Lo scopo del trattamento è di riequilibrare le relazioni The aim of the treatment is to restore balance
tra le persone con autismo e le loro famiglie e i loro in the relationships between persons with autism
insegnanti senza che nessuno faccia nulla di cui poi and their family members and teachers
pentirsi
and without regrettable actions by either
2 di 121 2 of 121
4 di 121 4 of 121
modificato modified
medicato medicated
rammollito mollified
micro-analizzato micro-analyzed
6 di 121 6 of 121
Stili di vita restrittitvi permangono in parte Restrictive lifestyles persist partly because
perchè il comportamento problema del problem behavior of children is merely
bambino è solamente
mollified
rammollito
7 di 121 7 of 121
microanalizzato
micro-analyzed
9 di 121 9 of 121
Receptive Language Build concept classes (e.g., colors, letters, …) by strengthening pointing, matching by…. The learner will…. J
Collaborazione Incrementare collaborazione con istruzioni a 2 step tramite…. The learner will…. K
Compliance Increase compliance with two step instructions by…. The learner will…. K
Sociale/Emotivo Incrementare accettazione di ritardi e negazioni davanti a richeiste tramite…. The learner will…. L
Social/Emotional Increase tolerance for delays and denials of request by…. The learner will…. L
Incrementare accettazione dei cambiamenti di programma tramite…. The learner will…. M
The learner will…. Increase tolerance for changes in scheduled events by…. The learner will…. M
Gioco /abilità tempo libero Incrementare occupazione funzionale con giochi senza adulti presenti tramite…. N
Play/Leisure Skills Increase functional engagement with toys in absence of adult by…. The learner will…. N
Abilità quotidiane Incrementare collaborazione e igiene orale e personale indipendente tramite... The learner will…. O
Self Help Skills Increase cooperation/independent tooth brushing, hand washing, .... by….. The learner will…. O
P
Q P
10 di 121 10 of 121
Le cause sono complesse- consideriamole tutte Causes are complex—first consider all of them
Poi prendiamo in considerazione quelle su cui è possibile Then consider the causes that you can do something about
intervenire
– For me, those are the consequences of the behavior that serve
– Nella mia lettura queste sono le conseguenza del as reinforcement
comportamento che funzionano da rinforzatori
11 di 121 11 of 121
Se il comportamento problema si presenta con regolarità… If problem behavior is occurring with regularity…..
– Viene rinforzato
– it is being reinforced
12 di 121 12 of 121
13 di 121 13 of 121
14 di 121 14 of 121
requests ….
Il modello una cosa per volta: The one thing at a time model:
16 di 121 16 of 121
Il passaggio al modello molte cose insieme: The shift to the many things at a time model:
Synthesized Synthesized
Operazioni Motivative Comportamenti problema Rinforzi Sintetizzati Establishing Problem Behaviors Reinforcers
Sintetizzate operations
Non aver guardato il
telefono per un po’ Not having looked Lie about Escape the webinar
uscire da webinar at phone for a while needing to pee* and
e
fingere di avere avere la e and (most certainly) access to text, chat
Il seminario è un po’
pipì* accesso ai messaggi
noioso
(piuttosto sicuramente) del ragazzo The seminar is esp. w/ “that guy”
e somewhat boring
Appare un messaggio
and
da quel ragazzo
text appears
from “that guy”
18 di 121 18 of 121
19 di 121 19 of 121
Umiltà significa disponibilità ad ammettere la propria Humility is the willingness to admit ignorance.
ignoranza
20 di 121 20 of 121
21 di 121 21 of 121
22 di 121 22 of 121
23 di 121 23 of 121
25 di 121 25 of 121
26 di 121 26 of 121
Alcuni aspetti importanti del nostro approccio Some Important Aspects of our Approach
Assessments indiretti a risposte chiuse (MAS, QABF, FAST) non Closed-ended indirect assessments (MAS, QABF, FAST) are
sono mai utilizzati nel processo never used in the process
inaffidabili unreliable
Non forniscono informazioni sulle caratteristiche unicamente do not provide any information about personally unique or
individuali o sugli aspetti qualitativi delle variabili qualitative features of potentially influential variables
potenzialmente rilevanti
27 di 121 27 of 121
Alcuni aspetti importanti del nostro approccio Some Important Aspects of our Approach
Prolungati assessments descrittivi non sono mai parte del Extensive descriptive assessments are never part of the process
processo
time-consuming
dispendiosi in termini di tempo
and usually suggest invalid relations
e generalmente suggeriscono relazioni non valide St. Peter et al., 2005; Thompson & Iwata, 2007
St. Peter et al., 2005; Thompson & Iwata, 2007
28 di 121 28 of 121
Alcuni aspetti importanti del nostro approccio Some Important Aspects of our Approach
Analisi Funzionali Standard non sono mai parte del processo Standard functional analyses are never part of the process
troppo lunghe take too long
potenzialmente non sicure can be unsafe
non valide socialmente are not socially valid
non valide ecologicamente are not ecologically valid
spesso non offrono sufficiente controllo per il comportamento problema often do not control problem behavior enough
non hanno portato a risultati di trattamento socialmente significativi have not yet yielded a socially meaningful treatment outcome
non vengono utilizzati da chi pratica analisi del comportamento are not being employed by practicing behavior analysts or others
Nonostante centinaia di studi pubblicati, dozzine di capitoli di Despite hundreds of published studies,dozens of book chapters,
libri, e la loro esistenza da oltre 35 anni and their existence for over 35 years
29 di 121 29 of 121
Problem Behavior
Per Minute
Per Minute
Sessions Sessions
31 di 121 31 of 121
Condizioni di test multiple 1965-2000 (Hanley et al., 2003) Multiple test conditions 1965-2000 (Hanley et al., 2003)
Condizioni di test uniformi 64% SFAs Uniform test conditions 64% SFAs
Contingenze di test isolate 1 su 3 con modifiche 1 out 3 with modifications
Isolated test contingencies
Rinforzo solamente dei Reinforce dangerous behavior only
comportamenti pericolosi 2001-2012 (Beavers et al., 2014) 2001-2012 (Beavers et al., 2014)
85% SFAs Toy-play control condition 85% SFAs
Gioco come condizione di controllo
1 su 7 con modifiche 1 out of 7 with modifications
32 di 121 32 of 121
33 di 121 33 of 121
34 di 121 34 of 121
35 di 121 35 of 121
36 di 121 36 of 121
37 di 121 37 of 121
Nemmeno uno studio dimostra un miglioramento Not one study showing a socially-validated outcome in
socialmente significativo in contesti rilevanti quando a relevant setting when implemented by a relevant
sia stato implementato da una persona rilevante person
Quando è stata utilizzata una analisi funzionale
when a standard functional analysis was used
standard
39 di 121 39 of 121
…un effetto socialmente valido sul comportamento problema …a socially-validated effect on problem behavior
41 di 121 41 of 121
L’analisi funzionale è pubblica da almeno 50 anni (e.g., Functional analysis has been around for over 50 years
Lovaas et al., 1965; Sailor et al., 1968) (e.g., Lovaas et al., 1965; Sailor et al., 1968)
L’analisi funzionale standard è pubblica da almeno 35 Standard functional analyses have been around 35 years
anni (Iwata et al., 1982) (Iwata et al., 1982)
Più di 300 studi pubblicati contengono più di 500 analisi Over 300 studies containing over 500 standard
funzionali standard (Jessel et al., 2016)
functional analyses have been published (Jessel et al., 2016)
Tra il 55 e il 65% dei professionisti intervistati di
recente ha riportato di non aver mai condotto Yet, 55 to 65% of practitioners recently surveyed
un’analisi funzionale reported never conducting a functional analysis
(Oliver et al., 2016; Roscoe et al., 2015) (Oliver et al., 2016; Roscoe et al., 2015)
42 di 121 42 of 121
43 di 121 43 of 121
44 di 121 44 of 121
IISCA IISCA
Interview-Informed Interview-informed
Synthesized Contingency
Analysis Synthesized Contingency
Analisi di contingenze Analysis
sintetizzate basata
sull’intervista
45 di 121 45 of 121
46 di 121 46 of 121
47 di 121 47 of 121
Discussione di un caso: Gail, 3 anni, PDD-NOS Case Example: Gail, 3 years old, PDD-NOS
48 di 121 48 of 121
mentre gioca con i suoi Gail interacting with her and her Gail
giocattoli preferiti. 0 most preferred toys. 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sessions Sessions
Nella condizione di test, stiamo simulando le condizioni che la mamma ha In the test, we are emulating the conditions Mom described
descritto come associate al comportamento problema di Gail. as being associated with Gail’s problem behavior.
49 di 121 49 of 121
Controllo: la mamma si 4
Control: Mom directs her 4
1 1
Gail Gail
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
50 di 121 50 of 121
Discussione di un caso: Gail, 3 anni, PDD-NOS Case Example: Gail, 3 years old, PDD-NOS
Gail….
3 and off Gail’s problem behavior…. 3
Dando a noi stessi e alla mamma 2 Giving us and her Mom confidence 2
la fiducia di sapere perchè as to why she was engaging in the
emetteva un comportamento extraordinary problem behavior
problema fuori dall’ordinario 1 1
Sessions Sessions
51 di 121 51 of 121
IISCA IISCA
Interview-Informed Interview-informed
Synthesized Contingency
Analysis Synthesized Contingency
Analisi di contingenze Analysis
sintetizzate basata
sull’intervista
52 di 121 52 of 121
IISCA An IISCA
4 Zeke 4 Zeke
Sessions Sessions
53 di 121 53 of 121
Consider an
Consideriamo una Analisi di contingenze
Interview Informed
sintetizzate basata sull’intervista IISCA Synthesized Contingency Analysis IISCA
Analisi Analisi di contingenze Interview-informed
Funzionale sintetizzate basata Standard Functional Synthesized Contingency
standard sull’intervista Analysis Analysis
Condizioni di test multiple Condizioni di test singole Multiple test conditions Single-test condition
Condizioni di test uniformi Uniform test conditions
Condiz. di test individualizzate Individualized test conditions
Contingenze di test isolate
Rinforzo solo dei comportamenti Contingenze sintetizzate Isolated test contingencies Synthesized contingencies
pericolosi Rinforzo dei precursori dei Toy-play control conditions Test-matched control
comportamenti pericolosi Reinforce dangerous behavior Reinforce precursors to and
Gioco come condizione di
Controllo adattato al test dangerous behavior
controllo
54 di 121 54 of 121
IISCA: Analisi di contingenze sintetizzate basata IISCA: Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analysis
sull’intervista
1. Single
1. Unico
2. Individualizzato 2. Individualized
Test Test
3. Contingenze sintetizzate 3. Synthesized contingency
Alcuni aspetti importanti del nostro approccio Some Important Aspects of our Approach
Sintetizziamo contingenze multiple in una unica condizione We synthesize multiple contingencies into one test condition
di test which contingencies and the specific materials and interactions are
contingenze, materiali e interazioni specifiche sono informed by the interview
individuati sulla base dell’intervista
57 di 121 57 of 121
Case Example (Bob, 8 aa, dx: Autism) Case Example (Bob, 8 yo, dx: Autism)
Analista: Sandy Jin Analyst: Sandy Jin
Setting: Clinic 6
Setting: Clinic 6
5 5
4 4
Escape / Escape /
3 3
Tangible Tangible
Problem Behavior per Min
8 8
“A modo suo” nella forma di fuga dalle 6 “His way” in the form of escape from adult 6
Sessions Sessions
58 di 121 58 of 121
Case Example (Dale, 11 aa, dx: Autismo) Case Example (Dale, 11 yo, dx: Autism)
Terapista : Sandy Jin Therapist: Sandy Jin
Setting: Clinic Setting: Clinic
66 66
0 0
59 di 121 59 of 121
Sembra una migliore simulazione ecologica Seems to emulate the ecology better
60 di 121 60 of 121
12 Will Wayne Sam Allen Kat (Cxt 1) 12 Will Wayne Sam Allen Kat (Cxt 1)
8 8
4 Test 4 Test
Control Control
0 0
4 4
2 2
0 0
6 Alex (Cxt 2) Chris Gary Jian Earl 6 Alex (Cxt 2) Chris Gary Jian Earl
Problem behavior per min
Ghaemmaghami 0
(JABA, 2016) 3
2
(JABA, 2016) 3
1 1
0 0
2.0 Paul Dan Kristy Jim Sid 2.0 Paul Dan Kristy Jim Sid
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
E funziona 0
2.0 Lee Steve Jesse Jack (Cxt 2) Carson
and it works despite 0
2.0 Lee Steve Jesse Jack (Cxt 2) Carson
1.0
0.5 0.5
contesti ecologici 0
2 6 10 2 4 6 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5
ecologies 0
2 6 10 2 4 6 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5
Sessions Sessions
62 di 121 62 of 121
Esempio di un caso (Gail, 3aa, PDD-NOS) Case Example (Gail, 3 yo, dx: PDD-NOS)
Analista: Nicholas Vanselow Analyst: Nicholas Vanselow
Contesto: Clinic 4
Setting: Clinic 4
Analyst Analyst Analyst Analyst Analyst Analyst
Mother Mother Mother Mother
3 3
Tangible / Tangible /
Perchè sintetizzare? 2
Attention
Why synthesize? 2
Attention
1 1
comportamento mentre 2
1
Tangible
Test
Control behavior whereas 2
1
Tangible
Test
Control
contingenze sintetizzate 0
synthesized contingencies 0
Sessions Sessions
64 di 121 64 of 121
10 10
Problem behavior per min
4 4
Escape to Escape to
compliance with Escape compliance with Escape
requests Requests
Control
Slaton et al., requests Requests
Control
Slaton et al.,
(in preparation) (in preparation)
2 2
Franklin Franklin
0 0
www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com
65 di 121 65 of 121
4 4
Escape to Escape to
3 compliance 3 compliance
with requests with requests
Escape Escape
2 Requests 2 Requests
Control Control
1 1
Ned Ned
0 0
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sessions Sessions
Synthesized Contingency First Author (Year) Participants Synthesized Contingency First Author (Year) Participants
Escape to mand compliance Bowman (1997) Ben, Jerry Escape to mand compliance Bowman (1997) Ben, Jerry
Perchè
Treatment Synthesized Treatment
Why synthesize? Treatment Synthesized Treatment
Lalli (1996) Escape, attention Escape Escape to attention Lalli (1996) Escape, attention Escape Escape to attention
spesso synthesized
dipende da Piazza (1998)
Escape, attention,
tangibles
Attention
Escape
Tom: Esc. to tang, att
Jerry: Esc. to att. contingencies Piazza (1998)
Escape, attention,
tangibles
Attention
Escape
Tom: Esc. to tang, att
Jerry: Esc. to att.
da:
Nature and Scope of Synthesis Slaton & Hanley (under review, JABA)
in Functional Analysis and Treatment Attention Escape extinction + Attention Escape extinction +
Bachmeyer (2009) Attention, escape Bachmeyer (2009) Attention, escape
of Problem Behavior Escape attention extinction Escape attention extinction
Slaton & Hanley (in revisione, JABA) Escape, attention, Escape to tangibles and Escape, attention, Escape to tangibles and
Falcomata (2013) – Falcomata (2013) –
tangibles attention tangibles attention
Zangrillo (2016) Escape Escape Escape to tangibles Zangrillo (2016) Escape Escape Escape to tangibles
67 di 121 67 of 121
Consideriamo lo studio di Dr. Joshua Jessel & colleghi: Consider this study by Dr. Joshua Jessel & colleagues:
Achieving Socially Significant Reductions in Problem Behavior Achieving Socially Significant Reductions in Problem Behavior
following the Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analysis: following the Interview-Informed Synthesized Contingency Analysis:
A Summary of 25 Outpatient Applications A Summary of 25 Outpatient Applications
70 di 121 70 of 121
3 3
ecologica Tangible /
Attention
Tangible /
Attention
2
2. Isolated contingencies sometimes do not control behavior 2
da contingenze sintetizzate 4
3
Meltdowns
4. Doing so leads to effective action—socially validated 4
3
Meltdowns
2
Attention
Col 46 treatment effects 2
Attention
Col 46
Sessions
10 12 14
Sessions
10 12 14
approach
5. Perchè la nostra scienza applicata è
pronta per un approccio più olistico
71 di 121 71 of 121
“una fonte comune di incomprensione è trascurare “A common source of misunderstanding is the neglect
ciò che succede quando le variabili sono combinate in of what happens when variables are combined in
modi diversi. different ways.
Nonostante una analisi funzionale inizi con relazioni Although a functional analysis begins with relatively
relativamente isolate, una parte importante del suo isolated relations, an important part of its task is to
compito è mostrare come le variabili interagiscano show how its variables interact.”
tra loro.”
72 di 121 72 of 121
Ma l’IISCA mostra l’autentica funzione del But does an IISCA reveal the true function of severe
comportamento problema severo? problem behavior?
73 di 121 73 of 121
Comparisons of synthesized and individual reinforcement Comparisons of synthesized and individual reinforcement
contingencies during functional analysis contingencies during functional analysis
Wayne W. Fisher, Brian D. Greer, Wayne W. Fisher, Brian D. Greer,
Patrick W. Romani,& Amanda N. Zangrillo Patrick W. Romani,& Amanda N. Zangrillo
2016 2016
74 di 121 74 of 121
Escape to Escape to
Escape / Escape /
Tangibles & Tangibles &
Tangible Tangible
Attention Attention
Differenziazione Differentiation
From Fisher et al., 2016 From Fisher et al., 2016
SFA: 4 of 5 SFA: 4 of 5
IISCA: 4 of 5 IISCA: 4 of 5
75 di 121 75 of 121
Funzioni generiche possono facilmente essere moderate nelle analisi. Generic functions can be easily moderated in analyses.
(vedi Hanley, Piazza, & Fisher, JABA, 1997) (see Hanley, Piazza, & Fisher, JABA, 1997)
Non ci sono test puri di controllo per rinforzi singoli There are no pure tests of control by single reinforcers
(una tale affermazione o è impossibile oppure richiede analisi multiple con vari controlli) (Such an assertion is either impossible or requires multiple analyses with various controls)
76 di 121 76 of 121
Comparisons of synthesized and individual reinforcement Comparisons of synthesized and individual reinforcement
contingencies during functional analysis contingencies during functional analysis
Wayne W. Fisher, Brian D. Greer, Wayne W. Fisher, Brian D. Greer,
Patrick W. Romani,& Amanda N. Zangrillo Patrick W. Romani,& Amanda N. Zangrillo
2016 2016
La verità si trova in Interview-informed functional analyses: The truth can be found Interview-informed functional analyses:
azioni efficaci: A comparison of synthesized and in effective action: A comparison of synthesized and
isolated components isolated components
-analisi differenziate Jessica D. Slaton, Gregory P. Hanley, -Differentiated analysis Jessica D. Slaton, Gregory P. Hanley,
-efficienza & controllo nelle analisi & Katherine. J. Raftery -Efficiency of & control in analysis & Katherine. J. Raftery
-effetti significativi del trattamento 2017 -Meaningful treatment effects 2017
77 di 121 77 of 121
78 di 121 78 of 121
3 3
Escape to tangibles Escape to tangibles
and attention and attention
2 2
1 1
Mason Mason
0 0
3 3
Escape to Escape to
tangibles tangibles
2 2
1 1
Riley Riley
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 5 10 15 1 2 3 4 5 5 10 15
Sessions Sessions
79 di 121 79 of 121
4 Escape to 4 Escape to
tangibles tangibles
and attention and attention
2 2
0 0
0 0
2 8 2 8
Escape to tangibles, Escape to tangibles,
stereotypy, and stereotypy, and
attention 6 Jonah attention 6 Jonah
1 4 1 4
2 2
0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 5 5 10 15 20 25
3 Sessions 3 Sessions
Escape to tangibles Escape to tangibles
80 di 121 and attention and attention 80 of 121
2 2
1 1
0 0
5 10 15 5 10 15
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Escape to Escape to
tangibles Dylan tangibles Dylan
0 0
4 Escape to 4 Escape to
Problem behavior per min tangibles tangibles
2 4 Escape to 2 4 Escape to
tangibles tangibles
and attention and attention
Emily Emily
2 2
0 0
4 0
4 0
Escape to rituals Escape to rituals
2 2
Chloe Chloe
0 0
1 Escape to tangibles 1 Escape to tangibles
Jeff Jeff
0 0
2 4 6 5 10 15 20 2 4 6 5 10 15 20
Sessions Sessions
81 di 121 81 of 121
1 1
BL FCT + EXT BL FCT + EXT BL FCT + EXT BL FCT + EXT
Attention Attention
Escape to Escape to
tangibles tangibles
Jeff Jeff
0 0
5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10
Sessions Sessions
82 di 121 82 of 121
83 di 121 83 of 121
Brief N = 64 Brief N = 64
IISC N = 16 IISC N = 16
Within-session Within-session
IISC N = 10 IISC N = 10
84 di 121 84 of 121
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sessions Sessions
Moderato Moderate
4 4
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sessions Sessions
debole Weak
4 4
Test: frequenza variabile ma più alta 2 Test Condition: Variable but higher rates 2
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sessions Sessions
85 di 121 85 of 121
Interpretazione: Accesso a tutti i rinforzatori e EOs Interpretation: Have access to all reinforcers and EOs
Implicazioni: è possibile spegnere il comportamento problema Implication: Can turn off problem behavior with
tramite il rinfrozo; dovrebbe essere possibile ottenere risultati reinforcement; should achieve meaningful outcome
significativi con il solo trattamento basato sulla funzione with only function-based treatment
4 4
Problem Behavior per Min
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sessions Sessions
86 di 121 86 of 121
Interpretazione: non sono stati identificati tutti i rinforzatori per Interpretation: All reinforcers for problem behavior are not identified
il comportamento problema
Implication: Variable responding will persist throughout skill
Implicazioni: le risposte resteranno variabili durante lo sviluppo delle development, probably necessitating punishment or
abilità e sarà probabilmente necessaria la punizione o un sistema di arbitrary reward system
rinforzo arbitrario
4 4
Problem Behavior per Min
3
Control La necessità di inserire la punizione è 3
Control The necessity of punishment when
riportata di frequente nei casi in cui il function-based treatments are made
trattamento basato sulla funzione sia more practical is commonly reported:
2 2
Sessions Sessions
87 di 121 87 of 121
Trial-based N = 21 Trial-based N = 21
Brief N = 64 Brief N = 64
IISC N = 16 IISC N = 16
Within-Session Within-Session
N = 10 N = 10
IISC IISC
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
Percentage of applications Percentage of applications
88 di 121 88 of 121
89 di 121 89 of 121
Fino a che punto il processo dell’intervista a To what extent is the open-ended interview and IISCA
domande aperte e dell’IISCA è affidabile? process reliable?
Se non lo è perfettamente, fino a che punto la If not perfectly reliable, to what extent does the
variabilità imposta dall’inaffidabilità del processo di variability imposed by the unreliability of the
assessment ha un impatto sull’utilità del assessment process impact its treatment utility?
trattamento?
90 di 121 90 of 121
3 3 3 3
Context A; Therapist 1 Context B; Therapist 2 Context A; Therapist 1 Context B; Therapist 2
1 1 1 1
Escape to tangibles, Escape to tangibles, Escape to tangibles, Escape to tangibles,
attention, and attention, and attention, and attention, and
mand compliance mand compliance mand compliance mand compliance
0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Sessions Sessions Sessions Sessions
91 di 121 91 of 121
Table 1 Table 1
Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement
Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from
Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father % Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father %
Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement
EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60% Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60%
Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with
iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads
Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad
removed item removed item
Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored
Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71% Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71%
Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered
Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close
in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids
Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist
Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55% Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55%
included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue
target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items, target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items,
while grimacing whining while grimacing whining
Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50% Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50%
not at conversational volume) not at conversational volume)
included in included in
target class target class
Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73% Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73%
Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized. Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized.
92 di 121 92 of 121
Table 1 Table 1
Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement
Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from
Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father % Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father %
Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement
EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60% Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60%
Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with
iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads
Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad
removed item removed item
Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored
Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71% Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71%
Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered
Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close
in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids
Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist
Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55% Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55%
included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue
target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items, target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items,
while grimacing whining while grimacing whining
Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50% Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50%
not at conversational volume) not at conversational volume)
included in included in
target class target class
Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73% Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73%
Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized. Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized.
93 di 121 93 of 121
Table 1 Table 1
Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement
Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from
Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father % Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father %
Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement
EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60% Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60%
Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with
iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads
Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad
removed item removed item
Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored
Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71% Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71%
Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered
Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close
in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids
Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist
Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55% Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55%
included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue
target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items, target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items,
while grimacing whining while grimacing whining
Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50% Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50%
not at conversational volume) not at conversational volume)
included in included in
target class target class
Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73% Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73%
Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized. Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized.
94 di 121 94 of 121
Table 1 Table 1
Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement Two Functional Analysis Descriptions from Independently Conducted Caregiver Interviews for Brandon and their Agreement
Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from Functional analysis designed from
Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father % Event Agreement interview A with mother interview B with mother and father %
Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement Type Level (Context for Treatment Development) (Context for Transfer Test) Agreement
EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% EOs Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60% Specific Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys removed Car toys removed 60%
Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with Directed to play via least to most prompting with Directed to play via vocal prompting only with
iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads iPad & blocks or directed to clean up toys puzzles, flashcards, & beads
Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad Therapist and mother’s attention diverted to Therapist’s attention diverted to iPad
removed item removed item
Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored Mands ignored
Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100% Reinforcers Categorical Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance Escape, tangibles, attention, mand compliance 100%
Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71% Specific All demands terminated All demands terminated 71%
Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered Car toys, bouncy balls, and animal toys delivered Car toys delivered
Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close Attention delivered and therapist and mother stay Attention delivered and therapist stays in close
in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids in close proximity to respond to social bids proximity to respond to bids
Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist Mands reinforced by therapist and mother Mands reinforced by therapist
Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55% Responses Categorical Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, Aggression (hitting), spitting, swearing, 55%
included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue included in screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue screaming, face-slapping (mild), sticking tongue
target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items, target class out and shaking head, tantrum, crossing arms out and shaking head, crying, throwing items,
while grimacing whining while grimacing whining
Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50% Responses Categorical Urinary accidents, mild vocal protests (e.g., “no” Urinary accidents 50%
not at conversational volume) not at conversational volume)
included in included in
target class target class
Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73% Total Agreement on Analysis Design: 73%
Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized. Note. The items in agreement are in regular typeface, and items in disagreement are italicized.
95 di 121 95 of 121
Problem Behavior
Problem Behavior
Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality
3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test 3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Simple FCR
Simple FCR
per min
per min
2 Context A- Therapist 1 2 Context A- Therapist 1
Context B- Therapist 3 Context B- Therapist 3
Context A- Therapist 2 Context A- Therapist 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Compliance Tolerance Response Complex FCR
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
100 100
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
Brandon Brandon
0 0
100 100
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Visits Visits
Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017 Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017
Problem Behavior
Problem Behavior
Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality
3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test 3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Simple FCR
Simple FCR
per min
per min
2 Context A- Therapist 1 2 Context A- Therapist 1
Context B- Therapist 3 Context B- Therapist 3
Context A- Therapist 2 Context A- Therapist 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Compliance Tolerance Response Complex FCR
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
100 100
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
Brandon Brandon
0 0
100 100
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Visits Visits
Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017 Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017
Problem Behavior
Problem Behavior
Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality
3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test 3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Simple FCR
Simple FCR
per min
per min
2 Context A- Therapist 1 2 Context A- Therapist 1
Context B- Therapist 3 Context B- Therapist 3
Context A- Therapist 2 Context A- Therapist 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Compliance Tolerance Response Complex FCR
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
100 100
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
Brandon Brandon
0 0
100 100
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Visits Visits
Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017 Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017
Problem Behavior
Problem Behavior
Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality Baseline Simple BLSimple Complex Tolerance response Compliance Generality
3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test 3 FCT FCT FCT training chaining test
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Simple FCR
Simple FCR
per min
per min
2 Context A- Therapist 1 2 Context A- Therapist 1
Context B- Therapist 3 Context B- Therapist 3
Context A- Therapist 2 Context A- Therapist 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
Compliance Tolerance Response Complex FCR
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
3 3
per min
per min
2 2
1 1
0 0
100 100
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
Brandon Brandon
0 0
100 100
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
75 75
(%)
(%)
50 50
25 25
0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Visits Visits
Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017 Date range: 5/2/2017 – 6/16/2017
More Important:
Più importante:
Variability imposed by the unreliability of the process did
La variabilità imposta dall’inaffidabilità del processo non not impact its treatment utility
ha un impatto sull’utilità del trattamento.
Ciò che è necessario che io venga a sapere That which I must know
tramite la mia analisi funzionale è: via my functional analysis:
Che posso stabilmente spegnere il comportamento That I can reliably turn problem behavior off with
problema con la presentazione dei rinforzatori the presentation of the reinforcers
Che posso stabilmente accendere il comportamento That I can reliably turn problem behavior on with
problema con la presentazione delle situazioni the presentation of the evocative events
evocative
E che i rinforzi e la situazioni evocative sono state And that the reinforcers and evocative events were
identificate da altre persone rilevanti per il identified by other people relevant to the behaver
comportamento
102 di 121 102 of 121
Ciò che posso inferire senza rischi : That which I can safely infer
L’appartenenza a una classe di risposte via my functional analysis:
Response class membership
Questa analisti mostra che tutte le This analysis shows all forms of
forme di comportamento problema problem behavior are evoked and
sono evocate e mantenute dalle maintained by same synthesized
stesse contingenze generalizzate. contingency.
Questo avviene ogni volta che sono This happens every time anybody
altri a condurre questo tipo di else conduct this sort of analysis
analisi (Smith and Churchill, 2002, Borrero &
(Smith and Churchill, 2002, Borrero & Borrero, 2008, Herscovitch et al., 2009)
Borrero, 2008, Herscovitch et al., 2009)
105 di 121 105 of 121
Ciò che posso inferire senza rischi: That which I can safely infer via my
Appartenenza alla stessa classe di rinforzo functional analysis:
Si presentano insieme = sono mantenuti dagli stessi rinforzi Response class membership
Reported co-occurrence = maintained by same reinforcers
Potrò inferire l’appartenenza alla classe di risposta e
utilizzare la loro Responsta all’Intervento (RTI) come verifica I will infer response class membership and use their response
to intervention (RTI) as verification
Ciò che non è necessario che io venga a That which I do not need to know
sapere tramite la mia analisi funzionale: via my functional analysis:
La singola funzione operante di ogni singolo The single operant function of each problem behavior
comportamento problema
Ciò che non è necessario che io venga a That which I do not need to know
sapere tramite la mia analisi funzionale : via my functional analysis:
Se il comportamento problema è mantenuto da rinforzo Whether problem behavior is maintained by positive or
positivo o negativo (vedi Michael, Behaviorism, 1975) negative reinforcement (see Michael, Behaviorism, 1975)
Ciò che non è necessario che io venga a That which I do not need to know
sapere tramite la mia analisi funzionale : via my functional analysis:
Whether some element of a synthesized contingency is a
“true” contingency or merely a “false positive”
Se alcuni elementi di una contingenza sintetizzata sono
“vere” contingenze o semplici “falsi positivi”
Ciò che non è necessario che io venga a That which I do not need to know
sapere tramite la mia analisi funzionale : via my functional analysis:
Whether I can neatly compartmentalize the operation in
Se posso fare una precisa compartizione della operazione the analysis into a tidy generic class of reinforcement
nell’analisi in una classe generica ben ordinata di rinforzo (e.g., social positive, social negative, attn, tang, esc, etc.)
(es. Positivo socialmente mediato, negativo socialmente
mediato, attenzione, tangibile, fuga, etc.)
110 di 121 110 of 121
Ciò che non è necessario che io venga a sapere That which I do not need to know
tramite la mia analisi funzionale: via my functional analysis:
La singola funzione operante di ogni comp. problema
The single operant function of each problem behavior
Se il comportamento problema è mantenuto da rinforzo positivo o
negativo Whether problem behavior is maintained by positive or
Se alcuni elementi di una contingenza sintetizzata sono “vere” negative reinforcement
contingenze o semplici “falsi positivi” Whether some element of a synthesized contingency is a
Se posso fare una precisa compartizione della operazione “true” contingency or merely a “false positive”
nell’analisi in una classe generica ben ordinata di rinforzo Whether I can neatly compartmentalize the operation in
(es. Positivo socialmente mediato, negativo socialmente mediato, the analysis into a tidy generic class of reinforcement
attenzione, tangibile, fuga, etc.)
(e.g., social positive, social negative, attn, tang, esc, etc.)
111 di 121 111 of 121
La supposta precisione della SFA è un’illusione The supposed precision of a SFA is an illusion
112 di 121 112 of 121
Prima di trattare i comportamenti problema di bambini Prior to treating problem behavior of children with autism
con autismo:
1. Conduct an open ended interview to discover the
1. Condurre una intervista a domande aperte per scoprire context and outcomes that seem relevant to problem
il contesto e il risultato che appare rilevante per il
problema di comportamento behavior
2. Condurre una IISCA per dimostrare la validità delle 2. Conduct an IISCA to demonstrate the validity of the
sospette contingenze suspected contingency
– E per avere accesso alle condizioni appropriatamente motivanti per – and to have access to the properly motivating conditions to teach skills
l’insegnamento di abilità
114 di 121 114 of 121
Fate almeno una domanda rilevante per condurre il Come up with at least one question relevant to
processo di assessment funzionale conducting the functional assessment process
Per avere supporto nel processo: For more support to engage this process go to:
www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com
115 di 121
Che cosa offre al professionista un’analisi informata? What does an informed analysis provide the practitioner?
Role play di alcune analisi funzionali Let’s role play some functional analyses.
SIB colpi in testa con la mano e versi sembrano mantenuti da: Hand-to head-SIB and groaning appear to be maintained by:
1. Tangibile 1. Tangibles
2. Fuga da istruzioni per avere accesso a tangibile 2. Escape from demands to access tangibles
3. Fuga da istruzioni per avere accesso a tangibile, attenzione e 3. Escape from demands to access tangibles, attention, and
stereotipie stereotypy
4. Esecuzione delle richieste del bambino 4. Compliance with the child’s mands
(fuga dal fare come dice l’insegnante per fare come dice il bambino) (Escape from the teacher’s way to access the child’s way)
Disegniamo un’analisi a partire dalle interviste Let’s design analyses from the interviews
Suggerimenti:
1. Non inserire nella contingenza risposte che sono Some tips:
probabilmente mantenute da rinforzo automatico 1. Do not put responses in contingency class that are likely to be
2. Valutare di inserire alcune richieste mal formulate (es. maintained by automatic sr.
proteste) nella classe di contingenza se la severità dei CP è 2. Do consider putting some ill-formed mands (e.g., protests) in
eccessiva. the contingency class if severity of pb is outrageous.
3. Incorporare le EO più complesse e riproducibili 3. Incorporate the most challenging and convenient EOs.
Utilizzando le EO complesse ma poco manipolabili come test della Use challenging and inconvenient EOs as tests of treatment generality
generalità del trattamento 4. Conduct analysis where you have the most control and will be
4. Condurre un’analisi in cui avere il massimo controllo ed essere able teach the skills.
in grado di insegnare le abilità. 5. Err on the side of synthesizing too many contingencies rather
5. Sbagliare sintetizzando troppe contingenze piuttosto che than too few.
troppo poche.
119 di 121 119 of 121
On to treatment….
Sul trattamento….
For more information and people to support
Per informazioni e supporto nel processo di
you with the assessment process, go to:
assessment:
www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com
www.practicalfunctionalassessment.com