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Raffaele Resta
http://www-dft.ts.infn.it/˜resta/
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www.physicst day.org
February 2008
http://www-dft.ts.infn.it/˜resta/vela/
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alfaromeo_giraglia.jpg 1417×2126 pixels 12/4/09 5:42 PM
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Sommario
5 Resistenza all’avanzamento
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Sommario
5 Resistenza all’avanzamento
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Una barca a vela si muove spinta dal vento?
No !
Una barca a vela può:
Navigare controvento
Navigare più veloce del vento
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Una barca sfrutta la differenza di velocità tra due fluidi
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Ancora più chiaro.....
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La pressione del vento in approssimazione zero
∆⃗p = ⃗f ∆t
La pressione (forza per unità di superficie) esercitata dal vento
sulla vela è—grosso modo!— perpendicolare alla vela stessa.
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Se lasciamo ghiacciare l’acqua....
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Schematizziamo con un binario senza attrito
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Scomposizione della forza (il binario è un vincolo)
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Chi fornisce il “binario”?
Un moderno “cruiser-racer”
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Barche a vela senza deriva nè chiglia
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Sommario
5 Resistenza all’avanzamento
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Relatività galileiana
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Altre osservazioni
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Diagramma polare della velocità (barca normale)
Polar_40810_TW.gif 1594×2061 pixels 12/11/09 7:03 PM
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TriFoiler_Polar_Diagram.jpg 814×594 pixels 12/11/09 6:51 PM
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VMG (velocity made good)
Polar_40810_TW.gif 1594×2061 pixels 12/11/09 7:03 PM
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Greg Green, used
with permission.)
keels and the modern deep, narrow keels— True wind direction
he bottom rear end to reduce induced drag.
s were first used by the victorious sailboat
e 1983 America’s Cup race. Modern wing the- 10°
ts that to minimize induced drag, keels and 20° Close-hauling
30°
ve elliptic or tapered trailing edges.2 Such
e now common. 8 40°
also has a resistance component due simply 50°
of water sideways as it advances. That’s called 6 True wind speeds
and it obviously depends on hull geometry. 60°
Close-reaching
hat narrow hulls provide less resistance than 4
20 Kn
Any boat will always be a compromise be- BOAT SPEED (knots) 70°
g low form resistance and providing passen- 12 Kn
2
pace. Seeking to minimize form resistance for 80°
ume, shipbuilders have tried many basic hull 6 Kn
centuries. Even Isaac Newton weighed in on 0 90° Beam-reaching
e concluded that the best hull shape is an el-
ution with a truncated cone at the bow. 2 100°
omputer modeling and tank testing have re-
ern hull design that widens slowly back from 4
110°
en remains fairly wide near the stern. Even
120°
n, designers try to provide enough taper to-
6
o allow smooth flow there. That taper is often 130°
y having the stern rise smoothly from the
an by narrowing the beam. If the flow from 8 140° Reaching
mooth, large eddies will form and contribute 150°
160°
170°
Running
s through water, it creates a bow wave that Figure 5. Speeds predicted by a computer model5 for
“Cruising sailboat”.aent10-meter-long
speed of the boat. Water waves are disper-
s propagate faster than short ones. Therefore
Questa
cruising sailboat, plotted è proprio un “ciodo”!
for three differ-
wind speeds from 6 to 20 knots as a function of the
e full wave generated by the bow is deter- angle of the boat’s motion relative to the wind direction.
oat’s speed. As a boat starts to move slowly (10 knots = 18.5 km/h.) An angle of 180° means the
er, one sees at first a number of wave crests boat is “running” with the wind directly at its back. The
ving down the side of the hull. As the boat fastest speeds are predicted when the boat is “beam
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Sommario
5 Resistenza all’avanzamento
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Stabilità di forma
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Stabilità di peso
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Stabilità di peso
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Altre diavolerie tecniche: chiglia basculante
alfaromeo_giraglia.jpg 1417×2126 pixels 12/4/09 5
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Centraggio
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Straorzata
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Distribuzione dei pesi (delle masse!)
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Sommario
5 Resistenza all’avanzamento
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Moto laminare (o Bernoulliano)
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Vento libero e non libero
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La chiglia/deriva non è un binario!
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Un esempio (barche estreme)
derivafig11.gif 407×317 pixels
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Sommario
5 Resistenza all’avanzamento
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Viscosità (definizione)
F v
=η 0
A d
η coefficiente di viscosità.
F ∝ A.
In regime irrotazionale, laminare, senza turbolenze.
Come si riduce la resistenza?
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Le turbolenze sono inevitabili: numero di Reynolds
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Da laminare a turbolento
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Mettendo i numeri nella formula
Lv ρ
R= = Lv
η/ρ η
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Resistenza d’onda
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Velocità limite (barche a dislocamento)
Figure 4. Moving at
hull speed, a sailboat
generates a bow
wave whose wave-
length just equals the
length of the boat’s
water line. The wave
crests at bow and
stern, with a single
well-formed trough in
between. (Photo by
Greg Green, used
with permission.)
√
fashioned long keels and the modern deep, narrow keels—
v ≃ 1.34
True wind direction
λ
with a wing at the bottom rear end to reduce induced drag.
Such keel wings were first used by the victorious sailboat
Australia II in the 1983 America’s Cup race. Modern wing the- 10°
ory also suggests that to minimize induced drag, keels and 20° Close-hauling
30°
sails should have elliptic or tapered trailing edges.2 Such
λ lunghezza al galleggiamento effettiva in
shaped edges are now common. 8 piedi. 40°
A sailboat also has a resistance component due simply 50°
v in nodi. Esempio: per una barca di 33’ 6v =True7.7 nodi 60°
to its deflection of water sideways as it advances. That’s called
wind speeds
form resistance, and it obviously depends on hull geometry.
Close-reaching
It’s easy to see that narrow hulls provide less resistance than 4
20 Kn
Formula molto approssimativa.
do wider hulls. Any boat will always be a compromise be- 70°
120°
with a wide stern, designers try to provide enough taper to- . . . . . .
6
Uno scafo planante estremo
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Grazie per la vostra
attenzione!
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