Filippo Brunelleschi's Political Career

Author(s): Diane Finiello Zervas

Source: The Burlington Magazine , Oct., 1979, Vol. 121, No. 919 (Oct., 1979), pp. 630+633-
636+639+646
Published by: (PUB) Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd.

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/879710

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms

(PUB) Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve
and extend access to The Burlington Magazine

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 ANGELO MICHELE COLONNA: A PROFILE

Un prospettive
Bartolomeo Peloni, e non voleva nissuna gl'agiutasse, grande all'istesso
suppone punto lire 30.da che poteva
II Venerdi
aver sentito dire che lui non faceva architettura, nd fermagliolo(?)
ornamenti, ma in casa del d[ett]o March.se
solam[en]te Cospi per servire il Sig.re
lefigure,
Colonna in
e che mort3 il Mitelli era stata necessitato trovare, e sofondo
servirsidella saletta a basso del d[ett]o March.se,
di qualcheduno altro, e ebbe il Colonna 13
essendo queste parole del popolazzo da non tenere doble ne diede a Giacomo quattro e mezzo e statofinito il giovedi di mezza quaresima,
conto.
Al principio di Lug[li]o col Sig.r Colonna nella Capellina
e il venerdi della
sequente rinovb B. Cattarina
Giacomino una prospettiva del alla
gid Agostino [Mitelli]. In
fra lavoro
quale stette intorno di continuo tutti gli giorni di Natale e Carnovale
fino feceallaal festa
Sig.r D. Ortensio di S. Leonardo quattro prospettive
di S. Giacomo.
Si diede tempo che si potesse rimettere in opera il pavimento e si tornd a finire, che dati.
picciole di detta lire 17 senza le tele e tellari che lui gli aveva se
L'ultimo di
gli stette attorno duoi giorni ciod il di otto e nove di Marzo principio essendo
Agosto, d'Apr[il]e al Dottore
Abbadessa Pistorini gratis
la una prospettiva
sopra una tela per una sua
Madre Suor Leonora Zani. Ebbe il Sig.r Giacomo un reliquariofinito d'ebano con trevilla.
christalli e dentro un velo nero della B[eata] che Adi 7gli
Ap[ri]le col Sig.r in
& stato Colonna
capo nel Padovano
un anno per servire
conalla Pro[curato]re Angelo
sua autentica . . . Moresini nobile Venetiano si d stato infra andare, operare, e tornare a Bologna cinque
ig di Agosto 1664. Andb a principiare una prospettiva in un giardino al March.semesi. Ebbe Giacomino in ragione 50 ducatoni il mese in tutto ducatoni 216 e a di 3
Achille Albergati la quale era di grandezza di p[alm]i IIH per un verso, e I2 per l'altro.set[tem]bre i665 in giovedi arrivarono in Bologna de Venetia dal detto lavore.
Fatta in sette giorni dimando lire 70 sodisfatto netto dalle spese 60. Adi 9 set[tem]bre a Zola Predosa tutti duoi per fare il ponte ad una stanza di sei
Adi 25 di Agosto and6 a servire il Sig.re Colonna in casa del Quaranta Fibbia in che si hanno dafare ciod la voltafatte sul mezzo tondo di grandezza una di p[almi] 25
lavoro che lui faceva per d[ett]o Sig.re e nello stesso tempo in una prospettiva che il per quadro, due di p[almi] j8 e 20o e due di p[almi] j6-22 e una di p[almi] 29 e
sud[dett]o Colonna faceva a' PP. de'Servi dalla Porta del Monastero la quale senza30 la quale e quella che se gli e ordinato il ponte. Il daccordo e fatto nella persona
il cartone sifece in sei giorni. del Sig.r Colonna et io per suo agiuto in doble n.o 500 et io avero quella parte che
Adi 13 Nov[em]bre sifini detto lavoro del Sig.re Fibbia ebbe Giacomino dal Colonnaparera al Sig.r Colonna. Il venerdi sequente che li II detto si mese in letto con la
una castellata d'uva da Pianora, lire 52, lire cento di canepa lire 12. Doppie n.o 13 chefebre e li stette da 15 giorni continui, e poi la convalescenza che si tornb a Zolla
in tutto lire 259. In tutto l'anno lire 964. per dar principio il di p[rim]o di Ottobre del sud[dett]o anno.
i665. Due prospettive vendute al March.se Cospi lire 20.

DIANE FINIELLO ZERVAS

Filippo Brunelleschi's Poli

THE documents discussed here illustrate a new side of and its place within the city's social and political circles.2
Filippo Brunelleschi's career, namely his membershipWeoflearn that Filippo's father, Ser Brunellesco Lippi, had
important ties with one of Florence's most powerful
Florentine civic councils twenty-two times between 1400oo
and 1432. They also provide new information about
magistracies, the Dieci della Balia (War Magistracy): as its
Brunelleschi's tax status in 1418 and 1435, and firmly procuratore he maintained close contacts with the city's
document his presence in Pistoia sometime between military officers and condottieri, and he also served th
February and May 14oo. Dieci on missions abroad.3 Manetti proudly mentions
Brunelleschi's political career and standing areBrunelleschi's
of term as Prior of the Signoria from May to
June
considerable interest, not least because of their bearing on I425.4 From other sources we know that member
of the Lippi family, including Filippo himself, had
his success in convincing the Florentine political establish-
ment to accept his innovatory and daring structuralappeared
and on scrutiny lists for the Tre Maggiori Uffic
architectural proposals. His holding of public office,(composed
and of the Signoria, with its eight priori and gon-
his connections with Florentine public life are emphasised
faloniere di giustizia, and its two colleges, the Sedici Gon-
by his fifteenth-century biographer, Antonio Manetti, falonieri
in and Dodici Buonuomini) in 1391, 1393, 1398 and
141 , and that Ser Brunellesco Lippi also served as the
the Vita di Filippo Brunelleschi.1 After introducing Brunel-
leschi in the prologue ('uomo di grande intelletto e di grande
notary for the Signoria in 1400oo. Such information suggest
virtiu, ed ingegno oltre allo ordinario' and 'inventore'), Manetti,
following the well-established Florentine ricordanza and
zibaldone tradition, begins the Vita proper with a descrip-
2 MANETTI: Vita [1976], PP.48-49. Among the many examples of ricordanza
and zibaldone introductions see La cronica domestica di messer Donato Velluti
tion of the architect's family ('di buone gente ed onorevoli')
con le addizioni di Paolo Velluti, ed. I. DEL LUNGO, Florence [19141, P-.4 and
Cronica di Buonaccorso Pitti, ed. A. B. DELLA LEGA, Bologna [19051].
3 MANETTI: Vita [1976], pp.49-50. Ser Brunellesco Lippi is documented
abroad in 1367, 1368, 1376 and 1384 in connection with Dieci affairs. See
*The research and writing of this article were made possible by aC.joint
VON FABRICZY: Filippo Brunelleschi, Stuttgart [1892], P.3; GORO DATI:
grant from Mount Holyoke College and the National Endowment for the di Firenze, Florence [1735], p.139 describes the importance of the
Istoria
Humanities in conjunction with a fellowship at the Harvard University
Dieci della Balia: 'L' Uficio de' Dieci di balia, che sono eletti a boce, ovvero colle
Center for Italian Renaissance Studies at Villa I Tatti, Florence, during
fave sanza farne borsa, sono uomini valenti, e scelti, e pratichi, e non si fanno, se
1977-78. Gino Corti provided invaluable palaeographical assistance.non My
a tempo di guerra, e costoro hanno allora di fuori della Cittd, e ne' fatti della
special thanks go to Howard Burns, whose continued and enthusiastic
guerra tutta la balia, e potenza de' Signori, e di tutto il Commune.' Brunelleschi's
interest in the subject contributed greatly to many of the ideas developed in was also among those citizens whose opinions concerning the 1367
father
the article. Dale and Bill Kent, Anthony Molho and Nicolai Rubinstein project for Santa Maria del Fiore were recorded in that year: cf. C. GUASTI:
were enormously helpful in sharing with me their opinions regarding Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence [1887], doc. 190.
Brunelleschi's political career. I thank them, Elaine Rosenthal, Elizabeth
4 MANETTI: Vita [1976], p.51.
Cropper, Charles Dempsey, Howard Saalman and David Quint for 5 N. RUBINSTEIN: The Government ofFlorence under the Medici, 1434-94, London
commenting on early drafts of this text; many of their suggestions have been [1966], PP.4-5 contains an explanation of the scrutinies (squittini).
incorporated in the final version. Brunelleschi's father is not on the 1381 scrutiny, published in Delizie degli
1ANTONIO MANETTI: Vita di Filippo Brunelleschi, ed. D. DE ROBERTIS, With eruditi toscani, ed. I. DI SAN LUIGI, Florence [1770-1789], Vol. XVI, pp.125-
introduction and notes by G. TANTURLI, Milan [1976]; on Manetti's reli- 260. Ser Brunellesco Lippi received thirty-seven votes in the 1391 scrutiny,
ability as a historical source see ANTONIO DI TUCCIO MANETTI: The Life of not enough to give him a majority, while Filippo ser Brunellesco Lippi's
Brunelleschi, ed. H. SAALMAN, University Park, Penn. [1970], pp.24-28; G. name has no votes registered next to it (ASF Tratte 397, unfoliated).
TANTURLI: 'Per l'interpretazione storica della Vita del Brunelleschi', I am indebted to Professor Gene Brucker for generously making available
Paragone, 301 [March 19751], PP5-25. to me his own compilations of the earlier Trecento, 1391 and i41I
630

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI' S POLITICAL CAREER

that Brunelleschi's family occupied a place incouncil,

the outer
together with the Consiglio del 131, had b
circle of the Florentine regime, the reggimento.6 created in I4 II to deal with military affairs, alliances a
It is now possible to define more precisely Brunelleschi's related matters.13 Members from the Consiglio del Duge
own position on the fringes of the reggimento. wereManetti
extracted from borse containing the names of
states that Filippo 'ebbe degli altri magistrati che citizens who had been veduti (previously drawn, but
occorrevano
pe' tempi,' but does not list them.7 His remark has necessarily seduti [seated] for the Tre Maggiori) since 13
apparently never inspired further investigation. However, and the term of office was six months, April to Septem
this part of Brunelleschi's career is fully documented in the and October to March. Decisions passed by the Consi
communal tratte, the lists of citizens drawn for major del Dugento went next to the Consiglio del 131, and then
civic offices and councils. A systematic study of various the Consiglio del Popolo and del Comune. Proposals had t
tratte between 1390 and 1447 reveals that Brunelleschi had approved by all four councils before passage into law.14
certain intensive periods of service as well as times of Brunelleschi's membership of city councils oft
significant absence from the city councils during the years coincided with periods when he was involved in import
1400 to 1432. civic or guild artistic commissions. His first document
Brunelleschi sat on three different councils, the service occurred in 1400, when he sat on the February
Consiglio del Popolo, del Comune and del Dugento. The first May session of the Consiglio del Popolo.s1 Sometime dur
two were traditional Florentine bodies which passed and these four months the tratte scribe noted Filippo's abs
rejected legislation proposed by the Signoria and its from one of the meetings, stating that he was in Pis
colleges. Proposals first had to be passed by the Consiglio (Fig.45). The note thus confirms a previously c
jectural date for Brunelleschi's work on the San Jac
del Popolo, and then by the Consiglio del Comune before they
could be enacted into Florentine law.8 Citizens were
altar for Pistoia cathedral.16 From September to Dec
nominated for these two councils by members of the
berTre
1400 Brunelleschi was a member of the Consiglio
iMaggiori, and their names were extracted from Comune:
the he was absent from a council meeting o
appropriate borse at least one month before each new that term (in an unspecified location).1 Altho
during
term.9 Appointment to the councils meant a four-month
present in Florence during i401-02 for the Baptist
commitment: sessions of the Consiglio del Popolo lasted from
door competition, and documented in the city on 2nd J
February to May, June to Septembei, and October towhen he matriculated (for the second time) in
1404,
January; the Consiglio del Comune, on the other hand,
Arte sat
della Seta, and on Ioth November of that year, whe
from January to April, May to August, and September
servedto as a member of an advisory board for the cathe
December.10 Citizens could not simultaneously holdsupervisors
mem- (opera del duomo), a position held until
bership on the Consiglio del Popolo and del Comune.11
February i406,18 Brunelleschi did not resume memb
However, concomitant service on one of these councils
shipand
of the city councils until May 1405, when he
on the Consiglio del Dugento was permitted.12 The appointed
latter to the Consiglio del Comune (until the en
August).19 Then, despite both his documented prese
in Florence during 1406, I410, 1411, 1415, 1416 and 1
scrutinies. In ASK, Tratte 197, f. I6r, Brunelleschi is noted as having (for advice and work with the opera del duomo),20 and
obtained a majority in the 1393 and 1398 scrutinies, although in 1411 he
received only thirty-six votes (ASF, Tratte 45, f. 85r). fact that Manetti in his Novella del Grasso and Vita says
The information concerning Ser Brunellesco Lippi's notarial services for was there in i409, Brunelleschi's name disappears fr
the Signoria between May and June 1400 has been recently published in the tratte lists until I418.21 The references to Brunelles
Filippo Brunelleschi: l'uomo e l'artista, ed. P. BENIGNI, Florence (Archivio di
Stato) [1977], pp.17-18. My own work has turned up three more references seemingly patchy presence in Florence between 140
to Brunelleschi's father. His name was drawn for the June to September coupled with his absence from the city councils wo
session of the Consiglio del Popolo in 1400, and for the January to April appear to confirm Manetti's statements about the
session of the Consiglio del Comune the following year (ASK, Tratte 146, f. Ioor;
f. I2ov.). On 27th June 1408 it was extracted for the July to August architect's frequent trips to Rome during that period.
priorate, but by then Ser Brunellesco Lippi was dead (ASF, Tratte i95,
f. I I6v.). Brunelleschi's older brother, Tommaso, was drawn for the May
to August 1400 session of the Consiglio del Comune but was disqualified
(ASF, Tratte 146, f. 96r).
6 D. KENT: 'The Florentine Reggimento in the Fifteenth Century', Renaissance term on the Consiglio del Dugento beginning (unusually) i4th June, having
Quarterly, Vol.XXVII [Winter 1975], PP-575-84 provides a thorough just been appointed to the Consiglio del Popolo Ist June 1430: ASF Tratte,
analysis of the varying meanings of the term reggimento; I am using it in 154, f. 175v, 179v.
its broadest sense. Also see G. BRUCKER: The Civic World of Early Renaissance 13 RUBINSTEIN: The Government of Florence [ 1966], p.69.
Florence, Princeton [I977], Chapter V: 'The Florentine Reggimento in 41 I', 14 C. PELLEGRINI: Sulla Repubblica Fiorentina al Tempo di Cosimo il Vecchio,
PP-248-318. Pisa [188o], Appendix 3, pp.ix-xiv publishes the legislation for this council
7MANETTI: Vita [I1976], p.5I. and the 131.
8 RUBINSTEIN: The Government of Florence [1966], p.69. The councils are 15 ASF Tratte 146, f. 88r.
described in the Statutes of 1415 (Statuta Populi et Communis Florentiae, 16 E. BATTISTI: Filippo Brunelleschi, Milan [1976], pp.26-3o and 341 (written
3 Vols., Freiburg [1778-1783], II, pp.659-669). by L. GAI) contains the most recent discussion of this problem and a sum-
9 RUBINSTEIN: The Government of Florence [1966], p.69, note 5. Statuta, 1415, mary of the earlier literature. The commission involving Brunelleschi is
II, p.66o. dated 31st December 1399, where he is referred to as 'da Firenze'. A second
10 Statuta, 1415, II, p.66o. contract dated 7th February 1400 mentions 'Pippo di ser Beneencasa', and
11 Statuta, 1415, II, p.661. There is an instance of Brunelleschi's name stipulates that work on the altar must be finished by the end of the following
being drawn for the Consiglio del Popolo of February to May 1430 session April.
while he was serving on the Consiglio del Comune (January-April). He was 17 ASF Tratte 146, f. I Ior.
disqualified (divieto), but was then placed on the next sitting of the Consiglio is BATTISTI: Filippo Brunelleschi [1976], p.329.
del Popolo, June to September (ASF, Tratte 154, f. i58r, f. 162v. f. I75v). 19 ASF Tratte 147.
12 Brunelleschi was twice in this position. In June 1429, he was appointed to 20 BATTISTI: Filippo Brunelleschi [1976], pp.329-30.
the Consiglio del Popolo while serving a term on the Consiglio del Dugento which 21 A. MANETTI: La Novella del Grasso, in MANETTI: Vita [1976] P.3, and in the
had started the previous April; and in June 1430, when he was drawn for a Vita proper, p.77.

633

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI'S POLITICAL CAREER

Manetti notes, however: Significantly, after Brunelleschi's return to civic office

non fu perd che non venissi in Firenze in 1418 he began to appear on the city councils with a
molte volte . . . E mai non ci veniva, che regularity which paralleled his uninterrupted involvement
per la fama di buono ingegno e per la ri- from I418 with the city's principal architectural projects.
nomea di quelli che l'aveano practico a Shortly after his own guild, the Arte della Seta, initiated the
Roma, e non fussi richiesto de parere d' Innocenti commission (April 1419) and presumably
edifici publici e privati che occorrevano placed Filippo in charge of its design,28 he sat on the
in que' tempi, se non per invenzioni, per Consiglio del Dugento, from October to March I420.29
consigli delle occorrenze loro di per di; During that period three important events concerning the
cathedral dome occurred: the Arte della Lana appointed
si che nasceva, che nel dire suoi pareri
four operai with the sole task of supervising the cupola
e nel mostrare cose d'industria, la fama
undertaking (20oth November); the brick model built
sua continovamente multiplicava assai.22
In Septembei 1418 Brunelleschi's political career
jointly was Donatello and Giovanni d'Antonio
by Brunelleschi,
on the verge of a significant advance, fordihis Banco, constructed
name waswithout an armature, was com-
pleted
drawn for the Dodici Buonuomini, one of the Tre (29th December); and a new cupola competition
Alaggiori.23
He was found to be ineligible, however, for,was
asannounced
the tratte
(March 27th 1420).o30 And if Manetti is to
scribe noted, he was then a specchio, on thebe believed,
list Filippo's scheme for Schiatta d'Uberto
of citizens
whose communal taxes were in arrears (Fig.48).24
Ridolfi'sClearly
chapel in San Jacopo di Borgo Oltr'Arno, con-
this was not a desirable position in which to to
ceived remain,
demonstrate some of his duomo cupola solutions,
especially for one of the major contenders in to
dates the cupola
about this time.31 Securing the Ridolfi commission
must
competition (which had been announced on haveAugust
I9th been very significant, since Schiatta, one
of that year),25 and Brunelleschi seems to have
of thestraight-
reggimento elite, was also an important figure in the
ened out the matter quickly, for in October he began
Arte della Lana (sevena times a consul between 1398-1418):
six-month term on the Consiglio del Dugentohe(until
had beenthe
the end
opera del duomo camerlengo in 1401, and had
of March 1419).26 During this period in served
which he was
frequently as a cathedral operaio (five times between
pursuing the cupola commission Filippo was 1403-17).32
undoubtedly
becoming increasingly well known to the Arte della Lana
Brunelleschi's council career progressed in 1421, when,
members then serving as operai del duomo and
for the firstguild
time since 1405, he served a term on the
consuls, many of whom were also important reggimento
Consiglio del Comune, January to April.33 During that
figures.27 term he was once excused from a meeting because he was
'otherwise occupied' (impeditus), which is not surprising
considering his cupola and Innocenti responsibilities as
22 MANETTI: Vita [1976], p.77- well as two additional commitments, the Old Sacristy at
23 ASF Tratte '97, f. I6r.
24 Brunelleschi was drawn on 12th September. On the next day he was San Lorenzo, commissioned by Giovanni di Bicci de'
replaced because of the specchio disqualification (f. I6r). Medici, and the project for the basilica itself.34 Later in
25 C. GUASTI: La Cupola di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence [1857], doc. I I, p. 15. 1421 Filippo was drawn for the Consiglio del Dugento
26 ASF Tratte 152, f. I65r.
27 Operai del Duomo and Lana Consuls of 1417 and 1418 are listed below. (October 1421 to March I422).35
Those with asterisks are members of the 14I I Reggimento 61ite as defined
by Gene Brucker, whom I thank for providing me with his complete list
of this group. Names with daggers are members of the inner circle of the
1433 Reggimento, defined by D. KENT: 'The Florentine Reggimento' [1975],
pp. 604-5. Ceffini, Angelo Tommaso Corbinelli, Simone Francesco Ser Dini, Bartolo
Operai 1417: Matteo Vanni degli Albizzi, Niccolo M. Donato Barbadori*"t,
Jacopo Gherardini, Giovanni Domenico Giugnit, Vieri Vieri Guadagni*,
Niccolo Marco Benvenuti, Tommaso Giovanni Berti, Gherardo Filippo Filippo M. Biagio Guasconi, Giovanni Andrea Minerbetti, Piero Giovanni
Corsini, Luca Manetti Filicaria, Antonio Piero Fronte, Ser Simone Francesco Andrea del Palagio, Niccolo Piero Popoleschi, Schiatta Uberto Ridolfi*f,
Gini, Antonio Francesco Giraldi, Andrea Niccolo Giugnit, Vieri Vieri Cardinale Piero Rucellai, Matteo Nuccio Solosmeit, Bartolo Piero della
Guadagni* Buonaccorso Nero Pitti*, Jacopo Niccolo Riccalbani, Bartolo Strada, Leonardo M. Leonardo Strozzi, Ugo Andrea M. Ugo della Stufa,
Schiatta Ridolfi, M. Andrea Rinaldi Rondinelli, Angelo Tommaso Scam- Bartolomeo Niccolo Taldi Valori*t, Donato Michele Velluti.
brilla, Bartolo Piero della Strada, Bernardo Vanni Vecchietti. (ASF Arte della Lana 32, f. 33v).
(ASF Tratte 134).- 28 G. MOROZZI and A. PICCINI: II Restauro dello Spedale di Santa Maria degli
Lana Consuls 1417: Antonio Tedesco degli Albizzi, Lorenzo Tommaso Innocenti 1966-1970o, Florence [197I], pp.8-9.
Baronci, Agostino Francesco Biliotti, Giovanni Jacopo Piero Bini, Agostino 29 ASF Tratte 152, f. 206r.
Francesco Bischeri, Filippo Cristofano della Bughaffa, Nero Gino Capponit, 30 GUASTI: La Cupola [1857], docs. 2, 43, 44.
Giovanni Tommaso Corbinellit, Luca Manetti da Filicaria, Andrea Niccolo 31 MANETTI: Vita [1976], p.83: 'E dicendo che si bene, avendo Schiatta Ridolfi afare
Giugnit, Jacopo Francesco Guasconi*, Niccolo Andrea Neri Lippi, Taddeo una capelletta in San Jacopo di Borgo oltr' Arno, e sapiendolo Filippo, e' disse che
Bartolo Lorini, Filippo Lorenzo Machiavelli, Tommaso Andrea Minerbetti, mosterebbe loro in quella cappella come si potessi fare.' Cf. A. MANETTI: Life of
Lapo Giovanni Niccolini*, Filippo Niccolo Niccolini, Buonaccorso Neri Brunelleschi [1970], notes 63-65, p. 136 for a discussion of this chapel, and now
Pitti*, Silvestro Tommaso Popoleschi, Jacopo M. Giovanni Rucellai, BATTISTI: Filippo Brunelleschi [I1976], p.97; P-357.
Alamanni Jacopo Salviatit, Bartolomeo Niccolo Taldi Valori*, Marsilio 32 Schiatta Uberto Ridolfi was a Lana Consul in 1398, 1402, 1404, I408,
Vanni Vecchietti*, Donato Piero Velluti. 1411, I413, 1418 and served as an operaio dell'opera del duomo in 1403, 1406,
(ASF Arte della Lana 32, f. 33v). 1409, 141 I, and I416. He later served three times more as an operaio, in
Operai 14I8: Tommaso Bartolomeo Barbadori, Sandro Giovanni Baron- I421, I424, and I425, and was appointed a cupola operaio in I426 (ASF
celli, Giovanni Tommaso Corbinellit, Nerone Nigi Nerone Dietisalvit, Tratte 134 and Arte della Lana 32).
Gherardo Jacopo Gherardini, Giovanni Domenico Giugnis, Jacopo 33 ASF Tratte 153, f. 24r.
Francesco Guasconi*, Simone Orlandini Mariotti, Lorenzo Ceffini Masini, 34 BATTISTI: Filippo Brunelleschi [1976], pp.'79-92 and Pp.367-372. CAROLINE
Piero Filippo M. Leonardo Strozzi, Bartolo Niccolo Taldi Valori*, Donato ELAM: 'The Site and early Building History of Michelangelo's New
Michele Velluti, Paolo Giovanni Vettori. Sacristy', Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorischen Instituts in Florenz (in press)
Lana Consuls 1418: M. Rinaldo M. Maso degli Albizzi*t, Rinaldo Bardo presents new information about the fifteenth-century project for San
Bagnese, Niccolo M. Donato Barbadori*t, Sandro Giovanni Baroncelli, Lorenzo.
Antonio Piero Benizzi, Nofri Giovanni Bartolo Bischeri*, Silvestro Lodovico 25 ASF Tratte 153, f. 55v.

634

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI S POLITICAL CAREER

After a two-year absence from the councils,

these Brunelleschi
difficult issues were being discussed and brought to a
sat on the Consiglio del Popolo from June
vote.45 While to on
serving September
the Consiglio del Comune in 1429 a
1424,36 an important time for Florentine affairs
new magistracy, because
the Conservatori delle Leggi, was created in
of the war with Milan, which had broken
the hope of out full-scale
preventing faction by the
checking the qualifica-
previous February."3 According totions,
the especially
tratte of annotations
age, of all citizens appointed to com
Brunelleschi missed one council meeting
munal offices.46 Induring that
the first month of that Consiglio del
period because he was in Pistoia; he is insession
Comune fact Brunelleschi,
documented together with other civic
there in July and September, possibly inhad
officials, connection with
been one of nearly 700 citizens to sign a
work at the Ospedale del Ceppo.38 Late in
Iuramentum September,
promising to abandon partisanship and
when the city was trying to solidify and
faction and strengthen
to uphold the Republic,its
the Parte Guelfa and
military position after its defeat at Zagonara
the Signoria in1429).47
(29th January July, Although he was not a
member of the councils
Brunelleschi was sent to Pisa on a fortification when war against Lucca wa
project.39
He certainly participated in the actually
vote, declared
if notinthe debate,
December 1429, Filippo served on
which resulted in a provvisione concerning fortifications
them continuously during 1430, and at assumed an active
Lastra a Signa and Malmantile (passed on 26th Septem-
r61e in the Florentine campaign to besiege that city (he is
ber).40 A year later, two months notedafter
in campohis tenure
while a memberas of
a the Consiglio de
prior, Filippo served on the Consiglio del Comune (Septem-
Popolo from June to September),48 a fact to which we shal
ber to December 1425), and early inreturn.
shortly 1426Had
(February-
Brunelleschi been present at al
May) he was again on the Consiglio del Popolo.41
meetings of the variousThe year
councils to which he belonged
1426 was a busy one for the architect: on 28th January
between January 1429 and October heI43o, he would have
became sole provveditore of the cupola, having
attended fifty-four previously
sessions.49
shared the position with Ghiberti; and,
After while
i430 the work
frequency onofthe
Brunelleschi's counci
cupola, Innocenti and San Lorenzo projects
service progressed,
dropped dramatically. He was a member of th
he continued to serve the commune Consiglio del by supervising
Comune from January to April 1432, and of the
fortifications at Pisa, Malmantile and Lastra,
Consiglio del Dugentothus main-to June 1432 (once
from January
taining in slightly altered form the tradition
during that termofhehis father's
is noted 'in Mantua', probably in
service for the Dieci della Balia.42 April, when other sources document him as being ther
During the next four years Brunelleschi's council and in Ferrara).50 But although Filippo's architectural
appointments reached a peak and then rapidly declined. career continued at a full pace after 1432, his council
In 1427 he was a member of all three Consigli: del Comune career ended in that year. In fact, his name appeared in
(May to August), del Popolo (October to January 1428), the tratte only once more before his death in 1446: in
and del Dugento (October to March 1428).43 Later in 1428 September 1435 Brunelleschi was drawn for the Consiglio
he sat on the Consiglio del Comune (May to August). During del Comune, but was rejected because he was again
1429 and I43o he again served on all three councils: in specchio.5' These notices about Brunelleschi's decreased
1429 on the Consiglio del Comune (January to April), del civic service and eventual disappearance from the
Dugento (April to September), and del Popolo (June to councils are significant when coupled with the observa-
September); in 1430 on the Consiglio del Comune (January tion recently made by Nicolai Rubinstein, that Brunel-
to April), del Popolo (June to September), and del Dugento leschi did not obtain a majority in the 1433 scrutiny for
(a term which began, unusually, on I4th June).44 the Tre Maggiori, although his name was on the list of
Brunelleschi was thus a member of the civic councilsthose nominated from his gonfalone of Drago San Giovanni
during a very trying period for the Florentine republic,
nor did he appeal among those citizens eligible for the
one of internal faction and the outbreak of war with Tre Maggiori in 1440.52
Lucca, and he was undoubtedly present when some of
It is possible that Brunelleschi's retirement from the
active outer circles of reggimento life after 1432 reflected a
fall from favour with the members of the political 6lite.
a3 ibid., f. I 54r.
Certainly
3 See BRUCKER: The Civic World of the Early Renaissance [1977], Chapter there must have been a decisive drop in the
VII: 'The Ordeal of Peace and the Ordeal of War', pp.447-7i. number ofpolizze for Brunelleschi put in the borse for the
38 BATTISTI: Filippo Brunelleschi [1976], p.33I. Consigli del Popolo e del Comune by Tre Maggiori members
9 Ibid., p.33I. For the military and political events of this period see
BRUCKER: The Civic World [19771, PP-447-6i. after May 143o, since his name is extracted only once, for
40 c. VON FABRICZY: Brunelleschiana, Berlin [1907], pp.74-76; BATTISTI:
Filippo Brunelleschi [1976], pp.308-I8.
41 ASF Tratte 153, f. 21or, 219r. 45 See BRUCKER: The Civic World [1977], Chapter VIII: 'The R6gime's
Climacteric, 1426-1430', pp.472-500; D. KENT: The Rise of the Medici, Oxford
42 FABRICZY: Brunelleschiana, Berlin [1907], PP.74-79, and BATTISTI: Filippo
Brunelleschi [1976], p.230, pp.308-2o. [1978], pp.2I 1-252.
4* ASF Tratte 154, f. 51v, 57r, 66r. 46 BRUCKER, op. cit., p.489; KENT, op. cit., p.244.
44 Ibid., f. 86r, 12Ir, 127v, 136r, I58r, I75v, 179v. His name had also47beenBRUCKER, Op. cit., p.488 and KENT, op. cit., p.243 discuss the implications
drawn for the Popolo, February-May 143o, but, as mentioned above, note of Ithis
I, oath. Reference to Brunelleschi's signing is made in FABRICZY
it was divieto: ASF Tratte 54, f. 62v. Filippo Brunelleschi [1892], P-395-
By 1429 Brunelleschi was also recorded as the capomaestro de' lavorio del Tratte 154, f. 175v.
48 ASF
Monte, in charge of work which was well under way for the office4*and Libri Fabarum 54-55.
50 ASF Tratte 155, f. I22v, 156, f. 54r. See FABRICZY: Filippo Brunelleschi
residence of the Monte officials in part of the Palazzo Vecchio (see A. MOLHO:
'Three Documents regarding Filippo Brunelleschi', THE BURLINGTON [1892], p.366 and 614 for Brunelleschi's Mantua and Ferrara trip.
MAGAZINE CXIX [19771, pp.851-52), and in 1427 had been called upon by Tratte 156, f. 175r.
1x ASF
the Mercanzia to decide the positioning of their coat of arms over their 5 NICOLAI RUBINSTEIN: 'Palazzi pubblici e palazzi privati al tempo del
Brunelleschi:
palace (J. BECK: 'Brunelleschi, Ciuffagni, and II Saggio,' Essays Presented to problemi di storia politica e sociale', forthcoming in Atti del
Myron P. Gilmore, Florence [1978], Vol.II, pp.4-9). Convegno Internazionale de Studi Brunelleschiani, Florence [19771].

635

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI S POLITICAL CAREER

the Consiglio del Commune (January che

to seguird.
AprilE n'd
1432), after
gia fatto buon pezzo.'61 Unfortunately such
that date, as opposed to eight extractions
doubts were all and seven
too just, and early in June what Neri di
appointments to those two councils between
Gino May as1427
Capponi described 'il lago di ranocchi' broke its
and May 1430. This situation would dike
seem to corroborate
and flooded the Florentine encampment rather than
Nicolai Rubinstein's hypothesis that Filippo's
Lucca. political
Giovanni Cavalcanti's rancorous account of the
fortunes were reversed after the disastrous outcome of his scheme provides some idea of the reaction to its failure:
plan to flood Lucca during 1430. 53Despite a discreet silence Egli ebbono alcuni nostrifantastichi, in tra
maintained by Manetti in the Vita, the Lucca episode is i qualifu Filippo di ser Brunellescho, i quali
well known, if not notorious. That Brunelleschi himself consigliarono, e con la loro geometria falsa e
conceived the idea to flood Lucca, and, in characteristic bugiarda (non in se, ma nell'altrui ignoranza),
style, proposed it to the Dieci della Balia sometime before mostrarono che la citta di Lucca si poteva alla-
2nd March, 1430 (while a member of the Consiglio del gare; e tanto con le non bene intense arti lo di-
Comune), is clear from contemporary documents: segnavano, che la stolta moltitudine gridava che
mandiamo costa Pippo di ser Brunellescho, che vegghi le mura di cosi fusse fatto.62
Lucca accid che lui possi dare essecuzione a un certo suo concetto, et Although the opinions expressed by Cavalcanti, Ciai,
disegno, il quale lui ci ragiona haver fatto per honore del nostro Salviati and Capponi indicate pro-Medicean responses to
Comune et spaccio di questa nostra impresa.'54 As Dale Kent Brunelleschi's Lucca project, the bitter disappointment
has recently demonstrated, members of the Dieci (elected and useless communal expenses it incurred at such a dark
2oth December 1429) were men later identified with the moment may well have harmed Filippo in anti-Medicean
Medici and their partisans, and opposed to Rinaldo degli quarters as well. This supposition would appear to be sup-
Albizzi, one of the Florentine camp commissioners.55 ported by the immediate reduction in Brunelleschi's
Initially the Dieci seemed enthusiastic about the plan for council appointments at a time when nominations were
Lucca and about Filippo ('valentissimo e singularissimo still being made by both factions, in 143o, and by Filippo's
huomo'56), although one member, Neri di Gino Capponi, failure to qualify in the 1433 scrutiny, which was held
was reportedly opposed to the plan ('il qual disegno come under the anti-Medicean regime.63
Neri lo vidde se nefece beffe . . .'57). After nearly a two month Any conceivable 'damage' to Brunelleschi's reputation
wait, however, at a time when each day seemed crucial, that resulted from the Lucca affair would appear to have
other Dieci members began to demonstrate some signs of been only political, for although he no longer served with
impatience, as Alamanno Salviati's letter of 21st April to important reggimento personalities on the councils after
Averardo de' Medici suggests: '.. . aspettiamo Filippo di ser 1432, he continued serving them as a military as well as
Brunelleschi e' guastatori e sareno a'fatti ma a ogniuno di qui civic architect.64 This fact suggests that, despite a loss of
pare una lunga trama . . .'.58 The delay was caused by the face suffered by Brunelleschi over Lucca, contemporaries
lack of men necessary to execute the project ('fanti' and understood the failure of his scheme to have been induced
'guastatori'), which in turn was the result of the Florentine by a faulty dike, both hurriedly built and not completely
republic's difficulty in funding the Lucchese war.59 On finished, as Capponi himself remarked ('dal canto di sotto
Ist May Alamanno Salviati wrote to Averardo: 'II fatto l'argine non era finito'65), and not by an initial conceptual
di Filippo sia lunghissimo a nno[n] [cre]dere .. .'60 His notary's error, an argument recently put forth by Paolo Benigni
letter to Averardo on the same day displayed less restraint: and Pietro Ruschi.66 Manetti proudly describes Filippo's
'Ho con Pippo detto molto examinato questo suo disegno, e mossogli close collaboration with the Dieci della Balia over the
dubbi, che l'argine o trapelerd, o non sosterra il peso dell'acqua. A Vicopisano fortifications (1437), which is significant,
tutto mi risponde con ragioni che io non ne conoscapiti. Presto vedremo since both Salviati and Capponi, earlier Brunelleschi
critics, were members of that magistracy.67 Manetti con-

61 Letter from Alamanno Salviati's notary, Ciaio, to Averardo de' Medici,

53 RUBINSTEIN: 'Palazzi pubblici e palazzi privati', note 67. Lucca, Ist May 1430, op. cit., p.81.
54 Letter from the Dieci della Balia to Rinaldo degli Albizzi, 2nd March 1430
62 G. CAVALCANTI: Istoriefiorentine, ed. Polidori, Florence [1838], Vol.I, p.328.
in Filippo Brunelleschi: l'uomo e l'artista [I977] p.77. See P. BENIGNI and 63
p. D. KENT: 'The Florentine Reggimento', [1975, p.-586. Kent emphasises,
RUSCHI: 'I1 contributo di Filippo Brunelleschi all'assedio di Lucca. however, that the Balia appointed to supervise the 1433 scrutiny was not
Documenti e ipotesi', in Ricerche Brunelleschiane. Interventi presentatidominated
al by anti-Mediceans, but rather contained both neutral and pro-
Convegno Internazionale di Studi Brunelleschiani Firenze, 16-22 Ottobre 1977,
Medicean citizens. See also RUBINSTEIN: The Government ofFlorence [ 1966], p.9.
Florence [19771, PP-55-82 for a recent discussion of the project. There were 6354 citizens nominated, and 2084 who obtained a majority in
55 KENT: Rise of the Medici [1978], pp.26o-61. Members of this Dieci della the 1433 scrutiny (KENT, op. cit., p.587).
Balia were Neri Gino Capponi, Arrigo di Corso, Andreuolo Nicola Franco 64 'Il perchd, qualunque cosi di fuori come nella citta che avesse a fare cosa nessuna
Sacchetti, Alamanno Salviati, Carlo Francesco Federighi, Bartolomeod'importanza o d'edifici publici o privati, o sacri o profani, o difortezze o di qualunque
Carducci, Ser Martino Luca Martini, Giovanni Lorenzo della Stufa, and
generazioni di muramenti o di macchine da essi o di qualunque altra cosa simile,
Giovanni Antonio Pucci. The second commissioner of the Florentine camp mandavano per lui. E molti signori ne scrivevano alla Signoria e a de' principali, per
was Astore Gianni.
ricevere grazia d'averlo; e in molti luoghi gli bisognd andare; e ogni cosa che
56 Letter from Dieci della Balia to Rinaldo degli Albizzi, 2nd March i430, consigliava ed era per lui messa innanzi, apariva di grandissima amirazione e piena
op. cit., p.77. d'ogni generazioni di lode; e non meno avenne nella cittd nostra'. MANETTI: Vita
57 NERI DI GINO CAPPONI: 'Commentarii et memorie di cose seguite in Italia [19771, P.99. For a summary of Filippo's activities during these years see
dall'anno 1419 fino al 1456', ed. L. A. MURATORI, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, FABRICZY: Filippo Brunelleschi [1896], pp.614-17 and BATTISTI: Filippo
XVIII, Milan [I73i], coll. 1169-i170. Brunelleschi [1976], PP.334-7-
58 Letter from Alamanno Salviati to Averardo de' Medici, Lucca, 21st April 65 NERI DI GINO CAPPONI: 'Commentarii et memorie . . .' [1731], op. cit.
1430 in Filippo Brunelleschi: l'uomo e l'artista [1977], p.79. 66 Cited in note 54.
59 P. BENIGNI and P. RUSCHI: 'Il contributo di Filippo Brunelleschi all'assedio di 67 Other members of this Balia were Lorenzo Antonio Ridolfi, Simone
Lucca, ['977], p.64. Manetti de' Orlandini, Domenico Leonardo Boninsegne, Piero Cardinale
60 Letter from Alamanno Salviati to Averardo de' Medici, Lucca, Ist May Rucellai, Niccolo Bartolomeo Valori, Nerone Nigi Nerone Dietisalvi, Nero
1430 in Filippo Brunelleschi: l'uomo e l'artista [1977], p.81. Filippo del Nero and Nicolo Baldini (these last two minor guildsmen) (ASF,

636

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI S POLITICAL CAREER

according to Manetti -praise

cludes the anecdote with Niccol6 Gambacorti's contributedforto his difficulties in
the Vicopisano project: convincing the cathedral operai and 'ordinary' citizens of
the merits of
Voi [fiorentini] meritate grandissima his proposal.71 It is also possible that
Brunelleschi's
commendazione, e tutta la vostra Republica increasing age and perhaps increasing
v'd molto obigata, ed ha una cantankerousness may have made his presence on city
grandissima
ventura d'avere uno uomo della qualita
councils undesirable for himself or for others (however not
until his 1442 catasto does he write: 'Anchora mi truovo
vostra; e chi ha cotanta industria a esami-
nare tante difese, sarebbe anche attovechio
a e non poso piz valermi di mia i[n]dustria'72).
qualunque quasi inispugnabile sapere eOne can only speculate about the reasons for Brunel-
leschi's disappearance from city councils in 1432. His
luoghi e '1 come ella si potessi abattere
e spianare, se mezzo vifussi.68 dramatic re-entry into Florentine civic life fourteen years
Brunelleschi's purported response to however,
earlier, these atremarks is when the cupola
the very moment
perhaps telling: 'Filippo arossi, e ringraziollo
project was underdelle cortesi
consideration, and e
the increasing fre-
grate parole, e disse che le non si dirizzavano a lui, ma alla
quency of his service on the more important Consigli del
spettabilith di quello Magistrato e di quelli
Popolo enotabili
del Comunecittadini.'69
during the I42o0 and the early I430S
This modest reply, and the suggestion
suggestof distance
a close between
link between his political and architectural
the architect and members of the Dieci combine to strike a
career. Though at a distance it might seem that Brunel-
note somewhat different in tone from those of earlier more
leschi's highly innovatory proposals (for the cupola, for
self-assured and sometimes arrogant encounters between the Innocenti, etc.) might have been accepted on their
the architect and important corporate or private clients. 70 own merit, in fact, as Manetti helps us to understand, it is
It is conceivable that Brunelleschi's apparently assured doubtful whether, without his political connections, he
position as an architect and his numerous architectural could ever have succeeded in winning over the Florentine
commitments after 1432, many of them outside Florence, establishment. From the documents discussed here it is
kept him from lobbying for active service on city councils. clear that during a specific period in his life Brunelleschi
Undoubtedly his relationships with Florentine patricians was known to, and esteemed by members of the reggi-
in charge of supervising civic projects by the early 1430s mento not only as an architect and military engineer, but
were well enough established, so that he no longer needed also as a political colleague. Undoubtedly Brunelleschi's
the added prestige of office-holding, unlike his situation at growing fame and his immense technical expertise would
the time of the cupola competition, when both his lack of have made him a valued member of civic councils in the
'practical experience' and of 'sufficient influence' - 1420s. But one can also suspect that such a single-minded
man, from 1418 onward, ably revived and developed the
inherited political connections which had led to his
election to civic office at a surprisingly early age, with the
Ms. 271). Most of these men knew Brunelleschi in other contexts. Four had
been cathedral operai: Salviati, Dietisalvi, Valori and Rucellai; Ridolfi and principal aim of furthering the realisation of his projects,
Capponi had in fact been appointed S. Spirito operai in 1436, having been above all that for the cupola.
associated by Manetti with the original idea to rebuild S. Spirito in 1428.
The Nerone family had a chapel in S. Lorenzo, and Nerone Nigi Nerone
was one of the S. Lorenzo parishioners later present at the I440 meeting 71 Ibid., p.8I : 'E non avendo Filippo di simile esercizio fatto pruova di se' di cosa che
called to discuss plans to complete the building. importassi molto al paragone di questa, e avendo questo a essere uno edificio tale, quale
68 MANETTI: Vita [1976], p.120. e' si vide poi e quanto allora si stimava, non essendo in questo caso di tanta autoritd che
69 Ibid.
bastassi per ognuno,fufatto beffe di lui dagli Operai e da qualunque altro cittadino . . .'
70 Ibid., p.78 which Manetti dates in 1417 regarding the preliminary 72 ASF Catasto 624, Portate, Quartiere di San Giovanni, Gonfalone Drago.
discussions, and p.82 about the cupola.
J. 472r: cited in Filippo Brunelleschi: l'uomo e l'artista [19771, P-35-

JAYNIE ANDERSON

A further Inventory of Gabriel Vendram

ONE of the most celebrated collections in sixteenth-
of the collection made in I6oI (see Appendix), together
century Venice was that of Gabriel Vendramin, who
withisa collection of documents from other sources.3
remembered today principally because he was the first
During Gabriel's lifetime his Venetian contemporaries
recorded owner of Giorgione's Tempesta. Our knowledge
were more impressed by his vast collection of antique
of what his collection contained has until now been based sculpture and coins than by his paintings. He was praised
on Marcantonio Michiel's tantalisingly laconic notes of as an authority on ancient Roman buildings and Vitru-
15301 and a later inventory compiled some fifteen years vius4, and his collection of coins and medals was cited in
after Gabriel's death on the instructions of his heirs.2 This
3 The 16oi inventory together with a group of relevant documents is in the
article is prompted by the discovery of a further inventory Archive of the Casa Goldoni, Venice, Archivio Vendramin, Sacco 62,
42 F 16/5, 'Scritture diverse attinenti al Camerino delle antichaglie di ragione di
G. Vendramin.'. Hereafter referred to as Scritture diverse, with the number of
1 Of the many editions see T. FRIMMEL: Der Anonimo Morelliano, Vienna the document.
[1896], pp. I o6-i i. 4 SEBASTIANO SERLIO: II terzo libro nel quale sifiguravano, e descrivano le antiquita
2 A. RAVA: 'I1 "Camerino delle antigaglie" di Gabriele Vendramin', Nuovo di Roma, e le altre che sono in Italia, Venice [1540], in a postscript at the end of
archivio veneto, XXXIX [1920], pp.I55-81. the work, 'A li littori'.

639

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 AtT
II: ii: . I? I l:?i _-' '' "-:?:::
i;
Of 4w''P 41 'a
plot
':a
?? ~~hrcnt~.rfbts
<N~li
'iii:-i-,-i

V -49ix~ 'l.~ "rt

t ~-YF%7f45#I

'49f /~lffL
ars~r ?

i.~>~ << ::-

?? -~..

45. List of 'Gonfalone Drago' members of the 47. La Vec

46. Self-Portrait, attributed to Titian.
'Consiglio del Popolo', February to May 1400. (Gallerie
(Formerly in the Kaufmann Collection, B
(Archivio di Stato, Florence).

A -d:: :, :-Ii
I: S: evn.t:.._ -::. :iii:
Oiir-i '4
intt4 ; et4 ,4 6: ii~~lii:'-:-j::

'~~~ ~ N:- t~ 9-li~(:_:i

:':--:::-:-: ZI:-_:-:-_~ ii::::-ii~-' ii:i~:n~~i&'l-

. . ..... ..... ..::~:::: j

-- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 -,:~:~:il:::I'i. : i-:ai::--:i~__ ii::iiili~:

No ?---- :'-i-:::ij:_ij:?~::~ .i::-:::

48. Tratte list for the 'Dodici Buonuomini', September 1418. (Archivio di Stato, Florence). 49. The Three Ages o
Florence).

This content downloaded from

139.47.18.255 on Sun, 19 Nov 2023 23:10:44 +00:00
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms