Flo ria n NEPRAVISHTA, G je rg j THO MAI

Austro -Hung a ria n Pre se nc e in Alb a nia

a rc hite c ture , p la nning , infra struc ture
1916-1935
Se c o nd Ed itio n in Eng lish o f the p ub lic a tio n in Alb a nia n: Flo ria n Ne p ra vishta , G je rg j Tho ma i (2019)
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Title :
Austro -Hung a ria n Pre se nc e in Alb a nia
a rc hite c ture , p la nning , infra struc ture
1916-1935

Edite d b y:
Flo ria n Ne p ra vishta , G je rg j Tho ma i

C o ntrib uito r to the e dito ria l pro je c t:

Ald a Sp a hiu, And i Arifa j, Rio Ke rp a ç i, Ske ria La ko , Fio na Ne p ra vishta

Fo re wo rd: Re na te Bo rnb e rg

Pre limina ry re ma rks: C a ro line Jä g e r-Kle in

Eng lish e diting : Fio na Ne p ra vishta

G ra phic s a nd de sig n: Rio Ke rp a ç i

O n the c o ve r: Dra wing o f the Tira na Bo ule va rd, Wo lfg a ng Kö hle r 1927,

Pre ss:
Printing Ho use FLESH, Tira në 2020
Rrug a : “ Sule jma n Pita rka ” Tira ne , Alb a nia

C o pyrig ht © 2020
Flo ria n Ne p ra vishta , G je rg j Tho ma i
La sc uo la d i Pita g o ra e d itric e , Via Mo nte d i Dio , 54, 80132 Na p o li - Ita lia

Ne ssuna p a rte di q ue sta p ub b lic a zio ne p uò e sse re me mo rizza ta , fo to c o p ia ta o c o munq ue rip ro do tta se nza le do vute a uto rizza zio ni.
No p a rt o f this p ub lic a tio n ma y b e sto re d, p ho to c o p ie d o r o the rwise re p ro duc e d witho ut p ro p e r a utho riza tio n.

Le no stre e dizio ni so no disp o nib ili in Ita lia e a ll’ e ste ro a nc he in ve rsio ne e b o o k.
O ur p ub lic a tio ns, b o th a s b o o ks a nd e Bo o k’ s, a re a va ila b le in Ita ly a nd a b ro a d.

ISBN 978-88-6542-756-9 (p a p e r ve rsio n)

ISBN 978-88-6542-757-6 (e le c tro nic ve rsio n PDF)
The g ra p hic a l ma te ria ls use d a re a va ila b le fro m the Alb a nia n C e ntra l Te c hnic a l Arc hive o f C o nstruc tio n
Content

Fo re wo rd  17
Re na te Bo rnb e rg
So me p re limina ry re ma rks o n the p re se nc e o f Austro -Hung a ry in Alb a nia 1916-1935 19
C a ro line Jä g e r-Kle in
Intro d uc tio n 27

Urb a n Pla nning

Te c hnic a l p la ns fo r Tira na  33

Dwe lling s

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So c ia l o b je c ts

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Infra struc ture

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Bib lio g ra p hy  200
Pic ture Ind e x 201

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Fo re wo rd
Re na te Bo rnb e rg

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Fo r e xa mp le , while Austria ha s a lwa ys b e e n ma inly d e te rmine d b y the
Austria n Emp ire , the O tto ma ns p la ye d a n e sse ntia l ro le in Alb a nia , a s d id
the Ita lia ns, who ha d e sta b lishe d b a se s fo r ma ritime tra d e he re a lo ng Al-
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But fo r a sho rt time , the re wa s a lso a c o nne c tio n b e twe e n Alb a nia a nd
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ha d b e e n tra ine d in Austria we re se nt to the ne w re g io ns to c o nstruc t
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o f Tira na , o r the ma ny e ng ine e ring c o nstruc tio ns tha t c a n still b e fo und
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c e ive d little a tte ntio n, whic h is o ne o f the re a so ns why the re a re ha rd ly
a ny p ub lic a tio ns a b o ut the a rc hite c ture a nd e ng ine e ring b uild ing s o f the
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o nly a va ila b le in Alb a nia n, b ut no t in Eng lish o r G e rma n, whic h wo uld b e
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no w o ne o f the fe w tha t d e a ls with this p a rt o f the histo ry o f a rc hite c ture
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17
 Nume ro us e xa mp le s o f re sid e ntia l ho use s a nd e ng ine e ring b uild ing s ha ve
b e e n re c o rd e d a nd d o c ume nte d , a nd the urb a n p la nning o f Tira na o f
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c a n still b e se e n to d a y, a nd the y e ve n sha p e the a p p e a ra nc e o f the
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Inte re sting ly, the b uild ing s d e sig ne d b y the a rc hite c ts se nt to Alb a nia
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the re g io n with its p e c ulia ritie s o f ve rna c ula r ho use fo rms a nd no t me re ly
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e xa mp le , sq ua re ya rd s (Vie rka ntho f), stre tc he d c o urtya rd s (Stre c kho f) o r
a rc a d e ho use s (Arka d e nhä use r) a re c o mmo n, whic h a ll ha ve in c o mmo n
tha t the y d o no t ha ve o utd o o r sp a c e s, suc h a s te rra c e s o r b a lc o nie s,
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whe re sp a c io us te rra c e s o r b a lc o nie s a re a c e ntra l e le me nt o f fa rmho us-
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no t who lly le a ve the ir o rig ins b e hind , a nd so Austria n e le me nts we re a lso
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e sse ntia l ste p in the re a p p ra isa l o f this urb a n p la nning a nd a rc hite c tura l
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p ub lic a tio n, a sta rting sig na l ha s b e e n g ive n, whic h e nc o ura g e s furthe r
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So me p re limina ry re ma rks o n the p re se nc e
o f Austro -Hung a ry in Alb a nia 1916-1935
C a ro line Jä g e r-Kle in

The C e ntra l Te c hnic a l Arc hive o f Tira na (AQ TN) p ro vid e d the sma ll re -
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ning with a slig ht e xte nt p la n c o lle c tio n fro m the p e rio d o f 1916 to 1935,
re la te d to Austro -Hung a ria n (a fte r 1918 Austria n) a rc hite c ts a nd e ng i-
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whic h c o lla b o ra tio n b e twe e n the fa c ultie s o f a rc hite c ture a nd urb a n
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He e re sg e sc hic htlic he n Muse um ) a nd the Sta te Arc hive ( Ö ste rre ic hisc he s
Sta a tsa rc hiv ) in Vie nna sho uld b ring into lig ht, wha t te c hnic a l d ra wing s
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a nd Alb a nia , b o th c o untrie s with p re c a rio us p o litic a l a nd te rrito ria l c o nd i-
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d e sig n) c o nte xt c a n the p la nne d a nd / o r b uilt re sults b e p ut?

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twe e n the Austro -Hung a ria n mo na rc hy, sinc e 1918 the re p ub lic o f Austria ,
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The Austria n mo na rc hy hire d the G e rma n-b o rn Jo ha nn G e o rg vo n Ha hn
(1811-69), is g e ne ra lly c o nsid e re d a s the fo und e r o f Alb a nia n Stud ie s1, in
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Austria a t tha t time he ld thre e c o nsula te s in Alb a nia : o ne in Ja nina (to -
d a y Io a nnina , G re e c e ), o ne in Shko d ë r (a t tha t time Sc uta ri) a nd o ne in
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FRQVXOIRUWKH$XVWULDQPRQDUFK\2QKLVODVWH[SORUDWLRQWULSLQWKH\HDU
1863 thro ug h the Va lle y o f the Bla c k Drin to Dib ra a nd furthe r via Ve le s
a nd the Va rd a r rive r to Sa lo nic a (no wa d a ys Sa lo niki, G re e c e ), the Vie n-
ne se c he mist a nd p ho to g ra p he r Jo se f Szé ke ly (1838-1901) a c c o mp a nie d
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,Q  WKH $XVWULDQ PRQDUFK\ UHGHÀQHG LWVHOI DV $XVWUR+XQJDULDQ RU
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fro m 1875-1878 a ske d Austro -Hung a ry to a d ministe r the still O tto ma n p ro v-
inc e o f the Bo snia a nd He rze g o vina , e sp e c ia lly the Hung a ria n g o ve rno r
o f tha t p ro vinc e fro m 1882 until 1903, Be nja min vo n Ká lla y (1839-1903),
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20
His mo tto , “ a d ministra tio n is o ur o nly p o litic s” 2, mig ht still ha ve se rve d a s
a ro le mo d e l fo r the so -c a lle d Austria n time -p e rio d in the fre shly c re a te d
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The te c hnic a l p la n d ra wing s o f the c urre nt p ub lic a tio n se e m to mirro r
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sta ff mig ht ha ve mo ve d into the ne w sta te o f Alb a nia a fte r the to ta l c o l-
la p se o f the Austro -Hung a ria n mo na rc hy in 1918, whic h wip e d o ut its a d -
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To tra c e the m, it will b e ne c e ssa ry to c o mp a re the Austro -Hung a ria n te c h-
nic ia ns fro m Bo snia a nd the He rze g o vina with the sig na ture -na me s fro m
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The a d ministra tive ha nd b o o ks o f the mo na rc hy ( Ha us-, Ho f- und Sta a t-
sha ndb üc he r  FDUHIXOO\ OLVWHG WKH VWDII WKDW VHUYHG LQ +DEVEXUJ%RVQLD
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imp le me nte d in 1913 o r 19143
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FDSLWDO RI $OEDQLD +LV DFDGHPLF WLWOH ´Dip lo m-Ing e nie ur” ind ic a te s tha t
he is a suc c e ssful a lumnus o f o ne o f the Te c hnic a l Unive rsitie s o f Austria
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fro m the sa me fa mily?

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Art-No uve a u, Na tio na l-Ro ma ntic ( +HLPDWVWLO a nd Mo d e rn Mo ve me nt e x-
DPSOHV (VSHFLDOO\ KLV DUFKLWHFWXUDO GHVLJQV IRU WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLYH EXLOG-
LQJV IRU $KPHG =RJX   VLQFH 6HSWHPEHU st o f 1928 “ King o f
the Alb a nia ns” 4UHÁHFWDVWURQJLQÁXHQFHRI-RVHI+RIIPDQQ  
c o -fo und e r o f the Vie nne se Se c e ssio n in 1897 a nd fo und e r o f the Austri-
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p ro fe sso r a t the no wa d a ys Unive rsity fo r Ap p lie d Arts in Vie nna (fo rme r
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His invo lve m e nt in p ure te c hnic a l infra struc ture p ro je c ts like the
b rid g e s a c ro ss the rive r Ma t in 1929-30 o r the b rid g e in Ba lld re n
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furniture b uild ing , w hic h w a s the m a in inte re st o f Jo se f Ho ffm a nn
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WLRQ DV JRYHUQPHQW·V DUFKLWHFW “ Re g ie rung sb a ume iste r”  ,V KH
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a d m inistra tive p o sitio n? Q ue stio ns o ve r q ue stio ns … To ta lly d iffe r-
e nt is the c a se o f the va rio us b rid g e s d o c um e nte d in the AQ TN
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a ll a re b e a ring inste a d Austria n so und ing na m e s like Le hm a n,
:HLVV+DVVO%DXNDQG6NUREDQHN

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The p la n fo r the o ld e st o f a ll surviving p ro je c ts, fo r the b rid g e
a c ro ss the rive r Buna (Bo ja na ) in Shko d ë r, is d a te d into the ye a r
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LQJ FRPSDQLHV RI $XVWUR+XQJDU\ :DDJHU%LUR VWLOO VHDWHG LQ
*UD] ,V WKLV SODQ V\PEROLFDOO\ WKH ÀUVW KLQW WKDW $XVWUR+XQJDU\
p hysic a lly c ro sse d into Alb a nia n te rrito rie s b y b rid g ing the b o r-
d e r-rive r b e tw e e n Mo nte ne g ro a nd Alb a nia ? In 1911, Mo nte ne -
g ro w a s still the p o litic a l e ne m y o f Austro -Hung a ry a nd riva l in
c o nq ue ring the la nd o f the re g io n, a nd the o the r b a nk o f the riv-
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RIÀFLDODJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQ2WWRPDQ7XUNH\DQG$XVWUR+XQJD-
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The re is e vid e nc e tha t Ha b sb urg -Bo snia n a rc hite c ts a nd e ng i-
ne e rs a lre a d y b e fo re 1900 w e re invo lve d in b uild ing a c tivitie s o n
WKHWHUULWRULHVRIQRZDGD\V$OEDQLD,Q.DUO3DĢLN 
1942), a Bo he m ia n-Austria n a rc hite c t a nd p up il o f The o p hil Ha n-
se n in Vie nna , w ho d e sig ne d a nd sup e rvise d a n e no rm o usly sig -
QLÀFDQW QXPEHU RI EXLOGLQJV LQ %RVQLD DQG WKH +HU]HJRYLQD IRU
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m issio n re p a ire d a nd e nla rg e d 1856 b uilt c a the d ra l a t Shko d ë r5
The o d o r Anto n Ma x Ip p e n (1861-1935) re p o rts a b o ut this m issio n
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o lo g ist a nd Austro -Hung a ria n d ip lo m a t in still O tto m a n a d m inis-
WHUHG6KNRGsU He a d vise d the a m b a ssa d o r o f Austria -Hun-
JDU\GXULQJWKH/RQGRQ&RQIHUHQFHRI

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23
 In 1912, Ip p e n p re p a re d a n e thno g ra p hic m a p o f the Alb a -
nia n-p o p ula te d a re a s o f the O tto m a n Em p ire , w hic h w a s sub -
m itte d b y the Austro -Hung a ria n a m b a ssa d o r d uring the Lo nd o n
&RQIHUHQFHDVDEDVLVIRUWKHERUGHUQHJRWLDWLRQV$IWHUWKH/RQ-
d o n tre a ty ha d b e e n sig ne d , the a m b a ssa d o rs o f six G re a t Po w -
e rs d e c id e d , in July 1913, to c o nstitute a ne w sta te , Alb a nia , a s a
he re d ita ry p rinc ip a lity6+HUHZHGRDJDLQJHWDJOLPSVHLQWRWKH
stro ng re la tio ns b e tw e e n Austro -Hung a ry a nd Alb a nia , w hic h
m ig ht ha ve initia te d the p ro je c ts, d o c um e nte d b y the te c hnic a l
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o n “ 7LUDQD3ODQHQ%DXHQ/HEHQµWKH;;,,WKDUFKLWHFWXUDOH[KL-
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$GGLWLRQDOO\ LW SXW P\ DWWHQWLRQ RQ WKH SUREDEO\ ÀUVW $XVWULDQ
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zie rska sino RIWKH$XVWUR+XQJDULDQ*DUULVRQ2WKHUVRXUFHVGDWH
the b uild ing , to d a y the Pup p e t The a te r o n Ska nd e rb e g Sq ua re ,
a lre a d y into 19137 :KLFK GDWH LV FRUUHFW" 1HYHUWKHOHVV 6WLOOHU
GUHZP\DWWHQWLRQRQ)ULHGULFK:DOOLVFK  DQRWKHU$XV-
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WKH ÀUVW WLPH LQ   +LV  SXEOLFDWLRQ ´Ne ula nd Alb a nie n”
ho ld s histo ric p ho to g ra p hy ta ke n o n a c a r-trip thro ug h Alb a nia in
1930-31, w hic h d o a lre a d y d o c um e nt so m e o f the infra struc ture

6
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24
b uild ing s, w hic h the c urre nt se t o f te c hnic a l d ra w ing s fro m AQ TN
GRUHYHDO,VWKLVQRWDOUHDG\DVPDOOEXWLPSUHVVLYHJOLPSVHLQWR
so m e o f the fra g m e nts, w hic h ha ve to b e p uzzle d to g e the r fo r
a m o re e nc o m p a ssing p ic ture d uring the up c o m ing c o lla b o ra -
tio n b e tw e e n the Te c hnic a l Unive rsitie s o f Vie nna a nd Tira na ? :H
DOODUHORRNLQJIRUZDUGDOUHDG\RQWKHSURMHFW:HOLNHWRWKDQNP\FRO-
le a g ue s, Flo ria n Ne p ra vishta , fo r the re stle ss initia tive , a nd G je rg j Tho ma i,
who ha d the sp le nd id id e a to d ig ita lize s a ll the te c hnic a l d ra wing s o f the
AQ TN a rc hive to ma ke the m p ub lic ly a va ila b le a nd in a d d itio n to tha t
HQKDQFHWKHUHVHDUFKLQWKHÀHOGVRIKLVWRU\DQGWKHRU\RIDUFKLWHFWXUH

25
 9LHZRI5R\DO9LOOD 6RXUFHZZZRERUULPEUHWHURUVKTLSWDUDO

26
Intro d uc tio n

This pub lic a tio n c o me s a s a stud y in the fra me wo rk o f se rie s o f b o o ks o n the

LPSDFWRIGLIIHUHQWGHVLJQFXOWXUHVLQ$OEDQLDKLJKOLJKWLQJWKHLQÁXHQFHRIWKH
Austro -Hung a ria n Empire o n the d e ve lo pme nt o f the c o untry in the e a rly 20th
FHQWXU\7KHZRUNZDVFDUULHGRXWXQGHUDFRRSHUDWLRQSURMHFWEHWZHHQWKH
Fa c ulty o f Arc hite c ture a nd Urb a nism (FAU) o f the Po lyte c hnic Unive rsity o f
7LUDQD 387 DQGWKH$UNLYL4HQGURU7HNQLNL1GsUWLPLW $471 

7KLVUHVHDUFKSXWVOLJKWRQWKHLQÁXHQFHRI$XVWULD+XQJDU\LQWKHSHULRGDIWHU
the ind e pe nd e nc e o f Alb a nia in the ye a rs 1916-1935, b e fo re the stro ng Ita lia n
LQÁXHQFHLQ$OEDQLDQVRFLHW\QRWRQO\WRUHFRUGWKHWHFKQLFDOSURMHFWVUHDOL]HG
a t tha t time b ut a lso to pre se nt the c o ntrib utio n g ive n d uring the pe rio d o f
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pla nning , a rc hite c ture a nd a rtwo rks in infra struc ture , b a se d o n the d o c ume nts
pro vid e d b y the AQTN fund a nd fro m the re se a rc h o f va rio us pub lic a tio ns tha t
KDQGOHWKLVSHULRG

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PDLQO\RQWKHGRFXPHQWDWLRQWKDWKDVEHHQDUFKLYHGLQ$471

27
 7KHÀUVWFKDSWHURIWKHERRNGHDOVZLWKXUEDQSODQQLQJVWDUWLQJZLWKDEULHI
KLVWRU\RI7LUDQD·VGHYHORSPHQWXQGHUWKH2WWRPDQLQÁXHQFHDQGWKHÀUVW
GHVLJQRILWVSODQLQQRWDVDUHJXODWRU\SODQEXWDVWKHÀUVWVXUYH\
SODQWKDWZDVLQVXSSRUWRIPLOLWDU\IRUFHV,QRUGHUWRSURFHHGIXUWKHUZLWK
the 1923 re g ula to ry p la n o f :ROIJDQJ .|KOHU WKH VWXG\ RI WKH FHQWHU RI
 E\ )UDVKsUL &DVWHOODQL DQG :HLVV UHJXODWRU\ SODQV RI .|KOHU IRU WKH
Ministe ria l C o mp le x a nd Ne w Tira na ne ig hb o rho o d in 1928, the re g ula to ry
p la n o f Tira na in 1929, a s we ll a s his c o ntrib utio n to the re g ula to ry p la n o f
7LUDQDRIZLWKFRDXWKRUV(VKHUHI)UDVKsULDQG)ORUHVWDQR'L)DXVWR
In the se c o nd c ha p te r a re p re se nte d ho using p ro to typ e s d e sig ne d ma inly
E\ :ROIJDQJ .|KOHU DV UHVLGHQWLDO PRGXOHV ORFDWHG LQ WKH DUHD RI 1HZ
7LUDQDZKHUHWRGD\VRPHRIWKHPUHVXOWVWREHEXLOWQHDUWKHULYHU/DQD
The third c ha p te r is a b o ut the wo rk a nd c o ntrib utio n o f Austria n a rc hite c ts
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The inte rve ntio ns a re re la te d to so me o f the so c ia l fa c ilitie s lo c a te d in the
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WKH ÀUVW DSSHDUDQFH RI WKLV LQÁXHQFH FRPHV ZLWK WKH UHJXODWRU\ SODQ RI
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so uthwe ste rn p a rt o f the c ity, a re so me o f the wo rks o f the re g ula to ry p la n,
suc h a s the p ro je c t fo r the Alb a nia n Pa rlia me nt b uild ing , the p ro je c t fo r
re c o nstruc tio n a nd a d d itio ns to the Villa o f Princ e ss Sa nije , in c o lla b o ra tio n
ZLWK,WDOLDQDUFKLWHFWVHWF
7KHLQÁXHQFHRI$XVWULDQDUFKLWHFWVDQGHQJLQHHUVZDVQRWZHOOH[SUHVVHGLQ
a rc hite c ture b ut re ma ine d a n a id to the ne wly fo rme d Alb a nia n sta te d ue to
YDULRXVSROLWLFDOHFRQRPLFVRFLRFXOWXUDORUUHOLJLRXVIDFWRUV,QDUFKLWHFWXUH
WKHLQÁXHQFHRIWKHQHRFODVVLFDOVW\OHRQWKHSURMHFWVRIWKH$XVWUR+XQJDULDQ
a rc hite c ts in d e c o ra tio n a nd func tio na lity wa s no t e vid e nt e xc e pt in the c a se
28
RIWKHSURSRVDOE\DUFKLWHFW.|KOHURIWKHWUDLQVWDWLRQLQ7LUDQD  
0DQ\SURSRVDOVUHPDLQHGLQVLPSOHSULPDU\IRUPV7KLVLVPRVWGLVWLQJXLVKHGLQ
the so c ia l b uild ing d e sig n tha t la c k the e mpha sis o n d e c o ra tio ns a s we ll a s
in the c o mpo sitio na l sc he me s whe re the ne e d fo r func tio na l spa c e s a nd no t
KLJKDUFKLWHFWXUDOTXDOLW\LVHYLGHQW
The fo urth c ha pte r o f the b o o k d e a ls with the d e sig n o f so me o f the
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XUEDQ DQG DUFKLWHFWXUDO SODQQLQJ .|KOHU DQG LQJ '9 :HLVV KDYH OHIW WKH
OHJDF\DQGSURMHFWVRIVRPHRIWKHDUWZRUNVRQURDGLQIUDVWUXFWXUH$QHVVHQWLDO
c o ntrib utio n to the d e sig n o f so me o f the mo st fa mo us b rid g e s o f Alb a nia ha s
JLYHQLQJ'9:HLVVLQJ6NUXEDQHNLQJ+HUEHUW5+DVVOLQJ/HKPDQQLQJ
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(AQTN) c o nsists ma inly o f pro je c t she e ts re a lize d a nd a rc hive d d uring this
SHULRGE\$XVWULDQDUFKLWHFWVDQGHQJLQHHUVZRUNLQJLQ$OEDQLD%LRJUDSK\RI
d e sig ne rs a lo ng with o the r wo rks d e rive d fro m the m re ma ins to b e e xplo re d in
WKH$XVWUR+XQJDULDQDUFKLYHV

29
 2. Ae rial vie w of Tirana’s Bazaar in the 1920’s, be fore inte rve ntions

32
TECHNICAL PLANS FOR TIRANA

During the 20th c e ntury, the c ity o f Tira na to o k the a ppe a ra nc e o f a c o mme rc ia l
FLW\EDVHGRQWKHÀQDQFLDOUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHDUHDSUHVHQWLQJWKHH[DPSOH
RIWKHWUDQVLWLRQIURPDVPDOOLQKDELWHGFHQWUHWRWKHJHQXLQHFLW\)RULWVXUEDQ
GHYHORSPHQWHVSHFLDOO\WKHZHDOWK\IDPLOLHVRIWKHFLW\KDYHFRQWULEXWHG

The c ity stre tc he d a ro und its c e ntre whe re the b a za a r wa s b uilt a nd the two
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FLW\ZLWKUHVLGHQWLDOTXDUWHUV7LUDQD·VXUEDQVWUXFWXUHZDVODUJHO\DSURGXFWRI
IHXGDORUGHUHFRQRPLFEDFNZDUGQHVVDQGDSSHDUHGLUUHJXODU,WLQFOXGHG
WZRDUHDVWKHKRXVLQJDQGWKHHFRQRPLFRQH

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DQGIHQFHGZLWKORZZDOOV7KHFRPPHUFLDODFWLYLWLHVZHUHVLWXDWHGDWWKHROG
ED]DDUORFDWHGLQWKHFHQWUDOSDUWRIWKHFLW\$FFRUGLQJWR'HJUDQG8, the o ld
ED]DDUZDVUHEXLOWLQ,WZDVPDGHXSRIJDOOHULHVDQGZRRGHQVKHOWHUV
Bo th o f the se a re a s c ro ss b e twe e n the m with d iffe re nt ro ute s, suc h a s c ha rio ts,
FDUDYDQVDQGSHGHVWULDQVZKLFKODWHUWXUQHGLQWRYHKLFOHV%\WKHth c e ntury,
Tira na wa s fo rme d a nd d e ve lo pe d witho ut a ny urb a n pla n, b o th fo rma l
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IHDWXUHVZKHUHWKHFLW\FRQVLVWHGRIED]DDUVFXOWREMHFWVDQGGZHOOLQJV
'HJUDQG$  6RXYHQLUVGHOD+DXWH$OEDQLH3DULV
8

33
 The inhe rite d struc ture o f urb a n fa b ric ha d Otto ma n-Orie nta l fe a ture s whe re
WKHFLW\FRQVLVWHGRIED]DDUVFXOWREMHFWVDQGGZHOOLQJV7KHED]DDUZDVWKH
so c ia l a nd e c o no mic c e ntre o f the c ity, whe re a ll se rvic e s we re o rg a nize d
WKHUH7KHÀUVWSODQQHGLQWHUYHQWLRQLQWKHFLW\ZDVPDGHLQE\(VDG3DVKD
To pta ni9 7KH SURMHFW RSHQHG DQG PRGHUQL]HG WKH ED]DDU H[SDQGLQJ WKH
VWUHHWVDQGUHRUJDQL]LQJVKRSVZLWKDSHULVW\OHHQVHPEOH7KH7RSWDQ·VSODQ
ZDVDPELWLRXVIRU(DVWHUQ7LUDQD$IWHUHLJKW\HDUVIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHWKHVXUYH\
SODQRI7LUDQDZDVGUDIWHGE\WKH+XQJDULDQ*HRJUDSKLF,QVWLWXWH =HQWUXP
0LOLWlULVFKHQ3UlVHQ] RIWKH$XVWUR+XQJDULDQ(PSLUH,QDQGWKH
DUFKLWHFWVGRFXPHQWHGWKHÀUVWPDSVWKDWZRXOGWKURZWKHIRXQGDWLRQVWRQH
RI WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ H[SHFWHG WR WDNH SODFH LQ 7LUDQD 'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG
within fo ur ye a rs, e ng ine e rs a nd spe c ia lists fro m the Austro -Hung a ria n Empire
d e sig ne d a nd b uilt mo re tha n 900 km o f ro a d s107KH\FUHDWHGLQVWLWXWLRQVWKDW
IRUWKHÀUVWWLPHLQ$OEDQLDIRUPHGDOHJDOIUDPHZRUNIRUFRQVWUXFWLRQ,Q
WKH ÀUVW EXLOGLQJ GHVLJQHG E\ $XVWUR+XQJDULDQ HQJLQHHUV DQG VSHFLDOLVWV LQ
Tira na 11 )RUPHU+RXVHRI2IÀFLDOVZKLFKUHWXUQHGWRWKH3DUOLDPHQWRI$OEDQLD
LQ   ZRXOG GHÀQH WKH FHQWHU RI 7LUDQD ODWHU FDOOHG 6NDQGHUEHJ
6TXDUH

In 1920 Tira na wa s d e c la re d the c a pita l o f Alb a nia a nd the ne c e ssa ry

infra struc ture fo r this func tio n suc h a s g o ve rnme nt b uild ing s, ministrie s, c o urts
GLG QRW H[LVW DQG HYHQ WKH FHPHWHU\ ZDV VWLOO LQ WKH KHDUW RI WKH FLW\ 7KH
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SRSXODWLRQJUHZE\WRQRUWKZHVWDQGVRXWKZHVW

9
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10
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11
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34
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35
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36
37
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he nc e is kno wn a s the Austria n Pla n12 7KH SULPDU\ SXUSRVH RI WKH SODQ
wa s to c o nne c t the me d ie va l ro a d ne two rk o f the O rie nta l C ity with a
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This hyp o the tic a l syste m wo uld b e d e sc rib e d b y a no the r ra d ia l syste m
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6WUHHW'XUUsV6WUHHWDQG5R\DO6WUHHW7KLVPRPHQWPDUNVWKHELUWKRIWKH
FDSLWDORI$OEDQLD

Afte r the June 1924 Re vo lutio n, to e nsure a p e a c e ful p o litic a l situa tio n, the
c o nstruc tio n o f the g o ve rnme nt c o rp s wa s se e n a s a so lutio n tha t wo uld
VHW XS WKH 6NDQGHUEHJ 6TXDUH ,Q  WKH ,WDOLDQ DUFKLWHFW $UPDQGR
%UDVVLQLZRXOGEHFKDUJHGZLWKWKLVGHVLJQDVVLJQPHQW7KRXJKWKHFKRLFH
o f Bra ssini fo r Tira na wa s mo re p o litic a l tha n stra te g ic , his ta sk wa s to p la n
D QHZ (XURSHDQ FLW\ 7KH SURSRVDO RI %UDVVLQL ZHQW EH\RQG WKDW RI WKH
$XVWULDQ3ODQRIH[WHQGLQJ7LUDQDDQGGHÀQLQJWKHIRUPDWLRQOLQHRI
the c ity, the no rth-so uth a xis13,QWKHFHQWHU6NDQGHUEHJ6TXDUHLWZRXOG
c o nta in the g o ve rnme nt c o rp s with the ministrie s a nd so uth o f the a xis, the
3UHVLGHQWLDO3DODFH WRGD\0RWKHU7HUHVD6TXDUH 

7KHVWXG\RIWKHFHQWHUSURSRVHGE\)UDVKsUL&DVWHOODQLDQG:HLVVVWULFWO\
DGKHUHVWR%UDVVLQL·VLGHDRIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFRPSOH[RI7LUDQD·VFHQWHU
with the b uild ing s o f the ministrie s (whe re the fo o tp rint o f thre e o f the m
a re a c c ura te ) to g e the r with the sp o ts o f the munic ip a lity, muse um a nd a
QLQWKEXLOGLQJLQWKHQRUWKHDVWHUQSDUWRIWKHVTXDUHDGGHGE\KLP

12
$OLDM%/XOR.0\IWLX*  7LUDQDVÀGDH]KYLOOLPLWXUEDQ&R3ODQ 6('$7LUDQH
'KDPR67KRPDL*M$OLDM%  7LUDQD4\WHWLL0XQJXDU7LUDQs32/,6B35(66

6WXG\RI7LUDQDFHQWHU)UDVKsUL&DVWHOODQL
We iss, 1928.
The a utho rs in this p la n p ro p o se the imp ro ve me nt o f the ro a d syste m tha t
OHDGVWRWKHFLW\FHQWHUE\FUHDWLQJODUJHGHYHORSPHQWSORWV

This p la n is p ro p o se d to b e situa te d o n the Sule jma n Pa sha Sq ua re (whic h

ZDVSDUWO\DFHPHWHU\ DQGDFLUFXODUVTXDUHWKDWFRLQFLGHVZLWKWRGD\·V
Avni Ruste mi Sq ua re fro m whic h so me ra d ia l ro ute s14HPHUJHG

14
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40
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41
 8. Drawing o f the Tirana Bo ule vard, Kö hle r,1928

42
43
 ,Q WKH  5HJXODWRU\ 3ODQ RI 7LUDQD SURSRVHG E\ .|KOHU DQG )UDVKsUL
we re inc lud e d the id e a s o f Bra sini fo r Ska nd e rb e g Sq ua re a nd the No rth-
So uth a xis o f the b o ule va rd , whe re the o b je c ts o f a n a d ministra tive
c ha ra c te r a re p la c e d , a nd the p a rt fro m the b a za a r to the hills in the
VRXWKRI7KH5R\DO3DODFHLVLPSURYHG7KHVHLGHDVGHHSHQLQWKH
UHJXODWRU\SODQZLWKWKHDXWKRUV)UDVKHUL'L)DXVWRDQG.|KOHU
The third re g ula to ry p la n o f Tira na is tha t o f 1928, wo rke d b y Eshe re f
Fra shë UL:ROIJDQJ.|KOHUDQG)ORUHVWDQR'L)DXVWR,WLVWKHÀUVWJHQXLQH
SODQRI7LUDQD7KLVSODQFOHDUO\VKRZVWKHTXDGUDWLFV\VWHPRIWKHURDG·V
ne two rk in the a re a o f Ne w Tira na , whe re p re sid e ntia l villa s c re a te the
QXFOHL1H[WWRWKH%RXOHYDUGD[LVWKHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDLVGHYHORSHGWKH
a re a o f Ne w Tira na , whic h fo llo ws the lo ng itud ina l d e ve lo p me nt o f the
%RXOHYDUGEXWZLWKDFKDQJHLQWKHWH[WXUHV7KLVFKDQJHLVQRWLFHGE\WKH
SURSRVHGSDUNDORQJZLWKWKHERXOHYDUG·VORQJSDUNV7KHFRPSRVLWLRQLV
c re a te d b y a ra d ia l sc he me , whe re the uniq ue va lue villa s a re situa te d
in the p e rime te r o f the c irc le while b e ing c o nto ure d b y the p a rk, whic h
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ne two rk, whe re it is p ro p o se d tha t e a c h nuc le us will b e c o mp o se d o f
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a xis o f the Bo ule va rd is c o nto ure d with Ska nd e rb e g Sq ua re in the no rthe rn
p a rt, whe re the a d ministra tive b uild ing s a re p la c e d , a nd the sho p p ing
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d e sig n o f the re g ula to ry p la n o f Tira na c o ntrib ute d va rio us e ng ine e rs suc h
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44
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45
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Bo ule va rd a xis stre tc he s a nd sta rts no lo ng e r fro m the b a za a r b ut fro m the
ne xt sta d ium o f the c ity, whic h c o inc id e s with the fo rme r tra in sta tio n, to the
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we re sub je c te d to a c o mple te re c o nstruc tio n o f c o nte mpo ra ry a rc hite c ture ,
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The pla n e mpha size s the c e ntra l a xis o f the b o ule va rd fro m the Ska nd e rb e g
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In the pla n, it is pro po se d the re ha b ilita tio n o f the La na rive rb e d whic h wa s

a c c o mpa nie d b y the pa ra lle l ro a d s tha t fo llo w the d ire c tio n o f the rive r
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pe rpe nd ic ula r d ire c tio n to the c o urse o f La na Rive r, a se rie s o f e xte nsive
ro a d s syste m c o nne c ts the Durrë s Stre e t a nd Ka va ja Stre e t with the pro po se d
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the no rth a nd no rth-e a ste rn pa rt, a q ua d ra tic ne two rk is pro po se d , whic h in
JHQHUDOGRHVQRWFRQVLGHUWKHH[LVWLQJXUEDQSDWHUQLW\RIWKHFLW\$WLWVQRUWKHUQ
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o f Tira na wa s ma d e b a se d o n the O rd e r o f the Ro ya l C o urt, 5HJXODWRU\3ODQRI7LUDQD.|KOHU

46
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48
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so uth a xis o f the ma in b o ule va rd , the a xe s o f the c ro ssro a d s a nd
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using the a ssume d p o lyg o n is a me tho d whic h d o e s no t ta ke into
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 1930 The Princesses’ Villa
Wolfgang K|hler

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 7KH SURMHFW FRQVLVWV RI EXLOGLQJ WKH UR\DO YLOOD GHGLFDWHG WR .LQJ =RJ st
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sub se q ue nt e xp a nsio n is e sta b lishe d utilizing a c o urtya rd und e r a c o lo nna d e
ZLWKDIRXQWDLQDVDFRPSRVLWLRQDOFHQWUH7KHODUJHFRXUW\DUGVXUURXQGLQJWKH
villa is p ro p o se d with va rio us fo rms o f g re e n sp a c e s, with a lle ys c o ve re d with a
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69
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70
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Five ste p s o f sta irs le a d to the ma in e ntra nc e lo c a te d o n the p e rp e nd ic ula r
vo lume o f the ma in fa c a d e o f the villa fro m whe re it c ro sse s a ha llwa y to e xit
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the smo king ro o m, while o n the rig ht sid e is the d ining ro o m, whic h ha s a c c e ss
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o f 160 m 2 2Q WKH ÀUVW ÁRRU WKH VWDLUFDVH OHDGV WR WKH KDOOZD\ 2Q ERWK VLGHV
the re a re the b e d ro o ms, whic h a re c o nne c te d to the wa rd ro b e a nd the sing le
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47. Drawing o f the ro yal villa, 1929, Kö hle r.

71
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72
50. Main fa ç ade .

51. Side fa ç ade .

73
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74
 In the se c o nd p ha se , in the p ro je c t o f Se p te mb e r 1929, a no the r vo lume wa s
a d d e d to the villa , tha t c o rre sp o nd s to the se rvic e a re a with d ime nsio ns 13 m
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The third p ha se c o nsists o f c ha ng ing the lo c a tio n o f se rvic e s fro m the so uthe rn
WRWKHHDVWHUQVLGHRIWKHYLOOD7KHFRPSRVLWLRQDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQRIWKHURRPVLV
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54. Main fa ç ade .

75
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0DLQIDç ade .

76
77
1929 Re c o nstruc tio n o f the Fra nc isc a n Churc h
:ROIJDQJ.|KOHU

Köhler designed the Franciscan Church in the city of Lezha in 1929. The entrance
displaced on the left corner dictates the access path to the building. The chapel,
which stands independent of the rest of the building, is to the left of it, while on the right
side is the church space (prayer), the entrance of which is located in the narrowest
part of its plan. Complementary function areas along with the church are organized
around the inner courtyard according to a central scheme. At the end of the church’s
plan is an entrance that leads to a hallway, which connects the spaces where parish
offices, dining room, the kitchen and the choir room are located. Next to the choir room
is the stair, which leads to the upper level. In front of the church are positioned the
stables and the house of servants. The stone masonry, which is easily detected by the
thickness in the plan and by highlighting the stone material, makes us realize that the
construction scheme used is with stone retaining walls.

The second floor of the building consists of part of the extended church and other
facilities with a gable roof, as well as the high volume of the bell tower with decorative
cover with an opening in height from where the bell is seen.

The main faç ade of the church and choir rooms are evidenced by rhythmic windows
raised in height from the ground level. The right faç ade shows the change in altitude
and material of the church’s building and services. The volume of it is characterized
by rich architectural language with faç ade decoration, where we can distinguish the
frame at the top and the two types of windows on the ground floor that end with an
arch. Also, due to the slope, the scaled basement is evidenced. In the left faç ade,
distinguishable is the stone material, thus emphasizing once again the difference
between services and church space. The chapel consisting of a two-sided roof with
a circular opening in it and a wooden door decorated with chapiters and iron-clad
elements, elegantly concludes the formal aspect of the building.

111
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111. Main faç ade .

112
 1930 Brid g e o ve r the Ma ti Rive r
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Ma ti Brid g e a t twe nty-six kilo me tre s a b o ve the Ma t Rive r a p p e a rs to b e

VLPSOH ,W UHOLHV RQ D FHQWUDO FROXPQ RI WKH ODWHUDO EDVHV DQG KDV WZR
OLJKWVSDFHV,WLVPORQJZLWKPYHKLFOHFURVVLQJZLGWKDQGP
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PDERYHWKHZDWHUOHYHO7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQLVPDGHRIUHLQIRUFHG
c o nc re te a nd in te rms o f a rc hite c tura l la ng ua g e the b rid g e thro ug h
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The b rid g e s c o rre sp o nd ing to kilo me tre s 44, 56, 76, 59, 61, 71, 77, lo c a te d o n
the Ma t Rive r, a re tre a te d e q ua lly in b o th e ng ine e ring a nd a rc hite c tura l
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sp a c e , whe re the a rc ra d ius a nd he ig ht o f the b rid g e a b o ve the wa te r
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RQRQHVLGHRIWKHEULGJHXSWRPZLGH7KHLUPDLQDUFKLWHFWXUDODQG
c o nstruc tive e le me nt is the a rc h whic h is a lso the ir ma in d isting uisha b le
HOHPHQW

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187
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188
195. Se c tio n o f the bridg e in the 59 kilo me te r

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189
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