CAD-CAM Trong Thiet Ke Va Che Tao

~ 3 I A O TRINH
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50 GIAO Due VA BAO TAO HA NOI
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TSKT. LUll QUANG HUY
GIAoTRiNH
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CO SO CAD/CAM
TRONG THIET KE vA CHE TAO
(PHAN 1)
(Dung trong cac tnti'mg THeN)
NHA XUAT BAN HA N<!I - 2005
Liri gil'li
N
ude ta dang buclc vdo thiti leY cong nghip hoa, hin
dgi hoa nhdm dU'a Vit Nam tro thdnh nuae cong
nghip viin minh, hin d(li.
Trang slf nghip each mgng to Ian d6, cong uk diw lflo
nhdn ll/c lu6n gifi va; lro quan trQng. Bao cao Chinh trt cua
Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang Ddng Cng san Vit Nam tt;li
Dgi hQi Dang toan quo'c 16n thu IX dfi chi r6: "Phat triiin
giao dlJC va daD t<:,-o Iil mt trong nhung dng h;rc quan tr9ng
thue dAy sv nghip cong nghip hoa, hin dfli hoa, 1a dieu
kin phat ngu6n life can nguCri. - yeu t6 cO ban
phat trien xii hi, tang twong kinh te nhanh va ben vfrng".
Quan trit chit truong, Nghf quyet eua Dang va Nhil nuae
va nh{in thue dung ddn vi' td'm quan lr9ng cua chuang trinh,
giao trinh d(Ji vai vic nang cao cha't lut;tng dao tgo, thea de'
nghi cua Sa Giaa va DaD tao Ha N(ii, ngay 231912003,
Uy ban nhdn dan thanh pM' Ha N(ii dti ra Quyet dinh s6'
56201QD-UB cho phep Sa Gido va DaD tao th(1c hitn de'
an bien soC}n chuang trinh, giao trinh trong cdc truang Trung
h9c chuyen nghieP (THeN) Ha N(ii, Quyet dinh nay thi!' hien
S(1 quan tam sau sac cua Thanh uy, UBND thanh phd Trang
vic nang caD chd't lUQ11g dao tel-O va phdt triln ngu6'n nhdn
l(1c Thu d6,
rren cd sa chrtong trinh khung eua B Gido dl:lC va Dao
tgo ban hi'mh va nhitng kinh nghim rut ra til thc te'dew 190,
So-Ghio d{lC va Dda tgo dii chi deJo cae mtang THeN to' chile
bien sagn chuong trinh, giaa trinh mt each khoa hQc, h
3
,
4
thong va c(zp nh(zt nhilng kierl thuc thlfc tien phtt h(/p vCli d(li
tuqng hrc sinh THCN Ha N(Ji,
B9 gMo trlnh nay la tai liu giang dq.y va hgc UJp trong
cae truimg THeN aHa N(Ji, dong thin' Ia tai liu tham khdo
hilu feh eho cae truCrng co dao tq.o cac nganh kJ thuqt - nghi?p
v ~ va d6ng ddo bc;n dgc quan tam den van de' huong nghi?p,
dC;y nghe'. -
Vie to' chue bien soq.n bQ chu(Jng trinh, giao trinh nay
la mQt trong nhie'u hmp dQng thie't thlfc eua nganh giao d ~ e
va dao to Thli do de' ky nim "50 nam gidi phong Thli do ",
"50 nam thanh l(zp nganh" va huitng titi ky nim "1000 nam
Thiing Long - Ha Nili".
SiJGiao dlfC va Dao tq.o Ha N(Ji chan thanh cam 071 Thanh
uy, VBND, cae So', ban, nganh eua Thanh pho: V ~ l Giao dlfC
ehuyen nghip B(J Giao d/fc va Dao tc;o, eac nha khoa hqc, cac
ehuyen gia dau ngcmh, cac gidng vien, cac nha qudn ly, cae
nha doanh nghip dii tq.o die'u kin giup do, dong gop ykie'n,
tham gia H(Ji dong phdn bin, HQl do'ng thii'm d{nh va H(Ji
dong nghim thu cac chU071g trlnh, glaD trinh,
Day ld Ian ddu tien So Giao d/fc va Dao t(1o Ha Nili to'
ehuc bien soq.n chuang trinh, giao trlnh, Dil dri he't sUe cO'
gclng nhung ehac chan khong tranh khoi thi{u sot, btl! c(1p.
Chung toi mong nhqn duqc nhung y kien dong gop cua bq.n
dgc dt timg bu(Jc hoan thin b(J giao trinh trong cac Ian tal
ban sau.
GlAMD6e s6 GlAD Due vA DAD TAO
N
gay nay CfJng ngh thong tin dil dU(JC ung dl;!ng ri/t hiu qud frong
m9i lTnh vife, dge hit la trong cae llnh vlfe {(fO ra cua cai vt chat
chn xii h(!i, diC'n ht'nh nha't fa khu vlfe san xuat cong nghip vai Ttl't nhie'u
nganh do dng. Cong ngh thrJng tin da nhanh chong chuyin d6; die qua trinh
san xua! kilu tTuyt'n thong (v6'i SI! tham gia eua con nglla'i la chii yeu) sang
cae qua trinh san xuilt vai cong ngh cao (v6i slf trq giup vb cung hiU qua
eiia may lfnh). Nhil do cac giai dot(m thief kt va che' (<<0 dUt;fc lUng bUdC tLf
drng !loa [lIng phan ho(zc tl! d('mg hoa hoem loan, nhilcac ht! tho'ng CAD/CAM
(thief ke'va chi'tq.o vai s/f frq giup cuo may linh).
NuiJc ta dang trong qua trlnh cong nghip hoa viti to'c d ngay ding
nhanh hon frong nhiing nam tO'i ddy. Cae vifn nghien CUll va thiet ke: cae xi
nghip san xuat deu huang tui nghien cUu ung dl.mg cac h thong CAD/CAM
viti cac mue dQ khae nhau (mire d ti/i thilu Iii thiet klditng CAD), nham nang
eao hiU qua san xua't, tang khd nang cq,nh tranh eua doanh nghip len ra't
nhie'u. Trong xu the'tat yell do, vai tro eua [[nil Vl!C dao t(jO IiJ rat quan tr(lng,
nham giup eho nguO'i hge co khd nang nhanh chong dap ung ve' m(it cong vie
khi thlfc hin cac nhim vlj ky thu(Jt Clj the'.
Giao trinh nay duqc bien soq,n truoe het nham phljc vij. eho dao t<IO 0- h
THCN vi' ky thu(Jt, dong thiti phljc Vlj eho dao t<IO J b4c Cao ddng va Dt;li
h9C nganh SU pht;lm ky thu4t. Cac sinh vitn be dt;li h9c cae nganh ky thu(it
ciIng co till tham khao giao trinh nay khi h9C AutoCAD, vI phd'n nay nam
trong muc d9 kiln thuc quy dinh eua khung chuang trinh ve ve ky thu(it J cac
truO'ng nay.
Ciao trinh (Phiin 1) gom hai phan:
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+ Phtln A: Co sa CAD/CAM
+ Phdn B: Lam vic viii AutoCAD
Nf)i dung eua giao frlnh dUf!C lac gid bien sogn {ren co sa cae bai gidng
dung trong c6ng tac gidng dqy nhie'u niim tqi Truitng THBe - Kj thuqt tin h(J-c
Hii Noi (EST/H), t ~ i khoa Su p h ~ m kj thudt truang Dai h9c Su p h ~ m Hii Nai.
rae gid xin chan thanh cam an cac dong nghip ({Ii hai (ruang noi tTen dil
giup diJ rat nhie'u dll hoem thiinh giao trinh nay.
Ciao trinh duqc in ldn dau, nen ch&c chan con co nhieu sai sot hoijc din
phdi hoan thin han. M9i ykietld6ng gop xin dUQ'c gUi wt hai dia ehl eua hai
tnrO'ng noi (ren. Tae gid xin chan thanh cam an.
TAc mA
6
A - Chuang 1
,
COSO CAD/CAM
Ml,JC tieu
+ HiE!U dL1<;lc Sl,f khac nhau VEl trLlng ella cae qua trlnh thiet ke che t;;lo
truyen thong va qua trlnh thief ke che t<;lO vdi cong caD. Qua d6 thay dLt<;lC vai tro
quyet dinh ella 51,! tr<;1 giup ella may tfnh tron9 san xuat
+ HiE!u dL1<;1c val tro ella thong CAD/CAM trong chu trJnh san ph,rn. Trang chu
trinh d6, cae phan ffiem CAD d6ng val tro titn phong trong tl,! d909 haa thiet ke. Cae
phan mem CAD co trtJng chung qua CaG ma dun trong d6.
+ HiE!u dlf<;lC 1'1 thuyet Cd ban ve xay dl.,fng me hinh hinh hQc troog CAD. 86 la cd sa
quan tn;mg ella do ho.;. may tfnh, co the ve va thiet ke tren may tinh nho xay dl,fng
CaG rna hlnh khung day, me hlnh be va ma hinh kh6i
+ C6 khai t6ng quat ve thong CAM va moi quan CAD/CAM veti tv dng
hoa SEln xuat.
NQi dung tom tat
+ SV trl;! giup cua may tfnh trong qua trlnh thiet ke va che san pham.
+ CAD - Thiet ke vCli sLf trQ giup clla may tfnh.
+ Phfin cCfng CAD.
+ Xay dlfng ma hinh hlnh hQc trong CAD.
+ CAM - Moi quan M CAD/CAM va tl! dng hoa san xuat.
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I. SI,JTR<) GUlP CVA MAy TiNH TRONG QuA TRINH THIET KE
VACHE SAN PHAM
1. Qua trinh thiet kevil dE! ra s'," ph11m
Thi/l ke'
Thief ke'
--
Chllqo fhu
1-
h thling
f-.
Che'tqo
h
(che'thu) san XUGt (san xua!) san p am
(TKQTCN
SUa d6i thiet M'
A
p
kilO
Kie"m Ira
__I Lap 'ap 1-
Kie'm fra
va ;+-
chat lutIng
cluff IUr;ttlg
xuling cac chi tief
Nh{l
xuii!
Yludng
cua nhiz ....
thiet ke'
Nhuca'u ....
thi frtlrmg
Hlnh J.1: So do' qud trinh [hili hi' - che'tgo san phdm
2. Qua trinh thiet ke-che kiE!u truyen thong
Hall het ca.c cong vic co him do con ngmJi tr!!e tiep thl!c hin nhu:
- Thu cae thong tin ve san phAm.
- Ph<k cae yluang - Pharr tich, Iva chQn yWang hay.
- Thiel k tdng the, sau d6 thief k chi tiel cho san pham.
- Che thit (che thit).
+ Ch thir mau bang dan gian.
+ Ch thl'r mall bang vi}t thl!c.
Tren co sa mAu dii duqc che thu, phai tien vic pharr rich va dauh
gia mau, Hi co sa cho vic sua chua thiet k. Thit k da duQ'c sUa chua l<;ti
duQ'c dua vao qua trlnh che thu... Qua trinh nhu nham ch duqc san
phil hqp nha't d6i voi nhu cau nguoi sir sao phAm sau nay.
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- Che tao (san xuat)
tra chat lugng
- Lap ni.p
- Dong, goi
Dijc di(i'm:
- Hau het cae giai do<;tn deu do con nguai tfl!C tiep thl!c hin.
- Qua tdnh thiet ke - che thu keo dai, kho duqc phuong an thiet ke
toi uu.
- Qua tdnh che t<;to keo dai thOi gian, phai sir dl,mg thiet bi, nang
suat thap.
- D9 chfnh X,lc thiet ke va che t<;to thap, kh6 d<;tt dugc d chfnh xac cao.
- Dau tu ban dau kh6ng qua Ian. Chi phi cho baa duang va duy trl khOng cao.
3. Qua lrinh lhiel ke che vBi cong cao
Qua tdnh thiet k - ch t<;lo vai cong ngh cao thl!c chat la dung may tinh
de: trg giup con nguai trang hau het cac bu6'c (giai quan trQog cua qua
tdnh thiet ke - che t<;lo san pham.
Nhu a day xuat hin vai tro quan trQng cua SI! tn; giup cua may tinh
(Computer Aid - CA) trang thiet ke - che t<;lO.
Qua tdnh thiet ke - che t<;lO v6i c6ng ngh cao lien quan den cac Hnh vl!c
sau day:
CAD (Computer Aided Design): Thief kt co sf! trf! giup CUG may t[nh.
Ml,lc tieu cua Hoh vl!c CAD ht Tl! dng hoa tUng bu6c, tien Wi tlJ dQng
hoa cao trang thiet ke san pham.
CAE (Computer Aided Engineering): Ky thw,lt ma ht'nh hoa va tgo mau
Ilhanh (Rapid Prototyping - RP) trang thiet ke - che thit san phllm.
Ml,lc tieu eua nnh vve CAE Hl: TV dog hoa ehu tdnh thiet ke - che thu
san pham.
CAPP (hoac CAP) (Computer Aided Process Planning Computer
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Aided Planning): Kl }wgeh hoa san xudt e6 slf trq giup eua may tinh.
tieu cua finh vgc CAPP la: Tu di)ng hoa tung phAn cong tac qulin ly
sfm xuat tren may Hnh c6ng ty.
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing): Che'tgo (san xudr) eo sl! trq
giup ella may rinll.
Ml;lc tieu cua llnh vl!c CAM 180: Mo ph6ng qua tdnh eh tdnh ch
t<J.o san phfun tren cac may cong CI;l t1! dng CNC (Computer Numerical Control
- dieu s6 dung may tinh).
T6ng quAt han, c6 the dung khai niem v6 he thong CAD/CAM;
CAD/CAE/CAM; CAD/CAPP/CAM.
CAQ (Computer Aided Quality Control): Kiem Ira chat IUf/ng san phdm
co sf! trq giup ella may tinh.
Ml,lc tieu clla linh vl!c CAQ 180: Tl! dng hoa va nang cao d chinh xac
tra chat luqng san phAm.
CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing): Che'lo (san xuat) rich hr;tp
nhi! may rinh.
tieu cua linh vuc CIM lao Lien ket toan bi) CAD, CAM, CAPP vao
mqt qua trinh hoan duqc quan Iy, giam sat va dieu btmg may tinh.
CNC (Computer Numerical Control): Dieu khie"n so dung may tinh, d6
dieu tt! dng cac may trong thong san xuat.
II. CAD TRIET KE VOl SVTRO GIUP CVA MAy TfNH
1. CAD/CAM trong cong
Cong ngh
e
CAD/CAM trong cong nghieP hien nay duqc iIng ngay
cang qua tmng eae nganh thue eong nhy cG.ng nhu cae nganh
thuoc cong nghiep nang.
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Trong eong nghip Cong ngh CAD/CAM rlit hiu qua trong ngimh
da giay (sao xuat giay dep... ), ngzmh san xuat hang lieu dung thong
thuang (thuae danh rang, my pham... ), san xulit thue pham (bia, nu6e ngQt,
thue pham dong hp... ).
Trong e6ng nghip nang: C6ng ngh CAD/CAM dae bit quan trQng
trong che 1<;\0 co khf n6i chung, che t<:10 may dog h,rc, che t<;lo phuong tin giao
thong (xe may, 616, may bay...), che t'.10 khi clJ. din, ch t<.t0 may din (dog
co din, may bien ap... ), che t'.10 trang thiet bi tU...
Nhu du phat trien CAD/CAM la rat bue xuc trang cong b
nucre ta hin nay.
2. Chu Irlnh san phii'm va val Ira Ihong CAD/CAM
51! can thief ella khach hang va nhu CclU thi truang d6i voi san da.n
den nhu can thiet k san phArn.
Qua frinh thief ki"lu6n kem theo qua trinh tdng hap va phan tfeh de tai uu
hoa thiet ke. Cae qua trloh t60g hqp va philo tich co vai lro quan trQog nha
nhau. Hin nay thuang dung may tfnh M phan tfeh va tdng hap khi thiet ke.
Qua trinh chi'tflO 13. qua tdoh rat phuc t<:tP, g6m cong vic c6 tinh
ky rat r6 net nhu: quy ho<;tch qua tdnh c6ng thiet ke che t<;to cae
trang bi c6ng nghe, eung ling vat tu, laP trinh NC-CNC-DNC, ehe (san
xuat), kim trachat Im;mg, d6ng g6i.
Cung cap san phdm cho thi truong Hl qua trlnh trung hoi tfnh thuang
m<;ti rat r6 net.
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Th! twang
Nhu cilu thiet ke
LlJa chQn cae th6ng tin ke va nghien ClIu khi thi
Ytuang thiet ke
M6 hlnh hoa va rna phOng thiet ke
Thier ke chi tiet
PhAn rich va toi uu hOa thit k
[I Qua trinh thiet kel
II i '"" I
pham
Danh gici. thiet ke
y
Xily dJ!Ilg tai liu thiet k va thong tin thiet ke l
....
.'
.............,.
i
Thiet k qua trlnh c6ng ngM [
,
Thiet k ch t<:l-0 cac trang cang ngh
I
1 Qua trlnh che t<;l
I
Cung Ling v!.H tu
I
y
L'p trinh NC, CNC, DNC
M6 phOng gia c6ng - tra chuang trinh I trlnh CAM I
I
CM (san xuat) I
,
I
Kie:rn tra chat IUQ'llg I
I
Dong goi
I
1 kho - giao hang I
Hinh 1.2:
Sad6 chu
I
Thj twang
I
Irinh san
"
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Qua trinh Slr san nay sinh Sf! can thilt khae ella khaeh hang
va nhu eau mid eua thi tntang d6i vai san dan den nhu cau mai trong
thiet ke san phAm.
Va nhu da hlnh thanh mt ehu trinh san pha'm. Chu trlnh san
hin ct;! the hem trong sa do hlnh 1.2.
Sa do chu trinh san phAm cho thay vai tro cua h thong CAD/CAM la
quan trQng nhat, quyet dinh hiu qua eua qua trinh thiet ke va che san
phim.
Trang h thong CAD/CAM, qua trlnh CAD dong vai tro ca sa, tien de
ky cho qua trinh CAM tiep sau.
3. Mi?t so mem CAD vii CAD/CAM nay
a. Mt so' phan me'm dung elzo kien true, xdy df!ng, giao thong w,in tai
LARSA (hang Innovative Analisys Incorporated): Dung cho tinh toan
cac ket cau phang va khong gian.
o STRASAPMAXIM (hang General Product Incorporation): Dung cho tinh
toan cac ket cau xay d'!llg IOn va phuc (theo phuong phap phan tit hUU
SSCAD (hang Space Structure Internation Corporation - My): DiIng cho
tinh toan ket cau, toi l1U hoa thiet ke va tinh toan thi congo
o CHACVITE (hang Le monsieur Consultant - Phip): La phan mem rat
co den 100 chuang trlnh ve thiet ke, Hnh toan, ve; eo khi nang quet
tnlc tiep tit ban ve.
o AUSTIN (hang Automated Structural Design Integrated System - Nh"t):
Chuyen dung cho thiet ke tlnh toan nha cao tang.
SAP (Structural Analisys Programs - My): Dung cho tlnh toan thiet k
xay d'!llg (dung phuong phip ph:ln tit hUU
o BILD (Building Design System - Han qu6c): Dung cho tfnh toan thiet ke
xay dl;1ng, kien truc (ung dt;!ng cong ngh trt tu nhm
b. M(Jt so' phan me'm CAD dung eho co khi ehl tgo, san xud't c6ng nghip
AutoCAD (hang AutoDesk - My, la mt trang cac hang dan dau ve CAD,
ra di1i 1970): Dung cho thiet ke cO khi. xay kien truc, tif.
o UNIGRAPHICS (Duc): Rat manh trong thiet ke, tinh toan cO khi che
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SOLIDWORK: trong thit k, tfnh lOan cO khf eM (va xfiy
d\lng).
CIMATRON (NMt - Israel): Tfch hgp lien hoan CAD/CAM/CNC eho
co khi che
Master CAM (My): Tieh hgp lien hom CAD/CAM/CNC eho co khf eM
DENFORD (Anh): Giai phap CAD/CAM - CNC tron g6i.
4. Cae yeu eau eel bim do; va; mC}t phan mem CAD
Ml phArr mem CAD naa d6, muon dap ling duqc nhu d.ll thi truang din
d<;l-t dugc cae yeu d.ll co bim sau:
C6 the' chq,y duoi h die'u himh. lieu chua'n mgnh va de sit d1!ng: t<;10
dieu kin lqi cho t<;1o oharr vien, t':\O co 56 lqi hcm cho phat
trien phArr mem lrong nllae.
Co kiifu giao din nguoi dung tot: T':!o dieu kin lqi d6i v6i nguOi
mai su dl;log da co kinh nghirn d6i v6'i cae giao din quen thuQc khac.
Vi dt): H thong Menu gAo gai, quen thuQc, lqi cho nhieu d6i tugng
nguai dung. Dong thoi h thong khong Menu (dung cae nut bi6u tUQ'og) l<;1i rAt
lqi cho nhung nguoi su dt)og thuang xuyen. Hin da co phan mem CAD
cho phep nguoi sir dlJ-ng ra cac Menu rieng clla h9.
Ngon ngii dan gidn, ngii phap tlf nhien:
- Ngon ngO' dan gHm, ngu philp tl,l nhien se de: dao de h9C.
- Nguoi sir dlJ-ng de trung vao van de dang d.n giai quyet tren ma.y.
- Cho phep nguoi sir dlJ-ng lam l<;li cac co sai sot (undo)
Co tai liu huang ddn mt each khoa h9c, hqp Iy, de hilu
Co tinh linh hOt;lt: de dang d6i cac chue nang ve che
d ve.
tu ch d ve 2D sang ch d ve 3D nguQ'c
che d ve thee rno hlnh khung dAy sang ve thee mo hlnh be mo
hlnh khai ngllQ'c
Co tinh bin viing: Cac d6i tllQ'llg ve khong thay d6i mat di mt
cach de dang do cac yeu to khac.
Cb tinh dan gidn: De de sir dl;log cho nhieu d6i tugng: ky Sll (ca
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khi, xay dl!ng), kien truc SU, nhAn vien kg
C6 tinh kinh tif' Dam baa h<;l thap chi phi cua nguai dung cho vic mlia,
cai di\it, sir dl;lng...
5. Cae mo dun eua ph;;n mem CAD
co nhieu phan mem CAD khac nhau, rn6i phan mem co m<;lnh
va di\ic thli rieng. Nhung cac phan mem CAD deu co cAu truc chung va g6m
cac mo dun co ban sau:
1. M6 dun h die'u hanh (OS - Operating System):
M6 dun nay cung cap chlic nang:
- himh cae tp (file): delete. copy, rename .. ,
- Quan 19 d.c thu ml;lC (directory) khi dung b sO<;ln thao van ban (text
editor).
- trinh va tinh toan thong thuong.
Cae tp (File) do mo dun OS t<;lo ra co hai lo<;\i:
- Cae tp van ban (text file).
- Cae tep d6 hoa (graphic file).
2. M6 dun do h09 (Graphics)
Mo dun nay cung cAp cac chlic nang:
- Thl!c hin vic mo hlnh hoa hlnh hqe va xAy dVng hlnh hqc.
- Sua chua, bien d6i cac hlnh dii co.
- Xay dJ!11g co sa da liu ve hlnh hqc.
3. M6 dun Ung dng (Applications)
M6i phan mem deu co mo dun ling dl:mg nham duQ'c nhung tieu
ilng th:
Phan mem CAD diIng cho co khi va san xuat c6ng nghip co mo dun ling
dl;lng cung cap cac chilc nang sau:
- Tinh toan cac tinh hang cua san phfun.
- Phftn tfeh vie rap.
- Phftn tfeh cae dung sal ghep.
- M6 hlnh hoa va phftn tfeh tit hilu han.
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- Mo phong va pha.n tfeh qua trlnh gia cong.
- Ky hlnh anh dng.
4. M6 dun ltip trinh (Programming)
M6 dun nay cung cAp ngon ngii trlnh tieu ehu<ln va ngon ngii trlnh
phl,l thue h thong.
- Ng6n ngii trlnh tieu chuftn: Dung cho tinh toan va phan tfeh.
- Ngon ngu trlnh phl,l thue h thong: Dung cho cae ml,lc dieh do ho'.1
(vi du cae ng6n ngil VARPR02, DAL, GRIP.. ).
5. Mo dun truyen thong (Communications)
Mo dun nay cung cAp ehuc nang truyen thong va lien ket giua thong
CAD/CAM, cae thong may tinh khae voi cac h thong may cong Cl,l trong
thong san xuat.
Mo dun nay con chia se ca so dii liu CAD va cO sa du CAM giiia
cac ca sa san xuAt trong cong ty, t'.1onen qua cao trang san xuAt.
5. LC;Si ieh ella CAD
SU dl,lng CAD c6 nhieu Iqi feh, ditn hlnh la cac lqi feh sau day:
- Nang cao rat nhieu nang suAt ve va thiet ke.
- Rut ngan rat nhieu thai gian tii' khi dan hang den khi giao
san ph<1m.
- Cho phep phtln tfeh, .thiet ke mOt cach cl,l va qua han.
- Ghim nit nhieu sai s6t trong thiet ke.
- Cae tinh toan thiet ke d ehinh xac cao han.
- De dang tieu chuftn hoa trong cong tac thiet ke.
- Ban ve r6 rang, de dQC va de .
Nhanh chong ehuyen d6i cae thn thiet ke.
- Dem l'.1i nhieu lqi fch trong che t'.10 nhu: Thiet k do ga, dl;lllg clJ va
khu6n milu, Hip tclnh NC va CNC, guy tdnh e6ng Mng may tinh,
keho'.1ch tay may va nguai may, cong ngh nh6m va cong ditn hlnh.
III. PRAN CUNG CAD
1. Cae ki<lu thong CAD (ph;;n thea philn cling)
16
1.1. Ihong Iren cr1 so may !fnh Ion (Mainframe. Based)
He thong CAD nay (hlnh 1.3) xuat khi may tlnh Ian la dang duy nhilt
c6 mat tren thi tnrang (nhilng nam 60 the ky XX).
D{ic dil'm:
- Phil hgp v6i dieu can rich hqp d.c vuog cong tac v6i may tinh Ian
da co trang cong ty.
- Nguoi Slr dl,lng thuang bi giam nang h,rc trung vao cong vic eua hq.
- Nguai hlmh h thong CAD de anh huemg boi 51.! bien dng ngilu
nhien trang dong thong tin eua h thong.
- Neu so' luqng viIng cong lac qua nhieu thi anh huang bien dng ng<iu
nhien se caog Ian.
M6i truang ngUlJi dung
M6i tnremg Mthong

Vung cong tac
6
bang
tIT
Dia

thong
MAYTiNH
L6N
(Mainframe
computer)
Cl,lffi dieu
.. khi6n con tro

Cl;lffi van
van ban
C\lffi hien
d6 h9a ..
Cae thier
bi vi
khac
I May in
[ Mayve
Khu vl!c vi
Hinh 1.3: H thong tren co'samay tinh 1611
17
2.GTCS CAO-A
1.2. thong tren c<1 sa may tinh nhi> (Minicomputer - Based)
XuAt hin tu nhfrng fiam 70 the ky xx, khi may tinh nho xuAt hin nha
vic phat trien nhung rfch hqp co Ian LSI va nil 16n VLSI (Very Large
Scale Integrated).
D(ic die'm:
- Chi phi giam.
- Kha nang li;lp trioh tt! do (khong bj nhieu IO<;lo chung).
- Kich thuac nhb gQn.
Ciu hloh thong tren co so may tinh nho tUO'ng tv cau hinh h thong
tren cO so may tinh lan, nhung may tinh nho g90 han.
l.3. thong tren co sa may vi Hoh (Microcomputer - Based)
May vi tfoh xuat hin quang boi Apple Computer dii co tac dng ffi<;lnh
tai linh vl,fc CAD/CAM. 51! tien bi? vtrqt tri ella may vi tinh d. ohArr (PC) ella
hang IBM dii 1<.1.0 dieu phat tTien nhieu mem CAD chi;lY lren Pc.
Di!c die'm:
- D'.lt toe d cao, kfch thuac nho g9n, dQ chinh xac cao.
- Nhieu chuang trinh ling dl;mg duqc giii quyt tot tren h thong nay.
1.4. thong tren CO' so cong tac (Workstation - Based)
th6ng tren co sa tr<:tm cong Hic duqc thit vai cong ngh cao cho
ca nha.n nguai dung.
Dijc die'm:
- Khi nang san sang cao.
- Khi nang di tri linh
- Khii nang dc hoan toan v6i nhii'ng nguai dung khac.
- suat cao, thai gian phan hoi ngan.
- Nang luc da (da nang).
- Khii nang de dang n6i v6i cac th6ng khac.
H thong tren co sa tqm cong tac la co sa cho d.c h thong CAD/CAM
trong tuong lai.
18
2.GTCS CADB
2. Cae lhi"l b! dau vila (Inpul)
2.1. Ban phirn do (Key board)
Ban phfrn do duqc thiet tren co sa ball phim Cei ban (dung cho so'!-n
thaa), nhung co them cae phfm chue nang rieng va c6 them chu1.
2.2. Bul quang (Light pen)
But Quang t:,to kha nang linh Iga' ChQll, djoh vi d.c d6i tuqng ve
tren man hlnh nha lay nguOi sir dl:mg tren man hloh wong taco
But Quang din duQ'c dung ph6 bien lrang nhli'ng oam 60 va 70 the ky XX,
hin nay it duqc dung.
2.3. Bang so hoa (Digitizing Tables) kern bUt dien (Stylus)
Sit dl:mg thea hloh tuqng: Dung but chi ve len to' giiy trang. Trang twang
hqp nay, dung but din vi: len bang 56 hoa. Nhb d6, de sii dl;l.og nhu thai
quen ve va viet tren giay.
Nguyen 19 thuang dung 18. dung sensor din tir: Djch chuy6n ella cae thanh
phan xac vi tri cila but se t':10 nen twang din tu lch pha va dugc
cae sensor tren be m<;lt bang thu
Bang so hoa co 2 vung: Vung ve va vung vao Menu
Ngoai bang dung sensor din tir, con colo{li bang dung ky tuang
tlf (analog) va bang dung ky sieu am (acoustic).
2.4. Chu(>t (Mouse)
Duqe sang ehe cuoi nhfrng nam 60 the ky xx, den nay Ttlt ph6 bien do st!
tin lqi trang su v6i d.c tuqng va cac menu keo xu6ng (pull down)
va keo len (pick up).
C6 hai chuQt: Chut ca khi va chUQt quang hQc .
ChuQt ca khi: Gam c6 1 hp, trang co 2 banh xe va can lan, mt bi cau
aday. Nhb d6, co th6 xae d!nh vj tri cila can tro thea cae d X, Y ella no.
Chut quang h9C: Sir ki6u ehut nay bang cach di chuN len ban
ca,m quang.
2.5. Can (Joystick), qua diu danh dau (Track ball)
2.6. May quet (Scanner)
May quet sir dVng st! phan X{l anh sang khi ehieu mt chum sang vao chfr
19
hay hinh anh d9C chu hay hinh anh d6. Hinh dang va de) cita
chum tia phan duqc me)t be) cam bien quang h9C bien thanh tin hiu
qua cac be) ghep n6i bien d6i lUong tv - s6 (ADC), tin dUQc dua van com-
puter.
C6 2 may quet thuang dung:
May quet dung be) d9C quang va tir quang.
May quet dung be) d9C h6ng va lade.
3. Cae thiet b! dau ra (Output)
3.1. Man hlnh do hoa (Graphic Display - Monilor)
Man hlnh d6 la thiet bi dau ra tin va kinh te nhat.
T6 hqp man hinh va ban phim duqc g9i la thiet bi dau cuoi d6 (graph-
ic terminal) toi cua me)t phl'in cung CAD.
3.1.1. Mim hinh den trang
Ok phuong phap thi:
Gng tia am (CRT - Cathode Ray Tube) - dung milO hinh khang
ph&ng la chu yeu.
Hien thi tinh the long (Liquid Cristal Display),
thi Laze (Laser Flat Panel Display).
thi Plasma (Plasma Panel Display).
Hien thi lap mong (Thin Film LED Display) (LED - Light Emitlion
Diode): Dung diat phil quang.
3.1.2. Mim hinh mau
Phoi mim: Dung 3 mau co bim: do (R-red), xanh 10 (B-blue) va luc (G-green)
phoi hqp nen cuang de) mau, nghia la ra cae mau sac khac nhau.
Dung tin so (digital): C6 16 mau t6ng hqp (vi dung card HC-
Hercttle Colour).
Dung tin hiu so d6i thanh tin hiu lUong tl!:
+ Co 64 mau (vi dung card XGA - Extended Graphic Arrays).
+ Co 256 mau (vi dung card VGA - Video Graphic Arrays; dung card
TIGA - Texas Instrument Graphic Architecture).
20
3.2. May ve (Plotter)
May ve dung de; xnal cae hinh da dUQ'c ve (trtn may Hoh) fa giay thea
nguyen ly ve (plot). Thuang dung cae may ve co 4 but vOi 4 mim co bim: do
(R), xanh ]0 (B). Inc (0) va den. May vi! thuimg co hai
Loc;.i him ph&ng: Ban may thubng Dam ngang, tren d6 cho phep di;lt giay.
Dau ve mang cae but ill!!C khac nhau. Dati ve dugc dieu khin c6
chuytn dng thea cae phuong ngang (X) va doc (Yl.
LOCJi tang cu(Jn: May c6 tang cutin (can Ian) cUQn giay trong qua
trlnh ve, nha do co the thay d6i dong. Dau ve dting ngang thea dong.
Ket noi may ve voi computer dung c<Sng noi tiep kh6ng d6ng b (COMl,
COM2).
3.3. May in
May in lit thiet bi xuat tin va lUll trft tin tren gHfy thea nguyen ly in (print).
3.3.1. May in co bq chit due san
Khi co lnh in, ffit chiee bila nho g6 vao bang chft de len gH(y va in
chfr len giay. Kieu may in nay de in chit, nhung kh6 in blnb, dng gay
6n. Ngoai ra, khi cAn d6i ph6ng chit phai deli ca b chii duc san nen kh6ng
1qi.
3.3.2. May in ma trtJn dilm (in kim)
Nguyen 19 in rna diem tuang tl! nhu ve ehii (coi chit nbu la d6i tuqng
ve) va ve hlnh tren man hlnh. Oie net ve cua hlnh va cha duge boi nhi6u
cham ml!c (b6 tri theo rna
Kitu may nay co tht thay d6i phong chu de dang. cO tht in hlnh ve bat
kyo Tuy nhien may hanh gay 6n, hlnh va chu khong net.
3.3.3. May in laze (laser)
Kieu may in laze co ffit vai diem v6 nguyen Iy:
Chum tia sang mong di qua b dieu tiet tai tang tr6ng co phu lap
quang, nen hloh anh bang tich.
- Ml!c bt tich din dugc hut va bam vao tr6ng.
- Bt ml!c bam vao giay tich din vai hlnh anh nguqc eua tr6ng nh<;ty
21
quang, va tan ra va bam giay khi qua mt tang tr6ng say anhit d
nang cao.
Kiu may in laze co uu dim lit de dang thay d6i phong chit, may
em, hinh vit chit kha ro net. May co the t6c d in nAng cao (co the
10 -;- 22 trang/phut) v6i dQ phftn giiii 1200 -;- 2400 pixel/inch (nhu may cua
hang Hewlett Packard).
IV. xAY Dl)NG MO HiNH HiNH HOC TRONG CAD
1. Khai
M6 hI'nh hlnh !Ire (Geometry Model) ella mt d6i tuQ'llg ve vii thiet k Iii
khai nim duqe trung boi:
N Hinh dang hlnh hQc cae philn c5u thanh nen d6i tUQ'ng ve.
- Hlnh thai cau true hqp thanh ella d6i tUQ'ng ve.
- Me ta bang toan hQc cae diem, duong, be kh6i ella d6i tuQ'ng ve.
Nhu mt,Ic dfch bao trum cila m6 hlnh hlnh hQe lit thiet eo so dfr
liu hinh h9C ella d6i tUQ'ng ve va thiet ke. Nha do eo th thqc hin duqc qua
trinh ve va thiet ke d6i wqng tren may tinh.
2. Me hinh khung day (Wireframe Models)
2.1. trong cach xay dI!ng mo hlnh
- M6 hlnh khung day eila d6i tUQ'ng boi d.e yeu t6 hinh hQe eo ban Et:
dim, ducmg th&ng, eung tron, duang tron, duang eong.
- Chi the hin b khung ben ngoai ella d6i tuqng.
- Vj tri ella d6i tuqng va cae yeu t6 eo ban nen no dUQ'e xac dinh nha mt
h dQ.
- Co sa dit liu xae djnh rn6 hioh khung day lit: Danh saeh d eae dinh
(eae diem nut) va danh saeh tung v6i eae dinh ella no.
2.2. Uu nhu'!c
Uu dh!'m:
- Xay de.rng ma hinh kha dan giiin.
- Kh6ng yell d.ll nhieu thai gian tfnh toan, b nha, thao, trlly ...
ella may tinh.
22
- Kh6ng nhieu thOi gian eho dao nguai dung (vI d:ly la s'! mb fQng
mt caeh tv nhien phuong phap vo truyn thOng).
Nhuf/c die'm:
- Nguai dung can kha nhicu thai gian de chudn bi va vao du Ii?u. Chi phi
thai gian nay tang nhanh khi d6i tuqng ve cang phuc
- M6 hlnh chi chua cac q.nh t<).o nen cac cua d6i tugng, rna khong
chua cac thOng tin vc ban than cac be va ben trong long d6i tuqng.
- Khi d6i tugng phuc t:;tp thl luqng da li?u trb nen nit lon, s6 luqng cac
lnh ve nit nhicu, hlnh ve tra nen roi va kho
2.3. (Jng d\lng
- Ph<).rn vi ung d\mg h:;tn che.
- lqi khi dung cho ve phac thao.
- Dung cho phan tfeh dung sai va rno hinh hoa phan til huu h<;1n.
- La Cd sb cho thiet rn6 hlnh va. rno hlnh kh6i
3. Me> hinh bi! (Surface Models)
3.1. trong each xay d,!ng rna hinh
- Dung lOp vo rnong de rnieu t3 d6i tugng thea y wang sau: M6 hlnh
khung d:ly + lOp vo rnang = rn6 hlnh
- Mo hlnh t<;10 bbi cac d<;1ng be cd bim: phing, non, mi;it
tfl;l, d.u... Cac be nay co the rnieu ta de dang btmg cac phucmg tflnh
toan hQc.
- D6i voi cae rni;it cong phuc q.p: Tach no fa thanh vo s6 cac rna-nh nha va
rn6 phong cac rnanh nha thea cae d<;1ng be cd baD noi tren. NhC! do, cac
rninh nha dt rno ta bang toan hQC hdn va chung ht;Yp thanh luOi cac manh
Co 2 d<).ng rn6 hinh dugc quet va lucri manh da giac 3D. Chung
duge xay dVng bi:ii 2 phuong phap khac nhan:
Milt dUrjc quit:
- Tea d day eho cae d6i tugng 2D.
D day la khoing each rna d6i tugng duge nang len thea huang vu6ng goe
v6i mi;it ph[mg cua no.
- M6 hlnh duqc quet 180 quy tfch cac vi tIi cua d6i tuqng 2D, khi dich
23
no di mt do<;U1 d day, theo huang thAng g6c v6i phAng cua
no. Cac d6i tuqng ve nay gqi Iii d6i nrqng 2
Lwyi mdnh mgt da giac 3D:
- Lu6i ffianh da giac duqc xac dinh bOi mt cac dinh, thanh
cac g6c cua cac da giac co 3 4
- Lu6i ding mau thi d chfnh xac dien cang cao.
- Lu6i cang thua thi d chfnh xac cang thap.
3.2. Ifu nhuqc cua mo hlnh be
Uu dilm:
- Khong ruom ra, c6ng kenh nhu rno hlnh khung day.
- dang thgc cac duang An (hidden line), nhad6 hlnh ve thgc han.
- Thl!c duqc ky xao to b6ng.
- C6 thgc hin duqc vic tfnh toan cac tfnh ve din tlch tren cac
be cua d6i tuqng.
NhufYc die'm:
- Chi rna ta duqc lap vo be cua d6i tuqng, rna kh6ng rna d duqc philn
chtlt ben trong.
- Yeu cau phai c6 thOi gian dao nhat djnh d6i v6i nguoi dung.
- MO hinh nay pMc tap han rnO hinh khung day, do d6 yeu eliu dung luqng
b nh6 cua may tfnh cao han.
- Trang rnt s6 truang hqp, rna hinh be van con ruOm fa.
3.3. (lng d\mg
- vi ling dvng Tong han rnO hlnh khung day de vo va thiet ke.
- Dung hiu qua trong rna phong dl:mg cl). gia cong khi che t<;to ca khf
san xuat c6ng nghip.
- nen tfnh linh cho h thong CAD.
4. Mo hinh khoi (Solid Models)
4.1. trong cach xay dl;lng mo hlnh
C6 4 phuong philp (hoac nh6rn phuong philp) thuang dung Ta rnO
hinh kh6i dac:
24
+ Phuong phap hlnh h9c kh6i hqp thanh (Constructive Solid
Geometry - CSG).
+ Phuong phap quet (Sweeping).
+ Phuong phap ph6i hqp ky thuat CSG va ky thuat que!.
+ Nh6m cae phuong phap khae.
Phuong phip hinh hoc kh6i d'e hqp tMrih (CSG)
- Cac kh6i co ban clla CSG: Kh6i hp, kh6i nem, kh6i n6n, kh6i
kh6i cau, kh6i xuyen.
- M6 ht'nh kIn), d(ic hqp thimh: Lien ket cae kh6i co ban v6i nhau nho cae
phep toan Bun (Boole) d6i v6i cae kh6i 3D.
- Cae phep toan Bun:
+ HQp (u): A u B se nen kh6i m6i 180 phan ehat ella ca 2 kh6i
dac ban dau.
+ Giao (n): A () B se nen kh6i m6i 18. phan ehat chung ella 2
kh6i ban dau.
+ Hiu (-): A - B sIS t'.l-O nen kh6i m6i 180 phan chAt can l'.1-i ella
kh6i dae thil nhat (A). YaY: (A - B) '" (B - A).
- Cdy CSG: Chi ra tuan tl! cae bu6c thl!c hin phep toan Bun, dt tu cae
kh6i ban dau x<1y dgng nen kh6i hqp th8onh.
Phuong phap quet (Sweeping)
Ta c6 mt tiet din 2D (profin 2D) dung dt quet. Tiet din nay can g9i Ia
(Region).
- Quet thing: Cho tiet dien 2D nang len vuong g6c v6i mat phing cua no
(g6c vat bAng 0).
- Quet trem: Cho tiet dien 2D quay quanh mot ta so duge kh6i dac
tron xoay.
- Quet nghieng: cho tiet dien 2D nang len thea hu6ng khOng vuong goc
v6i ph&ng ella no.
- Quet thea duang dan: Cho tiet dien 2D chuyn dich thea mot duang dan
(thing hOac cong).
Ket qua clla quet thing se ra cac kh6i d6ng d'.l-ng co d caD kh,lc
25
nhau, ket qua ella quet nghieng se t<;to ra cae kh6i co hlnh d<;tng khae nhau,
ket qua ella quet tron se t<;to ra cae kh6i tron xoay phAn (quay vai goe
bang 360) tron xoay rieng phAn (quay vai goe < 360).
Khi dung phuong phap quet, de co d6i wqng truae khi quet, thuang sir
d\,lng phep toan Bun d6i vdi cae tiet 2D (cae mien). Nho do, co t<;to ra
cae tiet din 2D phue hgp.
Ph6'i }u;rp ky thugt esc va ky thdt quer.
Nh6m cac phuong phap khJc:
- Phuong phap dien (B-rep) Boundary Representation.
- Phuong phap rna hinh kh6i dung tich phan.
4.2. Uu nhuqe ella mo hlnh kh6i
Uu dilm:
- Mo hlnh kh6i dien day du nhfft ve d6i wqng.
- Co sa dfr hu ella rno hlnh kh6i cho phep xac djnh rnt trong
khong gian thue philn ben trang, phan ben ngoai hay narn ngay tren be
d6i tuqng.
- Cho phep tinh toan nhieu tinh ve tich be tich, kh6i
luqng, trQng tArn... eua d6i tuqng.
- Hoan thin han rno hlnh va rno hlnh khung dAy. Do rno hlnh
kh6i chua dvng khong nhfrng cac thong tin hlnh hQC rna con chua dVng
thong tin ve eau true hqp thanh (conbinatorial structure) ella d6i tuqng ve.
- De dang xay dvng mo hlnh kh6i rna kh6ng can phai xae dinh nhieu
b nhu rno hlnh khung day.
- Trong nhieu truang hqp, xay dvng mo hlnh kh6i de dang han so v6i
xay dvng rno hlnh va rno hlnh khung day.
- SU lqi cho tV dng hoa thiet ke va che t<;to trang eong
CAD/CAM/CNC.
- De dang thl,lc hin cae ky che khufft va t6 bong, nha do hlnh ve rfft thl;Cc.
Nhuqc dilm:
- Yeu e<1u phai eo qua tflnh dao t<;to nhat djnh d6i vai ngubi dung.
- May cao du m<;tnh, co dung luqng b nha duo
26
4.3. (Jng d\lng
- Trang ky do M6 hloh kh6i duc:;1c sO' dl,log ngay dmg ph6 bien.
- Trang thiel ke: Rat thu*n lqi cho tfoh toan cae tfoh ve kh6i lUQog
(kh6i lue;mg, tTong tilm, momen qUiln tioh... ), phan deb giao tuyen, rno hloh
hoa phao tir hiIu philo tfeh dng hQC va dog h!c hQc cO cau.
- Trang Rat hiu qua lrong rna phcm.g duong dao dl,log
cl,I) lrong gia cong Cef khf, quy qua trloh gia cong (qua tdoh san xlIat),
kiem tra kfch thuae gia cong, bieu dien cae d*c tfoh hioh hQc nhu dung sai va
d nhan be
- Trang Hlp nip: Dung v6i robot va dung trang h thong che hoh hOi;lt
(FMS - Flexible Manufacturing System), quy hO<;lch qua tdoh lap nip, phan
tich dog hQC va dng h!c hQc robot.
V. CAM MOl QUAN HE CAD/CAM vATl,JDONG HoA SAN XUAT
1. Khai VEl CAM
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing): Che t<;1o vai slf trq giup cua may tfoh.
Qua trinh CAM duqc thlfc tren thong may cong cl;l dieu khien so
NC. CNC.
2. Chu lrinh san xual CAD/CAM
2.1. Chu trlnh san xuiit CAD/CAM
Chu trlnh san xuat CAD/CAM duqc mo ti tren sa do hlnh 1.5.
I
1NtWOng
+
Nhu d.u thiet ke I
I
Qua trluh thiet ke' Ll!a chQn thong tin thiet ke va nghien cUu kha thi
Qua trluh CAD J

I
Qua trlnh che t<,10 Qua trlnh CAM
1
giao hang
I
Thj tWOng
Hlnh 1.5: Ser dd chu trinh san xuat CAD/CAM
27
2.2. Qua trlnh CAM
Qua tflob CAM duc;1c rno tft C\} han tren SO' d6 hloh 1.6.
I Quy qua trlnh ctmg ngM I
..
1 Thiel k eM' cae (rang b! cong ngh I
Cung rtng tu 1
trinh NC, eNe, DNc
M6 ph6ng gia c6ng - Kiem tra
qua trinh gia cong
I Ch t<;io (san ;!tuff!) I
..
I Kiem Ira chat IU9'llg l
I Dong!J6i I
mnh J.6: Sa do qua tri/lh CAM'
3. thong APT
De thlte duqe he thong CAM, phOi sir thong may CNC duqe
dieu bOi cae pharr mem khac nhau. Cae pharr mem nay deu dl:fa tren nen
tang ngon ngu APT.
Ngon ngfr APf (Automatically Programmed Tool): C6ng c{ll(ip Trinh tl;!
dng. Ngon ngu APT do Hqc C6ng ngh Masachusett (My) ph<it trien va
dung cho san xuit tu 1959. Ng6n ngfr APT thui).n tin nen dU\1c dung Ifig riii
tdoh gia cong NC, CNC. Ngon ngii' APT la ng6n ngu dieu so va
Hl chuang trloh may t{oh ((ob toao quy d\mg C\l gia congo
o Cot 16i eua thong APT lil b(5 xU If chuang trlnh. 8(5 xU If chuang trlnh
lit chuang tdnh may tinh duqc xa.y dl,lng nham xu 19 chuang tdnh ngu6n APT
de taO ra dillieu gia e6ng NC, goi 1il CLDATA-file, g6m:
28
Du ve vi tri dl,1ng Cl,1 gia cong quy cua n6.
- Thong tin ve dieu khin may gia congo
Qua trlnh xu 19 dft liu gia c6ng may dieu khin s6:
Qua trlnh xu 19 may dieu khin s6 duac rn6 ta tren hinh 1.7.
nan ve chi
dngia c6ng
trillh NC
I
1
I
Chlt<1Ilg Irmh aguan NC
I
1
MAvTINH
tilill xiI ly (Preproccssor)
ChltClng Irinh xu 19 hinh hqc I
- Dil W;u ul,lng eu
... PROFIL Hie
-
Dil liu
- ............
ChltCll1g Irinh xiI ly COllg ngh
J, CLDATA ftle
139 xu 19 (Postproccssor)
- Dil li';u may NC, CNC
- Dil lil;U dieu khii!11
Chmmg Irmh xu ly thich nghi
voi may NC, mc
-
............
NCPROGRAM
mang lin(chmmg
trlnh gia c6ng NC):
Bung dl,lc lli, dia mem,
dia CD.
Thieu cOng ngh:
Tien trinh gia c6ng
sa dO nguyen eOng
May gia c6ng NC, CNC
Hinh 1.7: Qua trinh xu ly scI liu tfen may die'u khitn st/
29
Ciiu hoi on chuong 1
1. Hay so sanh 5Lf khac nhau g'lLta qua trinh thiet ke che tfilo kieu truyen thong va
qua trlnh thiet ke che v6i cong cao co sl! tn;:! giup ella may tfnh.
2. Trinh bay so do chu tr)nh san pham va phSn Uch vai tr6 thong CAD/CAM trang
chu !rinh d6.
3. Mlt phan mem CAD/CAM mu6n thLfc tot vai tra ella no thi dn phai d<;:lt dLt<;J'c
nhilng yeu cau gl?
4. Trinh bay CaG ma dun eGa mlt phan mem CAD. Cae rna dun nao trang 56 d6!a
tning d6i voi mt phan mem CAD?
5. Mo hlnh hlnh h9C trang CAD 103 gi ?
6. Hay phan tich slj khac nhau t6ng quat gil1a cae ma hinh khung day, rna hinh be
va ma hinh kh6i d?c.
7. Me hinh khung day co nhling l1u nhlfr;lC diem gi?
a. Mo hinh bl!l m?t c6 nhiing Lfu diem gi VL1c;1t tri so voi ma hinh khung day?
9. )e xay dl/llg ma hinh kh6i co cae phuong philp nao?
10. LJu allm n6i tri cua me hinh khoi d?c va me hinh be m?t 103. gi?
11. Ph8.n tich khai quat moi quan CAD/CAM va tl/ d9n9 hail san xuat.
12. Trinh bay khili quilt thong APT.
30
Phan B
LAM VIEC val AUTOCAD
Chuong 2
VE lRONG KHL>NG GIAN 2D
MI;IC tieu
+ dLf9C nguyen tac tien Mnh hOEm thi$n m9t ban ve 2D.
+ HiEiu du't;fc nguyen tae tht,tc hi$n CaG I$nh trong AutoCAD2004 va co ky cel
ban khi thl!G hi$n cae I$nh.
+ Va va thie"t ke dLf<;'C CaG ban va 2D hi$n qua cae yeu c8U sau:
- Ve dL1Qc dung hlnh baa, cae hinh chieu cua cae v$t thE;'
- Dieu chinh va Slt dl,lng dung CaG duang net va mau sac.
- Ve dung cae hlnh cat va cat.
- Ghi kich thLfoc hoan chinh cho m6i ban ve.
- thaD cae yeu du ky CaG chu thich, hLtang dan ... vao trong ban ve.
- Ky na.ng thaa tac ve tot. Thai gian haEm thanh bim ve yeu cau.
Ni;li dung tom tat
+ Lam quen vai AutoCAD2004.
+ Cae I$nh thiet l$p ban ve.
+ H$ 09 - CaG I$nh VEl cO bim.
+ Cae phl/ong phap bat diElm chinh xac.
+ Cae I$nh trq giup.
31
+ Cae sUa doi hinh ve.
+ Cae ve nhanh.
+ cae ve man hlnh.
+ Ve thea lap - 8ieu ehinh duong net va mau sac.
+ ban tren ban ve.
Ve hinh dt va m?t dt.
+ Ghi kieh thLfae.
1. LAM QUEN V6I AUTOCAD2004
1. Gi8i AuloCAD
AutoCAD la. phAn mem cua hang AutaDESK dung thvc hin cac ban
ve ky trang cac nganh: xay dVng, co khf, kin truc, din, ban do... Hang
AutoDESK la mt trong nam hang san suat phAo mem CAD hang dau tren the
giOi. AutoCAD la mt trong cac phan mem thiet k Slr dl;mg cho may dnh d.
nhan (PC).
Ban ve nao thvc hin duqc bang tay thl deu c6 ve duqc bang phan mem
AutoCAD. Sir dung AutoCAD co th vo va thiel ke cae bin vo 2 chieu (2D).
cae mo hlnh 3 chieu (3D), va nen cac hlnh aoh rat thVc.
PhAo mem AutoCAD con giup nguai dung trao d6i cac ky nang lam vic
cong oghip. Ngoai ra AutoCAD 1a phan mem co sb, dieu kin cho nguai
dung tiep thu d.c phan mem CAD khae nO'a, vl phuong phap ve va d.c lnh
trang AutaCAD r5t hlnh. Cac trlnh bay trong AutoCAD dang
trb thanh tieu chu:1n cong nghip cho d.c tin trao d6i dO' liu giii'a cac phao
mem CAD.
Nguai dung con c6 Slr dl:mg AutoCAD trao d6i dO' liu ban ve voi
cae dong nghip, khach hang... vl rang phAn mem AutoCAD Wong thfch voi
cac phan cling va phAn mem ph6 bien tren truang.
SI.! phat phan mem AutaCAD gAn lien voi sl.! phat nhanh ch6ng
cua nganh cong ngh thong tin va ky do Ttl nam 1995 den nay,
nguOi. dung co nhieu co hi chqn dung cac phien ban AutoCAD phu hqp voi
cong vic, may PC, th6i quen khi ve va thiet k cua mlnh. D6la cac phien ban
AutoCAD nhu AutoCAD R12, R13, R14, AutoCAD2000, 2002, 2004, 200S.
32
Can chu yrang ca.c phien ban AutoCAD deu chung mt co sa, nen moi
phien ban chi khac nhau chung (5 -;- 10)%. Cho nen, dieu quan trQng nhat d6i
v6i nguoi dung AutoCAD la sit dl}-ng ffiqt cach nhuan va khai thac
hiu qua mt phien ban AutoCAD nao do phil hqp v6i minh, tren co sa do co
the sit dl).ng dang cac phien ban hem. bl;l.n tre sai lam khi
mat rat nhieu thor gian cho vic tim hieu de sit dl}-ng cac phien ban mai xuat
hin, trang khi kh6ng khai thac hiu qua mqt phlen ban nao trang s6 do.
2. Khdi d9n9 AutoCAD
Sau khi dl.i chuong tdnh AutoCAD vao may bl;l.n phai tien hanh dinh
cau hinh. De khbi dOng AutoCAD, chQn bieu tuqng clla phien ban
AutoCAD va nhap hai Hin phim trai clla chuqt vao do. Moi phien ban
AutoCAD co mOt bieu wqng rieng. Neu chua co bieu tuqng nay tren Desktop,
b';ln vao Program va khbi dng AutoCAD .
3. Cau true mim hinh do AutoCAD2004
Man hinh do hqa AutoCAD2004 (hinh 2.\) bao gom:
Graphics Area: Vung do hO';lla vung rna ta the hin ban ve len do. Mau
man hinh do dUQ"c d!nh bOi hqp tho<;l.i Preferences (lnh Preferences),
trang Display.
Cross - hair: Hai sqi toc thea phuong tn,Ic X va trl}-c Y giao nhau t';li mOt
diem. TQa d diem giao nhau hin len t';li hang cu6i phfa dudi ben trai man
hlnh. Chieu dai hai sqi toe duqe d!nh boi trang Pointer eua hqp
Preferences, 6 Cursor Size.
o Cursor: Can tro, d Ian can tro duqc d[nh biri bien PICKBOX hp
Object Selection Settings, Pickbox Size Ddselect) .
. 0 WCSicon: tllqng tOa d goc (World Coordinate System leon)
narn agoe trai phia duai vung do
Status line: Dong thai, nam phia du6i viing 00 T<;li day hien
thi cac thai: GRID, SNAP, ORTHO, OSNAP... di6u cae
thai nay, b<;ln nhap phim trai chuQt hai Ian vao ten thai.
Tog d(J con tro: Nam goc trai phia dum vung do T';li do hin len to<;l
dO wang d6i hay dQ tuyt d6i cila tfun can tro (giao diem eila 2 sqi toc).
Khi kh6ng thtrc cac thi toa d len la d doi cua
33
3.GTCS CAD-A
tilm can tro" S6 dau tien Hl d (tfl,1C X), s6 thu hai Ia tung d (trl,1c Y)
cua tilm can tro, hai con s6 dugc cach nhau bOi dau phay.
Dong rhai
Con lro
(Hm" s91" roc giao nhau)
+.--1
Hiln rhi d
Dong lifnh
Cae lhanh cong Cl,J
Bilu tUt;1l1g h d
VUNGVE
,---------,
Hinh 2.1: Man hinh d6 h9a
Command line: Dong c6 it nhat 1 dong phia dum man hlnh do ho'.l.
Dily la neri b'.ln lnh vao hien th! eae dong nhae ella may (nen eon
gQi la dong nhae Prompt line). B'.ln trve tiep d6i thQ'.li v6i may t'.li vung nay.
Chinh d IOn eua dong lnh: Dung eon tro keo den vi tri giao giua man
hlnh do ho'.l va Command line den khi xuat hin hai duemg thAng song song,
sau d6 b'.ln keo len tren hay xu6ng dum.
Menu bar: Thanh Menu (thanh ngang danh mve), nam. phia tren vimg
d6 h0'.l. Moi tieu de tren Menu bar ehua mt nh6m lnh eua AutoCAD. Cac
tieu d6 dieu hiuh cua AutoCAD la: File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Thols,
Draw, Dimension, Modify, va Help (ngoai ra eon eo Bonus ... ).
Pull-down menu: Danh mve keo xu6ng, xuat hin khi b'.ln eh9n mt tieu
34
3.GTCS CAO-B
M. danh nay, co the! gQi cae I?nh hi?n (hlnh 2.2).
Screen menu: Danh man hloh, Dam phia phiii vung dO Screen
menu khOng duqc djnh kbi V3.0 AutoCAD. m rna danh man
hlOh, dung Tools\Oplions, Display tab, chc;m Display screen menu.
- -IO''''''lrlgl.dwg)
Cae thaI/it cuafl
Da"h mJ!C mall IlI'nll
M.r:MJ
ALE
EDIT
\11"'"

INSERT
FORMAT
TOOLS 1
TOOLS 2
DRAWl
DRAW 2
Q1MN51QN
MODIFYl
MOOIFY2

Daflll m/Jc keo xu/Jng
.

.Dean5C1een an.o
yIeWJ)CIll $
r:!<lIlT'.oedVews
))Vews
JOO..
H'"
.... .
,- .
'==,.- _
Z l.!J
/.;t.
/"a.
-'
Od!:
egg
r+
00
(Jill

0- 11
'? -I
Rl r-l
q + 7.00 ""
Hi"h 2.2: Dan" mlJc keo xU6'ng. da,," 11llf.C man hi"". cae thal/h cu6n
Cae chi] tren danh ml,lc man hloh duqc quy d!nh nhu sau:
- Chi! in hoa (UPPERCASE): Ten menu.
- Chi! dau lien la in hoa voi da'u 2 chaIn ":"- Ten I?nh.
- Chi! dau tien la in hoa kh6ng co da'u 2 chaIn ":" - Ten chQn.
Khi ta hi?n I?nh cua AutoCAD thi cae chQn I?nh so hi?n
danh m1;lc man hloh.
35
Too/bar: Thanh cong ct;!, trang AutoCAD co nhi6u toolbars, moi co
mt n6t ch9n vOi tU<;mg trang toolbars (hlnh 2.1).
Scroll bar: Thanh cuon, gom co: thanh ben phiLi keo man hlnh (van ban
va do len xu6ng, thanh ngang phia duOi vung do dung keo mim
hlnh tit tnii sang phai ngugc (hlnh 2.2). Muon him xuat cae
Scroll bar su dl;mg Preferences (hp Preferences), trang Display
va ch9n nut Display Scroll bars in drawing window.
AutoCAD thuang c6 4 phuong phip nhftp nhu sau:
1. Type in Dua lnh vao tit ban phfm.
2. Pull - down Gqi tit danh mvc keo xuong.
3. Sreen menu Gqi tit danh ml).C man hlnh.
4. Toolbar Gqi tit ca.c n6t cua thanh cong Cl)..
4. Thanh cong cII Toolbar)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in
View! Too/bars VIEW 2/ Toolbar Too/bar
Mt so toolbar duqc len dinh: Standard, Object Properties, Draw
va Modify. Toolbar Modify va Draw nam thAng dung va aben tnii man hlnh
do Hun xuat cac Toolbar khac ta thl!c hin - Toolbar
Toolbar.
Command: Toolbar
Toolbar name (or all): ten Tootbar, vi dV Draw).
Show/ Hide! Right/ Top/ Bottom/ Float<Show>:
Cae ll!a chqn:
Show Hien thi toolbar (thanh cong Cl).) mt vi tri tren man hlnh.
Hide Tat toolbar
Left Vi trf tool bar nam ben trai man hlnh. Khi chqo Left xuat hin dong
nhac "Position < 0,0". dong nhac nay ta dinh vi tri toolbar.
36
Right Vj tri toolbar ben phiii mao hlnh.
Top Vi tri taalbar ben tren man hloh.
Bottom Vi tri toolbar nam phfa duai man hlnh.
Float Dinh vi tri toolbar vai so hang tuy chQo.
Khi F xuAt hin cac dong sau:
Position<O,O>: (Vi tri toolbar).
Rows<1>: (56 hang).
Cling co gQi lnh tu danh ml,lc keo xuong View dua con tro cua
chuC;n den toolbar bAt ky va nhAp phim phai cua chut, khi do xuAt hin hp
Taolbar. ChQn ten til danh sach kea xuong Toolbars, rei ohAn nut Close.
. ,
5. Dieu khien cac danh Menu).
Menu
Trong AutoCAD co tin thu mvc Aead.mnu. Mu6n lam xuAt hin danh
ml,lc keo xu6ng Bonus tren thang ngang danh m\le ta gQi file Ac_bonus.mnu
trong thu m\le AutoCAD \Bonus\ Cadtools\AC_Bonus.mnu
II. CAC LENH THIET BAN VE
1. Thiep bim vii biing New
Khi thl!e hin lnh New xuAt hin hp Creat New Drawing.
T<;\i nut Start/rom Scratch, neu ta ehQn Metric (h Met) va nhAn phfm OK,
thl ta ehQn dan vi ve thea h Met (dan vi do dung milimet). Neu ehQn h
Imperial Anh) thi dan vi la Inch.
Trang truang hgp ta ehQn Metric thl d.e bien va lnh lien quan duqc thiet
Hip theo bang 2.1. Cae dang dllcmg (linetype) va mllu milt d.t (Hatch pattern)
thea tieu chuAn quae te ISO.
Neu ta muon dinh ban ve vai cae kfch thuGe khae nhau, thl tren hp
Creat New Drawing ta ehQn trang Use a Wizard va ta se thiet ban ve bang
each Ian lllqt dinh ra dan vi (Units), giOi ban vo (Area).
37
Bang 2.1. Cae lfnh va bien lien quan ban vi' hf Met.
lien quan M6 ta Bien Gia tri m:;ic dinh
Units Don vt LUNITS 2 (Decimal)
Limits Giai ve L1MMAX 420,297
Snap Buac nhay SNAPUNIT 10
Grid dO luOi GRIDUNIT 10
LTSCALE TY l d\ll1g dubng LTSCALE I
D1MSCALE TY l kich thuac D1MSCALE I
Text, Dtext, Mtext Text height TEXTSIZE 2.5
Hatch, Bhatch TY l dt HPSIZE I
Command: New
Xuat hp Create New Drawing, chQn nut Use a Wizard va sau
do chQn Quick Setup
Nhan phfm chQn 2 Ian vao nut Quick Setup se xuat hin hp tho<;li Quick
Setup. Tren hp nay ta dan (Units) va giOi bim ve (Area). Khi
do thl!c hin hai buac:
Step 1: Ta dan thea tab Units, ta chQn Decimal.
Step 2: ChQn giai ban ve bang tab Area. chieu rng ban ve vao
ochieu rongWidth (theo X) va chieu diU Length (theo true Y).
2. Djnh giol ella ban ve Limits)
Format\ Drawing Limits FORMA1\Limits Limits
Limits xae dinh kfeh thl1t1e ella ban ve: Dinh goe trai phfa
duoi (Lower left corner) va goc phai phfa tren (Upper right corner) bang
38
d X, Y. Nu ta chQn MMetric thl giro han ban vo dinh Iii 420, 297, nu
ta chQn h Imperial thl giro han ban vo Ia 12,9.
Neu muon thay d6i kfch thuae ban ve, thi phai sir d1!0g lnh Limits.
AutoCAD quy acre chien tfl;1C x, Y lUang tJ..f chien trlJc x, y khi ta ve do thi
toan thOng thuang: duang nam ngang Iii truc X (hoilnh d), duang thang dii'ug
theo Y (tung d).
Command: Limits
Specify lower left corner or [ONIOFFJ<O.OOOO. 0.0000>: (Nhd'n Enter).
Specify upper right corner< 12.0000, 9.0000>: 420, 297.
Nhu v<\ly ta dii nh?p goe trai phia duOi (Lower left corner) tIung v6i
gOc toa d 0,0. diem goc phai phia tren (Upper right corner) tuy vilo giro
h<;to ban ve. Neu nha ta ch90 nha tren thi gi6i ban ve thea kich
thu6c kh6 A3. Ta co the nhap gia trj X, Y khac de djnh gim han ban vo khac
nhau (vi 1189,841; 841,594; 594,420; 210,297 ... ).
Ok h,ra ChQll khac:
ON: Khong cho phep ve fa ngoai vuog giai h<;to ban ve dii dinh. Neu
ta ve fa ngoai giai h<;to se xuat hin dong nhk "Outside limits".
OFF: Cho phep ve fa ngoai vuog giai dii dinh.
Can chii yrang, sau khi dioh gi6i bim ve ta thl!c Zoom\AIl
de quan s,lt loan b gi6:i h,,-n M.n ve man hinh.
3. )inh de," vi dung trong ban vii Units)
Format\ FORMAT\Units Units hoij.c Ddumits
Units dinh dO'n vi dlii va dan vi g6c cho ban ve hin hanh.
Command: Units
Khi th,!c hin lnh Units, se rna duqc hp Drawing Units. Thea hp
tho,,-i nay, tien hanh chqn dan vi cho bim
Cac rn1}c can ch9n:
Length: ChQn do'll vi dili va d chinh xac d dill.
39
Type: dan vi
+ Scientific (Dan vi khoa hqc)
+ Decimal (Theo h phAn)
+ Engineering (Ky h Anh)
+ Architectural (Kien true, h Anh)
+ Fractional (Phan s6)
Theo TeYN, can chon h phan (Decimal).
Precision: Chqn d chfnh xac, co th6 chqn d chfnh xac vai s6 chii' s6 co
nghia trang phan phAn (vi chon 0; 0.0; 0.000.... ).
Angles: Chqn dem V! va d chfnh xac do goc.
Type: ki6u dem vi do goc:
+ Decimal degrees (H phan)
+ Degrees/ minutes/ seconds (D, phut, giay)
+ Grads (Theo Gradian)
+ Radians (Theo Radian)
+ Surveyor's units (North, West, East, South)
Precision: Chqn d chfnh xac, co th6 chqn d chfnh xac v6i s6 chu s6 co
nghia Irong phArr phAn (vi chon 0; 0.0; 0.000... ).
Clockwise: Mu6n chieu do goc cling chieu kim dong ho.
4. Snap
Pull - down Menu
Tools\ Drawing Aids
Type in
Snap DDrmodes
Lnh Snap dieu khi6n th,ii can (Cursor) Ia giao di6m cua hai
sgi toc (Crosshairs). Lnh nay xac dinh buac nhay con va goc quay cua
hai sqi 16c. Hay dung bUGC nhiy bilng khoang each IUGi (Grid).
thai SNAP c6 duqc till mb bilng each nhilp hai Ian phim chon
chuQt vao nut dong tqng thai.
40
Command: Snap .J
Specify snap spacing or [ON/OFFIAspect/Rotote/Style(rypeJ<I.OOOO>:
Cae h/a chQn:
Snap spacing Gia tIi khollOg each buoc nhay can theo phuong X
va Y nhu nhau tren man hlnh.
ON Mb che d di chuyen con thea khoang cach chQn truck.
OFF Tat che d di chuyen can theo khoang each chQn truac.
Aspect Gia tri buac nhay theo phuong X, Y se khac nhau, cac dong
nhac phlJ:
Specify horizontal spacing<1.o000>: (Khoang each theo phuong X).
Specify vertical spacing<I.OOOO>: (Khoang each thea phuong Y).
Rotate Quay sqi toc chung quanh chun mt goc:
Base point <0.0000, 0.0000>: .J (Chon diem chudn).
Rotation angle <0.0000>: (Gia tri goc quay).
5, Grid
Tools\ Drawing Aids TOOLS21 Grid Grid hay DDrmodes
Lnh Grid cac diem luai trang giOi bim ve. Khoang cach giua cae
diem lu6i theo phuong X, Y co the khae hoac gi6ng nhau.
Command: Grid .J
Specify grid spacing (X) or [N/OFF/SnopJ<J.OOOO>:
Cac h!a chQn:
ON Lam hin lucri thea kholmg cach chQn trucrc.
OFF Tilt lucri.
Aspect Khoang each cac diem luai phuong X, Y se khac nhau, cac
dong nhile ph
u
:
Specify horizontal spacing<1.0000>: (Khoing each theo phuong X).
Specify vertical spacing <1.0000>: (Khoang each theo phuong Y).
41
Snap Khoang cach giita cac diem luoi Mng gia tri buoc nMy (Snap)
con
Chl1 yrang: ThmJog dung nut nha'n Grid phia dong nhAc rut ngao
thoi gian tilt rna lum diem.
6. Ortho
Pull - down Menu
Tools\ Drawing Aids
Type in
Ortho ho{ic DDrmodes
Ortho thiet che d ve cae duang (line) thea phuong eua cae sqi
toe (thea phuong trl;lc X - Dam ngang va phuong tft:lC Y - th<ing dung).
Command: Ortho .J
Enter mode [ONI OFFj<ON>:
Cae lila chQo:
ON M& ehe d VO ORTHO
OFF Tit che d<) YO ORTHO
CM y: Thuang dung nut nhan Ortho phia tren dong nhic de rut ngin thai
gian tat- rna che d Ortho.
III. HE TOA DO - cAc Lj);NH VE co BAN
1. Cae do; ht';lng vii 20 eua AutoCAO
Cae lnh ve (Draw commands) t<,\o nen cae d6i tUQ'ng ve. Thong thuemg
cae lnh vi! tIling voi d6i tuqng rna n6 tl,lo nen (tieng Anh).
D6i lUang YO (object hoac entity) 111 tMnh phan nho nhat trang bim YO
AutoCAD. Vi m<)t d6i tuqng (object) co the 111 mt diem (point),
thing (line), cung trem (arc), duang tron (circle), .. Hinh chit nhat vo Mng lenh
Line baa gom 4 d6i tuqng 111 4 thing.
Trong AutoCAD cae doi tUQ'ng duqc c6 Ia cae doi nrqng don
(Simple object) hoac d6i tuqng phdc (Complex object). Cae d6i tuqng dan
nhu: point, line, arc, circle...
Cac d6i tuqng phdc 111 m<)t binh (shape) nhu: Ellipse (duang clip), Polygon
42
(da giac deu), Pline (da tuyen), Donut (hlnh vlillh khan), Spline, Xline, Ray,
Mline, Hatch cit), Dim (Kich thuac), Block (Kh6i)... Cae d6i tllqng
phuc duqc litn ket tit illQl pharr dOJ.ll (segment). Phan trong
d6i nrqng phuc c6 the Hi (line) cung tron (arc)...
2. Cae phU'elng phap di? dillm
Co 6 phuong phap d ml diem VaG lrang ban ve.
1. Dung phim ehQn (PICK) eua (ket hqp vai cae phuong thUc ttuy
diem ella d6i tuqng).
2. Nhgp toa tuyet dbi: tOa dQ d6i X, Y cua diem theo g6c
tOa dQ (0,0).
3. Nhgp to(l d(J tuang do7: d eua diem thea diem cuni cung nha:t
xac djnh tren ban ve, t<;ti dong nhac ta @ X, Y. D<fu @ h.k nay co nghia
Htlast point (diem cu6i cung rna ta ve trm.'1c d6).
4. Nh(ip tog de) c1fc: to'.1 d eve eua diem CD < a) thea khoang each
D giua diem v6i goc to<;l. d (0,0) va goc nghieng a so v6i drrong chuan narn
ngang.
5. Nhgp to(l d CIfC luang dOl: T'.li dong nhac ta @ D < a v6i:
- D (distance) la khoang cach giiia diem ta c:1n xac dtnh va diEm ve cuoi
cung (last point) tren ban ve.
- Goc a Hi goc giiia dubng nam ngang va th&ng nm hai
- Duang la dUCmg thAng xuat philt tit goc d tllo'l1g doi va nam
thea chieu duong tr1,1c x.
- Goc duong Hi goc nguqc chieu kim d6ng h6 (+ CCW: Counter
Clockwise), goc am lit goc cung kim dong hb (- CW Clockwise).
6. Nhg.p khodng each trT.!e tiep (Direct distance entry): khoang cach
tUo'l1g d6i so v6i diem ve cu6i dmg (last point), dinh huang bang cursor va
nhlin Enter.
Ba phuong phap d:1u tien ke tren lit ba phuong phap nliap tOa dQ diem
thuang duqc dung han.
43
3. Ve Line)
Draw\Line DRAWlLine Line hogc L
Lnh Line dung ve d.c do<.tn thAng. thing co the oam ngang,
thing dung nghieng. Trang lnh nay ta chi cAn to<;l d cae dinh va
do;;tn thAng se n6i cae dinh nay l;:ti veri nhau.
Command: Line .J
Specify first point: to<). d diem dau tien eua do<).o th<1.ng, khi d6
khoang each giua vira dinh va giao diem 2 sqi toe gQi Iii sqi cao Sll
Rubber band).
Specify next point or lUndo]: (Nh*p to<). d diem cu6i ella do<.tn thing).
Specify next point or jClose/Undo}: (Tiep tl,IC nh*p to<;t d diem cu6i ella
dO<;lo thing tiep thea Enter de ket thue lnh).
Cae h!a chQo khac ella lnh Line:
U Huy be mt pharr do<).o vi'ra ve. T:;ti dong ta dap U va Enter.
Close Dong kin mt hlnh da giac ve bang lnh Line. Ta dap C (Close)
t<;li dong nhac va Enter.
Neu t<;li dong nhac "Specify next point or [Close/Undo:" ta Enter
thi se ket thuc lnh.
4. Ve duang Iron Circle)
Draw\Circle DRAWlCircle Circle hogc C
C6 5 phuong phap khac nhau ve duong tron nhu sau:
4.1. Vi; Iheo lam va ban kinh (Cenler, Radius)
Vo. duong trem biing phuong phap tfim (Cenler) va ban kfnh R
(Radius) cua duong Iron.
44
Command: C .J Circle)
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: d tAm).
SpeCify radius of circle Or (Diameter]: ban kfnh to<,1 dO mOt
ella duemg tron).
4.2. Vo theo tam va dUilng kinh (Center, Diameter)
VO dui:lng trem bAng phuong phap tam (Center) va dUi:lng kinh
(Diameter).
Neu dong nhac "Specify radius of circle or jDiameler}:" ta eh9n D
(hic la eh9n Diameter) thi se xuttt hin dong sau:
Diameter: gia trt duong kfnh duong tron).
4.3. Vo theo 3 diim (3Points - 3P)
Ve duang tron di qua ba
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: 3P.J
SpeCIfy first point on circle: thl! nhat).
Specify second point on circle: thd hai).
Specify third point on circle: (NMp thl! bal.
4.4. VO theo 2 diim duung kinh (2 Points - 2P)
Ve duemg tron di qua 2 di6m. Hai do se 1ft duong kinh duong tron.
Specify center point for circle or {3P12PIITRj: 2P.J
Specify first end point of circles diameter: dui:lng kinh).
Specify second end point of circle's diameter: cuoi duong kfnh).
4.5. YO dUilng trim tiep xuc 2 doi tuqng va c6 ban kinh R (TTR)
Dung de ve ducmg tron co ban kfnh R tiep xue hai d6i tUQ11g d8: ve twac do.
Specify center point for circle or {3PI2PIITRj: TIR.J
45
Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: (ChQn d6i tUt;mg thu
nhat duong tron se tiep xuc).
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: (Dei tuqng thu hai
dUdng tron se tiep xuc).
Specify radius of circle: gia td ban kinh dUdng tron).
Ngoai ra tren danh ml,1c keo xu6ng Draw, ta con co thti dung phuong phap
TAN, TAN, TAN ve duang tron tiep xtic vm ba d6i tuqng (vi dQ. ve duang tron
ni tiep tam giac bat kY).
5. Ve cung trem ARC)
PuJI - down Menu Screen Menu lypein
Draw\Arc DRAMArc ARC ho!!c A
Arc dung de ve cung tron. C6 phuong phap ve cung tron:
5.1. Vi! cung tron di qua ba diim (3 Points)
Ve cung tron di qua 3 diem PI' P
z
va P
3
-
Command: A .J (hoac Arc)
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter!: diem PI)'
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ENdf: diem P
2
).
Specify end point of arc: diem P
3
).
5.2. Ve cung tron qua cac Start, Center, End dau, tam,
cu6i)
IAn Ittqt diem dAu, tam va diem cu6i.
Command: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter!: d diem dAu S).
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd!: CE.J (chon CEnter).
Specify center point of arc: d tAm cung tron).
Specify end point ofarc or [Angle/chord Length!: d diem cu6i E).
Chu y: Cung ttim si! du'!c hlnh thonh thea chieu ngu,!c chieu kim d6ng h6
til diem dAu Start den diem cu6i End.
46
5.3. Center, Start, End (Tam, d;\u, cuoi)
Tuong tl! each Start, Center, End nhung thea thu tl..I nguqc l;:ti.
5.4. Ve cung trim theo Start, End, Radius dau, cu6i, ban kinh)
Ve cung tron bang phuong phap dau, cu6i va ban kfnh.
Command: A .J Arc).
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: diu S).
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd]: EN.J (chon ENd).
Specify end point of arc: d cuoi E).
Specify center point of are or jAngle /Direction/ Radius!: R.J (ch9n Radius).
Specify radius of arc: (Nhfip bin kfnh).
Cung tron se duqc hinh thanh thea chieu nguQc chieu kim dong ho.
5.5. Ve cung trim theo Start, Center, Angle (Ditim dau, tam, goc atam)
Ve cung tron bang each dau, tAm va g6c atam.
Comand: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: d6 diu S).
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ENd]: CE.J (chon CEnter).
Specify center point of arc: d tam Gung).
SpeCIfy end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A.J (chon Angle).
Specify included Angle: (NMp gii trj goc iJ tam + CCW. - CW).
Goc am (-CW) cung tron duqc ve cung chieu kim dong ho. goc ducmg
(+ CCW) cung tron ve nguqc chieu kim dong ho.
5.6. Center, Start, Angle (Tam, diim dliu va goc iJ tam) nhung theo
thu tl! nguqc
Tucmg l\l Start. Center, Angle nhung thea thiI l\l nguqc
5.7. Ve cung trim theo Start, Center, Length of Chord (mim dliu,
tam, chieu dili day cung)
Ve cung tron bang each dau, tam va chieu dai day congo
Command: Arc .J
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: d diem diu S).
47
Specify second point of arc or ;Center/ENd]: CE..J (chqn CEnter).
Specify center point of arc: de) tam cung).
dong nhac cu6i cung ml1c 2 ta L:
Specify end point ofarc or [Angle/chord Length/: L.J (chon Length of Chord)
Specify length of chord: (NMp chiu dai day cung).
Cung tron duqc hlnh thanh theo chieu nguqc chieu kim dong ha.
5.8. Center, Start, Length (Tam, diffm dolu va chieu dai day cung)
Tuang tl! nhu khi ve theo Start, Center, Length nhung thea thu tl! nguqc
5.9. Vi! eung trim theo Start, End, Included Angle (Dii'm d;\u, dii'm
cu6i, goc atam)
Ve cung tron bang ca.ch di6m dau, cu6i va goe aHim.
Command: A ..J Arc)
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter/: (Nhitp d dii'm dau S).
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ENd/: EN .J (chon ENd).
Specify end point of arc: (Nhitp toa d di"m euoi E).
Specify center point ofarc or [Angle/Direction/RadiusJ: A ..J (chqn Angle).
Specify included Angle: (NMp gia tri goe iJ tam +CCW, -CW).
Goc Am cung tron dugc ve cung chieu kim dong ho, goc duang
(+ CCW) cung tron ve nguqc chieu kim dong ha.
5.10. Start, End, Direction (Diffm dolu, diffm eu6i, hLfting tiep tuyen
ella cung t<.ti bat dolu)
dong gan cu6i arovc 5.9 ta D.
Specify center point of arc or / AnglelDirection/Radius]: D ..J
Specify tangent direction for the start point of arc: huang tiep
tuy!n diem bit dau eung).
6, Ve dilim POINT)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (Ban phim)
Draw\Point>\ SinglePoint DRAW21P0int Point hoic PO
48
Command: Point .J
Specify a point: (Chi dinh diem).
Ta dung bien PDMODE va PDSIZE dinh hinh va kfch thuGe diem
hOac dung Inh Ddptype.
Ddptype
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (8im phim)
Format\Point Style FORMATlDdptype DDptype
Si'r d':log lnh Ddptype se lam xuat hin hqp Point Style, tren hqp
nay ta dinh ki6u va kich thuac
7. Ve da tuyen Pline)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in (8im phim)
Draw\Polyline DRAWIIPline Pline ho<ic PL
Lnh Pline tht,rc hin nhieu chuc nang hem lnh line. Lnh PUne co 3
di6rn n6i sau:
I. Lnh Pline t<.l0 d.c d6i tuqng co chieu rng (Width).
2. Cae phan Pline lien ket thanh m(Jt dbi tuqng dny nh:lt. (Con Inh
Line t<.l0 ra d.c phan lit d.c d6i tuqng don).
3. Lnh Pline nen d.c phan lit cac th<1ng la cac cung
tron (arc).
Lnh Pline co vira ve cac phan lit d0<.ln th<1ng va vua ve cac phan
d0<.ln la cung tron. Day lit lnh ket hqp giUa lnh Line va Arc.
D6 hiu chinh da tuyen, SIT dl,mg lnh Pedit.
7.1. CM dQ vi; thilng
Command: PLine .J
Specify start point: (Chqn di6m hay dqliun bat dAu eua Pline).
49
4.GTCS CAD-A
Curent line width is <0.000>: (Chieu fng ella pline Ia 0).
Specify next point or [Arc! Close! Halfwidth! Length! Undo! Width]:
(Nhap d<) difm ke tiep).
Cae ll!a ehQn:
Close Dong kin pline boi mt thing.
Halfwidth Dinh m'ra ehieu fng phan sap ve.
Starting halfwidth<>: gia tfi nib chicu rng dau phan
Ending halfwidth< >: gia tri nua chieu fng cuoi pharr
Width Dinh chieu rng phan ve.
Length Ve tiep mt phan co phuong chieu nhu thang truoc
d6. Neu phan tru6c d6 la cung tfon thl n6 se tiep xuc voi cung tron.
Length line: chieu dai phan sap ve).
Undo Huy bo phan vua ve.
7.2. Che d(l ve cung trim
Command: PLine .J
Specify start point: (ChQn hay to<;1 d Hun diem bat dau cua PUne).
Curent line width is <0.000>: (Chicu rng hanh cua pline 1a 0).
Specify next point or [Arc! Close! Halfwidth! Length! Undo! Width]: A.J
(chon Arc).
Specify endpoint orIAngle!center/Close/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radi/lsi
!Second pt!Width]:
Cac Iva chQn:
Close Cho phep ta dong kin da tuyen boi mt cung tron.
Halfwidth, Width, Undo Ttwng II! nhu che d<) vo doan thiing.
Angle Tuong W Arc khi ta A se co dong nhac: Specify
included angle: gia tfi g6e atam).
Center Tuang tV Arc khi ta CE se e6 dong nhac:
Center point: to<;l d tam).
Angle/ Length/ < Endpoint>:
50
4.GTCS CAD-S
Direction huang ella dUCmg tiep tuyen v6i dau tien ella
eung. Khi ta D se xuat dong nhae sau:
Specify the tangent direction for the start point of arc:
goc hay chon huang).
Specify endpoint of the arc: to<:L d cu6i).
Radius Xac ban kfnh eong eua cung, khi ta dap R se xuat
dong nhik:
Specify radius of arc: (NhaP gia tri ban kinh).
Specify end point of arc or[AngleJ;
Second pt to<:L d thu hai va cu6i e6 the xae dinh
cung tron di qua 3 diem. Khi ta dap Sse xuat
Specify second point on arc: thu hai).
Specify end point of arc; dim cuo;).
Line Tra ve ehe d ve dO(;\fi thing.
8. Ve hinh da giac deu Polygon)
Draw\Polygon DRAWl\Polygon Polygon, Pol
Polygon dung d6 ve da giae deu. Da giae nay la da tuyen (pline) c6
so phan d0<:Ln (segments) bang s6 cua da giac. C6 ba each ve da giac deu:
8.1. Ve da giac ngo'.'i tilp dudng trim (Circumscribed about circle)
Cach nay dung khi cho tru6c ban kinh duong tron lli tiep.
Command: Polygon .J
Enter number of sides <4>: so c(;\nh da giac).
Specify center of polygon or [EdgeJ; (Nhap de) tam cua da giac).
Enter an option [Inscribed in Circle! Circumscribed about circle]: C .J
Specify radius of circle: (Nhap gia tri ban kinh duOrtg trem ne)i tiep, do
diem truy bat diem 13. diem giua mqt Cl;I.nh da giac).
51
dong nhae nay, giao hai sqi toe xae dtnh ban kfnh duemg tron m)i
tiep tiep) va vi trf eua da giae deu.
- Khi da giae ni tiep duang tron thi giao nay la dinh eua da giae.
- Khi da giae tiep duang tron thi nay la giUa mt
- dinh vi trf eua polygon, dong nhae "Specify radius of circle" ta
d cua giao hai sqi toc.
8.2. Ve da giac nf)i tiep drrong tron (Inscribed in circle)
each nay dilng khi cho truac ban kinh duemg tron tiep (khoang each
tir tam den dinh da giac).
Command: Polygon .J
Number of sides <4>: ,6 qnh da giac).
Specify cenler of polygon or [Edgef. (NMp tOa d(>liim da giac).
Enter an option Ilnscribed in circle/ Cricumscribed about circle]: I .J
Specify radius of circle: ban kfnh ho*c d tIllY bar dim).
8.3. VO da giac theo dill qnh cua da giac (Edge)
Cach nay dung khi cho trucJc chieu dili mt eua da giac deu.
Command: Polygon .J
Number of sides <4>: s6 da giac).
Specify cenler ofpo/ygon or [Edge!: E.J
Specify firsl endpoinl of edge: (Ch9n nhap tOa d(> diem dau m(>t canh).
Specify second endpoint of edge: (ChQn ho*c nh<\ip d eu6i eua
mt
Vi polygon ciing la mt da tuyen nen ta c6 dung lnh Pedit hiu
chinh, dung lnh Expode de pha vo chung ra thanh cac d6i tuqng don.
9. Ve hlnh chfi' Rectang)
Draw\Rectangle DRAWflReclang/e Rectangle, Rec
52
Lnh Rectang dung d6 ve hlnh chii' khi eoi hlnh ehu nay Iii. mt
da tuyen (m(Jt doi tl1qng) .
Command: Rectang .J
SpeCify first corner point or fChamfer! Elevation! Fillet/ Thichkess!
Width!: diem goc thil nMt cua hlnh chfr nhat).
SpeCIfy other corner point or fDimensions]: diem g6e thu hai).
Cae h,ra ehQn:
Chamfer Vat mep 4 dinh hlnh chfr Diu tien ta djnh cae khoimg caeh
vat mep, sau d6 ve hlnh ehu nh*t.
Specify first chamfer distance for rectangles <0.000>: khoang
each vat mep theo q.nh thu nhat).
Specify second chamfer distance for retangles <10.0000>: (Nhap khoang
each vat mep theo qmh thu hai).
Specify first corner point or {Chamfer! Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess/
Width!: diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr
Specify other corner point: (NMp diem goc thil hai ciJa hlnh chfr nM!).
Fillet Cho phep bo !rem cae dinh cua hlnh chfr nM!.
Specify fillet radius for rectangles <10.0000>: ban kfnh bo trim
dinh)
Specify first corner point or fChamfer/ Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess/
Width!: (Nhap diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr
Specify other corner point: diem goe thu hai ella hlnh ehfr
Width Dinh chieu r(Jng net ve (giong lenh Pline).
Specify line width for rectangles <0.0000>: chieu r(Jng net vel.
Specify first corner point or fChamfer/ Elevation/ Fillet/ Thichkess!
Width!: diem goc thil nhilt cua hlnh chfr
Specify other corner point: goe thu hai ella hlnh ehfr
Elevation/ Thickness Dinh eao d va d day hlnh ehfr khi tJ;lO
chfr 2 l>D.
Dimensions Cho phep leieh thuae hlnh ehfr thea cae dong nhac:
Specify other corner point or fDimensions]: D .J
53
Specify lengrh for rectangles <0.000>: chieu dai mt qnh cua
hinh chil
Specify width for rectangles <0.000>: (NhaP chieu dai cenh con lei cua
hinh chil nhAt).
10. Vi> dltang cong uon Iltqn Spline
Duong cong uon luqn Spline Ht mt duang cong NURBS (Non
Uniform Rational Bezier Spline). Duong Spline cong uon ItrQ'fi tl! do di qua cae
bat ky do ta ch9ll gqi 13. cae So<il (Control Points), ngoai fa ca.n
phai xac them cae duemg tiep tuyen v6'i Spline t<;li hai dau va cuoi.
Command: Spline .J
Specify first pOint or /Objectl: hoi;ic Chqll dau ella spline).
SpeCify next point: hoi;ic chqll diem k tiep).
Specify next point or /Close/Fit tolerance): hoi;ic chqll ketiep) .
.. ... (Nhap ch9n diem ke tiep).
SpeCify start tangent: (Chqll huang tiep tuyen t<:li diem dau cua spline,
hoi;ic Enter de chqll rni;ic dinh).
Specify end tangent: (ChQn huang tiep tuyen t<;ti euoi eua spline,
Enter de ch9n dinh).
11. Vi> hinh elip
Pull - down Menu
Draw\Ellipse
Type in
Ellipse, EL
Neu bien PELLIPSE = I, ta co the ve hinh elip nhu la mot da tuyen
Polyline.
Neu bien PELLIPSE = 0, ta co the ve hinh elip nhu la mt dUong
Spline. Truong hqp nay hay dung, va thea 3 phuong philp sau:
11.1. Ve elip theo to(,l dQ mQt trl}.c va khoang cach mJa trl}.c con l(,li
Command: Ellipse .J
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: ch9n mt
diem cu6i tn,lc elip thu nhat).
54
Specify other endpoint of axis: chQn cuoi thli hai cua
elip thiI nhat).
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: thli ba thea
khoiing each Olia tf\,lC elip thu hai).
11.2. Ve elip theo tam va cac trl;lc cua elip
Command: Ellipse ..J
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: C .J (chQn Center).
SpeCify center of ellipse: chQn tam eila elip).
Specify endpoint of axis: chQn mQt cu6i tfl;lc elip thli nhat).
SpeCify distance to other axis or [Rotation}: ]: chQn mQt
cu6i elip thu hai).
11.3. Ve cung elip
Khi ve cung elip, ta dung It!a chQn Arc. Khi d6 cung elip se duqc hlnh
thanh thea chieu nguqc chieu kim dong ho.
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [ArclCenter}: A..J
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: ch9n mt
euoi trl,lc elip thu nhat).
SpeCify other endpoint of axis: chQn cuoi thu hai clla
elip thu nhat).
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation}: chQn mt diem
cu6i elip thu hai).
Specify start angle or [Parameter}: gia tri goc gifra ta vua dinh
voi duang tu tam elip den cuoi ella cung elip).
IV. cAc PHUONG PHAp TRUY BAT IlIIl:M CHINH xAc
Khi thvc hin cae nhim ve C1 cac bai tfrroc, chung ta thay khi
chon mot nao d6 d5. ve tmoc do, rat kho co chon mot cach chinh xac
. . . .
vlw d thvc clla chinh d6, vi chung ta ehi co thti di can tro (giao
hai sqi t6c) vao ditim muon ch9n mt cach dinh tfnh. Ngoai fa con mat nhieu
thai gian eho vic nay.
AutoCAD c6 khil nang eho phep rat nhanh ch6ng truy bat cac thuQc
55
d6i tugng nhu: cu6i, giii'a, tAm, giao ... Kha nang nay gQi la
Object Snap (OSNAP) vm nhieu phuong thuc kha.c nhau. Khi sir d\lng cae
phuong thuc truy btit diem, giao diem hai sqi toc xuat mt 6 vuong
gQi Ia "0 vuong truy btit", va cAn truy bat xuat hin Marker (khung
hinh ky hiu phuong thuc truy btit). Khi ta chQn cae d6i tue;mg dang 0
thai truy bat thi AutoCAD se tt! dng tlnh d diem truy bat va gao cho
dim dn tim.
1. Cae phltdng thli'e truy diii'm eua doi tlt<:,ng (OBJECTS SNAP)
Toolbars Type in Screen Menu Cursor menu
Object Snap 3 chft cui dti'u tien Dong *******
Shift + Phim phdi chu(Jt
Trong AutoCAD co the Slr dl}ng cac phuong thuc truy bat diem thuang tnt
(gan cac phuong thuc truy bat diem la thuCmg tn1) truy bat tnt (chi
Slr d\log mt Hin khi truy bat mt di6m). Trang ml}c nay gi6'i truy bat
diem tnt.
De lam xua't hin bang truy btit diem ta co the dung mt trong cac phuong
phap sau:
- Nhan phfm Shift d6ng thai v6'i nut phai clla chut, se xuat hin hp
gQi Iii. Cursor menu (danh ml}c con
- Tu Sereen menu hang**** nhap phim chQn clla chut.
- GQi cac phuong thuc truy bat tir toolbar: Object Snap.
- bang ban phim 3 chfi' cai dAu titn clla phuong thuc truy bat.
Ta chi Slr dl,lOg cac phuong thuc truy bat diem t;pn tru khi cAn X3.C dinh
d mt diem, vi dl} nhu cac dong nhk xac diem clla Inh Line
Circle: "Specify end point", "Specify center point"...
Cac phuong thuc truy bat d6i tuqng:
1. CENter Dung de truy bdt die'm tam clla circle, arc, ellipse. Khi truy
bat ta can chQn d6i tugng dm truy bat tAm.
2. ENDpoint Dung d6 truy bdt die'm euol clla Line, Spline, Arc, phAn
clla Pline, Mline. ChQn diem gan diem cu6i truy bat. Vi Line va Arc
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co 2 diem eu6i, do do AutoCAD se troy bat diem eu6i nao gan giao diem hai
sqi toe nhat.
3. INSert Dung d truy bat diem chen eua eua dong Text va Block.
Ch9n mqt diem bat ky eua dong Text Block va nhap phfm ehuqt eh9n.
4. INTersection DiIng de truy bat giao diem eua hai d6i tuqng. Mu6n
truy bat thi giao diem phai nam trong 6 vu6ng 'truy bat d. hai d6i tuqng
deu v6'i 6 vu6ng truy bat. C6 the eh9n Ian luqr hai d6i tuqng giao de truy
bar giao diem.
Ta co the truy bat giao diem eua hai d6i tuqng kh6ng giao nhau rna khi
keo dai m6'i giao nhau, khi d6 eh9n Ian luqr hai d6i tuqng.
5. MIDpoint Dung de truy bat diem gifia eua mt Line, Spline
Arc. Ch9n mt diem bAt ky thue d6i tuqng.
6. NEArest Truy bat mt diem thuqe d6i tuqng gan giao diem voi
Jwi s(fi t(Jc nhiit. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bat den d6i tuqng gan diem can truy
bat va nhan phim eh9n.
7. NODe Dung de truy bat tam cua mlJt diem. Cho 6 vuong troy bat
den v6i diem va nhan phim eh9n.
8. PERpendicular Dung de truy bat diem vu6ng goc vm d6i tuqng duqe
eh9n. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bar den vm d6i tuqng va nhAn phim eh9n.
9. QUAdrant Dung de truy bat cae diem g6e %eua Circle, Ellipse
Arc. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bih den gan diem can truy bat, v6i d6i
tuqng va nhAn phfm ch9n.
10. TANgent Truy bAt diEm tiep xlic voi Line, Arc, Ellipse, Spline
Circle. Cho 6 vu6ng truy bat vm d6i tuqng gan diem can tim va
nh:fn phim chon.
12. APPint (Apparent intersection)
Phuong thuc nay eho phep truy bat giao diem cac d6i tuqng 3D
Wireframe) v6'i mt diem nhin hin hinh (Current Wiewpoint), rna thl!e te
trong khong gian chUng khong giao nhau (hinh 5.14).
13. Tracking Trong AutoCAD ta c6 thE sir h!a chon Tracking dE
dq diem tUCfng d6i qua mt diem rna ta se xac dinh. Sir dl,lng tuang
tl! Point fillers va From.
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2. Gan chi! di? truy thlldng tn; Osnap, Ddosnap).
Pull - down Menu Cursor menu Type in Toolbar
Tools\DraftiI1/?Sefli ngs\Ohjeers Snap Osnap Setting Osnap Osnap
Hp thoc;ti DraftingSetting. Hqp nay co ba lIang 13. Snap and Grid,
Polar Tracking va Objects Snap.
Thuang dung lrang Objects Snap: Tren khung Object snap modes ta chon
cae 6 luang ung mu6n gao ch d truy bat thuang tn1. Khi muon XQ(i tat d.
phuong thue da gao ta chon nut Clear All.
De: thay doi kich thuac va mall sac ella thuac 6 vuong truy bat, ta co the
vao Toos\Option roi rna lIang Drafting, thea d6 ta de dang thay doi kich thuac
va mall ella 6 truy bat.
3. 'CAL (Calculator)
Pull - down Menu Type in Toolbar
'CAL
Lnh CAL sir d1Jog de tioh 10<io cae ham s6 thong dl,mg, d.c gia s6, thl!c
hin d.c phep toan Vecto va ta co the sil dl,mg lnh nay de xae dinh to<;l d cae
tren man hlnh do hO<;l .
Command: Cal .J
Expression: thue dn tfnh).
Trang thue d tfnh toan (dong nhae: "Expression:" ta co th sir
dl;lng dau @ (At sign- to<;l d eu6i cling xae djnh tren man hlnh), cae
phuong thuc truy bat d6i tuqng: INT, END, MID, INS, CEN, NOD, QUA...
Trang khi thl!c hin cae lnh ACAD (ngo<;li tru cae lnh viet bang ng6n ngu
AutoLISP) ta c6 the sir lnh CAL lam Inh trung gian (Transparent com-
mand), khi d6 ehi can them dilu phfty tren 'vao !ruae lnh CAL). Sir dVng lnh
'CAL trang cae truang hqp nay xae djnh eac dim kfeh thlIlJC can
thiet khi ve.
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4. Doi vii quay goc di? UCSicon, UCS)
C6 hai h to<;\ d dung trang AutoCAD:
+ H tqQ d(j g6c' WCS (World Coordinate System): La h to<;\ d mi;j.c
trang ban ve, thucmg ChQll goc to'.! d trung v6"i goe trai phfa du6'i ban ve.
19a d goc WCS co bieu tuqng nam agoe trai phfa duai bim ve va co chii' W
lrong bieu tuqog.
+ H t(JQ d ngLtai dung ues (User Coordinate System): Do nguai dung
t<;\o fa bang lnh Des.
Nguai dung dang lam vic vCii ues nao, thl DeS do la h tog d hin
hiwh, va gia lIj cae 19a d X, Y trong h to<;\ d hin hanh luon hin fa tren
dong tr<;log thai.
4.1. Lenh UCSicon
Pull - down Menu
Views\Di.l'play\ UCSicon
Type in
Ucsicon
Lnh UCSicon nay dieu khien sl! hien thi ella bieu tm;mg (icon) ella h
to<;\ dc) .
Command: UCSicon .J
Enter an option [ONIOFFIA/lINoorigin/ Origin!Properties}:
Cac h,ra chQn:
ONIOFF MiJrriit hieu Wang toa d tren man hinh.
All Hitn thi bieu tuqng to,!- de) tren mQi clra s6 man hlnh.
Noorigin Bitu tuqng to,!- de) chi xuat hin t,!-i g6c tnii phia duai man hlnh.
Origin Bitu tuqng lu6n lu6n di ehuyen theo g6e to,!- de) (diem 0, 0, 0
eua UCS).
Properties Gan cae tinh ehat hien thi bieu tm;mg to<). de) theo he)p tho<).i
UCS Icon nhu: kieu (2D hay 3D). kieh thuGe va mau s:\c hieu tuqng.
4.2. Lnh UCS
Pull - down Menu Type in Toolhar
ToolslNewUCS UCS UCS
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Lnh Des eho phep ta h mm Mng each di1i va xoay h .
Command: UCS .J
Enter an option[NewjMove/orthorGraphie/Prev(Restore/Save/DellApplyl
!World]<World>:
Cae Iva ch9ll khi ve 2D:
New Tao DeS mi:li bang each thay ddi goe khi dap N: Specify
origin afnew UCS or [ZaxisI3pointlObjectIFaceNiewIXlYIZ] <0,0,0>: (NhaP
vi tfi ella goc do mai).
Prev G9i l'.1i h to<;1. d sir dl,log tnroc do.
XlYIZ Quay h tn,Ic toJ;!. d xung quanh cae tfl,IC wang 6ng X,Y,Z hin
hanh. Chang h'.lll, muon t<;\o DeS moi bang each xoay Des quanh tn,lc Z, ta
nhaP Z:
Rotation angle about Z axis <>: goc d.n xoay quanh tr\lc Z).
World Tra ve to,!- d goc.
Khi th\fc hin d.c lnh ve ta co doi goc to'.l dt! den ffit vi tri man
hloh va thvc hin cae lnh ve bang d.ch VaG 193 d tuyt d6i so voi goc
toc)' d mm.
v, cAe Ll):NH TRO GIUP
1. Help
Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar
Help Help 'Help, '
Standard
Lnh Help eung cap thOng tin tra coo ve AutoCAD. Khi th\fe hin lnh nay
se xmlt hin hp tho<;li Help Topics. Hp tho'.li nay baa g6m cae trang: Contents,
Index va Find.
2. Xoa cac doi llte;tng Erase)
ModifylErase hOc1C EditlClear Erase ho{ic E Modify
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Lnh Erase dung xoa cac d6i lUQ'ng ta chQn tren bim ve hin hanh.
Sau khi chQn d6i tlt<;1ng can xoa ta chi can nhan phim Enter thl lnh dU<;1c
thvc hin.
Command: Erase .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tU<;1ng dn xoa bang cae phuong phap khac nhau).
Select objects: (ChQn tiep cae d6i tu<;1ng can xoa nhAn phim ENTER
ket thuc vic h,ra chQn va thvc hin lnh).
Thong thuang sau khi dung lnh Erase, ta thvc hin lnh Redraw xoa
cae Mu "+"(BLIPMODE) tren hinh ve hoac phuc hei cae duang bj khuat
boi cac d6i tUQ'ng bi xoa.
3. Phyc hoi ciic dol tltc;fng b! xoii Oops)
ModijylErase Oops: Oops
Phvc hoi IC).i ca.c d6i tuqng dU<;1c x6a be bOi mt lnh Erase truck do.
Command: Oops .J
4. Huy bo dli th,!c Undo, U)
Pull-down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar
EditlUndo EditlUndo Undo hoge U Standard
Lnh Undo cho phep huy b6 mt lnh nhom lnh thvc hin truac do.
Command: Undo .J
Enter the number of operation to undo or jAuto/ControIlBEgin/End/Mark/
/Backj <number>:
Cac Iva chQn:
Auto Khi chqn On thl d.c d6i tUQ'ng duqc ve trong m6i lnh xem nhu
la mt nhom. (Vi dV eae doC).n thAng ve bang mt lnh Line se dU<;1c huy be
bai mat Ian U).
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Mark Danh dau lnh AutoCAD vfra thl,fc hin rna sau nay tac6 the tra
ve bang h!a chQn Back.
Back Huy be cac lnh dfi thl!c hin den hin danh dau (Mark) gan ohat.
BEgin Danh dau lnh dau clla nh6m lnh, sau d6 dung ll,fa chQn End
danh dau lnh cu6i cua nh6m lnh.
End Ket hqp vai Iva chQn BEgin d danh dau lnh cu6i cua nh6m
Inh va sau do ta co th xo<i boi mt buac thlfc hin.
Control Dieu vi?e thue hi?n eae lua ehqn eua lenh Undo. Khi
C xuat hin dong nhac, thea d6:
All Thvc hin duQ'C tat ca cac h!a chQn cua lnh Undo.
One
None
Huy bo mt lnh vita thl!c hin twac do.
Kh6ng thvc hin vic huy b6 cac Inh.
5. Ph\lc hoi m9t vua hUy boo Redo
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbar
EditlRedo ED/TlRedo Redo Standard
Lnh Redo dung sau cac Inh U Undo de hoi mt Inh vua huy
bo tmac d6.
Command: Redo .J
6. Lam mili khung ci'ra 56 h,mh Redraw)
View\Redraw V/EWlRedraw Redraw hogc R Standard
Lnh Redraw dung de xaa cae dau "+" (W?i Ia cac Blipmode) tren man hlnh.
Command: Redraw .J R)
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7. Tili cae do; Ilt<;lng Iren man hinh: Regen va Regenall
View\Regen VIEWlRegen Regen hoc}c Regenall
a. Lnh Regen: Tinh toan va tai l,!-O b9 cae d6l tuqng tren khung
ohio hin hanh. Khi tai l,!-O se loan b9 bien da thay d6i trong ban ve.
Command: Regen .J
b. Lnh RegenaIl; Tinh toan va tai toan b9 cae d6i lUQ'og tren uit
ca d.c khung ohio cua man hloh (khi sit dl,log lnh Vports de cae khung
ohio tren man hloh). Khi l,ti se toan b9 cae bien dJ thay d6i
trong bin ve.
Command: Regenall .J
8. Cae phltclng phap Iva chc;'" dOi Iltc;lng
Khi thl;fc cae lnh hiu chinh (modify command) t,!-i dong nhac
"Select objects" ta ch9ll doi lU<;tng hiu chioh thea cae phuong phap khac nhau.
T;:ti thai diem "Select objects" thi cae 59i toe bien mat chi con roN 6 vuong
g9i Ia 0 ch9n (Pickbox). Ta dung 0 chQn nay d chQn d6i tuqng. D6i tuQng
dUQc ch9n se co duang net dUt (gi6ng nhu d<;tng duang Hidden).
ket thuc vic h!a ch9n bat dau thvc hin Inh ta nhap phfm Enter
dong nhac "Select objects".
Khi xuat hin dong nhac "Select objects" thi tren danh ml).c man hinh se
c6 Iva ch9n ASSIST. Ta ch9n Iva ch9n nay se xuat hin cac phuong phap ll!a
ch9n khac nhau .
Cae phuong phap chan d6i luqng:
1. Pickbox Dung 0 vuong ch9n, m6i hln ta chi ch9n dUQc mt d6i
tuqng. dong nhac "Select objects" xUllt hin 0 vuong, ta keo 0 vuong nay
giao v6i d6i tuqng can ch9n va nhap ch9n.
2. Auto dong nhac "Select objects" ta ch(;m hai diem d xac d!nh
khung dra sci. Neu di6m dau tien ben tnti, diem thli' hai ben phai thi nhiing d6i
tUQng nao nam trang khung cira sci se dUQc ch9n (lUang tv Window), neu diem
dau tien ben phii va diem thu hai ben tnii thi nhiing d6i tuqng nao nam trang
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va giao khung cua s6 se duqc chqn (wang tt! Crossing Window).
3. Window (W) Dung khung cua s6 de h!a chqn d6i tuqng. dong nhac
"Select objects" ta W. Chqn hai diem WI va W2 xac dinh khung ella
s6. Khi d6 nhung d6i wqng nao nam trong giao voi khung cua s6 se duqe
ch9n.
4. Crossing Window (C) Dung clla s6 cat de ch9n d6i tuqng. dong
nhac "Select objects" ta C. mt khung clla s6. Khi d6 nhung d6i
tuqng nao nam trong giao voi khung cua 56 se duqc ehqn.
5. Window Polygon (WP) Gi6ng nhu Window, nhung khung cua s6 lit
mt da giac, nhung d6i tuqng nam trong khung cua s6 dUQc chQn. Khi dap WP
tren dong nhac "Select objects", se xuat hin ca.c dong nhac sau:
First polygon point: (Chqn di6m thd nhat Pi clla Polygon).
Undo/<Endpoint of line>: (Chqn di6m cu6i P
2
clla mt
Undo/<Endpoint of line>: (Chqn diem cu6i P
3
clla mt Enter
d6 ket thiic vie h;ra ch9n).
6. Crossing Polygon (CP) Giang nhu Crossing Window nhung khung
cua s6 la mt da giac.
7. Fence (F) Lt;ra ch9n nay cho phep mt duong cat baa g6m
nhieu phAn nhting d6i tuqng nao giao voi duong cat nay se duqc ch9n.
Khi F dong nhac "Select object", se xuat hin cac dong nhae va ta
eh9n cac dinh cua Fence:
Select object: F
First fence point: (Diem dau tien cua Fence).
Specify endpoint of line or lUnda]: (Diem k tiep clla Fence).
SpeCify endpoint of line or lUnda]: (Di6m ke tiep clla Fence Enter
de kel lhUe tao Fence).
8. Last (L) Khi dap L thi d6i wqng nao duqc t<;lo sau cung boi lnh ve
(Draw command) se duqc ch9n.
9. Previous (P) Chqn l'.li cac d6i tuqng dii chQn t:;..i dong nhac Select
object: clla ffit lnh hiu chinh dt!ng hinh tht;rc hin cu6i cung.
10. All Tat ca cac d6i tuqng tren ban ve hin se duqc ch9n.
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11. Remove (R) Chuyen sang che d tru cac d6i tuqng tir nh6m cac d6i
tuqng da ch9n. Khi R dong nhac Select object: se xU<lt hin dong
nhac Remove object. dong nhac cu6i cung nay ta e6 the sir dl,mg Hit ca, cae
phuong phap Il!a chQn d6i tuqng atren de trir cac d6i tuqng.
Ta con c6 the tru cac d6i tw:;mg t<;ti dong nhac Select object: Bang each
dong thOi nhip phfm Shift vii sir dl:mg cac phuong phap Iva chQn d6i tuqng.
12. Add (A) Muon chuyen tu che d tfU cae doi tuqng "Remove
object" sang che d chQn them d6i tuqng dong nhac nay ta dap A.
13. Undo (U) Huy bO do; tuqng vua duqe chon.
14. Group Dung IlJa ch9n nay de gQi Hi cac d6i tuqng duqc
M.ng lnh Group tru6c d6. Group Iii cac nh6m d6i tuqng chQn va da duQ'c
ten. Khi dap G:
Select object: G
Enter group name: ten nh6m cac d6i tuqng dii duqc ten).
Select objects:
VI. cAe LENH SUA f>61 HiNH VE
1. Oili cac dO; tltc;lng MOVE)
ModifylMove MODIFY2\Move Move hoc M Modify
Lnh Move dung de thlJC hin phep dOi mt hay nhieu d6i tuqng tu mt
vi tri hin den mt vi tfi bat ky tren ban ve.
Command: Move .J
Select objects: (ChQn cac d6i tUQ'ng cAn dai).
Select objects: (Tiep t1,IC chQn cac d6i tuqng Enter de ket thtic vic
lila chQn).
Specify base point or displacement: (ChQn diem chuan tren d6i tuqng,
hoac nhaP khoang doi).
Luc nay c6 the dung phim chQn clla chut, dung cac phuong thuc tIllY bat
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5.GTCS CADA
diem, d d6i, tuang d6i ...
Specify base point or displacement: rna ca.c d6i tuqng ca.n
doi den).
C6 sir dl,mg phim ch<;m ella chut, dung cae phuong thue tmy bat
to,!- dQ tuyt d6i, luang doi. ..
2. Xen mill philn dol IU';lng nlim glfi'a hal dol luc:lng giao nhau
Trim, Exlrim)
ModifylTrim MODIFY21Trim Trim, Tr Modify
Lnh Erase xoa ca. d6i tugog, con hai lnh Trim va Break chi xen mt
philo d6i tuqog.
Do<.tn can xen trang lnh Trim duqc gi6i hoi mt hai d6i tuqng
giao, con dO<;ln can xen trong lnh Break dugc gi6i h<.l.O hoi hai
Lnh Trim dung de xoa dO<;lll cu6i ella d6i tugng giai h,;m boi m>t d6i
tuqng khac, dO<;ln gil1'a eua d6i nrqng duqc gi6i bOi hai d6i tuqng kh,lc.
Command: Trim .J
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None.
Select cutting edge ...
Seleel objects: (Ch9n d6i tue;mg giao v6i rna ta mu6n xmi).
Select objects: (Ch9n tiep cae d6i tltqng giao hay ket thue vic h,ra eh9n
bang phim Enter).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/ Edge/Undo].
(Chon can xen).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project/ Edge/Undo}:
(Tiep ch9n cAn xen hay Enter ket thuc lnh).
Cae ll,la Ch9ll khac:
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Edgemode: La ll,la ch9n ella lnh Trim xac dinh la phan d6i tuqng
5,GTCS CAD-B
duqc xen co giao v6i cae d6i tuqng giao duqc keo dai hay khong (Extend
No extend).
Undo Lt.Ja ch9n nay cho phep phl.,lc h6i l;:ti do;:tn vua duqc xoa.
3. Xi," mQt ph"n doi tl!<1ng gilra hai dilim chQn Break)
ModifylBreak MODIFY21Break Break, Br Modify
Lnh Break cho phep ta xen mt pha.n cua cac d6i tuqng Arc, Line,
Circle, Pline, Trace...
Do;:tn dU<;ic xen duqc gi6i h;:tn boi hai rna ta ch9n. Neu ta xen mt
pharr cua duang tron thi do;:tn duqc xen nam nguqc chieu kim dong h6 dau
tir ch9n thli nhat.
Mt ca hai diem ch9n c6 khong nam tren d6i tuqng bi xen.
C6 4 It.Ja ch9n khi tht.Jc hin Break:
3.1. ChQn hai (2 points)
Break thl!c theo each nay gam 2 bUGc:
- Bu6c 1: Ch9n d6i tuqng t;:ti rnt va nay la diem dati tien clla
do<;tn can xen.
- BUGC 2: Ch9n cu6i cua do;:tn Can xen.
Command: Break .J
Select object: (Ch9TI d6i tuqng e6 d0;:tn rna ta mu6n xen va nay la
di6'm dau tien eua doan can xen).
Specify second break point or [First point]: (Ch9n diem eu6i cua do,!-n
can xen).
3.2. ChQn doi tU'1ng va hai (2 poins Select)
Dung phuong phap nay thl phiJ.i ket hqp ch9n d6i tuqng vdi vie eh9n
hai dau va cu6i eua do<:tn d.n xen.
Neu ta eh9n cae ditm bang phuong thue truy giao diem (Intersection)
thl dua ra ket qua cling gi6ng nhu lnh Trim.
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Commad: Break .J
Select object: (Chc.Jn d6i tuqng co rna ta muon xen).
SpeCIfy second break point or [First point]; F .J
Specify first break point: (Ch9n diem dau tien cua dO<;J.n can xen).
SpeCIfy second break point: (ChQn dieIT!- cu6i cua can xen).
3.3. ChQn m(Jt diem (I point)
Loh Break trong truong hqp nay dung de tach mot doi wang tMoh 2 doi
tuqng dqc tach la rna ta ch9n d6i tuqng thl!c
Break.
Command: Break .J
Select object: (Ch9n doi tUQ'I1g co dO<;J.n rna ta muon xen t<;J.i cAn tach
doi tuqng).
Specify second break point: @ .J
3.4. ChQn d6i tu,!ng va m(>t diem (I point)
Dung Break tach d6i tuqng thanh hai d6i tuqng, each nay ke't hqp
gifra cach 3.2 va 3.3
Command: Break .J
Select object: (eh'ln doi tuqng de tach thanh 2 doi wqng).
Specify second break point or [First point.!: F .J
Specify first break point: (Ch9n diem tach hai doi ttrqng).
Specify second break point: @ .J
4. Keo dili deii tl/qng Extend)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Tholbar
ModifylExtend MODIFY2IExfend Extend, Ex Modify
Ngtrqc l<;J.i voi Trim, lnh Extend dung keo dai mt d6i tuqog
(object to extend) den giao voi mt d6i tuqng dtrqc ch9n (duQ'c g9i la duang
bien "Boundary edge(s)"). D6i tuqng la duang bien con co Ia d6i tl1Qng
can keo dai.
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Command: Extend .J
Current settings: Projection = UCS Edge = None
Select boundary edge '"
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i nrqng HI. dllong bien).
Select objects: (Ch9n tip cae d6i tuqng lam duemg bien Enter kt
thue h!a eh9n).
Select objects to extend or shift-select to trim or / Project! Edge/Undo]:
(Ch9n d6i tuqng can keo dai).
Select objects to trim or shift-select to extend or [Project! Edge!Undol:
(Ch9n tiep cac d6i tuqng cAn keo dai Enter kt thuc
Cae h!a ch9n:
Edgemode Tltong nhu lnh Trim. Sir dung eh9n Edgemode
v& h!a ch9n extend de keo dai mt thling dn mt thAng khong
giao v6i no.
Vndo Dung de huy be thao tae vua tht!c
5. Xoay cae d6i tU'l;lng xung quanh m'?t dillm Rotate)
ModifylRotate MODIFY2\Rotate Rotate, Ro Modify
Rotate cho phep xoay cae d6i tuqng quanh mt diem ehua.n (base
point). Diem ehua.n nay duqc coi Ia tAm xoay.
Command: Rotate .J
Curent positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR = counterclockwise ANGBASE = 0
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i tm;mg d.n xoay).
Select objects: (Ch9n tiep d6i tuqng, Enter Mket thUe vie eh9n)
Specify base point: (Ch9n Him quay).
Specify rotation angle or [ReferenceJ: goc xoay, R de
sau do goe tham chieu).
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6. Thay deli kfch thllc'lc cac do; tl1C;lng thea ty Scale)
pun - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Tholbar
ModifylScale MODIFY21Scaie Scale, Sc Modify
Scale dung de thay d6i kich thLF6'c cae d6i tuqng thea ty l tang
hay giam.
Command: Scale .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tuqng can tang hay giam kich thU0C).
Select objects: (Ch90 tiep d6i tuqog, Enter de ket thue vic h,ra ch90).
SpeCIfy base point: (Ch90 Iii moe dUng yen khi thay ct6i ty l).
SpeCIfy scale factor or IReferenceJ: h 56 ty l, R de sau
do thong s6 tham chieu).
7. Thay deli chieu do; doi Lengthen)
ModifylLengthen MODIFY2ILengthen Lengthen Modify
Khi muon thay deli chieu diii d.c d6i tUQ'ng Ii'!. hay cung tron,
dung Lengthen.
Command: Lengthen .J
Selecl an object or jDELtaIPercenf/TofaIIDynomicj:
Cae li,a ch9n thuang dung:
Select an object Lam thi chieu dai thang, hay goc 0 tam eua
cung dii chqn.
DElta s6 gia thay d6i chieu dai d6i tuqng: s6 gia duong se
lam tang chicu dai d6i tuqng, con 56 gia am se lam giam chieu dai d6i tuqng.
Enter delta length or IAnglef. s6 gia ).
Select an object to change or [Undoj: Ch9n d6i tuqng d.n thay d6i kich thu6c.
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Percent Thay dOi dai d6i tuqng thea phAn tram: >100% thl lam
chieu dai, < 100% thllam giiim chieu dai.
8. Keo gian cac dol tlt9ng Stretch)
ModifylStTech MODIFY21Strech Stretch Modify
Khi cAn keo gHin cae d6i tuqng rna d6i tuqng van khong dUt rai, thi dung
Stretch.
Command: Stretch .J
Select object to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon ...
Select object: (ChQn d6i tm;mg dung crossing-window).
Select object: (NMin Enter ket thue chQn).
SpeCIfy base point or displacement or, use first point as displacement >:
(NhaP diem chuiln).
destination point: diem can dbi den).
9. Dol va quay cac doi Iltl;lng ALIGN)
Modljy\3D Operution\Align Modify21Align Align, Al
Lenh Align cho phep doi, xoay, hoac bien d(\i d6i Ilt"ng theo ty Khi
can thiet ban ve lap tu nhieu chi tiet, dung Align kh<i qua.
Co the co 3 tlnh hu6ng sau:
I. Khi chi can dai hinh:
Command: Align .J
Select object: (Chon d6i tl1"ng ciln doi).
Select object: (Nh<fn Enter ket thuc ehQn).
Specify first source point: (ChQn diem nguon tren d6i tuqng ehQn).
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Specify first destination point: (Ch<;m dOi. den).
Specify second source point: (Nhi'ln Enter).
2. Khi can diJi hlnh ket hqp xoay hlnh:
Select object: (Ch(;m d6i tuqng can thay dbi).
Select object: (Nhi'ln Enter ket thuc vic ch9n).
Specify first source point: (Ch9n diem ngu6n thu nhat tren d6i tuqng
chon).
Specify first destination point: (ChQn dai den thu nhat).
Specify second source point: (Ch9n diem ngu6n thd hai).
Specify second destination point: (Ch9n diem dai den thd hai).
Specify third source point: (Nhan Enter).
Scale object based on alignment points? [YesINo]. N .J
3. Khi can diJi hinh ket hqp xoay hlnh va thay d6i d(J Ian theo ty
Tien hanh tuang tv tlnh hu6ng 2, den dong nhac:
Scale object based on alignment points?[YesINo]: Y .J (Thl!c hin phep
bien d6i ty Ie nhu khi thlfc hien Scale).
VII. cAc LENH VE NHANH
Cac lnh ve nhanh giup cho vic thvc hin ban ve nhanh ch6ng va do d6
tang nang suat ve. Dung ca.c lnh nay ta se nhanh ch6ng t<;lo cac d6i tuqng m6i
tu cac d6i tuqng dB: ve tru6c d6.
Ta c6 the nh).p cac lnh nay vaa tu ban phim, danh mvc thanh ngang
(Modify). toolbars Modify. danh man hinh (Screen menu).
Phuong philp khoang cach va goc:
De gia tri dai t<;li cac dong nhac c6 chii' "Distance", "Length" ...
gia tfi g6c: "Angle", "Rotation angle" ... ta c6 the thvc hin thea hai
phuong phap nhu sau:
I. Nhilp gia tr) bilng s6.
2. Chon tmy bilt Ian lUql hai diem. khi do AUIOCAD so tlf d(Jng tinh
gia trj chieu dai va g6c hqp v6i duang chu<ln cua hai diem rna ta ch9ll va gan
cho cac gia trj. can
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1. cac do; tlt<:,ng song song (L'1nh Offset).
ModifylOffset Offset, 0 Modify
Offset dung cae d6i tuqog m6i song song thea huang vu6ng
goe voi cae d6i tuqng duqc chQo. C6 t<;to cae d6i ttrqng song song eua cae
d6i tuqng HI.: line, circle, arc, pline, spline...
Neu d6i tw;mg ban dau lit dO<;tn thAng thi se t<;10 fa do<;J.O thang mai c6
cung chieu dai.
Neu d6i tltqng ban dau lit duang tron thi se t<;to fa duang tron moi dong
tam v6i duang tron ban dau.
Neu d6i tuqng ban dau Iii cung tron thi se t<;10 fa cung tron dong tam v6i
goe atam bang v6i cung tron ban dau.
Neu d6i tuqog ban dau Ia duang pline, spline thi se t<;10 fa mt duemg
pline, spline co hloh dang wang tl!, nhung song song v6i. duang ban dau.
C6 hai each t<;to cae d6i tuqng song song:
1. Cae d6i tuqng song song each cac d6i tuqng ban dau mt khoang cach
(offset distance).
2. Cac d6i tuqng song song se di qua mt dim (Through point) va song
song vai d6i wqng ban dau.
l.l. Ll1a chgn Offset Distance
Command: Offset .J
Offset distance or Through <through>: khOl\ng each giiIa hai d6i
wqng song song).
Select object to offset: (Ch9n d6i tuqng ban dau muon doi tuqng m6i
song song vai n6).
Specify point on side to offset: (Nhilp chut vao mt diem bill ky v phia
can d6i tuqng mai).
Select object to offset or <exit>: (Tiep t1,1C ch9n nhan Enter d ket
thuc
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1.2. Lt,ta ehQn Through
Command; Offset .J
Offset distance or Through<Through>: T .J
Select object to offset: (ChQo d6i tuc;mg ban dati muon d6i tuqng mai
song song vCii n6).
Through point: t<;>a d bat diem rna d6i tuqng mai duqc t<;\o se
di qua do).
Select object to offset or <exit>: (ChQll d6i tUQng khac Enter ket
thUe l?nh).
2. Ve noi tH,p hai dOi !Ltc;lDg beli cung tron Fillet)
Modify\Fillet Fillet, F Modify
Lnh Fillet dung de ve nei tiep hai d6i tuqng boi rnl cung tron.
De thlJC hin lnh Fillet, trucJc tien phai ban kfnh cung n6i tiep R
(sau khi gia tr! ban kinh nay rra thanh dinh), sau d6 ch9ll cae d6i
tuqng can ve n6i tiep boi illq! cung tron.
Command: Fillet .J
Current settings: Mode = TRIM, Radius = ...
Select first object or [Polyline! Radius/Trim/mUltiple!: R .J (ChQn R
ban kinh).
Specify fillet radius <0.0000>: gia tIi ban kinh R, hoac chQn hai
rna khoang each giua chung Ii ban kinh R).
Select first object or /Polyline! Radius/Trim/mUltiplel: (Ch9ll d6i nrqng
th" nhat can Fillet).
Select second ohject: (Ch9ll d6i tuqng thtl hai can Fillet).
Khi dung lnh Fillet v6i R = 0, co the keo dai ca.c d6i wqng cho den khi
chung giao nhau, xen ca.c d6i tuqng dii giao nhau nhung co cae dO<;tll thua
can boo
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CM Yding c6 the Fillet hai duong song song, khi d6 ta khOng clin
ban kfnh va ban kinh se la ffit mia khmlng each gifra hai duang song song.
Cae l\Ia ch9ll khac:
Polyline Khi muon Fillet b cae dinh da tuyen thl sau khi ban
kinh R ta thvc hin thea tduh tt! sau.
Command: Fillet .J
Current settings: Mode::;: TRIM, Radius =...
Select ji'rs! object or [Polyline! RadiuslTrim/rnUltiple]: P .J
Select 2D polyline: (Chon Polyline can Fillet).
AutoCAD chi Fillet cae diuh lii giao diem ella hai pharr dO<;l-fi thing ella
da tuyen.
Trim/ Notrim Khi Fillet b che d Trim mode thi cae d6i tuqng clugc
ch9ll de Fillet se keo dai den xen cae dO<;\ll thua ti;l-i cae diem tiep Xtlc.
Khi Fillet ache d Notrim mode thi d.c doi tUQ11g se kh6ng duqc keo dai
xen di cae diem tiep xuc v6i cung noL
mUltiple Cho phep bo tr6n d.c n6i eua hqp nhieu d6i tuqng.
3. Vat mep cac cqnh giao nhau CHAMFER)
Modify\Chamfer MODIFY2\Chamfer Chamfer, Cha Modify
Chamfer dung t<).o mqt ducmg xien tC).i giao nhau cua hai
do<).n theing t<).i cac dinh da tuyen 130 giao cua hai phan doC).n
(Segment) 180 cac doC).n thing, gQi 130 vat mep cac c<).nh.
Trinh tl)' thl)'c hin [enh Chamfer lUang tu lnh Fillet: cae khoang
cach vat mep, r6i sau do chQn cac dO<;l-n thAng can vat mep.
Kfch thuac duCing vat mep (duong xien) duqc dtnh btlOg hai cach: Theo
hai khoang ca.ch tir giao nhau (Distance), ffiqt gia tr! khoang
each va goc nghieng (angle).
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Command: Chamfer ..J
(Trim mode) Current chamfer Dist 1 ::;"'! Dist 2 ::; ...
Select first line or [Polyline/ Distonce/ Angle/ Trim/ Method/mUltiple!:
Cac h!a ch<;m:
Method Ch9n mt trang hai each d!nh fa kich thUDC ducmg vat mep:
+ Distance gia tf! hai khoimg cach).
+ Angle gia tf! mt khoang cach va goc nghieng).
Distance hai khoang caeh.
Command: Chamfer ..J
(Trim mode) Current chamfer Dist 1 ::; ... , Dist 2 ::; ..
Selectfirst line or [Polyline/ Distance/ Angle/ Trim! Method/mUltiple!: D.J
Specify first chamfer distance <>: Ir! khoimg cach thi! nhat).
Enter second chamfer distance <>: khoang each thu hai).
Select first line or [Polyline/ Distance/ Angle/ Trim/ Method/mUltiple!:
(Chon do,!n Ihfing Ihi! nhat).
Select second line: (Ch9n thu hai).
Angle Cho phep gia tf! kh011ng each thu nhat va goc cila duemg
vat mep hqp voi duang thu nha't.
Polyline Muon vat mep tat ca. cae dinh cua polyline thi sau khi
cac gia tf! khoang each xong, t<:ti dong nhAc tien ta nh*p P, se xuat
dong nhac sau:
Command: Chamfer .J
(Trim mode) Current chamfer Dist 1 ::; ... , Dist 2 ::; ...
Selectfirst line or [Polylille! Distance! Angle! Trim/ Method/mUltiple!: P.J
Select 2D polylille: (ChQn Polyline clin chamfer).
Trim!Notrim Khi Chamfer ache d Trim mode thi cae d6i tUQng dUQc
ch9n de Chamfer se keo dai den xen cae thua t<:ti eac tiep xlle.
Khi Chamfer CJ ehe d Notfim mode thi cae d6i tUQIlg se kh6ng dUQc keo
dai xen di cae tiep Xlle vm cung n6i.
mUltiple Cho phep vat mep cac qmh n6i clla t*p hqp nhieu d6i tUQng.
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4. Sao chep cac doi tlt9ng Copy)
ModifylCopy Copy hoqc CP, CO Modify
Copy dung de sao chep tinh tien cic d6i tuqng.
Command: Copy .J
Select objects: (Ch9n cae d6i tuqog can sao chep).
Select objects: (Chqll tiep cae d6i tuqng can sao chep, ohan phfm
Enter di ket thue vic Iva ch90).
Specify basepoint or displacement or /Multiple]: (Ch90 diem bat
ky tren d6i tuqng can sao chep, thucmg dung cae each bat diem).
Specify second point of displacement or < use first point as displacement >:
(Ch9ll vi trl ella cae d6i tlI<Jng sao chep, thuang dung cae each bat diem
d(J).
Trang Copy co Iva ch(;m Multiple, h!a ch9ll nay dung de sao chep
nhieu bim til oh6rn cae d6i tlIqng duqc chqll.
Command: Copy .J
Select objects: (Ch9ll d6i tuqng ca.n sao ehep).
Select objects: (tiep tlJe eh9ll d6i tuqng Enter).
< Basepoint or displancement >/ Multiple: M .J
Base point: (Ch9n diem ehuin).
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as displacement>.-
(Chon copy den).
Specify second point of displacement or < use first point as displacement>:
(Tiep toc chon Copy den Enter ket thuc lenh).
5. Phep lay doi xUng qua tr,!c Mirror)
ModifylMirror Mirror, Mi Mirror
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Lnh Mirror dung cac d6i tuqng m6i d6i xung vOi cac d6i tuqng
duqc chQn qua mqt tn]c d6i xung.
Command: Mirror .J
Select objects: (ChQll cae d6i tuqng mu6n hiy d6i xung).
Select objects: (Enter ket thue vie ll!a ehqn).
Specify first point of mirror line: (Chqn diem thu nhat ella trl).e d6i xung).
Specify second point of mirror line: (Chqn diem thu hai eua trl).e d6i xdng).
Delete source ohjects ?(Yes/NoJ<N>: (Xoa d6i tuqng duqe ehqn hay
khong? Dap "N" neu khong muon xoa, dap "Y" neu muon xoa).
Neu mu6n hlnh d6i xU'ng eua eae dong ehfr khong bj nguqe, phai gan bien
MIRRTEXT = a (gil tri dinh MIRRTEXT = I), rei mm thue hi?n lenh Mirror.
6. Sao chep thea mimg Array)
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu Type in Toolbars
ModifylArray MODIFY21Array Array hoc Arr Modify
Array dung de sao chep cae d6i tuqng duqe eh9n thanh mango C6
co hai kieu miing duqe dung:
+ Mang chfr (Rectangular Array): Cae d6i tuqng m6i duqe sao chep
phan bo theo cae hang va cae ct.
+ Mang qre (Polar Array): Cae d6i tuqng mai duqe sao chep pharr b6 xung
quanh mt tam qle (Polar).
6.1. Mang chfi: (Rectangular Array)
Sao chep cae d6i tuqng duqe ch9n thanh day c6 so (rows) va s6 e('lt
(columns) nhat dinh.
Command: Array .J
Select ohjects: (Chqn eac d6i tuqng d.n sao ehep).
Select objects: (Nhan Enter de kt thue vic lI,ra ehQn).
Enter the type of array (Rectangular/Polar! <R>: R.J (Chqn Rectangular)
Enter the number ofrOlvs (.,,) <1>: so hfmg cua mang).
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Enter the number of columns (1/1) <1>: s6 et ella ming).
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (. .. ): each giua
d.c hang, gia tfi nay duong thl eae hang duqe sao ehep len tfen, gia tfi nay am
thl cae hang duqe sao ehep xu6ng du6'i.
Enter the distance betlveen columns (///): khOi:lng d.eh giua cae et,
gia tfj nay duang thl eae e9t duqe sao ehep sang phiH, gia tfi nay am thl cae
e9t duC/e sao ehep sang trai).
Ta e6 the: dung a don vi (Unit cell) khoing each gifra cae hang va
e9t. Unit cell la 6 dan vi hlnh ehu khoing each theo tn,lc ella 6
nay se 1a khoang cach giua cae e9t va khmlng each theo tn,le tung Ia khoang
each giua cae hang.
Enter the distance betl1yen rows or specify unit cell ( ... ): (Ch9n die:m thtl'
nhit cua 6 dan vO.
SpeClfv opposite corner: (eh9n thtl' hai d6i ella a dan vD.
6.2. Mang C\rc (Polar Array)
Ll!a eh9n nay dung cac day sap xep chung quanh mt tam qre (Polar).
Command: Array .J
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i tuqng ciln sao ehep).
Select objects: (NhAn Enter ket thue h,ra ch9n).
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar} <R>: p.J
Specify center point of Array: (Ch9n tam et,l"e).
Enter the number of items in the array: s6luqng bim sao ehcp).
Specify the angle to fill (+=CCW; -=CWj<360>: g6c rna tren d6
cae bin sao ehcp duqe phan b6. Ch6. y: goe dien vao co gia tri am neu eung
ehicu kim dOng ho, co gia tf! duang neu nguqc ehieu kim dong ho).
Rotate arrayed objects?[YesINol<Y>: (C6 quay eae d6i tuqng khi sao
chep hay kh6ng? Nhan Enter neu d6ng y, dap "N" neu kh6ng dong y.
Neu ta eh9n kh6ng quay ("N") thl cae d6i tuqng sap xep khong deu chung
quanh tam qrc.
Command: Array .J
Select objects: (Ch9n cae d6i tuqng ca.n Array).
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Select objects: .J
Enter the type of array [Rectangular!Polarf <R>: p.J (chon Polar Array).
SpeCify center point of Array: ho*c ch(;m tam cve).
Specify the angle to fill (+ = ccw. -=cw)<360>. g6c phan b6 cae
d6i tuqng sao chep).
Angle bettween items: goe giiJa ca,e d6i tuqng sao chep).
Rotate arrayed objects?/Yes/No]<Y>: (Co quay cac d6i tuqng khi sao
chep kh6ng).
VIII. cAe Lt:NH VE MAN HINH
1. Thu ph6ng mim hinh Zoom)
View\Zoom Zoom h0i!c Z Standard ho(ic View
Zoom dung ph6ng to thu nhc hlnh anh cac d6i tU<;mg tren
khung eua s6 hin Lnh nay chi thay d6i st! eua cac d6i tuqng
tren mao hlnh rna khong lam thay d6i kfch thuoe ca.e d6i tuqng.
Command: Zoom .J
Specify corner ofwindow, enter a scalefactor(nXornXP) or / Allieenter/Dynamic/
Extents/Previous/Scale/ Window] <real time>:
Cae It!a eh9n:
Realtime (KTZoom) La h!a ch9n mac dinh cua Zoom.
Khi tht!c hin h,ra ch9n nay ta keo cursor co hlnh kinh hlp co dau +
va - nhu tuqng Iva ch9n nay tren toolbar Standard.
Nhan phim trai eua chut va di tuqng nay len phia tren thl phong to,
di xu6ng phia duoi thl thu nh6 hlnh anh ban ve.
Thoal ra kh6i ehe do Realtime Zoom: NMn phfm ESC, nh:fn phim
phai chut xuat hin menu r6i eh9n Exit.
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All T<;to l<;ti toiOm b man hlnh va hitn thi toan b ban ve len man hlnh.
Center Ph6ng to man hlnh quanh mt Him diem va voi mt chieu cao
etra 56, khi C:
Specify center point: (ChQn tam khung eira 56).
Enter magnification or chieu cao khung cira 56,
ehqn 2 de xac dinh chieu cao. Neu sao gia tri ta X, vi d1,1 3X
thl hlnh anh se ph6ng to lcn 3 IAn so voi hanh).
Dynamic lcn man hlnh khung etta s6 chua hlnh anh, rna ta c6
thay d6i vi tri va kfch thuoc.
Khung eira 56 hlnh chi] nay e6 dAu X agifra, cho phep ehuytn vi tri
ella khung cira 56.
Khi chuyen sang eM d thay d6i d Ian khung eua s6 nguqe lai)
phai nhan phim ehqn (phim trai) ella ehut, lue do se xuat mlii ten ngay
c<;tnh phai ella khung. Dung mCii tcn di vi tri va thay d6i kieh thuoc
khung etra s6. Nhan phim Enter khi muon ph6ng hlnh anh trang khung cua 56
nay lcn be) man hlnh.
Window Ph6ng to len man hlnh phAn hlnh anh nam trang khung ci'ta so
hlnh chfr Cua so nay dU<;1e t<;to ra bang cach xac dinh 2
Specify first corner: (Chqn g6e tnii eaa 56).
Specify opposite corner: (ChQn g6e phai dra 56).
Extents Ph6ng to thu nha cae deli tuqng ban ve den kha nang lOn
e6 the.
Previous Ph1,Ic hoi l<;ti hlnh anh eua Zoom truoc do.
Scale Nhap t1' de ph6ng to hay thu nha hinh iinh mong muon. TY Ie
>I thi ph6ng to, t1' < I thi thu nha.
+ Gia trt 0.5,1,2... c6 nghia Ia ph6ng to thu nha 0.5, 1,2... Ian so
voi hlnh anh theo gioi h<;tn ban ve.
+ Gia tfi 0.5X, IX, 2X... e6 ngh1a la thu nha va ph6ng to theo t1' Ie 0,5;
I; 2... Ian so voi hlnh anh hanh.
+ Gia tfi 0.5XP, IXI', 2XI' .. ngh1a la thu nha ph6ng to so vai giai
h<;tn ban ve trang kh6ng gian phang ella ta giay ve 0,5; 1; 2... Ian.
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6.GTCS CAD-A
Cac Iga chqn khac tren Standard toolbar:
IN Ph6ng to hlnh ilnh himh len 2 Ian (Zoom 2X).
Out Thu nh6 hinh ilnh himh xu6ng 2 Ian (Zoom O.5X).
2. Xe d!ch ban ve tren man hinh PAN)
Pull - down Menu Type in
.
Toolbar
View\Pan Pan hoq.c P hoq.c -Pan Standard
Dung lnh Pan xe djch ban ve tren man hinh rna d Ian cila ban ve
khong thay d6i, nha do co quan sat cac phAn can thiet rna khong thay d6i
khoang cach nhin.
2.1. Realtime pan (RTpan)
Realtime III ll!a chqn m;)c cua Pan.
Khi thl,lc hin lnh Pan se xU<lt hin can tro co hlnh ban tay. Nhiln phfm
trai cua chut va xe ban ve tren man hinh. Nha nut trai chut va dai con
tro den trf khac va nhiln phfm trai tiep tlJ.c xe dlch bim ve.
Khi can thoat khoi Realtime Pan thi nhiln phfm ESC, nhilp phfm phai
chut xuat hin Shortcut menu, roi chqn Exit ket thuc
2.2. Vnh Pan
Thl,lc lnh Pan khi hai thi hinh anh se duqe keo tu
thu nhilt den thd hai.
Command: Pan -l
Specify base point or displacement: (Ch9n diem thtl nhift nMp
khming doi).
Specify second point: (Ch9n dim thi! hail.
2.3. Cae lI!a ehQn khlie (gQi du'!e til menu bar)
Left Quan sat 1l11a trai eua khung cira s6 hanh.
Right Quan sat nira phai cila khung ella s6 hin hanh.
Up Quan sat 1l11a tren cua khung ci'ra s6 hanh.
Down Quan sat nira duai clla khung elra s6 hanh.
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6.GTCS CAD-B
eM y:
+ Pan va Zoom Iii lnh trung gian (transparent command), nghia HI.
c6 the thvc hin lnh nay dong ba:t ky, vOi ditu kin Iii khi d6 trucre
ten lenh phai nhap Mu ( , ).
+ Trang AutoCAD cling con co sir d\;1og thanh euon Scroll Bars (hai
thanh nam ngang va thing dung) d xe dich bim ve tren man hioh.
3. View
View\Named views... View hoi;ic Ddview Standard
Dung lnh View de ghi cae pharr ban ve hin va ten cho n6.
Khi can c6 the gQi fa cae ph<in ball ve nay.
Command: View ..J
Xuat hin hp tho<;li View:
+ Trang New View: ten vaa 6 SO<;iO thfl.O View name.
+ Trang Orthographic & Isometric View: T<;lo cae hlob chieu vu6ng goe
va hloh chieu trl).C do.
4. Bien Viewres
Pull - down Menu
TooMerial views...
Type in
Viewres
Bien Viewres duqc dung de tang d miD eua cae duong cong nhu ducmg
tron, cung tron, elip, spline.
Command: Viewres .J
Do you wont fast zoom?/YesINo]<Y>:,J
Enter circle zoom percent (1-20000)<100>: (NMp can s6 ph:ln tram zoom).
83
5. Quan sat ban ve tit tren (Aerial view View from Above)
View\Aerial views.. Dsviewer hoi;ic AV Standard
ThlIang sir dl:lOg Zoom Realtime va Pan Realtime quan sat ban ve.
Nhung d6i v6i cae ban ve phuc tq.p ta sir dl,mg Aerial view t6t han.
Sir dl;mg cae lnh Zoom va Pan cae hloh imh trl'::n khung eua s6 nha nay
ta thu duqc hlnh aoh wang uog eua ban ve trtn man hloh.
Tien htmh theo tdoh W sau:
1. Thl,lc hin lnh: Xuat hin khung eira s6 Aerial View.
2. khung eira s6 Aerial View: Thl!c vic thu ph6ng hloh anh tren
khung eira s6 nhc nay bang each nhap phfm trai chut lam xuiit hin khung
chit c6 dati x achioh giiia, xe dich khung chu nay se cho phep ta
quan sat pharr hloh ve wang Ung da dugc ph6ng to tren man hloh. Co thu
ph6ng khung chiI bang cach nhap phfm trai chut de xuat mlii ten
ben phai khung, r6i di chut de thl!C thu ph6ng.
4. d6ng dra s6 Aerial View ta nhan vao nut X ben g6c phai phia tren
eua khung clla s6.
IX. vii THEO LOP - mllu CHiNH DUONG NET VAMAu
Trang khi ve va thiet ke, Ia d6i vai d.c ban ve phuc t':lP, nguai
thiet ke mong muon lam vai phan hloh ve hi6n th! len man hlnh khoog
qua phuc t:;tp. Muon phai t6 chue ban ve theo nhieu lap (layer). C6 the:
hlnh dung moi lap nhu mt to giay ve trang suot, duqc ve len d6 cac doi tuqng
c6 eung chuc nang nhu: lap eae duang net ea ban, lap eae duang tAm, lOp cae
kich thuoc, lop van bim, lOp cac hlnh ehieu, lOp eae cat ... Khi can hien
thi ult ca cae lap len man hlnh (wang tl! ta eh6ng ta't ca. cae ta giay ve
trang su6t len nhau), ta se c6 duqe ban ve t6ng c6 d phue t:;tp caa. Nhung
khi ve va thiet ke, ta chi can lam v6i mt mt vai lap nhat djnh, gQi
la lap hin hanh (current layer),vai d phuc t:;tp giam di nhieu so vai ban ve
Icing the.
84
Ta c6 the gan cho moi lap cac tfnh chAt rieng cua n6 nhu: duong net
(linetype), chieu rng net (lineweight), mau sac (color)... , khi d6 cac tlnh chat
nay iJ BYLAYER.
Cac phien bim AutoCAD khong che s6 lap duqc ra. Tren thl!C te
thiet ke co khf va xa-y dvng, c6 nhfrng ban ve dung hang tram lOp.
1. lap vii chinh lap
Format\Layer... Layer, LA Object Properties
Thvc lnh Format\Layer se xUAt hin hp Layer Properties
Manager.
1.1. Tao lop moi
TrInh t'! ehinh layer duqc th'!c hin nhu sau:
- NhAp nut New hp se suAt hin 0 thao Layer ct name
(duoi Layer 0),
ten lap vao 0 thao. ten lap v6i cac ky t'! la cac 56, cac
chil, khong dU<;1c co cac khoang trong giiia cac ky t,!, khong dUQ'e dai qua 255
ky lU. Ten lOp hin tinh tTUng chung cho lOp, nhu: NET-CO-BAN,
NET-KHUAT, MAT-CAT, KICH-THUOC, PHAN-CHU...
- Khi nhieu lap cung mt luc, ta d.c ten lap cach nhau boi dau
phily (,).
- NhAn nut OK khi ket thuc vic lap mai.
1.2. Thiel laP lhai lop
Tdt, mJ layer: Nhap vao lUgng thai ON/OFF.
M(it lOp dil tilt thl so khOng hin tren man hlnh. Tuy neu dung l\ta
chQn All ehQn d6i tuqng, cac d6i tuqng ella lap dii tat van co duqc chQu
khi th\tc hin m(it s61nh hiu chinh (Erase, Move, Copy... ).
Dong va lam tan bang cua mt layer: NhAp vao bieu tUQ'ug tr<;lug thai
FREEZEffHAW.
Cae d6i tuelng cua lop dil dong bang (FREEZE) so khOng xuat hin tren
85
man hinh va ta so khong hieu ehlnh cae d6i lugng nay (khong ehqn d6i
tugng lOp dong bang ngay eli Ilia ehqn All). Trang qua Idnh tai hien bim vo
bang lnh Regen, Zoom... ca.c d6i tuqng eua lap dong bang bi b6 qua va giup
cho qua trlnh tai hin duqc nhanh han.
LOp hien hanh khong dong bang.
Khoa va rnb khmi eho lap: Nhap vaa bitSu luqng tf<.lng thai
LOCK/UNLOCK
Cae d6i tuqng ella layer dii bi khoa (LOCK) se khong hiu chinh sUa chua
duqc. Thuang dung khi muon nhAc nha ffiqi nguai truck khi muon sua chua
d.c d6i tUQ'ng trong lOp nay de tninh sai s6t dang tic.
1.3. Chon mau va thay d6i mau ella hIp
Twac phai Chqll lOp cAn chqo mall thay d6i mau cho lap d6.
Ta nhap ct mau (Color) ena lOp, khi d6 se xuat hin hp Select
color. Thea hp tho<;li nay, ta co chqo mau cho lap bang each chqo vao ()
mau mong muon.
C6 256 mau duqc dauh 56 tir I 7 255. Khi ta chqll {) mau nao thl ten (so)
mall xuat hin {) thao Color. Cac mau tieu chuAn tir 1 - 7 ngoai rna so
ta con co ten (1 -Red (do); 2- Yellow (vang); 3- Green (xanh la cay);
4- Cyan (Xanh da trail; 5- Blue (xanh IVe); 6- Magenta (do Ifa); 7- White
(trhg)).
S6 ltrgng cac mau xuat hin tuy thuc vao Monitor Card di6u khitn
man hlnh. Cau hlnh VGA chuAn (Video Graphics Array v6i card man hlnh va
monitor chuAn) chi co16 mau. Man hlnh SVGA (Super VGA) co the lam xuat
hien 256 mau trang AutoCAD.
1.4. Chqn dltOng net cho hIp
De ch(;m dmJng net cho lap, ta nhap V8.0 cOt Linetype, lam xuat
hOp Select Linetype. Theo hp nay, ta ch9n duong net mong
muon. Ket thuc vic ch9n, ta nhan nut OK.
De tii cac ducmg net vao chuang trinh ve, ta nhan nut Load dt lam
xuat hin hp Load or Reload Linetype. Theo hOp nay, ta ch9n cac
duang net mong muon de tM cac file duemg Acad.lin va
Acadiso.lin) va nhan phim OK.
86
1.5. Chf:>n chieo rQng net ve
ChQn chieu rng net khi in ban ve ra giiy. Sau khi chQn ten lap, nhip vao
ct Lineweight, lam xuit hp Lineweight. Theo hp nay, ta
chQn chieu rng net mong mu6n. Ket thuc vic chqn, ta nhin nut OK.
1.6. Gan hJp hien hanh (Current)
Ta chqn lap va nhin nut Current, ben phai dong Current Layer se xuit
ten lap hanh rna ta vira chqn. Trong lOp hin hanh, cac d6i tuong mai
bang cac lnh ve (line, arc, circle, text, hatch... ) se c6 cac tfnh chAt cua lap
hanh da thiet truac d6.
1.7. Xoa 101' (Delete)
Ta de dang xoa lOp nao d6 bang cach chqn lap d6 va nhAn nut Delete. Tuy
nhien trong mt s6 truang hqp layer duqc chqn khang duqc xoa, d6 Ia cac lap
0, lap De/point, lap hi?n hanh, lap ban ve tham khao ngoai.
2. Dieu khilln ICip thanh cong cy Object Properties
Ta co th thl!c cac lnh ve lap bang thanh cang C\l Object Properties.
Thanh cang clJ. nay duqc dinh nam phia tren vung d6 Khi dtra con
tr6 vao cac nut tren thanh cang c\l, se thtiy xuat hin ten nut.
Nut Layer Properties Manager
Nhan nut nay se lam xuat hin hp Layer Properties Manager.
Nut Make Object's Layer Current
Lap chUa d6i tu'lng vira du'lc eh9n so tra thanh lap hi?n hanh.
Nut Layer Previous
Nhan nut nay se huy be cac thit laP eho lap ve mau, duang net ..
Danh sach keo xu6ng Color Control
Gan mau hi?n hanh cho d6i tuqng sill' ve. Khi ve thuang ch9n BYLAYER.
Danh sach keo xuSng Linetype Control
Gan ducmg net hanh cho d6i tuqng ve. Khi ve thuang chQn
BYLAYER.
Danh sach keo xu6ng Lineweight Control
Gan chieu eua duang net (de in ra giay) eho d6i tu'lng sill' ve.
87
3. Cae liim quan den dLlilng nel
3.1. Nh"p cae dang duong nel vao ban ve (Ienh Linetype)
Pull - down Menu
Format\linetype ...
Type in
Linetype (l,t) hoc -Linetype (-Lt)
Thong thuang khi bat dau ban ve, trang danh stich cae duang net co
san chi co rnt d<.mg duang duy nhat IS. net lien (Continuous). di (load) d.c
duang kh.ic c6 san trang ACAD vaa trong ban ve, co dung hai
phuong phap sau:
3.1.1. "-Linetype"
Command: Lnh "-Linetype" .J
?ICreatel Load/ Set: L.J
Linetype (s) to load: * .J
XlUlt hin rnt hp tho<;ti Select Linetype Files. Tren hqp nay ta ch9ll
tin ACAD.LIN (hoac ACADISO.LIN) va nMn nut chon OK.
'/Creole/Load/Set: .J
Oie h!a ch9ll khac:
? Lit ke cae ducmg co trong cae file ACAD.LIN.
Set Gan duang eha cae d6i tuqng sap ve.
Create d.c duang rom.
3.1.2. Dung hljp thoqi Linetype Manager
Til Format menu, chQn Linetype lam xuat hin hp tho<;li Linetype
Manager. Nhan nut Load, lam xuat hin danh sach cac d<;lng duang net tieu
chuftn. ChQn trong d6 cac d<;lng ducmg net dung, roi nharr mit OK.
3.2. Dinh ly Ie eho dang dUOng (Lenh LTSCALE)
Ltscale! Lts
88
Cac d'.lng duang net kieu khong tl}c thucmg co cac khoimg trong gifra
cac dO'.ln g<;lch lien, nhu net khuat (Hidden), duang tam (Center), duemg cham
ch:im (Dashdot), ...
Ltscale se d!nh ty cho d'.lng duang net, tuc la dint. chieu d?ii
khoang trang va dO'.ln g'.lch lien. Neu ta chqn ban ve thea Met thi khong
can dinh l'.li ty l d'.lng duang net.
Command: Ltscale .J
Enter new scale factor <1.000 >: ffiQt gia tri duong bat ky ta chqn).
Ta cling de dang dung hp tho'.li Linetype Manager. T'.li 0 s0'.ln thao
Global Scale Factor, ta se djnh gia tri Ltscale.
3.3. Cae dUiJng net lrong bim vi! ky lhn*l lheo TCVN
Net cO ban
Net co ban co duang CONTINUOUS (net lien). Be f(Jng net til 0,5...
1Amm (net cang fng khi hinh bieu dien cang Ian). Be rng cua net phai
thong nhM tat ci cac hlnh dien clla cung ffit ban ve.
Net eo ban dung de ve duemg bao thay clla the.
Duong tam
Cac duemg tam duqc ve khi dung duang cham g'.lch manh eo d dai g'.lch
til 5... 30mm va khoang cach gilla chUng la 3... 5mm. Trang file ACAD.LIN,
co the chqn dung cae duang tam CENTER, CENTER2, CENTERX2...
Thong thuang, khi thl!c ban ve ta ve tmac d.c duemg tam.
TCVN quy djnh duemg tarn phai ve qua duang bao clla hloh bieu dien tu
2... 5mm va ke"t thue bang net g'.lch.
Duemg tam duqc dung de ve ca.c trl}c hlnh tft:l, cac duang tam clla duang
tron, cac tr1,lc d6i xling...
Net khua't
Net khuat co d'.lng net dUt: Gam nhfrng net g'.leh dUt co cung dQ dai tir 2...
8mm. Khoang each gifra cae g'.lch trang net dUt tir 1... 2mm va phai thong nhat
trang cling ban ve.
Trang file ACAD.LIN ta co the chqn dung cae net khu:it HIDDEN. HID-
DEN2, HIDDENX2...
89
Net khuat dung de ve cac duong baa khuat tren hlnh bieu dien.
Net lUn mdnh
Net lien manh la duong CONTINUOUS co chieu rng 1/2... 1/3 net co ban.
Net lien manh dtrQ'c dung de: ve cae duang gi6ng, cttrong kich thuac,
ella cat...
Net edt
Net dt duang CONTINUOUS co chieu dai 8... 20mm, be! rng net
ve tit 1 dn 1,5 Ian chieu fUg net co ban.
Net ell! dung ve vet ella phrmg cat.
X. T YAN BAN TRIlN BAN yll
Cae dong chfr trang ban ve dung de mieu ta cae d6i tuqng trang ban ve,
ghi cae yeu d.ll ky liu... Cae dong chfr trang van ban ve AutoCAD
c6 the lA cae cAu, cae tit, cae ky hiu co trong bang chii' cai bang chii s6.
AutoCAD coi cae chii' (text) nhu III mOl d6i lUqng ve (nhu line, circle, arc, ... ),
nghia Ill. dong chfr chfnh lit mOt phArr ttr do hqa. Cho nen ban ch:t cua vic
viet chO' len ban ve chloh Ia "ve chit".
Cac l"nh ghi dong chi! (TEXT) nfim trang menu Draw cua thanh ngang
menu, tren thanh c6ng Cl;! Draw.
TrongAutoCAD, kitu chu (text style) se qllyet dtnh hlnh dang (form
shape) cua chi!. M6i kieu chi! co sir font chi! AutoCAD (SHX font),
True Type Font (TfF) PostScript. Trang ban ve mau ACAD.DWG chi co
duy nhat chi! STANDARD dlia thea font TXT. Cae chi! khac co
djnh btmg I"nh Style, m!>t chi! mai vlra boi l"nh Style se tra thanh
hanh. Trong mt ban ve ta co kiell chil, tuy nhien chi co
mt kieu chi!la hi"n hanh.
Sau khi cae kieu chi! (Text Style) ta tien hitnh ghi cae dong chi!. Cae
I"nh Dtext, Text dung do! cae dong chi! (text) tren ban ve. L"nh Mtext cho
phep mt van ban nam trong khung hlnh chil dtnh truac.
Can chu yrang khi ghi ban ve til' may nay sang may khac, phai tra
may mai co cae fonts chu wong (rng voi bim ve ta sAp rna hay khong. Nell
khong thl cae dong text cua ban ve se kh6ng hin len, hin len v6i cae
ky tli khong the dqc dugc.
90
1. kiiu chii' Text Style)
Format\Text Style ... Style hoijc -Style (St) Text, Standard
Kieu chi! duqc biti lnh Style .Style. Kieu chi! duqc chQn tit cae
font chit co san lrang ACAD va dioh cae th6ng s6 lien quan den cau hloh
ella chu,
hin lnh Style so lam xnlit hin Mp Text Style. Theo
nay, co the chon dung thiet kieu chi!.
Cae IlJa chQn trong hp Text Style:
Height<O.OOO> cao chil. Neu muon t<:li dong nhac cae lnh
Dtext va Text xliat hin dong nhac "Height:" thi ta chieu cao Hi O.
Neu muon chieu cao ella chit Ia kh6ng deli, thi dong nhac nay ta cho
gia tIi khac O. Chieu cao chiI s6 kich thuGe duqc dioh bang bien DIMTXT va
ph1,1 thuOe vaa chieu cao kieu chii' khi ghi kfch thuac.
Width Factor<l.OOO> Ty Ie chieu cac chi!. Nen ti Ie nay biing 1 thl
chii' bloh thuang, thea tieu chuAn: h s6 chieu rog cho chii' hoa va chu s6 Iii
5/7; he s6 chieu cua chi! thuang la 4/7. Neu ty Ie nay nho han 1 thl chi!
se co l<;li, neu IOn han 1 thl chit se gian ra.
Oblique Angle<O> nghieng cua chi!. Neu biing kh6ng thl chi! se
thiing dUng, neu >0 thl chi! nghieng sang phai, neu <0 so nghieng sang !rai. Can
chu y rling thee TCVN. chi! ghi !rang ban vo la thiing dUng nghieng 1a (0)
nghieng vOi phuang nlim ngang goc 75 nghieng 15).
Backwards ?<YIN> Nu chqn Y thl chit se hlnh thanh theo phuong
d6i xUng guang theo phuang thiing dUng. Thuong chQn N.
Upside down '<YIN> Chii se hlnh tMnh thea phuang d6i xUng guang
thee phuang ngang. Thuang chQn N.
Vertical? <YIN>: Dong chii nlim thea phuang thiing dUng. Thuong
ch<.m N. Neu ta chQn font VNI (TTF) co dliu tieng Viet thl dong nay kh6ng
xuat hin.
Co the thay dOi ten kieu eM biing lenh Rename.
91
Ta chfr tren h<)p Text Style thea trinh ttf sau:
- ChQn nut New... se xuat hin hp New Text Style. ten
chfr mai vao 6 so;;tn thao Style Name, sau d6 nhan nut OK.
- ChQn Font chfr: T;;ti 6 Font name chQn TIF font hoi.ic SHX font. Khi
bang dau ting Vit v6i SHX font ta chQn Use a bigfont, chQn kitu
Romans Font name, va t;;ti 0 Bigfont chQn VN.SHX
- Chieu cao chi! vao 6 Height. Cac nut chQn Upside down (dong chu
doi xung phuong ngang), Backwards (dong chfr doi xung phuong thimg dung),
Width factor (h s6 chieu r(Jng chfr), Oblique angle (g6c nghieng clla chfr) ...
lUong W lnh -Style.
Ta xem chu vila t;;tO t;;ti 6 Preview. C6 thay d6i ten va x6a ki6u
chu bang cac nut Rename va Delete. Sau khi t;;tO mt ki6u chu ta nhap nut
Apply d kieu chfr khac. Muon ket thuc ta Close.
2. thao vilo ban ve Dtext)
Draw\Text>\Single Line Text ... DRAW21Dtext: Dtext, Dt Draw
Lnh Dtext (Dynamic text) cho phep dung ban phim d6 so<!-n thao cac
dong chfr vao ban ve va c6 th6 sO;;tn thao nhieu dong chfr nam acac vi tri
khac nhau.
Command: Dtext .J
Specify start point of text or []usitifyIStyle!: (Chon diem bilt dllu dong chfr)
Specify height: chieu cao dong Text). Chieu cao cua chfr hoa chon
theo tieu chuan co gill trj: 14; 10; 7; 5; 3,5; 2,5mm. Chieu cao chfr thuang
duqc Hfy btmg 5/7 cac chitu cao tIen.
Specify rotation angle of text <0.000>: d nghieng cua chfr).
Enter text: (NMp dong text tit b,m phim). Enter de ket thuc
Cac ll,fa chQn:
Start point: (Diem bilt dllu dong chfr).
92
Style: Ch9n mN trang cac ehiI da lam chiI hanh. Khi
dap S xu<it dong nhac phl,l:
Style name (or?): ten ehiI VaG hay ? ke cac chiI
trong van ban ve hanh).
Justify: (Can chinh vi tTf dong ehiI). Khi dap J se xuat dong nhac cho
phep ta ch9n cac eanh Ie khac nhau. M6i dong chii' co 4 vi tri thea hang:
Top, Middle, Baseline, Bottom va 3 vi trf thea c9t: Left, Center va Right. Ket
hqp cae vj trf nay ta co cae canh Ie. Khi dap J xuat hin dong nhile:
Enter an option:
[Align/ Fit/ Center/Middle/ Right/ TLITCITR/MLIMC/MR/BLlBC/BR[:
Cae lip ch(;m canh Ie:
+ Align: Dong chii' VaG nam giiIa hai dinh truck. Ty s6 giiIa
chieu cao dong chii' va chieu dai dong ehii' nam giiIa hai Pjva P
2
bang h
s6 chicu f9ng (Width Factor). Khi A se co dong nhiic phI.!:
First text line point: (Xac djnh dau dong chii PI).
Second text line point: (Xac dinh cuoi dong chi)' P2)'
Text: (NMp van ban).
+ Fit Tuang tv Align nhung ehieu cao chi)' duqc co t<;li dong nhac
"Height <0.000>":
First text line point: (Xac djnh di6m dau dong chfr PI)'
Second text line point: (Xac dinh diem cu6i dong chii' P
2
).
Heigh<O.OOO>: (NMp chieu cao dong chill.
+ Text: (Nhiip van ban).
+ Center eanh Ie Baseline - Center.
+ Middle canh Ie Baseline - Right.
+ TL canh 16 Top - Left.
+ TC Diem canh Ie Top - Center.
+ TR canh Ie Top - Right.
+ ML canh Ie Middle - Center.
+ MR Diem canh Ie Middle - Right.
93
+ BL caDh MBot/om - Left.
+ Be Diem canh Ie Bottom - Center.
+ BR caDh 16 Bot/om - Right.
Cae ky tl! trung thuang dung: (Internal - S0'.l0 thaa lfang AutoCAD)
Internal Hin lIang bim ve Ky hiu
%%c40 $ 40 . Ky dUODg kiDh
30%%d 30 Ky d(l
%%p30 30 Dau C(lDg, ttit
3. Thao m{>t dong chfi' Text)
Pull - down Menu TypeiD Toolbar
Draw\Text\Single Line text Text
Lnh Text wang tt! nhu Dtext, nhung lnh oay chi ghi duqc ffit dong chi!
va dong chi! Day chi xuat khi ta ket thUc Text.
Command: Text .J
Specify start point of text or [JusitifyIStylej: (Ch9n diem Mt dau dong chii).
Specify height: ( NhaP chi6u cao dong Text).
Specify rotation angle of text <0.000>: (NhaP do nghieng cua chii).
Enter text: (Nhiip dong text tit ban phim). Enter ket thuc
4. van ban vilo ban vii Mtext)
Draw\Text\Multiline Text Mtext, Mt Draw
Lnh Mtext cho phep t<,i0 ffi(Jl do'.lO van ban lfong ph<pn vi gioi h'.lo eua
ffi(lt khung hinh chii nhat.
94
Command: Mtext .J
Current text style: STANDARD Text height: 6 (chi6u cao chil da thiet
Specify first corner: diem goc thu nha't van ban).
Specify opposite corner or {HeightlJustify / Rotation/ Style/ Width]:
goc d6i dung cae h,ra ChQll cho van ban.
Khi hp Text Formating xuat hin, cho phep SO<;lll thaa van ban nhu
cae pharr mem van ban khac. Trang hqp nay, co the de dang sir dl,lng cae
6 Text style chill, Font (phOng chill, Text height (chieu cao chill, Text
color (mall chiI) va cae nut Italic (nghieng chu), Underline chan chiJ),
Undo (huy thaa tac tmac d6), Redo (tTd thao tac vua thvc hin), stack
dang phan s6).
XI. VE HINH cAT vA cAT
Khi bieu dien cae v*t the, neu chi dung hloh chien thi chua hin duqc
day du hlnh eua ffiqt s6 v*t Do d6, trang nhieu truang hqp phai dung
hloh cat va d.t.
Hlnh cat la hlnh phAn con ella sau khi tuang tUQ'ng la
dii cat bo phan nam giua phAng cat va nguai quan sat. cat la
phan nam tren phAng cat va kh6ng ve phan nam sau
phAng cat.
Cit hai lnh Hatch va Bhatch deu ve cat:
+ Sir dvng Hatch: Khi ch9n vimg ve cat ta ch9n tUng d6i tugng
(Select Object) clla duemg bien clla vung ve d.t.
+ Sir Bhatch: Chi ciln chqn mt (Pick Point) trang vung
ve cat. Lnh Bhatch thuang duQ'c su dVng.
1. VI. cilt bling Bhatch
.
Draw\Hatch... Bhatch ho(ic Bh, H. Draw
95
Dung Bhatch (Boundary Hatch) de ve d.t vai ky
trong vung ve cat giai bOi mt duong bien kfn.
Khi Bhatch duqe tht!e se xuat hp Boundary Hatch
and Fill.
1.1. Trang Hatch
Ch9n mau mit cat: (6 ehQn Type).
C6 the ehQo d<;log eho cae mau cat: Predeji"ed, User-defined
Custom.
+ Predeji"ed: ChQo cae milu cat e6 san trang file ACAD.PAT ella
AutoCAD
+ Custom: ChQn mall duqe bang file. PAT. Khi do ten file. PAT
vao 6 sO<;ln thao Custom Pattern.
+ User-defined: ChQn m<1u c6 cae thAng song song (wang tt!
mall ANSI13l), rei ehQn khoiing each (Spacing) giua cae duong g;;teh va g6e
nghieng (Angle) ella duong eheo.
Ch9n cac mau mit cat bang each ch(Jn dnh: (6 ehQn Pattern).
ChQn nut [... ] ngay ben phiii daoh saeh Pattern, lam xllat hp
Hatch Pattern Palette. Bang cae nut Next va Previous ta co the trang de
xem cae mao. Khi eh9n mall nao ta chi can keo can tro vao mau d6 va nhap
vao nut OK.
Can cac tinh che/t cho mau mit cat: (Pattern Properties).
C6 the gan cae tfnh chat cho mau cat.
+ ISO Pen Width: ChQo cae mAo theo ISO thi eho phep ehQn ehieu rog
but khi in ban ve ra giay (tily thue vao thiet b! in).
+ Scale: gia tri s6 ti eho mau dt dang ehQn. Gi6i
d!nh ella so ty nay la 1.
+Angle: Dinh d nghieng ella cae duong eat so v6i mau eh9n. Gia tI!
dinh to O.
+ Spacing va Double:
Spacing la khoiing eaeh gWa cae duong eheo ella cat, con khi ta
96
ch9n Double Hatch se ve them ca.c duang ky hiu cal vu6ng goc (t'.lO cac
duang g'.lch dan cheo nhau).
- Xde dinh vLlng ve mift edt.' (Boundary)
xac dinh vung ve ky hiu ca.t ta su dl:mg mt trang hai cach: Pick
Point Select Objects, ket hgp hai cach tren.
+ Pick Point: Xac dinh mt duang bien kin bang cach ch9n mt
nam trang vung ve cat. Khi ch9n mt trong duang bien kin thi t<;tm
thai AutoCAD t'.l0 mt duang bien kin la mt Pline vung ve
thanh mien (Region). Nen ch9n gan v6i duemg bien cAn do tim. Dong
nhac
Select internal point: (Ch9n mt ben trang duong bien kin).
Select internal point: (Tiep we ch9n mt ben trang duong bien kin
khae nib), nhan Enter ket thuc chQn.
+ Select Objects: Ch9n duang bien kin bang cach ch9n ca.e d6i tuqng bao
quanh t<;1.o nen duong bien.
1.2. Trang Advanced
-Island Detection Style: Cho phep chQn ve cal.
- Object type: Cho phep ch9n d'.lng duong bien gifr l'.li co la mien
(Region) Polyline kin.
-Island Detection Method: Neu ch9n Flood thi cac island se la d6i tu<;mg
bien. ChQn Ray Casting cho phep do tim duong bien thea huang nguqc chieu
kim d6ng h6 thea cae diem ta chi ra.
Boundary Set: eho phep chQn duong bien cua vimg co cAt duqe
nhanh han.
2. HATCH
Pull - down Menu Screen Menu TYpe in Toolbars
----- ----- - Hatch hoifc -H
Hatch dung dl! ve ky hiu liu cat kh6ng lam xuat hin cae
hp thO<;ti, va do do tien tdnh thl!C hin la theo dong nhac Khi thl!c hin
97
7.GTCS CAD-A
lnh Hatch cae cAt se kh6ng co quan h hqp (Nonassociative) va
kh6ng sir dugc phuong phap do tim dUOng bien (Ray-casting method)
bang each eh(;m di6m (Pick Point) d6 xae dinh.
3. chinh Hatchedit)
ModifyIObject>/Hachedit ... MODIFYlHachEdit Hatchedit hOQc Ha
Lnh Hatchedit eho phep ta hiu ehinh cae cat se co quan h hqp
(associative) (tao biing lnh Bhateh).
Khi thl!e hin lnh Hatchedit se xuAt hin hp tho'.li Hatchedit tuong tl,l
hp tho'.li Boundary Hatch and Fill. Ta sua chua cat theo cae nut eh9n eua
h<)p tho'.li nay.
XII. GHI KICH THU(JC
1. Cac thimh ph"n kfch thttck
Mt kich thuGe dugc ghi bat ky bao gam cae thanh phan chtl you sau day.
Dimension line (Duong kich thuGe)
Duong kich thuae cling phuong vai dO'.ln thAng ghi kich thuae, duqc gi6i
h'.ln hai dau boi hai mlii ten g'.lch eheo, mt ky hiu tugng trung).
Neu la kfch thuae goe thl no la mt cung tron co tam la dinh goc.
First extension line
(DuOng giong thu nhAt)J
P
PI Second extension line
I gi6ng thli hail

Arrow
(Mo.i ten) Dimension text
(Chfr s6 kfch thuGc)
Dimension line
(DuOng kich thuGc)
Hinh 2.3: Cdc thiinh phan kich thu6c
98
7.GTCS CAD-B
Extension line (Duong gi6ng).
DUOng gi6ng vuong g6c voi d6i wQ'ng duQ'c ghi kich thuoc. Moi kfch thuoc
c6 hai duong gi6ng song song nhau xuat phat tu hai dAu kfch thuoc.
Dimension text (Chl1' s6 ghi kfch thuoc).
Chii s6 ghi kich thuoe chi d Ian cua kfch thuoc. Trong chii s6 kfch thuoc
c6 th ghi dung sai (tolerance), ghi tien t6 (prefix) va to (suffix) eua
kich thuoe.
Arrowheads (Mui ten eac ky hiu wQ'ng trung nhu: cheo,
cham... ).
Ky hiu hai dAu eua duong kfch thuoe, thong thuong la mlii ten, dau
nghieng, cham...
Chu y ding, d6i voi kich thuGe ban kfnh va duang kinh chi co 4 thanh
phArr: dau tam duong tam), ducmg kieh thuoc, mlii ten (g'!-eh eheo) va
ehu s6 kich thuoc.
2. Thiel cae kiliu ghi kich lhlfac
Dimension Variables (Cae bien kfch thuoc).
AutoCAD2004 eo 64 bien kleh thuGe M dieu khien viee ghi kfeh thuGe.
Nha VilO eae bien kieh thuGe ta co thO ghi kfch thuGe thea dung TCVN.
Dimension Styles (Cae kich thuGc).
Nhieu kieu kleh thuGe khae nhau eo the duge ta thiet laP tren CCI sa ket hgp
cae bien kfch thuoe, roi ten eho cac kieu d6. C6 th thiet nhieu kiu ghi
kich thuoe khac nhau trang mt ban ve, khi cAn ta chi g9i kitiu kich thuoc.
Tqo cac kie'u kich thubc theo TCVN:
AutoCAD2004 co cae bim vo milu theo ISO (eae file. DWT) bao gam:
ACADISO. ISO_AO. ISO_AI, ISO_A2, ISO_A3, ISO_A4), tuy nhien vi trl
ehu s6 kich thuoe, duong gi6ng, dUbng kfeh thuoe ...
Dti eae kiu kich thuoe thea TCVN, truae tien phai t'!-o kiu kich thuac
(Dimension style) each djnh I,!-i gia trj cae bien kieh thuoc (Dimmension
variables). Theo hp tho,!-i New Dimension Style, ta can gia lrj cae bien
kfch thuGe.
99
chu yding, chu ghi kich thuac c6 th6 gan khac vai chu hin
hanh. Nen chqn font chu Romans v6i Width Factor = 0,8 -;- 1.
3. Cae bude ghi kieh thude
Sau khi thiet ghi kich thuac, tien hlmh ghi kich thuac thea cac
buac sau:
Dung cae lnh ghi kich thuae.
Thay d6i ghi kich thuae neu can: Thay d6i cae bien kfch thuae va
sau d6 dong nhac "Dim"(slr lnh Dim) ta dung loh can Up (Update),
lnh Dimstyle vai ll!a ch9n Apply.
Hiu ehinh cac thanh phtin kfch thuae neu do: Dung cae lnh Dimtedit ,
Dimedit. .
4. Ghi kieh thude
Dimension\Linear Dimlinear, Dimlin, DLI Dimension
Dimension\Aligned Dimaligned, DAL Dimension
Command: DLI .J
Specify first extention line origin or<select object >: (Chqn g6c duang
gi6ng thir nhilt).
Specify second extention line origin: (Chqn g6e duang gi6ng thu hai).
Specify dimension line location or (MtextlTextIAngle/Horizontal/Vertical/.
IRotated]: (chqn mqt di6m an dinh vj trf ella duang ghi kich thuac).
Dimension Text: con s6 chiT de ghi kich thuGe).
Chu y: Neu dong nhac dau tien, ta eh9ll <select object> bang cach
ohan Enter thl :
SpeCIfy first extention line origin or<select object>: .J
Select object to dimension: (Ch9n d6i tuqng can ghi kich thuae).
100
Specify dimension line location or /MtextrrextIAngleIHorizontaIlVetti.call
IRotated]: (chon m(>t drnh vj tri cua dltitng ghi leieh thltoe).
Cae h,ra chQn khac:
Rotated: Ghi kich thuac nghieng so vai ducrng chuAn mt g6c nao d6. Khi
chQn Rotated xuat hin dong nhac:
Specify angle of dimension line <0>: g6c nghieng cua ducmg
kich thItoe).
Text: chu s6 kich thuac va cac ky tl! truac va sau chu s6 kich thuac.
Mtext: nhieu hem mt dong cac chu s6 kich thuac va cac ky tl! truac
va sau chu s6 kich thuac. Cht1 y: cac ky tt)' thucmg xuat hin khi ve ky
nhu:
+ ky "0" (do): %%d (vi dy 30%%d so thi 30).
+ ky tt)' "": %%p (vi dl;l %%p40 se thi 30).
+ ky (dltang kinh): %%e (vi dy %%c45 so thi
Angle: Nhiip g6e nghieng eho dong ehfr va s6.
Horizontal: Ohi kich thuac nam ngang.
Vertical: Ohi kich thltoe thang dung.
Ohi kfch thuac sao cho duong kich thuac song song vai th&ng noi
hai g6c dltang gi6ng: l"nh Dimaligned (hoijc DAL).
Ohi kfch thuac duong tron.
Dung lenh DAL Dimaligned).
Command: DAL .J
Specify first extention line origin or<select object>: .J
Select ohject to dimension: (ChQn duong tron can ghi kfeh thuac).
Specify dimension line location or /MtextrrextIAnglgeJ: T .J
Dimension Text <>: cae con s6 chu ghi kich thuac, ehii y
ghi ky (dltang leinh): nMp %%c).
Specify dimension line location or [MtextrrextIAnglgeJ: (ChQn mt diem
de an dinh vi trf eua duong ghi kich thuac).
101
5. Ghi kieh lhulle ban kinh va dUClng kinh
5.1. Ghi kich lhuoc dU<mg kinh
Dimension\Diameter Dimdiameter ho(ic DDI, Dimdia Dimension
Command: DOl .J
Select arc or circle: (Chqll duong tron dn ghi duong huh).
Specify dimension line locarion or /MtextITextIAnglge]: (ChQn ffi'?t d i ~ m
d ~ a:n djnh vi trf eua dUong ghi leich thuClc).
5.2. Ghi kich lhuoc blin kinh
Dimension\Radius Dimradius hogc DRA, Dimrad Dimension
Command: DRA .J
Select arc or circle.' (Chc;m cung tron can ghi ban kinh).
SpeCIfy dimension line location or /MtextlTextIAnglge/: (ChQn ffit diem
d ~ an dinh vi tIi eua dUong ghi kfch thuac).
5.3. VO dau tam va dU<mg tam
Dimension\Center Mark Dimcenter hoi;ic DeE Dimension
102
Command: DeE .J
Select arc or circle: (Chqn duang tron can ghi dau tAm va duang Him).
Khi d ~ t bien DIMCEN ~ 5 thi chi xuit h i ~ n diu tam, khi d ~ t bien DIM-
CEN = -5 thi xuat h i ~ n ea duemg tam va dau ta.m. Chu yrang can thay d6i lOp
ve cho ca.c dau tAm va duang Him sang 16p duang Him de duemg tam dung
d<;lng clla no.
6, Ghi kieh lhtrde gee
Dimension\Anxular Dimangular hogc DAN, Dimanx Dimension
6.1. Ghi kich thltoe goe qua cac e;;tnh eua goe
Command: DAN ,J
Select arc, circle, line, or <.specify vertex>: (Chqn q.nh thiI nhat eua goe).
Select second line: (Chqn e<;lnh thiI hai ella goc).
Specify dimension arc line location or [MtextITextIAnglge]: (Chqn mt
d i ~ m d an dinh vi trf ella duang ghi kich thuGe).
6.2. Ghi kieh thmJe goc qua ba d i ~ m
Select arc, circle, line, or <speCify vertex>:.J
Angle Vertex: (ChQn dinh cua goc).
First angle endpoint: (Chqn dim eu6i q.nh thli nbat).
Second angle endpoint: (ChqD dim cu6i e<;lnh thli hai).
Specify dimension arc line locati.on or [MtextrrextIAnglge]: (Chqn mt
d i ~ m d ~ an dinh vi trf eua duemg ghi kich thuae).
6.3. Ghi klch lhurrc goc &lam cung Iron
Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>: (Chqn cung tron).
Specify dimension arc line location or [MtextrrextIAnglge]: (ChqD vi trf
duang eung kich thu6e).
103
sAl r ....p CHLJONG 2
Trang kh6ng gian 2D, hay ve cae hlnh sau:
Hinh 23
Hinh 2.4
<
,.
~
\
\
'"
Hinh 2.5
Hinh 2.6
o
o
Hinh 2.7
Hinh 2.8
Hlnh 2.9
104
Hinh 2./0 Hinh 2,11 /iinh 2.12
1<0
30.302030
o
o
, ~ -
10
\v
30 20 45 60 15
"
/\ \
n
0
11
"
"
N
l---
/
"
1\
~
n
/
"
-
N
25 I 35
55 55
,
Hillh ],13
50
70
90
Hill/! 2.14
Hinh 2.15
m
o
>---4"J8L_
I
Hillh 2.16
-
g
kf--__'1ltOO"--_)
k 60 )
+
Wnl! 2.17
II/nh 2.18
fftnh 2.19
105
I
~ \
-,
,
1\ /

,
1/ "

flinh 2.20 Hinh 2.21 !-linh 2.22
Hinh 2.24
'" " "
I
I
~ I
H
,
L
+
3"
00
_,1
'"
'00
Hinh 2.25
"
"
e
.
"
Hinh 2.27
.'
Hinh 2.26
Hinh 2.23
17C
Hinh 2.28
106
Hlnh 2.29
.. c('C5J
Hlnh 2.30
."
210 ~ 2 0
,
'-+---H-i-nh2-.3-J--.-$-
Hinh 2.32
Hinh 2.38
Hinh 2.37
Hinh 2.36
0
0
~
~
0
0
'00
'00
'00
Hlnh 2.33
Hinh 2.34
Hiuh 2.35
~ ~ 15
""
~ 1 0 0
Hl'nh 2.39
Hl'nh 2.40
107
Hinh 2.45
Hinh 2.41
Hinh 2.44
Hinh 2.42
Hinh 2.43
100
Hinh 2,46
o
o
,
"-- - l ' ~ 1 Q L __-----'

Hinh 2.47
108
Hinll 2.48
Hinh 2.49
Hlnh 2.50
"
Hinh 2.51
, "
"
, . .
" '0
....._"-"'...._J .&
90
'"
,,,
210 '11
Hlnh 2.52
'"
2\0
I I

, 0
Hlnh 2.54
'"
11114
HIrth 2.55
Hinh 2.53
'"
109
".
15
"
N
~
+------. - - 1 - . - - - + ~
,R8 ,
o
Hiull 2.56
Hinh 2.57
,,,
"
".
".
N
;,
"
210 '14
"
on
..
,os
,,,
Hinh 2.58
Hinh 2.59
"
" "
'"
"
110 11'25
B)
Hinh 2,60
Hinh 2.61
110
'"
Hillh 2.62
mnll 2.63
Hinh 2.65
,
-,
o
- g
Hinh 2.64
134-
186
080
'"
'53
'18
o
82
o
" 0 Hinh 2.66
111
..
'"
0"12
"
0
,
.
, --\--
,
Hi"h 2.67
_12
\ ~ 5 l )
[-Jinn 2.68
'"
Hinh 2.69
Hinh 2.7()
Hinh 2.71
Hinh 2.73
Hinh 2.74
Hinh 2.72
112
,0'
'0'
:.!..
'"
,"
."
I '
-J(-
."
, I '
\
. - t . ~
'"
'eo \R1C8
610 ;3j
!Jili/l 2.75
Hill!12.76
."
5 1 ~ 012
/SGTCS CAOA
m/lh 2.77
."
f-liuh 2.78
'"
113
114
,
,. ",5
""
Hlnh 2.82
."
Hiuh 2.80
V" (V)
8.GTCS CAD-B
Chuang 3
VE vA ML> HINH 3D
Ml;lC tieu
+ Hieu dL/<;1c hguym tac tien hclmh hoan mt bfm VEl 3D.
+ Hieu dLfr;1C nguyen ti!lc thl!C CaG VEl 3D trong AutoCAD2004 va c6 ky
cd ban khi thl,!C hifi!n cac
+ Ve va thiet ke dL19'C cac bfln VEl 3D the qua CaG yeu cau sau:
- Ve dlIc;1c dung hlnh baa, cae hinh chieu cua CaG the;.
- lieu chlnh va sa dl,lng dung cae dLfang net va mau
- Ve dung CaG hinh cat va cat.
- Ghi kfch thLfoG hOEm chlnh cha moi bEm ve.
- thaD cae yeu diu ky cac eM thich, hl10ng ... VaG trong ban ve.
- Ky na.ng thao tac ve t6t. Thai gian hoan thanh ban VEl yeu cau .
NQi dung t6m
+ Cd SCI thiet rna hinh 3D.
+ HE1l t98 69 dungcho 3D.
+ Me hinh khung day.
+ M6 hlnh
+ Ll/ai da giac.
+ Me hinh kh6i diilc.
+ saa d6i rna hinh kh6i diilc.
+ T6 bong me hinh 3D.
+ In ban ve.
115
I. co so THIET MO HINH 3D
, .
1. IQa dQ mQI diem lrang kheng gian ba chieu
Neu trong bim ye hai chieu (2D) ta chi vao lQa 00 X va Y, thl trang
han ve 3 chieu ta them lQ3 d0 thea tn,'c Z. Huang Z vuong g6c vai
XY.
Bibu lU(;mg User Coordinate S.v!em leon XU;;(l t<;li g6c duoi phfa lrai
man hioh d6 hQa gQi Ut tUl/ng dO nguai dung. tuqng nay ta chi
the hien tq.lC X va Y, con tfl,lC Z vuong gac vai phang XY goc tQa dO.
Khi lQ3 d9 rnt diem vao ban ve ba chicil, c6 the dung cae phuong
phap sau:
+ Tn!c tiep dung phim ch90 (PICK) ella chul)t.
+TQa d tuyt doi X, Y, z: 193 d0 tuyt d6i so vai g6c 19a 00 (0,0,0).
+ TQa 00 De cae luang doi@X, Y, Z: 19a 00 so vai diem cuoi cung
vua duae xac djnh.
+ TQa d luang d6i @dist<angle,Z: khoang each (dis\), g6c
(angle) trang XY so vai trl;lc Z va cao dO Z so vai diem cu6i
cung vu:a dUQc xac dtnh trong ban ve.
+ TQa d(J du tuong d6i @dist<angle<anglc: vao khoang cach (dist),
g6c (angle) trang ph<1ng XY, va g6c (angle) hqp vai phing XY so vai
diem cu6i cling VU:il dUQc xac djnh trang ban ve.
2. DiE!m nhin dE! quan sal me hinh 3D
Pull - down Menu Toolbar Type in
Vicw\3D Views Views Vpoinf: (-Vp)
2.1. Lenh 3DViews
Theo danh mlJc keo xu6ng View\3Dview khi tht,rc hin lnh, ta co the
chQn cae diem nhln de quan sat rna hlnh 3D thea cac huang sau:
116
Top Diem nhin (0,0, I) Hinh chieu Mng.
Bottom ohln (0,0,-1) Hinh chicu tu day.
Left ohin (-1,0,0) Hinh chicu trai.
Rixht Diem ohin (l,0,0) Hinh chicu C<Jnh phai.
Front Dic'm ohin (0,-1,0) Hinh chicu dung.
Back Diem ohin (0, l.0) Hinh chicu tif sau.
SW Isomefric Diem ohin (-1,-1,1) Hinh chicu do (tay nam).
SE Isometric ohin (1,-1,1) Hinh chicu do (dong nam).
NE !so!r1'fric Di6m ohin (1,1,1) Hinh chieu lry.c do (dong bAc).
NW Isometric Diem ohin (-1.1,1) Hinh chico trl,lc do (tay bile).
SW- huang lay nam, SE- huang dong nam, NE-hu6ng dong bac. NW -
huang tay bac.
2.2. U,nh Vpoint
DilOg de xac dinh diem ohln den rn6 hlnh 3D. Diem ohin xac djnh huang
fihin. Tuy vaa diem ohin rna bieu tuqng VeSican xuat hin tren man hinh se
khac nhau. Khi tuqng c6 cay but chi gay thl kh6ng cae d6i
wl/ng tren mi!.t phang linTI XY (Working plane).
Neu g9i Vpuint til ban phim:
Command: Vpoint .J
Cllrrcnt \'ieH' direction: VIEWDIR = a,DOOO, O,O()OO, I.()()()O
Specify a j'iew point or I Rowte!<display compass (/1/d tripod>: t9a
d9 diem nhln, thucmg dung diem nhln -1, -1,1).
Cae h,ra chqn:
Toa d<) X, Y, Z (Vector).
t9a 0<) ella ohln:
Toa d<) 0,0,1 Hinh chieu bilng (Top).
0,-1,0 Hinh chieu dung (Front).
-1,0,0 Hinh chicu canh (Side).
1,-1.1 Blnh chieu Ifl,lC do deu (Isometric),
-2,-2,1 Dimetric.
1,-2,3 Trimetric.
117
Rotate.' Xae dinh vi tri nhin bang cae goc quay. Dong nhtLe
xual khi dap: R.
Enter angle in X- Y plane from Xaxis <Gici trj goc hin hanh>.' (Ooe
nhIn so vai tfl:lC X trang ph&ng ZY).
Enter angle from XY plane < Gid trj goc hin hanh>: (06c eua di6m nhin
so viii ph&ng XY).
3. Thiel rni?1 khung nhin vc11 Compass Globe
Khi ta vaa lnh View\3Dviews\Viewpoint thi xuAt hin h tr1,1c t9a d
dng tren man hinh. Compass qua cau duqc lam ph&ng (flattened
globe). Ph1,1 thuc vao vi trf con ch,!-Y tren hai duang tron dong tam ta thay cae
tfl,lC X, Y, Z di va ta co cac nhin khac nhau. Tam cua hai duang
trem la bac (+Z), vong tron trong la xfeh deo philng XY), vong tron
ngoai la cvc nam (-Z).
II. HE; TQA D<) DUNG CHO 3D
1, Cae lila di? Irong bim vii AuloCAD
AutoCAD dung hai toa d: WCS (World Coordinate System) va UCS
(User Coordinate Sytem). T,!-i mt thOi chi co mt trong hai h t9a d
WCS UCS la hanh.
WCS ton t'.li trang bat ky ban ve AutoCAD nao vi no la h t9a d
djnh, va co g9i la h tflQ dt! g6c. tuqng (Icon) cua WCS co chit W va
nam c6 b goc tnii phfa du6i ban ve. Dung Inh UCSicon, tr,!-ng thai
ON OFF de lam hien thj khong hien thj bieu tuqng nay.
DCS la h t9a d do nguai dung t<;l.O fa, no avi tri bat ky trang ban ve,
nen g9i la h tfla dt? nguCti dung. Tuy theo diem nhin Vpoint, bieu tuqng DCS
so len co deng khac nhau. SO luqng UCS trang mt ban vo khOng han
che. Ta co the t<;l.O va ltru l'.li (save) DCS trang mt ban ve, h6 trq vie
thvc hin ban ve ba chieu duqc de dang han.
philng XY trang cae loa d goi la mt ph6ng ve (Working plane).
Phuong ehi6u eua luili (GRID), buile nhay con ehay (SNAP) thay dbi theo
cac trl;lc X, Y trang phang XY cua h to<;l. d hin hanh. Oia trj t9a d X,
Y xuat hin tren dong tr<;l.ng thai la t9a d cua con eh<;l.Y (giao ditm hai sqi toc)
118
trang m:;it phlmg x, Y so v6i goe tt?a d(> ella DCS hin Thong thuang
trang bin vo 3 X I" d"i (Length), Y I" r(lng (Width), Z 1"
caa (Height).
2. Quy b,m lay phili
Trang AutoCAD xae dinh ehieu ella cae trve X, Y, Z tuan theo quy tac bim
tay phai: ngon cai chi trl,lc X, ngon tro chi trl,lc Y va ngon giua chi tfl:lC Z.
Chieu quay duong theo nguqc ehieu kim d6ng h6 (Counter clock wise) nhln
tit dinh phia g6c toa d(l (hlnh 3.1).
,
I
-x 4-
((
Hl'nh 3.10: Chilu dU(Jng quay UCS quanh X
A
!
,
t

Hl'nh 3.1b: Chilu duang quay
UCS quanh Y
3. Thill! vii dieu khiiin UCS
Hl'nh 3.1c: Chi!!/; duang quay
UCS quanh Z
Pull - down Menu Taalbar Type in
ViewlDisplaylUCSicon UCS UCSicon
119
VCSicon dieu khie'n st! hilin thi ella bie'u tWJng tQa d v6i cae
khac nhau (Hlnh 3.2). Neu bie'u tltQng trung v6i g6c tQa d l<;ti die'm (0,0,0)
thltren hie'u tlrQ'ng xuat dau "+".
y y v
,
..
+ X
+ X
X
x
Hlnh 3.2: C(lr dgng UCS (a); WCS; H fea d(> Wk.
Khi ch(:m lnh ttr Menu: View\Display\lJCSicon.
+ Chqn On: Cho phep hien thi VCSican tren man hlnh.
+ ChQn Origin (gr)(' d{J): Cho phcp dbi VCSican den vi tri hat ky trang
vung vc rna ta mong mu6n.
Command: lJCSicon .J
Enter an optioll /ONIOFFIAlIINooriginl OrigilllPropertic.\'1 <ON>,
Die ll!a chQn:
ONIOFF Mol tat bie'u tuqng tQa d tren man hinh va khung nhln.
All Tht hin bieu tuqng tQa d tren mqi khung nhln man hlnh.
Noorigill Bic'u tuqng tqa d chi xuat hin t<).i goc tnii man hlnh.
ORiglll tltC,mg lucm luon di chuyen thea g6c 10a d (diem 0,0,0
cua UCS).
4. t9a dQ mc's; UCS)
Lnh lJCS cha phep ta h tQa d maio T<).o h 19a d(J mai c6 nghla Ii
thay d6i vi trf g6c tQa d (0,0,0). huang m<1lt phang XY va tl"l:IC Z. Ta c6 the
120
UCS m6'i bAt ky vi tri trong kh6ng gian ban ve, dinh nghla, ghi va g9i
h t9a d khi can thiet. TQa d vao ban ve thuc vao UCS hin
hanh. Neu ta chia man hlnh thanh nhieu khung nhln tlnh (lnh Vports) thi
chung co cung mt DCS. Ta co g9i lnh til Toolbars tu Pull-down Menu
tll' han phim.
,. Thuang chqn Inh Ill' Menu: ToolsWew ues lnh
Command: UCS)
Cae ll!a ehQn It;nh:
+ Origin: Dai DCS den vj trf mai theo goc to<;l d9 (Origin) clla no.
SpcC/I" new origin poill/ <O,(J.(J>: to<;t d eua g6e to<;l d() UCS.
bat di0m can doi goc lQC de) UCS den).
+ World: Dua UCS ve V1 tri ban dau goc Irai phia duai man hinh.
+ 3point: H tqa d mai xac djnh qua 3 diem. Ok dong nhac
Specify ol"lgin poil71 <0,0,0>: (Chqn diem PI lam goc tQa u().
Specif" poilll 0/1 jJositi\'e portion of the X axis< >: (Ch9n P2 xae djnh
phuong X).
Specify point Oil positive - Yportion of the UCS XY plane <>: (Ch(:m P3
xac djnh phuong Y).
+ View: H tQa d mai se song song vai man hlnh co diem goc trling vai
diem goe h t9a d{) hin hanh.
+ XIY/Z: Quay h t9a d xung quanh cac X
tfl,lC Z) hin hanh. Chieu duang clla goe quay nguqe chieu kim dong h6 vai
diem nhin tit dau tn:le ve huang goe t9a u. Dong nhac
Spec)!y rota/ion aJlf:le about X (Y, Z) a.rls: goc quay chung quanh
trl.lc X Y, Z)).
III. MO HINH KHUNG DAy
M6 binh d<;tng khung day (Wireframe) ta m6 hioh chi co cae c<;tnh (I hang
hoi').c cong) noi cac dinh (diem goc) eua rno hlnh. Cae lnh t<;t0 rno hlnh 3D
khung day thuang dung 1a Line, 3Dpolyline, Spline, Arc, Circle. Lnh Line
ve trong 3D lUang tl! lnh Line ve trong phing 2D nhung la them van eao
d6 (true Z).
121
Cac cua rna hinh khung day co thl! 1. qnh thang hoilc congo
Cac q.nh va dinh eua m6 hlob khung dily phai thoa man cae dieu kin sau:
Moi dinh co ID9t t<;>a d duy nhat.
- Moi dinh dugc n6i v6'i it nhat 3
- M6i q.nh chi c6 2 dinh.
- Moi m*t co it nhat 3 qmh noi khep kin.
1. Ela tuyen 3D 3Dpolyline)
Lnh 3Dpolyline ti;lo cae da tuyen 3 chieu baa g6m cae pharr dO'.lD la
thAng.
Pull - down Menu
Draw 13DPolyline
Type in
3Dpoly
Command: 3Dpoly .J
Specify start point of polyline: (Nh;lp dil!m dau tien eua da tuyen).
Specify end point of line or [Undo}: (Nhilp dil!m cu6i m!>t philn
Specify end point of line or [Undo}: (Nhilp dil!m eu6i m!>t philn
Specify end point of line or /Unda]: cuoi Enter ket
thUc le:nh).
Ll.!a ch9ll Undo Ia d6 x6a IDt philo dO<;lll da tuyen vira ve.
2. Va dLtdng cong Spline
SU d1J.ng lnh Spline de: ve cae duaog cong trong kh6ng gian, lUong tl,l nhu
ve duang Spline trang khOng gian 2D (xem chuang 2- III -10).
Specify first point or [Object!: (Nhilp dil!m dau tien cua Spline).
Specify next point: (Nhilp dil!m tiep theo).
Specify next point or [Close/Fit tolerance}<start tangent>: ditm
tiep thea, nhan Enter dt ehuftn bi ket thuc ve Spline).
Specify sart tangent: mt ditm dinh huang tiep tuyen ditm dAu
eua Spline).
122
Specify end tangent: mt diem dinh huang tiep tuyen cu6i cung
cua Spline).
3. chlnh da tuyen 3D Pedit)
Command: Pedit .J
Select polyline or [Multiple}: (Chon da tuyen 3D dn hieu chinh).
Enter an option (Close IEdit vertex/Spline curve! Decurvel Undo/:
Cae h!a chQn:
Close Dong mt da tuyen hb rna mOt da tuyen kin.
Spline curve Chuyen da tuyen dang ch9ll thanh mOt Spline.
Decurve Chuyen cae phArr eua duang Spline pline tha.nh d.c
duong thing.
Undo Huy b6 mt thao r<:lc vua thvc hin.
Khi ta dap E vao dong nhac tren (ch9ll Edit vertex) thi xuA! hin dong
nhac dung de hiu chinh d.c dinh va cae phArr eua da tuyen.
Next!Previous/Break!InsertlMave!RengenlStraightenleXit<N>: (ChQll
cae lila ch9ll de hiu chinh d.c dinh eua da tuyen).
4. Xen cac mo hinh khung day bAng Trim
Lila ch9ll Projectmode eua lnh Trim dung x6a (xen) eae dO<;l-n eua
mt ma hinh khung day (Wireframe).
Command: Trim .J
Select objects: (ChQn d6i tuqng giao v&i do'!-n rna ta mu6n x6a).
Select objects: (ChQn tiep cae d6i tuqng giao hay ket thue vie ll!a chQn
phfm Enter).
Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or jProject/Edge/Undo]:
(Chon dn xen) hoac chon P.J
Enter a projection option jNone/ UCS/ View!<UCS>:
Cae ll!a chQn:
View Cho phep xoa (xen) mt bat ky cua hinh chieu ma hlnh 3
chieu d<;l-ng Wireframe len phftng song song voi man hinh, diJ. thl!e te
cae d6i tuqng giao va ca.c ean xen kh6ng giao nhau.
123
NOlie Chi eho phep Trim khi tat d. d.e d6i tut.mg cung nam tren m(Jt
m1t
UCS Cic d6i lugng eua rna hlnh 3 chieu (d<;tng Wireframe) dugc
ehieu len XY eua UCS hin va cac dui tUllng duge xen tren
m1t nay.
IV. M(> HiNH BE
1. be 3D 3DFace)
Pull - down Menu Toolhar Type in
[)mw\SllIface s\3DFace Slliface.1'\3DFacc .iJJFoce
Lnh 3Dface t10 duqc cae he m1t 3D co bon h04C ba canh. M6i mat duO'c
t'.lO blii lnh 3Dface la m(Jt d6i tugng dan, ta khong nao thlfc hin lnh
Explode pha va cac d6i tugng nay.
Command: 3DFace .J
SpccU\first poillf or ill/risihle!: (ChQn thl! nhat cua m1t).
SpccU\' second PO/lit Of' ilnrisible!: (ChQn thu hai cua
Speci/)' thm!IN)illf or /Im'isihle/<exit>: (Chqn thu ba etla m(lt).
Specij'yj'olfl'lh poinT OJ' jll1l'isihlel<create three-sidedface>: (ChQn
thu tu h01C nhan Enter hai hio t<:).o rn4t phUng tarn giac).
SpeC/Iv third poillt or /lll\'isihle,l<exit>: (ChQll tiep thCr ba he rn1t
ke tiep h04C Enter).
Specffy fourth point or !Im'isihlel<exit>: (Ch(;m diem thu tv be m;).t ke
tiep nhan Enter hai hio).
Neu khong muon lam xuar hin m()t q.nh ella m1t phang truae khi t<;to
c<;toh d6 t<:).i dong nhae ta nh;;tp I (invisible) va bien SPLFRAME = O. Neu
mu6n Jam xuat hin cae c<.tnh cua m4t phUng bj che khuat ta bien SPL-
FRAME =1 va thlfC hin Inh
124
2. Lam che khuat lam ra cae cua 3D1ace
Edge)
Lnh Edge dung d ehe khu{lt lam cae ella be 3D.
Command: Edge .J
S'pcCljyedge of 3d face to Toggle l'isibility oi jDisplayl: (Ch<:m q.nh can ehe).
Ll!a ChOll khac:
Display Lam len d.c q.nh duqc ehe khuat. Neu ta muon eho cae
nay len thl t<.ti dong ohac XUllt hin sau d6:
Ellter selcclion method for display of hidden edges ;Sc!ectlllll!: (Nhfill
Enter, ch9ll lung d6i tu'qng (select) ch9ll loan b0 cae d6i tuqng (All).
3. cae be 3D cd b,m (3D objects) nhis 3D.
Draw\SlIlfaces\3D51111'(1C(' SUlfaces 3D
Cae deli tuqng 3D duqc thea nguyen uk t1-).O cae khung day va
dung 3Dface t<.t0 d.c tam giac va tli giac de: phil len khung day.
Khi pha vB cae rna hloh d1-).og nay bang lnh Explode ta thu dUQc cae co
3 hay 4 c<:tnh va cae dueing th&ng rieng Do d6 v&i cac nay ta ehi e6
dung dUQe nhung phuong thue tmy bat d6i v&i cac doq.n thang eua
eae nhu MIDpoint, INTersecsion, ENDpoint ...
Khi dung lnh tu danh ffil;lc kea xu6ng Draw'Surfaces'3Dsurface se lam
xuat eira s6 3D-Ohjects. Trang eira s6 nay, ta c6 eh9n d6i tuQng be
3D eO bim theo hai eaeh:
+ Ch(;m vaa ten eua 3D co bun (trang 6 ben trai).
+ Ch9n vaa hlnh ve 3D eo ban (trang 6 ben phai).
Sau khi eh(:m, nhan nut OK.
125
Command: 3D .J
[BoxiCone!DIshlDOmelMeshlPyramidlSpherelToruslWedgeI.
Ta eo eae rna hinh thea dong nhae tren, vai Box: hp ehO'
Cone: non, Dish: ban d.u duai, Dome: ban e<iu tren, Mesh:
hrai, Pyramid: chop da din, Sphere: cau, Torus: xuyen, va
Wedge: nem.
3.1. Mal h(lp cM Box dilng lenh AI Box)
Ll!a chqn Box AI Box dung hp chO' khi dap B.
Specify corner point of box: (Ch9n goc trai phfa duai cua hp).
SpecIfy length of box: chieu dai hp, wang ung vai khoang each
theo X).
Specify lengrh of box or [Cubel: r(lng thea Y hay dap C
hp vuong).
Specify height of box: chieu cao hp thea tn,Ic Z).
Specify rotation angle of box about Z axis or /Reference}: goc
quay so vai tn,Ic song song vai trl.;lc Z va di qua Corner of box).
3.2. Mal non Cone (hoac dilng AI Cone)
LVa ch9n Cone Inh AI_Cone dung non, non cl.;lt va
tron, khi dap C.
Specify cenrer poinr for base of cone or [Diameter}: tam eua vong
tron day hinh non, eh9n 0 de duang kfnh).
Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter}: (Nh*p ban kfnh vong dinh
non cl.;lt. Neu gia tri nay bang 0 thi ta eo non, neu bang ban kinh vong
tron day thi ta eo trl.;l tron).
Specify height of cone: (Nhap cao hlnh n6n).
Enter number of segments for surface of cone<15>: s6 eae duang
lucri n6i hai dinh va day).
S6 cae milllh phang t'.l-O nen gan dung non phl,l thuc vao gia tri
Number of segments. non do cac phang tam giac t'.l-0 nen. non
va tron Ii do cae phang tu giae t(.).o nen.
126
3.3. nita ciln dna; Dish (hoac dung AI_Dish)
Ll!a ch90 Dish lnh AI_Dish dung d6 nira duai, khi dap D.
Specify center point of dish: tim eua du).
Specify radius of dish or jDiameterj: ban kinh duang kinh
cau).
Enter number of longitudinal segments jar surface of dish <15>:
s6 duang kinh tuyen c<iu).
Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dish < /0>: s6
cae duang vi tuyen).
3.4. M(it 0113 Call tren Dome dung AI Dome)
LVa ch9ll Dome lnh AI_Dome dung nt'ra cau tren:
Specify center point of dome: tam ella cAu).
Specify radius of dome or [Diameter!: ban kinh (hoi;ic duang kinh)
111at du).
Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dome <18>:
s6 duang kinh tuyen cau)_
Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dome < /0>: (Nhiolp
s6 ca.e duang vi tuyen).
3.5. Mat It.a; Mesh dung AI_Mesh)
Ll,Ia eh9n Mesh dung lnh AI_Mesh dung t<;l-o luai 3 ehieu.
Can xae dinh 4 dinh va d M va N ella tum (M, N din nam trong
khoang 2-256).
Specify first corner point of mesh: gec thli nhat ella lu6i 01.
Specify second corner point of mesh: diem gee thu hai ella luai
2
-
Specify third corner point of mesh: gee thli ba ella lu&i
3
-
Specify fourth corner point of mesh: gee thli tu ella luai 04.
Enter mesh size in the M direction: s6 duong lucri nam theo c<;I-nh
G
1
- G
Z
)
Enter mesh size in the N direction: s6 duang lucri nam thea c<;I-nh
G
1
- G
4
)
127
3.6. Hlnh da din Pyramid (ho<)c dung AI_Pyramid)
Ll!a ehqn Pyramid AI_Pyramid dung chop da
C<ic da din cae ph8.ng tam giae tCr giik.
first corner poin( lor hase (!{ pymmid: diem thCr nhat B[
eua day).
Spccify sccond poinlfor hasc (!{pyramid: (Nhi}p diem th(r hai B
2
ella day).
SpcClfv third pointlo}" hase o!"vvramid: diem thil ha eua day).
Speo/v fOlll"lh Iwill! for hose (!fjJ)'I"llmid or /Telml/{'drnnl (Nhi!-p (1ie'm
thil tu B
4
de' t,.tO day 18. m(1t ttf giac. neu dap T thl (by m,:tt ph8.ng tam
giac).
SpeC/f)' apex poinl (!{ pyramid or lRulgelTopl: Nh(tp tqa d() dinh P cua
chop da din. nh(tp R (Ridge) neu c1inh la mQt e'.tIlh. nh(\p T (Top) neu dinh la
tam gii.ie ho,*e til giae.
Neu dinh E\ m()t Jnh (Ridge):
Spai{\'.Iirsl ridge end poin! (!{pyra!11id: diem thu nhSt R [ eua c,.mh).
Spcq/)' scco/ld mig' elld poin! (?{pyramid: die'm thu hai R
2
cua
Neu dinh 1;1 tam hO(K tu giac (Top):
Speclfrfirsl comer POIlIt f?{pyra!11id: (Nh(tp diem T
j
cua dinhl.
Speci!)' second corner poillf f?{pyramid: diem T
2
cua dinh).
SpeCify third comer 1millt of pvra!11id: T'1 eua m(lt dinh).
SpCC!fv.!(){/rlh COni('/" point (lVframid: (Nh(\p diem T
4
ella dinh).
Doi v6i m,*t tam giac ta tht!c hin theo cae bu6c tuong tt!.
3.7. do Sphere (hoar dung lenh AI Sphere)
Lt!a ch9n Sphere hO<;ie AI Sphere dung d6 t<;io diu. Neu d,ip S:
Specify eenler poilll splrere: (Tarn eua m,*t du).
SpeCify radills (!{sp!rerc 01" /Dw!11etcr!. (Ban kinh m,*t ciiu ho;}c dap D de
nh(lp duang kfnh).
Emer /lumher segmeJ1ls for slfIIace sphere < I (oj>: (Cho
so duang kinh tuycn).
128
Enter numher of latitudinal segments for swface of sphere <20>: (56 cae
duang VI tuyen).
3.8. Mal xuyen Torus Inh AI_Tours)
Ll!a eh9n Torus lnh AI_Tours dung t<;\o hinh xuyen, neu
dapT:
Spec{fv center point qf fOrus: tam ella xuyen).
Specify radius torus or /Diameterl: ban kinh, ho<).e dap D de
duang kfnh vang xuyen ngoai).
SpeCify radius oftl/he or /Diamerer/: ban kinh, ho<).e dap D de
duong kinh eua ang xuyen).
Enter number of segments around tube cirCltn!ference <18>: so
eae phan tren ang xuycn).
Enter numher of segments around Torus circumference <20>.' so
cae ph:1n do<;\n thea ehu vi m;}t xuyen).
CIIlI y: ChI ve dU9'e xuyen khi ban kinh eua ong (Radius of tube) nha
han ban kinh xuyen (Radius of torus).
3.9. hlnh nem Wedge (Inh AI_Wedge)
Ll,ta eh9n Wedge lnh AI_\Vedge dung hinh nem. Ncu
dapW:
Specify corner point d goc day khai nem).
Specify length of wedge: chieu dai nem thea trl).c X).
Specify width of wedge: chieu fng nem thea trl).c V).
Specify height of wedge: (NhaP chieu cao nem theo Z).
Specify rotation angle of wedge about the Z axis: goe quay xung
quanh trl).c song song vai trl).c Z va tfl).C nay di qua Corner ofwedf:r).
T<;li dong nh,k tren neu dap Enter thi xu<l't dong nhac:
SpeCIfy rotation angle or IReferenee/: gia tri goe quay, dap R
de cho goe tham chicu).
Wedge ehi la twang hqp bit eua Pyramid. Khi day la phang
hioh chu va dinh la mt duemg th&ng (Ridge) va m9t ben vuong goc
vai day thi ta co hlnh nem.
129
9.GTCS CAD-A
4. Keo cac doi lltqng 20 thilnh 30 (Elevation, Thickness)
each dinh cao d (Elevation) va d day (Thickness), ta c6 thtl keo
cae d6i luqng 2D (line, circle, arc, pline, 2D Solid ... ) thea tr1J.c Z thanh
3D (rna hinh nay ta goi la rna hlnh 2 }',D).
Elavation G9i la cao d, Hi d cao d.c d6i tuqng 2D so vai mi!-t phing XY
ella ues
Thickness G<;>i la dt) day (Neu gia tf! Rho) chieu cao keo d.c d6i
luqng 2D thea trl).c Z.
Thong thucmg ta gao cao d d day thea d.c each sau:
+ Dinh bien ELEVATION va THICKNESS (bang lenh Elev)
Command: Elev .J
SpeCify new default elevation<>: gia tfi cao d mai cho d6i ttrqng).
SpeCify new default thickness<>: gia If! dO day moi cho d.c d6i
wqng sap ve).
+ Sau khi ve cae d6i tuqng 2D xong (lnh Line, Pline, Rectang, Polygon,
Circle, Donut. .. ) ta si'r dl,lng cae lnh hiu chinh (Change, Ddchprop,
Chprop, Ddrnodify) de hieu chlnh d day (Thickness) va lenh Change
chinh rna hlnh theo d eao (ELEVATION).
Cae d6i tuqng c6 keo thanh 3D g6m c6: line, arc, circle, donut,
pline, 2Dsolid, pline co chieu fng ...
- Hlnh da giac sau khi keo thanh cae 3D ho hai dau.
- Duong tron, donut sau khi keo thanh cae kin.
- Pline c6 chieu fOg (Width) va 2D Solid sau khi keo t<;t0 thanh kin.
Khi gia tri bien ELEVATION khac 0 thi mat ph!ng lam vic (Working
plane) se nam song song phiing XY va each phJog nay mt khoang
gia tri cua bien ELEVATION.
v. LV(lI VA GIAC
Khi baa phu khung boi cae lien ket (thuang lit cae
tu giac tam giac). Cae ph&ng lien ket cho phep dien gao dung
va dugc gQi III lum da giac (3D Polygon meshes). d Ju6i
e6 thtl dinh cae bien SURFfAB1, SURFfAB2. C6 thtl vo duqc cae rnb
130
9.GTCS CAD-S
hlnh 3D phtlc khung xc hai, may bay... ). Ta c6 the hiu chinh
lucri da giac Day blmg lnh Pedit.
Draw\Surjaces\Edge Surface Surjaces\Edge Surface Edgesurf
Draw\Swjaces\Revolve Surface Sur!aces',Revolve SUliaee Revsurf
Draw\Surjaces\RuJed SwiGee Surfaces\Ruled Surface RulesUl!
Draw\Surjaces\Tabulated Swiaee Surjaces\Tabulated Surface Tabuswf
1. Edgesurf
Lnh Edgesurf q.o lucri (coons surface) tu 4 c'-!-oh c6 d.c dinh giao
nhau tung d6i rnt, Day c6 uim tham bay. Ok q.oh nay co the 13
linc, arc, 2Dpline, 3Dpline, Spline ... C<;tnh dau tien duqc ch<;m x<ic dinh
d6 M cua luai (mat d luai theo huang M do bien SURFTABI dinh raj,
dugc chQn thtl hai, d N d thea huang N - do bien SURFTAB2).
Tuy vao gia tri cae bien nay ta duqc cae khac nhau.
Command: Edgesurf .J
Select object J for swiaee edge: (ChQn c;:tnh I xac dinh chieu M lucri).
Select object 2 for surface edge: (ChQn c;:tnh 2 xac dinh chieu N lucri).
Select object 3 for surface edge: (ChQn c,!-nh 3).
Select object 4 for surface edge: (ChQn 4).
Neu ta chQn c,!-nh co cac dinh kh6ng trung vm cae dinh cae q.nh khae se
xuat dong
Edge Xdoes not touch another edge: (C<;tnh X kh6ng ch;:tm vcri c<;l.nh khac)
2. Revsurf Iron xoay)
Revsurf dung dt t<;l.o tron xoay bang cach xoay mt d6i tuqng
2D (gQi Iii duang sinh - defining curve) chung quanh mt trvc xoay (Axis of
revolution). Mat lueJi dugc dinh biti bien SURFTABl, SURFTAB2. hieu
chinh luoi ta dung Pedit, khi thl!c Explode thl luoi bi pharr
ra ra cac 3 c,!-nh vii 4 c,!-nh.
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Command: Revsurf .J
Select object to revolve: (Chqn duang I lam duang sinh d6 t<;to d<;tng mt
tron xoay).
Select object that define the axis of revolution: (Chqn tn,Jc xoay 2 1a line,
2Dplinc,3Dpline).
Start angle <0>: Vi tri bat dau tronxoay.
Included angle (+=ccw -=cw)< Ful! circle>: goc xoay ella defin-
ing curve chung quanh tryc xoay. chu y rang chieu duang ngutlc chibu kim
d6ng h6).
AXIS of rel'olurion di qua dau va cu6i cua d6i tue.mg chqn (neu d6i
tm/ng Ii Pline) va b6 qua d.c dinh trung gian. Axis of revolution xac
chieu M clla lu6i.
Ne'u defining curve 1a pline gom cac phan do<;tn lil do<;tn thfing (line) va
cung tron (arc) thl AutoCAD se ve duang lu6i di qua d.c dinh ella phan do<;\n
thang va tren moi do<;\n Ii cung tron ve s6 duang lu6i bang bien SURFTAB2.
3. Rulesurf ke)
Rulesurf t<;\o ke gifra hai duang ehuan bien dUQe eh(;m, nay
co cae duang kc la cae duang thfing. d lu6i (s6 d.e duang kc) dinh boi
bien SURFTABI.
Command: Rulesurf .J
Select first delinlling curve: (Ch9n duang chuan 1).
Select secolld defillning curve: (ChQn duang chuAn 2).
Definng curve (duang chucln) eo Hi: line, are, circle, 2D pline Spline,
30pline 3Dspline. Mt trong hai dUi'mg chucln co th suy bien thanh m(Jt
Neu mt defining curve lit mt duang kin (pline kin, circle... ) thl duang
kia cung phai la duang kin la mt dim (point). Khoang each clla cae
dinh duang ke tren cae defining curve se khac nhau neu chieu dAi ella de
defillillg curve nay khac nhau.
Ruled swiace co cau t'.l0 gi6ng nhu lu6i da giac 2xN (M = 2) huang
N ella nam dQe theo defining curve. Neu hai defining curve lit 2 duang kin
I duang kin va I thi N = SURFTABl, neu hai defilling curve la
cae duang hi! thi N = SURFTABI + I.
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4. Tabsurf
Tabsurf dung de t<,to It.l'oi trl,l theo hlnh d<;lng eua ctuong chuin
(path curve) dQc theo vecta dinh huang (direction vector). ell) lu6'i (s6
duang sinh) dinh bang bien SURFfABl.
Command: Tahsurf .J
Select object for path clIrve: (ChQn dU(::ing chuin dinh d<..mg trl,l: co the
1il line, arc, circle, 2Dplinc, 3D pline, ellipe, spline).
Select object for directio1/ vecTor: (ChQfi vecta dinh huang: line, 20 pline,
3D pline rna).
Neu ta ChQfi 2Dpline 3D pline rnb te,ti dong nhac cu6i, thl vecta dinh
huang sc 18. duang eli qua diem dall va diem cu6i eua Pline. duqc
t<,t0 bat dati tu Path curve I theo chieu tu diem cu6i eoa vecta dan huang gan
diem 2 nh3:t.
Tabulated Smface c6 Call t<,t0 giong nhu m;)t lucri da giac 2 x N (M = 2).
Neupath curve Hi/ine, arc, circle, ellipe, splint' thlAutoCADse ve cae duang
sinh song song each deu nhau. Neu path curve la pline gam d.e phfrn dOC;ln la
do<;tn thang (line) va eung tron (arc) thl AutoCAD se ve cae duang sinh di qua
cae dinh eua ph,ln do<;tn thing va tren moi philn 1a eung tron vi:: so duang
sinh bang bien SURFTABl.
VI. MO HINH KH61
Mo hlnh 3D d'.l-ng kh6i dien ehinh xae han hlnh dang 3 ehieu eua
th6 hlnh hge, VI nha rno hlnh nay ta e6 thE troh cae trnh ea hge eua
thE, nhu da trlnh bay trong phao 1.
MO hlnh kh6i au vit han mO hlnh be mat (Surface) va khung day
(Wirefrarne) anhung diem sau:
1. Cho phep trnh the tich the, ogay d. d6i v6'i cae rno hloh 3D phue
2. C6 tht xoa cae duang khua't, cae duang ehuyen tiep khi bieu dien congo
3. De dang t'.l-0 d.e hlnh ehieu 2D tir rna hlnh 3D, e6 the bi6u dien eat
rna hloh t'.l-i vi trf bat kS,.
4. Cho phep troh chfnh xae cae tfnh kh6i luqng. Neu ket hqp v6'i
133
phuo'ng phap tir huu eho phep tlnh U'ng suat va vt eua cae
ket cau 3D.
5. To b6ng voi cae mall gan v6i liu thve, nha d6 thu duge hlnh
.lnh ho'n.
6. Cho phep rna phimg d<)ng h9C ket cau, rna phong chuy6n d<)ng cua
dl;mg el,J cat gQt khi ehe chi tiel.
Mo hlnh 3D kh6i co hai Solids va Region (mien). Mien la mt
kh6i bit, e6 ehiell cao bang kh6ng va kh6ng co kh6i luqng, ntn chi
tren ph&ng.
D6i voi m6 hlnh kh6i ta co thVe hin cae phep toan s6 Bun
(Boole) nhu: Union (eng), Subtract (trir), Intersection (giao). Nha cae phep
toan Bun nay co duqe cae kh6i t6 hqp (complex solids) la sV ket
h9P giila cac kh6i co bim (xern chuang 1- IV-4).
ra rn6 hlnh t6 hqp theo trlnh tt! sau:
- ra kh6i Co' bim bang cae lnh: Box, Wedge, Cylinder, Sphere,
Cone, Torus, Extrude, Revolve...
- Dtnh vi tri thieh hqp eho cae kh6i co' ban nha vao cae lnh nhu
Move, Align, Mirror3D, Rotate3D, 3Darray, Copy...
- Su dl;mg cae phep toan d<;l.i s6 Bun (Union, Subtract, Intersect) va cae
lnh hiu ehinh nhu: Slice, Chamfer, Fillet... nen cae kh6i to hqp
ttr cae kh6i co' ban.
- t<;l.o cae hlnh ehieu th&ng g6e va cAt ella kh6i ta sir dl;lng cae
lnh: Soldraw, Solprof, Solview, Section.
1. cae mien Region)
Pull - down Menu
Draw\Region
Type in
Region
Mien (region) la mt ran kh6ng co kh6i lugng. fa mt mien
ta chi ve mt d6i tugng 2D sau do dung lnh Region mien.
134
Command: Region .J
Select objects: (Ch9n d6i nrqng cAn mien).
Select objects: (Tip tl,lc ch(;m Enter thvc hin lnh).
D6i vOi mien ta e6 thvc hin cae phep lOan s6 Bun d cac mien
t6 hqp. Mien eo cac tfnh ehat gi6ng nhu cac kh6i
2. T'lo cae khoi eel ban (Solid
cae !<h6i CO b3.n bao g6m: Box (!<h6i hp chi! Cone (!<h6i n6n),
Cylinder (!<h6i tru), Sphere (!<h6i caul, Torus (!<h6i xuyen) va Wedge (kh6i nem).
Khi kh6i co bim, ta lnh g9i tu menu Draw.
Draw\SolidlBox Solidi Box Box
Draw\SolidlWedge Solidi Wedge Wedge
Draw\SolicflCone Solidi Cone Cone
- ....
DlWlSolidlCylinder Solidi Cylinder Cylinder
Draw\Solid\Sphere Solidi Sphere Sphere
Draw\Solid\Torus Solid\ Torus Torus
.
2.1. kh6i h<)p chi! nh*t (Inh Box)
Lnh Box dung de kh6i hinh hp chi!
Command: Box .J
Specify corner of Box or [Center] <0,0,0>: mot dinh thl! nhat cua
kh6i hop trong philng XY).
Specify corner or [Cube/Length]: mot dinh tM hai d6i dien trang
cung philng XY voi dinh thl! nMt).
Specify height: chieu cao kh6i hop theo phuong Z).
Cae h,ra ch9n khae:
+ Cube Mu6n mot kMi phuong (Length - Chieu dai cua
kh6i phuong).
135
+ Length Lt!a ehQn de kfeh thu6'e cae e<;tnh, khi chQn L se xuat hin
cae dong nhac phl,l:
Specify length: chi6u dai kh6i thea phuong X).
Spenfy width: chi6u f\lng kh6i thea phuong Y).
Specify height: chi6u cao kh6i thea phuong Z).
+ CEnter Chc;m tam kh6i, khi dap CE xuat hin cae dong nhac sau:
SpeCify center of box <>: to<;1 d tam kh6i).
Specify corner or ;Cubel Length!: to<;1 de) mt diem goc kh6i, h,ra
chQn Cube va Length tuang tt! phan tren).
2.2. Tao kh6i hlnh nem (Inh Wedge, Solwedge)
Lnh Wedge dung de t<;10 kh6i hlnh nem.
Command: Wedge .J We .J)
Specify corner of wedge or [CEnter}: to<;1 d me)! diem g6c eila
kh6i nem trong ph&ng XY, r6i Enter chQn CE).
SpeCify corner or ;CubeILength/: diem goe thu hai trong m!!.!
phAng XY).
SpeCify height: chieu cao kh6i nem thea phuong Z).
Cac ll!a chQn:
+ Neu dap L (Lcngth)trong dong nhac tren:
SpeCify length: chieu dai kh6i thea tf1,lC X).
Specify width: ehieu rng kh6i thea tf1:1C Y, day la chieu dai
c<;tnh chung hai ehil
Specify height: chi6u cao hlnh nem).
+ Neu dap C (Cube)thl kh6i hlnh nem c6 3 bang nhau va ta chi dn
ehieu dai mt t<,\i dong nhac sau d6.
+ CEnter T<,\o kh6i hlnh nem bang each tarn kh6i. Khi dap C:
Specify center oflvedge <0,0,0>: d tam).
Specify corner or jCubel Lengthl: to<,\ d diem goe,
su dl,lng cae h,ra chQn C hay L).
136
I
2.3. khoi non (lnh Cone)
Lnh Cone q,o kh6i rtm non co day la Circle Ellipse.
Command: Cone .J
SpeCify center point for base of cone or jElliptica/j: tam eua khai
non tren m;}t day ella no).
Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: ban kinh, dap
D de nhap duang kinh duang trim day).
Specify height of cone or jApexl: chieu cao hloh non).
Ll!a chQn Apex giup ta xac djnh vi tIi dinh eua khai do n6n, do d6 ta
c6 the khai ra.n non Dam ngang, thang dung Dam xien.
Ltfa chc;>n Elliptical non c6 day hloh Ellipse.
ve khai non cl,lt ta Slr dVng Cone ve khai tTl;!, sau d6 sir dl:mg
Chamfer vat mep.
2.4. Tao khoi tru (lnh Cylinder)
Lnh Cylinder t'!-o khai tTl;. co day Hi Circle Ellipse.
Command: Cylinder.J
Specify center point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical]: (ChQn tAm duong
tron day tr1,l).
Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: (Ban kfnh, dap D
cho duong kinh duong tron day tfl:I).
Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: chieu cao trl,l
theo tfl,lC Z , dap C d6 djnh V! tTf duong tam trv.
Neu dap C xuat hin dong nhac:
Specify center of other end of cylinder: to<.t d tam dinh tfl,!).
Ll!a ch9n Elliptical de t<.t0 trl,! co day hlnh Ellipse.
2.5. khoi citu (Lenh Sphere)
Sphere dung de t<.t0 kh6i hlnh dIU.
Command: Sphere .J
Specify center of sphere < 0, 0, 0>: ch9n tAm kh6i r[m cau).
137
Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: (Nhap ban kinh, chon DM
duang kinh kh6i caul.
2.6. Kh6i xuyen Torus)
Lnh Torus q.o kh6i hloh xuyen.
Command: Torus .J
Specify center of torus < 0,0,0>: toa d chon tam kh6i xuyen).
Specify radius of torus or [Diamenter]: ban kinh dap D cho
duang kfnh kh6i xuyen (tu tilm xuyen den Him vaoh xuyen).
Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: ban kinh hoac dap D cho
duang kfnh vaoh xuyen).
3. Keo cae dol tlle;tng 2D thanh khoi 3D Extrude)
Lnh Extrude dung de keo cae hinh 2D thea Z thanh mt kh6i "in 3D.
Cae d6i tuqng 2D co the keo thanh kh6i rin bao gam: pline kin, polygon,
circles, ellipses, splines kin, donuts, regions. Cae da tuyen kh6ng duqc c6 ca.c
phan doan giao nhau. S6 dinh t6; thieu cua Pline la 3 va t6i da la 500. Neu
Pline c6 chieu fog (Width) thi khi keo se keo thea duong giua da tuyen. Neu
d6i wqng co THICKNESS thi khi keo THICKNESS = 0
Draw\Solid\Extrude Solir!lExtrude Extrude, Ext
Command: Extrude .J
Select regions, polylines and circles for extrustion...
Select objects: (ChQo cae d6i wqng 2D, ca.c d6i tuqng nay nam trong
phing XY).
Select objects: (tiep we eh9n cae d6i tuqng, hay Enter kt thue
chon).
Specify height of extrusion or [Path}: (Chieu cao theo Z).
Specify angle of taper extrusion extrusion <0>: (Nha.'n Enter, eho gia
tri goe vat, 1ft goe giUa kh6i se dUc;1e v6i vuong g6e vai
138
phang Xf', gia tri c6 the am duang).
Lua chon Path: Keo mQt hinh 2D thea mQt duong dan (Path - la d6i
tlt<;1ng 2D) thanh kh6i ran 3D.
Command: Extrude .J
Select objects: Chqll hlnh 2D cAn keo.
Select objeers: NhAn Enter.
Specify height of extrusion or I Path}: P.J
Select extrusion path or jTaper angle]: (Chqll duang dAn Path, dap
T de nMp g6c vat).
Path co la: Line, arc, circle, pline 2D, spline. Path kh6ng ciIng nam
trang rnt m*t phAng voi hloh 2D da duqc ch(;m.
Hlnh 2D duqe keo luon Iuon vuong goe voi goc duang dan "Path",
Nu rnt trong hai dinh eua duong dan kh6ng nam lrong ph&ng chua hlnh
2D thi AutoCAD thai doi duong dan vo tam cua hinh 2D va hinh 2D duqc
keo vuong goe v6i duang dan nay.
Dung lnh Extrude ta c6 t<;to fa cae kh6i ran co ban nhu: Box, Wedge,
Cylinder bang each ve 2D cae hloh chfr hlnh tam giac, duang tron va sau
d6 keo thea phuong z.
4. cae khoi Iron xoay Revolve)
Lnh Revolve dung de kh6i tron xoay bang each xoay rnt d6i
tm;mg 2D chung quanh duang tAm xoay.
D6i tugng 2D la mOt circle, region, ellipse 2D pline co s6 q.nh Ion
hon 3 va nh6 han 300.
Draw\Solid\Revolve Solid\Revolve Revolve
Command: Revolve .J
Select region, polyline or circle for revolution.
Select objects: (Chon d6i wqng dn revolve, chi duqc chon mQt d6i tuqng
lit: pline, polygon, ellipse, circle region).
139
Define axis hy jOhject! X(axis)! Y (axis)!: (ChQn duong tam xoay).
Cae 'tfa ChQll ch9n duang tAm xoay:
Specify sfart point qfaxis: ChQn diem dau tien eua duang tam xoay.
SpeCify endpoinr qfaxis: ChQll diem cuoi ella duong tam xoay.
Sau khi ChQll In,lc xoay se xual dong nhac cu6i:
Angle afrevolution <Full circle>: gia tfi goe xoay).
Goc xoay duong Hl goe theo nguqc chieu kim dong h6 ohin til dau ve
huong euoi trl!c xoay.
Cae lip ch90 khac:
+ Object ChQll 1 d6i tuqng lam duang xoay (thuang 18. line
phao doe;tn ella pline), khi dap E xuat hin dong nhac:
Select an object: (ChQo d6i tuqng lam duang tam xoay).
X(axis), Y( axis) Duong tAm xoay Ia tn,IC X, Y.
Dung Revolve ta c6 the: cae kh6i ca ban nhu: Sphere (kh6i
cau), Cone (khai n6n), Torus (kh6i xuyen) bang each xoay nua duang tron, 2
tam giac, m0t duang tron chung quanh mQt trt)c. Nhu Iii ta chi can
hai lnh Iii Revolve va extrude Ia co t<,l.o toan bi? cac kh6i ran co ban.
5. Cac phep toan so Bun (Boole') cho kh6i C9n9 khoi
(Union), trit kh6i (Subtract), giao khoi (Intersection)
M6 hlnh kh6i 3D duqc ket hqp til nhieu kh6i co ban g9i lit kh6i
t6 hqp (Complex solid).
kt hqp d.c kh6i di;tc C(i bim nay ta dung dic phcp toan d<;li so Bun
(Boole) nhu: c(Jng (hqp) kh6i (Union), trir kh6i (Subtract). giao kh6i
(Intersect). Cae phep toan d<;li so Bun nay thl.!C hin duqc d6i v6i cae
Region vi d6 Ia cac kh6i bit.
Draw\Solid Editing\Union Solid Editing\Union Union, Uni
Modifay\Solid Ediling\Subtract Solid Editing\Subtract Subtract, SI{
Modifay\''iolid Editing\Intersect Solid EditingVntersect Intersect, In
140
5.1. C6ng (hap) cac kh6i dac (Ienh Union)
Union dung t"!-o cae mien Region cae khai Solid t6 hqp
bang phep cOng (hgp) d.c Solid Region thanh phan.
Command: Union .J
Selecr ohject: Ch9ll cae Solid Region can c{)ng.
Sclecr object: (Tiep tl,lc Chqll cac khai, Enter ket thue lip chqn).
Jl Solid (s) selected (S6 luc.mg n cae kh6i fan dlIqc h,ra ch9n).
II Solid (s) IInio!1ed.
5.2. Trll cac kh6i dac (Inh Subtract)
Subtract t<;to Solids Regions 16 h0P bang phep lru d.c Solids
Region thanh phan.
Command: Subtract .J
Selecr ohjects: (Chon khai fan tru).
Select ohjecrs: (Nhin Enter).
Select objects: (Ch9" khai ran tfU).
Select objects: (tiep tl;lc Chqll cae kh6i f<in tfU Enter de kel thue vic
chon).
5.3. Giao cae kh6i Intersect)
Lnh Intersect eho phep Solid Region t6 hqp btmg phep giao cae
Solid Region thanh phan. Khi t<).o Solid da hqp chi giu phan giao nhau
giua cae Solids duqc chqn.
Command: Intersect .J
Select objects: (Chqn cac kh6i can giao v6i nhau).
Select objects: (tiep tt}e chqn Enter thl!c hi$n
Sit dl,Ing l$nh Intersect t<).o cac m6 hlnh d.c chi tiet cO khi (banh xfch,
banh rang, dai oc... ) rat qui.
6. Cae bien de? Iltdi vii khung diiy cu. mo hinh Solids
6.1. Bien ISOLINES
So d.c duong dien cong eua cac Solids.
141
Command: rSOLINES .J
New value for ISOLINES <8>: s6 htqng cae ducmg biu dien
cong ella ca.c Solids.
6.2. Bien DISPLIH
Khi ve ta nen bien nay III 0 (OFF)
Khi bien nay bing I (ON) thi mb hlnh dang adang khung day chi hin
len cae duang vien.
Command: DISPLIH .J
New value for DISPLIH <0>:
6.3. Bien FACETRES
M dlu6i cae ella Solids khi thl!c d.c Hide, Shade va Render.
Command: FACETRES .J
New value for FACETRES < O.SOOO>: NhAp gia tf; bien.
VII. suA Dor MO HINH KHor
1. Val mep kho; Chamfer)
Chamfer ding con duqc dung d6 val mep ca.c ella kh6i
Lnh nay se II! dog ITIt kh6i phI,! va sau d6 se cog (Union) tfir
(Subtract) v6i kh6i rna ta chQo c<;loh de t<;10 vat mep.

l<;tO kh6i oem (Wedge), kh6i non cl,lt...
Command: Chamfer .J
Select firs! line or jPolyline/ Distance! Angle I Trim! Method/mUltiple}:
(ChQn duang bien be tren Solid cAn vat mep
Specify base surface chamfer distance: khoimg each cAn vat mep
ve mt phia).
Specify other surface chamfer distance < >: khoang cach cAn vat
mep vi; phia thu hail.
Select an edge or jLoopj: (ChQn can vat mep tren be chuan).
Select an edge or [Loop}: (ChQn tiep cac be chuan, Enter).
142
cac Itt'.1 ch(;m:
+ Next/ <OK>: (vI C'.1nh la giao tuyen cua hai do d6 neu dong y
len duong khuat thi ta nhan Enter, con kh6ng dap N ch90 con l'.1i).
+ Loop Cho phep vat mep toao b cae C'.1nh cua chuan dUQc ch9n,
khi dap L dong nhac:
Select an edge loop or lEdge/: (Ch9n vao mt c'.1nh tren ehuan
ch9n b d.e C'.1nh, dap E tnJ l'.1i phuong thuc ch9n tung quh).
2. g6c Iltl;ln glao tuyen gifra cac cua khoi
Fillet)
Fillet cling con dung t<;to c<;tnh 16m (cho giao tuyen 16m) t'.10
C'.1nh lei (cho giao tuyen lOi). Khi thl!c Fillet, ACAD sc tt! dng t'.10 them
kh6i co ban pht;! va se cng (Union) tru (Subtract) kh6i co ban
nay voi kh6i rna ta ch9n c<;tnh t'.10 goc lUQn.
Neu ta ch9n dui tuqng Solids thi xuat dong nhac:
Command: Fillet .J
Select first object or [Polyline I Radius I Trim ImUltiple/: (Ch9n Solid).
Enter fillet radius: (Nhap gia tri ban kinh Fillet).
Select an edge or ICIJainl Radius]: (Ch9n giao tuyen Fillet).
Select an edge or IChainl Radius]: (Tiep tt;!c ch9n, neu ch9n xong nhan
Enter).
3. Cii! khoi thilnh cac philn Slice)
Slice dung de cat mt kh6i thanh hai kh6i rieng
nay Slr dt;!ng rat qua trong t'.10 d.c mo hlnh 3D co hlnh d'.1ng phuc t'.1p.
Pull - down Menu
Draw\Solid\Sfice
Type in
Slice, Se
Command: Slice .J
Select objects: (Ch9n dui tW;1ng Solid cAo cat).
Select ohjects: (Ch<;m tiep d6i tuqng can dt, nhan Enter ket thue
chQn).
Specify first point on silicing plane by IObject/ Zaxis / Vievv/ XY/ YZ/
ZXJ3point}< 3 points>: (ChQn phing cat).
Oie phuong an ChQll phang cat thuang dung:
+ 3point: ChQn phing cat di qua 3 P
L
, P
2
, p).
Specify first point on plane: (ChQn diem Pi)'
SpeCify second point on plane: (Ch<;m P2)'
Specify third point 011 plane: (ChQn P::\).
a point on desired side of the plan' or Ikeep Both side!: ChQn van
mQt diC:m eua llIra Solid ben nao muon giU nua con l<;ti bi xoa di. Diem
chQn khong lluge trung vai phang cit.
Neu ehQn B (keep Both side) thi gill l<;ti ca hai nua eua Solid dUl1e cat.
+ XYI YZI ZX: ChQn phang cat la cae phflng to<;\ dQ XV, YZ,
hoac ZX.
Khi dung phuong an nay, truac tien phai dbi va xoay UCSicon den tri
thich hqp tren phang ca.n cat, sau do dung d.e phang to<;\ de) XV,
YZ, ZX de tien hanh cdr khoi
Vi dl,l, dung phang to<;\ d9 YZ cat:
Spe(4y a point 011 the YZ-plane <D,D,O>: (Nhan Enter).
Specify a poim on desired side of the plane or /keep Both side/: ChQn vao
mQt diem eua nua Solid ben nao muon gill 19-i, llIra con bj xoa di.
eh<;m khong duqe trung vai phang cit.
Neu chQn B (keep Both side) thi gill ca hai nua eua Solid duqe cat.
4. Ve cat khoi Section)
Lnh Section dung de mt mien (Region) 1.1 giao ella Solid va
phing cat. cat nay se nam tren lOp
144
Pull - down Menu
DrOlv\Soli d\Sectioll
Type in
Section
Command: Section .J
Select objects: (ChQn kh6i mu6n t<).o cilt).
Select objects: (Chqn tiep kh6i mu6n cilt, nhAn Enter de
ket thuc vic chqn).
Specify first point on Section plane by /Object/ZaxisIView/XY/YZ/ZXI3point}
< 3points>: (Xae dtnh phAng de ve m*t ca.t theo eae phuang an chQn, tuang
tl! nhu eae phAng cat eua lnh Slice).
Ta eo the dung cae lnh Copy ho*c Move m*t eat viIa duqc nen.
VIII. TO BONG M() HINH 3D
1. To bong bang Shade
De ehe cae net khuilt ta dung l
e
nh View\Hide.
Hinh iinh the hien khi t6 bong bang lenh Shade thu(>c VllO gia trj cae
bien SHADEDGE va SHADEDIF. Blnb iinh nay the hien tren mt mat phang.
Tuy VllO gia tr) cua bien he th6ng SHADEDGE ta co kieu t6 bong khac
nhau (theo Pull down menu thi SHADEDGE co gia tr) la 0, 1,2.3):
+ Bien SHADEDGE = O. T6 bong cae kh6ng the hien cae canh. Dbi
hoi man hlnh co 256 mau.
t Bien SHADEDGE = 1. To bong cae thea mau eua cac d6i tuqng,
d.c c<).nh co mau nen. Doi hoi mau hlnh 256 mau.
+ Bien SHADEDGE = 2. T6 bOng cac mat bang mau fit,n, eanb co mau
cua cac d6i tU\1ng (gi6ng nhul
e
nb Hide). Man hinh bilt kyo
+ Bien SHADEDGE = 3. Cac dU\1c t6 bong Mi mau cua cac d6i
tuqng, cac qmh co mau nen. Man hlnh bAt kY.
Gia tr) mac djnb cua bien SHADEDGE la 3.
D phiin chieu eua anh sang thu(>c va bien SHADEDIF (co gia trj tit
o den 100) la ty s6 gilla anh sang m6i trui:lng (Background light) voi anh sang
tan tiI ngu6n sang xa. Gia trt m*c dtnh cua bien nay la 70 tue Ia 70% Ia anh
sang tan xa til ngu6n sang xa, 30% Ia anh sang moi truong.
De tai hin l<).i hlnh <lnh trUlJe khi t6 bong ta dung lnh Regen. Dung lnh
Msline co the ghi cae <lnh voi phan rna r(lng. SLD, co the sir dl:mg eae hlnh
145
10.GTCS CAD-A
anh nay khi thiet Script file, dung lnh Saveimg ghi anh vai cae
tin c6 philn fia [(Jng. TGA, TIE
2. T6 bong bAng Render
Render Iii lnh t6 bong cae hoi,ie khoi di,ie 3D. Truac khi thl!e hin
Inh Render ta co thti cae nguon sang bang lnh Light, eanh (lnh
Scene) va gan eho doi tuqng Materials). to bong mo hlnh
thVe hin thea trlnh tv sau:
1. Ma tin co rn6 hlnh rnii ta muon t6 bong.
G9i tin feh View\Render, khi do cho phep ta su dt,lllg cae Render,
Light, Scene, Materials ...
3. va hiU ehlnh cae ngu6n anh sang bang lnh Light.
4. cae lo<;ti Hu t6 bong cho rn6 hloh bang Inh Materials,
Material Library.
5. dnh bang Inh Scene Iii sV ket hqp cac View vai cac ngu6n sang.
6. Djnh cac tham soHen quan den t6 bong trong cua 56 Render Preferences.
7. Ch9n ca.nh (Scene) va thve hin Inh Render dti t6 bong rn6 hlnh.
8. Mb ella s6 Render qua danh rnvc keo xuong View"Render\Render.
Theo cua s6 nay de gan rnau va cae tham so khae, nharn cho khoi di:ic co
hlnh anh thl!C nhat.
9. Dung lnh Saveimg ghi l<;ti hlnh aoh dii t6 bong thanh tin can thiet.
10. Muon rna tin eua cae hlnh anh t6 bong dii ghi, ta dung lnh Replay.
IX. IN BAN vi<;
Sau khi thl!c hin ban ve, thuang phai thvc hin mt pharr rat quan tr9ng
la xuat ban ve ra giay.
1. Plot
Cae ban ve AutoCAD dugc xuat ra giay bang may in (Printer) hay may ve
(Plotter). D6 xuat ban ve ra giay ta dung Inh Plot Print.
Khi th,!c neu bien CMDDIA =1 thl xuat hp Plot.
Khi bien nay bang 0, chi xuat hin cae dong nhac.
146
10.GTCS CAQ-B
2. In cac ban ve 3 chieu
Trang khong gian rna hinh ta chi in dlIqc ca.c hinh anh cua khung nhin
hin himh. in cac rna hinh 3D trong rnt khung nhin clla khong gian rna
hinh ta tht,rc hin cac buac lUang tl.! nhu in rna hinh 2D.
Khi in cac hinh chieu ph6i canh ta chqn ty l theo Scale to Fit.
Trinh tl! thl!c in bim ve trong khong gian phitng:
Trinh tl! in ban ve trong Paper Space:
I. X:1y dl!ng rna hinh bang cac lnh dii hqc.
2. bien TILEMODE:= 0 sang moi twang Him vic khong gian
phang. tU911g khong gian phang xuat hin. Luc nay ta nen chu ylit rna
hlnh van chua xua:t hin tren man hinh.
3. D!nh l<.ti giai h<.tn bim ve trang khong gian phang (lnh Limits va
Zoom/ All)
4. Khong gian phang duqc xern nhu la rnt pha.ng 2 chicu, do d6 ta
c6 chen khung t(:n va ca.c duang khung vien cua bim ve milu vaa ban ve
hin hanh (Slr dl,lng Inh Insert). Tuy nhi(:n ta co the t'.l-0 khung t(:n va ducmg
vien baa quanh ban ve sau khi tht!c hin Inh Mview.
5. Sau khi t'.l-O xong khung t(:n va duang vien ta Slr dl,lng lnh Mview de
t<.t0 cac khung nhin d<)ng. Cac khung ohin d<)ng eo th6 co kfch thuac bat ky va
nam chong l(:n nhau. Chli yfang cae khung nhin duqc t'.l-0 bang lnh Mview
se narn tr(:n 16p hin hanh va rnang cac doh chat clla 16p hin hanh nhu Color,
Linetype... Neu sau d6 ta t:it (OFF) lam d6ng bang lOp nay thl duang
vien khung nhin se di va se khong duqc in ra. Tuy nhi(:n cac hinh anh ben
trong khung nhin van duqc gifr nguy(:n va ta co the in chung.
6. Dung Inh Mspace chuyen sang khong gian rna hioh va Slr dl,lng lnh
Vpoint t<.ti rnt khung nhin t<.t0 cac nhin d6 co th6 quan sat cac hinh chieu
khac nhau. De chinh kich thuac cac hioh chieu tr(:n cac khung ohio ta dung
I?nh Zoom theo ty I? XP (ty I? nay chi c6 th6 sir dong khi bien TlLEMODE
I). Day la ty I? quan h? giil. rna hlnh va ty I? in trang kh6ng gian phiing.
Vi dl,l: Mu60 cha kich thlIac rno hinh gap 5 Hin kich thuac khi in ra trong
kh6ng gian phing thi ty I? so la XP mOi khung nhin, dn dinh ty I? nhu sau:
147
Command: Zoom .J
Allieenter/Dynamic!Extents/ Previous/Scale!Window!<real time>:
Nhan Enter.
Enter a scale faclOr (nX or nXP): Ij5XP.
Lan luqt th\fc hin Zoom cho cae khung nhln con l<;li.
7. Dung Mvsetup chinh vi tri m6 Khi dang 6 kh6ng gian m6
hlnh, cac lap cua m6i khung nhin dqc v6i nhau. Sir dl,lng lnh Vplayer
cac layer rieng cho cac khung nhin dng, khi d6 cac d6i wqng ra tren lap
nay se kh6ng xuat hin tren cac khung nhin khac. Lnh Vplayer co dieu
thai cac lap tren cac khung nhin khac nhau.
8. sang kh6ng gian sau do ta co the cae dong ehii vao
ban ve, ghi kich thuoc...
9. Dung lnh Mview che net khuat cho m6 hlnh trong ca.c khung nhln
khi in.
Command: Mview .J
ON/OFFlHidplot/Fit/2/3/4/ Restore!<First Point>:H
Hideplot ONIOFF:ON
Select object: (ChQn khung nhin nao rna ta muon che net khuat khi in
bang cach ch<;m VaG dUong vien cua khung nhln d6).
Muon cac duong vien cac khung nhin bien mat thi can tilt lap chua duong
vien khung nhin (1a lop hin hanh khi ta sir dl,lng lnh Mview), ta
ffi<)t lap ten KHUNO va dung Ddchprop chuyn cae khung nhln v6 lap
nay, sau d6 tat lap Day di.
10. Ohi taP tin ban ve (trang kh6ng gian phlmg).
11. Binh cau hiob may in r6i thvc hin lnh Plot Print.
TrInh tt! thl!c hin in cac hinh chieu va che cac net khuat thl!c hin chung
cho cac rn6 hlnh 3D.
Neu ta sir dung Solprof d cae duong bien va duong khuJit thl khi
in ta tilt lap chua rn6 binb va kb6ng can thl!c hin lnh Mview che cac net
khuat, VI khi d6 ta chi co cac d6i tuqng trong kh6ng gian phl1ng.
148
BAI CHUONG 3
Trang khOng gian 3D hay vi! cae hlnh sau:
1. Dung me hinh khung day ve
Hinh 3.3
Hlnh 3.5
2. Dung me hinh bi! ve:
0)
Trl,lcdo(1,.1,lj Dang (0,-1,0)
')
Hinh 3.6
Axi:'! 01
revoh,Jlion
V
. ,
,
,)
to revoille
149
3. Dung rna hinh khoi di ve:
Hinh 3.7
Hinh 3.8

0) c) d)
8
e) !} g) 1
Hinh 3.9
150
'"
Hinh 3,10
Hinh 3.12
"
Hinh 3.ll
Hinh 3.13
[)
Hinh 3.14
flinh 3.15
151
152
Hinh 3,16
Hinh 3.17
Hinh 3.18
Hinh 3.19
Htnh 3.20
Hinh 3.21
153
154
Hinh 3.22
Hinh 3.23
Hinh 3.24
Hinh 3.25
Hlnh 3.26
Hinh 3.27
Hinh 3.28
155
TAl TRAM000
1. CAD/CAM thiet U va chi!' t(to co may tinh trlf giup; Phan Huu Phuc;
Nha xuilt bim Oiao Hi! Ni, 2000.
2. Ctiu true may vi tinh; Tran Quang Vinh; Nhit xuat ban Giao dl,lc, Ha
Ni, 1998.
3. Do' ho(t vi tinh (2 Huynh Van Due, Nguyen Quoe Cllong, Hoang
Due Hili; Nha xuilt bi\n Oiao Hi! Ni, 1999.
4. Xu Ij cae doi tltlfng 3D trong AutoCAD2004; Le Ba An; Nha xuilt bim
Thong ke, Tp. H6 Chi Minh, 2003.
5. Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics; Farley J.D., Van
Dam A.; Addition-Waslay Publishing Co, Mass., 1982.
6. CAD/CAM - Computer Added and Manufacturing; Mikell P.Oroover,
Emory W.Zimmer; Third Indian Reprint, 1987.
7. CAD/CAM Theory and Practice; Ibrahim Zeid; MeOraw-Hill.lne.,
New York, 1991.
8. AutoCAD2004 Learning Asistance; Autodesk; Massachusett, 2004.
156
Ml,JC Ll,JC
Lili giiri thiu .
LCfi noi da'u .

ChU'ung 1: CO SO CAD/CAM .
1. 31.,1' trq giup eua may tfoh trong qua tfloh thiet k va ch Sall
phiim .
II. CAD - Thiel k v& 51! trq giup eua may Hoh .
III. Phn eung CAD .
IV. Xay d\ffig m6 hlnh hlnh hqc trang CAD .
V. CAM - M6i quan MCAD/CAM va d(>ng hoa san xuii!... .
B: LAM Val AUTOCAD
ChU'ung 2: VB TRONG KHONG GrAN 2D .
I. Lam quen vm AutoCAD2004 .
II. Cae lnh thiet ban ve .
III. H d(> - cae lnh ve co ban .
IV. Cae phuong phap b&t diem ehlnh xae .
V. Cae lnh trg giup .
VI. Cae lnh sira dOi hlnh ve .
VII. Ok lnh ve nhanh .
VIII. cae lnh v6 man hlnh .
IX. Ve thea lap - dieu chlnh daong net va .
X T - b' 'b' -
. van an lren an ve .
XI. Ve hloh cAt va caL .
XII. Ohi heh thuGe .
3
5
7
8
IO
16
22
27
31
32
37
42
55
60
65
72
80
84
90
95
98
157
Chuung 3: VE vA THIET LAP MO HINH 3D .
I. Co sa thiet rn6 hlnh 3D .
II. He t9a de:> dung cho 3D .
III. M6 hlnh khung day .
IV. M6 hlnh be .
V L" - d --
. UC11 a glac.....................................................................
VI. M6 hlnh kh6i .
VII S' d6 . h' h d-
. ua I rno In 01 '.le .
VIII. T6 bong rn6 hlnh 3D .
IX. In ban ve." .
Tai liu tham khdo .
158
115
116
118
121
124
130
133
142
145
146
156
NHA XUAT BAN HA NCI
4 - T6NG DUY TAN, QUAN HoAN HA NOI
ElT: (04) 8252916; 8257063 - FAX (04) 8257063
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