleba masobrivi da individualuri
cnobierebis Sinaarsobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, socialuri
da pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi, romlebic nak-
lebad an saerTod ar emorCileba pirdapir dakvirvebas.
sociologi gamokiTxvis meTods mimarTavs im SemTx-
vevaSi, roca Sesaswavli problema sakmarisad ar aris
uzrunvelyofili dokumenturi wyaroebiT an Tu aseTi
wyaroebi saerTod ar arsebobs. is gamoiyeneba sazoga-
doebrivi azris, socialur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebis
ganviTarebis donisa da mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. misi
daxmarebiT iReben informacias xalxis moTxovnile-

156
bebis, interesebis, motivebis, ganwyobis, faseulobebis,
rwmenisa da mrwamsis Sesaxeb. am situaciaSi gamokiTxvis
meTodi SeiZleba iyos empiriuli monacemebis miRebis
ZiriTadi, zogjer ki erTaderTi saSualeba. garda ami-
sa, gamokiTxva gamoiyeneba sakontrolo (damatebiTi)
meTodis saxiT, e.i. sxva meTodebiT miRebul monacemTa
maxasiaTeblebis aRwerisa da analizis gafarToebisaT-
vis, maTi Semowmebis mizniT.
gamokiTxva gulisxmobs: pirveli, mkvlevaris zepir an
werilobiT mimarTvas kiTxvebiT, xalxis gansazRvruli
erTobliobisadmi, romelTa Sinaarsi Sesaswavl prob-
lemas empiriuli indikatorebis doneze warmoadgens, da,
meore, miRebuli pasuxebis registraciasa da statisti-
kur damuSavebas, agreTve maT Teoriul interpretacias.
gamokiTxvis mizania Sesaswavli kiTxvebiT sworad
gazomos xalxis azrebi, ganwyobilebebi da qcevebi,.
warmateba aq mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli kiTx-
vebis xarisxze: kargi kiTxvebi swor pasuxebs uzrunve-
lyofs, xolo cudi kiTxvebi ki _ gulisxmobs arasando
da araswor pasuxebs.
amJamad, gamokiTxvis meTodiT sociologebis garda,
sargebloben Jurnalistebi, eqimebi, maswavleblebi,
gamomZieblebi. mecnieruli gamokiTxvis pirveli gan-
masxvavebeli niSania _ gamokiTxulTa raodenoba. ze-
moT naxseneb specialiastebs saqme aqvT, rogorc wesi,
erT adamianTan. sociologi ki gamokiTxavs asobiT da
aTasobiT adamians da mxolod Semdeg, ganazogadebs ra
miRebul informacias, akeTebs daskvnebs.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis arsi gamoixateba ima-
Si, rom ramdenime aseuli adamianis Sexedulebis safuZ-
velze, vmsjelobT aTasebsa da milionebze. roca gamok-
iTxaven erT adamians, maSin igeben pirad azrs. Jurnal-
istisaTvis, eqimisaTvis, gamomZieblisaTvis aucile-

157
belia zustad gamokiTxulis piradi azri. sociologi
ki, gamokiTxavs ra xalxis mniSvnelovan raodenobas,
interesdeba sazogadoebrivi azriT. Sedegad sociolo-
gi Rebulobs realobis gaSualebul suraTs. man gamok-
iTxa mag., 100 inJineri, magram gamoavlina am profesiis
saSualo tipiuri warmomadgeneli. ai, ratom ar aris
saWiro Tavis gvaris, saxelisa da misamarTis miTiTeba
sociologiur anketaze. igi anonimuria. maSasadame, so-
ciologi, romelic iRebs statistikur informacias,
gamoavlens pirovnebis socialur tipebs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, gamokiTxva _ es aris responden-
tebisaTvis dasmuli SekiTxvebis pasuxebidan miRebuli
informaciis Segrovebis sistemaSi moyvana _ sistem-
atizeba. “sistematizeba” gulisxmobs: miiReba yvela
zomebi imisaTvis, raTa miRebuli Sedegebi iyos ara mx-
olod SeZlebisdagvarad zusti, aramed tipiuric, da,
garda amisa, maT mimarT gamoyenebuli iyos saimedoobi-
sa da utyuarobis statistikuri Sefasebebi.
gamokiTxva, rogorc kvlevis saxe, or did nairsaxe-
obad iyofa _ interviu da anketireba. anketireba _
teqstis organizaciis kiTxva_pasuxis formaa. inter-
viu _winaswar momzadebuli gegmis mixedviT warmar-
Tuli saubari, interviuersa da respondents Soris,
romlis drosac interviueri afiqsirebs respondentis
pasuxebs.
Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli es saxeoba iyofa mraval qves-
axeobad:
1. gamokiTxulTa ricxvis mixedviT (jgufuri da in-
dividualuri);
2. Catarebis adgilis mixedviT (saxlSi, samsaxurSi,
auditoriaSi).
gamosakiTxebze gavrcelebis mixedviT anketebi iyofa:
darigebiTi (kurieruli) anketa; safosto (igzavneba
fostiT) da sagazeTo (qveyndeba gazeTsa da JurnalSi).

158
 garda amisa, gamokiTxvis saxeebi SeiZleba klasi-
ficirdebodes sxva kriteriumebiTac. kerZod, ki:
a. raodenobrivi (statistikis gamoyenebiT) da Tvise-
brivi (gafarToebuli interviu, fokus-jgufi);
b. beWdviTi (anketebi, testebi) da zepiri (interviu);
g. daswrebuli da dauswrebeli;
d.standartizirebuli, naxevradstandartizirebu-
li da arastandartizirebuli;
e. klinikuri da fokusirebuli;
v. mimarTuli da aramimarTuli;
z. sacdeli (pilotaJuri, zonduri, eqspres-gamok-
iTxvebi) da ZiriTadi-mTavari (rogorc pirveladi in-
formaciis Segrovebis mTavari xerxi);
T. masobrivi gamokiTxva (respondentebisaTvis _ara-
specialistebisaTvis) da
i. saeqsperto gamokiTxva (ama Tu im dargis speciali-
stebisaTvis).
gamokiTxvis yvela sxvadasxva saxes aerTianebs erTi
ram _ kiTxvari, e.i. kvlevis Canafiqris Sesatyvisi da
logikurad agebuli kiTxvebis sistema _gankuTvnili
respondentebisadmi, da romelic, agreTve sTavazobs
maT pasuxebis variantebs.
kiTxvari ufro farTo terminia, vidre anketa. igi
gamoiyeneba rogorc anketirebis, ise intervius dros.
Tavis mxriv, anketa _ es aris gamokiTxvis dokumenti
(„anketa muSebisaTvis“) da gamokiTxvis meTodi (e.i. anke-
tireba). dasavleTis meTodikebSi anketad iwodeba kiTx-
vari, romelic ufro xSirad Seivseba interviuebis dax-
marebiT, magram zogjer igzavneba fostiT an urigdebaT
respondentebs damoukidebeli SevsebisaTvis.
jgufuri anketuri gamokiTxva farTod gamoiyeneba
samuSao da saswavlo adgilebSi. anketebi auditoriebSi
urigdebaT SerCevaSi moxvedril respondentebs. Cveu-

159
lebriv, erTi anketiori muSaobs 15-20 kacian jgufTan.
aseT dros, anketebis 100% ubrundeba anketiors, re-
spondentebs SeuZliaT Sevsebis Sesaxeb miiRon infor-
macia an konsultacia, gaarkvion rTuli da gaugebari
adgilebi, xolo anketiors anketebis Segrovebisas
SeuZlia gadaamowmos Sevsebis xarisxi. CvenTan yvelaze
popularulia individualuri anketuri gamokiTxva. mas
iyeneben daaxloebiT 75%-80% SemTxvevaSi.
ucxoeTSi situacia gansxvavebulia. aqamade gamokv-
levebis umravlesoba aSS-Si, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi
tardeba piradi interviuebis saSualebiT. sxvadasxva
mizezebis gamo (xalxs ar uyvars kiTxva da wera, zogjer
arc ician, eridebian grZel pasuxebs, uSveben bevr Sec-
domebs, Seuvsebels toveben bevr adgilebs, pasuxebi
araSesatyvisia da a.S.). sociologebi cdiloben Tavi
aaridon anketirebas. magram rogorc ar unda iyos, so-
ciologiaSi gamokiTxva misi yvela saxesxvaobis CaT-
vliT, mainc yvelaze popularulia. amitomac SemTx-
veviTi ar aris is faqti, rom sociologia gaigivebulia
gamokiTxvasTan.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi _ ZviradRirebuli
RonisZiebebia, gansakuTrebiT, Tu erTdroulad xdeba
ramdenime aTasi kacis gamokiTxva. amJamad telefoni
da kompiuteri warmoadgenen liderebs im teqnikur
saSualebebs Soris, romelic exmareba sociologs.
pirveli saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovkiTxoT responden-
tebis didi raodenoba mokle droSi da Cvengan aTaso-
biT kilometris daSorebiT. meore _ onlain reJimSi
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gamovkiTxoT ufro meti xalxi
minimaluri TviTRirebulebiT da amasTan erTad, spe-
cialuri programebis daxmarebiT swrafad davamuS-
aoT monacemebi. yovelwliurad izrdeba internetiT
momxmarebelTa ricxvi mTel msoflioSi. es saSuale-
bas aZlevs sakvlev kompaniebs gamoiyenon igi, rogorc

160
gamokvlevis Catarebis saSualeba. eWvgareSea, uaxloes
momavalSi, gamokvlevebis umravlesoba, romlebic am-
Jamad tradiciuli xerxebiT tardeba, Catardeba on-
lainis reJimSi. mas aqvs ori aSkara upiratesoba: mcire
Rirebuleba da Catarebis vadebi. cneba Web _ interviu
gaxdeba iseTive tradiciuli, rogorc Cveulebrivi in-
terviu. erTjeradi kontaqtis fasi internetma praqti-
kulad nulamde daiyvana.

3.2. masobrivi gamokiTxva, misi saxeebi

da tipebi

masobrivi sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Catarebis

ZiriTadi mizania, swori warmodgena miviRoT mosaxleo-
baSi gavrcelebuli azrebis Sesaxeb, SevityoT, Tu ro-
gor afasebs ama Tu im movlenas mosaxleoba da misi
calkeuli fenebi. gamokiTxvis dros respondentebi
Sefasebas aZleven mkvlevaris mier SeTavazebul mosaz-
rebebs an pasuxoben mTel rig kiTxvebs maTi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb. amerikeli sociologis jon
makionisis azriT, masobrivi gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT
gamosadegia im movlenebis Sesaswavlad, romlebzec ar
SeiZleba uSualo dakvirvebis warmoeba. aseT movlena-
Ta ricxvs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, xalxis politikuri
orientaciebi da religiuri rwmena.
cnobili rusi sociologis, vladimer iadovis azriT-¹,
„gamokiTxvebi warmoadgens adamianebis subieqturi sa-
myaros, maTi midrekilebebis, motivebis, azrebis Ses-
axeb informaciis miRebis umniSvnelovanes saSualebas.
am meTodis gamomyeneblis xelovneba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom man unda icodes, ris Sesaxeb unda SeekiTxos xalxs,
rogor unda SeekiTxos, rogor unda Camoayalibos kiTx-
vebi, da bolos, rogor unda Seafasos, imsaxurebs Tu ara

161
ndobas miRebuli pasuxebi. Tu amas ramdenime sxva piro-
bas davumatebT, rogorebicaa: vis unda SevekiTxoT, sad
unda vesaubroT maT, rogor davamuSaoT monacemebi, da
SeiZleba Tu ara SevityoT yovelive is, rac gvaintere-
sebs _ gamokiTxvis Catarebis gareSe _ Cven miviRebT
met-naklebad srul warmodgenas am meTodis Sesaxeb”1
masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis sandoobis uzrun-
velyofa advili ar aris. amisaTvis saWiroa mTeli rigi
mniSvnelovani moTxovnebis Sesruleba, romlebic exeba
rogorc kiTxvaris Sedgenas da interviuerebis muSao-
bas, aseve SerCevis modelis SemuSavebas da miRebuli
Sedegebis damuSavebas.
masobrivi sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Catarebisas
ramdenime etapis gamoyofa SeiZleba. pirvel rigSi,
xdeba problemis gansazRvra da gamokvlevis programis
Sedgena, Semdeg iwyeba praqtikuli muSaoba gamokvlevis
momzadebis mizniT, romelic ori mimarTulebiT mimdi-
nareobs: respondentTa SerCeva da kiTxvaris momzade-
ba. rodesac orive mzadaa, sasurvelia mcire sacdeli
gamokiTxvis (“pilotaJis”) Catareba 20-50 responden-
tis monawileobiT (ZiriTadad, kiTxvaris Semowmebis
mizniT), ris Semdegac iwyeba uSualod gamokiTxvis Cat-
areba, anu “savele samuSaoebi”. yvela am etapze mkacrad
unda iyos daculi arsebuli eTikuri normebi.
informacia, romelic gamokiTxvis Catarebis Sedegad
grovdeba _ anu respondentTa pasuxebi _pirveladi
sociologiuri informaciis saxeliTaa cnobili. misi
Segrovebis Semdeg xdeba am informaciis statistikuri
damuSaveba, risTvisac specialuri komiuteruli pro-
gramebi gamoiyeneba, romelTa Soris yvelaze gavrcele-
bulia SPSS da Stata.

1. (¹ Ядов В. А. –Социологическое исследование: методология,

программа, методы. Изд-во «Самарский университет», 1995, ст. 14-15.).

162
 masobrivi sociologiuri gamokiTxvis ukanasknel
etaps miRebuli Sedegebis analizi warmoadgens. swored
analizis dros gascems sociologi pasuxs im kiTxvebze,
romlebic man gamokvlevis programaSi daayena da amow-
mebs mis mier SemuSavebuli hipoTezebis siswores.
sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebidan yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyeneba masobrivi gamokiTxva _ mosaxleobis azris
Seswavla ama Tu im sakiTxTan, problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
mosaxleobis Seswavlis saukeTeso saSualebas war-
moadgens sayovelTao aRwera, romelic saxelmwifo
statistikuri informaciis, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi de-
mografiuli maCveneblebis mopovebis mTavari wyaroa.
misi saSualebiT grovdeba informacia saxelmwifoSi
mcxovrebi yvela adamianis Sesaxeb.
sayovelTao aRweris dros SesaZlo kiTxvebis raode-
noba SezRudulia. statistikosebi iZulebulni arian
Semoifarglon aucilebeli minimumiT, amitom aRweris
farglebSi arasodes ar yofila mosaxleobis azris Ses-
wavlis mcdeloba, ama Tu im socialur problemasTan
dakavSirebiT. es gasagebic aris, radgan sayovelTao
aRweris mTavari mizani mosaxleobis raodenobis, demo-
grafiuli maCveneblebis, Semosavlis odenobis dadge-
naa da ara maTi azris Seswavla.
rodesac saqme saxelmwifosaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovan sakiTxebs exeba, tardeba referendumi, rom-
lis mizania gamoavlinos mosaxleobis azri romelime
mwvave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Cveulebriv, referen-
dumebi politikur sakiTxebs eZRvneba da maTi Catarebis
Sedegad cnobili xdeba mosaxleobis damokidebuleba
ramdenime aqtualur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
sayovelTao aRwera da referendumi ZviradRire-
buli procedurebia, radgan isini mTel mosaxleobas
moicavs. referendumebis Catareba raime gansakuTreb-
uli aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli da amitom araregu-

163
larulia, aRwera ki, saerTaSoriso praqtikis Tanaxmad,
saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, masobrivi sociologiuri gamokv-
levebi swored im sicarieles avsebs, romelic aRwerebi-
sa da referendumebis iSviaTobis da maTi specifikuri,
sakmaod SezRuduli miznebis gamo warmoiqmneba. ro-
gorc zemoT avRniSneT, aRwera ar aris mosaxleobis az-
ris, maT mier garkveuli movlenebis Sefasebis Seswav-
lis saSualeba; sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Sedegad ki
SesaZlebelia rogorc demografiuli, aseve SefasebiTi
informaciis Segroveba.
masobrivi sociologiuri gamokiTxvis or ZiriTad
tips gamoyofen: intervius da anketirebas.

interviu

interviu warmoadgens pirispir saubars interviuersa

da respondents Soris, roca interviueri TviTon svams
kiTxvebs da afiqsirebs pasuxebs kiTxvarSi, an xdeba
firze Cawera. intervius dros respondentebs ara aqvT
uSualo kontaqti kiTxvarTan.
intervius ramdenime tipi arsebobs: Tavisufali da
standartizebuli, klinikuri da fokusirebuli, jgu-
furi da individualuri, pirispir da gaSualebuli, ar-
amimarTuli da paneluri, dokumenturi da Sexeduleba-
Ta. maTgan yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia e.w. pirispir
interviu, roca interviueri da respondenti pirispir
saubroben. aseTi interviuebi respondentis saxlSi
tardeba da misi saSualo xangrZlivoba Seadgens 45-
60wT-s. sasurvelia, am dros interviuerisa da respon-
dentis urTierTobas xeli aravin SeuSalos.
pirispir intervius erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens
eqspres-gamokiTxva _es aris mcire moculobis inter-

164
viu, romlis xangrZlivoba Seadgens 10-15 wT-s da xSir-
ad tardeba quCaSi, specialurad SerCeul adgilebSi.
interviu ar tardeba samuSao adgilas, Tumca zogjer
SeiZleba misi Catareba studentTa auditoriaSi.
intervius erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens satele-
fono gamokiTxva, romlis drosac interviuersa da re-
spondents Soris saubari pirispir ki ar mimdinareobs,
aramed telefoniT. satelefono gamokiTxva _ es aris
anketirebisa da intervius specifikuri sinTezi, ro-
melic gamoiyeneba erTi qalaqis an dasaxlebuli pun-
qtis sazRvrebSi. satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba
Seadgens 10-15 wT-s. amJamad satelefono gamokiTxvebi,
Zalian farTod aris gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT
did qalaqebSi, sadac telefonizaciis done maRalia da
Seadgens 95%-s.
satelefono gamokiTxvis upiratesobas pirispir in-
terviusTan SedarebiT specialistebic aRiareben
da asaxeleben Semdeg niSnebs: operatiulobas (re-
spondentTan kontaqtis dayareba umokles droSi, ar
saWiroebs savele dokumentaciis gamravlebas da sxv.);
respondentze kontrolis arseboba, interviueris min-
imaluri gavlena, ufro adekvaturi pasuxebiT uzrun-
velyofis kargi SesaZlebloba; dabali TviTRirebule-
ba, konfidencialobis maRali xarisxi da Sesabamisad,
gulaxdili pasuxebi; monacemTa miReba gaiolebulia,
Tu interviueri muSaobs kompiuterze.
satelefono intervius gaaCnia naklovanebebic. pirve-
li aris is, rom: SeuZlebelia SerCevis reprezentatu-
lobis dacva. SerCevis safuZvels satelefono gamok-
iTxvis dros, warmoadgens satelefono wigni, xolo mo-
saxleobis mocvis xarisxi pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli
qveynis telefonizaciis doneze. sadac igi maRalia, iq
SeiZleba reprezentatulobis dacva, xolo sadac tele-
fonizaciis done dabalia, aseTi gamokiTxvebi saimedo

165
Sedegebs ar mogvcems da amitom maTi Catareba gaumar-
Tlebelia.
meore naklovaneba satelefono gamokiTxvisas aris
_ pasuxebis aragulwrfeloba. damtkicebulia, rom
telefoniT Segrovili cnobebis xarisxi da utyuaro-
ba, SesamCnevad dabalia, vidre sxva meTodebis gamoy-
enebisas. irkveva, rom satelefono respondentisaTvis
advilia ara marto uaris Tqma interviuze, aramed in-
terviueris SecdomaSi Seyvanac. satelefono interviu
aRmoCnda yvelaze susti rgoli Tanamedrove sociolo-
giis meTodur arsenalSi. respondentebs, satelefono
gamokiTxvis dros, diskomforts uqmnis interviuerTan
iseT Temebze msjeloba, rogoric aris: Semosavlebi, ga-
dasaxadebi, politikuri Sexeduleba, janmrTeloba, sa-
muSao, rasobrivi sakiTxebi.
miuxedavad am naklovanebebisa, satelefono inter-
viu imsaxurebs sociologebis yuradRebas. cxovre-
baSi kompiuteruli teqnikis danergvasTan erTad, igi
warmoadgens Zalze perspeqtiul meTods. telefoniT
gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia eqspres-gamokiTxvebis
Catareba.
intervius dros interviueris gavlena respondentis
pasuxebze minimumamde unda iqnes Semcirebuli. inter-
vius dros interviueris mTavari profesiuli Rirsebaa
_ neitraloba; man xeli ar unda SeuSalos responden-
tebs azris gamoTqmaSi, ar unda gamoxatos reaqcia mis
sityvebze da ar unda Seafasos respondentTa pozicia.
mas unda esmodes, rom gamokiTxvis dros mouwevs xSirad
gansxvavebuli azrebis mosmena. man mxolod unda asaxos
maTi azri; pativi sces yvela respondentis azrs da
ar gauziaros mas sakuTari pozicia. Tu respondents
sWirdeba daxmareba, igi unda daexmaros mas, magram Ta-
viseburad. ar unda auxsnas SekiTxva respondents; mas

166
mxolod SeuZlia kidev erTxel, ufro nela gaimeoros
ASekiTxva da daelodos pasuxs.
miRebul Sedegebze interviueris gavlenis Sesamcire-
blad mizanSewonilia, erTi interviueris mier Sevse-
buli kiTxvarebis raodenoba 20-s ar aRematebodes.
interviuers gamokiTxvis dros unda hqondes sabuTi,
romelic daadasturebs gamokiTxvis faqts. aq miTiTe-
buli unda iyos gamokiTxvis organizatorebis vinaoba
da maTi koordinatebi.

anketireba

anketireba gansxvavdeba interviusagan imiT, rom am

dros gamosakiTxi TviTon avsebs kiTxvars anketioris
TandaswrebiT an mis gareSe. anketioris movaleobebSi
Sedis, gadasces respondents kiTxvari, daucados, sa-
nam is mas Seavsebs da gamoarTvas ukve Sevsebuli kiTx-
vari. gamokiTxvis organizatorebi wyvetenen, Tu ram-
deni dro miscen respondentebs kiTxvaris Sesavsebad.
zogjer ramdenime dRiTac ki utoveben anketas. magram
am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom respondenti
marto ki ar Seavsebs kiTxvars, aramed “daixmars” ojaxis
wevrebs an megobrebs. am SemTxvevaSi irRveva gamokvle-
vis reprezentatuloba. amitom yvelaze mizanSewonil-
ia, respondentma kiTxvari iqve, interviueris Tvalwin
Seavsos, raTa igi daarwmunos, rom man damoukideblad
upasuxa kiTxvebs.
anketirebis sxvadasxva saxeebi arsebobs: individu-
aluri da jgufuri, dasarigebeli, safosto, presis sa-
SualebiT, sacdeli, eqspertTa gamokiTxva, paneluri
gamokiTxva da sxv.
anketirebis Zalze specifikur formas warmoad-
gens saeqsperto gamokiTxva, sadac informaciis mTa-
var wyaros warmoadgens _ kompetenturi adamian-

167
ebi, eqspertebi, romlebic floben gamokvlevisaTvis
saWiro profesiul da Teoriul codnas, an cxovrebi-
seul gamocdilebas, rac saSualebas aZlevT maT gaake-
Ton avtoritetuli daskvnebi. SeiZleba aseTi gamok-
iTxvebi pirispir intervius meTodiTac Catardes.
anketirebis erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens safos-
to gamokiTxva, roca kiTxvari fostiT egzavneba spe-
cialuri wesebis mixedviT SerCeul respondents saxlSi
an samuSao adgilze - TxovniT, rom daabrunon Sevsebu-
li anketa miTiTebul misamarTze. aseTi gamokiTxvisas
Zalian Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva. am meTodis
upiratesoba ukavSirdeba organizaciul-ekonomikur
faqtorebs; ekonomiuria im azriT, rom ar moiTxovs
anketiorTa da interviuerTa momzadebas; organizaci-
ulia imiT, rom moiTxovs adresatTa SerCevas da maTTan
anketis fostiT gagzavnas. aseTi anketirebis naklad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos: miRebuli informaciis xarisxi.
Sevsebaze kontroli ar xorcieldeba da aqedan gamom-
dinare, gamoricxuli ar aris, sxva pirebis Careva an
jgufuri Sevsebis SesaZlebloba. anketa xSirad arasru-
lad da formaluradaa Sevsebuli, xSiria teqnikuri xa-
siaTis Secdomebi, mcirea ukan dabrunebuli anketebis
procentuli maCvenebeli. es ki iwvevs SerCeviTi er-
Tobliobis struqturis darRvevas, SerCevis zomis da
maCveneblebebis cvlilebas, rac Tavis mxriv, zemoq-
medebs informaciis sandoobaze. amis gamo aseTi gamokv-
levebi SedarebiT iSviaTad da mxolod Zalian specifi-
kur SemTxvevebSi tardeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
SedarebiT iafi jdeba.
safosto gamokiTxvis Zalze specifikur saxeobas war-
moadgens sagazeTo gamokiTxva. am dros kiTxvari qveyn-
deba gazeTSi an JurnalSi, romlis redaqciac sTxovs
mkiTxvelebs, daubrunon Sevsebuli kiTxvari. am tipis
anketirebis Rirsebaa misi organizaciuli sisadave;

168
naklia is, rom SeuZlebelia anketebis ukan dabrunebis
procesis marTva, rac ar iZleva reprezentatuli in-
formaciis miRebis saSualebas.
bolo periodSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba aseTi
gamokiTxvis kidev erTi nairsaxeoba _ internet-gamok-
iTxva, rodesac kiTxvaris Sevsebas Txoven maT, vinc ama
Tu im veb-gverds ewveva. internetis qselis gafarToe-
basTan erTad, aseTi gamokvlevebi momavalSi sul ufro
popularuli gaxdeba da didi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia.
erTjeradi gamokvlevebisagan principulad gansx-
vavdeba e.w. “paneluri” gamokvlevebi. am dros xdeba
erTi da igive respondentebis gamokiTxva garkveuli
periodulobiT. maTi ZiriTadi mizania, dafiqsirebul
iqnas igive pirovnebebis poziciis cvlileba drois
garkveul monakveTSi. maTi Catareba SeiZleba sxvadasx-
va periodulobiT. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc ramdenime
kvira, ise ramdenime Tve da welic. aseT gamokvlevebTan
dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sirTule panelis, anu respon-
dentTa erTi da igive jgufis, SenarCunebis aucile-
blobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. rac ufro meti dro
gadis, miT meti respondenti “ikargeba”; maTi aRdgenis
saSualebebi ki mkvlevarebis seriozuli ganxilvis sa-
gans warmoadgens.
gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom masobrivi gamokiTx-
vis Sedegebi gansxvavdeba gamokiTxvis tipidan gamomdi-
nare. amasTan, Znelia imis Tqma, romeli maTgania “uke-
Tesi” _ yvelas aqvs naklic da Rirsebac. gamokiTxvis
tipis SerCeva unda moxdes gamokvlevis miznebisa da mo-
saxleobis maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare.
anketireba empiriuli sociologiis praqtikaSi
gavrcelebuli werilobiTi gamokiTxvis formaa. ufro
xSirad anketireba informaciis mopovebis ZiriTadi
saSualebaa, xolo zogjer ki damxmare meTodad gvev-

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lineba da empiriuli masalis Segrovebis operatiul
saSualebas warmoadgens.
jgufuri anketireba gulisxmobs garkveul pir-
Ta jgufis mier anketebis erTdroulad Sevsebas.
es jgufi SerCeviTi proceduris wesebis dacviT _
aris Sekrebili. aseTi anketireba SeiZleba Catardes
sacxovrebeli adgilis, samuSaos, saswavleblis mixed-
viT da miznobriv jgufebSi. sasurvelia, jgufis ra-
odenoba 20-25 adamians ar aRematebodes. es uzrunve-
lyofs anketebis maqsimalur dabrunebas da anketiors
saSualeba aqvs Seamowmos anketis Sevsebis xarisxi.
individualuri anketireba ZiriTadad sacxovrebeli
adgilis mixedviT tardeba, Tumca misi Catareba samsax-
urSi an saswavlebelSic SesaZlebelia. anketirebis aseT
saxes ufro didi dro miaqvs, magram uzrunvelyofs kon-
trols da anketebis srulad dabrunebas.
anketuri meTodis upiratesobaa misi martivi orga-
nizaciuloba, operatiuloba da ekonomikuroba. anke-
tirebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia mokle droSi da anke-
tiorTa mcire raodenobiT (an maT gareSe) gamoikiTxos
adamianTa mniSvnelovani erToblioba. zogadi gansaz-
RvrebiT, anketa aris kvlevis saerTo mizniT gaer-
Tianebuli SekiTxvebis sistema, romlis daniSnulebaa
gamokvlevis obieqtis raodenobriv_Tvisebrivi maxa-
siaTeblebis gamovlena. anketirebis Sedegad rom saim-
edo informacia miviRoT, anketis agebis wesebisa da
principebis dacva da amasTanave, sxvadasxva kiTxvis Ta-
viseburebaTa codnaa saWiro.
iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom TiTqos sociologiuri
kiTxvaris Sedgena martivia. magram es ase ar aris. gamoy-
enebiT sociologiaSi kiTxva asrulebs kvlevis instru-
mentis rols, romlis meSveobiTac informacias viRebT
respondentebisagan. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, kiTxvari
gamokvlevis programaSi dasaxuli kvleviTi proble-

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mebis operacionalizaciis Sedegia. kiTxviT mivmarTavT
adamianTa did erTobliobas, amitom kiTxvebi erTnairad
gasagebi unda iyos yvela respondentisaTvis.
anketa iwyeba Sesavali nawiliT, sadac aRniSnulia, vin
da ra mizniT atarebs gamokiTxvas, mocemulia anketis
Sevsebis instruqcia da ukan dabrunebis wesi. Sesavals
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan igi uqmnis respon-
dents ganwyobas, es ki uSualod aisaxeba informaciis
sandoobaze. Sesavali satitulo gverdzea moTavsebuli.
Sesavals SesaZlebelia mosdevdes pasportuli (demo-
grafiuli) nawili; es aris kiTxvebi respondentis demo-
grafiuli da socialuri maCveneblebis Sesaxeb. xSirad
es nawili anketis boloSic gvxvdeba, an blokSi CarTu-
li kiTxvebi, romlebic exeba sqess, asaks, ganaTlebas,
profesias, ojaxur mdgomareobas. kiTxvebis raodenoba
pasportul nawilSi, miznisa da amocanis mixedviT, Sei-
Zleba gaizardos an Semcirdes.
am nawils mosdevs kontaqturi kiTxvebi. maTi mizania
respondentis problemiT daintereseba. kiTxvebi naT-
lad unda Camoyalibdes. Sesabamisad, pasuxebic aseTive
unda iyos, magram amgvari kiTxvebiT anketa ar unda ga-
daitvirTos.
kiTxvebis Semdegi blokia _ ZiriTadi kiTxvebi, rom-
lebic ZiriTadi informaciis mimwodebelia. maTi Si-
naarsi mTlianad kvlevis miznebiTa da amocanebiT aris
gansazRvruli. TiToeul calkeul amocanas unda Seesa-
bamebodes kiTxvarTa calkeuli bloki.
bolos ki daskvniTi SekiTxvebi daismis, romleb-
mac unda mouxsnan mas fsiqologiuri daZabuloba da
agrZnobinon, rom man metad mniSvnelovani da saWiro
saqme Seasrula.
anketaSi gamoyenebuli kiTxvebis klasifikacia Sei-
Zleba: Sinaarsis mixedviT (kiTxvebi cnobierebis, qcevis
faqtebis da respondentis pirovnebis Sesaxeb), formis

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mixedviT (Ria, daxuruli, piradapiri da iribi), funq-
ciis mixedviT (ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi).
kiTxvebi adamianTa cnobierebis faqtebis Sesaxeb
gamoxatavs Sexedulebebs, molodinebs, survilebs. re-
spondentis mier gamoTqmul nebismier Sexedulebas
subieqturi xasiaTi aqvs. kiTxvebi qcevis faqtebze ga-
moavlens moqmedebebs, qcevebs, adamianTa moRvaweobis
Sedegebs.
kiTxvebi pirovnebis Sesaxeb yovel sociologiur an-
ketaSi Sedis da qmnis kiTxvebis pasportul anu social-
ur-demografiul bloks, rac aRnusxavs sqess, asaks,
erovnebas, ganaTlebas, profesias da respondentis sxva
maxasiaTeblebs.
formis mixedviT arsebobs _ daxuruli, Ria da nax-
evrad daxuruli kiTxvebi. daxuruls uwodeben kiTxvas,
Tu masze mocemulia pasuxis variantebi da respondents
(an interviuers) saSualeba aqvs airCios misTvis misaRe-
bi erTi an ramdenime varianti. aseTi kiTxvebi ufro ad-
vilia, rogorc respondentisaTvis, aseve interviueri-
saTvis, radgan mniSvnelovnad amcirebs anketis Sevsebi-
sa da dasamuSaveblad momzadebis dros.
daxuruli kiTxva, Tavis mxriv, iyofa alternatiul da
araalternatiuli tipis kiTxvebad.
alternatiulia kiTxva, romelic raime Tvisebis ar-
sebobas an ararsebobas afiqsirebs (magaliTad, “diax_
ara”). aseTi kiTxviT pasuxis erTaderTi variantis arCe-
vis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, amitom masSi warmodgenili
pasuxis yvela variantis jami yovelTvis 100%-s Sead-
gens, radgan alternatiul kiTxvebze pasuxebi urT-
ierTgamomricxavi unda iyos.
araalternatiuli tipis kiTxva respondents saSuale-
bas aZlevs airCios pasuxis ramdenime varianti. amitom
maTi jami am dros SesaZloa 100%-s aRematebodes.

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 Ria kiTxvaSi pasuxis variantebi mocemuli ar aris.
aseTi kiTxvebi respondents azris Tavisuflad gamox-
atvis saSualebas aZlevs. aseTi kiTxvebiT miiReba mra-
valferovani informacia, amitom maTi gamoyeneba ufro
xSirad ara marto sasurveli, aramed aucilebelicaa.
Ria kiTxvis dros respondenti mxolod sakuTar war-
modgenebs eyrdnoba. amitom aseTi pasuxi individuali-
zebulia, ufro dawvrilebiT da mravalmxriv informa-
cias iZleva. ufro xSirad, respondentebi Ria kiTxvebs
pasuxoben im SemTxvevaSi, roca Tavs kompetenturad
grZnoben Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Tu gamok-
iTxvis sagani maTTvis naklebad aris cnobili, an rTu-
lia, maSin respondenti Tavs aridebs an gaurkvevel pa-
suxs iZleva. Ria kiTxvebis damuSavebisaTvis saWiroa
informaciis klasificireba da kodireba. es proce-
dura gulisxmobs calkeuli kategoriebis gamoyofas,
romlebsac miakuTvneben pasuxebs, rac imave principiT
xdeba, rogorc daxuruli kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi, oRond
im gansxvavebiT, rom daxuruli kiTxvebis kategoriebad
dayofa xdeba gamokiTxvisas, Ria kiTxvebisa ki _gamok-
iTxvis Semdeg. daxuruli kiTxvis pasuxis variants TviT
respondenti irCevs, Ria kiTxvis kodirebas ki special-
isti axdens.
arsebobs agreTve kiTxvebis mesame tipi _ e.w. “nax-
evrad daxuruli” kiTxvebi. esaa faqtobrivad “daxu-
ruli” kiTxvebi, romelTa pasuxis variantebsac emateba
varianti _ “sxva”. sxvanairad, roca CamoTvlilis garda
arsebobs gansxvavebuli pozicia da respondents Seu-
Zlia Caweros Tavisi azri.
pirdapiri kiTxva saSualebas gvaZlevs uSualod re-
spondentisagan miviRoT pasuxi. zogjer, anketis kiTxve-
bi kritikul damokidebulebas iTxovs. aseTi pirdapiri
kiTxvebi xSirad upasuxod rCeba an arazust informacias
Seicavs. aseT dros gamoiyeneba iribi kiTxvebis seria.

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 iribi iseTi kiTxvebia, romelTa saSualebiTac
aucilebel informacias vRebulobT ara pirdapir, ar-
amed kiTxvaTa seriis meSveobiT.
kiTxvarSi gamoiyeneba, agreTve, ZiriTadi da araZiriTa-
di kiTxvebi. ZiriTadi kiTxvebiT moipoveba monacemebi
sakvlevi movlenis Sinaarsze, araZiriTadi ki gamoavlens
ZiriTadi kiTxvis (kiTxva-filtri) adresats, amowmebs
pasuxebis gulwrfelobas (sakontrolo kiTxvebi).
kiTxva-filtris saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, roca mkvleva-
ri ar aris darwmunebuli respondentis kompetenturo-
baSi. amiT gansazRvravs, arian Tu ara respondentebi is
pirebi, romlebic mas esaWiroeba.
sakontrolo kiTxvebiT surT respondentebis pa-
suxebis gulwrfelobisa da samarTlianobis Semowme-
ba. am kiTxvebiT gansazRvraven miRebuli informaciis
vargisianobas. sakontrolo kiTxvebi daismis ZiriTadi
kiTxvis win an Semdeg.
azrobrivi da sakontrolo kiTxvebi erTimeores ar
unda mosdevdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi respondenti
CaTvlis, rom mas amowmeben, rac monacemebis xarisxs
gaauaresebs. kiTxvebi ise unda Camoyalibdes, rom re-
spondents Tavs ar moaxvio sakuTari azri. azrobrivi
kiTxvebi anketaSi ganmartebuli unda iyos. sasurvelia
kiTxva ar gaixliCos _ ar gadavides gverdidan gverdze.
es arTulebs mTlianobaSi mis aRqmas. unda aRiniSnos
agreTve kiTxvaris Sevsebis TariRi, intervius dawyebi-
sa da damTavrebis dro, teritoriuli erTeuli (raio-
ni, mxare) da dasaxlebuli punqtis tipi (didi qalaqi,
patara qalaqi, Tu sofeli), sadac Catarda gamokiTxva,
agreTve sakuTari nomeri. es informacia saWiroa kiTx-
varebis damuSavebisaTvis. kiTxvebi Tanmimdevrulad
unda davnomroT. numeracia SeiZleba iyos, rogorc
saerTo (yvela SekiTxva inomreba erTidan bolo SekiTx-
vis nomramde), aseve blokebis mixedviT. intervius an an-

174
ketirebis bolos aucilebelia, madloba gadavuxadoT
respondents TanamSromlobisaTvis.
anketis SemuSavebis Semdeg, misi aprobaciis mizniT
aucilebelia pilotaJuri kvlevis Catareba. anke-
tirebis srulyofilad CatarebisaTvis garkveuli pa-
suxismgebloba ekisreba anketiorsac. mis unarze, kon-
taqti daamyaros respondentTan, gamokiTxvis dros
Seqmnas sasurveli atmosfero, damokidebulia anke-
tirebis monacemebis xarisxi.

3.3. eqspertuli gamokiTxva

eqspertuli gamokiTxva sociologiuri gamokiTxvis

nairsaxeobaa, romlis mimdinareobis dros respon-
dentebs warmoadgenen adamianebis gansakuTrebuli
tipi-eqspertebi. isini arian kompententuri pirebi,
romelTac gaaCniaT Rrma codna kvlevis sagansa da
obieqtze. eqsperti specialistia, romelic akeTebs
daskvnas romelime sakiTxis ganxilvis dros. am meTo-
dis ganmasxvavebeli Tavisebureba imaSi gamoixateba,
rom is gulisxmobs eqspertebis kompententur monaw-
ileobas kvlevis problemis gadawyvetasa da analiz-
Si. magaliTad, ama Tu im saxis produqciis mosalod-
neli moTxovnilebis SefasebiisaTvis eqspertebad
SeiZleba gamovidnen: maRaziebis gamyvidvelebi an
saqonelismcodneebi, mcire sawarmos xelmZRvanelebi,
dilerebi an brokerebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, seriozulad icvleba eqsper-
tis funqciis roli, romelic, am sityvis sruli mniS-
vnelobiT, xdeba sociologiuri gamokvlevis aqtiuri
monawile.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvis sxva formebidan, eqsper-
tuli meTodi gansxvavdeba ramdenime mniSvnelovani
TvisebiT:

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 - gamokiTxulTa raodenobiT: igi yovelTvis nakle-
bia, vidre anketirebis da intervius drosac ki;
- gamosakiTxTa xarisxiT: kvalifikaciis done, Tval-
sawieri, specialur dargSi codna maT ramdenamde maRa-
li aqvT, vidre Cveulebriv respondentebs;
- informaciis tipiT da moculobiT: eqspertuli
gamokiTxva tardeba codnis misaRebad, romelic ara
aqvs da arc arasodes eqneba mkvlevar-sociologs:
eqspertebisagan miRebuli codna specialur samecnie-
ro codnas ganekuTvneba;
- monacemTa tipiurobiT: massobriv gamokiTxvaSi
sociologs ainteresebs adamianebis faseul orien-
taciebsa da qcevis motivebze mopovebuli codnis ti-
piuroba, ganmeoradoba, Cveulobrivoba, xolo eqsper-
tul gamokTxvaSi mklevari did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
swored eqspertis teqnikuri an humanitaruli codnis
unikalurobas, siRrmiseulobas, ganumeoreblobasa da
gansakuTrebulobas;
- programuli funqciiT: pirvelad informacias,
romelsac iReben anketirebis an intervius Sedegad,
sociologi gamoiyenebs mecnieruli hipoTezebis Sesa-
mowmeblad, xolo eqspertul gamokiTxvaSi-imisaTvis,
rom gaerkves TavisTvis sruliad axal dargSi.
masobrivi gamokiTxvis msvlelobaSi sociologiuri
informaciis wyaros, romlebic afaseben kvlevis obi-
eqtis ama Tu im mxares, warmoadgenen amave obieqtis war-
momadgenlebi.
eqspertuli gamokiTxvis mTavari daniSnulebaa: sakv-
levi problemis yvelaze ufro arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebis gamovlineba – gamoaSkaraveba, saimedo,
utyuari , dasabuTebuli informaciis gazrda, daskvne-
bi da praqtikuli rekomendaciebi eqspertebis codnisa
da gamocdilebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT.

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E eqspertuli gamokiTxva SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
saqmianobis yvela sferos Seswavlis dros. amitom igi
farTod gamoiyeneba: diagnostikaSi, socialuri obi-
eqtis mdgomareobis SefasebaSi, normirebaSi, dapro-
eqtebaSi, prognozirebaSi, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.
eqspertuli gamokiTxvis nairsaxeobebi sakmaod efeq-
turad gamoiyeneba sociologiuri gamokvlevebis sx-
vadasxva etapebze: miznebisa da amocanebis gansazRvris,
problemuri situaciis gamovlenis, hipoTezebis mo-
Ziebis, cnebebis interpretaciis, instrumentebisa da
sawyisi informaciis sandoobis miRwevis, daskvnebis
dasabuTebis, rekomendaciebis gamomuSavebis dros.
mTavari normatiuli moTxovnilebaa: eqspertebis
gamokiTxvis dros mkafio dasabuTeba unda mieces eqsper-
tuli gamokiTxvis Sesabamisi meTodikis gamoyenebis
saWiroeba – aucileblobas. unda moxdes eqspertebis
saguldagulo SerCeva, maTi kompetenturobis saval-
debulo Sefaseba; im faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen eqspertebis msjeloba –
daskvnebze;eqspertebis yvelaze produqtiuli gamoy-
enebisaTvis saWiroa pirobebis Seqmna gamokvlevis pro-
cesSi. e
E qspertebidan miRebuli informaciis SenarCune-
ba gamokvlevis yvela etapze damaxinjebis gareSe.
eqspertuli gamokiTxvis ZiriTadi instrumenti aris-
anketa an intervius blanki, damuSavebuli special-
uri programis mixedviT. amis Sesabamisad, gamokiTxvis
procedura SeiZleba damTavrdes an anketirebis, an
eqspertebis interviuirebis dros.
udavoa, rom dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis mis-
aRebad, aucilebelia, specialistebis gamocdileba-
ze, codnasa da intuiciaze dayrdnoba. meore msoflio
omis Semdeg, mmarTvelobiTi (menedjmentis) Teoriis
farglebSi ganviTareba daiwyo damoukidebelma disci-
plinam – eqspertulma Sefasebebma.

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 eqspertuli Sefasebebi, es aris mcodne adamianebis,
msjeloba – daskvna, obieqtebisa da maTi Tvisebebis
Sedarebis Sesaxeb, savaraudo procedura gamoyofili
kriteri-umebis mixedviT. eqspertuli Sefasebis meTo-
di aris eqspertuli gamokiTxvis saxeoba., romelic
iTvaliswinebs eqspertuli Sefasebebis gamoyenebas.
gamokiTxvis proceduraSi eqsperti gamoyofs obieqtis
arsebobisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, af-
asebs maT. eqspertuli gamokiTxvis meTodis gamoy-
eneba dakavSirebulia gansazRvruli wesebis dacva-Ses-
rulebasTan. misi organizaciisas, Cveulebriv, didi
yuradReba eTmoba sam meTodologiur problemas:
eqspertebis SerCeva - mogrovebas, maTi muSaobis pro-
ceduras da gamoTqmuli azrebis damuSavebas.

eqspertuli gamokiTxvis saxeobebi

eqspertuli gamokiTxva – es aris sxvadasxvagvari

meTodebis, xerxebis, teqnikebis, procedurebis erTo-
blioba. upirveles yovlisa, eqspertebis muSaobis pro-
cedura SeiZleba iyos erToblivi an calkeuli. kolle-
qtiur procedurebs Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT:
“gonebrivi ieriSi”, an “gonebrivi Sturmi”, Cveulebrivi
diskusia, delfiis teqnika. gamoyofen or ZiriTad pro-
ceduras: Cveulebrivi gamokiTxva da mravalsafexuri-
ani gamokiTxva. pirveli gulisxmobs erTjeradi anon-
imuri gamokiTxvis Catarebas. igi, rogorc organizaci-
uli, ise ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze martivia.
principSi, is TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi
masobrivi gamokiTxvisagan. meore procedura dakav-
Sirebulia eqspertebis amocanis garTulebis tenden-
ciasTan. mravalsafexurianoba SemoRebulia imitom,
rom yovel Semdgom etapze eqspertebma gadaWran sul
ufro rTuli amocanebi. mravasafexuriani gamokiTxva

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SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad iyos organizebuli: Tavda-
pirvelad SeiZleba daisvas zogadi sakiTxebi, Semdeg
sul ufro konkretuli sakiTxebi an , piriqiT, bolos ki
- eqspertebi akeTeben raime ganzogadebas.
meTodistebi gamoyofen agreTve eqspertuli gamok-
iTxvis dauswrebel da daswrebul meTodebs. pirvel
maTgans miekuTvneba: weriTi gamokiTxva (azrebis Seg-
roveba -Sekreba), anketireba(formalizebuli gamok-
iTxva), damoukidebeli daxasiaTebis meTodi da delfiis
teqnika; meores – interviu, TaTbiri, kvleviTi saubari,
“gonebrivi ieriSi”. eqspertebis ricxvi ar unda aRe-
matebodes 10-15 adamians.
eqspertebis damoukidebeli gamokiTxvis yvelaze mar-
tiv saxeobas warmoadgens-weriTi gamokiTxva (azrebis
Segroveba). am dros eqpertebs egzavnebaT an urigde-
baT specialurad momzadebuli gamosakiTxi furclebi,
romlebzedac maT unda gadmoscen Tavisi azrebi das-
muli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. eqspertuli kiTxvaris Sed-
genis dros Ria kiTxvebis raodenoba meryeobs 50%-dan
90%-mde. azrebis Segroveba (Sekreba) Tavisufali in-
tervius msgavsia da misgan mxolod gamokiTxvis weriTi
formiT gansxvavdeba, romelic eqspertebis did raode-
nobis mizidvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. Tumca, dauswre-
beli gamokiTxvis organizeba rTulia, rac anketebis
dabrunebis mcire ricxviT aris ganpirobebuli.
eqspertebis formalizebuli gamokiTxva warmoad-
gens Cveulebriv anketirebas, sadac kiTxvebi formu-
lirebulia, rogorc Ria, ise daxuruli formiT. es
meTodi miznebiT, amocanebiTada SinaarsiT arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba weriTi azrebis Segrovebis meTodisa-
gan. es ukanaskneli problemaze principulad axali
ideebis, Sexedulebebis, midgomebis gamosavlenad
tardeba, xolo anketireba mimarTulia gamzadebuli
gadawyvetilebis an pasuxis ama Tu im aspeqtebis Se-

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fasebis gamosarkvevad. Cveulebriv, aseT SemTxvevaSi,
monacemTa analizis statistikuri meTodi gamoiyeneba.
damoukidebeli daxasiaTebis meTodi erTi movlenis an
SemTxvevis Sefasebis ganzogadebis SesaZleblobas iZl-
eva, romelzedac informacia ramdenime damoukidebeli
wyarodan (sxvadasxva adamianebidan) Semodis. pirvel
etapze xdeba sxvadasxva azrebis Sedareba da Sejereba –
Sepirispireba, meoreze – isini damuSavdeba maTematikur
– statistikuri procedurebis daxmarebiT, mesameze –
formulirdeba utyuari, sarwmuno daskvnebi. es meTodi
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba socialur fsiqologiaSi indivi-
dis saqmiani da pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sesaswavlad.
eqspertuli gamokiTxvis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcele-
bul proceduras, warmoadgens - “delfiis teqnika”.
meTodi iTvaliswinebs eqspertebis gamokiTxvas ramden-
ime turSi, TviToeuli turis Sedegebis damuSavebas, maT
informirebas am Sedegebze da aseTive procedurebiskv-
lav ganmeorebas. pirvel turSi pasuxebi gaicema argu-
mentaciis gareSe. damuSavebis Semdeg gamoiyofa uki-
duresi da saSualo msjelobebi, azrebi an daskvnebi da
ecnobeba eqspertebs. meore turSi gamokiTxulebi kv-
lav ubrundebian Tavis Sefasebebs. radgan eqspertebs
hqondaT sakmarisi dro mosafiqreblad da gaiges am
sakiTxze sxva poziciebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, maT saSu-
aleba eZlevaT gadaxedon TavianT azrebs, Sexedule-
bebs, an, piriqiT, daasabuTon isini. meore turis Semdeg
muSavdeba axali Sefasebebi: ukiduresi da saSualo az-
rebi, msjelobebi, daskvnebi ganzogaddeba, Sedegebs
kvlav acnobeben eqspertebs. ase meordeba sam-oTxjer.
praqtika gviCvenebs, rom mesame an meoTxe turis Semdeg,
eqspertebis azri ar icvleba. msgavsi procedurebis ms-
vlelobaSi gamomuSavdeba SeTanxmebuli Sefaseba, amas-
Tan erTad, mkvlevarma ignorireba ar unda gaukeTos

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maT azrebs, vinc araerTgzisi gamokiTxvis Semdegadac
kvlav darCa Tavis poziciaze.
“delfiis’ meTodi mimarTulia miRebuli eqspertuli
Sefasebis procesis gaumjebesoba-srulyofisaken, ma-
gram im mizniT, rom saerTo Sefaseba gamodiodes ara
maTematikidan da statistikidan, aramed TviTon ada-
mianebidan.adamianebi orientirebuli arian ra sxvebis
azrebze, Tu saWiro gaxda, axdenen maT koreqtirebas,
aZliereben Tavis argumentacias,asabuTeben an uars am-
boben masze, ukeTesi, ufro dasabuTebuli Sexedulebis
sasargeblod. msgavsi teqnika SesaZlebels xdis Sem-
cirdes arasakmarisi kompentenciis mqone eqspertebis
gavlena jgufur Sefasebaze, rogorc es xdeba Cveu-
lebrivi, ubralo anketirebis dros. is miiRweva miRe-
buli Rirebuli informacisagan ufro kompetenturi
eqspertebis gamokiTxvebis Sedegad.
“gonebrivi ieriSis” meTodi SemoqmedebiTi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvelaze cnobil kolleqtiur
meTodad iTvleba. igi SemuSavebuli da aRweril iqna
amerikeli fsiqologis a.f osbornis mier 1938 wels.
mecnierma yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, rom adamian-
Ta erTi jgufi martivad-advilad wamoayenebs xolme
axal ideebs, sxvebi ufro metad midrekilebi arian
ucxo ideebis kritikuli analizisadmi. Cveulebrivi
msjeloba-ganxilvis dros, orive kategoriis adamian-
ebi aRmoCndebian ra erTad, rogorc wesi, xels uSlian
erTmaneTs. ai, ratom gadawyda etapebad dayofiliyo
azrebis generireba da maTi analizi. amisaTvis iqmne-
ba ori jgufi: “gonebrivi ieriSis” monawileebi, isini,
romlebmac unda SesTavazon saWiro amocanis gadawyve-
tis axali variantebi da komisiis wevrebi, romlebmac
unda daamuSavon SeTavazebuli masala. pirvel jgufSi,
romelic ideebis generirebas axdens, Tavdapirvelad
iniSneba xelmZRvaneli, romelmac unda daakompleqtos

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4-11 kaciani jgufi. gamokiTxvis xelmZRvaneli amcnobs
jgufis wevrebs gadasawyveti problemis arss - “gone-
brivi ieriSis” ganxorcielebamde 2-3 dRiT adre. jgufis
monawileebs ar unda eSinodeT imisa, rom maTi gamonaTq-
vamebi ar warmoadgenen Rirebuls, faseuls. winadadeba
an idea ar SeiZleba negatiurad Sefasdes arc sityviT,
arc JestiT, piriqiT, sasurvelia maTi mxardaWera da
ganviTareba. Tavisi azrebi monawileebma unda gamoTq-
van gulwrfelad da Tavisuflad. xSirad, es amcirebs
jgufis SezRudulobas da originaluri ideebis gaCenis
safuZvels warmoadgens. ganxilvis dros Semotanil wi-
nadadebebs afiqsirebs mdivani. gonebrivi ieriSi grZel-
deba ara umetes 2-3 saaTisa. swrafad damTavreba arasa-
survelia, radgan dadgenilia, rom axali da original-
uri ideebi warmoiSoba xSirad maSin, roca TiTqos Cans,
rom yvela SesaZlo azrebi da Sexedulebebi amowurulia.
gavrcelebulia gonebrivi ieriSis ori forma:
ubralo-martivi TaTbiri da mrgvali sistemis TaTbiri.
ubralo TaTbirze xelmZRvaneli rig-rigobiT ekiTxe-
ba TviTeul monawiles da Txovs gamoTqvan winadadebebi
maT winaSe mdgari problemis gadawyvetisaTvis. TviT-
euli gadawyvetileba SeaqvT siebSi da nomraven, Semdeg
am siebs yvelas Tvalwin gamokideben. ideebis kritika da
Sefaseba ar SeiZleba. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba wardge-
nili winadadebebis raodenobas. maT dasaxelebaze unda
monawileobdes yvela. gansakuTrebiT fasdeba eqsprom-
ti, e.i is winadadeba, romelic warmoiSoba imavdrou-
lad da im informaciis gavleniT, romelic eqspertma
moismina sxvebisgan. isini fasdeba ufro metad, vidre
saxlSi mofiqrebuli, radganac axdens kolleqtiuri
azris akumulirebas, amravlebs situaciis codnas da
ideebis avtoris SemoqmedebiT warmosaxvas. Tu ieriSi
Seucnobelze mimdinareobs Zalian duned-uxalisod,

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TaTbiri gadaaqvT sxva ricxvSi, eqspertebs “dasvenebis”
nebas rTaven.
mrgvali sistemis TaTbiris dros eqspertebi iyofian
3-4 kacian patara jgufebad, sadac gamoimuSaveben axal
ideebs da iniSnaven maT qaRaldis furclebze an ba-
raTebze (TviTeulze 2-3 idea). Semdeg mcire jgufebis
wevrebi ucvlian erTmaneTs Tavis baraTebs, ris Sedega-
dac Zvel ideebs emateba axali ideebi. samgzis gacvlis
Semdeg TviTeuli jgufi adgens dasaxelebuli ideebis
Sejamebul CamonaTvals: Semdeg ikribeba mTeli kolle-
qtivi, sadac ganixileba jgufuri Sedegebi. aseTi forma
mizanSewolilia gamoyenebuli iqnes monawileTa aqti-
urobis dros, an roca monawileebs yuradReba gadat-
anili aqvT Tavisi rigis molodinSi.
“gonebrivi ieriSis” Sedegad dasaxelebuli idee-
bis raodenoba, Cveulebriv, sakmaod bevria (15_20 -ze
meti). wamyvanisaTvis rTulia, gansazRvros maTi pri-
oritetuloba,xolo monawileebisaTvis – daelodon
Tavis rigs ganxilvaze. amitomac daxmarebisaTvis iy-
eneben aseT meTods: ideebis CamonaTvals miniWebuli
nomrebiT gamokideben TvalsaCino adgilze. TiToeuli
eqsperti xuTi xmis uflebas Rebulobs, romlebsac igi
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargavs: TiTo-TiTo xma
xuTi ideidan TiToeuls, xuTive xma erT ideas, ori xma-
erT ideas da TiTo-TiTo sami danarCenidan TiToeuls
da a.S. aseTi midgoma SesaZleblobas aZlevs TiToeul
eqsperts airCios ukeTesi-upiratesi idea, xolo
kolleqtivs mTlianobaSi- gansazRvros prioritetebi.
sxva meTodi aseTia: jgufis sxdomaze TiToeul ideas
waikiTxaven Tavisi nomriT , xolo eqspertebi xmas aZ-
leven xelis aweviT. aweul xelze gaSlili TiTebis
ricxvi aCvenebs micemuli xmebis raodenobas.
arsebobs aseve “gonebrivi ieriSi piriqiT” meTodi,
romelic hgavs Cveulebriv “gonebriv ieriSss”, magram

183
,amasTan erTad, nebadarTulia kritikuli SeniSvnebis
gamoTqma. zustad rom vTqvaT, kritika specialurad
waxalisdeba, radgan aseTi meTodis filosofia agebu-
lia imaze, rom yvela eqspertma gamoavlinos – gamoa-
aSkaraos warmodgenili ideebis rac SeiZleba meti na-
klovaneba. aseTma meTodma SeiZleba kargi Sedegebi
mogvces, Tu is gamodis eqspertizis sxva meTodebis
winaswari proceduris saxiT.
prognozuli scenarebis meTodi-yvelaze popularu-
lia eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodebs Soris ukanasknel
aTwleulSi. termini “scenarebi” pirvelad iqna gamoy-
enebuli 1960 wels futurolog g.kanos mier momavlis
suraTis damuSavebis dros, rogorc aucilebeli samx-
edro dargSi strategiuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.
scenarebi - es aris momavlis suraTis mosalodneli
aRwera, romelic Sedgenilia kompetenturi teqnikuri
msjeloba - daskvnebis safuZvelze. erTi prognozi Sei-
cavs ramdenime scenars, umetes SemTxvevvaSi - sams: opti-
misturs, pesimisturs da Sualedurs (yvelaze metad mo-
salodneli, SesaZlo). scenaris Sedgena xdeba ramdenime
etapze: 1. sakiTxis struqturirebisa da formulirebis
dros: sawyisi informaciis Segroveba da analizi,miznisa
da amocanis SeTanxmeba proeqtis yvela monawilesTan,
problemis struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofa;
2. gare gavlenis faqtorebis gansazRvra; 3. momavali
mdgomareobis - viTarebis maCveneblebis, sasurvelia -
alternatiulis, moZebna-monaxva; 4. SeTanxmebuli wina-
dadebebis nakrebis formireba da SerCeva kompiuteru-
li programebis daxmarebiT; 5. momavlis scenarisaTvis
praqtikuli rekomendaciebis damuSaveba da misi real-
izaciis SesaZlo Sedegebis gansazRvra.
kolleqtiuri bloknotis meTodi (ideebis “banki”)-
xerxia,dafuZnebuli TiToeuli eqspertis damoukide-

184
blad dasaxelebuli ideis SeTavsebisa SemdgomSi maT
kolleqtiur SefasebasTan.
K.J -is meTodi-ase iwodeba anTropologiuri gamokv-
levebis meTodi, roca mkvlevarebi Tavdapirvelad
agroveben faqtebis koleqcias tomis cxovrebis Sesaxeb,
xolo Semdeg Txoven adgilobriv mcxovrebT, auxsnan
maTi mniSvneloba. iaponelebma moaxdines K.J-is meTo-
dis adaptireba biznesSi Semdegnairad: kompaniebis
mosamsaxureebs sTxoven saxeldaxelod qaRaldis fur-
clebze daweron TavianTi survilebi warmoebis pro-
cesis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb da winadadebebi imaze , Tu
ra unda gaakeTos kompaniam. miRebuli winadadebebi da
survilebi analizdeba da maT safuZvelze miiReba su-
raTi, romelzedac asaxulia kompaniisa da misi qvedan-
ayofebis perspeqtiva momavalSi. meTodi atarebs ufro
integrirebul, vidre analitikur xasiaTs.
araspecialistis meTodi gamoixateba imaSi, rom
problemis gadawyvetas sTxoven pirebs, romlebic ara-
sodes ar iyvnen amiT dakavebulni, magram arian momij-
nave-monaTesave dargis specialistebi.
eqspertebis jgufis Semadgenloba am meTodis gamo-
yenebis efeqturobis ganmsazRvrelia. saqme imaSia, rom
iseTi maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa: mocemuli prob-
lematikis codna da gamocdileba, SerCevis mxolod
pirvel etapze SeiZleba sargebloba. Zalian xSirad mkv-
levari potencialuri eqspertebis sawyis, pirvel siaSi
Seitans yvela maT gvars, vinc muSaobs mocemul dargSi
an sferoSi. mxolod Semdeg maTgan SearCevs pi-rebis
ufro viwro wres. rogor SeiZleba eqspertebis saWiro
jgufis formulireba? pirvel etapze mizanSewonil-
ia SerCevis kriteriumebad gamoyenebuli iyos ori
niSan-Tviseba: saqmianoba da muSaobis staJi CvenTvis
saintereso dargSi. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi iTval-
iswineben ganaTlebis donesa da xasiaTs, sazogadoe-

185
briv - politikuri saqmianobis gamocdilebas, asaks da
a.S. eqspertebis sia Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba iyos Za-
lian farTo, Tumca, SemgomSi igi mizanSewonilia - Sem-
cirdes, radgan yvela adamians ar SeuZlia eqspertis
rolSi gamosvla.
eqspertebis SerCevis centraluri kriteriumia-maTi
kompetenturoba. misi gansazRvrisaTvis ori meTodi
arsebobs: eqspertebis TviTSefaseba da eqspertebis
avtoritetulobis koleqtiuri Sefaseba.
kompetenturi pirebis gamokiTxvebi - eqspertul,
xolo gamokiTxvis Sedegebi-eqspertul Sefasebebad
iwodeba. yvelaze zogadi saxiT sociologiur gamo
kvlevebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos eqspertuli gamokiTxvis
ori ZiriTadi funqcia: mdgomareobis Sefaseba (mize-
zebis CaTvliT ) da sxvadasxva movlenisa da procesis
ganviTarebis tendenciebis prognozi socialur sinamd-
vileSi.

eqspertuli gamokiTxvis Secdomebi da siZneleebi

1. SeiniSneba gaurkvevloba, uzustoba eqspertebis

miznebis gansazRvraSi. maTi Seusabamoba eqspertebis
SesaZlobebsa da gamoyenebul teqnikaze. eqspertTa
gamokiTxva tardeba specialurad damuSavebuli pro-
gramis gareSe;
2. araefeqturia eqspertebis gamoyeneba iseTi in-
formaciis misaRebad, romelic SeiZleba Segrovdes
sxva, ufro naklebad rTuli meTodebiT;
3. xdeba eqspertebis arasakmarisad saguldagulo
SerCeva. eqspertebis kandidatebis kompetemturobis Se-
fasebas aqvs calmxrivi xasiaTi, rac iwvevs eqspertebis
jgufebSi SemTxveviTi adamianebis gamoCenas;

186
 4. gamokiTxvaSi Cabmuli eqspertebi ar amJRavneben
interess eqspertizisadmi. eqspertebis nawili dain-
teresebulia informaciis damaxinjebaSi;
5. eqspertizis instrumentebi winaswar ar iyo apro-
birebuli. arasakmarisad zustadaa Sedgenili kiTxve-
bi, ucnobia maTi ZiriTadi azri da mniSvneloba;
6. eqspertebi ganicdian siZneleebs eqspertizis te-
qnikis gamoyenebaSi;
7. warmoiSveba siZneleebi monacemTa interpretaci-
aSi pasuxebis areulobis, maTi araerTgvarovnebis gamo,
garTulebulia eqspertebis sxvadasxva saxis jgufebSi
monacemTa Sedareba-Sepirispireba;
8.eqspertizis msvlelobaSi miiReba mravali ra-
odenobrivi Sefaseba, magram yuradReba ar eqceva maT
argumentacias. warmoiSveba siZneleebi miRebuli mona-
cemebis axsna-ganmartebaSi. pasuxebis saSualo mniSvn-
eloba sizustisagan Sors myofi aRmoCndeba;
9. gamokiTxvis daCqarebisadmi miswrafebas mivyavarT
eqspertebis mier problemis zedapirul analizamde;
10. zedmeti, gadaWarbebuli optimizmi SeiniSneba
gamokiTxvis Sedegebis SefasebaSi. eqspertizis monace-
mebi ar dasturdeba sxva obieqturi informaciiT (mona-
cemebiT).

187
 3.4. SedarebiTi da istoriuli
kvlevis meTodi

sociologebs mosaxleobis calkeul jgufze ganzo-

gadebaTa da TeoriaTa ageba ar SeuZliaT. magaliTad, ka-
liforniis erT-erT kolejSi religiisadmi damokide-
bulebis kvleva, SesaZloa amerikis kolejis studen-
tebis an axalgazrdebis da, miT umetes, mTeli amerikis
mosaxleobis damokidebulebas ar asaxavs. swored aseve,
saWiroa, sociologebma sakuTari sazogadoebis garda,
sxvaTa monacemebi, gansxavavebuli istoriuli perio-
debis da ara mxolod Tanamedrove formebi da social-
uri cvlilebebic Seiswavlon.
SedarebiTi analizis upirvelesi amocana erTi so-
cialuri jgufis an adamianTa socialuri kategoriis,
erTi sazogadoebis an drois monakveTis gadaWarbebuli
ganzogadebis Tavidan acilebaa. SedarebiTma kvlevam
SesaZloa Cven mier ganxiluli kvlevis nebismieri meTo-
di gamoiyenos. magaliTad, xarisxobrivi da raodeno-
brivi meTodebi. maT kvlevis, eqsperimentis, monawileTa
dakvirvebis, istoriuli midgomis an Sinaarsis analizis
Sedegad Tavmoyril monacemTa gamoyeneba SeuZliaT. ar-
sebiTi elementi Sedareba _ msgavsebaTa da gansxvaveba-
Ta kvlevaa.
SedarebiTi sociologia, Cveulebriv, kros-kul-
turuli kvlevis formas iRebs, romlis drosac Za-
lze gansxvavebuli socialuri pirobebis monacemebs
adarebs. sociologebi sxvadasxva qveynebis monacemebs
iseTi arsebiTi da zogadi sakiTxebis sakvlevad iyene-
ben, rogoricaa: nacionalizmi, klasTa struqtura an
socialuri uzrunvelyofis politika.
SedarebiTi analizis zogierTi proeqti mravali Sem-
Txvevis farTomasStabiani Sedarebaa, zogi ki, mxolod
erT an ramdenime SemTxvevas eyrdnoba. nacionalizmis,

188
erovnuli identurobisa da masze dafuZvnebuli teri-
toriisa da avtonomiis Sesaxeb politikuri moTxovnebis
sakiTxebis Seswavlisas, antoni smitma (1993w.) mTeli
msoflios masStabiT TiTqmis asi SemTxveva gaanaliza.
amis sapirispirod, laia grinfildma (1992w.) guldasmiT
mxolod xuTi qveyana ganixila. sxva mkvlevarebma (1992
wels kolim), detalurad mxolod erTi qveynis sxvadasx-
va regioni Seadares da sxva qveynebis mxolod mokle an
savaraudo Sedareba warmoadgines. amgvari gansxvavebu-
li strategiebis gamoyeneba nebismieri empiriuli Temis
_ Sobadobis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis, danaSaulisa
da a.S. Sesaswavlad SeiZleba. arsebobs kompromisi mra-
vali SemTxvevisa da Sesaswavli cvladis socialuri da
kulturuli Sinaarsis saxesxvaobaTa yuradRebiT ganx-
ilvas Soris. rac metia SemTxveva, miT ufro savarau-
doa, rom sociologi statistikas sakuTari daskvnebis
Sesajameblad da cvladebs Soris kavSiris analizisaT-
vis gamoiyenebs.
Tanamedrove sociologiaSi swrafad viTardeba saer-
TaSoriso SedarebiTi (anu kros-kulturuli) analizi.
amgvari kvlevis gamoyenebis erT-erTi mizezia adami-
anur kulturaTa da socialuri organizaciis formaTa
didi mravalferovneba. Tu amerikuli religiuri, sa-
ganmanaTleblo an politikuri sistemebis msgavsebas
“bunebrivad” miviCnevT da ver SevZlebT maT Sedarebas
sxva qveynebTan, Zalze mwiri warmodgena Segveqmneba
adamianTa socialuri organizaciis farTo speqtrze.
socialuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebTan erTad kul-
turuli Rirebulebebi ganaTlebisaTvis “formis mice-
maSi” gvexmareba. kros-kulturuli kvlevebi avlens,
rom roca iaponeli bavSvebi uaxles kompiuterul
teqnologiebs swavloben da ocdameerTe saukuneSi
cxovrebisa da karierisaTvis emzadebian, egvipteli
bavSvebi egvipturi kulturis uZveles teqstebs swav-

189
loben sainformacio saukunis moTxovnaTagan Zalze
Sors mdgom saklaso oTaxebSi.
saerTaSoriso anu kros-kulturul SedarebaTa gam-
oyenebis meore mizezi isaa, rom adamianebs Soris mTel
msoflioSi sul ufro da ufro axlo urTierTobebi
myardeba, TandaTan yvela qveynis ekonomika erT glo-
balur sistemaSi iyris Tavs. media ufro da ufro saer-
TaSoriso xdeba. si-en-ens mTel msoflioSi gadasce-
men. arsebiTia, rom adamianebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs
realoba _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqti msoflios erT
nawilSi safrTxes yvelas uqmnis. SedarebiTi analizi
sociologebs globalizaciis procesTa Seswavlis sa-
Sualebas aZlevs.
yvela SedarebiTi kvleva rodi moicavs Tanamedrove
SemTxvevebs. xangrZliv socialur cvlilebaTa da
uCveulo movlenaTa gasagebad sociologebi istoriul
Seswavlas iyeneben. magaliTad, Tanamedrove samrewve-
lo sawarmoTa zrda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Semswav-
leli sociologisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani Temaa, ma-
gram zrdis procesi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobda da misi axsna mxolod istoriuli meTo-
dis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. am mizniT sociologebi aana-
lizeben rogorc istorikosTa, aseve sakuTari ZalebiT
Tavmoyril monacemebs. es mravalgvari monacemebia: aR-
wera, policiis angariSi, sagazeTo statia, saeklesio da
saqmiani Canawerebi. istoriuli SedarebebisaTvis aseve
mniSvnelovani wyaroa Zvel sociologTa naSromebi.
Tavis klasikur naSromSi “saxelmwifoebi da social-
uri revoluciebi”, Teda skopolma 1979wels, Sedarebi-
Ti da istoriuli meTodebi gaaerTiana. imis gamo, rom
revoluciebi arc ise xSirad xdeba, mas istoriuli Sem-
Txvevebi unda gamoeyenebina. skopols ar surda mxolod
erTi SemTxvevis safuZvelze gaekeTebina ganzogadeba
da amitom gansxavavebul kulturul da istoriul gare-

190
moebebSi momxdari sami revolucia airCia. SedarebaTa
saSualebiT mas surda aRmoeCina, ra saerTo hqonda am
revoluciebs da ra ganasxvavebda warumatebeli revo-
luciebisagan.
skopolma namdvili sociologiviT daiwyo: gansaz-
Rvra Sesaswavli movlena _am SemTxvevaSi, socialuri
revolucia. am gansazRvris Tanaxmad, socialuri revo-
lucia moiTxovs rogorc politikuri institutebis,
aseve ekonomikuri institutebis Zireul transfor-
macias. revolucia, romelSic erTi totalitaruli
mmarTveli meores cvlis; ajanyeba, romelic yovel-
dRiur rutinas anadgurebs, magram arsebiTi cvlile-
bebi ver moaqvs; an iseTi “revoluciuri” cvlileba,
rogoricaa industrializacia, romelic ver cvlis
politikur struqturas, mocemul mkacr kriteriums
ar Seesabameba.
skopoli socialuri revoluciis ganzogadebis una-
ris mqone mizezobriv Teorias eZebda. am miznis misaR-
wevad man analizis SedarebiTi meTodologia gamoiyena
sami revoluciis saerTo da gamorCeuli elementebis
dasadgenad. amis garda, skopolma es sami warmatebu-
li socialuri revolucia sxva istoriul situaciebs
Seadara, roca warumatebelma revoluciebma ver Se-
Zles sazogadoebis politikuri da ekonomikuri struq-
turebis arsebiTi Secvla.
skopolma sami warmatebuli SemTxvevis _ safrangeT-
is, ruseTisa da CineTis _ calkeuli elementebi gansaz-
Rvra. gamonaklisi iyo warumatebeli revoluciebi. am
dakvirvebebma safuZveli Seuqmna mis Teoriul daskvnas,
rom socialuri revoluciis warmateba an kraxi ZiriTa-
dad saxelmwifoSi arsebuli struqturuli probleme-
biT ganisazRvreba da ara revolucionerTa ideologii-
Ta da qmedebiT.

191
 kvlevis sxva proeqtebis msgavsad, skopolis mier so-
cialuri revoluciebis Seswavla im uwyveti mcdelo-
bebis nawilia, romelsac dasasruli ara aqvs. social-
uri samyaros Secnoba mraval sxvadasxvagvar meTods,
perspeqtivasa da Teorias moiTxovs. aseve saWiroa,
mkvlevarebma, rogori gamorCeulebic ar unda iyvnen,
aRiaron, rom momavalma kvlevebma SesaZloa kiTxvis
niSnis qveS daayenon an Secvalon maTi daskvnebi. skopo-
lis erT-erTma moswavlem _ jek goldstonma 1991wels
igive SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodi gamoiyena social-
uri revoluciebis Sesaswavlad. man axali cvladebi da
axali SemTxvevebi miamata da axal daskvnamde mivida _
mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi zrda xSirad saxelm-
wifo krizisisa da revoluciis mizezi xdeba.
mecniereba yovelTvis siaxleebzea orientirebuli da
ara dadgenil WeSmaritebebze. amis gaxseneba sociolo-
gebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan so-
cialuri samyaro, romelsac isini swavloben, adamianuri
aqtivobebis Sedegia. socialur samyaros ara marto sx-
vadasxvagvarad aRviqvamT, aramed is icvleba kidec.

3.5. dokumentebis analizi

sociologia _ jer isev wignieri disciplinaa. cod-

nis mocemul dargSi specialisti yovelTvis iyo da
rCeba “aqtiur” mkiTxvelad. igi iZulebulia daamuS-
aos mniSvnelovani moculobis informacia, Seiswavlos
profesiuli literatura da publikaciebi samecniero
periodul gamocemebSi, imuSaos sxvadasxva biblio-
grafiebze, Seavsos mravalricxovani dokumentebi da
weros, weros mudmivad.
sruliad samarTliania, rom sociologisaTvis infor-
maciis mTavar wyaros warmoadgens beWdviTi gamocemebi.
magram Tanamedrove pirobebSi maT mZlavri konkurenti

192
gamouCndaT _ kompiuteruli teqnikuri saSualebebis,
sainformacio teqnologiebisa da internetis saxiT,
romelTa daufleba da praqtikaSi gamoyeneba umaRlesi
kvalifikaciis specialistebis mosamzadeblad saval-
debulo elementi gaxda.
dokumenti _ aris materialuri obieqti, romelic dad-
genili formebiTa da wesebiT dafiqsirebul, samecnie-
ro-kvleviTi da praqtikuli miznebisaTvis aucilebel
informacias Seicavs. `dokumenti~ laTinuri sityvaa da
qarTulad “damamtkicebel sabuTs_mtkicebas” niSnavs.
dokumentebis erTobliobis Seswavla, maTi Sedareba qm-
nis sinamdviles, rac aris kidec istorikosisa da soci-
ologis amocana. dokumentSi inaxeba obieqturi sinamd-
vilis dadastureba, dokumentis wakiTxva gulisxmobs
ukanaskneli Canaweris aRdgenas, gagebas imisa, Tu rogor
TanafardobaSia teqsti namdvil situaciasTan.
bolo dros gamoiyeneba ufro rbili formulireba,
romlis Tanaxmadac dokumenti _aris informacia ma-
terialur matarebelze, romelsac gaaCnia iuridiuli
Zala. dokumentebi SeiZleba momzaddes tradiciulad
qaRaldze da teqnikur matareblebzec (magnitur, laz-
erul diskebze, videogramebis saxiT da a.S.).
terminologia cnebebisa _ “dokumenti”, “dokumen-
tacia”, warmoadgens iseTi mecnieruli disciplinebis
Seswavlisa da gansazRvris obieqts, rogoricaa: do-
kumentwarmoeba, dokumentalistika, arqivowarmoeba,
samarTali, sociologia da sxv. am disciplinebis Ses-
wavlis obieqts warmoadgens sazogadoebis mier Seqm-
nili werilobiTi dokumentebis mTeli erToblioba,
maTi warmoSobis sferos miuxedavad. Tavisi amocanebis
Sesabamisad, es disciplinebi sxvadasxvanairad axdenen
werilobiTi dokumentebis klasificirebas. arsebobs
mravali klasifikacia TiToeul disciplinaSi.

193
 dokumentSi mocemulia informacia sazogadoebis didi
da mcire jgufebis, calkeuli individebisa da mTlianad
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. swored
amitomac, dokumentebSi mocemuli informacia soci-
ologebis didi dainteresebis sagani xdeba da bevri so-
ciologiuri kvleva dokumentebis analiziT iwyeba.

dokumentebis ZiriTadi saxeebia:

a). zogadi mniSvnelobis, statusis mixedviT: 1. ofi-

cialuri, 2. araoficialuri;
b). gadmocemis formis mixedviT: 1. statistikuri; 2.
verbaluri (werilobiTi);
g). informaciis fiqsaciis mixedviT:
1. werilobiTi dokumentebi (xelnaweri, beWduri),
romelSic informacia mocemulia asoebiT, teqstis
formiT;
2. ikonografiuli dokumentebi (suraTebi, kino da
fotodokumentebi);
3. statistikuri monacemebi;
4. fonetikuri dokumentebi (magnitoCanawerebi, fir-
fitebi).
sociologisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs oficialur
dokumentebs, romelTac miekuTvneba: samTavrobo masa-
lebi, brZanebulebebi, dadgenilebebi, gancxadebebi, ko-
munike, saxelmwifo da uwyebrivi statistikuri monace-
mebi, arqivebi da sxvadasxva dawesebulebebis mimdinare
dokumentebi, saqmiani korespondenciebi, sasamarTlo
organoebisa da prokuratoris organoebis oqmebi, fi-
nansuri angariSebi da a.S. oficialuri dokumentebi
iqmneba organizaciebis an Tanamdebobis pirebis mier
gansazRvruli wesebiT (standartulobiT); oficialur
dokumentebs miekuTvneba agreTve pasporti, piradobis
mowmoba, manqanis marTvis mowmoba da sxv.

194
 araoficialur dokumentebs miekuTvneba: piradi ma-
salebi, dRiurebi, memuarebi, mimowera, profesiuli da
araprofesiuli Semoqmedebis Sedegebi (literatura,
kino, Teatri); aseve moqalaqeTa mier Sedgenili arapi-
radi dokumentebi. magaliTad, statistikuri ganzoga-
deba, Sesrulebuli sxva mkvlevarebis mier dakvirvebis
safuZvelze.

dokumentebi Sinaarsis mixedviT iyofa:

a. mecnierul-teqnikuri (wignebi, patentebi, naxazebi

da sxv.);
b. samarTlebrivi (dadgenilebebi, miTiTebebi, xe-
lSekrulebebi da sxv.);
g. mmarTvelobiTi (brZanebebi, direqtivebi) da sxv.
dokumentebi SeiZleba iyos: pirveladi da meoradi (re-
ferati, anotacia da sxv.). dokumentebi aseve SeiZleba
daiyos Semdegi niSnis mixedviT:
a. normatiul-meToduri uzrunvelyofis ierarqi-
uli donis mixedviT _saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba,
qveyana, regioni (respublika, mxare. olqi), qalaqi,
sofeli, firma;
b. dokumenti samarTlebrivi statusis mixedviT:
aucileblad Sesasrulebeli (kanonebi, standarte-
bi, brZanebebi, dadgenilebebi, programebi, gegmebi,
formaluri gankargulebebi) da sarekomendacio (in-
struqciebi, meTodikebi, rekomendaciebi da sxv.);
g. dokumenti Sinaarsis mixedviT _teqnikuri (sain-
vesticio proeqtebi, sakonstruqturo-teqnologiuri
dokumentacia, meTodikebi da a.S.),
d. ekonomikuri (teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTeba,
safinanso, sabuRaltro, sagadasaxado dokumentebi,
biznes-gegmebi da sxv.);

195
 e. saorganizacio (saorganizacio proeqtebi, wesde-
bebi, saorganizacio struqturebi, oqmebi, instruqcie-
bi da sxv.).
dokumentebi, romlebic sociologisaTvis gamokv-
levis obieqts warmoadgenen, iyofa sam kategoriad:
1. mecnieruli funqciis mixedviT _miznobrivad ar-
sebuli;
2. personifikaciis xarisxis mixedviT _piradi da
arapiradi;
3. informaciis wyaros mixedviT _pirveladi da meo-
radi.
miznobrivad iwodeba dokumentebi, romlebic momza-
debulia gamokvlevis programisa da amocanis Sesabam-
isad: anketis kiTxvebis pasuxebi da intervius teqstebi,
Canawerebi dakvirvebis dros, romlebic respondentTa
Sexedulebebsa da qcevebs gamoxataven, oficialuri
da araoficialuri organizaciebis cnobebi, romle-
bic mkvlevarebis dakveTiTa da iniciativiT sruldeba;
statistikuri informacia, romelic sociologiuri kv-
leviT aris mopovebuli da ganzogadebuli.
arsebuli dokumentebi, anu mkvlevarisagan da-
moukideblad Seqmnili dokumentebi, ganpirobebuli ar
arian sociologiuri kvlevis Catarebis teqnikiT. maT
miekuTvneba: oficialuri dokumentebi, statistikuri
cnobebi, presis masalebi, piradi mimowera, korespon-
dencia da sxva.
personifikaciis xarisxis mixedviT dokumentebi
iyofa: piradad da arapiradad. pirads miekuTvneba:
individualuri aRricxvis baraTebi (magaliTad, bib-
lioTekis formulari an anketebi da blankebi, damowme-
buli xelmoweriT), daxasiaTebebi, werilebi, dRiurebi,
gancxadebebi, memuaruli Canawerebi. arapirad doku-
mentebs ekuTvnis: statistikuri da sxvadasxva movleni-

196
sa da procesis amsaxveli arqivebi, presis monacemebi,
krebis oqmebi.
dabolos, informaciis wyaros mixedviT ganasxvaveben
pirvelad da meorad dokumentebs. pirveladi doku-
mentebi iqmneba piradapiri dakvirvebis an gamokiTxvis
safuZvelze, movlenaTa uSualo registraciis bazaze.
meoradi dokumentebi ki _ pirveladi wyaroebis mona-
cemebis damuSavebis, ganzogadebisa da aRweris safuZ-
velze. zustad am sityvebidan warmoiSva monacemTa ana-
lizis ori mTavari meTodis dasaxeleba sociologiaSi,
kerZod ki _pirveladi analizi da meoradi analizi.
specialistebi miiCneven, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi pirve-
ladi monacemebi saimedoa meoreze, amitom oficialuri
piradi dokumenti, miRebuli pirveli xelidan, ufro
sandoa, vidre araoficialuri, arapiradi da, amasTan
erTad, sxva dokumentebis safuZvelze Sedgenili. meo-
radi dokumentebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia maTi
pirveli wyaros aRdgena.
amasTan erTad, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba dokumentebis
klasificireba uSualo Sinaarsis mixedviT. magali-
Tad, literaturuli monacemebi, istoriuli da samec-
niero arqivebi, sociologiuri gamokvlevebis arqivebi,
sazogadoebrivi movlenebis videoqronikebi.
sociologiaSi analizi Seexeba wignebs, gazeTebisa
da Jurnalebis statiebs, gancxadebebs, satelevizio
gamosvlebs, kino da videoCanawerebs, fotosuraTebs,
lozungebs, etiketebs, naxatebs, xelovnebis sxvadasxva
nimuSebs da sxv. sociologiaSi dokumentebs uwodeben
nebismier informacias, romelic fiqsirebulia nabeWd
Tu xelnawer teqstSi, magnitur lentaze, foto Tu kino-
firze. am azriT, terminis mniSvneloba gansxvavdeba say-
ovelTaod miRebulisagan. Cveulebriv, dokuments Cven
vuwodebT mxolod oficialur masalebs. isini asrule-
ben mecnierebaSi udides rols. marTlac_responden-

197
tis mier Sevsebuli anketa an interviueris specialuri
blanki iTvleba oficialur dokumentad da inaxeba gan-
sakuTrebul adgilze. mas yovelTvis SeiZleba mivu-
brundeT, Tu romelime ucxo adamians eWvi aReZra miRe-
buli informaciis utyuarobaSi. garda amisa, sociolo-
giur masalebs oficialuri dokumentebis statusis
miniWeba da Senaxva imitomac sWirdeba, rom mecnieruli
gamokiTxva Seicavs konfidencialur informacias re-
spondentze, romelsac sociologi Sehpirda anonimu-
robis dacvas anketis Sesaval nawilSi. ufro mkacrad
inaxeba mosaxleobis mimoweriTi dokumentebi, xolo
zogierTze miTiTebulia grifi_“sruliad saidum-
lod“. sociologiisaTvis vargisi dokumentebi inaxeba:
a. saxelmwifoebriv da kerZo, adgilobriv da ucxoe-
Tis, centralur da regionalur arqivebSi;
b. samecniero publikaciebSi _ statiebSi, mono-
grafiebSi, leqsikonebsa da enciklopediebSi, cno-
barebSi;
g. veb-gverdebze: eleqtronul biblioTekaSi (sama-
mulo da ucxoeTis), sociologiur da misi monaTesave
disciplinebis specializirebul da
samecniero Jurnalebis oficialur saitebze.
umdidres sainformacio bazas qmnian gazeTebisa da
Jurnalebis publikaciebi. Jurnalistebis samuSao ax-
los aris gamomZieblebis, mecnierebis da specsamsax-
urebis saqmianobasTan, xolo Jurnalisturi gamoZieba
Tavisi sisruliTa da obieqturobiT ar Camouvardeba
sociologiur gamokvlevebs. Jurnalistebi, romlebic
mraval wels muSaoben da specializirdebian Temebze,
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc eqspertebi.
Ria beWdviTi masalebi, rogorc aRmoCnda, Seicavs fas-
daudebel informacias, SedarebiT imasTan, romelic
SeiZleba gamoavlinos mzveravma farulad. rogorc

198
aSS-s centraluri dazvervis yofilma direqtorma
r.xillenketterma ganacxada: dazverviTi informaciis
80% miiReba iseTi Cveulebrivi wyaroebidan, rogori-
caa: ucxouri wignebi, Jurnalebi, mecnieruli da teqni-
kuri mimoxilvebi, fotosuraTebi, gazeTebi, radioga-
dacemebi, komerciuli analizis monacemebi, agreTve,
ucxoeTSi dasaqmebuli pirebis saerTo cnobebi.
marketinguli gamokvlevebis sferoSi dokumentebis
analizma miiRo damoukidebeli saxelwodeba _ kabine-
turi gamokvlevebi.
dokumentebis analizi _ sociologiaSi gamokvle-
vis meTodia, romelSic informaciis wyaros warmoad-
gens teqsturi Setyobineba da is, rac inaxeba nebismier
dokumentSi, oqmebSi, moxsenebebSi, rezoluciebsa da
gadawyvetilebebSi, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis pub-
likaciebSi, werilebSi, mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, il-
ustraciebSi. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs miviRoT cno-
bebi warsul movlenebze, romelTa uSualo dakvirveba
an monawileTa gamokiTxva ukve SeuZlebelia. erTi da
igive movlenis teqstebiT Seswavla mravali wlis ganma-
vlobaSi saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT misi ganviTa-
rebis tendenciebi da dinamika.
dokumentebis analizi svams rTul problemas infor-
maciis utyuarobisa da dokumentebis sandoobisa. igi
gadawydeba gansazRvruli gamokvlevebis dokumentebis
SerCevisas da dokumentebis Sinaarsis Sinagani da gare-
gani analizis mimdinareobisas. garegani analizi _
aris dokumentis warmoSobis, misi Seqmnis garemoebebis,
aseve istoriuli da socialuri konteqstis Seswavla.
Sinagani ki _ dokumentis Sinaarsis sakuTrivi Seswav-
laa. Seiswavleba yvelaferi, rac dokumentis teqstSia
gadmocemuli da dokumentis stili.
dokumentebze muSaobisas aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT
movlenebis aRwera da maTi Sefaseba. Sexedulebebi da

199
Sefasebebi nakleb saimedo da sandoa faqtobriv in-
formaciasTan SedarebiT. dokumentSi xSirad ar aris im
situaciis detaluri daxasiaTeba, romelSic gamoiTqva
isini, konkretuli situacia ki gamoaaSkaravebs am az-
rebsa da Sexedulebebs.
dokumentebis analizi SeiZleba warmoadgendes Semec-
nebis erTaderT, mTavar, an damxmare meTods sociolo-
giur gamokvlevebSi. igi mSvenivrad aris Serwymuli
kargad cnobil meTodebTan, iseTebTan, rogoricaa:
gamokiTxva da dakvirveba, cudad ewyoba _ eqsperi-
mentTan. magaliTad, sawarmoSi muSaobisas sociologi
Cveulebriv iwyebs eqspertebTan winaswar konsulta-
cias (Tavisufali intervius meTodiT), Semdeg gadadis
literaturis analizze, uwyebriv dokumentebze da at-
arebs gamokiTxvas. amasTan erTad, igi valdebulia mka-
fiod warmoadginos TiToeuli meTodis SemecnebiTi
SesaZleblobebi.
amgvarad, dokumentebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs
operatiulad da didi danaxarjebis gareSe miviRoT
sawarmos faqtobrivi monacemebi. magram ar unda da-
viviwyoT naklovanebebi, romelic dakavSirebulia ase-
Ti informaciis xarisxTan. magaliTad, momuSaveTa so-
cialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba ufro
swrafad miviRoT kadrebis ganyofilebaSi, vidre spe-
cialuri gamokiTxvis saSualebiT. magram unda gaviT-
valiswinoT, rom aseTi monacemebi Zveldeba da icvleba
(sacxovrebeli misamarTebi, bavSvebis ricxvi, ojaxuri
mdgomareoba da sxv.).
cnobilia, rom aRricxuli da garkveuli informacia
yovelTvis ar aris utyuari da saWiroebs monacemebze
kontrols, dakvirvebisa da gamokiTxvis daxmarebiT.
garda amisa, informacia, romelic inaxeba dokumenteb-
Si, axleburad gaazrebuli da gadamuSavebuli unda
iqnes sociologis mier. erTi sityviT, dokumentebi ar

200
inaxavs sociologisaTvis mza pasuxebs, mxolod war-
moadgens informaciul „nedleuls“.
sociologiur mecnierebaSi gamoyofen dokumentebis
analizis or ZiriTad saxes: a. Tvisebriv analizs,
romelsac uwodeben agreTve tradiciuls da
b. raodenobriv analizs, romelsac saerTaSoriso kla-
sifikaciiT uwodeben kontent-analizs. isini erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavdebian, magram avseben erTmaneTs da
amiT mkvlevarebs uzrunvelyofen sando da aucilebe-
li informaciiT.
Tvisebrivi anu tradiciuli analizi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens unikaluri dokumentebis Seswavli-
sas, romelTa raodenoba didi ar aris da Sesabamisad,
arc maTi raodenobrivi damuSavebis aucilebloba ar-
sebobs. tradiciuli midgomis arsi mdgomareobs doku-
mentebis Sinaarsis CaRrmavebul logikur kvlevaSi, maT
avtorTa poziciebis garkvevaSi, avtoriseuli enis da
gadmocemis stilis TaviseburebaSi. es meTodi saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT dokumentis Rrma Sinaarsi,
magram aqvs naklic. mis naklad iTvleba sociologis
mier masalis subieqturi interpretaciis SesaZleblo-
ba. mkvlevari- sociologi rac ar unda keTilsindis-
ieri, miukerZoebeli da obieqturi iyos, dokumentebSi
arsebuli informaciis Sefasebisas, misi interpretaci-
is dros, is metnaklebad subieqturia.
Tanamedrove moTxovnebma safuZveli Cauyares doku-
mentebis Seswavlis formalizebuli, Tvisebriv-raode-
nobrivi meTodis Camoyalibebas, romelic gamoiyeneba
didi moculobis sociologiuri informaciis ganzoga-
doebisa da teqstobrivi masalis damuSavebis mizniT.
pirvelad, specialuri teqnikis gamoyeneba teqstis
Sinaarsis analizisaTvis, me-17 saukunis Sua xanebSi
(1640w) TariRdeba. Tanamedrove kontent-analizis ms-
gavsi procedurebi Catarda SveciaSi me-18 saukuneSi.

201
90 saeklesio himni, romlebmac gaiares saxelmwifo cen-
zura da sargeblobdnen didi popularobiT, daadana-
Saules religiur dogmatebTan SeusabamobaSi. moax-
dines am himnebis teqstSi religiuri simboloebis daT-
vla da Seadares isini sxva religiur teqstebs, kerZod,
iseTebs, romlebic akrZaluli iyo eklesiis mier.
termini „kontent-analizi“ pirvelad gamoyenebul
iqna me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawy-
isSi amerikul JurnalistikaSi, b. mettius, a. tennis,
d. spiidis, j. uipkonsis mier, romlebic raodenobriv
meTods iyenebdnen gazeTebis Sinaarsobrivi analizis
Casatareblad. kontent-analizis saTaveebTan idgnen
amerikeli sociologi h. lasueli da frangi Jurnal-
isti J. kaizeri, xolo misi meTodologiuri safuZveli
daamuSaves amerikelma sociologebma h. lasuelma da b.
berelsonma.
me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
aSS-Si gamoCnda masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis
teqstebis pirveli raodenobrivi gamokvlevebi. maTi
avtorebis mizani iyo eCvenebinaT maSindeli niu-ior-
kis presis „gayviTleba“ da sazogadoebis zneobrivi
dacema. 1930-40-ian wlebSi Catarda gamokvlevebi, rom-
lebic miCneulia klasikurad am JanrSi. pirvel rigSi
idga h. lasueli, romlis saqmianoba grZeldeboda omis
Semdgom wlebSic. mag., 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi h.
lasuelma ganaxorciela masobrivi sainformacio sa-
Sualebebis politologiuri analizi. man Semoitana
mecnierul xmarebaSi abstraqtuli erTeuli _“sity-
va“. lasuelis mizani iyo mieRo sakuTriv sociologi-
uri Sedegebi sociologiisaTvis aratipiuri beWduri
gamocemis teqstebidan.
meore msoflio omis dros moxda yvelaze mniSvnelovani
epizodi kontent-analizis istoriaSi _ britanelma
analitikosebma zustad daasaxeles is dro, roca ger-

202
mania daiwyebda didi britaneTis winaaRmdeg Tavisi fr-
Tosani raketis Фау -1-is da balistikuri raketis Фау-
2-is gamoyenebas, gaanalizes ra (amerikelebTan erTad)
germaniis Sida propagandistuli kompania.
1950-iani wlebidan kontent-analizi farTod gamoi-
yeneba yvela mecnierebaSi, romelTac Sexeba aqvT te-
qstebTan: masobrivi komunikaciis TeoriaSi, sociolo-
giaSi, politologiaSi, istoriaSi, kulturologiaSi,
gamoyenebiT lingvistikaSi, fsiqologiasa da fsiqi-
atriaSi.
1960-ian wlebSi J. kaizerma SeimuSava periodikis
statistikuri analizis originaluri meTodika. igi
gulisxmobda: midgomas teqstis marTvisadmi, rogorc
informaciuli sistemisadmi. amiT kaizerma safuZveli
daudo sociologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebis Semdgom
gavrcelebas yvela naratiuli wyaroebis Sesaswavlad,
epigrafiuli da epistoluri masalebis CaTvliT. Tavis
saqmianobaSi igi yuradRebas aqcevda masalebis gareg-
nul formas: dalagebas-ganlagebas, dasaTaurebas, ga-
formebas da a.S. kaizerma SeimuSava meToduri proce-
durebi, romelic uzrunvelyofda gazeTis rogorc
erTi nomeris, ise erTtipiuri perioduli gamocemebis
erTobliobis srul formalizacias.
kaizeris saqmianoba gaagrZela e. merenma, romelmac
mecnierul brunvaSi Semoitana termini _“informaciis
erTeuli“_semantikuri bloki, romlebic pasuxoben
kiTxvaze: „razea saubari“. amis Sedegad mkvlevarebis
winaSe gaCnda SesaZlebloba Seiswavlon teqsturi masa-
lebis organizaciis nebismieri forma; amasTan, rogorc
terminologiebis, ise frazebis, abzacebis, statiebisa
da mTliani wignebis donezec ki.
maSasadame, kontent-analizi sociologebis mier
gamoiyeneba ukve 100 welze meti xnis manZilze. bolo
aTwleulia misiT dainteresdnen da aqtiurad iyeneben

203
socio-humanitaruli mecnierebi (iuristebi, istor-
ikosebi, Jurnalistebi, enaTmecnierebi, literaturaT-
mcodneebi, politologebi, fsiqologebi, ekonomiste-
bi, pedagogebi, socialuri muSakebi, kulturologebi,
biblioTekamcodneebi, xelovnebaTmcodneebi).
kontent-analizi (inglisuridan-`Sinaarsis analizi~)
_ warmoadgens teqsturi an sxva masiuri informaciis
(audiovizualuri, cifruli) raodenobriv maCvene-
blebSi gadayvanas SemdgomSi misi statistikuri da-
muSavebis mizniT. misi idea martivia da imeorebs imas,
rac sociologiaSi yvela raodenobrivi meTodis safuZ-
velSi devs, iqneba es anketireba Tu interviu. unda
daiTvalos yvelaze xSirad ganmeorebuli sityvebi an
Temebi, magaliTad, sagazeTo masalebSi da ganisazRv-
ros, ra igulisxmeba masSi. Taviseburebis arsi mdgo-
mareobs swored erTi tipis teqstebis analizisaTvis
statistikuri procedurebis gamoyenebaSi.
kontent-analizis sxva ganmarteba aseTia: kontent-
analizi – aris teqstebisa da teqsturi masivebis ra-
odenobrivi analizi, gamovlenili ricxobrivi kanon-
zomierebebis Semdgomi Sinaarsobrivi interpretaciis
mizniT, xolo j. manheimssa da r. riCs mocemuli aqvT
aseTi gansazRvra: „kontent-analizi _aris infor-
maciuli wyaros Sinaarsis da formebis sistematiuri
ricxobrivi gadamuSaveba, Sefaseba da interpretacia“.
aragamokiTxviTi gamokvlevis am tips aseve uwodeben
dokumentebis formalizebul analizs.
kontent-analizis proceduris dawvrilebiT aRwera
pirvelad 1949 wels moxda. kontent-analizs saqme aqvs
teqstTan, magram, uwinares yovlisa, orientirebulia
im realobis Seswavlaze, rac teqstis miRmaa, xolo
kontent-analizisas teqstSi igulisxmeba wignebi,
wignis Tavebi, eseebi, interviuebi, diskusiebi, saga-

204
zeTo statiebi, istoriuli dokumentebi, dRiurebis
Canawerebi, sareklamo teqstebi da a.S.
arsebobs ramdenime mizezi, risTvisac kontent-anal-
izs iyeneben mxolod didi raodenobis teqstebisagan
Sedgenil informaciul masivebSi. pirveli, statisti-
kuri kanonzomierebebi gamovlindeba miT ufro mkaf-
iod, garkveviT, rac ufro didia SerCevis moculoba;
meore, xSir SemTxvevaSi kontent-analizi gamoiyeneba
komparatiuli. e.i. istoriuli-SedarebiTi mizniT. igi
Zlieria, roca aRmoaCens, gamoaaSkaravebs ara erTmo-
mentian cvlilebas, aramed cvlilebis dinamikas.
maSasadame, kontent-analizis idea gulisxmobs didi
informaciuli masivebis analizs; meore mxriv, misi Se-
darebiTi siiafe da teqnologiuroba principulad Ses-
aZlebels xdis aseT analizs. amitom gasakviri ar unda
iyos kontent-analizis istoriaSi arsebuli iseTi pro-
eqtebi, rogoricaa: 427 skolis saxelmZRvanelos, 481
kerZo saubris, 4022 sareklamo sloganis da a.S. analizi.
kontent-analizi ramdenime doneze tardeba: pirve-
li, calkeuli sityvebisa da terminebis, an calkeuli
pirovnebebis xsenebis sixSire; meore, abzacebsa da te-
qstis ufro vrcel fragmentebSi gamoxatuli azri;
mesame, sazogadoebrivi movlenis mniSvnelobis Sefaseba
_ am movlenis moxseniebis sixSire, xangrZlivoba da sxv.
kontent-analizis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi sar-
wmuno rom iyos, saWiroa, sworad SevarCioT is doku-
mentebi, romlebsac uSualod SeviswavliT, anu gavake-
ToT swori SerCeva.
procedura iwyeba analizis ori erTeulis_azrobri-
vis (Tvisebrivis) da Tvlis erTeulis gamoyofiT. mTa-
vari azrobrivi erTeuli SeiZleba iyos socialuri idea,
socialurad mniSvnelovani Tema, rac operacionalur
cnebebSia gadmocemuli. igi teqstSi sxvadasxvagvarad
aris dafiqsirebuli _sityviT, sityva-SeTanxmebiT,

205
aRweriT. kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, unda moinaxos
is indikatorebi, romlebic dokumentSi analizisaTvis
mniSvnelovani Temis arsebobaze miuTiTebs.
Tvlis erTeuls SesaZloa warmoadgendes calkeuli
sityvebi, msjelobebi, gadmocemuli frazebiT, abzace-
biT, teqstis fragmentebiT, Sefasebebi, argumentebi,
sxvadasxva saxis publikaciebi. Tvlis erTeulis gansaz-
Rvras ganapirobebs kvlevis mizani. SesaZlebelia az-
robrivi erTeuli daemTxves Tvlis erTeuls. teqstis
analizis dros sainteresoa problemuri midgoma. am
dros, mTeli teqsti an misi nawili ganixileba rogorc
konkretuli problemuri situaciis aRwera, romelSic
gamoiyofa moqmedeba da misi subieqtebi, qcevebisa da
moqmedebis miznebi da amocanebi, garemoebebi, mizezebi,
romlebic iwveven ama Tu im qmedebis moTxovnas, obieqti.
kontent-analizisaTvis aucilebelia kodirebis blan-
kic, romelic unda Sedges operacionaluri cnebebis
Sesabamisad. igi Seicavs analizis erTeulebs da prob-
lemuri situaciis aRweris elementebs, amyarebs cal-
saxa Sesabamisobas teqstis leqsikasa da kodebs Soris,
romelzec, Tavis mxriv, xorcieldeba gamoTvliTi op-
eraciebi. raodenobrivi operacia, romelic Tvlis er-
Teulis gamoyofiT iwyeba, unda pasuxobdes kvlevis
miznebsa da sandoobis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, presis
analizisas Tvlis erTeulad iReben kvadratuli san-
timetris farTobis ricxvs, romelsac teqsti ikavebs,
beWvdiTi niSnebisa da abzacebis raodenobas. maTi meS-
veobiT kodireba ufro swrafad xdeba. kodirebisaTvis
SemuSavdeba specialuri baraTi. meToduri instrumen-
tis sandoobis Sesamowmeblad kontrolis procedura
tardeba, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom erTi da imave do-
kumentis kodirebas axdens sxvadasxva jgufi kodirebis
baraTis gamoyenebiT da Semdeg erTmaneTs adareben maT
mier miRebul pasuxebs. Tu Sedegebi erTmaneTs emTx-

206
veva, iTvleba, rom isini obieqturi da sandoa, xolo Tu
isini gansxvavdeba, xdeba informaciis gadamowmeba.
Tu kontent-analizi pirvelad gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba daS-
vebuli iqnes bevri Secdoma. maT Soris ufro tipiuria:
_ dokumentebis analizi win uswrebs gamokvlevis
programis damuSavebas; gasaanalizebeli dokumentebi
ar arian dakavSirebuli gamokvlevis hipoTezebTan; ar
Semowmebula dokumentebis utyuaroba; ar dazuste-
bula maTi avtoroba; arasrulad iyo gaTvaliswineb-
uli maTi daniSnuleba; dokumentebis analizi mimdi-
nareobda meToduri instrumentebis mTeli kompleq-
sis winaswari momzadebis gareSe; klasifikators aqvs
xarvezebi-naklovanebebi, Sedgenili iqna logikuri
wesebis darRveviT; registratorebma ver miiRes saTa-
nado meToduri momzadeba; instruqcia registraciasa
da kodirebaze arasrulyofilia, Sedgenili iqna mkvl-
evaris mier, romelmac winaswari aprobireba ar gaukeTa
instrumentebs; kodireba ar Seesabameba gamokvlevis
monacemTa maTematikuri damuSavebis programas; kon-
tent-analizis Sedegebi ar gadamowmda im informaciiT,
romelic sxva meTodebiT iyo Segrovebuli da sxva.
presis kontent-analizi moiTxovs SedarebiT did dan-
axarjebs, amitom SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes eqspres-
analizis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs: teqstis Si-
naarsobrivi elementebis (faqtis, konfliqtis, argu-
mentis, Temis) daTvlas, Sejamebas da aseve publikaciis
Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebis aRricxva-gaTvaliswinebas
(miznebis Sesabamisoba, informatiuloba, aqtualoba,
mtkicebuloba, konstruqciuloba). rogorc kontent-
analizis dros, teqstis am maxasiaTeblebs mieniWebaT
Sesabamisi gansazRvruli ricxviTi kodi da Semdeg te-
qstis kiTxvisas mkvlevari maT afiqsirebs.

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 3.6. gafarToebuli interviu

mecnieruli interviu, maT Soris sociologiuri _es

aris informaciis miRebis meTodi adamianisagan cocx-
ali dialogis gziT, romlis Tanaxmadac specialurad
momzadebuli interviueri svams kiTxvebs, xelmZRvan-
elobs ra gansazRvruli mizniTa da komunikaciuri taq-
tikiT. ramdenadac sociologs uwodeben “sazogadoebis
mkurnals”, imdenad sociologiaSi interviu miznebiTa
da amocanebiT axlos aris interviusTan, romelic eqim-
sa da pacients Soris mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, socio-
logiaSi informaciis mTavar Tvisebas, xarisxs gansaz-
Rvravs misi sizuste da sisrule.
interviu _sociologiis universaluri meTodia. is
farTod gamoiyeneba sociologebis mier meTodolo-
giuri orientaciisagan damoukideblad. Tumca orive
meTodologiaSi _ Tvisebriv da raodenobrivSi, mis
mimarT midgoma gansxvavebulia. Tvisebriv sociologia-
Si interviu warmoadgens ZiriTad meTods, xolo respon-
dentis gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsi kamaTis sagani ar xdeba,
e.i. ar icvleba mecnieris mier. raodenobriv sociolo-
giaSi interviu _ damxmare meTodia, xolo gamonaTqv-
amebis Sinaarsi kamaTs iwvevs, e.i. gadaiyvaneba mkvleva-
ris mier sayovelTaod miRebul mecnierul enaze.
dReisaTvis interviu informaciis Segrovebis erT-
erT yvelaze gavrcelebul saSualebas warmoadgens,
romelic ara mxolod socialuri mecnierebebis, aramed
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad iqca. arsebobs inter-
vius mravali saxeoba, romlebic arsebiTad gansxvavde-
ba erTmaneTisagan.
Catarebis teqnikisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdin-
are, interviu SeiZleba iyos: struqturirebuli, nawi-
lobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.
masobrivi gamokiTxvebisas iyeneben struqturirebul

208
intervius, romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTe-
ba. eTnografiuli kvlevebisas gamoiyeneba arastruq-
turirebuli interviuebi.
gafarToebuli interviu, romelic Tvisebrivi kvle-
vis meTods warmoadgens, nawilobriv struqturire-
buli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba. Tanamedrove
dasavlur sazogadoebaSi am intervius sxvadasxva gan-
sxvavebuli saxeliT moixsenieben, maT Soris: “Tavisuf-
ali interviu”, “fokusirebuli interviu”, “naratiuli
interviu” da sxv.
gafarToebuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi
gamoiyeneba ara mxolod socialur mecinierebebSi, ar-
amed mraval monaTesave dargSic: JurnalistikaSi, krim-
inalistikaSi, marketingSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi
da sxva. miuxedavad gasxvavebuli midgomebisa, yvela am
SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom is
miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da
Tanamimdevruli informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebi-
seuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvleze Sesa-
Zlebebli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzo-
mierebebis dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki _ saerToO xasi-
aTis daskvenebis gakeTeba.
gafarToebuli intervius ganxorcilebebisas xSirad
gamoyofen mis sxvadasxva etapebs: preinterviu, kerZod
interviu da postinterviu, romelTac Tavisi funqcie-
bi gaaCniaT.
preintevius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba
respondentTan. am dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvle-
vis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna arCeuli respondentad
konkretulad es pirovneba; unda davarwmunoT igi in-
tervius anonimurobaSa da aucileblad vTxovoT ne-
barTva, CaviweroT interviu audio an video firze.
kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacv-
lis process interviuersa da respondents Soris, rom-

209
lis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro in-
formacias.
postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damS-
vidobebis procesia, magram am dros SeiZleba molapara-
kebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris SesaZlebloba, Tu
gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs;
gadaeces respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaure-
ba gamokvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis, Tu es winaswar iyo
molaparakebuli da a.S.
gafarToebul intervius atarebs TviTon mkvlevari,
romelic muSaobda gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze,
winaswar Seiswavla is socialuri problema, romelsac
interviu exeba. gafarToebuli interviusaTvis, mkvle-
vars yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebisa da
maTi Tanmimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelsac
sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. igi exmareba mkvlevars
akontrolos intervius procesi, ar gamotovos mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miiRos
respondentisagan misTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Ses-
axeb. erTi sityviT, misi samuSao instrumentia. sadisku-
sio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom miRe-
bul iqnes sando Tvisebrivi monacemebi. gafarToebuli
intervius mTavari Rirseba is aris, rom is saSualebas
gvaZlevs uSualod intervius msvlelobaSi wamovwioT
da ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria
gamokvlevisaTvis, magram sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo
winaswar ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli kvlevis dagegmvis
etapze. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba, radgan sadiskusio geg-
ma ar moiTxovs, zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis
formulireba da Tanmimdevroba; e. i. garkveul Tavisu-
flebas gvaniWebs. amitomac es garemoeba ganapirobebs
imas, rom gafarToebuli interviu nawilobriv struq-
turirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

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 gafarToebuli interviu ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxve-
bze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba, e.i. iseT kiTxvebze, rom-
lebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo
variantebs. respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba eniWe-
baT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas. amitom iTvleba, rom
aseTi kiTxvebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT efeqturia
iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT
naklebadaa Seswavlili da maTi ufro Rrmad Seswavlis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. gafarToebul interviuSi iSvia-
Tad ixmareba “daxuruli” kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian
gavrcelebulia raodenobriv kvlevebSi.
gafarToebuli interviu maSin iqneba warmatebuli,
rodesac mkvlevari iRebs mdidar da detalur infor-
macias sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. amisaTvis ki,
mkvlevarma unda daakonkretebinos respondents misi pa-
suxebi. rac meti informacia iqneba miRebuli responden-
tis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, miT meti masala iqneba dasa-
muSavebeli da kvleva miT ufro warmatebuli iqneba.
intervius dros interviuerma sasurvelia naklebi
ilaparakos. rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba,
miT ufro warmatebulia interiu.
gafarToebuli interviu sul cota 1-1,5sT-s grZel-
deba, xolo zogjer 3sT-ze metxansac. intervius msvl-
elobaSi mkvlevars unda SeeZlos respondentis Tava-
zianad gaCumeba da Temis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT.
iTvleba, rom gafarToebuli intervius meTodiT ganx-
orcielebuli erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi sakmarisia
20-30-dan 50-60-mde gafarToebuli intervius Catare-
ba, raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli
Sedegebi.
es ricxvi SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos maso-
brivi gamokiTxvis dros gamokiTxuli aTasobiT respon-
dentTan SedarebiT, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom yoveli

211
aseTi intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze ga-
datanas, sul cota 6-8 sT sWirdeba, ris Sedegadac mi-
viRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis teqsts; yvela
interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda iyos. es
ki Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa.
gafarToebuli intervius dros arasodes ara gvaqvs
saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan. respondentebis
SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac gamokvle-
vis amocana karnaxobs mkvlevars. aq, Cveulebriv, saqme
gvaqvs erTi da igive socialuri jgufis warmomad-
genlebTan, an im xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvT
garkveuli gamocdileba. mag., Tu SeviswavliT warmate-
bul biznes _ karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmate-
bul biznesmenebs.
gafarToebuli interviu tardeba respondentis saxl-
Si, mis samsaxursa an mkvlevaris ofisSi. igi arasodes
ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgi-
lebSi. rogorebicaa: kafe, biblioTeka da sxv. aseTi in-
tervius diqtafonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi
analizis mizniT.

gafarToebuli intervius specifikuri saxeobebi

gafarToebuli interviu Zalze gavrcelebuli Tvise-

brivi kvlevis meTodia. arsebobs misi ramdenime nair-
saxeoba: “cxovrebis istoria”, biografiul-naratiuli
interviu, fokus-jgufi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT sak-
maod specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, samive es meTodi
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT gafarToebuli intervius
analogiuria.
“cxovrebis istoria” – gulisxmobs respondentis
cxovrebis dawvrilebiT aRweras. es aris arastruq-

212
turirebuli interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadisku-
sio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis Catarebis proces-
Sic mkvlevaris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols
utoldeba. is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb da misi Semdgomi Careva Txrobis pro-
cesSi mxolod Txrobis fokusirebis an qronologiis
dacvis mizniT xdeba. informaciis gamdidrebis mizniT,
intervius msvlelobaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiye-
nos piradi dokumentebi: werilebi, dRiurebi, fotosu-
raTebi da sxv. saxelis mixedviT, es meTodi TiTqos re-
spondentis mTeli cxovrebis momcvelia, magram es ase
ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelic Seiswavleba, Ser-
CeviTia. am SemTxvevaSic ki interviu Zalian xangrZlivia
da SeiZleba ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes.
“cxovrebis istoriis” meTodis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi upiratesoba gamoixateba sxvadasxva
pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebisa da garkveuli so-
cialuri kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi.
amitom igi farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqo-
logiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi.
socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba “cxovrebis is-
toriis” ramdenime saxeoba. kerZod, amerikuli kvlevi-
Ti tradiciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “cxovrebis is-
toria” da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic
farTod gamoiyeneba evropuli mkvlevarebis mier.
amerikul sociologiaSi es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cika-
gos skolis warmomdgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da flo-
rian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan “poloneli
glexi evropasa da amerikaSi” da kliford r. Sous “jek
roleris” cxovrebis aRweraSi. 1930 –iani wlebidan in-
teresi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-ian wlebSi
kvlav gaZlierda.
“cxovrebis istoriis” gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma
gamoirCeva. tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs re-

213
spondentis cxovrebis obieqtur aRweras da gamoirCeva
interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva hpova mis cxovrebaSi
farTo socialurma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies
maT Cveulebrivi adamianis cxovrebaze. Seiswavleba so-
cialuri procesebis subieqturi Sefasebebi, yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia socialuri procesebisa da individu-
alur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, Sefasebulia
socialuri cvlilebebis mniSvneloba da sxv. es meTodi
xSirad gamoiyeneba axali socialuri fenomenebis Ses-
wavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da gamdidrebuli iqnes
arsebuli statistikuri masala.
SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis
cxovrebiseuli gzis interpretacias da aseTi inter-
pretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris Sedegadac es
midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba.
biografiul-naratiuli interviu, “cxovrebis isto-
riis” analogiurad, respondentebis cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec arastruq-
turirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic inter-
viueri minimalurad ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis
intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani Txrobis spontanu-
robis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansx-
vaveba “cxovrebis istoriisagan” imaSi gamoixateba, rom
biografiul-naratiul interviuSi ufro meti yuradRe-
ba eTmoba TviTon respondentebis Sefasebebis Seswavlas
maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT,
rac saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebiT Rrmad Seviswav-
loT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi.

214
 3.7. fokus-jgufi

am meTodis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovani

azri literaturaSi ar arsebobs. bevri avtori Tvlis,
rom fokus-jgufis winamorbedad iTvleba fokusire-
buli interviu, romelic 1941 wlis noemberSi gamoiy-
enes r. mertonma da p. lazarsfelma radios muSaobis
efeqturobis Sesaswavlad. zogierTi mkvlevari amt-
kicebs, rom intervius Sesabamisi meTodika warmoiSva
me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, socialur mecnierTa im
wreSi, romlebic ukmayofiloni iyvnen informaciis Se-
grovebis raodenobrivi meTodebis SesaZleblobebiT,
upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom interviueri Tavs axvevda
gamosakiTxs sakuTari Tvalsazriss, cdilobda moeqcia
igi formalizebuli anketis CarCoebSi.
1946wels r. mertoni Tavis mecnierul moxsenebaSi ga-
nazogadebda fokusirebul intervius (individualuri
da jgufuri) gamoyenebas meore msoflio omis wlebSi,
rodesac samxedro uwyebis SekveTiT ikvlevda propa-
gandisa da filmebis zemoqmedebas armiis jariskacebze.
1949 wels t. novakma pirvelad gamoiyena jgufuri in-
terviu bazris kvlevisaTvis, miiwvia ra Tavis ofisSi
diasaxlisebi, romlebmac imsjeles axali saqonlis
xarisxis Sesaxeb. am meTodis Teoriuli ganzogadeba ga-
moCnda r. mertonis, p. kendalisa da m. fiskes mier 1956
wels gamosul wignSi “fokusirebuli interviu”. mas
Semdeg mimdinareobda fokusirebuli intervius mud-
mivi evolucia Tanamedrove fokus-jgufis meTodad
gadaqcevisaTvis.
ukve 1950-ian wlebSi aSS-Si moqmedebda aTeulobiT kv-
leviTi centri, romlebic iyenebdnen am meTods market-
inguli amocanebis gadasawyvetad. 1970-ian wlebis bo-
los msgavsi kvlevebis masStabebi imdenad gafarTovda
ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rom droa vilaparakoT fokus-

215
jgufebis industriaze. 1970-80-ian wlebSi fokus-jgu-
fis meTodi saxelmZRvaneloebisa da damxmare liter-
aturis Seucvleli atributi gaxda. farTod gavrcel-
da misi gamoyeneba marketingul, sareklamo da social-
ur-fsiqologiur gamokvlevebSi. 1990 wlebis Sua xaneb-
Si saSualo statistikuri srulwlovani amerikeli ukve
orjer da metjer iyo fokus-jgufis monawile, xolo
2000 wlisaTvis es maCvenebeli ukve oTxamde gaizarda.
zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs “jgufur gafar-
Toebul intervius” uwodebs, vinaidan maT saerTo
Tvisebebi axasiTebT; magram isini gansxvavdebian imiT,
rom fokus-jgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime re-
spondents vesaubrebiT. ufro xSirad maTi raodenoba
8-10 –mde meryeobs da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT maT
Soris azrTa gacvlas. fokus-jgufs is upiratesobac
aqvs, rom ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yov-
elTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani, romelic sxvebTan
SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia da misi gulaxdiloba
jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs. respon-
dentis met siTamames da TviTdamajereblobas xels
uwyobs agreTve isic, rom mis gverdiT sxedan imave so-
cialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi da romlebic missave
mdgomareobaSi arian.
dReisaTvis fokus-jgufi, marketingis garda, far-
Tod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi, politikuri
partiebisa an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi
saarCevno Sansebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT.
fokus-jgufi gamoiyeneba socialuri xasiaTis kvleveb-
Sic, xSirad _ rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis
an romelime socialuri programis efeqturobis Se-
fasebis saSualeba.
fokus-jgufi saSualebas gvZlevs ara mxolod Zalian
Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed Se-

216
viqmnaT naTeli warmodgena mis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi
arsebul azrTa mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb.
fokus-jgufSi monawileTa minimaluri raodenoba
SeiZleba 5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri -12. respondentTa
raodenobis mkacri SezRudva aucilebelia imitom, rom
mis yvela monawiles unda mieces Tavisi azris Tavisu-
flad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba ar
sruldeba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans.
fokus-jgufis monawileebi unda akmayofilebdnen Sem-
deg kriteriumebs: isini unda iyvnen gaTviTcnobiere-
bulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-
jgufi eZRvneba; fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda
icnobdnen erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom
respondentebi met gulaxdilobas iCenen im adamian-
ebis gverdiT, romelsac ar icnoben, visac cxovrebaSi
pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven.
sasurvelia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri
iyos asakobrivi da sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT, amave
fokus-jgufSi erTi da igive socialuri mdgomareobis
pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas.
fokus-jgufis wamyvanis _ moderatoris mTavari
daniSnulebaa gauZRves diskusias im sadiskusio gegmis
safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da
gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebu-
li. moderatorma unda gamoiwvios jgufis monawilee-
bis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis
monawileoba diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris
aqtiuri an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu jgufSi raime
mizezis gamo viTareba daiZaba, an respondentebs Soris
raime gaugebroba moxda, moderatorma unda ganmuxtos
situacia. moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi
yuradRebiT unda usminos saubars da roca saWirod
CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma TviTon warm-
arTon diskusia. man unda gauadvilos respondentebs

217
diskusiaSi monawileoba, maszea damokidebuli jgufSi
megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac xels Seuwy-
obs diskusiis warmatebas. moderators evaleba imis uz-
runvelyofa, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon das-
muli kiTxvebi. saerTod, jgufis msvlelobaSi respon-
dentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas
aZlevs moderators CrdilSi darCes da Sesabamisad _
naklebad moaxdinos gavlena respondentebis azrebze
Tavis SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac ra Tqma unda,
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis
reaqtiulobas. es garemoeba fokus-jgufebis Zalze
mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. es ar niSnavs, rom
moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvl-
elobisas gamarTul diskusias _ piriqiT, misi CrdilSi
gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa da sasargebloa jgufis
msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze
miuTiTebs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, mod-
eratori kvlav CaerTveba jgufis wamyvanis procesSi,
imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba. ga-
mocdili moderatori, respondentebis Tavisuflebis
miuxedavad, mainc unda akontrolebdes diskusiis ms-
vlelobas da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT
kiTxvebze.
fokus-jgufis erT-erT upiratesobad iTvleba is, rom
es meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali vadevnoT azrebis
Camoyalibebis process da amasTan, SevecadoT davadgi-
noT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels
uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT danaxvas, misi
mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas. amasTan, fokus-
jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime
gadawyvetilebis miRebas. misi mTavari daniSnulebaa,
yvela respondents Tavisi azris gamoTqmis saSualeba
misces.

218
 magram fokus-jgufis Sedegad mkvlevari mxolod re-
spondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT
akeTebs daskvnebs, rac garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis
sandoobas, radgan es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesab-
ameba sinamdviles.
fokus_jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas
moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs: Temis winaswar Seswavlas,
gamokvlevis programisa da sadiskusio gegmis Se-
muSavebas, agreTve jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxa-
reebis uzrunvelyofas. Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi
tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes:
oTaxi unda iyos sada, daculi gare xmaurisagan. ro-
gorc wesi, fokus-jgufi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi,
specialur oTaxSi, romlis erT kedelzec calmxrivi
sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds
an SemkveTs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar
SeuSalon mis msvlelobas. respondentebma ar ician am
sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb. yovelTvis
xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio
da video Cawera, ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar
unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. uzrunvelyofili unda
iyos maTi konfidencialobac.
fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, 1,5sT-
dan or sT-mdea. Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis
mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili. fokus-
jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs umaspinZldebian
gamagrilebeli sasmelebiT.
erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, ramdenime fokus-
jgufi tardeba, romelic gansxvavdeba monawileTa
maCveneblebis mixedviT (qalebi, mamakacebi, sxvadasxva
asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufebi); arcTu iSviaTad,
jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveya-
naSi tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gac-
ilebiT ufro mdidar informacias iRebs da Sedegebis

219
Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva sqesobriv, asakobriv,
teritorialur (regionalur) WrilSi. zogjer fokus-
jgufebs iyeneben kvlevis dazverviT etapze, rogorc
naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirvel nabijs,
romelic gvexmareba hipoTezebis formulirebaSi. igi
gamoiyeneba agreTve masobrivi gamokiTxvebSi kiTxvaris
kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa da maTi daxvewis mizniT, vi-
naidan fokus-jgufis mimdinareobisas kargad vlindeba
respondentebis “leqsikoni”, maTi azrovnebis modelebi.
fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTo-
debs, amitom xSirad gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian pro-
eqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv gamokiTx-
vasTan erTad, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs. aRsan-
iSnavia isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT
fokus-jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da
damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi ujdeba, vidre sxva ti-
pis kvlevis Catareba.
fokus-jgufis gamoyenebas aqvs Semdegi upirateso-
bebi anketirebasa da interviusTan SedarebiT:
_ respondentebis Tanamoqmedeba fokus-jgufSi
stimuls aZlevs ufro Rrma pasuxebs da xels uwyobs
axali ideebis warmoSobas;
_ SemkveTs-an damkveTs SeuZlia uSualod adevnos
Tvali ganxilvas, imyofeba ra farulad meore oTaxSi,
gaakeTos sakuTari daskvnebi, saboloo mecnieruli an-
gariSis miRebamde;
_ aseTi meTodi operatiuli da iafia, vidre anke-
tireba da interviu; misi gamoyeneba gvaZlevs ara mx-
olod droisa da finansur, aramed SromiTi danaxar-
jebis ekonomias;
_ is saSualebas gvaZlevs mokle droSi ganvsazRvroT
problemis warmoSobis mizezebi; mag., romelime regionSi
konkretul saqonelze moTxovnilebis dacema sxva re-
gionebTan SedarebiT, sadac igi SesaniSnavad iyideba.

220
 rogorc dasavleTis qveynebis mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven,
arcerTi sxva meTodis daxmarebiT ar miiReba detal-
uri informaciis iseTi mdidari raodenoba, rogoric
fokus-jgufis dros.
specialistebi erTxmad miuTiTeben fokus-jgufis na-
klovanebazec, rac gamoixateba monacemebis damuSavebis
siZneleSi. saWiro xdeba sargebloba transkriptebiT,
specialurad momzadebuli kodirebuli cxrilebiT,
magnitofonuri Canawerebis gaSifvris ZviradRirebu-
li saSualebebiT, monacemebis _ xeliT damuSavebiT,
an Zalian rTuli kompiuteruli programebiT. miuxeda-
vad problemebisa, romlebic monacemTa damuSavebisas
warmoiqmneba, bevri specialisti aRniSnavs, rom Taname-
drove kompiuterisa da kargi varjiSis daxmarebiT, igi
SeiZleba gadaiWras.

3.8. dakvirvebis meTodi

yvela mecniereba dafuZvnebulia faqtebze. adas-

turebs ra obieqtur realobas faqtebis SegrovebiT,
SedarebiT, dajgufebiTa da ganzogadebiT, igi aRmoa-
Cens Cveni cnobierebisagan damoukideblad arsebul
obieqtur kanonebs. am faqtebis miRebis xerxebs uwode-
ben mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebs.
adamianis qcevebSi, axlis aRmoCenis mizniT, gansa-
kuTrebiT nayofier meTods warmoadgens dakvirveba. da-
kvirvebis dros mecnieri uSualod afiqsirebs movlenas
an SemTxvevas, romlis TviTmxilvelic igi aRmoCnda. es
meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba yvela socialur mecniere-
bebSi. statistikasa da demografiaSi dakvirvebas uwo-
deben yvela savele proceduras (gamokiTxva, vizual-
uri dakvirveba), xolo fsiqologiaSi, sociologiasa da
anTropologiaSi dakvirvebas uwodeben mxolod TviTon
mecnieris mier uSualod monacemTa Segrovebis vizua-

221
lur proceduras. fsiqologiaSi mecnieruli kvlevis
ZiriTad meTodebs warmoadgens dakvirveba da eqsperi-
menti. sociologiaSi ki _ gamokiTxva da dokumentebis
analizi, magram dakvirvebac xSirad gamoiyeneba.
iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis meTodi sociologiaSi gavr-
celda anTropologiidan, romelic aris mecniereba
damwerlobamde arsebuli kulturebisa da tomebis Ses-
axeb. anTropologebi akvirdebian daviwyebuli da mci-
rericxovani xalxebis, tomebisa da Temebis cxovrebis
wess, socialur urTierTobebsa da urTierTmoqmede-
bebs, wes-Cveulebebs, xasiaTs da tradiciebs.
anTropologiidan gavrcelda agreTve dakvirvebis
saxeebis klasifikaciac. magram es meTodi mxolod
anTropologiaSi ar gamoiyeneba. igi kargad aiTvises
fsiqologebma da ekonomistebma, eTnografebma, poli-
tologebma, kulturalogebma, sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebma. eTnografiis, rogorc mecnierebis gan-
viTarebas ukavSireben xalxTa kulturis calkeuli
faqtebis Segrovebidan gadasvlas stacionalur dak-
virvebaze, romlis drosac mkvlevars sakmaod didxans
uxdeba Sesaswavl jgufTan erTad cxovreba.
dakvirveba aris movlenebsa da pirobebze pirveladi in-
formaciis Segrovebis meTodi, mkvlevaris mier pirda-
piri da uSualo registraciis saSualebiT adgilze.
dakvirvebis dros ZiriTadi datvirTva modis Tvale-
bze. dakvirveba niSnavs yuradRebiT Tvalyuris devne-
bas mimdinare movlenebze, maT sworad aRqmasa da fiqsa-
cias _ sasurveli sagangebo scenariTa da specialuri
blankebis daxmarebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Sesaswavli obieqtis yoveli vizua-
luri da smeniTi aRqma ar iwodeba dakvirvebad mecni-
eruli TvalsazrisiT. mimdinare movlenebis ubralo
mzeras, SeiZleba vuwodoT yoveldRiuri dakvirveba,
Tumca, isic mdidar masalas gvawvdis dasafiqsireblad.

222
rogorc Tanamedrove fsiqologebi amtkiceben, mecni-
eruli dakvirvebis safuZvelia yuradRebis unari - niWi.
rac ki adamians cnobiereba gauCnda, igi yovelTvis
mimarTavda dakvirvebas. akvirdeboda, gamoyofda gan-
meorebadsa da kanonzomiers. aanalizebda movlenebs,
akeTebda daskvnebs da momavlis prognozirebasac ki
cdilobda. amdenad –dakvirveba Semecnebis uZvelesi
meTodia. uZvelesi da jer kidev yvelaze xelmisawvdomi.
yvelaze mimzidvelad mas xdis misi saocari bunebrio-
ba. es misi pirveli upiratesobaa. damkvirveblis pozi-
cia mniSvnelovnad axlos aris adamianis bunebasTan, vi-
dre im adamianis pozicia, vinc testebs pasuxobs. xolo
mecnieri, romelic komfortulad grZnobs Tavs, ufro
adekvatur daskvnebsac akeTebs.
dakvirvebis meore upiratesoba _ misi uSualobaa.
mecnieri rasac xedavs, imaze wers. socialuri movle-
nebi gansakuTrebiT kargad SeiZleba dafiqsirdnen maTi
warmoSobis momentSi, wina da momdevno movlenebis kon-
teqstSi. uSualoba yvela droSi warmoadgenda empiri-
uli codnis utyuar indikators. mas moipovebdnen uSu-
alod, e.i. mxedvelobis, smenis, Sexebis meSveobiT. Tavi-
dan arasistematiurad, xolo mogvianebiT _ urTulesi
tipologiebiTa da Teoriuli modelebis gamoxatviT.
maSasadame, swored dakvirveba dgas empiriuli codnis
saTaveebTan.
mesame misi upiratesoba _ arakvalificiurobaa. im-
isaTvis, rom gaxde kargi damkvirvebeli, sruliadac
ar aris saWiro daamTavro harvardis universiteti an
wlobiT gaiaro kvalifikacia romelime did marketin-
gul saagentoSi.
aqedan gamomdinareobs dakvirvebis meoTxe upirate-
soba. iyenebs ra dakvirvebis meTods, mkvlevars SeuZlia
Seagrovos monacemebi ara mxolod Semecnebis, aramed
Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis survilis damoukideblad,

223
iyvnen Seswavlilni. piriqiT, sociologiur gamokiTx-
vebSi xSirad vawydebiT respondentis winaaRmdegobas,
romlebic uars acxadeben anketirebaze.
dakvirvebis mexuTe upiratesobaa _specialuri apara-
tis ar arseboba. roca saubaria Cveulebriv dakvirveba-
ze, maSin araviTari voltmetrebi, trenaJorebi, stambe-
bi_anketebis gasamravleblad da sxva teqnikuri saSu-
alebebi, saWiro ar aris. dakvirvebis principia: mivedi,
vnaxe, gavimarjve.
dakvirvebis kidev erTi upiratesoba _ ekologiuroba,
friad saeWvoa. dakvirveba yovelTvis ar mimdinareobs
bunebaSi, mTaSi an tye-parkSi. mecniers xSirad uwevs
gariskva, zogjer reputaciis, naklebad ki - sicocxlis.
dakvirvebis farTo gansazRvreba, romelic zemoT
avRniSneT, 90% -iT miesadageba Cvens yoveldRiur saqmi-
anobas, sadac TiToeuli CvenTagani movlenebis pirda-
piri Tu uSualo registraciiT agrovebs maTze pirve-
lad informacias. gansxvavebas dakvirvebis or saxes So-
ris, igi ar cnobs.
mxolod damatebiTi parametrebis Semotana gvaZlevs
saSualebas gamovyoT mecnieruli dakvirveba, rogorc
damoukidebeli saxe da gavigoT misi buneba. irkveva, rom
igi mizanmimarTuli aRqmaa, ganpirobebuli mecnieruli
miznebiTa da amocanebiT. mecnieruli dakvirvebis mTa-
vari piroba _obieqturobaa, e.i. kontrolis SesaZle-
bloba _an ganmeorebiTi dakvirvebiT, an gamokvlevis
sxva meTodebis (mag. eqsperimentis) gamoyenebiT.
dakvirvebisa da swori daskvnebis daxmarebiT mec-
niereba adgens faqtebs, Teoriebs, aRmoaCens kanonebs,
dabolos, winaswarmetyvelebs momavals.
mecnieruli dakvirveba moiTxovs mkafio miznis das-
mas da gegmis Sedgenas. winaswar ganisazRvreba, zustad
romeli socialuri procesebi da movlenebi aintere-
sebs damkvirvebels, romeli garegnuli niSnebiT unda

224
ganvasxvavoT isini, rogor pirobebSi unda mimdinareob-
des dakvirveba da savaraudod, rogor davafiqsiroT
Sedegebi.
dakvirvebis Tavisebureba socialur mecnierebebSi
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom uSualod xedav da afiqsireb
mxolod garegnuli qcevis faqtebs (moZraoba, sityv-
ieri gamonaTqvami); Cveni azrebis, Sexedulebebis, fa-
seuli orientaciebis dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. dak-
virvebis Sedegebis siswore damokidebulia ara mxolod
qcevis faqtebis registraciis sizusteze, aramed maT
ganmartebaze, azris mniSvnelobis gansazRvraze.
dakvirveba Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba im dros, roca
aucileblad saWiroa qcevis romelime mxareze Tavda-
pirveli warmodgenis miReba, win wamoweulia winadadeba
misi socialuri mizezebis Sesaxeb. dakvirvebis dros
SeiZleba hipoTezebis wamoyeneba, magram mainc soci-
ologebi amjobineben, Seamowmon isini gamokvlevis sxva
saxeebis daxmarebiT, magaliTad, anketirebiTa da eqs-
perimentiT, iq sadac gamoiyeneba maTematikur statis-
tikaze damyarebuli meTodebis ufro rTuli arsenali.
v. a. iadovis azriT-¹, mecnieruli dakvirveba gansx-
vavdeba Cveulebrivisagan imiT, rom:
a. emorCileba cxadi gamokvlevis miznebsa da mkafiod
formulirebul amocanebs;
b. igegmeba winaswar mofiqrebul proceduramde;
g. yvela monacemebi fiqsirdeba oqmebSi an dRiurebSi
gansazRvruli sistemiT;
d. dakvirvebis gziT miRebuli informacia, eqvemde-
bareba simyaresa da dasabuTebulobaze kontrols1
dakvirvebis meTodis, rogorc Semecnebis instrumen-
tis gamoyenebaze SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, roca gamoyofilia amocanebi da hipoTezebi;

1. (¹ Ядов В.А. _Социологическое исследование : Методология,

программа, методы. Самара, 1995. с. 122).

225
gansazRvrulia dakvirvebis obieqti da sagani; agreTve
kategoriebi, pirobebi, dakvirvebis erTeulebi; momza-
debulia instrumentebi (dRiurebi, oqmebi, fiqsaciis
audiovizualuri teqnikuri saSualebebi da a.S.).
sociologiuri dakvirveba unda iyos mizanmimarTuli:
damkvirvebelma mkafiod unda warmoadginos da gaigos,
Tu ras akvirdeba da risTvis, sxvagvarad dakvirveba
gadaiqceva SemTxveviTi, meorexarisxovani faqtebis
fiqsaciad. dakvirveba unda Catardes sistematiurad
da ara SemTxvevidan SemTxvevamde. amitomac mecnieru-
li dakvirveba, rogorc wesi, moiTxovs met Tu nakleb
drois xangrZlivobas. rac ufro didxans grZeldeba
dakvirveba, miT met faqtebs moagrovebs damkvirvebe-
li, miT ufro advili iqneba misTvis SemTxveviTisagan
kanonzomieris gamoyofa, miT ufro Rrma da saimedo
iqneba misi daskvnebi.
dakvirveba _ informaciis Seucvleli wyaroa funda-
menturi gamokvlevis dazverviT stadiaze. gamoyenebiT
gamokvlevebSi _ ki es aris sociolog-konsultantis
mTavari Seucvleli meTodi, romelic yovelTvis iwyebs
muSaobas mocemul organizaciaSi _ dakvirvebis, in-
terviusa da dokumentebis analizis kombinaciiT.
dakvirvebis saxeebi sociologiaSi Semdegnairad
nawildeba:
1. formis organizaciis mixedviT gamoyofen: for-
malizebul (struqturirebuli, standartizirebuli,
kontrolirebuli) dakvirvebas da araformalizebul
(arakontrolirebuli, martivi, arastruqturuli) da-
kvirvebas;
pirveli, Cveulebriv, struqturirebulia mkacri
programiT, sadac muSavdeba detaluri instrumentebi
(baraTebi da oqmebi), xolo meore _agebulia zogad
principul gegmaze. araformaluri dakvirveba ar
gvawvdis informacias mimdinare movlenis kanonzo-

226
mirebebisa da tendenciebis Sesaxeb. igi warmoadgens
formalizebuli dakvirvebis mosamzadebel etaps, an
win uZRvis eqsperiments.
v. a. iadovi formalizebis xarisxis mixedviT, gamoyofs:
a. arakontrolirebad (an arastandartul, arastruq-
turul) da
b. kontrolirebad (standartizirebul, struqtu-
rul) dakvirvebas. pirvelSi mkvlevari sargeblobs
mxolod saerTo principuli gegmiT, xolo meoreSi _
aregistrirebs movlenebs detalurad_damuSavebuli
procedurebiT.
arakontrolirebadi dakvirveba bevr rameSi hgavs
movlenis yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv mzeras. igi Sei-
Zleba Caataros TiToeulma CvenTaganma. aq ar gvxvdeba
garkveuli mkafio programa, hipoTezebis wamoyeneba,
cnebebis operacionalizacia da mravali sxva, romle-
bic aucilebelia yoveli mecnieruli RonisZiebisaTvis.
piriqiT, kontrolirebad dakvirvebas gaaCnia mkacri
programa, emyareba mofiqrebul Teoriasa da gamokv-
levis problemis detalur analizs. kontrolirebadi
dakvirvebis mkacri procedurebis Sedgenas win uswrebs
problemis detaluri analizi, arakontrolirebadi da-
kvirvebis Teoriisa da monacemebis safuZvelze. pirve-
lad kontrolirebadi dakvirvebis meTodi gamoiyena
amerikelma fsiqologma r. beilzma 1950 wels jgufuri
saqmianobis fazebis Tanmimdevrobis Sesaswavlad.
kontrolirebadi SeiZleba iyos, rogorc CarTuli,
aseve araCarTuli dakvirveba.
2. damkvirveblis CarTvis xarisxis mixedviT gamo-
yofen:
_ araCarTul (martiv-ubralo) dakvirvebas, roca
mkvlevari pasiurad afiqsirebs movlenis Sesaxeb misTvis
saintereso monacemebs, ar ereva ra mis mimdinareobaSi;

227
 _ CarTuli (monawile) dakvirvebas, romelsac uwo-
deben agreTve monawile dakvirvebas, gamokvlevas „ni-
RabSi“, sadac sociologi moqmedebs gamogonili sax-
eliT, malavs Tavis namdvil profesias da, ra Tqma unda,
gamokvlevis miznebs. garSemomyofni ver unda mixvdnen,
Tu vin aris igi;
3. mecnierisa da cdis piris (gamosacdelis) urT-
ierTdamokidebulebis formis mixedviT, speciali-
stebi gamoyofen: _ farul (gaumJRavnebeli) dakvirve-
bas da Ria (gamJRavnebuli) dakvirvebas.
roca dakvirvebis monawileebi ver xvdebian mkvlevaris
yofnis Sesaxeb, laparakoben farul dakvirvebaze. misi
saSualebiT damkvirveblis zemoqmedebis koreqtireba
minimumamdea dayvanili; amiT faruli dakvirveba gansx-
vavdeba daufaravi, Ria dakvirvebisagan, romelSic mkvl-
evari acnobs monawileebs Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. fa-
ruli da daufaravi dakvirveba xSirad ganimarteba, ro-
gorc CarTuli dakvirvebis ori nairsaxeoba, ori tipi.
terminebi „CarTuli“ da „faruli“ SeiZleba iyos si-
nonimebi, gamoxatavdnen dakvirvebis erTi da igive sax-
es. magram isini SeiZleba aRniSnavdnen gamokvlevis sx-
vadasxva tipebsac. magaliTad, dakvirveba SeiZleba iyos
CarTuli, magram Ria, daufaravi. es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba,
roca mkvlevari atyobinebs dakvirvebis monawileebs,
Tu vin aris namdvilad, magram atarebs Tavis gamokvl-
evas, muSaobs qarxanaSi, vTqvaT, muSad. igi CarTulia so-
cialur situaciaSi, magram muSaobs niRbis gareSe.
dakvirveba SeiZleba iyos CarTuli da faruli erT-
droulad, roca sociologi moqmedebs inkognitod da
imyofeba socialur situaciaSi.
4. Catarebis adgilis mixedviT, dakvirveba iyofa or
nairsaxeobad: savele dakvirveba da laboratoriuli
dakvirveba. savele dakvirveba tardeba bunebriv piro-

228
bebSi, xolo laboratoriuli _xelovnur, e.i. winaswar
Seqmnil pirobebSi.
laboratoriuli dakvirveba metad gavrcelebulia
fsiqologiasa da socialur fsiqologiaSi, ufro nak-
lebad _sociologiasa da anTropologiaSi.KO OK
5. Catarebis regularobis mixedviT, dakvirveba iyofa:
_sistematiur (obieqtis Seswavla winaswar momzade-
buli gegmiT gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi) dak-
virvebad;
_arasistematiur (tardeba yovelgvari winaswar
momzadebuli gegmis gareSe ganusazRvreli drois gan-
mavlobaSi) dakvirvebad;
6. Catarebis xangrZlivobis, Sesaswavli movlenis
amocanebisa da masStabebis mixedviT, dakvirveba iyofa:
_xanmokle (tardeba gamokvlevis pirvel stadiaSi,
hipoTezebis formulirebisa da kontrolis, agreTve
sxva meTodebiT miRebuli monacemebis Sevsebis mizniT)
dakvirveba;
_xangrZlivi, grZeldeba mravali Tveebi da wlebi,
romelic mowodebulia Tvali adevnos msxvilmasSta-
bian, an rTulad organizebuli socialuri procesebis
mimdinareobas.
bolo periodSi dakvirvebas, Cveulebriv, iyeneben, ro-
gorc savele saeqspedicio gamokvlevis erT-erT ele-
ments, romelic xorcieldeba specialurad SemuSavebu-
li programiT. dakvirveba SeiZleba Catardes, rogorc
calkeuli piris, ise jgufis moqmedebaze; dakvirvebis
procesSi sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba Caweris teqni-
kuri saSualebebi: diqtofonebi, kinokamerebi da video-
magnitofonebi.
dakvirveba warmoadgens mniSvnelovan Tvisebriv
meTods. misi didi Rirseba is aris, rom bunebriv gare-
moSi xorcieldeba da adamianuri qcevis elementebis,

229
socialuri faqtebis fiqsaciis saSualebas axerxebs.
mas gaaCnia Taviseburebebic:
1. arsebobs uwyveti kavSiri damkvirvebelsa da dak-
virvebis obieqts Soris. sociologiaSi mkvlevari –mec-
nieri Seiswavlis im erTobliobebs, romlebsac TviTon
miekuTvneba;
2. damkvirveblis mier socialur movlenaTa aRqma da
interpretacia emociurad yovelTvis Seferadebulia,
radganac mWidro kavSiria damkvirvebelsa da dasak-
virvebel obieqts Soris. amis gamo SeiZleba moxdes mo-
nacemTa damaxinjeba;
3. gaZnelebulia da zogjer SeuZlebelic ki aris
ganmeorebiTi dakvirvebis Catareba. Tundac Catardes
ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba, socialuri procesebi imdeni
sxvadasxva faqtorebis zegavlenas ganicdian, rom iS-
viaTad arian identuri. garda amisa, socialuri movle-
nebis mxolod mravaljeradi dakvirveba aris mis Sesaxeb
informaciis sarwmunod CaTvlis safuZveli.
dakvirvebis meTods sirTuleebi axlavs, romelic
SeiZleba iyos subieqturi da obieqturi. gamokvlevis
procesSi damkvirvebelma movlena Tu procesi SeiZle-
ba gadmosces sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, rasac aras-
wor da arasando informaciamde mivyavarT. garda amisa,
yvela socialur faqts uSualod ver daakvirdebi, zogi
ar eqvemdebareba dakvirvebas da dasakvirvebeli faqti
droSi SezRudulia.
zogjer TviT dakvirvebis faqtebi iwvevs dakvirvebis
Sedegebis damaxinjebas, xolo zogjer damkvirveblebis
daswrebam, gansakuTrebiT mcire socialuri jgufebis
Seswavlisas, SeiZleba igive Sedegamde migviyvanos, e.i.
daamaxinjos Sedegebi.
dakvirveba Sesaswavli erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. esenia:
_adgili, sadac moqmedeba xdeba. igi moixsenieba, ro-
gorc “saiti”;

230
 _is adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian saqmiano-
baSi da vis moqmedebasac vakvirdebiT, arian “aqtorebi”;
_TviT saqmianoba an moqmedeba, situaciebi, movle-
nebi, romlebsac uSualod vakvirdebiT;
_is nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoy-
enebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, martivi (ubralo) dak-
virvebis dros mkvlevari saerTod ar monawileobs so-
cialur situaciaSi, xolo CarTuli dakvirvebisas is
srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi,
romlebsac Seiswavlis. garda amisa, mkvlevari awar-
moebs araformalur gasaubrebas aqtorebTan, an inter-
vius atarebs maTTan. CarTuli dakvirvebiT mkvlevarebi
igeben, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben sxvadasxva social-
uri Tu kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT
cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen sxvadasxva movlenebs. amis
Seswavlas didi dro sWirdeba. amitomac, CarTuli dak-
virvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime Tve iT-
vleba, xolo srulfasovani gamokvleva erTi wlis man-
Zilze mainc grZeldeba.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, CarTuli dakvirvebis ori
tipi arsebobs: gamJRavnebuli, roca mkvlevari Ta-
vidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs da
gaumJRavnebeli, romlis drosac aqtorebisaTvis uc-
nobia, rom saqme aqvT mkvlevarTan. isini mas aRiqvamen,
rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT monawiles.
CarTul dakvirvebaSi sam etaps gamoyofen: aRweriT,
fokusirebul da SerCeviTs.
aRweriTi dakvirveba warmoebs kvlevis sawyis etapze
da misi erTaderTi mizania _daexmaros mkvlevars dak-
virvebis fokusis dadgenaSi.
im situaciis SerCeva, romelic mkvlevaris Seswavlis
“fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis gamokvlevis miznebidan
da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusirebuli dak-

231
virveba meore etapia, roca mkvlevars ukve aqvs gamov-
lenili Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi. am etapze
SesaZlebelia gasaubreba Sesaswavli kulturis warmo-
madgenlebTan, raTa mkvlevars SeeZlos ama Tu im movle-
nis axsna TviT am kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT.
SerCeviTi dakvirveba moiTxovs fokusirebuli da-
kvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis
ama Tu im damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. am etapze
aucilebelia interviuebis Catareba Sesaswavli kul-
turis warmomdgenlebTan maTi Sexedulebebis da komen-
tarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas
ar iqnas ugulvebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi,
romelTa gageba mxolod am xerxiTaa SesaZlebeli.
CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari iyenebs agreTve
intervius sxvadasxva saxeobas, kerZod _formalize-
bul da araformalizebuls.
araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic
tardeba moumzadeblad, aqtorebTan urTierTobis
damyarebis an ganmtkicebis procesSi, an maTgan damate-
biTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT. es interviu ar aris
struqturirebuli, ar aris winaswar SeTanxmebuli da
dagegmili. isini Cveulebriv gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da
maTi Cawerac yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca mis msvlelo-
baSi damkvirvebelma sasurvelia gaakeTos Canawerebi.
zogjer aseTi interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniS-
vnelovani wyaro xdeba.
formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors So-
ris winaswari molaparakebisa da SeTanxmebis Sedegia.
xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu waagavs
gafarToebul intervius da tardeba sadiskusio gegmis
mixedviT.
CarTuli dakvirvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia_mkv-
levarebis mWidro TanamSromloba informantebTan.
informanti _ Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, ex-

232
mareba mkvlevars ama Tu im jgufis wevrebis cxovrebis
wesis SeswavlaSi, jgufSi arsebuli wesebisa da normebis
gagebaSi. is exmareba mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevaSi, ac-
nobs xalxs. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im dros,
roca mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturasTan muSaobs da
maTi ena ar esmis. informanti zogjer Tarjimnis fun-
qciebsac kisrulobs da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze
matulobs. informanti unda iyos Cveulebrivi adami-
ani, Sesaswavli jgufis rigiTi wevri, gonebagaxsnili da
xalisiani, komunikabeluri, igi kargad unda icnobdes
sakuTar kulturas, unda dainteresdes gamokvleviT,
mTeli gulisyuriT CaerTos masSi da hqondes survili
- daexmaros mkvlevars. sasurvelia, mas dadebiTad uy-
urebdnen Sesaswavl jgufSi, hqondes avtoriteti. mkv-
levars esaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man Tavisive
eniT unda auxsnas yvelaferi mkvlevars, yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis eniT. informantis brmad ndobac ar SeiZle-
ba. rogorc am jgufis, xalxis warmomadgenels, mas Sei-
Zleba gauCndes survili faqtebis Selamazebisa, an ar
gaamxilos cxovrebis is elementebi, romlebic miaCnia
samarcxvinod; erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisaTvis mkvle-
vars ramdenime informanti sWirdeba, romelTa Sorisac
arian: ZiriTadi, mTavari da “damatebiTi” informantebi.
mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,
garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs; erTi
mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi, magram, amave dros, is regularu-
lad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa
Seiswavlos misi wesebi.
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba, martiv
dakvirvebasTan SedarebiT is aris, rom aqtorebTan xan-
grZlivi da mWidro urTierTobis Sedegad, mkvlevari
Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Ses-
axeb. aseTi gamokvleva, rogorc wesi, did xans grZel-

233
deba. dakvirveba warmatebuli ver iqneba, Tu mkvlevarma
ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, rac garkveuli pirovnuli
urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. respondente-
bi, rogorc wesi, ufro gulaxdilad esaubrebian dam-
kvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, an ramdenime wlis gan-
mavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess. garda amisa,
gamokvlevis manZilze, aqtorebi eCvevian maT gverdiT
damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi
qcevis da maTi saubris reaqtiuloba da Sesabamisad,
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli informacia
ufro sando xdeba.
pirveli CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodi gamoiyenes
1890wels germaniaSi. p. gore sami Tvis manZilze muSaob-
da fabrikaSi muSad da yovel Rames akeTebda Canawerebs,
raTa gamoekvlia fabrikuli cxovreba. misma naSromma
gavlena moaxdina universitetSi moRvawe mecnierebze,
maT Soris m. veberzec. CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodi
samecniero praqtikaSi danergili iqna harvardis uni-
versitetis TanamSromlis viliam uaitis mier 1936-1939
wlebSi.
CarTuli dakvirvebis upiratesoba imaSi gamoixateba,
rom is uqmnis sociologs yvelaze naTel da uSualo
STabeWdilebas garemoze, exmareba realur cxovrebi-
seul situaciaSi adamianTa qcevebis ukeT gagebaSi. aqe-
dan ki gamomdinareobs misi naklovanebac: mkvlevarma
SeiZleba dakargos situaciis obieqturad Sefasebis un-
ari, Sinaganad gadavides imaT poziciaze, visac Seiswav-
lida. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis saboloo
Sedegs warmoadgens sociologiuri esse da ara mkacri
samecniero traqtati.
dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegad viRebT
ufro farTo, magram anketirebasTan SedarebiT nak-
lebad reprezentatul masalas.

234
 specialistebi asaxeleben dakvirvebis kidev erT up-
iratesobas _ es aris informaciis miRebis operati-
uloba, magram, amasTan erTad, sociologi ver mogvcems
miRebuli monacemebis reprezentatulobis garantias,
eyrdnoba ra erT gamokvlevas, romelic movlenebis mc-
ire raodenobas moicavs.
dakvirvebis naklovanebad unda CaiTvalos isic, rom
SesaZlebelia mkvlevaris Careva bunebrivi procesis
msvlelobaSi (damkvirveblis yofna uaryofiTad moq-
medebs kvlevis obieqtze). garda amisa, adamianuri aRq-
mis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia da SeiZleba mkvlevars
raime mniSvnelovani gamorCes. dakvirveba Sromatevadi
procesia, romelic moiTxovs drois, adamianuri da fi-
nansuri resursebis seriozul danaxarjebs.
Tanamedrove mecnieruli moTxovnebiT, dakvirvebis
meTodis gamoyenebisas, mkvlevarma sociologebma unda
gamoiCinon gulisxmiereba, aimaRlon TviTkontroli,
punqtualoba, Semsrulebloba da pedantizmi.

3.9. eqsperimentis meTodi

eqsperimenti unda gavigoT ori mniSvnelobiT, ro-

gorc:
1. axali codnis matebis saSualeba da am dros is fun-
damenturi mecnierebis Semecnebis meTodia;
2. socialuri sinamdvilis Secvlis, mowinave ideebis,
gamocdilebis, programis aprobirebis wesi da maSin is
gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis sferos miekuTvneba.
eqsperimentebi mecnierebs sTavazoben mizez-Sedego-
brivi kavSiris dadgenis efeqtur meTodebs. eqsperi-
mentebSi socialur mecnierebaTa mkvlevarebs SesaZle-
bloba aqvT gamoscadon hipoTeza_ rom erTi cvladi
sidide gavlenas axdens meore cvlad sidideze, Tu es
mizezobrivad iqna gamowveuli _sagnebis SemotaniT

235
specialurad Seqmnil situaciaSi, romelic maT saSu-
alebas aZlevs akontrolon cvlad sidideebze raime
gavlenis momxdeni araarsebiTi faqtorebi.
eqsperimentis dros Seiswavleba xelovnurad Seqmni-
li situacia, romelic bunebaSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba,
an ar gvxvdeba sufTa saxiT. Tu eqsperimentuli situ-
acia emsgavseba bunebrivs _morCa, CaaqreT sinaTle
laboratoriaSi, daiwyeT yvelaferi Tavidan. arsebi-
Tad, eqsperimenti yvelaze ZviradRirebuli mecnier-
uli meTodia, magram amasTan, yvelaze efeqturic. Sem-
TxveviTi araa, rom sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs _
fizikasa da qimias, romlebmac did warmatebas miaRwies
eqsperimentebis CatarebaSi, kacobriobisaTvis moaqvT
yvelaze meti sargebeli da xdeba maTi investireba gi-
ganturi TanxebiT.
socialuri mecnierebebi Zlier CamorCebian maT, yov-
el SemTxvevaSi Cven ar gvsmenia filosofiuri an isto-
riuli eqsperimentis Sesaxeb.
ra aris eqsperimentis sinonimi? eqsperimenti ar unda
avurioT sam Semdeg procesSi: gamocda-Semowmeba, axal-
SemoRebul wessa da cda-eqsperimentSi. am cnebebs eqs-
perimentTan bevri saerTo aqvT, magram arsebobs serio-
zuli gansxvavebac. mxolod samecniero eqsperimentSi
winaswar muSavdeba gamokvlevis programa, xdeba gamokv-
levis sagnisa da obieqtis, miznebisa da amocanebis
formireba, hipoTezebis wamoyeneba, cnebebis opera-
cionalizacia da muSavdeba meToduri saSualebebi hi-
poTezebis Sesamowmeblad. mxolod samecniero eqsperi-
mentSi xdeba formireba e.w. eqsperimentuli jgufisa,
romelzedac awarmoeben gaTvaliswinebul manipula-
ciebs: vTqvaT, aswavlian studentebs swraf kiTxvas an
aiZuleben 12sT-iT kompiuterTan jdomas da gamoiyofa
sakontrolo jgufi, romelic rCeba Tavis Cveulebriv

236
pirobebSi da araviTar manipulacias ar eqvemdebareba.
amitomac Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT:
eqsperimenti _aris kvleviTi strategia, romlis ms-
vlelobaSi xorcieldeba mizanmimarTuli dakvirveba
maszed, Tu rogor grZnoben Tavs movlenis (procesis,
situaciis) erTi maxasiaTeblebi, Tu Tanmimdevrulad
da gansazRvruli wesiT, Secvlian sxva maxasiaTeblebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsperimentis meTodologia da
meTodika sociologiaSi Tanamedrove fsiqologiidan
gavrcelda, TviTon eqsperimentuli meTodis logika
damuSavebuli iyo ingliseli filosofosis jon sti-
uart millis mier me-19 saukuneSi. man wamoayena in-
duqciuri daskvnis ramdenime logikuri sqema, romelTa
Soris erT-erTi _gansxvavebis meTodi_ eqsperimen-
tis klasikur sqemas warmoadgens. eqsperiments saerTo
_zogadi principebi akavSirebs: pirveli, xdeba sawyisi
hipoTezis formireba Sesaswavli obieqtis Tvisebebis
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebze; meore, specialuri xe-
lovnuri situaciiT SesaZlebelia mizanmimarTuli ze-
moqmedeba kontrolirebad cvladebze imisaTvis, rom
Semowmdes saZiebel hipoTezaSi kontrolirebad da
arakontrolirebad cvladebs Soris kavSiris arseboba.
eqsperimentis Sedegs Sesaswavl obieqtze axali codnis
miReba warmoadgens.
eqsperimentuli meTodis ZiriTadi mizania _ama Tu im
hipoTezebis Semowmeba, romelTa Sedegebic praqtikaSi
gamoiyeneba, rogorc xarisxobrivi, analitikuri soci-
ologiuri gamokvleva da erTdroulad, rogorc faq-
torebze informaciis Segrovebis meTodi. zemoqmedebs
ra ama Tu im socialur movlenisa da procesis mdgo-
mareobis Secvlaze, agreTve am zemoqmedebis xarisxsa
da Sedegze, eqsperiments aqvs didi samecniero da praq-
tikuli mniSvneloba.

237
 eqsperimentuli meTodi gankuTvnilia sakvlevi mov-
lenebis, maTi Tvisebebis, socialuri procesebis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad,
axali, ufro zusti codnisa da kanonzomierebebis, ten-
denciebis gamosavlenad. dakvirvebisagan gansxvavebiT,
eqsperimentiT viRebT ara mxolod aRweriT informa-
cias, aramed procesebis, kavSirebis, urTierTdamokide-
bulebis axsnasac.
eqsperimenti, rogorc Semecnebis erT-erTi xerxi, Sem-
deg normatiul moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes: unda iyos
gamokvlevis hipoTezebze mkafiod orientirebuli;
mkacri kontroli unda iyos dawesebuli eqsperimentis
procedurebis mimdinareobaze, misi sisufTavis uzrun-
velyofaze; unda iyos misi ganmeorebis SesaZlebloba,
kvlavwarmoeba. aucilebelia, socialuri obieqtis ad-
eqvaturi meTodebis, dakvirvebisa da gazomvis saSuale-
bebis arseboba.
eqsperimentis programa Sedgeba sociologiuri
gamokvlevis programis yvela struqturuli element-
ebisagan. programis Sedgenis mTavar amocanas warmoad-
gens hipoTezebis formulireba da misi Semowmeba faq-
torebis (cvladebis) sistemaSi, romlebic socialuri
obieqtis qcevis determinacias axdenen. misi specifika
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi moicavs procedurebs, rom-
lebic xorcieldeba, rogorc obieqtis (socialuri
jgufis) marTvis sistemaSi, ise gamokvlevis sistemaSi.
eqsperimentis sagani _es aris Sesaswavli obieqtis
Tvisebebsa da faqtorebis (cvladebis) sistemas Soris
urTierTdamokidebuleba da kavSiri, romlebic deter-
minireben mis socialur saqmianobasa da qcevebSi.
eqsperimentSi cvladebi _aris kontrolirebuli da
arakontrolirebuli faqtorebi, romlebic axdenen
pirdapir an irib zemoqmedebas Sesaswavli obieqtis md-

238
gomareobaze. cvladebis sistemiT aisaxeba da aRiwereba
eqsperimentaluri situacia. ZiriTad cvladebs war-
moadgens damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebi.
damoukidebeli cvladi _aris cvalebadi faqtori da
mkvlevaris mier Semotanili eqsperimentuli jgufis
saqmianobaSi. es SedarebiT damoukidebeli, mdgradi,
arsebiTi faqtoria, romelic gavlenas axdens obieqtis
mdgomareobaze.
damokidebuli cvladi _aris faqtori, romelic icv-
leba damoukidebeli cvladis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
eqsperimentuli situacia _ aris pirobebis erTo-
blioba, romelSic mimdinareobs eqsperimenti. igi Sei-
Zleba iyos savele da laboratoriuli. mecnieruli
eqsperimentis unikaluroba imaleba mis unarSi, Seqmnas
gansakuTrebuli pirobebi imisaTvis, rom mecnierebma
SeiZleba „waagon“ gansazRvruli situacia, magram Sede-
gad miiRon socialuri movlenis Sesaxeb Zalian Rire-
buli informacia.
eqsperimentis obieqti _ aris socialuri jgufi,
koleqtivi, pirovnebebi (eqsperimentis monawileebi).
eqsperimentSi gamoiyofa obieqtebis (eqsperimentebis
erTeulebis) ori saxe: sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli
jgufebi. maTi SedarebiT gamoCndeba gansxvaveba da Sei-
Zleba vimsjeloT imaze, warmoiSva Tu ara mosalodneli
cvlilebebi. eqsperimentSi monawileTa raodenoba iS-
viaTad aRemateba 10-15 adamians.
eqsperimentuli jgufi _ aris is, romelzedac ax-
denen zemoqmedebas eqsperimentaluri faqtorebiT
(damoukidebeli cvladebiT). es jgufi stabiluri unda
iyos Semadgenlobis mxriv mTeli eqsperimentis period-
Si da am jgufze unda xdebodes sistematiuri, kontoli-
rebadi dakvirveba.
sakontrolo jgufi identuria eqsperimentulis_
winaswar dasaxuli kvleviTi parametrebis mixedviT,

239
magram ar ganicdis eqsperimentuli faqtorebis (da-
moukidebeli cvladebis) zemoqmedebas.
Tu eqsperimentul jgufSi icvleba kontrolirebadi
(damoukidebeli) cvladebi, maSin sakontrolo jgufSi
damoukidebeli cvladebi rCeba ucvleli. sakontrolo
jgufi warmoadgens Sedarebis etalons.
eqsperimenti, rogorc Semecnebis meTodi, gadis xuT
stadias:
1. iqmneba ori jgufi: a. eqsperimentuli (jgufi, rom-
lis muSaobaSic erevian mecnier-mkvlevarebi) da b. sa-
kontrolo jgufi, romelSic aravin ar Caereva;
2. orive jgufisaTvis wevrebi SeirCeva mxolod Sem-
TxveviTi SerCevis safuZvelze, romelic uzrunve-
lyofs kidec maT eqvivalentobas;
3. orive jgufi winaswar gaivlian e.w. pretests,
e.i. maT gauzomaven ramdenime cvlads, magaliTad, Se-
mosavals da sxva cvladebs, romlebic ganzraxulia
Seicvalos eqsperimentis msvlelobaSi;
4. Semoitaneba damoukidebeli cvladebi, e.i. dagegmi-
li cvlilebebi;
5. gaizomeba damokidebuli cvladebi, e.i. axalSe-
moRebulis Sedegebi. amas ewodeba post-testi.
hipoTeza damoukidebel da damokidebul cvladebs
Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb damtkicebulad iTvleba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu damoukidebeli cvladebis cvlileba
iwvevs damokidebuli cvladebis cvlilebas eqsperimen-
tul jgufSi im pirobiT, Tu sakontrolo jgufSi imave
cvladebis mdgomareoba stabiluri rCeba.
eqsperimentSi, dakvirvebis analogiurad, gamoiyeneba
Semdegi instrumentebi: oqmebi, dRiurebi, baraTebi,
SesaZlebelia anketebic.
eqsperimentis mniSvnelovan pirobas warmoadgens eqs-
perimentuli jgufebis formireba an SerCeva. eqsperi-
mentis Catarebis yvelaze martivi xerxi aris mdgo-

240
mareobis Sedareba manamade da mis Semdeg. magaliTad,
SeiZleba SevadaroT Sromis nayofierebis maCveneblebi
da samuSao adgilis ganaTeba, Tu meores ganzrax Sevcv-
liT. Tumca, aseTi gamartivebuli procedura SeuZleb-
els xdis mraval sxva cvladebze Tvalyuris devnebas,
romlebic zemoqmedeben damokidebul cvladebze. im-
isaTvis, rom movxsnaT es zemoqmedeba an gavakontro-
loT maTi yofna, iyeneben ara mxolod eqsperimentuli,
aramed sakontrolo jgufebis gamoyofas. igi efuZvneba
im misazrebas, rom gauTvaliswinebeli faqtorebi erT-
nairad moqmedeben, rogorc eqsperimentul, ise sakon-
trolo jgufebSi. eqsperimentul jgufSi mimdinareobs
kontrolirebadi (damoukidebeli) cvladebis Secvla.
sakontrolo jgufebSi damoukidebeli cvladebi ucv-
leli rCeba.
mecnierul eqsperimentSi orive jgufi, unda iyos
igiveobrivi (identurebi umniSvnelovanesi niSnebiT).
orive jgufis _eqsperimentulisa da sakontrolos_
msgavsebis principi ar unda dairRves eqsperimentis mim-
dinareobis ganmavlobaSi. mis dacvas uwodeben eqsperi-
mentis kontrols. misi ZiriTadi funqciaa _ uzrunve-
lyos eqsperimentis sisufTave jgufebis formirebisa
da cvladebis qcevasTan damokidebulebaSi.
kontroli gulisxmobs obieqtze mkafio dakvirvebas _
cvladebis mdgomareobis registracias, agreTve pro-
cesebis regulirebas, obieqtis mdgomareobaze dasaxu-
li parametrebis dacvis mizniT.
socialur mecnierebebSi eqsperimentebi iyofa:

1. namdvili, WeSmariti eqsperimentebi da kvazi-eqs-

perimentebi;
2. naturaluri da naturalisturi eqsperimentebi;
3. savele da laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi;
4. aqtiuri da pasiuri eqsperimentebi;

241
 5. meToduri eqsperimentebi da eqsperimentebi Se-
fasebiT gamokvlevebSi;
6. mravalfaqtoriani da erTfaqtoriani eqsperimentebi;
7. modeluri da azrobrivi eqsperimentebi da sxv.
garda amisa, arsebobs pilotaJuri eqsperimentebic.
socialur mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT sociolo-
giasa da anTropologiaSi gamoyofen eqsperimentis or
ZiriTad formas _ savele da laboratoriul eqsperi-
mentebs.
laboratoriuli eqsperimenti _ aris meToduri
strategia, mimarTuli individis saqmianobis modelire-
baze specialur pirobebSi. is dafuZvnebulia xelovnuri
situaciis Seqmnaze, SesaZlebels xdis kontrolirebadi
cvladebis Secvlas da Tanmxlebi damokidebuli cv-
ladebis cvlisaTvis Tvalyuris devnebas. ufro xSir-
ad, aseTi meTodi moiTxovs specialur aRWurvas, xolo
zogjer teqnikuri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebasac.
laboratoriuli eqsperimentis mTavar niSans warmoad-
gens kvleviTi maxasiaTeblebis kvlavwarmoebis gan-
meoreba da misi gamovlenis pirobebis uzrunvelyofa.
magram mas axlavs SezRudulobac, kerZod: xelovnur
laboratoriul pirobebSi praqtikulad SeuZlebelia
realuri cxovrebiseuli viTarebis calkeuli frag-
mentebis modelireba. laboratoriuli eqsperimenti
xels uwyobs adamianis fsiqikuri moqmedebis Rrma da
yovelmxriv Seswavlas. laboratoriul pirobebSi,
Cveulebriv, tardeba socialur-fsiqologiuri da
fsiqologiuri eqsperimentebi.
Sesaswavli procesis savele eqsperimenti tarde-
ba bunebriv pirobebSi. am eqsperimentis meTodika
moiTxovs sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufebis
SerCevas cvladebis aucileblad saWiro nakrebTan er-
Tad. amasTan, jgufebis wevrebma SeiZleba icodnen da
SeiZleba arc icodnen, rom isini monawileoben eqsperi-

242
mentSi. es damokidebulia imaze, ra gavlenas moaxdens am
informaciis gacnoba eqsperimentis mimdinareobaze.
ronald millimanma 1986 wels Caatara savele eqsperi-
menti, romlis drosac is swavlobda restoranis momx-
mareblebis reaqcias mSvid da Cqar musikaze. SemTxveviTi
SerCeviT man gamokiTxa 227 adamiani. gamoirkva, rom musi-
kis tempi gavlenas axdens im droze, romelsac momxmare-
blebi atarebdnen restoranSi magidasTan. wynari musi-
kis dros isini restoranSi isxdnen 56 wuTs, xolo Cqari
musikis dros WamaSi xarjavdnen _45 wuTs. amasTan, 11 wu-
Tian gansxvavebas, restornis mflobelisaTvis mohqonda
mogeba _30,5 dolari. Tu mas davumatebT restoranTan
arsebuli baris navaWrsac, aRmoCndeba, rom sargebeli
wynari musikis dros ufro meti iqneboda.
savele eqsperimentebs gamartivebuli sqemiT xSir-
ad atareben Jurnalistebi. SeniRbuli, magaliTad,
maTxovris formiT, isini gamodian quCaSi, Sedian metro-
Si an sazogadoebriv transportSi da Txouloben mowy-
alebas. mTavari mizania _xalxis reaqciis danaxva. isini
iReben mSvenier informacias uSualod e.w. „pirveli xe-
lidan“. amis Sedegad mzaddeba publicisturi narkvevi
realuri movlenis cocxali ferebiT.
namdvili eqsperimentebi, organizebuli mecnieru-
li meTodis yvela moTxovnis dacviT da SemuSavebuli
bunebismetyvelebis mier (gamokvlevis programa, hipo-
Tezebis wamoyeneba mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb,
damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebi, eqsperimen-
tuli da sakontrolo jgufebis statistikuri SerCeva;
mecnierebi ver axerxeben kontrols yvela faqtorze,
romlebic gavlenas axdens saboloo Sedegebze da a.S.),
gvxvdeba socialur mecnierebebSi sakmaod iSviaTad.
ufro xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba
_kvazi eqsperimenti. mas namdvili eqsperimentis da-
pirispirebul meTodad Tvlian. kvazi eqsperimentis

243
dros darRveulia mecnieruli meTodis yvela azriani
da uazro moTxovnebi. kerZod, ar arsebobs gamokvlevis
programa, ar aris gamoyofili hipoTezebi da cvlade-
bi, ar aris Seqmnili savaldebulo jgufebis ori tipi
da a.S., miuxedavad amisa, eqsperimenti Catarebulad
iTvleba. msgavsi proceduris dros eqsperimentisagan
zogjer rCeba erTi subieqtis zegavlena obieqtze, so-
cialuri garemos cvlileba. amitomac praqtikulad
yvela socialuri eqsperimenti iRebs kvazi-eqsperimen-
tis formas. radganac isini aRweven ama Tu im praqtikul
efeqts; magaliTad, qalaqSi daidgmeba fasiani tele-
foni, inergeba gansakuTrebuli SeRavaTebis sistema in-
validebisaTvis da a.S., maT uwodeben agreTve socialur
axal SemoRebul wesebs.
naturaluri eqsperimenti Zlier gansxvavdeba nam-
dvili da kvazi eqsperimentisagan. meore SemTxvevaSi
nebismieri Careva gvardeba mecnierebis mier, xolo
pirvelSi is bunebrivad moxdeba. naturalurs miekuT-
vneba aseTi SemTxvevebi: a. soflis mosaxleobis erTma
nawilma gadawyvita gamgzavreba qalaqSi, xolo meore
nawili darCa; b. mocemuli regionis zogierT sofel-
Si gaiyvanes eleqtroenergia, xolo zogierTSi _ara.
orive es situacia SeiZleba gaxdes naturaluri eqs-
perimentis obieqti, romlis msvlelobaSic Seiswavleba
adamianTa qcevis aspeqtebi. 1976wels aSS-Si, cialdinma
eqsperimentis saxiT gamokiTxa sxvadasxva msxvili uni-
versitetis profesorebi da gamoarkvia, rom: Tavis say-
vareli fexburTis gundis mogebis Semdeg studentebi
leqciebze ufro sxvagvarad iqceodnen, vidre wagebis
Semdeg. am SemTxvevaSi safexburTo matCi _es bunebrivi
SemTxvevaa, da ara mastimulirebeli masala, romelic
eZlevaT gamosacdelebs laboratoriul pirobebSi.
naturaluri eqsperimentisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac
stimulireba ar moiazreba, naturalistur eqsperimen-

244
tSi _ Cven xelovnurad vqmniT garemo pirobebs aucile-
beli informaciis SegrovebisaTvis.
azrobriv eqsperiments uwodeben _Sesaswavli obi-
eqtis Sesaxeb miRebuli informaciis interpretacias
specialuri teqnologiiT, romelic gamoricxavs mkvl-
evaris Carevas obieqtSi mimdinare procesebSi.
codnis TiToeul dargSi gamoiyofa eqsperimentis sa-
kuTari tipebi da saxeobebi. magaliTad, fsiqologiaSi
gamoiyeneba maTi Semdegi saxesxvaobebi:
a. asociuri eqsperimenti, romelic SemuSavda k. iun-
gis, m. vertgeimerisa da d. klianomis mier erTdroulad
da gankuTvnilia pirovnebis motivaciebis kvlevisaTvis;
b. bunebrivi eqsperimenti _ igi SeimuSava a. lazur-
skim 1910 wels da xasiaTdeba imiT, rom tardeba gamo-
sacdelis Cveulebriv saqmianobasTan miaxloebul
pirobebSi, romelmac ar icis kvlevaSi monawileobis
Sesaxeb. ZiriTad meTodebs warmoadgens dakvirveba da
gamosacdelTan saubari, romlis Sedegebic xarisxo-
brivad damuSavdeba. aseT eqsperimentSi xdeba dak-
virvebisa da laboratoriuli eqsperimentis dadebiTi
mxareebis SeerTeba. bunebrivi eqsperimentis sworad
da warmatebulad Casatareblad aucilebelia yvela im
moTxovnis dacva, romelic waeyeneba laboratoriul
eqsperiments;
g. bunebrivi eqsperimentis erT-erT variants war-
moadgens fsiqologiur-pedagogiuri eqsperimenti, anu
eqsperimentuli swavleba, sadac moswavlis fsiqikuri
Taviseburebebis Seswavla xorcieldeba swavlebisa da
aRzrdis procesSi. saswavlo eqsperimenti gamoiyeneba
ara marto Teoriul fsiqologiaSi, aramed gonebrivi
ganviTarebis diagnozisaTvis, kerZod ki _paTofsiqo-
logiaSi;
d. samrewvelo eqsperimentic_bunebrivi eqsperi-
mentia, romelic xorcieldeba gamosacdelisaTvis

245
Cveulebrivi Sromis pirobebSi. amasTan, man SeiZleba
arc ki icodes amis Sesaxeb. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki, igi eqs-
perimentis aqtiuri monawile xdeba, rac mniSvnelova-
nia, magaliTad, SromiTi saqmianobis struqturis cv-
lilebebis dros.
e. fsiqologiaSi eqsperimentis erT-erT nairsaxeobas
warmoadgens _sociometruli eqsperimenti. is gamoiy-
eneba adamianebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis, im mdgo-
mareobis Sesaswavlad, romelic ukavia adamians ama Tu
im jgufSi (samrewvelo brigadaSi, saswavlo klasSi an
auditoriaSi da sxva). jgufis Seswavlis dros TiToeu-
li pasuxobs rig kiTxvebs, romlebic erToblivi muS-
aobisaTvis, dasvenebisaTvis, swavlebis procesisaTvis
partniorebis SerCevas Seexeba. Sedegebis mixedviT, Sei-
Zleba ganisazRvros jgufSi yvelaze metad da yvelaze
naklebad popularuli adamianebi.
eqsperimentis warmarTvisaTvis saWiroa yvela cvladi
sididis zusti kontroli. aseTi kontrolis miRweva Za-
lian rTulia sociologiurad saintereso sakiTxebis
gamokvlevisas, magram is SeiZleba miRweul iqnes labo-
ratoriul eqsperimentebSi, romlebic tardeba indi-
videbis an patara jgufebis mier. savele eqsperimentebi
gaTvlilia ufro farTo masebisaTvis; Tumca, praqti-
kuli da eTikuri mizezebis gamo, sociologiaSi aseTi
zusti eqsperimentebis warmatebiT Catareba Zalian
rTuli da iSviaTia.
laboratoriul eqsperimentebSi sociologebi sagnebs
ganixilaven xelovnur garemoSi, sadac SesaZlebelia
pirobebis iolad regulireba. aseT eqsperimentSi win
wamoweulia subieqtebTan mopyrobis eTikuri sakiTxe-
bi, romlebic:
a. mkvlevarebs avaldebulebs subieqtisaTvis eqsperi-
mentis an proceduris axsnas;

246
 b. subieqtisaTvis mxolod simarTlis Tqmas;
g. subieqtis gafrTxilebas raime xifaTis Sesaxeb;
d. aRweras, rogor unda gamoiyenon monacemebi;
e. subieqtis konfidencialobis dacvas;
v. subieqtis Tanxmobamde mis xelT arsebuli informa-
ciis sisrulis garkvevas.
eTikuri da praqtikuli mizezebis gamo, situaciaTa
umravlesoba, romlebic ainteresebT sociologebs,
laboratoriaSi ver iqmneba. Tumca, eqsperimentis Cat-
areba, gamomwvevi mizezisa da Sedegis urTierTobis
damtkiceba savele pirobebSi ufro rTulia.
yvela drois yvelaze cnobili savele eqsperimenti
axdens sirTulis ilustrirebas. 1930-ian wlebSi, mkv-
levarebi gaemgzavrnen dasavleT ilionisSi imis Sesas-
wavlad, moaxdenda Tu ara samuSao pirobebis cvlile-
bebi, magaliTad, ukeTesi ganaTeba _ samuSao jgufebis
produqtiulobis gazrdaze gavlenas. samuSao garemos
nebismieri aspeqtis cvlilebebis miuxedavad, yvela mo-
muSave jgufi ufro produqtiuli gaxda. sabolood,
mkvlevarebma gaacnobieres, rom momuSaveebi, ubralod,
im yuradRebas pasuxobdnen, rasac iRebdnen. social-
ur mecnierebaTa mkvlevarebis Seswavlis sagnad gax-
domam maT Tavi ufro mniSvnelovnad da dafasebulad
agrZnobina. aman mkvlevarTa daswrebis gavlenis gakon-
trolebis saWiroeba aCvena. amis gakeTebis ZiriTadi
meTodi aris im ori jgufis Sedareba, romlebsac zus-
tad erTnairad epyrobian, maTi Seswavlis garda. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom sacdel jgufs SeiZleba meti ganaTeba
mieRo, im dros, roca mmarTveli jgufi saerTod ve-
rafers miiRebda, damatebiTi yuradReba orive jgufs
Tanabrad daeTmoboda.
savele eqsperimentebi xandaxan maSinac tardeba,
rodesac politikis gamtareblebs am politikis far-
To masebis mimarT ganxorcielebamde surT winaswar

247
gamoscadon gansazRvruli politikis zegavlena, mis
efeqtebze monacemTa SegrovebiT. masobrivi eqsperi-
mentebis siZneleebi amcirebs mis Sedegebs sociolo-
giur monacemTa bazebis warmoSobisas. sociologebma
xandaxan eqsperimentis saxiT SeiZleba Seiswavlon ise-
Ti RonisZieba, rogoricaa _axali politikis warmoqmna
erT regionSi, magram ara sxvebSi. Tu sociologebs aqvT
damoukidebeli cvladi sidideebis sakmarisi raode-
noba, SeuZliaT moiqcnen rogorc makontroleblebi
laboratoriul pirobebSi. magaliTad, sakeTildReod
mimarTuli politikuri cvlilebebi eqsperimentad
iqna Seswavlili. im regionTan SedarebiT, sadac mmarT-
velma jgufebma cvlilebebi ganaxorcieles da poli-
tika ucvleli darCa, mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom Tu
bavSvis movlis efeqturi programebi iqneba, gaizrdeba
im martoxela dedaTa raodenoba, romlebsac aqvT unari
samsaxuri moZebnon socialuri uzrunvelyofis dax-
marebis gareSe.

3.10. ACTION RESEARCH

abreviatura AR, aRniSnavs gamoyenebiT (ufro viwro

mniSvnelobiT, praqtikul) gamokvlevebs, warmoadgens
saerTaSoriso standarts.
Action research _ganekuTvneba mecnierul-praqtikul
meTodologiebs, romlebic obieqtis SeswavlisaTvis
erTnairad iyeneben, rogorc mecnieruli Semecnebis
meTodebs (gamokiTxva, dakvirveba, diagnostika, eqsper-
tiza da sxv.), ise aqtiur Carevas (cvlileba, gardaqmna,
gaumjobeseba). AR miekuTvneba disciplinaTSoriso gam-
oyenebiTi teqnologiebis klass.
Tu internetis saZiebo sistemaSi davsvamT SekiTxvas
sityvaze “Action research”, maSin Yahoo SemogTavazebT 3,4

248
mln, Google_3,5 mln, Altavista_4,5 mln dokuments. es ki
empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi kvlevis meTodebs Soris ab-
soluturi rekordia.
sazRvargareT arsebobs asobiT, Tu ara aTasobiT, in-
stituti, laboratoria, fakulteti, kaTedra, fondi,
asociacia, Jurnali, weliwdeuli, damxmare saxelmZR-
vanelo, saswavlo kursebi, konsultaciisa da treningis
centrebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia AR-Tan. magali-
Tad, 1996wels Seiqmna onlain Jurnali_Action Research
international. asociacia Action research, romelic Seiqmna
1991 wels avstraliaSi, yovel or weliwadSi erTxel
atarebs msoflio kongresebs AR-kvlevebze. asociacia
aerTianebs maswavleblebs, socialur muSakebs, konsul-
tantebs, akademiur mecnierebs, menejerebsa da studen-
tebs, romlebic warmoadgenen rogorc sabunebismetyve-
lo, ise socialur da humanitarul mecnierebebs. igi
gamoscems Jurnals, samecniero monografiebs, semin-
arebis masalebs, sacnobiero literaturas, treningeb-
sa da saxelmZRvaneloebs.
AR warmoadgens gamokvlevebs, romelTa mTavar mizans
warmoadgens ara axali codnis miReba, hipoTezebis da-
dastureba an empiriuli faqtebis Segroveba, aramed
praqtikuli amocanebis gadawyveta, gadaWra, romelic
dakavSirebulia-mimarTulia ama Tu im organizaciaSi
(skola, koleji, biznes-organizacia, ojaxi da a.S.),
situaciis gaumjobesebaze. es Zalian hgavs im meTodebs,
romlebic Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba anTropologiaSi, eT-
nografiaSi, evristikasa da epistemiologiaSi, radgan
mTavar rgolad gamodis gadawyvetilebis miRebis jgu-
furi procesi.
AR afarToebs mecnierebis SesaZleblobebs, ramdena-
dac monawileebisagan ar moiTxovs maRal kvalifikacias,
maTematikuri statistikis codnas, savele muSaobis ga-
mocdilebas da a.S. masSi monawileobis miReba SeuZliaT

249
ara mxolod universitetis profesorebs, aramed diasax-
lisebs, studentebs, Cinovnikebs, maswavleblebs, eqimebs,
saavadmyofos pacientebs, pensionerebs da sxvebs.
AR warmoadgens ara mxolod soft-meTodologias, ar-
amed agreTve Zalian demokratiul, mosaxleobis yvela
fenisaTvis misaReb xerxs, wess mniSvnelovani sazogadoe-
brivi problemebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobisaTvis.
AR-is gamoyenebis farTo sfero mecnierebaSi, gana-
TlebaSi, jandacvasa da medicinaSi, biznessa da mmarT-
velobaSi, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs vilaparakoT mis
universalobaze, mravalmiznobriv daniSnulebasa da
rTul struqturaze, romelSic Seguebuli meTodebi
erTnairad gamoiyeneba adamianuri moRvaweobis ase gan-
sxvavebul sferoebSi.
Semecnebis warmarTva codnasa da praqtikaze, e.i. or
mxareze, romlebic yovelTvis ar erTiandeba harmo-
niul mTelad, gvafiqrebinebs, rom AR-Si, Cven aRmova-
CenT raime eqsperimentuls, romelsac Semecneba da
gardaqmna gulisxmobs da aseve SefasebiT gamokvlevebs,
ramdenadac AR-Si saubaria rogorc ama Tu im praqti-
kuli nabijis Sedegebis analizze, aseve diagnostikaze,
eqspertizasa da sxva mraval meTodze, romlebic gamo-
sadegia rogorc fundamentur, ise gamoyenebiT sferoe-
bSi. magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT Teoriuli medici-
nis specialistebisa da praqtikuli eqimebis TanamSrom-
loba, romlebic ikvleven mkurnalobis axali formebis
zemoqmedebas avadmyofebis klinikuri gamokvlevebis
procesSi. sxva magaliTi_pedagogi, aanalizebs sa-
kuTar samuSaos imisaTvis, rom daamuSaos Tavisi sagnis
swavlebis gaumjobesebis xerxebi, wesebi. orive proeqti
praqtikul daxmarebas uwevs (pacientebsa da moswavlee-
bs) da erTdroulad wvlili SeaqvT mecnieruli codnis
sistemis ganviTarebaSi.

250
 roca ucxoeli specialistebi cdiloben daaxasiaTon
AR-is specifika da funqciebi, maSin saubroben imaze,
rom es aris ZiriTadad praqtikuli muSakebisaTvis gamo-
sayenebeli programa (gegma, sistema), monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da analizisa, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevs
gaaumjobeson sakuTari moqmedebebi, gadawyvetilebebi,
axali SemoRebuli wesi, reformebi. AR-i SeiZleba gam-
oyenebuli iqnes winaswari, piloturi gamokvlevebis
rangSi, rodesac problemuri situaciis konturebi uc-
nobia. AR-Si mecnieri valdebulia CaerTos dakvirveba-
Si, Secvalos da gardaqmnas socialuri realoba, monaw-
ileobdes praqtikuli gadawyvetilebis damuSavebasa da
realizaciaSi.
rogorc ar unda iwodebodes AR, swavleba, praqtiku-
li Careva, Tanamonawileobasa da gamokvlevasTan erTad
misi yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilebia.

filosofiuri safuZvlebi

AR-s Teoriul-meTodologiuri ideebis saTaves spe-
cialistebi xedaven:
a. aristoteles moZRvrebaSi_swavlebaSi praqsisi Ses-
axeb, romelic SemecnebiTi da gardamqmneli saqmiano-
bisa urTierTobas moiazrebs; b. jon dius pragmatul
filosofiaSi, romelmac gamoacxada, rom Semecnebis
saukeTeso xerxi-wesi gamomJRavndeba sagnebTan praqti-
kuli moqmedebis Sedegad; g. pospozitivizmSi, romelic
acxadebs, rom mecnieruli Semecneba ar daiyvaneba mx-
olod raodenobriv da maTematikur meTodebze.
aristotelesTan `praqsisi~ (berZnulidan_moqmede-
ba) aRniSnavs socialuri moqmedebis xelovnebas, e.i.
berZnebis sazogadoebriv-politikur da moqalaqeo-
briv aqtivobas (forumze gamosvla, mtrebis mxileba,

251
sazogadoebriv samuSaoebSi monawileoba), romlis sa-
SualebiT codna moipoveba ara piradi, aramed kole-
qtiuri sargeblobisaTvis. am azriT praqsiss ewi-
naaRmdegeba “Teoria”-s cneba, romelic agreTve aris
axali codnis miRebis xerxi, gza, magram igi gamoiyene-
boda mecnierebis-mkvlevarebis mier TavianTi piradi
saWiroebisaTvis. aristotele ar yofda or process-
Teoriisa da praqsiss. piriqiT, Tvlida maT erTi mTelis
or mxared. aqedan warmosdgeba erTianoba ori mxarisa
Tanamedrove AR-ic: moipovo axali codna-axali gamoc-
dilebis safuZvelze, gardaqmna obieqtebi, raTa miiRo
iseTi informacia, romelic SeuZlebelia moipovo pa-
siuri mWvretelobiT. neoplatonikosebTan praqsisi
aRniSnavda swavlebas swori qcevis Sesaxeb, mistikur
moqmedebas, romelic specialuri varjiSebiT aaxloe-
bda individs umaRles codnasa da sibrZnesTan, e.i. faq-
tiurad Tanaswori iyo cnebisa “ioga”.
swored postpozitivizmis farglebSi Seiqmna ori mid-
goma_ideografiuli da interpretatiuli, romlebmac
didi gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove AR meTodologiaze.
AR-is umniSvnelovanes Semadgenel nawils warmoad-
gens socialuri intervenciis principi, romelic
Semoitana interpretatiulma midgomam. mkvlevars neba
eZleva mourideblad, ubodiSod Caerios dakvirvebis
procesSi, gadaiqces mis aqtiur monawiled, Secvalos
movlenis-SemTxvevis mimarTuleba, moaxdinos movlenis
provocireba, gamoiyenos Tavisi mosazrebebi, msjelo-
bebi, daskvnebi, Sexedulebebi da Sefasebebi mecnieruli
Sedegebis interpretaciis dros, moaxdinos eqsperimen-
tis monawileebis qcevebis manipulireba da a.S.
ideografiuli midgoma moiTxovs AR-s TiToeuli
SemTxvevis ganxilvas, rogorc unikaluri da ganumeo-
rebeli sociokulturuli movlenisa, humanitarul
Sexedulebebs gamokvleva-danergvis monawileebze.

252
ara mxolod mecnierebi, aramed gamosacdlebic xdebi-
an gamokvlevis subieqtebi, misi Tanasworuflebiani
monawileebi, romelTa azric fasdeba, maT usmenen, maT
Sexedulebebs iyeneben praqtikaSi. aqedan gamomdinare,
tradicia miiCnevs, magaliTad, moswavleebs ara Seswav-
lis obieqtebad, aramed kvleva-danergvis subieqtebad,
Tanasworuflebian partniorebad, Tanamonawileebad.
AR-is Teoriul-meTodologiur winapirobad spe-
cialistebi Tvlian agreTve sistemebis saerTo Teor-
ias, kibernetikas, informaciuli sistemebis meTodo-
logias, iTvaliswineben ra k.levinis da tavistokis in-
stitutis (londoni) Sromebs.

meTodologia

meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT AR-Si gamoyofen or

ZiriTad nawils:
1. praqtikuli moqmedeba, romelsac Seaqvs TvalsaC-
ino cvlilebebi gaerTianebis, sazogadoebis cxovelq-
medebaSi (jgufebi, Temebi, sasoflo erTobebi), orga-
nizaciebis funqcionirebaSi (skola da klasi, koleji
an universiteti, nakadi an kursi, sawarmoebi, banki da
sxv.) an romelime programis realizaciaSi (socialuri,
saganmanaTleblo, administraciuli da a.S.);
2. samecniero kvlevebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac Sem-
kveTi da Semsrulebeli Tvals adevneben AR-is mimdin-
areobas, mis sawyis, Sualedur da saboloo mdgomareo-
bas, faseuli orientaciebis cvlilebebs, monawileebis
damokidebulebas danergvisadmi, maT motivaciasa da
ganwyobas, mizandasaxulobas.
aqedan gamomdinare, mocemul teqnologias SeiZleba
gamokvleva-danergva vuwodoT.
sazRvargareT gamoyofen AR-is or strategias an
formas. maT gaaCniaT sxvadasxva meTodologia da gamoy-

253
enebuli meTodebisa da teqnikis sxvadasxvagvari nakrebi,
sxvadasxva proceduruli logika, mizani da Sedegebi.
pirvel strategiaSi wamyvania praqtikuli moqmedeba,
xolo samecniero kvleva asrulebs budis-CarCos rols.
gamokvlevebi aq ar aris mimarTuli axali codnis mis-
aRebad, romelic faseulia mecnierebisaTvis an mecni-
eruli SemecnebisaTvis. piriqiT, igi asrulebs damxmare-
samsaxurebriv funqcias, ramdenadac monacemTa Sekreba
da analizi exmareba monawileebs (mecnierebi, kliente-
bi, gamosacdlebi) Rrmad Seicnon Tavisi saqcieli, miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebebi da maTi Sedegebi, gaicnon erT-
maneTi, gaiazron Tavi da Tavisi moqmedebebi, SeiZleba
Seicvalon kidec gaxdnen sxvanairebi, ukeTesebi.
meore strategiaSi mTavaria gamokvlevebi, xolo praq-
tikuli moqmedeba_mxolod gareSe, meorexarisxovani,
danamati produqtia. Seiswavlian ra gaficulTa qcev-
ebsa da ganwyobebs_mizandasaxulobas, jgufuri dis-
kusiis meTodiT, mecnierebi arafers nergaven da arc
gardaqmnian rames an reformas axdenen. maT mxolod
SeuZliaT daugegmon adamianebs esa Tu is moqmedeba
imisaTvis, rom is ukeTesad Seiswavlon. magram TviT
faqts, kerZod ki, gaficvas isini ver moawyoben. msgavsi
strategia gamoiyeneba upiratesad sociologiaSi da
gaaCnia mravali variacia_mecnieris sakmaod seriozu-
li Carevidan, TiTqmis SeumCnevlad darCenamde.
specialistebi AR-is klasificirebas axdenen sxva
kriteriumebis safuZvelzec. mag.,g.xuzeri gvTavazobs
ganvasxvavoT AR-is manipulaciuri da partisipatiuli
formebi. cnobil xotorinskis eqsperimentebs, rom-
lebmac saTave daudes mrewvelobaSi “adamianuri urT-
ierTobebis” eras, agreTve Sromis organizaciis axali
formebis mravalricxovan danergvas evropaSi, is Tvlis
AR-is partisipatiul formad. muSebi, romlebzec tar-
deboda eqsperimentebi, rCebodnen mecnierebisa da ad-

254
ministraciis Carevis obieqtad, romlebmac yvelaferi
winaswar dagegmes da mxolod umniSvnelod, isic prof-
kavSirebis SuamavlobiT miiwvies isini kvlevebSi monaw-
ileobis misaRebad. gansxvavebiT- amisa, piriqiT, mesame
msoflio qveynebis adgilobriv Temebze gamokvlevebi
unda CaiTvalos AR-is partisipatiul formad, radgan
mecnierebma ar icodnen ra aborigenebis cxovrebisa da
faseulobebis Sesaxeb, aqtiurad da Tanasworuflebi-
anobis safuZvelze miizides isini monawileobisaTvis.
AR-is partisipatiuli meTodologia aRmoCnda iseTi
efeqturi, rom gaerom da saerTaSoriso sociologi-
urma asociaciam am Temaze moawyves seminarebisa da
simpoziumebis seria kolumbiaSi (1977), peruSi (1979),
iugoslaviaSi(1980), meqsikaSi (1982), nikaraguaSi (1989)
wlebSi. zogierT afrikul da aziur saxelmwifoSi par-
tisipatiuli AR-i warmatebiT gamoiyenes soflis dide-
bulebisa da agrarul proletariats Soris arsebuli
miwis gayofis problemebis gadasaWrelad.
AR-i SeiZleba gaiyos kvleviT, romelic zemoT ganvix-
ileT da saswavlo nawilebad, romelic farTod gamoiy-
eneba saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi. axali codna aq em-
saxureba ara mecnieruli codnis gamdidrebas, aramed
maswavleblis codnis gamravleba-gafarToebas. Care-
vas qmedebaze, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen am
dros da rogor unda gaumjobesdes maTi codna. praq-
tikuli intervenciis gareSe aucilebel axal codnas
skolis administracia ver miiRebda.
sxva tipis samecniero gamokvlevebisagan AR gansx-
vavdeba mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani TvisebebiT:
1. mecnieris aqtiuri CareviT gamokvlevis mimdi-
nareobaze, koreqtirebiT, marTviT, sawyisTan dab-
runebiT, calkeuli etapebis gauqmebiT, responden-
tebis cnobierebaze-Segnebaze, qcevasa da motivaciaze
gavleniT;

255
 2. respondentebis (gamosacdlebis, monawileebis)
maqsimalurad sruli da aqtiuri monawileobiT gamokv-
levaSi, romelSic isini xSirad xedaven Tavisi sakuTari
miznebis miRwevis saSualebas;
3. respondentebi, ikaveben ra aqtiur pozicias, iqce-
vian gamokvlevis subieqtebad, Tanabrad mecnierebisa
da SemkveTebisa;
4. gamokvlevis procesSi mimdinareobs swavlebis,
codnisa da kvalifikaciis gaumjobeseba, romelTac re-
spondentebi dauyovnebliv isev abandeben gamokvleveb-
Si, kidev ufro maRali Sedegebis msaRwevad;
5. socialur konteqstSi, AR warmoiSoba realur
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi da mimarTulia ara eqsperimen-
taluri, aramed realuri problemebis gadasawyvetad.

ganxorcielebis procedura

AR xorcieldeba individualur da gundur reJimeb-

Si. AR-is organizaciis jgufurma Tu gundurma midgo-
mam miiRo saxelwodeba erToblivi gamokvleva.
AR-is procesi Tavisi bunebiT ufro, interaqtiul, e.i.
ganaxlebul-aRdgenils, ganmeorebiTs warmoadgens. AR-
is ZiriTadi rgolebi, kerZod, ki: a. monacemTa Segrove-
ba; b. monacemTa analizi; g. moqmedebisa da Sedegebis Se-
faseba, mudmivad meordeba. monacemTa Segrovebas, raime
saxis danergvas an cvlilebas, vTqvaT, skolis gadasvlas
orcvlian swavlebaze, pedagogiuri procesis SeCerebis
gareSe, mkvlevarTa gundi Tvals adevnebs mudmivad.
igi agreTve mudmivad aanalizebs maT, afasebs Tavisi an
skolis administraciis qmedebebs, atarebs “mrgval mag-
idebs”, erTobliv TaTbirebs, brein-ringebs.
ganumeorebeli gamodis TviT axalSemoRebuli wesi,
axali wesi, praqtikuli Careva, obieqtis cvlileba. is
ar SeiZleba daiwyoT da Tavi daaneboT, xeli mokidoT

256
erT saqmes, xolo Semdeg sxvas, mravali eqsperimentebi
ataroT moswavleebsa da studentebze.
ubralod rom vTqvaT, AR-es aris “swavleba-moqmedeb-
iT”. adamianTa jgufi gansazRvravs amosaval prob-
lemas, wamoiwyebs raRac moqmedebas, raTa igi gadawyvi-
tos-gadaWras, Seafasebs Tavisi Zalisxmevis warmate-
bulobas da, Tu, is amiT ar aris kmayofili, cdilobs
yvelaferi Tavidan gaakeTos.
AR-is partisipatiuli formis dros, mecnieri,
Sekrebs ra sawyis informacias adgilobrivi adminis-
traciisagan, awyobs Semdeg jgufuri diskusiebis se-
rias konkretuli soflis mcxovreblebTan, wyvets maTi
aqtiuri monawileobiT romelime mniSvnelovan praqti-
kul problemas (magaliTad, interesTa konfliqti). mx-
olod aseTi wesiT moxerxda adgilobriv gaerTianebeb-
Si-sazogadoebaSi TvalisaTvis SeumCneveli socialuri
stratifikaciisa da socialuri daZabulobis veqto-
ris aRmoCena. informaciis wyaroebs aq warmoadgenen: a.
oficialuri statistikuri dokumentebi; b. jgufuri
interviuebis monacemebi. aseTi AR-is Sedegebi Sei-
Zleba gaxdes Zalian efeqturi meqanizmi konfliqtis
gadawyvetisas, romelsac adgilobrivi xelisufleba
gamoiyenebs SemdgomSi Tavis saqmianobaSi. cdilobdnen
ra epovaT adgilobrivi gaerTianebis wevrebis, urT-
ierTsapirispiro mimarTulebis jgufuri interesebis
gadakveTis wertilebi, mecnierebma erToblivi kvleve-
biT ara mxolod Seiswavles axali problemebi, aramed
aswavles mosaxleobas mSvidobiani molaparakebebis
taqtika.
AR-Si mecnieri gamodis gverdze mdgari eqspertis
(konsultantis) rolSi, romlis mizania daainteresos
praqtikosebi kvleviTi proeqtiT, moipovos maTi dax-
mareba da Sekribos saWiro informacia. maT Soris Tanam-
Sromloba atarebs teqnikur xasiaTs im azriT, rom igi

257
instrumentia kvleviT miznebTan damokidebulebaSi.
aseTi saxis proeqtebis SedegebiT xdeba prognozireba-
di xasiaTis codnis dagroveba. amasTan erTad, ZiriTadi
yuradReba eTmoba arsebuli Teoriis damtkicebas da
srulyofas, gansakuTrebiT imiT, romelic Seexeba Care-
visa da zemoqmedebis Sedegebs. problema ganisazRvreba
mkvlevarisa da praqtikoss Soris dialogis procesSi
maT Soris urTierTgagebis misaRwevad. eqsperti erT-
veba dialogSi, xels uwyobs monawileTa aqtiur TanamS-
romlobas da maT TviTrefleqsias.
AR-is proeqtebis umravlesoba Tavisi xasiaTiT
koleqtiuria. es niSnavs, rom yvela stadiaze, sawyisi
ideis wamoyenebis CaTvliT, dagegmvis, danergvisa da
angariSebis daweraSi monawileoben adamianebi, romle-
bic potenciurad dainteresebuli arian an imyofebian
kvlevis Sedegebis da misi Semdgomi moqmedebis savarau-
do gavlenis qveS. koleqtiuri AR eyrdnoba p.fareires
cnobil naSroms “ CagrulTa pedagogika”, romelic 1972
wels gamovida amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. am avto-
ris mier SemoTavazebuli midgomis arsi mdgomareobs
Semecnebis Zalis SecnobaSi,romlic gaerTianebulia
moqmedebasTan da SeuZlia gamoiwvios kritikuli cno-
bierebis ganviTareba, cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, social-
uri struqturebisa da urTierTobis transformacia.

cikluroba da interacia

AR-is gamoyenebis interatiul teqnologias uwode-

ben-ciklurs-spiralurs. viTardeba ra spiralisebu-
rad, adis ra TiToeuli nabijiT Semecnebis sul ufro
da ufro maRal safexurze, AR aniWebs monawileebs ara
mxolod axal codnas, praqtikul Cvevebs, problemebis
gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas, aramed emociur kmayo-

258
filebasac. amaze miuTiTeben adamianebis umravlesoba,
magram ramdeni safexuria Semecnebis am piramidaSi?
isini SeiZleba iyos bevri da aravis ar dausaxelebia
zusti ricxvi, magram TiToeul maTganze unda Sesrul-
des ramdenime dadgenili procedura da mxolod amis
saSualebiT SeiZleba ufro maRal safexurze asvla.
amasTan, operaciebis ricxvi avtorebSi gansxvavebulia.
magaliTad, AR-is “mama” k.levini amtkicebda, rom isini
samia: dagegmareba, moqmedeba, Sefaseba (monacemTa ana-
lizi da Sedegebis kritika).
sxva sityvebiT, TiToeul safexurze Tqven valdebu-
li iqnebiT SeasruloT mTeli rgoli-wre (moqmedeba-
Semecneba) da mxolod amis Semdeg waiwioT win. Semdgom
spiralSi yvelaferi Tavidan meordeba. operaciis gan-
meorebam ukarnaxa specialistebs ciklis saxelwodeba,
xolo ciklebis monacvleobam, sazRvars zemoT asvlam,
msgavseba spiralTan, spirali. maSasadame, mTel gamokv-
levas aqvs spiralis saxe-Sesaxedaoba, xolo TiToeuli
misi rgoli iwodeba-ciklebad.
k.levinis Tanamedrove mimdevrebi, kerZod ki, profe-
sori stefan kummisi (avstralia), asaxelebs or cikls
oTxi operaciiT TiToeul maTganSi: gegma, moqmedeba,
dakvirveba, refleqsia.
jerald sasmenis mixedviT, TiToeuli kvleviTi cik-
li moicavs xuT operacias. pirveli operacia_es aris
diagnostika: problemis identifikacia_ gaigiveba da
aucilebel monacemTa Sekreba. gaecnoba ra situacias,
mkvlevarTa gundi SeimuSavebs moqmedebis gegmas. ram-
denadac monawileTa Sexedulebebi sxvadasxvaa, maRa-
lia albaToba, rom gamoCndeba problemis gadawyvetis
ramdenime alternatiuli xerxi-wesi. magram zustad,
maTi damuSaveba Seadgens meore fazis arss. maSinve air-
Cio erTaderTi gadawyvetileba da gadadga praqtikuli
nabijebi, SeuZlebelia, Tu Tqven ar SeagroveT dam-

259
atebiTi informacia. es aucileblad unda gakeTdes im-
isaTvis, rom me-3 etapze amoirCioT yvelaze Sesaferi-
si-saTanado gadawyvetileba, dagegmo misi realizacia
da daiwyo is. meoTxe stadiaze xdeba pirveli cikli-
dan warmoSobili yovelmxrivi an damatebiT dasaxuli
gegmis realizaciis Sefaseba. raRac ar gamovida ise,
rogorc moelodiT, xolo raime saerTodac ar gamovi-
da. Sedegebis SefasebisaTvis gundi Seikribeba “mrgval
magidasTan” da Seajamebs pirveli ciklis saerTo Sede-
gebs. amaSia dedaarsi mexuTe nabijisa(fazisa). Catare-
buli intervenciis monacemebi Segrovebulia, rezul-
tatebi_Sedegebi gaanalizebulia da Sefasebulia,
daskvnebi gakeTebulia.
Tu mecnierebi SemkveTTan erTad mividnen arasanugeSo
Sedegamde, maSin yvelaferi meordeba isev, magram ukve
meore ciklis dros. es ki, rogorc cnobilia, hegelis
dialeqtikidan, ukve ufro maRali rgolia spiralis da
niSnavs, rom axla dagrovili informaciis raodenoba
aucileblad gadavida axal xarisxSi (TvisebriobaSi).
marTlac, mware gamocdilebam bevrs aswavla da sxva
dros mkvlevarebma SesaZloa airCion sxva gza, magram
mainc daicaven aseT mimarTulebas: diagnostika, gegma,
moqmedeba, Sefaseba, daskvnebi. nebismieri gamocdileba
mniSvnelovania, Tundac negatiuri. is aswavlis mkvleva-
rebs, xolo swavleba Cadebulia TviTon AR-is bunebaSi.
ra Tqma unda, warumatebeli gamocdileba nergavs Ta-
vis ZalebSi daurwmuneblobas, iwvevs SiSis grZnobas da
zrdis mTeli RonisZiebis riskis xarisxs. xom veravin
ver mogvcems imis garantias, rom meore ciklis dros
gundi warmatebas miaRwevs.
ase rom, wina gamocdilebis roli orgvaria. erTi mxriv,
man bevri aswavla mkvlevarebs, meore mxriv_Semata dau-
rwmunebloba. amgvar situaciebSi rekomendirebulia
yvela monawilis gulaxdili saubari, romelzec mimdi-

260
nareobs naklovanebebis yovelmxrivi ganxilva. safuZv-
liani ganxilvisa da sja-baasis Sedegad zogjer xdeba an
TviT Teoriis, an sawyisi hipoTezebis Secvla da meore
ciklSi yvelaferi praqtikulad nulidan iwyeba.

AR-is meTodebi

AR-is meTodologia moiTxovs ara erTi, aramed ram-

denime meTodis gamoyenebas, gamokvleva-danergvis
miznebidan da amocanebidan, Seqmnili situaciidan,
TviTon meTodebis efeqturobidan gamomdinare. aseT
meTodologias uwodeben multivariaciuls.
AR-is ganxorcielebis procesSi erTnairad efeq-
turad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi meTodebi:
_inteleqtis standartizirebuli testebi, profe-
siuli Cvevebi, moswavleTa niWiereba-unarianoba (wer-
ilebis wera, amocanebis amoxsna, laparakis unari);
_interviu da anketireba, romlebic SesaZleblobas
iZleva dadgindes: Tavdapirveli sawyisi faseulobebi,
moswavleTa ganwyoba da motivacia, agreTve, saboloo,
reformisSemdgomdroindeli Sedegebi;
_eqsperimenti, gulisxmobs eqsperimentuli jgufis
Seqmnas, romelic ganicdis Carevas da sakontrolo jgu-
fis Seqmnas, romelic emsaxureba Sedarebis etalons;
_gafarToebuli interviuebi, biografiuli meTodi
da cxovrebis istoria, saojaxo qronikebi, kei-stadie-
bi, fokus-jgufebi;
_dakvirveba, romelic saSualebas iZleva Tvali ad-
evno procesis dinamikas, magaliTad, maswavleblis saqmi-
anobis gaumjobesebas axladSemoRebuli wesis Semdeg,
moswavleTa guneba-ganwyobilebis cvlilebas da a.S.

261
 _dokumentebis analizi, magaliTad, moswavleTa
dRiurebi, saklaso Jurnalebi, video da audio masale-
bi, saskolo Txzuleba an specialurad dawerili essebi.
gamokvleva-danergvis Sedegebi SeiZleba damuSavdes
rogorc xeliT, iseve kompiuteris daxmarebiT. monacem-
Ta analizis dros, nedli masala, magaliTad, intervius
Canawerebi kodirdeba, xolo Semdeg maTze gamoiyeneba
logikuri analizi, kontent-analizi, Skalireba, kon-
ceptualuri fotografireba, statistikuri proce-
durebi, cxrilebisa da grafikebis CaTvliT. monacemTa
raodenobrivi analizi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba para-
lelurad Tvisebriv meTodebTan erTad, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, SefasebiTi interpretacia, Teoriuli Ser-
Ceva, dekonstruqcia, hermanevtika.
AR-is damoukidebel meTodad iTvleba kvleviTi kon-
ferenciebi, romlebic daiwyes erik tristma da fred
emerim; isini erTad muSaobdnen tavistokis institutSi
da 1959wels saTave daudes aseTi konferenciebis mowy-
obas. konferenciebis organizaciaSi dReisaTvis aq-
tiurad aris CarTuli interneti. 1991 wels torontos
universitetis mecnierebma miiRes SekveTa da moawyes
samecniero kvleviTi konferenciebis seria grenadaSi,
romelTa Sedegebi gaxda praqtikuli rekomendaciebi da
samoqmedo gegma turizmis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
A
sakiTxis istoria

sazRvargareT AR-is farTod gamoyeneba daiwyes 1980-

iani wlebis Suaxanebidan. man Tavisi gavlenis piks miaR-
wia 1990-iani wlebis bolos.
meore msoflio omis wina periodSi axali meTodi myarad
ganmtkicda socialur fsiqologiaSi, rogorc forma
socialuri kvlevisa, romlis mimdinareobisas mecnieri
Seicnobs jgufur procesebs, cvlis maT, manipulirebs

262
procedurebsa da qcevebze, aqtiurad monawileobs
TviTgamokvlevaSi. axali meTodis damwyebad gamovida
amerikeli fsiqologi kurt levini (1890-1947ww.), romel-
mac Tqva: “Tu Tqven gindaT icodeT, rogorebia nivTe-
bi_sagnebi sinamdvileSi, SeecadeT SecvaloT isini”.
igi ikvlevda aSS-Si erovnul umciresobebs (ebraelebi
da Savkanianebi) da Seqmna kvleviTi meTodologia, ro-
melic warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mesame msoflios qvey-
nebis tradiciuli sazogadoebebis SeswavlisaTvis. gar-
da amisa, k.levini swavlobda liderobis stilis prob-
lemebs mcire jgufebSi. mogvianebiT es meTodologiac
gadmoiRes-isesxes mecnierebma misgan, mcire jgufebisa
da adgilobrivi Temebis formirebis procesis Sesaswav-
lad samxreT italiasa da laTinur amerikaSi.
pirvelad termini “Action research”, k.levinma gamoiyena
1946wels. AR masTan aRniSnavda gansakuTrebul kvleviT
midgomas, romlis meSveobiT mecnieri ara mxolod qmnis
axal codnas socialuri sistemebis Sesaxeb, aramed cdi-
lobs erTdroulad Secvalos igi. swored amitom, ro-
gorc fiqrobda mecnieri, axali meTodologiis gamoy-
enebis ZiriTadi sfero unda gaxdes socialuri mimar-
Tuleba da socialuri inJineria. k.levini amtkicebda,
rom socialuri pirobebis Semecneba da cvlileba Sei-
Zleba mxolod maSin, Tu Tavisi proeqtis yvela etapze
sazogadoebaTmcodneebi miizidaven praqtikosebs, rom-
lebic kargad icnoben realur cxovrebas.
Tumca, bolo dros k.levinis AR-is “mamis ufleba” se-
riozulad gaxda sadavo. gamoaSkaravda, rom am mecni-
eramde ideebi gamokvlevaSi Carevaze, gamoTqva j. more-
nom. misTvis kvleviTi procesi socialuri moZraobis
Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. k.levini gaecno mis
Sexedulebebs amerikaSi.
terimini A”AR” pedagogiur praqtikaSi daamkvidra ste-
fan korim 1949 wels. Tumca is ar akavSirebda AR-s fun-

263
damentur mecnierebebTan, Tvlida am meTods praqtiku-
li problemebis gadawyvetis efeqtur saSualebad. misi
xelidan gamovida cneba “maswavlebeli, rogorc mkvl-
evari”. man saukeTesod aRwera maswavleblis novator-
uli Sromis specifika. maswavleblisaTvis yvela samec-
niero meTodidan yvelaze misaRebad iTvleba CarTuli
dakvirveba, keis-stadiis meTodologia da Tvisebrivi
meTodebi. iyeneben ra mecnierul meTodebs, skolis mas-
wavleblebi iReben farTo SesaZleblobebs Tavisi idee-
bisa da inovaciuri proeqtebis aprobaciisaTvis, osta-
tobis srulyofa-gaumjobesebisaTvis.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg didi wvlili am sferoSi
Seitana socialurma fsiqiatrma erik tristma, visi
jgufic tavistokis adamianuri urTierTobebis in-
stitutSi londonSi dakavebuli iyo gamoyenebiTi so-
cialuri gamokvlevebiT, Seiswavlida, kerZod moqalaqe
repatriantebs, romlebic msoflio omis dros imyofe-
bodnen germanul konclagerebSi. is da misi kolegebi
ikvlevdnen ara mcire jgufebs, aramed msxvilmasStabi-
an socialur problemebs, dakavSirebuls instituciur
da organizaciul konteqstSi.
1960-70-ian wlebSi AR warmatebiT gamoiyenes soci-
ologebma da anTropologebma, gansakuTrebiT laTinur
amerikaSi, swavlobdnen ra socialur daZabulobas, kon-
fliqtebsa da maT politikur Sedegebs.

AR-is paradigmebi

1960-70-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda AR-is oTxi ZiriTadi

paradigma: tradiciuli, konteqsturaluri, radikal-
uri da saganmanaTleblo.
tradiciuli paradigma dafuZvnda k.levinis ideebze
da farTod gamoiyeneboda sociologiasa da fsiqolo-

264
giaSi, cxovrebis xarisxis, socioteqnikuri sistemebis,
organizaciebSi xelisuflebis struqturebisa da sam-
rewvelo demokratiis Sesaswavlad.
konteqsturaluri paradigma saTaves iRebs tavis-
tokis institutis Sida organizaciuli urTierTmoq-
medebis Sesaxeb kvlevebidan. misi saxelwodeba warmoiS-
va ori Semdegi sityvis SeerTebiT: buneba da struqtura.
zustad am paradigmis farglebSi Seiqmna Tanamedrove
sociologiaSi farTod gavrcelebuli cneba _”soci-
ologiuri ekologia”, romelic aRniSnavda ara sawar-
mos garemos, aramed mis socialur, maT Soris saTemo_
Temis garemos. specialistebma gamoiyenes konferen-
ciis meTodi, romelzedac momlaparakebeli mxareebi
(aqcionerebi, momxmareblebi, moqalaqeebi, daqirave-
buli muSakebi, administracia, saxelmwifo Cinovnikebi),
eyrdnobodnen ra liberaluri filosofiis principebs,
cdilobdnen moenaxaT kompromisi socialuri proble-
mis gadasawyvetad.
radikaluri paradigma saTaves iRebs marqsistuli swav-
lebidan da, cnobilia, rogorc dialeqtikuri materi-
alizmi. sabazo kategoriebis ricxvSi aq gamoiyeneboda
cneba “praqsisi”, Semotanili Tanamedrove inteleqtua-
lur xmarebaSi antonio gramSis mier, magram igi gamoiy-
eneboda jer kidev aristotoles mier. marqsizmis mixed-
viT, ideebi gardaiqmneba materialur Zalad, roca isini
daeuflebian massebs; praqsisi gagebulia, rogorc ada-
mianis aqtiuroba imisaTvis, raTa ganaxorcielos Tavisi
azrobrivi konstruqciebi. marqsistebi solidarobas
ucxadeben ra foierbaxs, amtkiceben, rom filosofosma
ara mxolod da ara imdenad unda Seicnos samyaro, ar-
amed unda gardaqmnas igi. magram marqsizmSi cvlilebam
miiRo revoluciuri formebi. mxolod revoluciuri
praqsisi warmoadgens WeSmaritebis wyaros. bolSevi-
kuri praqsisi gamoixateba Zveli samyaros safuZvlebis

265
totalur ngrevaSi. memarcxene marqsistebis ideolo-
giaSi praqsisi dRemde aRniSnavs socialur da politi-
kur aqtiurobas, maT Soris damoukideblobisaTvis br-
Zolas, klasobriv brZolas da politikur terorizms.
marqsizmis garda AR-is radikaluri paradigma Tavis
gamoxatulebas poulobs ganmaTavisuflebel, feminis-
tur, saprotesto da sxva moZraobebSi, romlebic gamo-
dian sazogadoebis socialuri transformirebisaTvis.
saganmanaTleblo paradigma sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT,
Zalian wynari da araagresiulia. misi Teoriuli wyaroe-
bi momdinareobs gamoCenili amerikeli filosofosis
jon diuis ideebidan. misi mimdevrebi AR-is teqnolo-
giebs saswavlo procesis gaumjobesebisa da saskolo ga-
naTlebis sistemis restruqturizaciisaTvis iyeneben.
skolaSi AR exmareba maswavleblebs gaiazron Tavisi
pedagogiuri saqmianoba, gamoavlinon misi plusebi da
minusebi, gamoasworon naklovanebebi, moaxdinon axa-
li ideebisa da proeqtebis, meTodebisa da masalebis
aprobireba, xolo administracias_Seafasos arCeuli
strategiis siswore_samarTlianoba, gamoyenebuli in-
struqciebis efeqturoba, meToduri rekomendaciebi,
saswavlo gegmebi da, bolos, skolaSi swavlebis saerTo
mimdinareoba.
paradigmebis garda, AR Teoriasa da praqtikaSi ganasx-
vaveben or erovnul-nacionalur skolas: 1. inglisuri
tradicia orientirebulia ganaTlebis sferoze da gu-
lisxmobs pedagogiuri praqtikis gaumjobeseba-sru-
lyofas mecnieruli meTodebis umniSvnelo roliT; 2.
amerikuli tradicia mosaxleobis momsaxurebis sfer-
os da socialuri dacvisaken aris mimarTuli,xolo
AR gagebulia, rogorc informaciis sistematuri Seg-
roveba im gegmis mosamzadeblad, romlis daxmarebiTac
SeiZleba moxdes socialuri cvlilebebi.

266
 intervenciuli sociologia

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, AR-is meTodologia SeiZle-

ba iyos ori tipis: a. pirveli gamoirCeva praqtikuli mo-
qmedebis gabatonebuli roliT kvleviT komponentze;
b. meore mecnieruli gamokvlevebis wamyvani roliT da
naklebadSesamCnevi dasanaxi praqtikuli moqmedebiT.
swored es, meore strategia Warbobs sociologiaSi. ax-
sna-ganmarteba aris Cveni mecnierebis xasiaTs-bunebasa
da obieqtSi. anTropologebis, socialuri fsiqolo-
gebis, medikosebis an pedagogebisagan gansxvavebiT,
Cven ar SegviZlia mcire jgufis izolireba-dasjiT, ga-
mocdiT, SemowmebiT da maT qcevebze Tvalis devnebiT.
sociologebi muSaoben did socialur jgufebTan, rom-
lebTanac manipulireba TiTqmis ar xerxdeba. Cven Segvi-
Zlia movlenis ara Secvla, aramed mxolod zegavlena
masze (da isic gansazRvrul donemde).
termini “Action research”, mocemul SemTxvevaSi Sei-
Zleba vTargmnoT, rogorc “aqtiuri gamokvlevebi”.
igi mecnierul xmarebaSi Semoitana 1960-iani wlebis
bolos frangma sociologma a.turenma, romelic misi
daxmarebiT swavlobda e.w. “studentur revoluc-
iebs”. a.turenma SeimuSava konkretuli sociologiuri
gamokvlevebis meTodi, romelsac man uwoda “sociolo-
giuri intervenciis” meTodi. akademiur sociologiaSi
Tavis rols is xedavda imaSi, rom daxmareboda social-
uri moZraobis monawileebs ufro mkafiod Camoeyali-
bebinaT Tavisi miznebi da amocanebi, sworad gaerkviaT
strategia, magram ara imaSi, rom ekontrolebinaT igi.
am meTodis realizaciis pirveli nabiji iyo forumis
mowveva ori akademiuri mecnieris moZraobis monawilee-
bisadmi mimarTva. am stadiaze, romelsac a.turenma
uwoda “jgufis imiji”, koleqtiuri ganxilviT, mim-
dinareobs arsebuli problemis gaazreba da Secnoba

267
Tavisa, rogorc erTi jgufisa. mowveuli sociologi
afiqsirebs momaval brZolasTan dakavSirebul yvela
emociur gamosvlas; meore stadiaze mimdinareobs “sax-
eebidan” gadasvla “analizze”: moZraobis monawileTa
gaerTianebuli cnobiereba upirispirdeba mecnieruli
koncefciebis Teoriul konstruqciebs. mecniers mo-
hyavs istoriuli magaliTebi, aRwers farTo social-
ur konteqsts, romlis fonzec xedavs mocemul aqcias.
magram monawileebisaTvis ucxoa aseTi midgoma. maTi
emociebi daZabulia da maT mohyavT mravali konkret-
uli magaliTebi damcirebisa, usamarTlo mopyrobisa,
gaWirvebisa, ubedurebisa da a.S.
ori gzis_mecnieruli codnisa da yoveldRiuri ga-
mocdilebis gzajvaredinze_formirdeba monawileTa
urTierTgageba, saerTo pozicia, romlis wyalobiTac
saprotesto moZraoba agresiulidan gadadis mSvido-
biani mitingis relsebze. aseT daaxloebaSi swavlobs
orive mxare_monawileebi da mecnierebi. isini moipove-
ben axal codnas da aaxloeben Tavis poziciebs mesa-
me_damamTavrebel fazas a. turenma uwoda SefasebiTi.
SemfasebelTa rolSi gamodian “boevikebi”_saprotes-
to moZraobis yvelaze aqtiuri monawileebi. pirvel
or stadiaze isini ar monawileobdnen, gverdidan ad-
evnebdnen Tvalyurs process. maTi izolacia aucile-
belia imitom, rom Tavisi SeurigeblobiT isini zemoq-
medebas ar axdendnen rigiT monawileebze. axla meore
fazis Sedegebs, romelic werilobiTaa dafiqsirebuli,
ganixilaven aqtivistebi, adareben Tavis poziciasTan,
kamaToben, magram sabolood, sam mxares_mecnierebs,
rigiT monawileTa masasa da “boevikebs” Soris miiRweva
urTierTgageba, SemuSavdeba komunike da moqmedebis ax-
ali programa.
mogvianebiT dasakvirvebel procesze a.turenis aqti-
uri zegavlenis meTodis gamoyeneba daiwyes laTinuri
amerikis qveynebis sociologebma.

268
 cnobili sociologi v.Sliapentoxi, romelic emi-
graciaSi wavida ruseTidan 1970-ian wlebSi, AR-s mia-
kuTvnebs konstruqtivistul sociologias, romelic
movlenis dakvirvebis dros ikavebs ara pasiur mdgo-
mareobas, aramed aqtiurad cvlis mas. maSasadame, kon-
struqtivizmsa da socialur praqtikas Soris arsebobs
yvelaze mWidro kavSiri.
v.Sliapentoxis azriT, konstruqtivistul socio-
logiaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori samecniero skola, ro-
melic Camoyalibda socialuri saprotesto moZraobis
kvlevebis, maT Soris franguli da amerikulis Seswav-
lis dros. orive daJinebiT moiTxovs imas, rom soci-
ologebi ar arian sazogadoebrivi kavSiris eqspertebi
da arc socialuri moZraobis istorikosebi, miT ufro
misi saidumloebebis aRmomCenebi da damcvelebi. isini
pouloben socialuri moZraobis monawileebTan urT-
ierTobas dialogis saSualebiT.
amasTan erTad, franguli skola, romelic a.turenma
Seqmna, mizans socialur moZraobasTan mimarTebaSi xe-
davs imaSi, rom gamoiyvanos igi yoveldRiurobidan,
daexmaros moZraobas Tavisi WeSmariti miswrafebis
gamovlenaSi.
amerikul skolaSi sxva Sexeduleba arsebobs. soci-
ologebis mTavari roli socialur moZraobebTan da-
kavSirebiT Semdegia_kritikuli analizi gayinul erT
wertilze lozungebis dangrevis mizniT, socialuri
moqmedebebis formebis Camoyalibeba, movlenebis_Sem-
Txvevebis mudmivi rekonstruireba da restruqtur-
izacia, e.i. daxmareba-Semweoba amocanebis yvelaze efeq-
turi gadawyvetisaTvis mocemul adgilze da mocemul
droSi.

269
 Tavi 4.

eTikuri sakiTxebi

rogorc cnobilia, mravali sociologiuri kvleva

iwvevs sxva adamianebis realur cxovrebaSi Carevas. amis
gamo, sociologebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli eTikuri val-
debulebebi TavianTi subieqtebis mimarT.
pirvel rigSi, sociologebma unda daicvan subieqti
dazaralebisagan. sociologiuri kvleva zogjer subi-
eqts ayenebs fsiqiuri travmis riskis qveS, magram soci-
ologebi xSirad iReben nebarTvas subieqtisagan maTi
piradi informaciis gaxmaurebis Sesaxeb. msgavsi infor-
macia SesaZloa ar iyos cnobili subieqtis ojaxisaTvis,
megobrebisaTvis, TanamSromlebisaTvis. aman SeiZleba
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caayenos subieqti, ziani miay-
enos mis samuSaos, naTesavebs an sulac daakisros krimi-
naluri pasuxismgebloba.
subieqtis dacvis pirveli gza aris anonimuri gamokiTx-
va. kiTxvari mowodebuli da Sedgenilia iseTi saxiT, rom
mkvlevars ar SeuZlia amoicnos gansazRvruli respon-
dentis gansazRvruli pasuxi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
xSirad sociologebs sWirdebaT subieqtebis gamok-
iTxva pirispir an naxva maT sacxovrebel garemoSi, sa-
muSaoze an laboratoriaSi. am SemTxvevaSi sociologi
icavs konfidencialobas anu mkvlevarma icis subieqtis
saidentifikacio monacemebi, magram pirobas debs, rom
ar gamoaqveynebs am informacias. konfidencialobis
dacvis mizniT, sociologi, Cveulebriv, Slis saxelebs
da misamarTs kiTxvaridan, samuSao SeniSvnebidan da sxva
Canawerebidan, cvlis maT saidentifikacio nomrebiT da
inaxavs saxelebisa da nomrebis damakavSirebel ZiriTad
dokuments usafrTxo adgilas. ZiriTadad, usafrTxoe-
bis amgvari zomebi sakmarisia. magram sasamarTloebi ar

270
cnoben sociologebis monacemebs, rogorc “xelSeuxeb-
el informacias”, gansxvavebiT advokatis, mRvdlis an
Jurnalistisagan, sociologs SeiZleba daevalos Ta-
visi Canawerebis sasamarTlosaTvis gadacema an mowmed
gamocxadeba.
meore eTikuri movaleoba is aris, rom sociologma
arasodes ar unda aiZulos an moisyidos adamianebi,
monawileoba miiRon kvlevaSi. sociologiur kvleveb-
Si monawileoba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi. es moTxovna
pirdapiria, Tumca SesaZloa aRiniSnebodes Znelad Ses-
amCnevi gadaxrebi. magaliTad, moxucebulTa saxlis bi-
nadari aris “uneblie msmeneli”. is uyurebs sociologs,
rogorc eqims an administrators da Tavs valdebulad
Tvlis, iTanamSromlos. sociologiis damwyebi kursis
studentebma SesaZloa igrZnon, rom maTi Sefaseba ver
iqneba saTanado, Tu ar miiReben monawileobas TavianTi
xelmZRvanelis Catarebul kvlevaSi. amasTan, zog Sem-
TxvevaSi, moxaliseebisadmi ndobam SeiZleba Secvalos
kvlevis Sedegebi.
mesame, mkvlevari patiosani unda iyos subieqtis mimarT.
idealur variantSi sociologi iRebs subieqtisagan ara
marto Tanxmobas, aramed informirebul Tanxmobas. es
punqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac xalxi,
romelTa Seswavlac surs mkvlevars, aris gaunaTlebeli,
aqvs dabali socialuri statusi an ver erkveva socialur
kvlevaSi. Zalian Znelia an SeuZlebelia dafaro kvleva.
monawileebma laboratoriul eqsperimentSi an respon-
dentebma, romlebic avseben grZel kiTxvars, ician, rom
maT Seiswavlian. amasTan, zogjer mkvlevarebi iReben
rTul gadawyvetilebas, ar uTxran monawileebs kvlevis
realuri miznis Sesaxeb, raTa miiRon ufro zusti in-
formacia. SesaZloa, piradi dakvirvebiT momuSave mkvl-
evarebs gansakuTrebiT ar undodeT uTxran xalxs yvela
idea, rac amoZravebs maT dakvirvebas, radgan amis codna

271
iwvevs im socialuri procesebis cvlilebas, romelTa
Seswavlasac isini apireben.
amgvarad, sociologebs, romlebic Seiswavlian relig-
iur organizaciebs, saerTo interesebiT gaerTianebul
jgufebs, erTgvarovan sazogadoebebs, SeuZliaT, Tavi-
anTi kvlevis proeqtebis mizani saidumlod Seinaxon.
simarTlis dafarva gamarTlebuli unda iyos gadau-
laxavi samecniero an humanuri interesebiT, magaliTad,
narkotikebis intravenurad momxmarebelTa faruli
gamokvleva, gankuTvnili qcevis modelis dasadgenad,
rac zrdis Sidsis gavrcelebis albaTobas, SesaZloa
gamarTlebuli iyos.
sociologebs aqvT agreTve eTikuri valdebulebebi
TavianTi kolegebisa da samecniero sazogadoebebis,
agreTve sazogadoebis mimarT, zogadad. idealur Sem-
TxvevaSi sociologebi akeTeben yvelafers, raTa da-
icvan obieqturoba da patiosneba _ TavianT kvlevebsa
da publikaciebSi. amgvari midgoma gulisxmobs, ara mx-
olod sizustesa da sandoobas, gamokvlevis Sedegebis
warmodgenisas, aramed kvlevis SezRudvebis gansaz-
Rvris drosac, unda iqnes gamoqveynebuli rogorc
dadebiTi Sedegebi, aseve uaryofiTi da anomaluri mo-
nacemebi, sando iyos kvlevis da finansebis yvela wyaro
da yvela adamiani, vinc wvlili Seitana Sromis Sesrule-
baSi. rodesac saWiroa profesiuli daskvnis gakeTeba,
iqneba es sasamarTloSi, sajaro gamosvlaze, Tu sain-
formacio saSualebebSi, sociologebma unda gansaz-
Rvron TavianTi eqspertizis xarisxi da Tavi Seikavon
daskvnis gakeTebisagan, romelic ar aris mecnieruli
WeSmariteba da SeiZleba arasworad iqnes aRqmuli.
rogorc sxvadasxva dargebi, sociologia cdilobs
iyos TviTkontolirebadi. amerikis sociologTa aso-
ciacia profesionali sociologebisaTvis aris mTavari
organizacia, romelmac daadgina dawvrilebiTi eTi-

272
kuri normebi (1989 wels) _ zemoT CamoTvlili princi-
pebis erToblioba. amerikis sociologTa asociaciis
profesiuli eTikis komiteti pasuxismgebelia ganixi-
los pretenziebi, iSuamdgomlos konfliqtur situa-
ciaSi da Sesabamisi procedurebis dacviT gasces reko-
mendaciebi. garda amisa, universitetebis umravlesoba
iTxovs, rom yvela didi kvlevis proeqti ganixilos
komitetma, raTa iyos sruli usafrTxoeba imisa, rom kv-
levis procedurebi ar arRvevs adamianis, rogorc subi-
eqtis uflebebs.
socialuri kvlevis eTikuri standartebi sayovelTa-
od aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacva-
sac yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela
profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs e.w.saerTo principebs,
rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patios-
neba, respondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativis-
cema, pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis winaSe da sxv.
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli
dokumentebi ar aris, maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaR-
mdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi sanqciebi.
profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze, rom pro-
fesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad
ar Caiaros da SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am
normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, socialuri
mecnierebis sazogadoebriv reputacias. amasTan, mniS-
vnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba, rogorc profesiuli eTikis
normebis darRveva, Tu is damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki
_ yvelas mimarT Taviseburi “udanaSaulobis prezumf-
cia” moqmedebs.
profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg
Zalze seriozuli sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis
sociologiuri asociaciis mier. am organizaciis far-

273
glebSi momuSave profesiuli eTikis komiteti eTikis
normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti
uflebamosilia Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos dam-
naSaveTa mimarT: a. piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT
rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva
SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli
piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, ro-
gorc wesi, werilis saxiT egzavneba eTikis normebis
damrRvevs; b. sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi
mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul xasiaTs atareb-
da. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es weri-
li qveyndeba Sesabamis sainformacio saSualebebSi; g.
privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri
asociaciis wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali sta-
tusis niSania, aramed wevrebisaTvis garkveuli profe-
siul da materialur privilegiebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod serio-
zul sasjels warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis
damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am asociaciis
mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili sare-
daqcio kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba
asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi. arCevnebSi ar iqnes
ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis
gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis pro-
cesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu, kerZod, romeli privilegie-
bi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs, profesi-
uli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan
gamomdinare gadawyvets.
d. asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta _profesiuli eTikis
komitetis yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti
yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT
unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta
asociaciaSi da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis
ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis yvelaze mZime formaa

274
profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicx-
va, rac TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed
abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom profesiul saqmiano-
bas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi.
profesiuli normebis specifikur jgufs warmoadgens
moTxovnebi sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebis
gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi informaciis saSualebeb-
Si. am moTxovnebis SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publika-
ciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda aucilebeli. soci-
ologebi sul ufro metad rwmundebian, rom Jurnali-
stebi, romlebsac ara aqvT sociologiuri ganaTleba,
xSirad sakmaod uxeS Secdomebs uSvebdnen gamokiTxvis
Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi
mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu iSviaTad, Jurnal-
istur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamokvlevis
Sedegebi Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, rac arasax-
arbielo gavlenas axdenda sociologiuri kvlevebis Se-
fasebaze sazogadoebis mier.
am problemis gadaWris mizniT, 1983 wels sazogadoe-
brivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropulma kavSirma
(ESOMAR) SeimuSava “sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTx-
vebis gzamkvlevi”, romlis mizansac warmoadgenda pre-
saSi sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebis gamoqvey-
nebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba. garda imisa,
rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs sociologiuri gamokiTx-
vebis Sedegebis mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazoga-
doebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da sociologebis pro-
fesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq warmod-
genilia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sociologiuri
publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-
is rCeviT, yvela publikacias, romelic gamokiTxvis
Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad unda axldes meToduri
informacia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb. kerZod:

275
 a. romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva;
b. gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satele-
fono, safosto Tu sxva saxis interviu);
g. SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba;
d. SerCevis reprezentatuloba;
e. gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi;
dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevrad-
daxuruli) da maTi zusti formulireba.
sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informa-
ciis gamoqveynebisas, aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos
miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze Jurnal-
istebis mier gakeTebuli komentari.
garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias
da masobrivi informaciis organos, dadon xelSekrule-
ba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maTi TanamSromlobis
pirobebi.

Tavi 5

cnobili kvleviTi centrebi

mecniereba warmoadgens ara mxolod maRal organi-

zebul empiriulad verificirebuli codnis sistemas,
didi axsna-ganmartebiTi da prognozistuli ZaliT, ar-
amed agreTve socialur institutsac. farTo gagebiT,
instituti gaTanabrebulia socialur sistemasTan, so-
cialur organizaciasTan, legitimirebul praqtikas-
Tan, romelime saqmis an moqmedebis tradiciul wesrig-
Tan. socialuri instituti samuSaos an samuSaoTa er-
Tobliobis Sesrulebis kulturul-sanqcionirebuli
xerxia. viwro, SezRuduli mniSvnelobiT instituti _
es aris konkretuli samecniero-kvleviTi an saswavlo

276
dawesebuleba, romelic asrulebs konkretul amocanas,
uwevs ra momxmareblebs, mosaxleobis specializirebul
jgufebs, magaliTad, studentebs an SemkveT firmebs,
gansazRvruli tipis inteleqtualur samsaxurs (mom-
saxurebas). yvela did qveyanaSi, arseboben asobiT, Tu
ara aTasobiT msgavsi dawesebulebebi, romlebic emsax-
urebian TavianT klientebs (momxmareblebs) respubli-
kur da adgilobriv doneebze.
qvemoT moviyvanT cnobebs yvelaze saxelganTqmuli
kvleviTi centrebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitanes empiriuli da gamoyenebiTi sociolo-
giis ganviTarebaSi.

gelapis instituti

saerTaSoriso kvleviTi struqtura _ Gallup interna-

tional _ oficialurad Seiqmna 1947 wlis maisSi, magram
jer kidev 1935 wels jorj gellapma kerZo mewarme
g. andersenTan erTad, gariskes ra sakuTari kapitaliT,
prinstonSi (niu-jersis Stati) daarses sazogadoe-
brivi azris amerikuli instituti. maSin igi iyo erTi
oTaxi, erTi magida, telefoni da sabeWdi manqana. yvela
cnobarSi zustad 1935 weli iTvleba gellapis insti-
tutis daarsebis TariRad. 12 wlis Semdeg misi warmate-
bebi aRiarebul iqna msoflio Tanamegobrobis mier da
kerZo dawesebuleba gardaiqmna _ gellapis saerTa-
Soriso asociaciad _ Gallup International Association. ofi-
cialur saitze am organizaciis Sesaxeb SeiZleba wavi-
kiTxoT, rom igi Seiqmna 1947 wels. jorj gellapi iyo
misi pirveli prezidenti. maSasadame, aqedan gamomdi-
nare, am dawesebulebis istoriaSi, romelic iTvleba
sociologiuri, politikuri da marketinguli gamokv-
levebis bazarze msoflio liderad, SeiZleba gamoiyos
ori periodi: 1. nacionaluri, 1935-1947ww. da 2. inter-

277
nacionaluri, 1947 wlidan dRemde. pirvel periodSi igi
iwodeboda gellapis sazogadoebrivi azris amerikul
institutad, xolo meoreSi _gellapis saerTaSoriso
asociaciad.
jorj gellapi adreul asakSi dainteresda gamokiTx-
vebiT. miiRo ra momzadeba bazris Seswavlis meTodebSi,
man gamoiyena isini sazogadoebrivi azrisa da politi-
kuri procesebis SeswavlisaTvis. amasTan erTad, igi ar
wyvetda kavSirs JurnalistikasTan, daiwyo ra aivas Sta-
tis universitetis studenturi gazeTis redaqtoroba.
amis Semdeg ki gaxda amave universitetis Jurnalistikis
fakultetis maswavlebeli. gellapis sadoqtoro dis-
ertacia mieZRvna gazeTis mkiTxvelTa auditoriis Ses-
wavlis axal meTods. kerZod ki, is atarebda testire-
bas, raTa gaego, Tu gazeTis romeli ganyofilebebi iyo
mkiTxvelebisaTvis ufro saintereso. gellapis pirve-
li Catarebuli gamokiTxva gamoqveynda 1935 wels bevri
gazeTis mier da miipyro presis yuradReba. es gasagebia,
radganac gazeTebi ixdidnen Tanxas miRebul masalebze.
amasTan erTad, iTvleboda, rom gamokiTxvis Sedegebis
gamoqveyneba gazrdida gazeTis tiraJis raodenobas.
1936 wels jorj gellapma, gamokiTxa ra saprezi-
dento kampaniis mimdinareobisas ramdenime aTasi
adamiani, zustad iwinaswarmetyvela franklin ruz-
veltis xelmeored arCeva, maSin roca Jurnali “lit-
erari daijesti”, romelsac hqonda zusti prognozebis
20-wliani gamocdileba, Tumca aTi milioni amomrCev-
lis gamokiTxvebiT, moulodnelad Secda. gellapi iyo
erTaderTi, vinc varaudobda Jurnalistebis prog-
nozis mcdarobaze gamokiTxvamde ori TviT adre. gel-
lapis upiratesoba imaSi gamoixateboda, rom mcire Ser-
CeviT (3000 respondenti), man SesZlo moeca zusti prog-
nozi aSS-s mTeli mosaxleobis politikur arCevanze. am
momentidan iwyeba SerCeviTi meTodikebis triumfal-

278
uri svla socialur kvlevebSi da gellapis institutis
lideroba mTel msoflioSi.
me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi jorj gellapma gaa-
keTa sami warmatebuli prognozi saprezidento arCev-
nebis Sedegebze (1936, 1940, 1944ww.) da erTi warumate-
beli 1948 wels, rodesac igi varaudobda garri trumen-
is damarcxebas, magram man gaimarjva. warumateblobis
fonze igi cdilobda ufro yuradRebiT garkveuliyo
statistikuri procedurebis arsSi da gaeumjobesebina
meToduri instrumentebi. 1948 wlis Semdeg amerikeleb-
ma 13-jer airCies qveynis prezidenti da 13-jerve gel-
lapis institutis prognozebi utyuari iyo. saprezi-
dento arCevnebze 1956-88ww.-Si cdomileba ar aRemate-
boda 1,8%-s. mTlianad 16 (Teqvsmeti), saprezidento
arCevnebze saSualo sxvaoba _xmis micemis oficialur
Sedegebsa da gellapis institutis prognozebs Soris
Seadgenda 2,7%-s. gamokiTxvis organizaciisa da infor-
maciis analizis es sistema ukve 50 welze metia muSaobs
seriozuli Cavardnebis gareSe.
gellapis institutis prognozebi vrceldeba yvela
udidesi amerikuli da msoflio sainformacio arxebiT,
romelTac komentirebas ukeTeben wamyvani Jurnali-
stebi da politologebi. sociologiuri kvlevis Sede-
gebi xelmisawvdomia rogorc profesionalebisaTvis,
ise farTo masebisaTvis. esmodaT ra, Tu ramdenad mniS-
vnelovania mecnierebis da ganaTlebis miznebisaTvis
gamokiTxvis masalebis sistematuri dagroveba da Senax-
va, gellapma da rouperma 1946 wels Seqmnes rouperis
centri, romelic amJamad warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi
azris gamokiTxvebis udides koleqcias msoflioSi.
centri moicavs 10 aTasze meti gamokiTxvis mTlian fai-
lebs, romlebic Catarebulia 1930 wlidan da aTasobiT
sxva kvlevis angariSebs. 1950 wels, roca instituts
Seusrulda 15 weli, specialistebma gamoTvales, rom

279
mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze _ rigiT amerikelebs
dausves 5 aTasze meti SekiTxva sxvadasxva Temebze _
narkotikebidan da abortebidan dawyebuli, msoflio
omebiTa da terorizmiT damTavrebuli.
amJamad, Gallup International Association, romelic daregis-
trirebulia ciurixSi, warmoadgens 55 kvleviTi orga-
nizaciis uzarmazar imperias, msoflios yvela nawilSi.
wliurma Semosavalma 1995 wels gadaameta 350 mln dol-
ars. jorj gellapi mTlianad an nawilobrivad flobda
kvleviT institutebs 20-ze met qveyanaSi da maTSi muS-
aobda sami aTasze meti specialisti.
zogierTi monacemebi gellapis institutis kvlevebidan:
_ 1970 wels gellapis institutis kvlevebma aCvena,
rom amerikelebis 2/3 gamodioda “satelevizio Zalado-
bis” winaaRmdeg, magram isini uZlurni iyvnen gadaelax-
aT firmebis da reklamis SemkveTebis interesebi;
_ gellapis institutma Caatara gamokvleva, ro-
melic Seiswavlida amerikelebis damokidebulebas sxva
qveynebis mimarT. aRmoCnda, rom yvelaze popularuli
qveynebi amerikelebs Soris inglisurenovani iyo _
kanada, avstralia, inglisi. yofili dapirispirebuli
qveynebi ki _ iaponia, germania, ruseTi da CineTi _ar
iwvevdnen negatiur damokidebulebas;
_ 1999 wels gellapis institutma organizeba gauke-
Ta da Caatara aTaswleulis gamokiTxva, romelSic monaw-
ileobda 57 aTasi zrdasruli respondenti msoflios
60 qveyanaSi;
_ yvelgan gamokiTxulebi yvelaze maRla ayenebdnen
karg janmrTelobasa da bednier ojaxur cxovrebas;
_ respondentTa pasuxebma gamoavlina ukmayofile-
ba adamianis uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT;
_ gamokiTxulTa 2/3 ganacxada, rom maTi mTavrobebi
Zalze mcire yuradRebas aqceven ekologiur proble-
mebs;

280
 _ aseve respondentTa 2/3 aRniSna, rom maT qveyanebs
ar marTaven xalxis nebiT;
_ gellapis institutis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom
gamokiTxuli amerikelebis 92%-ma winaswar icis Sou-
viqtorinebSi arsebuli maxinaciebis Sesaxeb, magram
maTgan 40% mainc uyurebs televiqtorinebs;
_ gellapis institutis sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokvlevam Temaze, Tu vis airCevdnen tragikulad da-
Rupul pirovnebebs Soris, gamoavlina Semdegi monace-
mebi: pirvel adgilze aRmoCnda abraam linkolni, meo-
reze _ jon kenedi, mesame adgili daikava ieso qristem;
_ gellapis institutis monacemebiT, mweveli mamak-
acebi arian ufro seqsualuri, 46% evropeli mandilos-
nebis azriT.

demoskopiis instituti

demoskopiis instituti (germania) daarsda 1947 wels

elizabet noel-noimanisa da misi meuRlis, cnobili Ju-
rnalistis erix peter noimanis mier, patara meTevzeTa
sofelSi allensbaxSi _ germania_Sveicariis sazRvar-
Tan. instituti Seiqmna marketinguli, media da social-
uri kvlevebis Catarebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris
Seswavlis mizniT. Tavis saqmianobaSi centri eyrdnoba
or generalur princips: pirveli, “kvlevisaTvis ar
arsebobs keTilSobili da arakeTilSobili sagnebi”,
meore “ormagi_ormxrivi monawileoba” _ ara mxolod
konkretuli damkveTebis, aramed fundamenturi mec-
nierebis winaSe valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad”.
demoskopiis instituts xelmZRvaneloben: misi dam-
aarsebeli profesori elizabet noel-noimani da profe-
sori renate kioxeri. institutSi muSaobs daaxloebiT
100 mudmivi TanamSromeli, maTgan 25 diplomirebulia
_ sociologebi, ekonomistebi, iuristebi, fsiqolo-

281
gebi, statistikosebi. centrs gaaCnia interviuerebis
qseli, 18000-ze meti adamianiT, germaniis sxvadasxva
qalaqsa da sofelSi. instituti atarebs SezRuduli pa-
suxismgeblobis sazogadoebis statuss, romlis sawes-
debo kapitali Seadgens daaxloebiT 2,5 mln germanul
markas. 1996 wlis maisidan demoskopiis institutis kap-
italis 99% ekuTvnis allensbaxis demoskopiis sajaro
fonds. instituti ar iRebs Tanxebs biujetidan, aramed
Tavis saqmianobas afinansebs Sesrulebuli kvleviTi da
Tanmxlebi proeqtebidan miRebuli wminda Semosavli-
dan. demoskopiis instituti damsaxurebulad iTvleba
erT-erT udides da cnobilad germaniaSi moqmed im 252
instituts Soris, romlebic sazogadoebrivi azris Ses-
wavlas awarmoeben.
demoskopiis instituti saSualod weliwadSi atarebs
100-mde gamokiTxvas, romlebSic monawileoben daaxloe-
biT 80 aTasi respondenti. mTeli gamokvlevebis 80% xor-
cieldeba zepiri intervius gamoyenebiT. Tumca insti-
tutis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebis speqtri Zalze far-
Toa. es aris rogorc blic-gamokiTxvebi 500-1000kacze,
aseve msxvilmasStabiani longitiduri gamokvlevebi sam
wlamde xangrZlivobiT. intensiuri interviuebi (gansa-
kuTrebiT motivaciis Seswavlis mizniT), mTlianad for-
malizebuli gamokiTxvebi; cvladi SerCeviTi gamokiTx-
vebidan panelur gamokvlevebamde.
demoskopiis instituts gaaCnia ramdenime mudmivad
moqmedi proeqti, romelTa Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT
_AWA_ bazrebisa da reklama - SemkveTebis allensb-
axuri analizi. am proeqtis CarCoebSi yovelwliurad
tardeba 20 aTasi interviu, romlebic finansdeba daax-
loebiT 100 gamomcemlis mier.
1987 wlidan dawyebuli weliwadSi samjer tardeba pan-
eluri satelefono interviu “elita kapitalisaTvis”,
romelSic monawileoben saqmiani wreebis, politiki-

282
sa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis 600-ze meti cnobili
warmomadgeneli. kvleva tardeba Jurnali “kapitalis”
SekveTiT.
1949 wlidan demoskopiis instituti regularulad
awarmoebs amomrCevelTa winasaarCevno ganwyobis anal-
izs da axdens arCevnebis Sedegebis prognozirebas,
romelTa cdomileba ar aRemateba erT procents. 1960
wlis bolodan instituti iyenebs panelis meTods pira-
di intervius safuZvelze: gamokiTxvebi tardeba arCev-
nebamde ramdenime TviT adre da arCevnebidan ramdenime
Tvis Semdeg.
1949 wlidan yovelTviurad tardeba rogorc mini-
mum erTi gamokiTxva mraval Temaze (“omnibusi”). masSi
monawileobs reprezentatuli SerCevis Sedegad amor-
Ceuli mosaxleoba, 16 welze meti asakis. 2000 interviu
Seexeba sxvadasxva Temasa da siuJets.
1959 wlidan demoskopiis instituti reprezentatuli
SerCeviT regularulad atarebs 20 aTasi responden-
tis gamokiTxvas, romlis drosac ismeba SekiTxvebi sx-
vadasxva saqonlis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT, telega-
dacemebisaTvis Tvalyuris devnebaze, radiogadace-
mebis mosmenaze, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis kiTxvaze da
a.S. amis meSveobiT gamoiricxeba specialuri gamokiTx-
vebi. TiToeuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebze gamodis Svid-
tomeuli, romelic Seicavs 2000 nabeWd gverds da 1500
cxrils da misi SeZena yvela msurvels SeuZlia.
1997 wlidan realizdeba proeqti ACTAA, romelSic
monawileobs 10000 adamiani 14-54 wlamde. maT ekiTxe-
bian iseT Temebze, rogoricaa: rogor iyeneben kompiu-
terebs, onlain reJimis momsaxurebas, mobiluri kav-
Sirebs da a.S. garda amisa, mecnierebi arkveven 100 gaze-
Tisa da Jurnalis, 14 telearxis Sesaxeb sxvadasxvagvar
informacias. Sedegebze ibeWdeba ortomeuli, 1200 na-
beWdi gverdiTa da 300 cxriliT.

283
 demoskopiis instituti did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobasa da erTobliv kvleviT
proeqtebs ucxoel partniorebTan. magaliTad, 1981
wels pirvelad iqna ganxorcielebuli gamokvleva Ri-
rebulebebze evropis 10 qveyanasTan erTad. amJamad
ukve arsebobs aRniSnul Temaze gamokvlevis Sedegebi
xuTi kontinentis 37 qveyanasTan erTad.
demoskopiis institutSi farTod gamoiyeneba amerike-
li sociologis xadli kantrilomis mier 1944 wels aR-
werili meTodi, romlis Tanaxmadac _testirebis sta-
diaze SerCeviTi erToblioba iyofa ramdenime qveSer-
Cevad da TiToeul maTgans daesmis azriT erTi da igive
SekiTxvebi, mxolod sxvadasxva formulirebiT, raTa
gairkves, ramdenad axdens gavlenas pasuxebis xarisxze
formaluri mxare da romeli formulireba axdens
yvelaze nakleb zemoqmedebas respondentze.
1958 wlidan farTod gamoiyeneba CarTuli dakvirvebis
meTodi momxmarebelTa gamokiTxvebis dros, roca gamo-
sakiTxi TviTon aris myidvelis rolSi, usvams gamyidv-
els zepir SekiTxvebs da intervius damTavrebisTanave
afiqsrebs pasuxebs anketaSi.
demoskopiis institutSi mieca dasabami axal SemoRe-
bul meTodologiur nakrebs sazogadoebrivi azris,
bazris, reklamisa da masmediis Seswavlis farglebSi.
institutma Caatara gamokvlevebi farTo (1000-2000
respondenti) panelis safuZvelze. 1967 wels SemuSave-
buli meTodikebi da teqnologiebi warmatebiT gamoiy-
eneba ara marto saqonlis bazrebis kvlevebis dros,
aramed saarCevno kampaniebis Seswavlis drosac. amas-
Tan, SeiZleba gairkves, Tu gamokiTxulTa romelma kat-
egoriam Seicvala Tavisi azri produqtis reklamis,
politikuri partiis an moRvawis mimarT; meore, gamok-
iTxulebs SedarebiT kargad axsovT esa Tu is movlena,
radgan gamokiTxvebi tardeba SedarebiT mokle drois

284
intervaliT; mesame, es gamokvlevebi saSualebas gva-
Zlevs SevafasoT gatarebuli sareklamo kampaniis efeq-
turoba produqtis aRqmis TvalsazrisiT. amisaTvis,
gamokiTxuli sakontrolo jgufis pasuxebs adareben
panelis monawileebis pasuxebTan.
1973 wlidan tardeba saxelganTqmuli reklamis ojax-
uri testi. amisaTvis asobiT interviueri uTanxmdeba
gansazRvruli qvotebiT SerCeul respondentebs tel-
egadacemebis yurebaze maTTan saxlSi. sociologi gada-
cemis dawyebamde da gadacemis damTavrebis Semdeg usvams
gamosakiTxebs _ kiTxvebs. maSasadame, garda pasuxebisa,
interviuers SeuZlia daafiqsiros emociuri reaqcia
testirebul sareklamo rgolebze da Seadaros isini sx-
vadasxva sareklamo rgolebs, romlebic demonstrire-
buli iyo am telegadacemebis mimdinareobis dros.
demoskopiis institutSi udidesi yuradReba eqceva
gamokvlevis procesis organizacias. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es aris centris warmatebiTi muSaobis erT-erTi
sawindari. am procesis Taviseburebas warmoadgens is,
rom TiToeuli proeqti TanmimdevrobiT gadis ramden-
ime stadias, romlis drosac masze muSaoben Sesabamisi
dargis specialistebi, e.i. proeqtis damuSaveba xdeba
konveiruli principiT. es konveiri moicavs: dagegm-
vas (kvlevis amocanebisa da meTodikis gansazRvra); wi-
naswar kvlevas meoradi masalebis safuZvelze; winas-
war fsiqologiur testirebas (intensiuri interviu,
fokus-jgufebi), reprezentatuli gamokiTxvas; anketas
da SerCevas (SerCevis gamoangariSeba _gamoTvla, gamo-
sakiTxebisaTvis sakvlevi problemis kiTxvaris enaze
“Targmna”, sxvadasxva variantebis safuZvelze anketis
sacdeli interviu, anketis saboloo variantisaTvis
dasrulebuli kiTxvebis formulireba); reprezentatu-
li gamokiTxva: savele stadia (interviuerebis SerCeva da
instruqtireba, intervius Catareba, kontroli gamok-

285
iTxvis mimdinareobisas); anketebis damuSaveba; Sede-
gebis Sefaseba; analizi da saboloo angariSi (cxrilebis
Sedgena da maTi damatebiTi statistikuri monacemebis
gaformeba, Sinaarsis gadmocema werilobiT, miRebuli
Sedegebis interpretacia da komentarebi).
demoskopiis institutis erT-erT ganmasxvavebel Ta-
viseburebas warmoadgens calke qvedanayofis arseboba,
romlis dasaxelebaa anketuri konferencia. aq sxvadasx-
va variantebis safuZvelze muSavdeba kiTxvebis for-
mulirebebi momavali gamokiTxvebisaTvis. aseT samuS-
aoSi Cveulebriv monawileoben: fsiqologi, lingvisti
da Jurnalisti. calke qvedanayofis saxiT arsebobs
agreTve grafikuli atelie, sadac muSaobs ori mxat-
var-grafikosi, ramdenadac demoskopiis institutis
meTodika gulisxmobs bevri kiTxvebis warmodgenas ara
verbaluri, aramed grafikuli formiT.
demoskopiis institutis informaciuli struqturis
umniSvnelovanes nawils warmoadgens biblioTeka, sa-
dac inaxeba 9 aTasze meti tomi specialuri literatura
sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlis Teoriasa da praqtika-
ze, aqve arsebobs monacemTa baza (gamokvlevebis arqivi),
aqve SeiZleba daaxloebiT 80-mde specialuri Jurnalis
gamowera.
demoskopiis instituti gamoscems didi raodenobiT
monografiebs, wignebs, gamocemebs. maTgan yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania “allensbaxuri yovelwliuri”. TiToeuli
gamosuli tomi Seicavs demoskopiis institutis masa-
lebs wlebis mixedviT. inglisuri versiiT gamovida ukve
ori tomi _1947-1966ww-isa da 1967-1980ww. saerTo sax-
elwodebiT “The Germans”. demoskopiis instituts gaaC-
nia Svilobili gamomcemloba, romelic gamoscems so-
ciologiis klasikosebis Sromebs, agreTve yovelkvar-
taluri Jurnali “Allensbacher Berichte”(allensbaxuri
Setyobineba), sadac ibeWdeba yvelasaTvis xelmisawv-
domi zogierTi kvlevebis Sedegebi drois Sesabamis pe-
riodSi.
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 ESOMAR

ESOMAR: sazogadoebrivi azris da bazris kvlevis

evropuli asociaciaa. igi warmoadgens erT-erT wa-
myvan msoflio asociacias, romelic aerTianebs spe-
cialistebs sazogadoebrivi azrisa da marketinguli
kvlevebis dargSi. misi daarsebis TariRad iTvleba
1948wlis seqtemberi, roca 29 wamyvani evropeli mkv-
levari Sexvda erTmaneTs amsterdamSi saerTaSoriso
profesionaluri organizaciis Sesaqmnelad. asocia-
ciis Seqmnis mizans warmoadgenda miswrafeba xeli See-
wyoT marketinguli kvlevebis ganviTarebisa da popu-
larizaciisaTvis evropasa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi.
amJamad es asociacia iTvlis 4000-ze met individualur
wevrs ass-ze met qveyanaSi. organizaciis Stab-bina mde-
bareobs amsterdamSi (holandia). mis wevrebs Soris ari-
an sareklamo da media saagentoebi, bazris Semswavleli
kvleviTi centrebi; mis Sedegebs iyeneben komerciuli
da profesionaluri dawesebulebebi, agreTve xelisu-
flebis organoebi da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi.
sazogadoeba samarTlianad amayobs Tavis rigebSi is-
eTi wamyvani evropuli marketinguli da analitikuri
centrebis wevrobiT, rogoricaa: Gallup, AGB da CFKFK. aso-
ciaciis mTavar organos warmoadgens sabWo, romelSic
Sedian: prezidenti, vice-prezidenti, sabWos wevrebi,
winamorbedi prezidenti da generaluri direqtori.
asociaciaSi wevrobis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mkvlevarebis profesiuli
gamocdilebis gacvla, kvlevebis meTodikis dargSi uax-
lesi miRwevebisa da miRebuli Sedegebis gacnoba. is sa-
Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs bolo kvlevebis tenden-
ciebis kursSi yofnisa da uzrunvelyofs regularul
profesionalur kontaqtebs. asociaciaSi wevroba mka-

287
crad personaluria da uzrunvelyofs specialistis
saerTaSoriso aRiarebas gamokvlevebis dargSi.
ESOMAR:-is wevrebs warmoadgenen sociologebi da
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis specialistebi, pro-
fesionalebi, romlebic dakavebuli arian warmoebis sx-
vadasxva dargSi, reklamisa da PR-saagentos menejerebi,
universitetebisa da skolebis, agreTve saxelmwifo da
sazogadoebrivi institutebis warmomadgenlebi.
ESOMAR warmoadgens pirvel organizacias, romel-
mac dasva respondentebis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi,
gansaxorcielebeli kvlevebis meTodikebisa da xasia-
Tis damoukideblad. 1977wels am asociaciaSi damuSave-
bul iqna “ marketinguli da socialuri kvlevebis saer-
TaSoriso kodeqsi”, romelic gamoiyeneba 69 profesion-
alur organizaciaSi msoflios ormocdaerT qveyanaSi.
kodeqsi uzrunvelyofs yvelaze maRali profesional-
uri standartebis xarisxis dacvas.
yovelwliurad ESOMAR awyobs kongress, romelSic
monawileobis misaRebad Camodian asociaciis wevrebi
da stumrebi msoflios 60 qveynidan. garda amisa, sx-
vadasxva qveynebSi regularulad imarTeba asociaciis
samecniero da praqtikuli seminarebi. ase magaliTad,
2002wlis 10-12 noembers qalaq bostonSi (aSS) gaimar-
Ta kvleviTi konferencia da gamofena xarisxobrivi
(Tvisebrivi) kvlevebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb msoflio
praqtikaSi. seminarebis mizans warmoadgens, pirvel
rigSi saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba, agreTve asociaciis
wevrebisaTvis gamocdilebis gacvlisa da ganaTlebis
donis amaRlebisaTvis SesaZleblobis micema. 2002 wlis
22-24 seqtembers q. barselonaSi mimdinareobda ESO-
MAR—is 54-e kongresi.
ESOMAR-Tan funqcionirebs ori regularuli be-
WvdiTi media: Marketing @Research Today, romelic aqvey-
nebs samecniero statiebsa da bolo kvlevebis Sedegebs

288
da Nervs Brief - beWdavs mokle informaciebs mkvlevarebis
saqmianobaze, kompaniebze da kvlevebis bazarze arse-
bul tendenciebze.

NORC

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebrivi azris

Seswavlis nacionaluri centri warmoadgens qveynis
yvelaze uxuces dawesebulebas SerCeviTi gamokiTx-
vebis organizaciaSi, romelic Seiqmna 1941 wels, Cikagos
universitetTan. igi warmoadgens arakomerciul dawe-
sebulebas; centrTan arsebuli SerCeviTi operaciebis
jgufi konsultaciur daxmarebas uwevs da amuSavebs
empiriul proeqtebs profesionali sociologebisa da
samecniero centrebisaTvis (programisa da meToduri
dokumentebis damuSaveba, savele gamokvlevebis Cat-
areba, monacemTa interpretacia da analizi, mecnieru-
li angariSi). centrSi Tavmoyrilia monacemTa mdidari
arqivi da arsebobs samisamarTo baza saerTo nacional-
uri reprezentatuli gamokvlevebisaTvis.
ZiriTadi proeqtis farglebSi tardeba mravalwliani
monitoringi kompleqsuri kiTxvariT, romelic agebu-
lia pirad interviuebze aSS-s saojaxo meurneobebze.
dasawyisidan 38000-ze metma respondentma upasuxa
3200 sxvadasxva kiTxvas. ZiriTadi Tematuri modulebia:
ojaxuri mobiloba, religia da omi, stratifikacia,
SromiTi organizaciebi, sociopolitikuri monawileo-
ba, kultura, emociebi, socialuri qselebi, rasebi, gen-
deri, bazari da gacvla, gonebrivi janmrTeloba, samed-
icino dazRveva.
proeqtis damuSavebas xelmZRvaneloben aSS-s wamyvani
sociologebi, romlebic cnobili arian Tavisi wignebiT
da gamokvlevebiT raodenobrivi meTodebis dargSi, ker-
Zod ki: jeims devisi _1971-75ww-Si NORC-is direqtori,

289
romelic leqciebs kiTxulobda aSS-s wamyvan umaRles
saswavleblebSi, xelmZRvanelobda rig did kvleviT
proeqtebs, gaaCnda amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis
specialuri jildoebi; tom smiti _sayovelTaod cno-
bili eqsperti SerCeviTi gamokiTxvebis meTodologia-
sa da socialuri dinamikis kvlevebis dargSi, xelmZR-
vanelobda rig msxvilmasStabiani proeqtebs, romlebic
finansdeboda aSS-s mTavrobisa da erovnuli samecniero
fondis mier., gamoqveynebuli aqvs 300-ze meti samecnie-
ro naSromi meTodikebsa da meTodologiebze; da piter
marsdeni _profesori, harvardis universitetis soci-
ologiis fakultetis dekani, specialisti socialur
stratifikaciasa da socialur mecnierebaTa meTodol-
ogiebSi, udidesi kvleviTi proeqtebis monawile, aSS-s
wamyvani umaRlesi saswavleblebis maswavlebeli, mrav-
alricxovani samecniero, sagamomcemlo da samTavrobo
komitetebis wevri, mTavari redaqtori cnobili seriisa
Sociological Methodology, romelsac gamoscemda amerikis
sociologiis asociacia 1991-1995ww-Si. mTlianad cen-
tris samecniero-sakonsultacio sabWoSi Sedis 50-ze
meti qveynis wamyvani sociologi, sxvadasxva univer-
isitetis profesorebi.

Nat Cen

socialuri gamokvlevebis nacionaluri centri war-

moadgens didi britaneTis udides damoukidebel (ara-
komerciul) kvleviT instituts. es aris saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobis mier aRiarebuli_cnobili kvleviTi
centri. igi daarsda 1969 wels rojer jovellis mier,
romelic dRemde misi prezidentia. instituti, ro-
melic daarsa orma sociologma da pirvelxanebSi gan-

290
Tavsebuli iyo erT binaSi, amJamad Tavis StatSi iTvlis
170 mudmiv TanamSromels, xolo kvlevebisagan wliuri
Semosavali aWarbebs 12 mln funt sterlings. misi saqmi-
anoba, romelic pasuxobs yvelaze maRal samecniero
kriteriumebs, sponsordeba samTavrobo SekveTebisa
da samecniero fondebis SemweobiT. centri axorcie-
lebs farTo da nayofier TanamSromlobas britanul da
ucxoeTis universitetebTan, monawileobs mraval msx-
vilmasStabian saerTaSoriso proqtebSi.
30 welia centri atarebs socialuri politikis SerCe-
viT kvlevebs qveyanaSi, awvdis informacias profesion-
al sociologebs, mTavrobas, sazogadoebriv fondebsa
da moZraobebs. Tumca centris specialistebi Tanabari
warmatebiT sargebloben xarisxobrivi da raodeno-
brivi meTodebiT, upiratesobas mainc ukanasknels ani-
Weben. specialistebis maRal- profesionaluri gundi,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis monacemTa analizis ko-
miuteruli jgufi, sargeblobs 1000 momzadebuli in-
terviueris gafarToebuli qseliT, romelTac xelmZ-
Rvanelobs 100 brigadiri. SerCeviTi meTodebis centri
amuSavebs savele gamokvlevebis programebsa da saor-
ganizacio gegmebs, amzadebs meTodur instrumentebs,
amuSavebs axal midgomebs SerCeviTi kvlevebis meTodi-
kis dargSi, amzadebs publikaciebs, mecnierul mono-
grafiebsa da saxelmZRvaneloebs Tavisi TematikiT, as-
wavlis interviuerebs. ZiriTad meTodebs warmoadgens:
piradi gamokiTxva, satelefono interviu, safosto
gamokiTxva. xarisxobrivi kvlevebis ganyofileba iy-
enebs ZiriTadad Rrma-gafarToebul interviusa da
jgufuri saubrebis meTodebs. centrma gamoqveyna ram-
denime aTeuli monografia empiriuli gamokvlevebis
meTodikasa da meTodologiaze.

291
 GFK Group

GFK Group (momxmarebelTa Seswavlis sazogadoeba) _

aris evropasa da msoflioSi udidesi kvleviTi kompa-
nia, romelic sTavazobs momsaxureobas marketinguli
kvlevebis dargSi. daarsda 1925wels. mis damaarsebelTa
ricxvSi Sedioda ludvig erxardi, SemdgomSi germaniis
kancleri da erT-erTi “mama” germanuli ekonomikuri
saocrebisa. centraluri ofisi mdebareobs niurbergSi
(germania). gaaCnia asze meti “Svilobili” da partnioru-
li kompaniebi msoflios 43 qveyanaSi.
GFK Group-is yvela kompania gamoirCeva mowinave te-
qnologiebis gamoyenebiT bazrebis gamokvlevebSi. misi
specialuri ganyofileba, qalaq erliangenis univer-
sitetTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT mudmivad muSaobs
axal instrumentebze saqonlisa da momsaxurebis kv-
levisaTvis.
1967 wlidan GFK Group gaxda internacionaluri kom-
pania, gaxsna ra Tavisi ganyofilebebi Tavdapirvelad
evropis, xolo Semdeg mTeli msoflios qveynebSi. dRei-
saTvis am jgufis wliuri brunva aRemateba 500 mln ev-
ros. msoflios 50 qveynis 140 kompaniaSi dasaqmebulia
5000 specialisti. gaaerTiana ra 16 kompania central-
uri da aRmosavleT evropis 12 qveyanaSi, es jgufi war-
moadgens am regionis udavo liders. yvela kompaniaSi,
romlebic Sedian am jgufis SemadgenlobaSi, muSaoba
mimdinareobs oTxi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT, koordina-
cia ki centralizebulad xorcieldeba: Ad-Hoc, Consumer
Tracking, Non-Food Tracking u Media @ Internet Research.
Ad-Hoc Worldwide warmodgenilia 88 qveyanaSi da ika-
vebs me-7 adgils msoflioSi. am mimarTulebis farg-
lebSi klientebs Tavazoben eqskluziur gamokvlevebs,
sadac gaerTianebulia raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi

292
meTodebi, agreTve gamoyenebuli kompaniis brendebi.
erTiani koordinacia SesaZlebels xdis yvela qveyanaSi
Catardes gamokvlevebi, romlebic daefuZvneba erTian
midgomebsa da unificirebul instrumentebs.
Consumer Tracking _es aris ojaxuri meurneobis paneli,
romelic yoveldRiurad warmoadgens cnobas Tavisi na-
vaWris Sesaxeb. es saSualebas iZleva gakeTdes daskvnebi
moxmarebis moculobisa da momxmarebelTa qcevis din-
amikis Sesaxeb, romlebic SeuZlebelia dainaxo sxva ti-
pis panelebSi. mocemul kvlevebs mTeli aRmosavleT ev-
ropis farglebSi gvTavazobs mxolod GFK Group.
Non-food tracking warmoadgens sacalo vaWrobis wertebis
panels, romelTa informaciac grovdeba da muSavdeba
programaTa specialur paketSi. mocemuli midgoma war-
moadgens kompleqsurs, xolo patenti masze ekuTvnis
GFK Group-s. es kvleva moicavs msoflios bevr qveyanas
da Tavis mimarTulebiT warmoadgens msoflio liders.
GFK Group Media Research –ikavebs pirvel adgils ev-
ropaSi, flobs ra satelevizio auditoriis gazomvi-
saTvis saWiro mowyobilobebs SveicariaSi, germaniaSi,
avstriaSi, niderlandebsa da belgiaSi.
ruseTSi arsebobs GFK Group-is Svilobili sawarmo _
marketinguli gamokvlevebis instituti ГФК-РУСЬ, ro-
melic mdebareobs moskovSi. generaluri direqtoria
a.m. demidovi. es instituti iyo pirveli organizacia,
romelmac ganaxorciela marketinguli kvlevebi ru-
seTSi 1990-ian wlebSi. ГФК-РУСЬ-is mizania gamoiyenos
GFK-Group-is klientebis momsaxurebis mdidari saer-
TaSoriso gamocdileba da xeli Seuwyos qveyanaSi mar-
ketinguli kvlevebis bazris ganviTarebas. 1990-iani
wlebis SuaxanebSi rusuli sawarmoebis wili ГФК-РУСЬ
SemkveTebis ricxvSi ar aRemateboda 5%-s, amJamad ki man
miaRwia 30%-s.

293
 1991 wels kompania Sedgeboda mxolod sami adamianisa-
gan, amJamad ki dasaqmebulia 80-mde specialisti, rom-
lebmac 2001wels daamTavres 400-mde kvleviTi proeqti
200-ze meti SemkveTisagan (klientisagan).
savele samuSaoebi am proeqtebisaTvis mimdinareob-
da ruseTis federaciis 69 subieqtis teritoriaze;
am droisaTvis mudmiv samuSaoze dasaqmda 1000-mde in-
terviueri. kompaniis koleqtivs aqvs muSaobis mraval-
wliani gamocdileba.
yvela wamyvan TanamSromels gaaCnia 6-dan 12 wlamde
muSaobis staJi da regularulad imaRlebs kvalifika-
cias-is ucxour kompaniebSi; yovelwlirad ГФК-РУСЬ
gadis ramdenime korporatiul treinings.
ГФК-РУСЬ atarebs kvlevebs sxvadasxva bazarze. yve-
la mimarTulebiT gamoiyeneba kvlevebis saerTaSoriso
standartuli teqnologiebi, adaptirebuli rusul pi-
robebTan. sawarmoo procesis procedura, monacemTa
Segroveba, damuSaveba da analizi _ mravalgzis aris da-
muSavebuli da gamWirvalea klientebisaTvis. monacem-
Ta Segrovebasa da Semdgom samuSaoebze mravalsafexu-
riani kontroli yvela proeqtis aucilebeli Tvisebaa,
rac SesaZleblobebs uqmnis klientebs garantirebulni
iyvnen Catarebuli gamokvlevebis maRal saimedoobaSi.
es organizacia TanamSromlobs 2531 saojaxo meurneo-
basTan ruseTis 25 udides qalaqSi, romlebic SerCeul
iqnen specialuri qvotebiT oficialuri statistikis
monacemTa safuZvelze.
amJamad ГФК-РУСЬ-s mieca GFK Group-is erTiani stan-
dartebiT media da marketinguli gamokvlevebis Cat-
arebis SesaZlebloba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi.
igi warmoadgens ruseTis udides kvleviT kompanias,
romelsac SeuZlia ganaxorcielos bazrebis kvlevis
sruli cikli.

294
 QVANTUM

dasavleT evropaSi pirveli istoriul-socialuri kv-

levebis msxvili asociacia Seiqmna 1975 wels germaniaSi
(kiolnSi). man miiRo saxelwodeba QVANTUM. misi Stab-
bina mdebareobs kiolnis universitetis empiriuli so-
cialuri kvlevebis centraluri arqivis istoriul-so-
cialuri kvlevebis centrSi. asociaciis mizans, rogorc
misi damfuZvneblebi acxadeben, warmoadgens “formal-
uri, gansakuTrebiT raodenobrivi meTodebis danergva
istoriul-socialur kvlevebSi”. asociaciis yovelw-
liuri skola-konferenciebi (QVANTUM-WORKSHOP)
eZRvneba istoriuli-socialur kvlevebSi kompiu-
terebisa da maTematikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis axal
mimarTulebebs da izidavs rigi qveynebis specialiste-
bs. “QVANTUM” gamoscems saerTaSoriso yovelkvarta-
lur Jurnals, romelSic ibeWdeba rogorc samecniero
statiebi, ise sxvadasxva sainformacio masalebi.
es msxvili samecniero gaerTianeba (sazogadoeba) Ta-
vis rigebSi iTvlis ramdenime aseul wevrs. 1987wlidan
sazogadoeba “QVANTUM”-is farglebSi daarsda isto-
riul-socialuri kvlevebis centri (ZHSF). am centris
amocanebia: uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi arsebuli bankebi
istoriul-socialuri kvlevebis monacemebiT, gauwios
specialistebs teqnikur-meToduri konsultaciebi is-
toriul-socialuri kvlevebis dargSi da a.S.
Tavisi arsebobis pirvel wlebSi QVANTUM gamoscem-
dasainformaciokrebulsQVANTUM-Information (ZHSF),
Semdeg ki istoriul-socialuri kvlevebis centrTan
erTad daiwyo perioduli samecniero Jurnalis “His-
torical Social Research” (HSR) gamoSveba. am JurnalSi dabe-
Wdilia samecniero statiebi inglisur da germanul
enebze, agreTve informacia QVANTUMUM-is mier Catareb-
uli konferenciebisa da skola-seminarebis Sesaxeb. Ta-

295
visi arsebobis mxolod 15 wlis manZilze sazogadoeba
QVANTUMUM-ma Caatara 20-ze meti kongresi, konferencx-
ia da skola-seminari, maT Soris saerTaSoriso masSta-
bisac.

ВЦИОМ

sazogadoebrivi azris Semswavleli saerTo rusuli

centri (1992wlamde iyo sakavSiro) Seiqmna gardaqmnisa
da sajaroobis epoqaSi. arsebiTad igi gaxda simbolo da
rupori axali demokratiuli periodisa, informaciuli
gamoxatulebisa da inteleqtualuri saxisa. centris
Seqmnis saTaveSi idgnen sami gamoCenili sociologi b.a.
gruSini, t.i. zaslavskaia da i.a. levada.
centrma maSinve daikava mowinave adgili ruseTis so-
ciologiaSi. 1998wels centri gadaregistrirda ro-
gorc erTiani saxelmwifo sawarmo, xolo 1999 wlidan
centrs mieniWa samecniero dawesebulebis statusi.
1992 wlidan centris direqtoria prof. i.a. levada,
xolo prezidenti _akad. t.i. zaslavskaia.
amJamad centri warmoadgens ruseTis udides kvle-
viT organizacias, romelic dakavebulia socialur-
ekonomikuri, socialur-politikuri, agreTve mar-
ketinguli gamokvlevebiT. es gamokvlevebi xorciel-
deba mosaxleobis masobrivi gamokiTxvebis bazaze,
eqspertebisa da elitis gamokiTxvebiT, gafarToebuli
interviuebiT, fokus-jgufebiTa da sxva meTodebiT.
centri uzrunvelyofs kvleviTi muSaobis Catarebis
mTlian teqnologiur cikls _gamokvlevis programis
damuSavebidan analitikuri angariSis prezentaciamde.
centrSi muSaobs 100-ze meti specialisti _ soci-
ologebi, politologebi, ekonomistebi, fsiqologebi,
masobrivi gamokiTxvebis organizaciisa da monacemTa

296
damuSavebis dargis specialistebi, maT Soris eqvsi
doqtori da 30 mecnierebaTa kandidatia. centris yvela
wamyvanma Tanamsromelma gaiara staJireba ucxoeTis kv-
leviT institutebSi.
centris savele samuSaoebSi monawileobs 3000-ze meti
momzadebuli interviueri. centri eyrdnoba region-
alur qsels 10 sakuTar regionalur ofisSi. garda ami-
sa, 17 regionaluri sociologiuri centri, romlebic
damoukideblebi arian, muSaoben centris meTodikebiT
da monawileoben mis programebSi. centris ucxouri
kavSirebi saSualebas aZlevs mas awarmoos kvlevebi aR-
mosavleT evropisa praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi. cen-
tri warmoadgens ramdenime regionaluri kvleviTi cen-
tris damfuZvnebels.
centrSi moqmedebs 11 samecniero ganyofileba kv-
levis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad: social-
ur-politikuri problemebisa da cxovrebis wesis
gamokvlevebi, socialur-ekonomikuri da demografi-
uli problemebi, mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da
moxmarebis problemebi, marketinguli gamokvlevebi,
Tvisebrivi meTodebiT kvlevebi, biznesis sferos kv-
levebi, masobrivi informaciis saSualebis auditoriis
gazomva, savele samuSaoebis organizacia, SerCevis pro-
eqtireba, monacemTa Setana da damuSaveba, centris mo-
nacemTa arqivis ganyofilebebi.
Tavis muSaobaSi centri iyenebs gamokvleviTi teqni-
kis farTo speqtrs, romlebic gamoiyeneba sociolo-
giur praqtikaSi. es aris: piradi interviu, satelefono
interviu, fokus-jgufebi, gafarToebuli interviu,
eqspertTa gamokiTxva, produqciis SefuTvisa da rek-
lamis testebi, kvleviTi dRiurebi, sacalo vaWrobis
auditi da a.S.
centri flobs SerCevis Sedgenis specializebul pro-
gramas, romelic moicavs mTel ruseTs. mis safuZvels
Seadgens saxelmwifo statistikuri monacemebi, mimdi-

297
nare wlisa da wina wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis
bazebi.
centri regularulad atarebs Semdegi saxis gamokv-
levebs:
“monitoringi” _ saerTo rusuli kvleva, reprezentat-
uli SerCeviT _100 kiTxvamde oTxi aTas respondentze
88 wertilSi _35 dRis manZilze; “monitoringis” pro-
gramis farglebSi xorcieldeba yovelTviuri gamok-
iTxva 4 aTasi adamianisa saerTo rusuli SerCeviT, aseve
mosaxleobis _ muSakebis, eqspertebis, saqmiani adamian-
ebis yovelkvartaluri gamokiTxvebi;
“ФАКТ”- saerTo rusuli kvleva reprezentatuli Ser-
CeviT _100kiTxvamde 1650 respondentze _42 wertil-
Si, 25 dRis manZilze;
“eqspresi” _ 10 kiTxvamde reprezentatuli SerCeviT
ruseTis qalaqebis mosaxleobisaTvis _1600 respon-
dentze, 24 wertilSi _7 dReSi.
erTjeradi (specialuri) kvlevebi 10-dan 100 kiTx-
vamde saerTo rusuli, regionaluri reprezentatu-
li SerCeviT xorcieldeba 10-dan 45 dRemde vadebSi.
yvelaze operatiulia “blic-gamokiTxvebi” erTidan
_ori aTasamde adamianis q. moskovis mcxovreblebis, 12
kiTxvamde _SemTxveviTi SerCeviT, 1-3 dRis Catarebis
vadaSi. dasaSvebi cdomileba oriaTasiani SerCevisaTvis
gamokiTxvis 50 wertilSi Seadgens, daaxloebiT _2,5%-
s, xolo 100 wertilSi _daaxloebiT 1,8%-s.
sistematiurad mimdinareobs kvlevebi Semdegi pro-
gramebiT: “ekonomikuri reforma”, “cxovrebis done”,
“rusebi respublikebSi” da sxv. masobrivi gamokiTxvis
monacemebi, romlebic tardeba ruseTisaTvis reprezen-
tatuli SerCeviT, ivseba da farTovdeba kvalificire-
buli eqspertebis anketirebis SedegebiT, axali elitis
warmomadgenlebis, saqmiani adamianebis, fermerebis,

298
umuSevrebisa da mravali sxva jgufis adamianebis gamok-
iTxvebiT.
centris sakuTari kvleviTi programa _”wlis Sede-
gebi” mimarTulia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis umniS-
vnelovanesi movlenebisadmi, adamianTa damokideb-
ulebis Sesaswavlad wlis manZilze. 1994wlidan centri
axorcielebs proeqts ‘rusi momxmarebeli _ cxovrebis
stili”. mimdinareobs gansazRvruli saxeobis mox-
marebis produqtebisa da saqonlis kvleva mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva fenebSi, Seiswavleba ama Tu im saqonlis re-
gionaluri bazrebi. 1993 wlidan centri dakavebulia
proeqtebiT, romlebic mimarTulia _saqonlis, rek-
lamis, safinanso momsaxurebis bazrebis kvlevaze.
muSaobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas war-
moadgens sakuTar monacemTa arqivis gaZRola. amJamad
arqivSi Senaxulia masalebi 2000-ze meti gamokvlevisa,
romelic Catarda centris specialistebis mier misi Se-
qmnis dRidan.
centris kvlevebis safuZvelze gamoicema sainfor-
macio biuletini “ekonomikuri da socialuri cvli-
lebebi: sazogadoebrivi azris monitoringi”, romelic
gamodis yovelTviurad 1993 wlis ivnisidan, 10 nabeWd
gverdze, aTasiani tiraJiT. TiToeuli gamocemis pirve-
li naxevari eTmoba analitikur da Teoriul statiebs,
meore naxevari _ programiT “monitoringi” _ Catare-
buli kvlevis masalebs. gamocema vrceldeba xelmow-
erebiT ruseTSi da ucxoeTis qveynebSi. sainformacio
biuletinis TiToeuli nomeri mkiTxvelebs awvdis axal
informacias adamianTa azrebis, ganwyobebisa da Sexed-
ulebebis Sesaxeb.
“centris macne” _ aseve yovelTviuri gamocemaa, ro-
melic Seicavs mokle Setyobinebas, cxrilebs, grafikebs
mimdinare gamokvlevebis monacemebze, tiraJi ganisaz-
Rvreba SekveTebiTa da xelmowerebiT. eqspres-gamoS-

299
vebebSi ibeWdeba operatiuli informacia ukanaskneli
gamokvlevebis Sedegebze; yovelTviurad gamodis 5-
aTasamde gamoSveba, romlebic vrceldeba faqsiT xel-
mowerebze.
2000 wlis dasawyisidan centri gamoscems eleqtronul
biuletins «ВЦИОМ емр», romelic dafuZvnebulia
«Экспресс»-gamokvlevis yovelTviur masalebze. es
aris gamokvleva, romelic uzrunvelyofs Sedegebis
swrafad miRebas. es kvlevebi tardeba ruseTis masSta-
biT; gamoikiTxeba 1600 qalaqisa da soflis mcxovrebi,
18 wlisa da meti asakisa. centris “eqspress-gamoceme-
bi” gamodis yovelkvireulad rusul da inglisur en-
ebze ucxoeli klientebisaTvis. TiToeuli gamocema
Seicavs informacias 3-4 yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxis
Sesaxeb kviris ganmavlobaSi (mokle daskvnebi gamokv-
levis Sedegebze), ibeWdeba moxsenebebi, analitikuri
angariSebi, Tematikuri krebulebi. gamokvlevis Sede-
gebze masalebi mzaddeba SekveTebiT dainteresebuli
firmebisa da kerZo pirebisaTvis. gamocemulia wignebi :
“aris azri” (1990), “ubralo sabWoTa adamiani” (1993); i.a.
levadas “statiebi sociologiaSi” (1993).
centris bevri kvleviTi programa finansdeba sx-
vadasxva sazogadoebrivi fondebisa da organizaciebis
mier. kerZod: 1989 wels dafinansebul iqna gaerTianeb-
uli erebis organizaciis mier, 1993-96ww. msoflio ban-
kis, 1993-94ww. sorosis fondis, ebertis fondis (1992-
96ww), wiTeli jvris sazogadoebis (1990, 1996), moskovis
sapatriarqos mier (1992). centris mudmivi klientebi
arian: ruseTis prezidentis aparati, xelisuflebis
aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo organoebi, profka-
vSirebi, udidesi kvleviTi centrebi, satelevizio da
radio kompaniebi, udidesi gazeTebi da Jurnalebi, sain-
formacio saagentoebi. centrs aqvs saqmiani kontaqte-
bi sxvadasxva qveynebis samecniero organizaciebTan,

300
monawileobs saerTasoriso gamokvlevebSi. centri aq-
tiurad monawileobs saerTaSoriso samecniero TanamS-
romlobaSi. centris informaciis momxmarebelTa Soris
iricxebian: berklis universiteti, vaSingtonis univer-
siteti, kaliforniis universiteti, ilinoisis univer-
siteti, miCiganis universiteti, kentis universiteti
(didi britaneTi), v.i. leninis saxelobis ruseTis sax-
elmwifo biblioTeka da sxva. centris mier saerTaSor-
iso proeqtis farglebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis mona-
cemebi gadaecema kiolnis sociologiuri monacemebis
arqivs da amerikis rouperis centris arqivs.
2003 wels centrSi moxda organizaciuli cvlileba
_ is daiyo or danayofad: centris xelmZRvaneli gaxda
valeri feodorovi da centri _a, romlis xelmZRvane-
lad darCa i. levada. es ukanaskneli danayofi SemdgomSi
gardaiqmna analitikur centrad.

konsaltinguri organizaciebi

profesiuli konsaltinguri asociaciebi amJamad

arsebobs msoflios 42 qveyanaSi. maTi wevroba, Cveu-
lebriv, korporatiulia, e.i. isini aerTianeben ara in-
dividualur konsultantebs, aramed konsaltingur
firmebs. individualurma konsultantebma Seqmnes spe-
cialuri formis gaerTianebebi, romlebic iwodebian
rogorc: “menedjment _ konsaltingis institutebi”.
erovnuli konsaltinguri institutebi gaerTianebu-
lia konsaltinguri institutebis saerTaSoriso ka-
vSirSi, romlis Stab-bina mdebareobs q. torontoSi
(kanada). arsebobs mmarTvelobiTi konsaltingis bev-
ri gansxvavebuli gansazRvreba. kerZod, konsultan-
tebis asociaciis evropuli federacia ekonomikasa
da mmarTvelobaSi, gvTavazobs Semdeg gansazRvrebas:

301
menejment_konsaltingi gulisxmobs marTvis sakiT-
xebze damoukidebeli rCeva_darigebebis da daxmarebis
gawevas, problemebisa da SesaZleblobebis gansazRvra-
sa da Sefasebas, Sesabamisi saxis rekomendaciebis gace-
masa da maT realizaciaSi daxmarebas. am gansazRvrebas
eTanxmebian agreTve amerikuli konsultantebis aso-
ciacia ekonomikasa da marTvaSi (ACME) da menejment-
konsultantebis instituti (IMC).
profesiuli konsaltinguri asociaciebis garda, ar-
sebobs iseTi organizaciebic, romlebSic konsultan-
tebi erTvebian menedjmentis dargis sxva specialiste-
bTan erTad.
gamoyofen konsaltinguri firmebis or saerTaSori-
so, profesionalur gaerTianebas:
1. ekonomikisa da mmarTvelobis evropuli federa-
ciis asociacia (FEAKO). igi daarsda 1960 wels parizSi,
xolo 1991 wels misi Stab-bina gadatanil iqna briusel-
Si. amJamad FEAKO-s wevrebs warmoadgenen evropuli
qveynebis 25 nacionaluri asociacia (TiToeuli qveyni-
dan erTi, maT Soris -17 dasavleT evropis qveynebidan
da 8 _ centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropidan). aso-
ciacia FEAKO-s wevrebi moicaven 1200 konsaltingur
firmas, 12 aTasze meti konsultantiT.
2. menedjment _ konsaltinguri firmebis asocia-
cia (AMKF). is daarsda 1929 wels da warmoadgens uxu-
ces konsaltingur asociacias msoflioSi. gansxvave-
biT FEAKO-sgan, AMKF jer-jerobiT warmoadgens ara
nacionaluraTSoris, aramed transnacionalur gaer-
Tianebas. misi saerTaSoriso statusi dafuZnebulia
imaze, rom am organizaciis wevrebs warmoadgenen um-
sxvilesi amerikuli konsaltinguri firmebi, filiale-
biT praqtikulad msoflios yvela regionSi.
konsultantebis profesiuli asociaciebisa da insti-
tutebis mTavari sawesdebo amocanebi konsaltinguri

302
momsaxureobis umaRlesi xarisxis uzrunvelyofas da
Tavisi wevrebis profesiuli qcevebis garantirebas gu-
lisxmobs.
ormoci udidesi mmarTvelobiTi konsaltinguri fir-
mis momsaxureobis struqturis analizmma aCvena, rom
umravlesobas (31%-s) operaciebisa da procesebis mar-
Tvis, biznesis reorganizaciisa da xarisxis marTvis
sakiTxebis konsaltinguri momsaxureoba Seadgens.

gamoyenebul terminTa mokle leqsikoni

analitikuri gamokvleva _sociologiuri gamokv-

levis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba, romelic miznad isax-
avs ara marto socialuri problemis aRweras, aramed
agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaS-
karavebas.

anketireba_kvlevis meTodi, romelic kiTxvebs an

interviuebs an orives erTad iyenebs imis dasadgenad,
Tu rogor fiqroben, ganicdian da moqmedeben adamian-
ebi. kargi anketirebisas, maRali sandoobisa da vali-
dobis misaRwevad SemTxveviT nimuSebsa da winaswar ga-
mocdil kiTxvebs iyeneben.

aqtori _ (ingl._actor_”moqmedi piri”) sociolo-

giur kvlevaSi pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvleva-
ris dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens.

aRwera _ demografiuli informaciis mopovebis

ZiriTadi saSualeba, romlis drosac xdeba informaci-
is Segroveba saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi yvela adamianis
Sesaxeb.

303
 aRweriTi gamokvleva _ sociologiuri gamokvleva,
romelic tardeba ama Tu im socialuri problemis Se-
Zlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, raTa gamovle-
nili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semad-
genel elementebs Soris.

biografiuli interviu _ sociologiuri kvle-

vis meTodi, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis
cxovrebis qronologiur rekonstruqcias, raTa Ses-
wavlil iqnes ama Tu im socialuri problemis gavlena
individis cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis
gaazreba da Sefaseba da sxv.

biji _ masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros SerCe-

vis Sedgenis erT-erTi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac re-
spondentebis SerCeva xdeba arsebuli siidan garkveuli
intervalis dacviT (mag., yoveli me-10, an yoveli me-80,
an yoveli 121-e da a.S.).

gageba_veberis termini imis gasagebad, ras fiqro-

ben da grZnoben adamianebi.

gamokvlevis programa _ sabuTi, romelic aucile-

belia sociologiuri gamokvlevis Casatareblad. aq Cam-
oyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia
gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualoba da
mis Sesaswavlad SerCeuli gzebis gamoyenebis marTebu-
loba. misi safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisx-
iani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando Sedegebis miRebas,
Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc wesi misi SemuSaveba ar xdeba.

gafarToebuli interviu _ intervius saxeoba,

romelic sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba

304
da miznad isaxavs, Seityos respondentis ara mxolod
damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi.

generaluri erToblioba _ yvela im adamianTa er-

Toblioba, visac axasiaTebs is socialur-demografi-
uli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevaris mizans
warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, gen-
eraluri erToblioba SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos.

globalizacia _ procesi, romlis ZaliTac mTeli

msoflios xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTkavSiri ibmeba.

dazverviTi gamokvleva _ sociologiuri gamokv-

levis yvelaze ubralo tipi, romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im
problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis “daz-
verva”.

dakvirveba _ informaciis Segrovebis meTodi so-

ciologiaSi, eTnografiasa da anTropologiaSi, rom-
lis drosac mkvlevari akvirdeba aqtorebis moqmedebas.

damokidebuli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori,

romelzec eqsperimentis dros gavlenas axdens erTi an
meti damoukidebeli cvladi.

damoukidebeli cvladi _ Tviseba an faqtori,

romelzec eqsperimentis dros gavlenas axdens erTi an
meti damokidebuli cvladi.

daxuruli kiTxvebi _ kiTxvebis saxeoba sociolo-

giur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo
variantebis sia.

305
 demografia _ mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieru-
li Seswavla, romelic awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodeno-
bis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis,
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve,
ganixilavs mis asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am
maCveneblebis cvlilebas.

empiriuli dakvirveba _ samecniero monacemebSi

sensoruli informaciis organizacia abstraqciis, in-
terpretaciisa da replikaciis procesis.

eTnografiuli kvleva _ kvleva, romlis drosac

mecnierebi adamianebs TavianT yoveldRiur garemoSi,
rogorc wesi, xangrZlivad akvirdebian.

eqsperimenti _ kvlevis meTodi, roca subieqtebs

specialurad Seqmnil garemoSi akvirdebian. es saSu-
alebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs gaakontrolon faqtorebi,
romlebmac SesaZloa gavlena iqonios Sesaswavl cv-
ladebs Soris hipoTezur mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze.
eqsperimentis Catareba SesaZlebelia laboratoriaSi
da savele garemoSi.

eqspertTa gamokiTxva _ sociologiuri gamok-

iTxvis saxeoba, romlis msvlelobaSic sociologebi
Seiswavlian eqspertTa, anu kvalificiur specialistTa
azrs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

eqspres-gamokiTxva _ SerCeviTi sociologiuri

gamokiTxvis saxeoba pirispir intervius meTodiT, ro-
melic Zale mokle kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT tardeba. am
tipis gamokiTxvis xangrZlivoba ar aRemateba 10-15wT-s.

306
 validoba _ xarisxi imisa, rogor SeuZlia mecnierul
kvlevas imis gazomva, ris gazomvasac cdilobs.

Teoria _ sistemuri mcdeloba imisa, rogor SeiZleba

iyos ori an meti fenomeni erTmaneTTan dakavsirebuli.

Tvisebrivi meTodebi _ sociologiuri kvlevis

meTodebis jgufi, romelic aerTianebs iseT meTodebs,
rogorebicaa gafarToebuli interviu, fokus-jgufi,
dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva da sxv. isini
miznad isaxavs Sesaswavli fenomenis siRrmiseul Ses-
wavlas.

indikatori _ is, rac SesaZloa zustad gaizomos, ro-

gorc ufro rTuli cvladis aproqsimacia (miaxloeba).

interviu _ saubari, romlis drosac mkvlevari sxva

adamians usvams kiTxvaTa serias an msjelobs garkveul
Temaze.

interviueri _ kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic

uSualod esaubreba respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxva-
ris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs.

istoriuli kvlevebi _ warsulis movlenebis,

cxovrebis wesisa da cvlilebaTa formebis sociolo-
giuri kvleva. igi mniSvnelovania iSviaTi da xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaswavlad.

kiTxvari _ specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili

kiTxvebis erToblioba, romelTac respondentebi pa-
suxoben gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis tipidan gamom-
dinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi
Temisadmi, an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedge-
bodes.

307
 kvoturi SerCeva _ SerCevis tipi masobriv gamok-
iTxvaSi, romlis drosac interviueri iRebs davalebas,
gamokiTxos ama Tu im socialur-demografiuli maCvene-
blebis (asaki, sqesi, socialuri mdgomareoba) mqone re-
spondentebis gansazRvruli raodenoba.

korelacia _ or cvlads Soris regularuli urT-

ierTkavSiri.

kros-kulturuli kvleva _kvleva, romelic mkvl-

evaris sazogadoebis miRma sazogadoebaTa socialur
formebs aRwers.

kultura _ azrovnebis, gagebis, Sefasebis da komu-

nikaciis met-naklebad saintegracio gza, formireba,
romelic ayalibebs xalxis cxovrebas.

kontent-analizi _ termini iTargmneba qarTul

enaze, rogorc “Sinaarsis analizi”. sociologiuri kv-
levis meTodia, romlis meSveobiTac Seiswavleba sx-
vadasxva tipis dokumentebi ama Tu im maCveneblebis
gamovlenis saxSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT.

logikuri analizi _ Teoriis Camoyalibeba anal-

izis gansxvavebuli sferoebis identificirebaTa da
maT Soris urTierTkavSiriT.

meTodologia _ kvlevis warmarTvis procedura.

meTodi _ ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxor-

cielebis konkretuli xerxi. sociologiur kvlevaSi_
pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba.

308
 mecniereba _ bunebaze dakvirvebis sistemuri gza
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Zebna da codnis Teori-
aSi Camoyalibeba.

monacemebi _ faqtebi, statistika, kvlevis Sedegebi

da dakvirvebis Sedegad mogrovili sxva informacia, ro-
melic Teoriebis SeqmnisaTvis gamoiyeneba; mecnierebaSi
dasmul kiTxvebze specifikurad drouli informacia.

monografiuli gamokvleva _ kvleviTi midgoma so-

ciologiaSi, romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs.
Tumca yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvleva
Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocirdeba, mis farglebSi ra-
odenobrivi meTodebic gamoiyeneba.

naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi _ kiTxvebis saxeoba

sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac Tan erTvis pa-
suxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram agreTve moce-
mulia damatebiTi varianti “sxva”, sadac respondents
saSualeba eZleva daafiqsiros gansxvavebuli azri, ro-
melic ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli gamokiTxvis organiza-
torebis mier.

nimuSi _ Sesaswavli populaciidan adamianTa Sez-

Ruduli raodenobis arCeva mocemuli populaciis war-
momadgenlebad.

operaciuli gansazRvreba _ naTlad gansazRvruli

indikatorebis nakrebi, romelmac analizis dros erT-
erTi cvladi unda warmoadginos.

populacia _ kvlevis dros im adamianTa mTliani ra-

odenoba, romlebsac Sesaswavli Taviseburebebi axasi-
aTebT.

309
 raodenobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic monacemTa
statistikur analizs eyrdnoba da miznad isaxavs ga-
moavlinos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gavrceleba,
misi gamovlenis sixSire.

reprezentatuloba _ gulisxmobs, rom SerCeva pro-

porciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad
maCveneblebs, mis „mikromodels“ warmoadgens.

respondenti _ adamiani, romelic sociologiuri

gamokvlevis Catarebis dros informaciis uSualo wy-
aros warmoadgens, romlisaganac sociologebi infor-
macias iReben.

sadiskusio gegma _ kvlevis instrumenti, ro-

melic gamoiyeneba gafarToebuli intervius da fokus-
jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT.

savele samuSaoebi _ termini, romliTac moixsenie-

ba pirveladi sociologiuri informaciis Segrovebis
procesi.

sandooba _ erTi da imave an sxva mkvlevaris mier gan-

meorebiTi kvlevis dros miRebuli Sedegebis msgavsebis
xarisxi.

seriuli SerCeva _ or an mravalsafexuriani SerCe-

va, romlis ganxorcielebis pirvel etapzec xdeba ter-
itoriuli erTeulebis, socialuri da\an asakobrivi
jgufebis (anu „seriebis“) SerCeva, xolo meore etapze
SeirCevian am jgufebis konkretuli warmomadgenlebi.

sistematuri SerCeva _ respondentTa SerCeva wi-

naswar arsebuli siidan, romelic emyareba maT SerCevas
garkveuli sistemis (xSirad_bijis) dacviT.

310
 socialuri _ ganzraxuli da arainstiqturi qcev-
aa. damokidebulia sxvebis mier Seqmnil socialur
kondiciebze da zemoqmedebas axdens sxva socialur
pirebze.

socialuri faqtebi _ socialuri cxovrebis mdgra-

di Tvisebebia, romlebic ganapirobeben an zRudaven in-
dividTa moqmedebas. socialuri cxovrebis damkvidre-
buli wesebi, romelic individs moqmedebis garkveuli
formisken ubiZgebs. socialuri faqtebi _ safuZvels
individebSi ki ar iReben, aramed individebsa da jgufebs
Soris urTierTobidan gamomdinareobs.

sociologia _ mecniereba adamianTa sazogadoeba-

ze. moicavs rogorc socialur qmedebebs, aseve social-
uri urTierTobebis organizacias.

sociologiuri kvlevis meTodika _ pirveladi so-

ciologiuri informaciis Segrovebis, damuSavebis da
gamoyenebis meTodebis erToblioba.

socialuri struqtura _ SedarebiT myari, social-

uri urTierTobebis Tu socialuri poziciebis mtkice
paradigmebi, romlebzec indikatorebs aqvT mcire kon-
troli.

fokus-jgufi _ erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli

Tvisebrivi meTodi, romelic warmoadgens jgufur dis-
kusias, romelSic monawileobs 6-12 –mde respondenti
da romelic warimarTeba specialuri kvalifikaciis
mqone wamyvanis („moderatoris“) mier.

Ria kiTxva _kiTxvis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvar-

Si, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis SesaZ-

311
lo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia
imdenad, ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdenen
respondentTa pasuxebze, magram maTi statistikuri da-
muSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia.

SerCeva _ wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda mox-

des respondentTa SerCeva generaluri erTobliobis
wevrebisagan. am terminiT xSirad agreTve SerCevis Sed-
genis process moixsenieben.

SerCeviTi erToblioba _ respondentTa jgufi,

romelsac Cven viRebT SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac
uSualod gamovkiTxavT.

Sinaarsis analizi _ kvlevis meTodi, romlis saSu-

alebiTac SesaZlebelia komunikaciis manifesturi da
latenturi Sinaarsebis sistematuri organizeba da Se-
jameba.

SemTxveviTi meTodi _ kvlevis meTodi, romlis

dros nimuSis arCeva imgvarad xdeba, rom Sesaswavli
populaciis nebismier wevrs arCevis Tanabari Sansi aqvs.

SedarebiTi analizi _ igi saSualebas aZlevs so-

ciologebs, aRmoaCinon is zogadi formebi, romlebic
ar aris damaxasiaTebeli erTi socialuri jgufis an
kategoriis, an erTi sazogadoebisa da droisaTvis. am
kvlevis dros SesaZloa Sedarebuli iqnes sxvadasxva
qveynebisa da kulturebis da sxvadasxva periodebis mo-
nacemebi. saerTaSoriso, anu kros-kulturuli kvleva
globalizaciis gamo ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xde-
ba. msoflios xalxebs Soris sul ufro da ufro mWidro
urTierTobebi myardeba.

312
 cvladi _ nebismieri faqtori, romelsac cvlileba
SeuZlia.

xarisxobrivi kvleva _ kvleva, romelic konkretu-

li SemTxvevis Rrmad Sesaswavlad ZiriTadad verbalur
aRweraze, pirveli xelis (pirvelad) dakvirvebebze an
aRwerazea damokidebuli.

hipoTeza _ sacdeli debuleba, romelic winaswarm-

etyvelebs, ra urTierTgavlena an kavSiri eqneba or an
met cvlads.

313
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