BIBLIOGRAFIA ONE HEALTH

ISS: https://www.iss.it/one-health

La visione olistica One Health, ossia un modello sanitario basato sull'integrazione di

discipline diverse, è antica e al contempo attuale. Si basa sul riconoscimento che la salute
umana, la salute animale e la salute dell’ecosistema siano legate indissolubilmente.

È riconosciuta ufficialmente dal Ministero della Salute italiano, dalla Commissione Europea e
da tutte le organizzazioni internazionali quale strategia rilevante in tutti i settori che
beneficiano della collaborazione tra diverse discipline (medici, veterinari, ambientalisti,
economisti, sociologi etc.).

La One Health è un approccio ideale per raggiungere la salute globale perché affronta i
bisogni delle popolazioni più vulnerabili sulla base dell’intima relazione tra la loro salute, la
salute dei loro animali e l’ambiente in cui vivono, considerando l’ampio spettro di
determinanti che da questa relazione emerge.

L’ Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), grazie alla pluralità di competenze presenti al suo
interno, ha avviato da tempo collaborazioni multidisciplinari e azioni congiunte, trasversali ai
suoi settori di ricerca di riferimento, per promuovere l'approccio One Health necessario a far
fronte alle sfide presenti e future.

Nella giornata europea “All for One Health” 2021, l’Istituto Superiore di Sanità ha
comunicato l’impegno assunto nel suo Piano strategico 2021-2023, per promuovere la
crescita della capacità multidisciplinare necessaria per le sfide sanitarie complesse a livello
nazionale e internazionale, affrontando le lacune rilevanti nella ricerca, networking,
integrazione e formazione, attraverso la valorizzazione di tutti i settori coinvolti, inclusi
l'ambiente e i settori socioeconomici e la partecipazione di cittadini e comunità tra gli
stakeholder al fine di garantire il pieno impatto della One Health.

Il One Health Conceptual Framework per il rafforzamento della Prevention e della

Preparedness

Il gruppo ISS One Health (OH) ha sviluppato il Policy Brief (PB) su One Health-Based
Conceptual Frameworks for Comprehensive and Coordinated Prevention and Preparedness
Plans Addressing Global Health Threats che propone l’utilizzo di un One Health Conceptual
Framework (OHCF) per facilitare l’integrazione di approcci One Health in piani nazionali di
Prevenzione e Preparedness.

IGIENISTI ONLINE: http://www.igienistionline.it/docs/2015/50oh.pdf

COSA SI INTENDE PER ‘ONE HEALTH’ ? “One Health” riconosce che la salute degli esseri umani è
legata alla salute degli animali e dell'ambiente. Più che un nuovo concetto, si tratta di un approccio
che sta rapidamente diventando un movimento internazionale basato su collaborazioni
intersettoriali e formalmente riconosciuto dalla Commissione Europea, dal Dipartimento di Stato
degli Stati Uniti, da CDC, Banca Mondiale, OMS, FAO, Organizzazione Mondiale per la Salute Animale
(OIE), diversi istituti di ricerca, ONG e molti altri. "One Health" - riconoscendo che la salute delle
persone, degli animali e gli ecosistemi sono interconnessi - promuove l'applicazione di un approccio
collaborativo, multidisciplinare, intersettoriale e coordinato per affrontare i rischi potenziali o già
esistenti che hanno origine dall’ interfaccia tra ambienteanimali-ecosistemi umani.
Indipendentemente da quale delle tante definizioni di “One Health” venga utilizzata, il tema comune
è la collaborazione in tutti i settori che hanno un impatto diretto o indiretto sulla salute lavorando
attraverso silos trasversali ai diversi settori e ottimizzando le risorse e gli sforzi nel rispetto
dell'autonomia dei vari settori. Per migliorare l'efficacia dell'approccio “One Health”, vi è la necessità
di stabilire un migliore equilibrio settoriale tra i gruppi e le reti esistenti, in particolare tra veterinari
e medici, e per aumentare la partecipazione degli operatori ambientali e del settore faunistico, così
come di sociologi, architetti, decisori istituzionali ed esperti dello sviluppo sostenibile.

WHO: https://www.who.int/europe/initiatives/one-health

'One Health' is an approach to designing and implementing programmes,

policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and
work together to achieve better public health outcomes. The ‘One Health’
approach is critical to addressing health threats in the animal, human and
environment interface.

The areas of work in which a One Health approach is particularly relevant

include:

 food safety
 control of zoonotic diseases
 laboratory services
 neglected tropical diseases
 environmental health
 antimicrobial resistance

All these areas cover complex issues that require close collaboration across
sectors, stakeholders and countries.

WHO works closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to promote
multisectoral responses to public health threats originating in the animal-
human-environment interface and to provide technical advice on how to reduce
these risks.

The collaboration between the 3 organizations has been formalized in a

Tripartite Commitment and the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to
strengthen their long-standing partnership.

FAO: https://www.fao.org/one-health/en
FAO promotes a One Health approach as part of agrifood system transformation
for the health of people, animals, plants and the environment. This involves a
spectrum of actors and work on sustainable agriculture, animal, plant, forest,
and aquaculture health, food safety, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), food
security, nutrition and livelihoods. Ensuring a One Health approach is essential
for progress to anticipate, prevent, detect and control diseases that spread
between animals and humans, tackle AMR, ensure food safety, prevent
environment-related human and animal health threats, as well as combatting
many other challenges. A One Health approach is also critical for achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

FAO works with partners to promote health systemically, in particular, the

Quadripartite which includes FAO, the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for
Animal Health (WOAH). FAO focuses on eliminating hunger, promoting food
security, food safety and healthy diets, preventing and controlling
transboundary diseases, zoonoses and AMR, to protect the livelihoods of
farmers from the impacts of plant and animal diseases, and to increase the
sustainability and resilience of agrifood systems, with One Health benefits. We
are one world working together for One Heath.

FAO’s role 
FAO supports Members to build and implement effective collaborative One
Health strategies and capacities, simultaneously addressing the health of
people, animals, plants and the environment. A One Health approach is used to
design and implement programmes, biosecurity initiatives, enabling policies and,
where relevant, regulatory frameworks to ensure health security from
communities to national and international level. One Health in agrifood systems
transformation is a key Priority Programme Area, and part of FAO's Strategic
Framework (2022-2031)

A hub of technical knowledge, FAO embraces One Health in protecting human,

animal,plant  and environment health; supporting management and
conservation of natural resources; ensuring food security; facilitating access to
safe and nutritious food; tackling AMR; advancing climate change adaptation
and mitigation efforts; and promoting sustainable fisheries and agricultural
production. To anticipate, prevent, detect and respond to plant, animal and
zoonotic disease outbreaks and AMR, FAO encourages the sharing of
epidemiological data and laboratory information across sectors and borders,
which can result in more effective early warning, coordinated planning and
response.

FAO’s Joint Centre for Zoonotic Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance

coordinates One Health across different FAO divisions to mainstream One
Health in FAO activities.

Externally, FAO collaborates with UNEP, WHO and WOAH as the Quadripartite to
address health threats at the human-animal-plant-environment interface and to
promote health and sustainable development. The Quadripartite partnership is
built on the Tripartite (FAO, OIE, WHO) that was expanded in March 2022, when
UNEP signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).

Good One Health planning, communication, collaboration and response efforts

occur when government officials, researchers and workers across sectors at the
local, national, regional and global levels join forces.

CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/index.html

What is One Health?

One Health is an approach that recognizes that the health of people is
closely connected to the health of animals and our shared environment.
One Health is not new, but it has become more important in recent years.
This is because many factors have changed interactions between people,
animals, plants, and our environment.

 Human populations are growing and expanding into new

geographic areas. As a result, more people live in close contact with
wild and domestic animals, both livestock and pets. Animals play an
important role in our lives, whether for food, fiber, livelihoods,
travel, sport, education, or companionship. Close contact with
animals and their environments provides more opportunities for
diseases to pass between animals and people.
  The earth has experienced changes in climate and land use, such as
deforestation and intensive farming practices. Disruptions in
environmental conditions and habitats can provide new
opportunities for diseases to pass to animals.
 The movement of people, animals, and animal products has
increased from international travel and trade. As a result, diseases
can spread quickly across borders and around the globe.
These changes have led to the spread of existing or known (endemic) and
new or emerging zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can spread
between animals and people. Every year, millions of people and animals
around the world are affected by zoonotic diseases. Examples of zoonotic
diseases include:

 Rabies
 Salmonella infection
 West Nile virus infection
 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
 Anthrax
 Brucellosis
 Lyme disease
 Ringworm
 Ebola

Animals also share our susceptibility to some diseases and environmental

hazards. Because of this, they can sometimes serve as early warning signs
of potential human illness. For example, birds often die of West Nile virus
before people in the same area get sick with West Nile virus infection.

What are common One Health issues?

One Health issues include zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial
resistance, food safety and food security, vector-borne diseases,
environmental contamination, and other health threats shared by people,
animals, and the environment. For example:

 Antibiotic-resistant germs can quickly spread through

communities, the food supply, healthcare facilities, and the
environment (soil, water), making it harder to treat certain infections
in animals and people.
  Vector-borne diseases are on the rise with warmer temperatures
and expanded mosquito and tick habitats.
 Diseases in food animals can threaten supplies, livelihoods, and
economies.
 The human-animal bond can help improve mental well-being.
 Contamination of water used for drinking, recreation, and more
can make people and animals sick.
Even the fields of chronic disease, mental health, injury, occupational
health, and noncommunicable diseases can benefit from a One Health
approach involving collaboration across disciplines and sectors.

How does a One Health approach work?

Among human, animal, environmental health, and other relevant
partners.

One Health is gaining recognition in the United States and globally as an

effective way to fight health issues at the human-animal-environment
interface, including zoonotic diseases. CDC uses a One Health approach by
involving experts in human, animal, environmental health, and other
relevant disciplines and sectors in monitoring and controlling public health
threats and to learn about how diseases spread among people, animals,
plants, and the environment.

Successful public health interventions require the cooperation of human,

animal, and environmental health partners. Professionals in human
health (doctors, nurses, public health practitioners,
epidemiologists), animal health (veterinarians, paraprofessionals,
agricultural workers), environment (ecologists, wildlife experts),
and other areas of expertise need to communicate, collaborate on, and
coordinate activities. Other relevant players in a One Health approach
could include law enforcement, policymakers, agriculture, communities,
and even pet owners. No one person, organization, or sector can address
issues at the animal-human-environment interface alone.

The One Health approach can:

 Prevent outbreaks of zoonotic disease in animals and people.

 Improve food safety and security.
 Reduce antibiotic-resistant infections and improve human and
animal health.
 Protect global health security.

By promoting collaboration across all sectors, a One Health approach can

achieve the best health outcomes for people, animals, and plants in a
shared environment.

Zhang, R., Tang, X., Liu, J. et al. From concept to action: a united, holistic and One
Health approach to respond to the climate change crisis. Infect Dis Poverty 11, 17
(2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-022-00941-9

Abstract
It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the planet, which is
seriously affecting the planetary health including human health. Adapting
climate change should not only be a slogan, but requires a united, holistic
action and a paradigm shift from crisis response to an ambitious and
integrated approach immediately. Recognizing the urgent needs to tackle
the risk connection between climate change and One Health, the four key
messages and recommendations that with the intent to guide further
research and to promote international cooperation to achieve a more
climate-resilient world are provided.