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(yaeauvnaarrcr xnx cxnxarucn) npx noauruleHxr M?

aocroBepHocrb nepetattr

(@

6) Bo:voxxocrn aur6opa a un$poooft cBf,3' noqr' BceuraconpqxeH' c KoMnpoMxccann. Ec,rx

,(ocToBcpHocTbnepeaaqn pacTeT,TO U Cqer uero?
a) Eclr pacrer BepoqrHocrb norB[eHng ourn6rg, To KaKyroBuro.qy MoxHo no;rrrHTb x: :roro?
Peuexue
a) I'lr pxc.9.l uoxHo BHAcrl', .rTo noBbIr.lIcHHexJrH cHHxcHHe aocroBcplrocr}.r nepelaq6
3aBlcHT
or paccMarpHBacMoroKracca ncpeaaqHcfirH:uloB. Paccvorpuu ncpe,aa{y
oprofoHarbHbtx cHrHaaoo (puc. 9.1, a), rae ,[ocroBepHocrb ncperai{n pacrer c yBcnHqeHHeM
k unn M. Hanouxnu, .rm
cyulecrByfi tHurb ABa cnoco6a cpaBl{cHl,tr noAo6s6x xapaKrcpyctHK.[ocToBepHocrH
nepelaqg.
MoxHo npooec''r Bepr'Karblrylo n'lr,ro np, HeKoropoM
exxcxpoaaxnoM 3HaqeHnrr E/Ns u
yBrulsrl' .,ro npH yMeHbrueHHHk uau M P6 crnxaetcr.
H.nx uao6opor, MoxHo npoBecrH ropH3.HTarb'ylo JTHHHTO,
$nxcupyrouryro lteKoropoc 3HaqeHHe ps, n c pocrov k v,au M ot.,oerut..
cHNxcHHerpc6oeaHnf, x-EalNo.Toyuo rax xc Ha pxc. 9.t, 6 uoxrro
anaerb, qm npg Heoproro_
HanbHoft nepeaaqe, TaKoft KaK M.Ayrrulrn MpSK, xaparrcp'cruKx ee.q,r
ce6r a6co,tprxo xxa.rc, locroacpHocn neperagx cHnKacrcn
npn yBcnHqeHrfi k nau M.
6) Yev Mbl nJrarHM3a nepeaaqy oproroHarbHbrxchnrzuoB, npu Koropoff
aocroBcplrocrb nepeaa{H noBbtuaercr c pocroM k wu M? Har60.nee pacnpocrpaHeH*brM
BilpraHToM nepe[aqH opToroHiurbHblxcxrHiuroB rBJr8ercr cxeua MFSK, rae t = I n. M =
2, a tra60p roHoB cocroHT H3
nByx cHrHluroB. Ecnn t=2
u M=4, o xa60pe rxe coaepxlrrcs qcrLrpe roxa. flpu k= 3 x
M =8 6yaet rxe BoceMbc,r*anoB n r.a. frpr xc,,orb3oBaH'H cxevu
MFSK 3a BpeM.snepcAa{H CHMBOnaOTCLIIaeTCC
TOIbKo oaHH ToH, tlo AOCTynHa, Ironoca nponycKaHHl _ 3TO BCCb
xa6op roxoa. cacaoaarcau*o, np' yBen'qc'uu k nnn M la nosHuex'e
aocroBepHocr' IIepelavH npx.[ercn rutarxr6 paculupeHneMTpc6ycMoftnorocbt
nponycKaHHg.
a) flpn nepeaaqc HeoproroganbnbrxcHrHaJroB
(cxer*raMpSK nnx eAM) c pocroM k nnw M nocToBepHocrbnepeAaqHna.qaet.JJoru,{r{onpeJrnoJroxJtrb,rtTo KoMnpoMHcc
no&neqer :a co6ori
cH'xeHre rpe6onaHnfi K noroce nponycKa'H'. paccuorpru
npNlrep. nycrs
"riaol*rrf
rpc6yercr cKopocrb nepcAaqt{,u,aHHbtx
R = 96@ 6ur/c, a B KaqecrBe
Moaynnul.r' Hcnor$yercn 8-ypoauenac cxeMa PSK. Toraa c noMorlrbroypaBHeHHq(9.1) cxopocrs
nepeaaqH
noB Haxo{HTcncrery}ollluM o6parou:
",lxBo-

= -1900 i!Il:R,' = ,-!-'

logrM

36ur/cuMaor

= 3200cxMeo,roe/c.

Ecau un nepeaaqH Bocnorb3oaarbcn l6-ypoarreooft cxeuoft pSK, ro

cKopocrb nepe.q,altlr
urMBoJloB6yaer paarracneayroueMy:

R, = J99

rttt/:-

4 OHT/CHI\IBON

= 24oocxMsonoe/c
.

Ecar npxuennru 32-ypouHeot/ro

cxeMypsK, cxopocrr nepcaaqricHrrtBoroa
6yaerpaarra
R, = -Ig

6ntl:-

) OHT/CHMBON

= l92o cuMsoroe/c.

tlro

nporcxoanr,
Korua Na pnc. 9.1,6 pa6o.ran rorrKa c,qBHraercn BAorb ropn3orrranblrorj
,11_
HHlfcKpHrloftcl=3uaKp,.rBylock=4urauee]raKpHByloct=5?npxaannorrcKopocrrl
nepeaaqH aatlHbtx H BepotrllocrH
noqB,eHHfl ou:n6rn Kaxlblft rarofi canrr nofBo,rqer ocvuecrBrqrb
nepe.laqy Ha uce 60aee HH3KH* CKOpOCrgx. BccrHfi pa3, KOfAa
..50,rec
rooopxrc,r
IlHlKag cKopocTb nepeAattH cHrltir,'la", 3To SKBHBaJ'leltTxo
qTo HrteeTcq BolMoxcoo6urexno,
Hocrb yMeHbtllHTb tllhpHl{y norocbr nponycxannr. Ana,torx.lHo
ro6oe no8bltlleilHe cKooocr}r
nepeaa{ H c}r rtliltoll coorBercrByer yBet !t \e H H rc u Hpr'rH t I norocbr
np onycKa}r ttq.

1.2.3.TeopenaUlenxoxa-Xaprnu
o nponycKHor
cnoco6HocTn KaHana
IUegnon [3] nora:air, qro nponycKHaqcnoco6]JocrbKaHaJra
C c a,q{trrHsHstru
6elsrrrl rayc_
' coauM
uyllroM (additive white Gaussian noise _ AWGN) sB;rsercs
eyHxur,refi cpeAHefi
MOTUHOCTH
npfiHaroro cHrHara S, cpe.unefiMoulHocrHruyr.rarv H rrJHpHHbr
nonocbr npo_
nycKaH[t w. Bupaxeuue uls nponycruofi cnoco6nosrn (reopeua
ltL.nHouu-X.pri,r)
MoxHo 3rlnrcarb cneAyptunM o6parorrl:

c=wroe,(r*I).

(e.2)

Ecnu W H3MepsercrrB repuax, a lorapr@u 6eperca no ocHoBaHHrc2,

ro nponycKHa,
cnoco6Hocru 6yAer xuets pa3MepHocr66ur/c. TeoperHqecKH(npn
ncnorl3oBaHHl.r
,[ocraroqHo cloxxofi cxeMbl KoAgpoaanxa)uHeoplraqurc no KaHary MoxHo nepeAa_
Barb c nto60ff cKopocrbro R (R s c) co cKorl| yeodnoNanoil BeposrHocrblo
Bo3HHKHOBo_
HHt ouH6KH. Ec.nnxe R > C, ro ro,u,a,Ha ocnoBe Koroporo MoxHo
,[o6uTbca cKonb
yrorHo ManofrEeposrHocrHBo3Hr.rKHOBeHHr
OlUH6K1,t,
He cyuecrByer. B paoore [UenHOHanOKa3aHO,r{TOBeJIHT{HHbr
S, /V 14W ycmaHa|nusapm npede/tu caopocmu nepeaatru,
o He ,eponmHocmunotsneHunowu6xu. lileHnos
(g.2) ans
[4] ucnoauroBan ypaEHeH,.re
rpaQnvecxoro npercraBreHHt rocryn Hbtx n peaenoBnpoll3BoaHTeJr
bHocrx npHKJraaH
brx
c , c r e M . 9 r o r r p a @ u x ,n o x a : a H H s r fH
t a p ' c . 9 , 2 , n p e a c r a n n s e rH o p M ' p o B a l r H y pn p o _
nycKHylo cnoco6Hocru KaHaJraClW a 6ur/c/fu rcax
$yHruurc orHoueHrfl cnr_

--

nTp?il9.3,
Han7urw B KaHarc--ITm,HKlpeaTraBJreHHaiE-

tao6paxaer 3aBr,ro{Mocrb

nolocu nponycKaHns KaH.rna WIC v 6ut/c/fu

HopMr.rpoBaHHofi
or orHouleHr,rr c!rnar,/ruyu KaHara.Hnoraa pnc. 9.3 HcnoJrb3yercq
KaK HJupcrpauug KoMnppMuccaMexlly MoulHocrbron norocoft nponycxaHHr, npHcyruero uaeaJrbnoMyKaHany.Oaxaxo
9To Hc coBceM KoMnpoMHcc[5], nocrolsKy MoulHocrb aereKTHpyeMorouyMa nponopuHoHalbHanoJlocenponycKaHHs:
N = NoIZ.

(e.3)

(9.3) s ypasHeune(9.2) H HeMHoronpeo6pa:oraa nocrreaHee,nofloacrasrs BHpDKeHHe

nyqaeM ale.[ylouee:

c =1on.{.,*-r-).
'"\
w
Now
)

(e.4)

Ecru 6(rosaq cKopocrs nepeaaqH paBHa nponycrHofi cnoco6Hocrr4 KaHaaa (R = C), ro c

nououllro rox.lecrBa (3.30) uoxno 3anHcaTbcreAypuee:

,S
E^
NoC No

Puc.9.2. 3aaucutxocma nopnupooanuoi

cnocodnocmurcaqcttaom SNR xaxana

(e.5)

nponycxaoi

w/C(ru/6n/cl

Puc, 9.3. 3aeucuuocnt nopuupoeanuoi noocu

nycKo*ut KaHarraom SNR xauan

npo-

Taxxu o6Barou, ypaBHcH'rQ

(9.4) r"rorcCIuoar@ruxpoaarb cn.qy.prur.uu
o6parou:

#=*,['.fr(#)]

(9.6,a)

zctw_,.&[,9).

(e.6,6)

?! =w tzt'* -t) '

(9.6a)

No\W,/'

lyo

c'-

&,Fc. 9,4 npencraa*qn rpa@rox3asncr.rlrcorr MC or E#fo, onnc.Haas.Moft

eopuyiloH (9.6,n);acnMnrorrqcc(oenoBc.rlcHre
omft rpraofi upu CIW-+0 (nan MC-+-) paccMarpld8asTcs
B creAyloulcMpalacne.
wP$Ua,.r/cl
l6

fprt(,|4qrue
cllgtei^bl

t2

t8
*'y'do(gFl

tt4

v8
HqapcrynHan
gOnacrb

Puc, 9,4, kqucwocmt aapx,upowuttgfrnotocu nponycKailus Kaxane q-@Ns

1r&4. Rpegentlte$Hega
cyurecrayeJ.$|{iK$@npaEc{H{ge3HAreflHsElNs, npu KoropoM Hn npH xarofi cKoporrn
nepQ&aqH
Eenb3aocytJ,scra|trrroerouxdoqdyrc Bepe.qai{y
rn@opuaunr.r.c nomou&n coorEOIUEflHfl

lirn(l +.r)u' = c

xd0

MoxHo paccql,trarb rpa HHqBrper narc n rc 6'/rVn.

flycru

,=&rg).
N o\ w /
Torsa,rr YPaaneurtt(9.6,a),

I = r-!ega0+x).1/'
ll

r=.ftuez{r+r)r,,.
B npeacae,rryu CIW -+ 0, noayvaeu

*=#=*u*
ltrtu, s reulr6enax,

ft=-''*'

(9.71

3ro rHa'reHac
6;/rr'6rraruraaercx
npedeaon
wrnro* 1{i""""

,,,,*r.

nr,

0".
eoor t)uo npnk -+-. frpN
" "0.^*
"" E/No=-r,6
aarrHaq
KpnBan
H;ilh;::"::i:il".1i:.T1i*"
cxavrooopaluo H3MeHreTcBoe
3HaqeHn ps =
pu=

I c
llZ Ha
0. B aefcrsHrenbHocrr4
lrocr,,b npcae.naLUcHHOrra
HeBO3MOxHo,
nocKo,rbKyt eorpacraer
Heorpart,qcHro, a c
pocroM t AOtp-acraorrpe60aatlnR
K noroce nponycKaHHflH noBbruaercrr
cJroxl,rocrbpea_
Jr'{3auHHC'creMbr' pa60ra LU.HHOHa,ro ,aoparnqecK.e aoKa3arerbcTB.
cyr{ecrao'aHHflKOAOB'KOTOpbre
M.rlr ynr{u,HrA p, unu cHH3Hrb
rpe6yeruoe3HaqeHHeE/No o-r ypoB_
Hefi HeroanpoBaHrrbrx
aao'qHbrx cxeM M.Ayntu'r'r
ao ypoBl{efi, np,6luxaou-rxxcq K
,[enbHoftxpnnofi. [IpN aeporrHocr,
npcnorBrrerrHs.6r4rosofi
orn6*n iO:]ouo"",,* rpa:onar
MaHhny^ru!1'(binary phase-shirt-keying
- BpSK) rpe6ycr
3HaqeHurE6/No,paa,orog,6
(onrHMyM HeKoaHpoBaHHofr
a6
agoH,{Hofrr,loqy'uuxn). Craaouurar"no, "u.oon"o"
pa60reLIJ.trxoHayKa3aHo,(tro
c,qf{ae
ts
rcopcrHqecK,,3a cqer Hcnorb3.BaHH,,
KOJrrpoBaHHq,
r{jBoaHTcJlbtrocrr,
npoN{oxrlo noablcr.lrbHa | 1,2
aF n cpaBHcHHro
c neKoaHpoaaHnofr
rror:1
Mo^yn'u,"x. e r,""r.,i;;;'::"::
aaoil.r::j ::..:"

'ox,
ronon
! {*,o. n*iooffi
irHi"'#TJ:;HTffi: ;ffililff ;f thjulll

no'cKpauH
oHan
bHbrxKoM
il:X1#ff ?;illil-'" :lJ"'ff#, ";'ffi : *' KaK
nponporHBopequnux rpe6oaaHnfi.
npounccbr MorylruyH H Koal,rpoBaH'",
Korw,.a. u'Uaot'o
poBaH
h' ,'*, rann^ urerohcnono.oBa
H
lrs
nepeaaX":?T:'JXHT
nrrcTcs oyeHb BaxHblMH,
ffi;Itr tr J rTlilnocKoJrbKy HMeeTCs MHOro
1
A

ao,oa cyuecrByer

r reo6xotx rrrocrb SKoHoMH H .n"*rpu

npHqHH llju cHHxelil4a MoulHocTn,

palroqacror.

a.Z.C.3xrponnn
A'la parpaoorKH cHcre[tbt cBt3[
c onpe,{cleHHoiicnoco6Hocrso
x o6pa6orrc coo6utcr',ii
Hyx'a MCTpHKa
H3[rcpeHHso6rcua ntpeaauaer"rofi
nuooprrraunn.ujerr"oH
MerphKyH' tta3blsae'ty,o
[3r uuerrraryxr
3llrponHcii t'cro"*lKa coo6urelrufi
(uuerorucrgra 8o3^ioxlrblx
BbrxorHbrxr'aveHnfi). onmponun
onpro.*r.,

______
'-- __ -_

o* i.o*;
;;;;__
nprxoarueecs
HaoaHHrr,*oon.rounn*u,
, u"p*aerc, cneAyrc#H:rJJeopr'{au,u,
,,

n =-

t-l

/pilog2

p; 6u"rlsuxoa,{croqHxKa.

i = l

3aecup' -

(e.8)

BepotrHocrb i-ro BbrxorHoro

3HaqeHX.s
H rpi = r. Ecrr coo6ureHue
ABol.rr{Hoe

K'rH HCTOYHI.IK |{MeeT TOJIbKO

ABa Bo3MOXHStx

8bt)

q = Q - il, Bbrpal(eHne
.rru o'rponr,r, np,Mer .r*;;|fi'#eHHt
H=-(plogrlt+qlog2e.
3aagcuuocrroHTponHH
orp noKa3aua
Hapuc. 9.5.

c BePonrHocrqMu
p H

(9.e1

1.0
no

0,8

?F o,z
s

i 0'6
G.

E o.s
F

6 0,4
0.3
0,2
0.1

0,r

0,2 0,3 0.4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

0,9 t,o
,
BepoqTHocrb,
p

3ae.ucuuocma?Hmponuuom aeporntHo.
lrr.lrs
cmu
(dea co1unrua)

BeauqnHaH nueer psA ocobeHHocreft.

I' Ecar norapr'rsrraB ypaBHeHhr
(g.g) 6epercr no ocHoBaHHp
2, eauu,rla H3MepeHurr
l/ - cpe.qHee,tucro 6r.tr
Ha co6lrrNe. 3aecu eanHuua H3MepeHHS
6um _ ?To Mepa
Ko/ruqecmeaunQopuaquu, rt
He cneAyeTn]Tarb c repMHHoM ,.6ut,,,
"aBoHqHasun@pa"(binary -ee.
olHavarculur,t
digit _ bit).

(@

2. Carrrrepuunt"onrpo*ac; r"aat n.a*r"*o

,ro uiou*

".onf"o"r",ruuroia"o,-.
uarnqHeM HecKoJlrrKHXeopvynnponoK B crarxcrnqecroii
lrrexaHr.rxc..[fu.r] xH$oplrauHoHHoro HcrortH'Ka c aByMt pa'HoBeporrHLlMH cocroaHnllrr
(Hanpr.rrr.rep,nsr6pa_
cblaaHHe MoHerbl npaBHjrbr-rofi o0pvur) H3 pHC. 9.5 AHAHO, rtro
HeonpeaeJleHHocrb
HCXOAa h' CneaoBarerbHo, cpenHee KoJIHtTCCTBO
nn(roplraunn
MaxcHr"ra,,rsrtbt.Kar

or paBHoBeposrHofo
cocroqHHq,cpeAHeeKonHqecrBo
:"#::..::,y':::l:^I:-:
HHOopMauHHcHt{xaercr. B npe4eae,
xoraa oana n3 Beporrrrocrefi obpauaercg

e
Hynb, H Taro|(eoopauaerc, B Hynb. pe3ynbrar
H3BecreHJLoToro, KaK npoH3off,{er co_
6slrue, TaK qro Hcxor He Hecer B @6e
.[onongure.nuuoffuu0opuaur.rr.
3..{Ag u.nnpctpauun cBn3}rMexly KonnqecrBoM
uH@opruaunuH anpuopHofi BeporrHo_
crrrc (ecau anpuopHaa BeporrHocrb coo6uteHrs
Ha np[eMHHKe,gjlrercs Hy,eM unrr
eaxxuueft, coo6ulexne-uoxHo He nocuraarr) paccMorpr,rM
caeAyoulrfi npuuep. flo_
cre aeBtrrMecg.tHoft 6epeuexnocrn xeHtuxHa
oKa3btBaerc, B poIHnbHoF( nnnare.
Mpr< c BonHeHHeMxaer B npxetrnoft. yepe:
Heroropoe BpeMs K HeMy noaxoanT
Bpaq n roBop,nr: "flpnlrure Mo'nno3,rlpaBneH,s,
Bbr crarn oruou,,. Karyo uxQopuaur{ro oreu no,rrr'n or apava noctte uedutluxcrcoeo
ucxoda? froqr, HUXaXOfi; oreu
npaKTxr{ecKnaocroBepHo3Hu, r{To pe6eHox
IIoJDKeHporxrLcs. Ecau 6u Bpay cKa_
,.nut
3aJI,"Bbt cralllt oruo' Marb.{HKa,'
cranu oruou .qeBoqKH,,,
on neperaa 6rt
"nx
I 6nr rHeopMauu,, nocKonbKy cvurecr'ver
soz seporri;;;';;;'"ro
pe6eHoK
oKa)Kercg.q,eBo.{KofiHrh Man6qr.rKoM.
llpnmep 9.2. Cpeauee KoJr'qecraoxueopnrauxu B afiur'ficxo',3LrKe

a) Haft'qHrecpcaHccKor'rlecrao ruooDvaqxN B 6nrAHaK

arr aHrn[ftcKoroa3HKa,cqHTaJr,
i(To
KaxtragH3 26 6yxt al$aanra not'nterct c paenofi
BeposrHocrbro.
flpo6eaurH 3HaKHnyHKTyauH'tHc rtHTbrBaloTcr.
6) flocxoarrcy6yxsu a aHmHficKoM
n:srxe (xan xaxou-,rn6oHH.M)nonBnfircrc, pa3rH.rHofi
c
qacroroft,oTBerHa n. a _ 3To
BepxHfif,
rpanlua cpeAgcro
nxeopuautn Ha 3HaK.
flooroptre rt. a, cqHTaR,
,{ro 6yKau alSanrra norBrrtorcn Ko,txqecrBa
co clrca},loruuMtl
BcporrxocrcMq:
p -- 0,lO: anr 6yxea, e, o, r
p = 0,0'7: aae 6yxa h, i, n, r, s
p = 0,02: anr 6yxn c, d, I l, m, p, u, y
p = 0,01: a_nr6yxeb, g, j, k, q, v, w, x, z
Peweuue

*1'

/r\

a) U =-/-logrt;l=4,7
, t6)

6ur/rrrar

6 ) H = - ( 4 x o , i l o g r o , l + 5 x 0 , 0 71 o g 2 0 , 0 7 +g x
0 , 0 2 r o g r 0 , 0 2 +g x 0 , 0 l l o g : 0 , 0 r 1 =
4,17 6n/unx
Ecnn 26 6yxn alQaanra tryxHo Bblpa3nTbB tJeKoropofi
aaog.{uoft cxeMe KoaHpoBaHHr.
ro lue KaxAori 6yxaul rpe6yercn nflTb
rBorrtHbtx uHOp. I-lpur"rep9.2 norasHsaer, qro
ron_
xer cyulecrBoearr cnoco6 Kon'poBa'Hn asmxftcroro
reKcra d cpedxeuMeHbuHMqHCnOM
ABol4tlH6rxqxop nns oAnoft 6yxsur (cpcaHec KoJrHr.recTBo
Nsoopvaqnr, coAepxaueecq B
Kax.rroM3HaKe'MeHbure5 6Nr). froapo6nec reMa
KOnHpoBaHH'r{crorrHHKa6yaer paccMOT_
peHan raaae 13.

1'2'6'

Heo,4rosHaqHocrbn egeerrn eHac cKopocrb

nepeAaqn nxeopruaqrn

Iycrr, no aBo,rr]loMycnMMerpHq]toMy
Karany (onpeacaennoNry
B pa3aenc6.3.r) co cKopo_
cruo 1000agonrtHl,txcnntnoaou/cnpoxcxoarlT
ncpcaaqaurrrlopnauurr,a anpHopHaRBepo_
'rrltocrb
n c p c ^ a ' ! r H , y ' . A t l J r ^ C J I H t l r l l r , to a x r r a K o ' a .
Aonycrlrir raKxc, riro ;;;;;;;;;;;.

qTor He3aBHCHMO
HacTonbKo3Hatt[TenbHbr,
OTnepeaaH"orocr*ruora, nepoarHocrs nnqeva
paana l/2 (ro xe caMoe- ann uya.r). B rarou cnr{ae noJroBHHa
e.uHHHUbr
npHHqrbrx
cHMBoJloB
aoJD(HacayuailnooKa3arbct npaaxluHoft, H Moxer co3aarbcg BneqarneHHe!qTo
c'creMa o6ecne'r'BaercKopocrb 500 6xr/c, xorr Ha caMoM.qeJle
HXXarofi Hu60pMaqr.rxHg
nepeaaerca.OluHaxoso "xoporuufi" npHeM Ilaer H HcnoJrtfoBaHue"nH@oprraaunlt,,,
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npa_
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B nprp,tror .nrn-i
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,[aHHbrMcoo6uexxeu I, r.uu

H (xl Y)= - I

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x,f

= -f rtrlf
Y

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p(xly,)
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f
nprurrufi cunual, p(X, y) _ cosue_
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H3
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= {0,99 log20,99+ 0,01log20,01)=

= 0,0816HrlnolyreHxuficHMBoJl.
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clrMBoJlKaHarBHocHT0,0g1 6nr HeonpeaereuH@Tu.
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:,,;:;.,1*;:;
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cHvson
H'uur.t c,IoaaMfi,ec,r,, HanprMep,
3a ceKyH,qynepeaaerc, R = l0o0 aBo,rrHbrx
cHMBoroB,
To R.n MoxHo Bbrpa3HTb
cneAytoul1Mo6pa:oru:
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(9.t2)

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(l - l1 = I 6nt7t'

qro q cne.qoBaro oxluarb.

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6nt npuxnmoi
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PB= Q6lZOotNo)= QQ,447)

raeQ onpcaeneuo
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s ra6anqHofi
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(ra6l. E.l). H: ra6anurr HaxoAhM, wo Pp = 0,33.

Aance HaxoIr{M HeoAHo3HaqHocrbH }eOeKrxsHylo 3HTponHto.

H({n---t(l

- P6)log2(l - pa)+ p6log2pol=

= {0,67 log20,67+ 0,33log20,33)=

= 0,9156rrlcnuaon
H.r= H(E - H(4Y)=
=l-0,915=
= 0,085 6nr/giuson

CretrosarcnrHo.

l.sr) -I No/.o

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=-

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(pnc. 9.7' a) Moxer,[arb cH]DKeHuePs Hln rpelyeMofi Mou{Hosm nepe.qarqnKa(3:l cqer norocbl
nporrycranu.n), TaK H c,l1Bxr B cropony npeleJrbHofi nporrycrcroi cnoco6nosru xarra.na
(nc.9.7' 6) ttloxer noBblcgTb30$ercrHBHosrbHcnonb3oBaHliqno.nocbrqacroT 3il
cqer noBbrureHx.r rpebyeMofi Mou{Hocrr wn+ 1ytr'nl.r,.lretnrpB.
Ps

B: Pg
C:P
@:W
B:

B: ps,p
C:W
@:E6lNs

B: Pg
Ct R/w
@:P

' - r ,l \
I,"

8.. P
@: Ps

Rlw

8:P
C: RlW
@'. Ps

B: PB
CiP
@: R/W,

C:W

P@: Ps

B: P, Pg
Ci R/W
@'.Eo/No

8:P
.C:Ps
cD:.n/W

- 1 , 6a 6
B t W - l,6
aE
C: Ps
B:w
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r.D^

B:P
C: Ps
@tW

At R/VV
C:P
@"Ps

P-9=EoA

cDi Eb/No

a)

NpW

EilNo
8i BlW
C: P, Pg
@: E6/N6

8: RlW
C: Ps
@'.P

6)

Puc. 9.7. Koanpuuccw npu ucnonaoltaHuu ttodynn4uu u xdupoeanut: a) zpa$ux sepenHocmunotneuut owu6rcu; 6) zgfiurc zfoformuenocmu ucnotb3naHw norrocu qacmom

Har,r6oree qacro 3TH KoMnpoMr.rccbr

H3r{arcTcr npu OHKcHpoBaHHoM3HaqcHHHps
(orpaHnlnnaeMoMcxcrcMHbrMHTpe6oBaHHnMH).
CrenosareruHo, Han6oneeHHTepecyoulHMfi Hac crperKaMHHa pHCyHKerBn'torct onr4cbtBatorul.te
H3MeHeHHfl
npH oHKCHpOBaHHoiiBepoflrl{ocrnnoffurtcln4rorux6rn (o6ornaveHr,r
KaK @: pr). Ha pnc.9.7 }rMecrc,
t{erbrperaK}rc crpenKH: aBc Ha rpaQnxe
BeporrHocrHorun6rn H aBe Ha rpaQr.rxe300eK_
THBHocTH
HcnorL3oBaHHtl
norocbt qacToT.Crpcaxlt, noMeqcHHl,tc
aHaloruqllbrMo6parog,
yKa3btaatoT
coorlJercrBneNtcx.qyAByMrlrpaSnxalrn. Pa6ory cHcTeMbr;roxlo npcAcTaBnrTb
c rcnotL3oBaullcv l'tto6oroH3 3THx rpa(rNron. 9rn rpa(trlnr - npocro.aBa Doli\toxtrbtx
B3ruIru(aHa HeKoropble KrlorJeBbte napaMerpbt cHcreMbr;
Ka)(Abtri 'i3 rtHX noaqepKhBaer
He_

B cucmeNax
c oepailuqeilHoi
uot4nocmorc
yro6Hee
::::':"^""::::::."T"J:ll,:119:l*r.
Bcero'IoJrb3.BarbctrpaoflK.M BeporrHocrfi noqBreH'q
ouH6Kr4,nocKonbKynp' nepexoAe

or oaHofi KpHBOftK rpyrofi rpe60'aH'r K n'roce

nponycKaHhsn,urb no,qpiByMeBa,orcrr
a
'BHO BHAerrercr BepoarHocrbnorBJreH'r 6rroaofi
ouH6KH, fpaQux 3oocKTHBHOcrH
rc_
noJIHoBaHngnonocbl qacror' KaK npaBruo' np'MeHflercS
B cucmeilax c oepa,uqeH,ortnonocoi nponycxaxlt; 3.[ecb npH nepexoAe oT oAHoft
xpuaoft K.rlpyroft Ha 3aAHHfr ruraH oTo_
JlB,mercr BeposrHocrb nos*eHHr 6xtoaofi ouJH6KH,
TOrAa KaK rpe60naurn K no,roce
nponycKaHHrnoKa3btBapTcs
rBHO.
Hrax, uu soprr'rnpoaaunr sBp'crHqecKoro B3frtrra
Ha Bonpocbr pa:pa6orxn KoMnpo_
MHccoB MexAy BeporTHocrbro orun6rct, nolocofi
nponycKaHHs H MoutHocTbro 6s,.nu npe{_
cTaBJIeHbfABa rpaOHKa cHcTeMHblx KoMnpoMtrccoB, r{To
npLtMeHHMo Ko JqHozurtcxetta}t ilo_

fum4uu u Kduponaflut,Ho c orHof oroBopKoft.nna ueionopwx *ooou ,an

KoM6HHHpo_
EaHHbrX

cxeM._c MOrIyJuUhefiH KoAHpoBlHHeM

KpHBbrexapaKrepHcr,K He sedym ce6,
Hacmon,KonpedcKa3yeilo,KaK B paccMoTpeHHoM
np'Mepe. Oro cBs3;Ho c $y'x.nalur
xop_
peKrIHuouH6oK H HCnOTb3oBaHt.t.a
noJrocbrnponycKaHr.r,KoHKpeTHofoKoaa. HanpnMep,
Ha p'c' 6'22 noxa:aHa xapaKrep'cr'Ka KorepeHT'oft
cxeusr pSK s co.{eraHH' c HecKorbKHMr.tKoIaMH.O6parxr.r BHHMaHHe
Ha rpaOHKH,on,cblBarolU'c,[Ba Koaa SXq,
tfZZ, Cql
n (127, 36). Hl nx a:auusoro pacronoxeHns BntrHo,rrro
Ko,[ (127, 64) aaer 6onbuly1q3d_
Koll,poBaH'rr, r{eMKoA (127,36). gro npornaopeq,r
Qexmuenocmo
oxh.aaH'rM, nocKoJlb_
ry xoa (127,36) npn rex xe pa3Mepax6loxa xueer
6oluu.ryror.rg6rrroqnocrb(H Tpe6yer
6orsu.rei noroc'r nponycxaunr), qeM Kor (r27,64).
o para"ae 9.i0,-;;"r"reHHoM pe_
ulerqaToMyKoAHpoBaHHrc,
paccMaTpHBapTcs
Ko.rlbr,Koropbreuoryr ooecncqnrb EblcoKyro
a@Qerrnanocrb Ko.q,HpoBaHu
6er pacurupeHr.rrnoJrocbrnponycKa'Hs. paoo.{re
xapaKrepr4crt'rK,TaKHXCXeMKOtHpoBaHilr
raroxe 6yayr nccru ce6r He raK, KaK XapaKTepHcrHKn,
paccMoTpcHHbte
Bbrue.

1.3.4. onpegenexue, paspa6orKa

H oqeHKa cncTeM
r-p.r$poeofi cacslr
Srot pataen nph3BaH noMortb B
onhcaHr4nxapaKrepHbrx3TanoB,
Koropbte cneAyeTpac_
cMarphBarbnpu yAoBJrorBopeHnn
rpe6ooaHuft, Kacapulrxce Moutnocrx,
norocbr nponyc_
KaHHt h locroBepHocrn nepeaavlr
B cHcreMe ur,repoaofrcaalx.
.[a.nee lrpHBoaHTc,He_
cKorrbKonp'MepoB cHcreM' B Kor.pbrx
noApo6HOon'CbrBaprcfl Kpr{Tepr,rH
nrt60pa cxeu
Koa,poBa'nt H Moayrqu'H, Hcxo^q
H3 THnacilcreMu - rB.rrtercsJlnn
oHa c'creMor c orpaHn'reHHorM.UlHocrbrox-nu
cncrelrofi c orpaH'qeHHOftnoaocofi
nponycKaHHr. froavep_
KlrBatorctroHKHe,Ho BaxubreMoMeHTbr
np"o6purouunuq6mos aaHHbrx
a xaHanrr{tre6u_
Tbr, 3arcM B cr{MBoJrbr
u AaneeB greMeHTap'* inarr_".

uuopoaoo
c on'caH,r,,
KaHarra
,"rlli;l^lfJJll Jfj;:"r"'"'errr'
ootrynnag nonoca "u".i"in"q'Haerca
nponycKaHut' ctdrxcrnrcx
u1yMa,n ,{HbIx

yxyau1eHhfrKaqecrBa
""ao'

nuxrpc
6o
aa
nnr r"*opo"lri.
rffff ff ffI T'#:"'#?:TilJ.Tf :.fi;::,*iil;
on'tcaH't Ka*ara HrxHo onperer'Tbct
c npoeKTH'tMH

peueH,rMr.r, Koropbre no3aoJur

HaHrrruHM O6paron [cnorb3.Barb
KaHaurH y^oB,rerBop'Tbrpe60aanna
npoH3BOAHTenb_
Hoctr. Onncanue npor43Bo.lllTerbfrocrr.t
cncreMbtBKJLoqaern ce6l rpa4uunorrHbtfi
Ha6op
npeo6paronaHnfin pacvcton. ftocae
aoao *a*-ru*oft noaxoa craHer noHnTHr,rrlt,
cro MoxHo
r{cnorb3.Barbxax o6parcq arr ouctKr.r
o0asruaHCrgac'creM cggr,. B nocneayrcluHx
pa3_
leaax 6yayr paccMorpeHbrrpr npnMepa cxcreM: .r;;-;;.p;;;;roft
o*
KOTHpOBaHt.r,
cr{creMac orpaH'qeHHOfi nolocofi 6es xoarpoaaH,A
".,urr"*"r
H c'creMa
c orpaH,qeHHsrMHMolrrHocrbloH norocofr c KoaHpoBaHHeu.
B aanHou pa3aenenpeAcra'reHbr cl.rc_
T.MH CBr3n pearbHoro EpeMeHH,B KoropbrxrepMHH rcOilUpOeanaui
(uau nercodupoeanuud\
o3'aqaer Hanuq,ne(nau orcyrcrnne) xoaa KOppeKuHHourr60K,
BKJrp\apuero xcnoJrb3'aauxe u:bunoqHux 6r.rrosr{ yBenxqeHueurptrHbr norocbr
nponycKan[r.
.[na ocHoourx pecypca cBn3r.{- eto nepedaxnaailowocmb n wupuHa
norrocunponycKaxw. B
pa3jur{Hblx q{creMax cBrr3HoA}.rHH3 3THx pecypcoB
[opoxe ,[pyroro, u qletroBarerbHo, 6olu_
uryto qacrb cucreM MoxHo uaccuexurpoBarL KaKcncreMu
c orpaHrqeHHofrMoruHocrbro,.rrt,t
orpaHnreHHoft norocofi nponycr<aHr'rg.
B cucmeuaxc ozpanuueanoti
rllwocmbrc.q,ltq SKOHOMHH
eHepr],h 3:r cqfi norocbr nporrycKaHHtMO)KHO
npl,tMelrrrrl cxeMbrKoaxporaHnR, eQQercruaHo
xcnorlb3yrcruxe MoulHocTb,TonaaKaK B CuCmAva

Mnonbr
sgeerunHon
(crovrca
3peHrq
"."*,I;:K:ffiW#;H#Xffiffi

trorrocbrqacror 3a cqer yBenH{eHHepacxora gHepmx. B o60nx cnna.nx

gHeprilH
AJUI3KOHOMr.rx
rurr{ noBblureHruraocro'epHoqr' nepeaaq' npH pacuxpeHr,tH
norrocbr nponycKaHB' MOXHO
nprMeHf,rb KoaxpoBaHnec xoppenrxeft ourn6ox (vacro Hasunaenoe
Kal(uutbril rcdupoeanuur).
Aas noablureHruIHa.IIeXHOCTU
neperaqH B KaHaJrax
c orpaHHqeHHOft
noaocofi nporrycxaHr.r.a
6at
yBcJII'fgeHxtluHpHHbl noJrocbl nponycKaHHr i{acro
Hcnojrb3yercr peujerqaroe KorHpoBaHHe
_
grx
modulation TCM) t6l.
MeroabtpaccMffpuB:uorcna paraene9.10.
__$lltdd
f .J.C.

M-apxae nepeA,aqa cnrxanoB

flpn ucnoauroBaHuvrcxeMbt,B Koropori 3a raKr o6pa6aruaaercn

k 6u:,, nepeaaqacnrHzr,rroa
Ha3brBaercs
M'apnoi't (cu. pa:ae;r 3.8). Kaxaulfi cHMBoJr
M-apHoro aneanu.raMox'o ollHo3HayHocBt3arb c nocreAoBarelrbHocrbro
xr k 6rr, rae

M=?'^ utn k=logzM

(e.13)

n M - pa3MepalQaaura. Ec.tr nepeaava qBrserc,

un@poaoft, TepMnH cu^r6orro3Hasaer
3reMeHTM-apnoro aaQaaura, nepenaBaeMbrr3a BpeMg
cHMBOrrbHoro
HHTepBana7,. p,nn
nepeaaqficltMBoJICneAyernpeAcTaBUTb
B BHre cHrHaJIaHanpsxeHH' rurH TOKa.flocxoasxy
cnlHaJI npeAcraBJlter crMBoJI, TepMHHblcuJtreo/tt4
cueHaJ,HHotaa HcngJlb3yprct KaK cHHonnuu' flocronbKy oaHH nt M cuusoaoa (nnx cnrua.non)
nepeaaerc" ,"
[, cxopocrb neperaqil aaHubrxR noxHo 3anHcarb
"n*p"B cneaypuleM BKAe.

R = L = f f u nt "

(9.14)

Ha coornoueHxs (9.l4) t$Qexmuonyrc,rur'rrenbHocrb

16 xaruoro 6xra uoxxo npercraB'Tb
qepe3,qnHTenbHocrb
cHMBoJra
T, unil cKopocrbflepeAaqr{
.[aHHbtx
fJ.
_

I -r = R
-=

k k R ,

(e.l5)

Aaaee Ha ocHoBenslpaxeHnft(9.13) n (9.t5) veper cKopocrb

nepeaaq' 6aros R MoxHo 3anHcarb cKopocrb nepe.[aqHcn]rsoaos R".
RJ =

R
log2M

(e.16)

(a

Hr coornoruenxfi(9.14)n (9.r5) BrulHo,r{ro a rp6ofi

uxspooofi .*"""-np, *p"Aur;
t-(fog2 Ml 6w ra I ceryH.q,uupl.tHenorocbtnpoflycKaHxs
s Wfu, eseerrunHocrrHsnon$oBaHut noJlocbr qacror 3anHcbtBaercqcJreaypull.r
u o6parou:
R

loe.M

i=E=66*t"tru'
!4annou
A

(e.t7)

cayrae ?"5- ero ee$errHBHoe BpeMnnepeaat{Hxax.qoro

6nra.

I .J,O. Cncrerru c orpaHlr{eHnoi

nonocoF nponycxaxun
Hr ypasHeuu.a
(9.17) aruHo, .rro a lrc6ofi cncreMeuxsponoft cagr
eeeerrgBHosrblrc_
noJrb3onaHtrlt
norrocbrtracrorBo3pacraer
npg yBeJrxqeHr.rx
npoH3BeIeHH,
l{.76.Gteaosarenr_
HO' B CHCT'M.TX
c orpaH'qeHHOfi noaocoft nponycKaHrurqacro np,nMe]',,orc,
cHrHaJIbrc Ma_
JrbrMH3HaqeHrurM'npor.r3Beaeuna
wrs. Hanpuuep, B crcreMe GSM (Global system for
Mo_
bile
rao6aabHas cHcrer,ra uo6nnuHoft cr*u)
ncnoa*yercs rayccoBa MaH,nnyJUruH,c
MHHrMarrbHHM
crrB[roM (Gaussian minimum shift keying - GMSK), B Koropo'
npox3Be^e_
ttue wr6 paoHo0,3 rr:/6nr/c [7], rae w - wlpnla noJrocbrrrasror
no ypoanro 3 aE.
flpn ncnoau:oBaHnn'c'crMbr c orpaHnqesHoftnorocor
nponycxaHr"-or, *oonpo*_
fr{r uerb,o f,E,UrercqnonrreHne MaKC}rMrUrbHo
Bo3MOXHoroo6leua neperaHH.fi nHQop_
Maultn B sa,[aHHofinonoce nponycKaHnfl 3a cqer E/rVs (coxpaH
Aq npl rro, onp"o.n.nno.
3HaqeHHePi. H; rpaSnxe e$QerrnoHocr' l{cnorb3.Ba'[r
noJrocbtrtacror (pr{c. g.6) noKa3aHbrpa6ovxe roqKr KorepeHrHofiM-apnofi cxeuu pSK (MPSK)
npn ps= tO{. npeq_
noJlaraerct, tITo HeMorynHpoaaHuutftcflrHaJI norBepraercr
Qxasrparlnx no Hafixnucry
(uaearsnofi nptMoyronbnoft)
[2], rarc qro an, Moayn qur MpSK rrlxnNr,ranbHa,.[BofiHaJr
noJroca nponycKaH,R, UeHTpUpoBaHHafl
Ha npoMexyrovnofi qacrore (intermediate fre_
quency - lF), canrana co cKopocrbp nepeAaqrcHMBoJloB.
I

W= - : - = R ,

(e.18)

. J

3aecs 7] - BpeMr nepeaatr' '.rMBOJra,a R, - cropocrb nepe,g,aq'

.,MBOJTOB.tDulurpau,,
no Haftxsr.{cryraer uuHurvanunyro
nonocy nponycKaHnr, npu roropoft cyuecrByer
MexcHMBonbHa'a
nHrep$epeHul{t; TaKafl{treartbHat$nasrpauxr onperenrer ilunuJvartb,yto
";;
uupuHy nonocu no Hailrceucny' c.neayer orMerHTb, r{To npH
HeoproroHanbHot nepe.qaqe
cHrHaJIoB
(nanpnuep, MPSK u.rrnMQAM) noJrocarponycKaHr.rs3aBncrrr
He or nJrorHocrn
TOqeKCHFHaTOB
B rpynne, a ro,rbKoor cKopocr' neperar{Hcfif'aJroB. flpr
nepeaavenerTopa ct{rHara cncreMa He pa3r,qaer, np'uen JrH gror c'fHar
H3 pa3pexeHHoro}.ur' ynJIorHeHHoFoalQannra. 3ro u ralserc.s csoftcrsoN{ HeoproforalrbHbrx
crrHiuroB, Koropoe
no3BoJr.serynnorHKTb npocrpaHcrB. CHTHaTOB
H, TaKIM O6parorr.r,noBbrcHTbe$QerrnoHocrb ttcnoJlb3oBaH!,ttnorocbl rracror 3a cqer MouIHocrH
nepe,qarvr.rrca. Hl ypagHe_
Hr'rft(9.17) r (9.18) 3an'ureM, HacKonbKo'{rHiu B Mo,[ynnu,H
MpSK edoerrrBHo Hcnon$yer nonocy npr.rennurpauxn no Hafirconcry.

='orzM 6uttct.\

(9.1e)

ToqrH MPSK, noKa3alrHbre

l{a pnc. 9.6, noarnepxaarorcoorHolrJenr.re
(9. 19).orvernv,
tlro Moayngu4g MPSK flBr.qcrcrlcxeuoli
sQrpcrrnanoro ,rcno;rb3oBaHHq
norocur, C vucltHqeHHeMM taxxe pacrer R/w. Vz pttc.9.6 ruoxrro y6car.rrscl, i{To
Moaynqu,.tr MpSK
lefrcr8HTenbHoMoxer Jlarb noBbluleHneeQ0errnBHocrn Hcnorb3oBaxxr norocbr qacror
3a cqer yBennqeH[rr E/iV6. Buao Hafireso MHoxecrao cxeM Morynqunu,
no3Bon ,oulxx
necuua a$@errHBHo HCnOJrb3oBarb
nonocy vacror [g], no n" pu"""orp"Hue BblxoaHT3a
paMKHaaHHofr KHHrtt.
Ha rpaQnxe e$eerrxonocru Hcnorb3oBaHu,norocbt vacror (puc.9.6)
noraraHsr 4ae
o6racrx - o6racrs orpal{HqeHH.fi norocur nponycKaH'q r o6racrr orpa'ilqeHHofr
MOUI_
Hocrn. OruerHM, YTo xeJraeMbreKoMnpoMnccbr,cBs3aHHHec xax.qofi H3 3THx
o6lasrefi,
He tBtullorct 6ecnpxcrpacrHurrau. B o6aacrn orpaHgqeHgofi nolocu xenareJrbHbrMqBJUtercg 60rsuJoe 3HaqeHHeRrw; tto xe BpeMt c pocroM E/r'. BHpaBHHBaercrKptrBarr
nperelrnoft nponycxHofi cnoco6Hocru H luu noBbnuewns RIW rpe6yercr
aonorHHTeJrbHoe
yBenHqeHHeE/No. N|,nnorHqHag cBg3b HMeercs e o6aacru
orpannqeHHofi MoulHocr'.
3[ecu xenate.nbHo Maloe or'oureHre E/Ns, ao KpHB,urnpe,qerbHofi
nponycrnofi cnoco6_
HOCTr'tCTaHOBnrcg60lee xpyrofi I{ AJUr HBHaqHTeJrbHorocHHXeHHs
rpe6yerroro E/{o
Hyxno 3HaynrerbHo ylreHbruu-raRlW.
1 .3.7

. cncreuur

c orpanh{ennofi

uoulxocrblo

.[.n9 cncrcu c orpaHxqenHofi uoulxocrrp, rae HMeercgAocraroqHa, noroca nponycKa]tHs,

lro cyuecrByer reoxuur MoruHocru (nanpnuep, JrHHrlr KocMn.recKoffcaarn),
Bo3MOxHbr
cneAyouHe K.MnpoMlrccbr(cu. puc. g.l, a): l) yuenuurenncp,
ta crrer noJ,rocbr
nponyc_
KaHHRnpH QltxcnpoaaHuou E6/Ns;2)cHxxeuue E5/NoZaCqer noJrocbrnponycKaHH,,
npH
QuxcxpoaaHnou ps. "EctecraeHHurru"aapnaHrou npr nlr6ope Monyrltlun An.qcrcreM c
orpaHnveHHofiMor[Hocrbp npeAcraBnrerct M-apnaa FSK (MFSK).
Ha pr.rc.9.6 norasa_
uu pa6osne roqK' Jur-sHeKorepeHTHoft
opronouarsuoft r,roayarunn MFSK np, pE= lo-r.
aas MFSK MHHHMarrrbHafl
noroca yacror no Hafixarcry onperenrtercs crreaypru'M BHpaxenreM (cr"r.parae.n4.5.4.1):

(D

w'=*= MR,,
T,

(e.20)

a R, - cKopocrb nepe.[aqncHMBoJloB.
me i"" - lulnTenbHocrbneperaqn cHMBoJra,
IIpu ncnonbsoBaHHH
MFSK Heo6xoauuasnoJrocanponycKaHuspacuHpncrcr u M pa: no cpaolteHnto c ason.tuofi FSK, nocxonbKy renepb cyuecrByer M pa:llrvHux oprororraJlbHbtx
chntaJroB,xax.(srft H3 Koropblx rpebycr norocbr ruxpltroii l/I,. Taxnu o6parolr, H3 ypaBHorNi.r(9.17) n (9.20) e(r@errnnuocrbHcnoJIb3oBaHHs
norocbl r{acror npH HeKorepeHrHoii
nonyJrqunHMFSK c $ururpauueft no Haftxsncry Moxlro Bbrpa3xrr,cne,qytouuiMo6pa3orr:

#=W# 6*r/c/rq.

(9.2r)

Caeayer orMernTb BiDKHoepa3nnqHe uex.ay eQQexmuaHocmbnucnolt63o6ailunnonocu

(R/l4z)cxeuoii MPSK B ypaBHeHHx
(9.19) s cxenoft MFSK, npeacraueHuofi n ypaancttNn (9.21). IIpu MPSK RIW pacrer c yBent,tgeHneM
pa3MepHocrr4npocrpaHcrBacHrHa,roB
M. flpu hcnoJu,3oBaHHN
MFSK pa6oraer aBa MexaHH3Ma.
9nclxre.ns Lpo6v Rlw.aaer raKoii xe aQ<fexr c yBernr{cHHeuM, rar H B cJrf{ae MPSK. 3raucHare.nu xc npnboar4TK
y[tcHbrxcHlno3uaqcHHr R/W npn pocre M. flocroautta npn yuenHycHnnM :uaueHarerr,
pacrer ourcrpee qHcJrHTeJrfl,
3To npHBoat-trK cHHxeHHloRlW. Pa6osue ro,rrl.r MFSK, noKa3alrHbrc
(9.21) - oproroilarblrafl nepcaaqa
ila pHc.9.6, nolrnepxaanr coortroureHne
ctrntaloB (uanpnnep, MFSK) qMgerct cxelrofic pacuHpcnHeMno,locbrnpon.vcrcaru.rl.
I,l:
pnc 9'6 nHAHo,ttro Moayntuttt MFSK snorHe no.qxo.[HT
Anfl cHt4xeHHrrpe6yeruonosgqventtl t,/No 3a cqeTyBeIHqeHHtnOJIOCu
nponycKaHHg.
JAecb Baxrro noaqepKHyrb.qro B ypaBHeHuxx(9. 19) s (9. 19) a.rrq MpSK,
a rarc(e I
ypaBrlcltrtrx(9.20) n (9.21)us MFSK u ncex pa6ovnx ror{eK,noKa3aHHbrx
Ha p*c.9.6
npcanoJlaraercgOnasrpaultc no Haftxancry (rlaeanrHar nprrMoyronblrarr).Ha
nparcnrie
rarne rptlartpH Hepeann3yeuu. Alr.q peanlnux KaHilroB H cHnHzuroBrpe6yer,ras
nond
nponycKaHrurroJIxHa 6u:ra 60nawe,vro6u yrnrulaarb peaJtwyenocrro
QNrrurpoa.
Bo ncex nocne.[yloulnx npnMepax 6yayr paccruarpuBarbcl pallroKaHaJrbl
c a,q.[,hruBHbr'
6clurrrrrayccoBbrMuryMoM(additive white Gaussiannoise - AWGN), He
HMetoque HHbrx
Qarropoa yxyaueHun Kaqecrm crrHaJra.,[7u npocroru nsr6oprnna Moayn.qqnx6yAer
or_
paHt{qeHcxeilailu c nocmonnnoioeu6anqei * MPSK HnH HeKonepeHTHaJr
oproroHarb'aa
MFSK. Taxur'r o6pa:oM, ecJrnB cficreMax 6e: xoauponaxnr orpaHnqeHanolroca
nponyc_
xannr, nur6upaercrcxeMa MpSK, a ecnn y KaHara ofpaHHseHaMoulHocrb, npnMeHrerc,
MFSK. oruernlr, '*ro npu paccuompeHuuxodupooanun c rcopperc4ueil
owu1orc au,6op runa
MOAyJUIUHT'!
He raK npocr, nocKoJrbKycyuecrBylor Meroabr KoaHpoBaHHq
[g], roropue no3BOrfllOT
60nee eQQerrrono orr6paru KoMnpoMr.rcc
MexAy nonocofi nponycxauuB H MOur_
Hocrblo,qeM cxeMbrM-apuok MoJtyJtnuHH.
C.ncayercKa3arb,,rro n o6ulett{clytae M-apHyo nepeaayy cun{aroB MoxHo paccMaT_
pf4BarbKaK npoueAypyrcodupoeanun
Qopau cuenata. vTnaruvtcrroBaMH,ccJrHBMecronBOrvHofr ust6pauaM-apuaa Moryntuxe, no cymu, cnrHaJrbr.qsor{.{Hoft
Qopusr 3aMeHrtorc,
- .nyvureftHrrHc roqKr 3peHnn e@Qeruruocr1 }.rcnoJr53oBac[rHaraMn ayuwei {ropr'.rur
HHt norocbl (MPSK)' HnHc roltKu 3peHnflrpe6yeuofi MoruHocrH(MFSK). Xorr nepe4a,{y
oproroHa.nbHblx
cHrHaro8 MFSK uoxHo paccMarphBarbKaK cHcreMy c Koar.rpoBaHileM
(ee uoxxo npencraBurb KaK Ko,q pnaa-Mro.rurepa
tl0l), uu 6yaeu npnnr"n"ro repMHH
cucme.Ma
c xodupoeaxueuroJrbKoK TparLHlrHoHHbrM
Ko.q,aM
KoppeKuHHouru6or, Hcnorb3yroulvrMH:6ulro'{Hocru,TaKhMrax 6ro.{uureHrx c8eprorrHbreKoabr.
l

| . J. U. Tpe6oaaxrn

K nepeAare crrHaroB MPSK r.rMFSK

ocHosHoecoorHoueHHeMexry cKopocrbronepcraqHcHMBoneB
(u.nncurrraloa) R, lr cropocrbro nepe.[aqr 6uron R Bbrp&KeHo
B ypaBHeHHrl
(9.16) u ilMeer creryptunii BHA:
R.=

R
log2 M

Ha ocHoee3roro cooruouJeur.qH ypanrrcHxii(9.1g)-(9.21).d,nrt

cKopocrr nepeaaqgnaH_
nurx R = 9600 6w/c 6sua cocraanesara6.n.9. I
tl l]. B oroft ra6anue cBeneHbraaHHbteo
cKopocrH neperaqH CHMBOIOE,
wnHrmanrHoft noroce nponycKaHfir no Hafrxor.rcry,sQQerrlreuocrlt HcnoJIb3oBaHH.q
norocbr qacror.a,JLq
MPSK n HeKorepeHTHoii
oprorotraaunoft
M F S K n p n M = 2 , 4 , 8 , 1 6 x 3 2 . B r a 6 n . 9 . l r a p < e a r . q K a x r o r o M n o x a l a r r u3
r HaqeHurr
E/Ns, ueo6xoanMbre.rurrnonr{eHgq Beporr}rocrn oulrl6xs l0-j a.rrsMpSK n MFSK. orn
3HalteHugE/No o ra6nr.rue6uraNnolrf{eHtr Hcxoar t43coornoueHuii, xoropsre 6ya}r npea_
craMellbl aaJlee'H coorBercrBytorKo[tnpoMHccaM,noKa3aHHbtM
rta prrc. 9.6. C pocror,tM
nepeaatlacHrHaroB MPSK nosso/tger6oree :$Qex'ruaHo ficnoln 3oBarb norocy qacror 3a
ctlcr yBenHqelmsE/No, B To BpeMqKaK nepeAattacltrHa,iroDMFSK no:3o,rlgcTcH63rrrb
Er/Non cqer pacuHperrHsnorocbr nponycKaHHr.B crcayrcu$rx .fpex pa3aenax6yaln noapo6rropaccuorpeHbt
npuMepurr: ra6.n.9.1.

*-

Ta6nnrta9.1. cropocr" n"p"g;*".nn

,r*rrr-i"";
;;;;;a n- i.r*"n"ry,
"o'o",
gooeKrrBHocrb Hcnorb3.BaH,nnorocsr
n rpe6yerroe E/N6 4nr cxeu MpsK

oproroHanbHor MFsK npr,rcxopocrn nepeAaqr

AaHHbrx96oo 6rrlc
R
MPSK
MPSK MPSK
&
Hexorepermrarop- MFSK MFSK
(6rr/c) (umroa/c) Mnnxuam- R/W
Erl& (aE) romnaJrbxarMFSK R/W Erlflo
1aE)
Htt noJtoct
MrnsorreJthturnoltocr
Pa = 10-5
Ps = 1tr3
(rq)
(fq)

1:"*ot"p""Lot

M k

2
4
8
15
32

|
2
3
4
5

9600
9600
9600
9600
9600

9600
4800
3200
2400
1920

9600
4E00
3200
2400
t920

9,6
9,6
13,0

t7 <

r9200
r9200
25600
38400
6t440

t/2
t/2
t/3
t/4
st7)

13,4
r0,6
9,1
8,t
7,4

cncrerra c orpaH'rreHHor nonocofr nponycxaxuq

6es Ko,llrpoBa'Hn
Paccuorpulr paJIHoKaHaJr
c luyMoM AwcN
H onpaHr.rqeHsofinoaocofr nponycKaH,,
W=40AO fu. flycru orpaHnqeHHr rnHuu CBA3H(uoutuocrt
nepeaarr{HKa,xose$nuueur
ychrenufl aHTeHHBr,noreph B KaHare n r. A.) npnBoaqr
K ToMy, qro orHor.ueHfieMotuHo_
cr' npl'tHsroro c'rHara K CneKTpanbHofinaotnocth
MOTUHOCTH
U.ryua (pn?r'e)panno
53 aElu. .[onycruu, rpe6yerrroe3HaqeH].recKopocru
nepeAairg ru@oplraqun R pa6Ho
96006ur/c' a rpe6yeuar BepotrHocrb norueHxs oxrosofi
oruu6rr p6 ae dottctcuanpeewwamu ro-5- 3aaa'{a- aur6pa* cxeMy Moayru.I*H, KOTopa,
cMoxer yroBJIerBOpHTS
rpe6ye_
uuu pa60vt'trr'txapaKTepHcrHxaru.B o6urer,l cJrrrae Moxer
norpe60aatlcq cxeMa KonHpo8a_
HHt c KoppeKuneft oun6or, ecJru l{H oaHa H3 aocrynHbrx
cxeM Mo[yrru14g He Moxer
yro'erBop'Tb BceMrpeooaanxrn. Ten He MeHee
B.qaHHoMnpHMepe(xar noxararnaetcr
[anee) Ko,qHpoBaH}te
c xopperuueE orun6or He noHa.[o6nrcg.
Aas .nro6ofi ur'rspoaofi cHcreMbrcB.n3HcoorHouleH,e Mexry
npnHHMaeMoRMourr.to_
crbro I't cnerrparssofi nrorHocrbro MoulHocrH Wyva (p/Nd,
a rapKe nplltrHlr.faeMo,:l
3HeprnefroAHofo 6nra n cnerrpa.nluofi rurorHocrbro
MouHocrn wyua (E6/Ns)npHBeAeHoB
(5.20,a) H HMeercneAylourrff Br4{:
Qoprrly.rre

1 .3.9.

,Pt

E
= u b

No

R .

(9.22)

No'

Bulpasnat{3 STOrOcoorHoueHnfl E,/Noa aeun6eaax,

noryqaert{cneayrcuec:
T

#tosl
No

- R(.qD6Hr/c)
= j.(aEfr{)
=
y'yo '

(e.23)

= 53 aEfq - (10 x lg 9600)aE6rr/c = 13,2 (a.rrn

aE
20.89).
flocxoasry Heo6xoAnrr{aqcKoposrb neperaql
Aarilr,lx 9600 6vn/c 3laqnrerbHo 6oauute, velr
Aocrynltat nonoca nporrycKaHnr,cocraMrouaq 4000 fu,
KaHaJrMoxHo crtrrrarb KaHcuoyc oa_
pauuvennoi nonocoi nponycKana.
Crc,[osarerrurro, B KattecrBc cxcMbl Molyrrurx aurOnpaerrr
MPSK. HanoMHHM,yro npu asr6opcBo3Moxuoit
cxeMbrMo4ynqull.r6suro pcueHo orpaHl_
i{rfbcq MoayntunflMil
c nosroqHttoft orx6aouefi; 6c: raroro orparrHycHrul
MoxHo HafrTHTHn
MollyJulullt'tc eue 6o,tuurefrs(xperrunnocrslo 'rcnorL3oBartnr
nonocbl qasror. Brr,.rr{crHr,{
aanee iluHurtcu,no donycmtuoe3Hat{ertneM, npn KoropoM
CHLTBOJTbH'"
cKopocrb nepeaaq' aaH_
Hblx ae npesuuaem,qocrynnoiinorocb, nporrycKaHu,
4000 fu. Hr ra6n.9. I ar.rano,qro ltan_
MellblllHM3HaqeHHeM
M, yaonncrnopttoulnMartru rpc6orr.runrltr,flu;tflerct M=g.
C,rc.qyoua,

*""u-

uo."""*,-voo**p".r""

rp"6d"".

- *ir"*o"t-""*rrrr"

o*r.mr
oruu6cr Ps < l0-5 npH Hcnorb3oeaHrl't8-yposneaofi
PSK nau norpeoyercq aononH'rerbHo
BBOIr{rrcxeMyKoJIXpoBaHrur
c KoppeKur{eftouu60rc Hs ra6n. g.l nluHo, v.
a_ypor".ru.q pii
yaoBlerBopserncev rpe6oaauntM, nocKo,tbKy
orHouJeH,eE/No Nts 8-ypoaneaofi psK
ueuuure
npxH'fioro E/Ns, aurpaxeHHoroB (9.23).Teu He
MeHee,npeJlcraBuM,vro ra6a.9.l Her. floxaxeM, KaKonpere,[xrb, ]r]xHo n].r Koar.rpoB:lHne
c xoppelqneft ouru6or<
Ha puc.9.8 norarana 6aox_cxeruanpocroro
uoaynrropa/AeMoayn ropa (r,roaeua),
a
xoropoft oro6paxeHur OynxuuonaarHbre gJreMeHTbr
paepa6orxn. B- r,.roaynqro;;
;;o;
npeo6pasoaaHuq
6'{ros aaHHbrxB cHMBoJrbr
BbrxoaHarcKopocrb nepeAai{HcHMBoroBpa'Ha
R,, r.e. B (logrlA pa3 MeHbue sxoaHoricKopocru
nepeAaqr 6nros R, KaK BhlrHoH3 ypaB_
Heuus (9'16)' AHarorr'{xo Ha Bxoae
aeMo,lynsropaorHou,eH,e gHcpr'u cHMBonaK
cneKrpanrHoft ruor'ocrfi MourHocr, wyua
E/Ns a (rog2M) 60lr're E/Ns, nocxorury
xaxaurfi
CNMBOJI
cocror.rr ur (log2lvi 6ur. flocroarry E/rVo
bo.rrrrue E/io s crorbKo xe pa3,
Bo
cKoJlbKort, rrleHilueR, eopr,.ryay(9.22) uoxno
nepenHcarbcneAFor.rtHM
o6pa3oM;

#=#^=#^'

(e.24)

(o

R 6lr/c

BHxoa

*-ll!::r**FV

pervr=r
1*,
ps=tlp6Wll

*r=ft"=ft",

pur.,!: g.,Cxe.uanpocmoeo
nodyanmopa/denody,anmopa
(uode,ua) 6et xanot auoeoxoduple anra
3a raxartfi HHTepBaJr
l",ae^roaynrropnpkHHMaercnrHan (a
aaHHoMCJrr{ac- oa'u ,ts M=g
Bo3MoxHbrxctrBtrfoB$a:). Beporrnocw plM)
Bo3Hritc{oBeHnrB AeMoryrurropecHMBonbHofi
ottrH6rc.r
lloBoJlbHoror{Ho onucblBaerc,cneAyrouluunpu6rrcxeHHbrM
BbrpaxeHuera[12]:

(9.2s)
3aecl Q(x) -

oro zayccosulmeeptu owu6orc,xoropsrfi 6sul onpeae.neH

B Bbrpa:t<eHr
n (3.43).
, - . / z \

Q(x)= --L lr^pl- !-l au

.l2rt \ 2)
Ha pNc'9'8 u ua tscexnocncayrotr*
o".ri*ox ans o6oluaqeHHn
reKoropofrsyuxuuo-

rralsnoft 3aEHcHMo

or -t 6yaer Hcnorb3oBarbcr He rBltoc Bblp'KeHue,a

_ _oO99q.oo*
Tlry:;"rutPootHocrlt
Kax npaor-no,-r onnaa"*&*rrnu"_oa*
cs*x (no @rropy rrrou-rHocrn)KnH aocroBcprfocTllnepeAaqHa unQponHx cucTeMaxHx Bupo(aroT uepz E/No a.[eUx6enax.
Taxoe ynor_
pe6'reHNeEblNs n-'*erce pacnFlcrpa'eu'ofi nparrnxofi. Teu He MeHee
HanoMHHM,r{TOHa
Bxore'qeMoryntropa,/rerelcopa Het 6rmB, HMerorcaronbKo c[rHanH, KoropbrM
npncaocuo 6uTOBoe3HaqeHHe.oreaosaTenbHo,nplrHnMaeMoe3HaqeHHeE/Ns npe.qcTaBrreT
co6ofi nponop_
ul{oHa'IbH@pacnpeAeteHHe3Hepn'rH npHHHMaeMbx6nros no cHmaJIaM.Eo.nee
rovxoe (Ho
rpoMo3.[Koe)Ha3BaHHe- 3Hepnu' a$@rmuenoeo 6uma ua /v0
.qrrfl BbrpaxcHr.r,r pltvt) ut ypan_
HeHun(9.25) cHai{a;IaHlDt<Honon} rHTbBbrpal(eHrle.q,nrorHoueHH.c3HeprHHcHMBoJra
K cneKrparuuoft rurorHocTuMotuHocru wyua, E/N6llocronrry (ns oupaxeunn (g.23))
EblNo=l3,2aE
(unu20,89) n xaxaui cHMBoJro6paryercn (rogzlro6rrarrru, npu M=gno,ryqaeM
cnero/roluee:

& = (toe,
= 62.67
,r+-- 3x20,8e
.

(e.26)

lloAcrasnrq BbtpaxeHne(9.26) s (9.25), nony.IaeMBeporrrHocrbnoqBreHH,

cqMBorbHo]:r
ou-ru6xr'rPr=2,2 x l0-5. 9ro6H sror pe3ynbrar nepeBecr, B BepoqrHocrb
norBneHHc 6'10aofi oruu6xn, HyxHo BocnoruoBarbcs coorHorlexueM Mexri BeporrHocrLro
noq'',euHrl
6nrosoft ouH6KH P, u sepoerHocrbb noqueHrs cnMBonbHofiourN6ru p,
naa uHoroga:Hofi nepeaa.{}lcHrHaIoB[10j. Hrax,

(e.2'7)

"=dn(anrPu<<l;'

3ro cBngercs aoBonbHoxoporuefi annpoKcxMauneft, ecnu,runaoro6paxeHxr

6nrog B c'lvtBonbrnpuMeHrrerc.q
Koa Fper [12]. floc.neansseoplryra Lae-rpa=7,3x10{,
vro Bnorue
yroMerBopfler rpe6ooaHHnMK BepotrHocrH nosBreHns
6nrossrx oruN6ox. Taxxr..r o6pa3oM' B npHBeAeHHoM
nplMepe KoAHpoBaHHe
c ropperunefr oulx6ox ne norpe6oaalocr H
8-ypoaHena'nPSK yaoaaeruoprer tpe6osan[flM KaHrrnac
orpaHnqeHHofinorocofi nponycxaHu-n(vro n 6suro npe,[cKa3aHonpx H31nteHHH
gHa,{eHHfi
E/Ns s ra6n. 9.1).
1 .3.10.
cn"t..r"
c orpaHHi{eHrofi lroulxocrbro 6ea xogrpoBa',,c
Fr"a"oapnM TenepbcHcreMy, rae .rpe6yercr raKa, xe cKopocrb neperaqH
aaHlrbrx H TaKa,
xe BepotrHocrb noflBr'IeHHs
6Nrosofi orun6rH, KaKH B cnr{ae, onr4cariHoMn paraene 9.7.5.
oanaro B aaHHoMnp[Mepe,&ocrynHas
no,rocanponycKaH,r w nycrs 6y.{er paaua 45 rr-u,
a AocrynHoeP,lNo- 48 aEI-q. Kar x paHee,3aaaqansr6op cxelrsr MoaynrunH trJrn Mony[gt\uA/KonnpoBaHHt! KoTopat cMoma 6u y.lonaernopuTb
rexHrrqecxuu rpe6onaHHrr{.
B .qasuorr.r
cnyqae Ko{HpoBaHm c xoppexuNefiorux6ox cHoBaHe norpebyercn.
ovean4uo, qro I sroM np[Mepe KaHaJrHe HMesrorpaHnqeHnfi
Ha nonocy nponycKaHgs,raK
KaKHMerouHxcr45 rfq nonocbl 6oree '{eM
nocraroqHo .a.ruo6ecne.{eNN-n
rpe6yellol'r cKopocrrl
nepeaaqHaaHHbrx9600 6r.rr/c. H: ypauorexN.a
(9.23) noryvaeu npuHNvaeuoeE/No-

= 48aEfu-(l0x lg9600)
rlc = 8,2a8 (r,rr 6,61)
aE6n
Sfosl
fr'o

(e.28)

llocrorsrY
nonoca nponycKaHxq fit6Hroqrra, a JLnq nolrr{eHrur HyxHoff BepoerHocrg
6Hrosoir
ouiH6rH AogrynHo cpaBHHTeJIblro He6o.nrruoe EotNo, rauan r,io)<lro
Ha3B:rrb KaHaJto.rrc @paHu\eHHoil tlou.lHocmoro. C.neAonarelbHo, B KaqecrBe
cxeMbt Moayntuxx arr6lrpaercq MFSK. nn,
3KonoMHH MoLuHogr}t aalee tteo6xotrxtuo noAo6paru
ilaKcuJ|taJtbiloeM, npu Koropolt MIIHHMatbgae nonoca nponycKaHus MFSK rre 6yaer
npensrurarb aocr,vnlrbre 45 xFu. C.neAyg
ra6n 9'l, Moxtlo Brt.4crb, ttro 3To ao3Moxlto
ngl M = 16. Cncavrourar 3i!q.aqa- tsbrrcltr.rrb.

p.sroj. norro,,r",o
rpe6oaanurc
r"r, 16;;;;;,
rll{rjrb
HffiJ:"ti:TTprn
to-yposHegoft FsK,
npHgreqegur xaxoro-an6o
*oon**rn,

6e:
KoppeKuxefi
::-lnpo*"ruI-c "-;;;:'"Tvu{bru ourtr6ox. noao6Ho-or""M.*.,,^.

lilHffi;r'"**;'".
gaHr'rffiffifl
;)il:#,*#-{$i?,s ;tr#iffirpe6o
paHeecrwan

ra D6n .I

tM' nocKorrbKv
rRe6veuoe.
ayno,*rnr

r"- Jr;";;;"ffi,'ililt#:*
twDncwh
rJA.' MeHlrtrre non)
ypaBHeHHt (9.28),
(9'28)' Terr ue
lotryveHHoro
{eHHoro H3
He MeHec MH ncurw,.M nquu.,i
-'- .." 'rvs'ryenns
u KoppeKutler ouJH6oKKax x pa.uee, 6aornrag
*ii
t;tff;f:.:"":::"

ii.,**;;';;ililfi ,tffi#
*ff
'x,]"; lffi[*::T5:":],:: ff:
:u,",;* x'.sasrl
ffiffi ffi::",;##Hffi
I,
ff
l"ffi*T:
caaq
HcHMBorrou
n n .*o#,l""i3"ili;

Mex.q/cKop,ocrb'

^ '' Mexry E/Nou"l;

Et/No;3rucoorHouenoIyYeHHbrM
I nper'uys{eMnDHr
XT.]|]-"iTHH
cHcreMbtc ofpaHlqeHHon
B
B-aaxnou
ofpaHHqeHHor
AaHnov*yt". o""ory*-p
a.nroryr*.p t?-'rffi"ilT:"Jfj"t*
nqrro"ofi.
nqrro"ofi
t6-yooaxeBn
fr eveJt.,fS :lTy"'
"rry""",u
crrHal (oarrynr 16sorMoxHbfxvacror)
nfrp*
T^ frou
"o..***,^ltKrPuu'uaer
aeMoayn
qrMsoruHoft
rrope

(0

f.:ffiffim;;ffi'-Hft
orn6*
*il"*r*,:st1iT,fiHHlJ::3#*:ff
:
unnpo_il;;;.*";:il,fff"#ffi:ffi1ti
M-t-r(_#J
pe(u)s
(e.2e)

Art BbrqrcJrenuxPAM) l:
Qoprrlyarr(9.29)pe6yercfl, KaK h B
npeabrnyureMnp'Mepe,
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(e.37)

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(9.27)).
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lllar 4

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Ha veraeprorntuare t - sro Hax6orutuee(lHcJIoKaHarbHbrx6rrroa, xoropste xoa cnoco6ert ltcnpaBHTt'

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lllar I

fr=r(i1uJro.8e=50,73,

rte M =8, a nprHn'roeE/Ns= I3,2 aB (nru 20'89)'

=r,2x r0-a
r, = zalSov.'"'(*)l=2o(3's6)

lllar 2

l.2x l0-{
.^-5
=4X lu Pr=--T-

lllar 3

- 4 x ro-5;@
+
o =*('rJ,.x ro-5;31r
- 4 x ro-5;5e
-*(1J,. x to-5;11r
+ ...=

lllar 4

= 1,2x l0-ro
Ha verueprou uart cnoco6HocrbKoaa K HcnpaBJreHHn
6nrosurx ourn6or paBna r=2. fug
noJrfteHus P, Ha veteeptoM utare, ftxTbrBaprcr ronbKo nepgbrerBa qreHa cyMMbrB ypaBHeurn (9.41), TaK KaKOCTaJtbHbte
cJrafaeMbre
aaror npexe6pexr.rMoualnfi arcnar npH Marbfx 3HaqeHfirx p. unK nprl pdryMHo 6o;ruruou E/ve. Baxuo orMerHTb, qro npfi BunoJrHe_
HHH 3Tf{x pacqeroB Ha KoMnbrorepecrour (Ha accxut( clyrafi) eceeda yturuBarb Bce cJra_
raeMHea Qopuyle (9.41), rax rax npn6anxeHnoe peueHlre Moxer cnrrbHoorJrnqarbcr
or
npaBrorbHoronpr{ Manbrx3HaqeHHsxE/No. Tenepr, Koraa uu aur6panx xoa (63,51), pac_
cqnraeM cKopocrb nepeaaquraHHbrx B KaHaJrbHbrx
6urax R. r.t cKopocrb nepeaaqu cHMBoron R, c noMorrrbroypaaHeHufi(9.33) u (9.34), npu M =8.

f
/rr\
6nros/c
& = "\ = [.-rJr* = I1,859xanaauHux
ItJ*
R.' =
f .i,12

&
- Il'859 -3953 cxvsoroB/c
log2M
3

pacrer sgeeKrrBHocrH r(oAHpoaaHHf,

Boree npruofi cnoco6 noucra npocrefiruero KoJIa,yaouerBoprlouero rpeoosaHnau, yxa3aHHbrMB pailIcle 9.7.7, cocrorr B c[eryloueM. BHa.{anelug cxeMbl 8-pSK 6er rcoduryoaxun
paccqrTbrBaercs,
HacKorrbKo
6oluruee(orxocnreasHollocrynHbrx lj,2a6) 3HaqeHHe
E/Norrx_
6yercr ,'r' non) {eHruIPa= loa. 9ro.[onolHrrelunoe E/Ne r&flreTcfl rpe6ycuoft eQecrmuuo.
crbro KoltnpoBaHxa.Hcnolrryr oopr,rynu (9.27) u (9.39), xaxoanu ElNs fus ucnonasoeaHu,
Kodupoeanw, Kc[opoe,U.trcT
BeporTHocrbnorgeH]Ut ouu61gr Pa= lQa.

,,=&="1,8:(;)]-,,'
(9.42)

flpx raron Hll3KoM3HaqeHHH

BeporrHocrH6xrosoft ourx6xu, npaBoMeplroHcnorb3oBarb
npH8ereHHylou (3.44) annpoKcHMaunr,o
0(x). Meroaor'r npo6 N ourn6orc (c nououruo
nporpaMMHpyeMofo K.rJrbKynrropa)HaxoaHM, qro E/Ns 6et xodupoeanun paaHo 120,67
(20,8 aE), H nocKonbKyxaruufi cHMBol cocroxr nr (log28) = 3 6xr, rpe6yer,.roe
(E/No) 6es
roauposaHxn)= 120,67/3= 40,22= 1616. Hr napauerpoBnpuMepa n ypaoueHun(9.23)
= 13,2aE. CaeAosarerbHo, Hcnonrys
Mbt 3ltacM, t{ro (E/Nd (c KoaHpoBaHHeM)
(9.32),
stuuu,
vro
sQ$erruBuocrr,
KoaHpoBaHHq,
yao&rrerBopnrouaflycnoBrlro
Qopuyry
Pa = l0a, paBHacneAyoueMy:

/r.)
c t a 's ) = l i ! l
\No/o.r*orspoBarar

/e'.)
(aB)-l+l

(aE;=16aE-r3,2aB=2,8a8.

\No/"*oo"**,,n."

tlroour npuneleHHbrfrBHue pacqeT6ul rovnun, Bce 3HaqeHHflE/Ns IoDKHbl rot{Ho coor3HaqeHnflMBepotTHocTx6r4rosot( oruH6ru. B Haueft cHTyauHt{
OAHHaKoBbTM
BeTcTBOEaTb
ue
9To He coaceM TaK: aBa 3HaqeHHqE6lrVscooroercreyor Pu= l}a u Ps= l'2 x I0-r0' Tcu
paclerut
oTIHqHtl)
(AaXe
T?KOM
npn
BepOITHOCTH
MCHeenpH TaKHx ltH3KHX3HaqeHHflX
VtyA.o, *opotte npn6anxexHoe 3HaqcHrerpe6yeuofi aQQerrneHocrg KoAHpoBaHun.
rtar ra6n. 9.3 xa npea,uer ou6opa npocrefiurero Koaa, aarouero ecpQennoHocrb KollHpor{To u 6sut art6paH paHee.
ttTo
BaHHt He ile11we 2,8 AE, Bt{,tr}.tM, 3ro ro1 (63, 5l); rot xe,
onpeae'ltrb
Bcerua
Jutt KoHKperHofr
HyxHo
KoaHpoBaHHs
vro
e$QerrrlBHocrb
otueruu'
BeporrHocrr,tnotBreHnq ourx6xlt H Tltna Mo[yJuul'lu' KaK n ra6l' 9'3'

-t

. s . 1 3Brr6op
. xoga
Paccuorpnu cxcreMy cBc3H pearbHoro BpeMeHH,Koropaq, corJracHo
an.un6n*uunr,
orHocHTcSK CHCT.MaMC OrpaH'ye'Hofi UOUrUOCrsp,HO B ro xe
BpeMco6aaraer rocra_
To'tHofrnoaocoft nponycKaHut H lloJD(HaHMerb or{eHbHH3KyroBeporrHocrb
Bo3HHKHoBexnq ou,lr6r'' B Aa*soft cHTyauHH'neo6xorur.roKorIHpoBaHHec
KoppeKuHefiorun60x.
flycrl a.na KoaHpoBaHHr HyxHo au6patr oar-tHl,r3 roaoa EXg, *oropoo
npeacraBneHbrI
ra6r. 9'2. flocxorury c[creMa hMeer locraror{Hyn fionocy
nponycKaHxl, a rpe6oaaHxr
orHocHTejrbHoBepogrHocrH ourx60x aoBolrbHocrpofu, MOXer BO3HHrHyrs
co6.na:Hsst60_
pa caMoro MorlHofo Kotra, n3 yKa3aHHbrx
s ra6r. 9.2, a uuenuo - Koaa (127, g), cnoco6_
Horo HcnpaBr'flru roM6uxauHH ro 3l ucraxeuxrtx 6ur a 6rore parrraepou
127 Ko,rtoBbrx
6nr. 6yaer au rro-rN6o Hcnorb3o'arb raxofi xoa B c'creMe cBr3H pearbHoro
npeueHu?
KoHe.rHo)Ke,Her. O6trcHnu, noveuy raroft asl6op Hepa3yilel.
EcrH s cHCTeMccBr3H npHMeHsercsKoa KoppeKuHHorun6orc
u eNxcxpoaaHo3Haqe_
uue E/No, To Ha AOcTOBepHOCTb
nepeAa.{r.t
OKa3brBapT
BJTHflHHe
ABa eaKropa. OAriH sbl3sr_
Baeryrl) {ueHHe ,qocroBeprrocrHnepeAaqH,a Ipyrofi _ cHHxeHHe.
flepauft earrop _ ero
Teu 60luue ltl6stro.{Hocru Koaa,
KOAHpOEaHhe;
TeM SStue cnoco6Hocrb KOAaK KOppeK_
uxu ot'u'{6ox. Bropoft Qarrop - 9To WeHLueHHe 3HeprHH,npxxoa.nueficq
Ha KatranbHbrfr
cHMBOnruu xoaossrfi 6nr (no cpaBHeHHto
c XHo0pruaunoHHr,rM
6nrou). Taxoe yneuilue_
HHe SHeprHH Bbr3aaHonoBbllueHHeMHs6rlroqHocru (vro
nne,rer ra co6ofi yBenHqeHHe
cKopocrH nepeaaqr B cHcreMecBr3H peanbHoronpeuenn).
Menuuar 3Heprn, cHMBOra_
oto 6o.nsrueeqxc.ro orun6ox. B ronqe KoHuoB,nropoft
earrop noaaB,urernepBbrfi,H nph
oqeHbHH3KHXcTeneHqxKoAHpoBaHHtpe3KoBo3pacTaeT
BeposrHocrbnotaJreHfiflorux6xn.
(3ur paccyxaeHHq ruL[rcc'rpupytorcnHHxe, B npuMepe
9.4.) C.rreayerorMergrb, r{ro cKa3aHHOeCnpaBerur'Boru* cncreM cB.q3HpearbHoro BpeMcHH,rAe
3a{epxKH nepcaaq, coo6uteHns HeAonycrHMbr.B cncrcptax xe c
SurcxpoBaHHofr MoulHocrblo H 3HaqHTeJlbHbrM
BpeMeHeM
nepeAarrr (t.c., nr,leercl 3a{cpxKa) ctrttxeHHc crcncrrg KoAHpoBaHH,
He cKa3bt_
BaercflHa npoll3BotrHTerbltocrt{,nocKonbKyHe cH}oKacrSHcprHlo
KaHaJIbHoro
cHMBona.
llpnn'rep9.4. Brr6op Koaa' yAoBJrerBopsrouero
rpe6oraunau cneunenxaunu
.[aHu cnery]ourHe napaMerpbrcncreMbr: pJNs=67 aBfu, cKopocrb nepe,aaqr
raHHbrx
R= 1066r'rr/c'aocrynuat noroca nponycKaHfin
lV=20 Mfu, acKoanpoBaHHar
seposrHocrb
6,{rosoii our'6xrr P6 < 10-7, MoaynruusBpSK. Bur6eprrenl ra6a. 9.2 roa, yaoBrerBop,loru'ff
sTHMTpe6oBaHHnrr.
PacclrorpeltHe
Haqarbc roaa (127, g). Flprra,rexareJrbHocrb
lroro xora o6rnojsercn raHBbrctueii
(nr npeacranrenrrux
xo40n)cnoco6HocrsnK KoppeKuHH
ou.rx60x.
Pewcnue
K o a ( 1 2 7 , 8 ) p a c u r r p n e r n o n o c y n p o n y c K a H x fB
l l 2 ' r , / 8 = 1 5 , 8 7 5 p a r . C r e . q o s a r e r s H o n, p u u c nonbsoBaHHHf,Toro xoaa cKopocrb nepe.{aqt{| M6m/c (onpeae,rnnutan
HoMHHa,qb'rv61
nonoc},

nponycKaHHs
s I MI-u) rorpn"ru.rao 15,875MFu. Taxyv o6patou,rrcp.au"u.ulrf
*r,,r,r r[
qro no3Borceryaen'qe.r.renorocbrcrue na 2596
un rrenen
:"ill"::,,Tffl.:.:
i:i"y
au6opa?914rq,
Ko.raoueltHM

$lli,l|ilil;

BeporrHocrb
oruu6xu,Hcnorb3o'aB
*;:#;.'l,J;,:

iocre

lz=lt
No

/r'o

tJ =ut aE- 6o.qE

= 7 .qF(xrrx5)

fr=ff{9fr=(#')'=o'3r4
l-locxoalxynpHMeHqerca
aBoHvHar
Mo.(lynf;uHr,
pr= pt,TaKqro HMeeM
cqeanouee.
( 6F.l

pc= pe = Ol,l+

= gGlo,6z1)
= ge,.ts36)= 0,2156
.

|
\Y /Yo./

Koa (127,8) cnoco6eH HcnparlJr,rrbnocJreaonarerbHocrH r=31

ao
ourn6o.rrux 6xr, no3ToMy,
Hcnorb3ynQopuyry (9,41), nonyraeM cnejlyloutytoBeponTHocrb
nosnrteHHsourx6rl B aeKo.lHpoBaHHoM6HTe:

-i ,, =:,n,i0 otu- p")n

*

-i
- o,2ts6y,zi
L'ff1,0,r,ru,,,,

ilpn ovenu MatoM pr aocrarot{Ho B3trb nfiu,b nep'bre HecKorbKo qJreHoB

cyvusr. Ho eutu p.
6oaruroc, KaK B raHHoM cnrrae, To noMolub KoMnbKrrepa
6yaer o.reHr xcl.arn. froc,rc abrnojrlrcHHtl pacqeroBc p"= 0,2!56 BeposrHocrbnofueHnf ourn6rcr.rB
aeKorHpoBanHolr6nre ps nony{aeM paBHofi0,05, '{ro oleHb crrirb}roornH\aercrr or rpe6yeuux
l0-7. Borsrqer.rrenEpb Koa, creneHb KoAHpoB:lHHrr
Koroporo 6rN:xa x oqeHb noflyn.flpHor,ry3'aqeH'rc r/2, t.e. roa(L27,64).
Bornoxnocll 3Toro Koaa tts crorb 3HaqHTerbHbI,
KaK y nepBoro xo.qa.ou uoxer ucnpaoxru l0
HcKo(exHbrx6hrog s 6aore x: 127 xoaonurx6rrou, BnpoveM,
HccreAyeM3Tor Kor. BurnoaHss
Te xe ujanr, {To H BbllLtctnonrlaeu cneayouee:

P;(ut)'="'n
ft=ft=(*)

orlrer's, HacKoJrbKo
oonot." brrv, noryr.no, no .puorr.n",o . *ooo*, (r27, g), npo,onx'.rM
Bbltt tlcJIeH
He.

pc = QGIZx zJ t9) = ee,245)= 0,0124

I

t21

P" =-j- \.
"
t2'7 L

i (r- o,or24)rzr- ;
i('/')<o,orzo)

'/=ll

B urore, Ps=5'6 x l0{,'{ro yaoBreraopqerchcreMHbrM

Tpe'oBaHHAM.Hr aroro npHMepaMoxllo aHAerb' vto uu6op K94a HyxHo aenarb, paccMarpHBan
Txn MoaynfiuHx lr nr,renureecrE/rvo.
flpu nu6ope ltoxno pyroaoacraoBarbccrert, qro
oqeHb BbrcoKrreH oqerrb rrHf,KHecrenelrH KoalrpouaH'c, I OCHOBHOM,
oKa3brBarcTcrr
uaaorSseronnrrbrMH B CHCTeM,rx
caq3' pearbroro Epc_
Mel{H,rlro gctto BH.qHo
H3 norreaenHgKpHBbtxHa prc. g.6 (r.nasa g).

1 . 4M
. o'yn s rlnc c aOOerr r.reHi rM t ch-o
ril ao i ai r.re
no,|ocbt qacTOT

rra

Ocnoanofi 3a.u,aqefi
cneKrpiurbHo aSeerm axsrx
MoAynquHri, nrtqerc, Ma
rrBHocrr.r Hcnonr:oaaHrur norrocbr qacror. yr.r;;;;;;:'T"'":.XKcHMh3auHr

:eger-

nplrBeno
traqH
K HccneAoBaHHrM
cneKrpa,rr"J:;Hff::f_.;:-T"t*Jj;;Tffir:.,?,,

HanpaB'Ie'Hbtx Ha MaKc'Marbxo
e@QerrnaHoe ncnorrh3.BaHHe
no,rocbr qasror H, creaoBa_
TerbHo' npn3B:r'Hbtx ocra6 u'r npo6neuy
cnerrpaarHo ft neperpyJKr.rKaHiuroB
c'r 3H.
B Heroropurx cr'rcreMax,noMHMo
rpe.oaanna s66errnnulcr"
n"norrorouuHH, cneKrpa,
,nMe'oTcsH apyrHe' Hanpruep, B cnyrH'Ko'brx
.4creMax c cHJrbHoxcl'Hgfrurtri.rn
noH.qepaMnrpe6yercq Moryne\we c nocrorHuor
rparrconr6apuleft. Oro csg:
npoxox&eH,lr
cnrHrura

c 6oau'nunonyrryaq,qun

aMrurr{ryrbr
,.r"":H; H;,Jll,l?l
pbr co3aapr napa3uTHbre
6oxosute nolocbt (npuvnHa _
MexaHH3M,Ha3btBaeMbt{
npeo6paMoavrlqu'H

n Qa:onvro;.
etn oo*oui,.'ntnol'or6uparcr
y nrr-

._]1ffi
Barb
cc'rH.ur.""
.jil:;1":.1ffi:"il:##T:H::l;
m;lfn:l;

;""TffiJI#}#o

car:r (axyrpnKaHaJrbH:ur
nouexa)..{oyur npnuepaMH
M.Ayruru'fic nocroqHrrorl
utef, noaxo,&qu\uwu
0rn6a,o_
Ms cncreMc nelrneftuur

xanganeaa
(ofli.,[;#':TAi.J,U? "#:ffr;rr;"r:::::"o,;;r;.,,* cocdeueou

,1tu6tur.tcdeueou(minimum shift
keying _ MSK).
.;

'l

'4'1'

flepegava crrHanoBc MoAynsqheepsK n oepsK

Ha pNc.9.10noxa:anopa:bxexxernnfiqlroro

Ha pNc' 9. 10, a npeacra&rreH

HCXOAlrbrfrnoro*

no.o*u

HMnynbcoB npH rto'qyn'lurrj

QPSK'

6nnoa.RpHux
n'nvnr"ou,
r.e.d1npnrrn"^,"r.;X::,;:?i;:":(.';3:;;;i,'"XJil,::

l4qHyloeAHHHuyr,t .[BonrtHbrfr
Hy.nu.Oror noror HMnyrbcoBpa3leruIerc,
ua cnnea:nuti
norox, dlr), r,rKBaaparypHurfr,,
dq(t),KaK noKa3aHoHa pHc. g.ll.
6.
d/t) = 4o,dz,do,,.. (verxr,re6rru)
dg(t)= d 1,dt, dr, . .. (xeverHure
(e.43)
6rrsr)
oruernu' qro cKopocrH noroKoB
d,(t) u dq(t)paBHbrnoJroBHHe
cKopocrH nepcAa(rHnoroKa
d(r)' Yao6Hylo opronoHa,rbHyropear'3au,rc
cHrHMa QpSK, s(r),
nonyqHrb, Hc_
nonb3ysaM'InxryrHyro Moay,tsu'Io
caH(rarHoro h KBa{parypHoro "o*no
noroKoB Ha c,rycrori H
xoolnycHoft OyHxuu.sxor Hecyuefi.

do= t(o,o,(rnyr
.
* f)
#d
I). ft o nr,l,i"(z^ly

(e.44)

C nououturorp[roHoMer
roxaecrB(f'5) n (f'6) ypaaxeHne
(9.44)Moxrio npeacraBurbB crreayroueM
rorXJ"tt*tt*
s(r) = s65[znfot+ 0(t)1.

l't"ay-*p

QFS(, noK.3."ilt

H; pr{c.9lT,

(e.45)

Hcnon;yer

4
cyMMyc,,r*vcorua',noro-u_
KOCHHycoruIaJrbHoro
cJra.aeMbrx,
T'faa KaK aHanor'qHoe ycr-poftcrao,
onHcaHHOeB prl.qe_
.ne4.6., nplrrueHcerpa3xocrb raKnx
craraeMbrx.Matepu AaHHoro pa3Aena
npeAcragreH
raK, KaKero cAeJlaHon pa6ore
[17]. Ilocxollr(y KorcpeHTHtrfinpteuHnK
AoDKeHpi''o_
urarr ln6yto HeonpeaeteHHOCrr
Qarur,nanonrrorrn"e B nepeaarvr.rKeHHOro
3br MoxHo paccMarpHB.TbKaK qacrb
Qopuara QanoAo6Hofi HeonpeAeneHHOCTU.
rlorox r.rMnynbcoB
d(r)
H'n.r*yercfl EM a*..nry*HOfi
uo4y.nrqur (c aunnury40ir +r nnu*l)
rocNnycoxau. gro
paBHoueHHo
caaxry Oaru KocnHycorrbr uaO
wu

eMcrrHarr
BpsK.Anaror'qHo
noroK
n^onrro.orlolftfl,"Jll;:;

H;::ff_T
cnrnal BPSK' oprofoHanr'Hslfi
il;
npeAu'qyqrry, npn cyMMHpoBaHlrx
3THX .qByx opronoHarbHbrxKoMnoHeHToB
Hecyu_tcfi
nonfraercc cNrnaa
epSK. Be,rlnqnHa0(r) 6yaer coorBer_
crBoBarb oAHoMy r'r3 ser'pex E.3Moxrrblx
coqeranufi drt) u dq(t) a ypaoHeHrr
(g.44):
0(l)=Qo' t90o rutu l80o;
BcKfopbr'{fHarroB noKa3a}tbrB
-pcynur'pylourHe
cHrHaJrbHoM
npocrpaHcrBeHa p^c' g'Il' Tar KaK
cos (2nfot+nJ4)n sin(2nfpt+ry'4)
oproroHir/rbHbrr
ABit
cHrHara B PSK uoxno,qereKrrpoBarb pa3,[en
b]ro.

(@

+Vll
cos(<oor

diltl
s(t) = cos [tDol+ 0(0]

Puc.9.10.Motynqus QPSK
cos ((oor+ V4)

sln(($r + r/4)

puc. 9.IL Cueaatwoe

npocmpailcmao
dan ucu epSK u OepSK
Ilepeaaty c'r'aroB
OepSK raKxe MoxHo npc.rrcraBrrb
OopMynauu (9.44) u
(9'45); pa:nnqfle Mex.qy AByMs cxeMaMr.r
MoAynsu'n, epsr
ocjpik, cocro'r rorbKO B Opue*ma4uu rByx Moaynr'rpoBa'HbrxcHrHaJroa.
"
Kax noxur"no
Ha pnc. g.r0, a.nxTcJrbHocrgKaxaoro HcxoAHoro [MnyJlbca paoHa (pnc.
I
9.10, a); cnerosarerrbno, B no_
ToKax Ha puc. 9.10, 6 a,nnrenrHocrb Kax.qoro lM[ynbca pa'Ha
2'. B o6rqHoil QpsK
noToKH qcTHbtx r.r HeqeTHbrxHMnyIbcoB nepejlarorcs
co cKopocrbto ll(27) 6ut/c, npu_
t{eM oHX CXHXpOHH3HpOBaH6T qTO
TaK,
'{x nepexo.qH coBna.qapT, KaK noKa3aHo Ha
puc' 9. 10,6. B OQPSK, Koropyro HHorAa
Ha3HBarcr epSK c pa31eceHue, (staggered
QPSK - SQPSK), Hcnorb3yercs raKxe pa3.[eneH[enoroKa
aaHHbrxH oproroHanbHag
ncpe,[aqa; pa3u[ua B ToM, rrro noroKx d/t) u dg(t)
cnHxpoHx3rpogaHbrco caBHroM Ha
?".Sror caBgr [oKa3aH sa pxc. 9.12.

dtl0

61

8T

Puc. 9.12.Ifomoru dannuxnpu Hoayrtquu OQPSK

I-[pr.rcraHaaprHofi QPSK n3-3a cHHxpoHH3auHH
d^t) tr do\) 3a npoMexyrox 2r eara
lfecyucft Moxer H3MeHflrbcffTorrbKopar. B raancuMocrH or 3Ha.{eHr.rfr
dlt) n dqQ) a '|lo-

6ou npouexyrxe 2r, Saga;e.t"r.;

3*c"*;p"";*"i-"

,p;ril;;"*;;;

""
Tupex 3HaqeHuF,noKa3aHHbrx
""^,*
Ha pHc.9.ll. B reqeHHe cneAyrouero
HHTepBara21 oasa
necyueft ocraercg raKoft xe, ecr,o Hr'r .AHH t{3 noroKoB
He Me'ter luara. Ecrn torsxo
oarH n3 noroKoB rMnyJrbcoBr.r3McHur3HaK,IlpoHcxojlnr
c.qBHrQarol Ha 1g00. HrueueHue
3HaKay o60nx noroxo' npr{Boa'r K c.qBr{ry
Qaru Ha 1g0". Ha pnc. g.13, a uro6paxeH nrnn't]tu[ c'rHa,. QPSK au nocrreaoBarenbnocrudlt)
u d^o, norarasHoft na pnc. 9.10.

4T
a} QPSK

s(4
0

6} OOPSK
Puc.9.l3. Cuzuottu: a) epSK;6).OepSK. (lfepenetamauo c pat_
peweilua aeyopl!3 pa6omu posupathy S. "Minimum Shtft Keying:
A Spectrally Eftcient Modulation, " IEEE Commun. fri*].
July, 1979, Fig. 4, p. t7. @ 1979,IEEE.)
Ecau curHal,

Mo,rtynupoBaHHsrftQpSK,

noABepraercn $nnsrpaur.ru

JUUI yneHbueHu,

nooo'rnux MaKcnMyMoB
cneKrpa, pe3ynbrriprouruft cxrua.n 6orsure ue 6yaer HMcrb nocronsHofi orr6apureft n, QarrnvecrH, cnrrafiHbrfi
ea:oauft c,tlBHrHa lg0. Bbr3oBerMo_
MeHTiUrbHOe
o6pauteure oru6aroutefta uynr (pnc. g.13, a). Ecrr srn cHrHanbr
npr.rMcHrrorc8 B CnyrHI4KoBbrxKaHajrax,rre Hcnonb3yrorcr geruHefigbre ycHrHTenH,
nocrorHHrur
oruoanutag 6yaer eoccranaBnfBarbcr. oaHaro I To xe BpeMt BoccraHaMHaarbcs
6yarr u
BCeHexelamenbnbrei{acrorHbre 60ronrre MaKcHMyMbt,KoropHe rrroryr
r-rHrepQepnpoBarb
c
cl.trHaJlaMH
COCeAH]rx
KaHanoBH llpyrHx cHcTeMcB.rr3H.
flpx uoryaeqrN QPSK noroK' HMnynbcoBd{t) u dp(t) pBHeceHH H,
creaoBareJrbHo,
He Morrr oaHoBpeMeHHo
H3MeHUTb
COCTOSHHe.
Hecyurar He MOXer H3MeHrrb Qary Ha
180", nocxolruKy3a oAHH pa3 nepexoa Moxer caeJrarbrorrbKo o,(r,rH
H3 xolrnoueuroa. 3a
Kaxlbre rceryHa $ara voxer H3MeHHrbcrr
rorrbKoHa 0" xan t90o. Ha puc.9.l3, 6 noraraH rnnn.rHbrfi cHrHrurOQPSK arr nocreaoBareJrgHocrg,
npeAcraueHHofi Ha pnc.9.l2.
Eclu cnrnaa oQPsK craHoB*Tcfl c,rHirnoM c orpaH'qeH'oft noaocofi,
Bo3HnKapua'
Mexc'MBOnbHarlrnrepQepelru,g npflBoaHrK nerKoMycna{y orH6arcu{eft
a o6racr}r nepexoroa $arur na 190", Ho nocKonbKynepexo,[oBHa lg0" npu oepsK uer,
oru6anruae ue
oOpautacrcqB Hynb, KaKgro npo,cxoa,r npn
epSK. Ec.nncnrnar oepsK c orpaHHqeHHofr norocofi npoxorr{T qcpe3 HcnhHefinsrfirpaHcnoH.qep,cnar orn6aouteF
ycrpaHrercn;
B TO)KeBpeMtBblcoKot{acrorHblc
KoMnollcttrbr,
cBq3aHHbte
c Hcqe3HoBeHnev
orr6aoutcti,
He ycHnrBarcTcs.Taxu pr o6pa:orv,orcfrcrByer BHenolrocH
:ur r.rnrep<pe
pen uur [ 17 1.

1 .4.2.Maxnnynnq,e

c MHHHMa'bH'M cABlrroM
fnanHoenpc'MyuecrBo oepSK nepea
epsK (ycrpaxeHreBHenonocHorrHrep$epen_
qrx) naao4rr Ha Mbrc'rb,rtro Mox'o
aonoJrH'renbHo
ycHJrHTb
$opuar oQpSK, ycrpaH'B
pa3pbrBHbre
nepexoAbr
Qarur.3ro crruroMorlr'aur,reftpa:pa60r*rn.*.*, MoayJurUnr
6er pa:puna Qarur(continuousphasemodutation- CpM).
Oanofi H3TaKHxcxeMsBrrserc
s ilanu_
nyu4ut c,uuvuxtrtbHuncdeueou(minimum shift keying_
MSKj ifi, ibf. MSK uoxrlo
paccMarpHgarbKaK rracrnbrx cayrafi qocmomuofi
iorunynr4ui
iu' porprua easu
(continuous-phase
freqdencyshift keving- cpFsK) ^^ * i;;;;",;'""y.rafr
oepSK c
c,HycoruIatrbH'M
A3BeruxBaHlreM
CHMBOJTOA.
B nepaoucnrrae c'rHan MSK uoxno npe4_
craBt{rbcneAyoulHM
o6parou Ilg]:

*,fzn(
4,)=
o.#),.,rf k T < r < ( , t +l ) L

(e.46)

3aecu/o - Hecyulat qagrora' 4=tl

npelcraalaer 6unoa.npH'e aaH'bre, Koropbre
nepeAaprc,
co cKopogrbK,R= 1ff,8 x1 - 9To
Oarcsa.qnocrosHHiutam t_ro HHTepBaranepeaaqH
JlaonqHbu
traHHBrX'oruenru' {ro np, dr=l neperasaeMrurqacrora910.6 +r47, a npn d1=-l - vro
fo-ll4T. oteronarelano, pa3HeceHHero'oB B MSK cocraa.rr.qer
nonoBn*y or Hcnorrb3yeMoro
npn oproroHanrnofi FSK c HeKorcpeHTHofi
4evory-nrql,tef, orKyaa rt Ha:rBaHHe
_ MaHnnyrruut c rtu*u.rrau,rr6rficrBHroM. B reqeHr{e Kaxaoro Fceryru'oro
raHHbrx
3Haqe're 'rr nocrorrHHo,T.e. nr=o rurH tr, .'To.rlr4KTyercs
"*p*""'rr"penaq,
tpe60ean}reu
HenpeprraHocn-rQasrr
c*r*arra I MOM.HTbT
t = t7". 9ro rpe60eaHlreHaKrIaJIbrBaer
orpaHrrqeHHeHa sa:y, *o**
,o*_
HOnpellcraBfiTb CJreryrcur{M peKypcHBHbrMCOOTtrorljeHHM
MJt .rr.

'* =

['n

-,*f,ur-, -or)]novoayrrc
2n

(9.47)

c nououruroroxrrecrB(f'5) u (f'6) ypaaHeHue

(9-46)MoxHonepen,carbB KBaJlparyp-

HOM npe.[cTaafleHHr.r.

s(r)= a, cosffcos2n/or- 61sinasin Znfot kT < t < (k +

l)7,

(e.48)

ar=COSxt=tl

(e.49)

bt=d1cos4=tt

CnxSa:Hufi KoMnoHeHr o6oluasaercq KaK arcos(rut2|)

cos2nfrt,-rrc cosbnf6r_ Hecyuar,
cos(a127) - cunycoudaab*oe63oewu6a,!uecu*oorroe, a.
xusopltaulroHHo_3aB'chMbrfi .ueH.
llo'o6Huu o6parou rea4paryprrufi KoMnoHeHrero 66in (tt2T)sin2nf6,
rne sin2nf6 KBaIparypHoe cJraraeMoeHecyuefi, sin(wt2T) TaKoe xe cHHycor,raarbHocBirBeur,B:rHhe
CHMBOJTOB'
a br - rH00pMalruoHHo-3asHo.tr{slfr
{aeH. Moxer noKa:rarbce,9TOBe.[HgHHbr
41
t't 6. uoryr r3MeHrTb cBoe 3HaqcHr.reKa)|(Ibte
f ceKyH{. OAnaXOnr-:a rpeoOnaHHgHenpe_
pblBHocrHQa:u aeluvnns al lvroxer
H3MeH[Tbcqrr.rrxb npH ncpexoae (rynxunr{ cosgvnT)
qepe3llynbr a,rTorbKo npH nepcxoAeqepc3lryrrb sin(nl2T). CreAoearcruHo,
B3BeuHBall'.e .,MBOJTOB
n cuuQa:nou HnH KBalparypHortr
- 3TOC'rryco,..qanbHr,rfr
KaHarre
HMnynbc
c
nep'oaoM 27"N neperuer'r,rru3raKoM.
Kax rr n.nyrua oqpsK, **r$a:rs*i
H
KBaAparypHbrfr
KoMnoHeHTbt
cagrl.tlrbr orHochreJrbtroapyr apyra rra ?"cexyua.

oruernu, {ro 11B rnaan@;o"'"

Me,qafipexgr,rg re_

ffi ;#T'#I"#Hffi ff T#-,":S:r:']:l1iT::o,po1y:)rarnvo6pasoM,

Ber[,r'Hbr a1 u b1B ypaBHeHHr{

(9.ag)uoxxo paccMarpuBar
t xar dueeep::;::tr::X:

o","r",,-"
i * ar6uxH*afr:ffi "":ffi:#H';'itrHilill#f;; 3fl' -o'{ro6b{
oroAHoro
xMrrvnbcHoro
H'repBara,
-"#Ilff"Ti?1,i,T,:J
ITa'roB

'qo'DKHbr
obrrb crnaftHHMH ,rMnyrrbcaun.
Tanru.^o6-p-aroM,
cc.rr{;;;;r.

trffi,il[

(9.4g) pacoqpsi<,
.;
;;;;|ii,""""
naHoft
i,Tffiffi#-":ffiiLff11,i1o**u"'i

r(t) = dfr(r)cos
-do|lsinffsin2nfs,
ffcos2nf6

(e.50)

3leet d{t1 u dlt) uuertt raxo{

1e_cr.ruorcuu@arnoro}r KBaaf,arypuoro
ncrroKoB,qaHnhrx,
H 8 ]?aaHcHHH
r(rll(
(9.43).Cxer.raMSK,
ranucauHara Qopve(9.s0),;";;;.-"i",*"r""
.;;o;*"""c
np&opunawtutt rodupoeanue,u(precoded
MSK c
rvrsrl ip.Oi**,i*
xtts (9.50),qaxoHapr{c.9.14.Ha pic. g.li,-r;';;;,r
ypanHe_
_Ho cxrycouAaninocnsBeufiBaxne
rrynb@B
cuHea.ruorou KBaq)arypHoro
ru_
Kaxaaos.9rrr

rexcanrfuiuuunonnrr-n*reAo'ilrrrbHocm,
_. ;Tfiff,|!:ffitrffin:

cnuycor{.ryaacr 6onceruraBHHe
fiepexoabrearu, veu B lrcxotrHounpeitcraBrreHus
pnc' 9'14,6 n e no*asauaMorynruru
aaHHru<.Ha
ogrcroHiurbHbrx
*yco,raJrbH'ru' nsroKaM'AaHHHx. puc.g.14, KoMnoHelrroBcos(2nfs7)u sin(2trrsT)cu_
Ha
d npcncra&neHo
cyr!(Mr{poBaH'e
oproro'iurbHHXKo'rro'e'roa, nro6paxeuu* nu pn". g.r4,6
u a. rrrax, u3 ypaaHeHnfl
(g.50)r puc.g.r4

il

nu* no,gro;H*yro

*oa,o"rv,";-ziOqripanoI""Hy::T.fiTr"C,
qacror{oft
HecyrgefiHeqpepHBHa"n*u,,fO
npx 6rroesrx nepexoaax;3) cxnran
*.;;ffi;_
BarbKaKFSK-uoryar.rponanHuftcHrHarrc qacroraMn
"(r)
nepe.Lauufs+ r/4T u fs_ r/47. Taww o6_
pa3oM,Mr4H[MaJrbHoe
prBHeceHfieroHoB, rpe6yer,roenpx Moryn
u]lx MSK, MoxHo 3allncarb
cJre4/rorllxM o6pa3oM:
( l \ /
r \
1
| /^ +-l -l f" --i-l =- ',
\'- 4T) \'," 4T) 2T

(e.51)

r{To paBHo noJIoBHHecKopocr,

nepe,qaqH6nros. ori.ter'M, .,TO pa3'eccHlre

roHoBr Tpe_
6yeuoe am MSK, - 9To noro'r{na (r/T) pa3HeceH'r,
Heo'xorl.rruoronp, HeKorcpeHTHoM
AcreKTrpoBaHnxFSK-rrroaya'poBaHHbrx
c'rHaroB (cu. pa:ae.na.5.a).'gro o6ascn.qercs
TgM, qro Oasa uecyureft H3BecrHaH HenpepbrBna,
yro no3BonqerocyruecrBxrb
KortpegT_
Hyto aeMo,rlyjut[ntocHnHana.
cnerrpanouaa nnor'ocrb MoulHocr,rGa us
epSK n oepsK HMeercre4/rourufi er4 [rg]:

G(f)=rrr{W1',

(e.s2)

nAeP - cfrtrHcs MolltHocrb MoAynnpoDaHHorocrnHzua.

IIpn MSK GU) 6yrct HMerb cre_
ayrour{fi sxa [8]:

G0=!T(:::-*)'
tl'

\l-l6J'T')

(e.53)

dlt) cos (nV2D

3r
a)

dlt) cos (r|/2I) cos ahr

do(t) sin (ntlzD

do(l) sin (ntl2n sin r,tql

A)

Puc.9.14.Manunwnqun
c ,lu,tuerruu.p,&uax (ninimumshifikeying_ MSIT:
o) noduSu+upoxauil'
*r6"-";i ;;;; ;;;;;;;p*"r*rue
cuufuuoanomorca
6umuu
necy4et;d) ndueuqupawuil xeadpamlpiui
ou^u;-4- npou&iliu" *aoap_
!:9^9:
mw^oa nomora6umoa^u
aecyupi;dicuiia MSK:
(!eir;;;;;o":-;;;;;_
o"^o*
ut patumupavoahvs. 'Minimumsnin xevint:,t.spe[iity-86;;,m;;;"^,
- rEEE

commun.
u"s.,tuty,Mc, ni.-i,-plis.a-ib"ic,Eee.t

Hopr'.rnpoaaHnru
cneKrpajrbHru
rumHocrb MoluHocrr.r
(p= I Br) anq epSK, OepSK r MSK
H306paxeHa
Hap,c. 9.r5, rlrs cpaBHeHrur
3Aecbxe npHB.rlrrc, cneKrparbHbrfi
rpaQnxBpSK.
He aorucxoyaHBlsrb,.rro BpSk rpe6ycr AuruueR
norocbrnporrycKaH[rr,
r{eM.[pynrer6nbr
MoryruluHH,
npH roM xe ypoBHeCnerrpalrHofirurorHocrr.r.
B paueaeg.5.1n xa puc.g.6 6turo
t{ro reoperEYecxae
noKa3aHo'
oQ$ermg}IocrbHcnoJIl:oBaHHn
qacror cxcuur BpSK
noJrocbr
qaBoeMeHbuc,t{eMcxeMbt
epSK. H: pnc.9.15 Bru(Ho,yro 6orosue MaKcHMyr{u
rpagura
MSK Hxxe, verurpaenxa qpsK unu obpsr. g,o
flMflerc, crreacrBHeM
yvrHoxe'{h,noroKa
AaHHblx
Ha cHHycoH.ry
u,[aer 6oluruoeKoJrt{qecrBo
n/roaHbrx
0aso6uxnrfiouu. geu Maa'ee
nepexon,reu 6ursrpeecneKrpanbHbre
xBocrbrcrpewrrcflK Hynlo.Moayneur._n
,iiK;;";";;:

Ho #Kmuonee

QPSK Hnr{ OQPSK; reM He MeHee,KaK Br,rrgo H3 pgc.9.l5, cneKrp

MSK

cneKrp
y*"nwl qeM
epsK nrrnoqesr. o,"ao*i*"no,

i;"?}3:,"-:f:0.::.::::l
MSK ncnurg Ha3'arb ytraqHbrMru6opou npu H'.rttHH
)aKonoJl@Hbrxrrnnfi ;;;;';;
apeue MSK crotrr Hcnorrb3omrb B q.rcreMaxc HecKoJrbKHMH
HecyurxMr{, nocKa,rrKy ee gr}ro_
clrreJrbHo uanue no6orlrbre MaKcHIrfyr{EtcneKTpa no3BoJrrror u:6exan
3HaqmenbHbrx noMex
cocAnr{x KaHanoE(adjacent channel intcrferBnce- ACI). To,
wo cneKrp QpsK HUesr 60rr;
].'"rfi oc,oB'ofi uaxcxuytt, '{eu MSK, o6tscHrercs reM, ..ro np' na'Hofi cKoposr'
nepeaa.t'
6rnoa cxopocrr nepra,{x q.rMBorroB
epsK uanoeMeHbue cKopocru nepera,{r.rcuunonos MSK
0
o
F

Veesx

-10.0

QPSK u OQPSK

q
o
q
6

-20,0
-30,o

ot r E -40,0
oEt
Ec

i o -50,0
E S
O F
do
s O

:=

-60,0

O J

r : -70,0
-3,0 -2,5 -2,0 -t,5 _r,0 _0,5 o

0,5 r,o

r.s

z,o 2,5 3,0

HopMnpoBaHHblf,
cAaur qacroTbtoTHochTonbHo
Hecyu{6i, (t _ tcl/R

[t]/6lr/cl
Puc. 9.15. Hop,tupaauat cnexnprnas Moml&mb r4ow@mu
dne gpSK,
qNK, OP|:!
u-MSK (Ilepnenna,ro c rcpeuenwt imop
ut patumu
Anryy F. "The kndwidth ol Digitat hta S,g;ab,. IEEE
Commu;. Mr&;
wl. 18,n. 6, Nowmber, 1990, Fii U, p. 16.6 1950,IEEE.)

1 .4.3.

:---

Beporrxocrr oun6xr npx MoAyneqrlcx oepSK r MSK

PaHee roaoplutocbr qro BPSK n
QPSK rMetor otrHHaKoByroBepoarHocrb norBreH',,
6firosoft ouru6rr, nocKon'Ky epSK croHsnryplrpoBaHaKaK
,,Ba c*r*.na BpSK Ha oproroHzlrrbHbtx
KoMnoHeHTax
necyueft. Tax xax pa3HeceHxenoroKoB aaHr{btxHe MeHger
opTOrOHarbHocrHHecyulr'rx,cxeua oQpSK HMeer ry xe reoperl{qecKy,o
BepoqrHocrb norBrenxq 6rrosoft ouN6rN, sro u BpSK s
epSK.
Aa'q Moayntq*H aByx KBa.a,paryp*btxKoMnoHeHToBHecyuefr MaHHnyJrruHgc
MH'HMaJrbHbrM
c.rIBnr{'Mficnonb3yer cr{rHanbranrxnoAHofi
$opuu, tcos (nrl2?r) u tsin(nt2T), c
nepnoAoM 2L CaeAoearerbHo, ecJIH.u,JUI
He3agxc[Moro BoccraxoBlreHns ranHbrx H3 Kaxaoro oproroHaJrbHoroKoMnoHeHTaHcnonb3ytorcscoHacoBaHHbre
Qnnurpur, To MoaynEquq
MSK, o-npe.qene'HiurB
(9.50), nueer ry xe BeposrHocrb nosB,reHu.Rourr6xr, vro
{-oyv,e
r BPSK, QPSK u oQPSK [71. oaHaxo eclu MSK-uonyarpoaaHHurfi
cnrHan KorepeHrHo
aereKTnpyercr B Hlrrepgane I ceryxa rcar FSK-uoaylupoeaHHurfi cHrHalI, ro
3Ta Beporrr_
nocrs 6y{er Hl,txe, qeM y BpSK, Ha 3aE tl7l. y MSK c
axeeeperrur.rarrbnoKo.q,r.rpoBaH_
HbrMr{raHHbrMr{,onpeAenerrHofiB Bbrpa)KeHHH
(9.46), aepoarHocrb norBreHH' ourn6rr
6yaer raxofi xe, KaK l.r npn KorepeHTnoM
.[ereKTHpoBaHHr.r
ane$epcrrqua.nr,rroKoaHpoBaHHbTXAAHHbIXB MOAYN'UHHPSK. Cr,rrHArrUMSK rArXC MO,*HQ
ACTCKTHPOBATb
HCKOTEpeHTHoil9]. 9ro ne3gorrer ocyuecrurrb Asuegyro
JleMoryn unro (ecnu 3To no3Borcer
BerrlrrhHanpnnaroro E/ N).

_...___.-

1.4,4. Kaagparypxaq
aMnnhryA"""r oo**"
Korepexruan M-apnaa ea:oaaa MaHxnyrsur.* (M-ary
phase shifl keying - MpsK) - ero
xopouro. *aecruuft
Meroa' no3B.Jrgrounfi cy3r4TLnoJrocy nponycKa'rr.
3[ecr xcnonb3y_
erc' He 6nuapHufi aaeaonr c nepe4aleft
otrHoro uH6opr"raur.roHsoro6nra 3a nephoA
nepeAaqh KaHa[bHoro cHMBoJIa, a
aleanur ul M cuusonog, yro no3BoJuter
nep{aBarb
t=fogz M 6ntos 3a Kaxabrfi c'MBo,rbHbrfiHHTepBan.
flocxorrry Hcnorb3oBaH'e M-ap.*ox
cl{MBoJIoBa * par noBHuaeT cKopocrb rlepe.qaqn
uHQoprrraqxn npr rofi xe noJloce nponycKaHHt' ro nplr QnxcrpoaaHHofi cropocru
npHMeHeHHeM-apnofi pSK cpraer
xeo6xo_
.rlr.rMytononocy nponycKaHHg a it par (cu. pa:aea
4.g,3).
Hr ypaaHeHrs (9.44) MoxHo Bn[erb, qro Moayn
una epSK cocronr H3 aByx HeraBHcHMHx noroKos. O.u'uHnoroK MoAyJrnpyer
aM,urHTyIy KocnHycorutanrroE
Hecy_
$yrrur[
ulefi Ha ypo'Hr{ +r n -r, a apyrofi - aHzrnor'q'uu
o6pa:ou ',r'yco'Aarb'yro
oyHrunn.
Peryasrxpyrouluft cnrsan Ha3H'aercr
AByxnonoc'brM cHrHaJroMc noaaBrreHr{eMHecyurefi
(double-sideband suppressed-carrier_
O!S-SC), nocKonbKy noroca pa.q,Hor{acror
B.qaoe
Oorrule no;rocbr HeMoAynhpoBitHHoro
cnrHaJra(cu. pagaen 1.7.1) n He corepxuT
Bbr.(eneH_
Hoft uecyureft' Kaadpamypxyto aunaumydnyn ttodynn4urc
a-mpritudc moduta_
tquuj*iur.
tion - QAM) uox'o cqnrarb ror'qecK'M
npoAoJDKeH,ner,a
nocKonLKy cnrHan
epSK,
QAM rarore coqronr l,rr aByx He3aBHct{Mbrx
aMnnrTyAHo-MoAyn}tpoBaHHux
Hecyulux. Ka_
xaufi 6lox tt t 6nr (t noaaraerca verHuu) MoxHo
p&raenrTb Ha aBa 6aoxa Hs kf2
6ut,
noaaBaeMHx Ha unopo-anaronoBbre npeo6paronarrl[
(lIAn), Koropbre o6ecncqffBaror
rpe6ynuree MoAynHpytouleeHanprxeHne
.u,ruHecyulxx. B npueuHrxe o6a crrsaaa
JIereKTHpytorcnHe3aar.tcnMo
c noMoulbro couracoBlrnHbtx
Suatrpoe. It.p"ou"y
Moly_
anporaxxux eAM,
Moxlg raror<e paccMarpnBarb xar
rou6nuauxp "r.H:uroB,
aMrurnryAHofi
(amplitude shift keying - AsK) u
earoaofi (phaseshift keying - pSK) uaHnnyaru{fr, or_

(o

xyr-aaarrepuarrdBHoenarnaune
airuuiiilio-eiioeiiiinurirtau,

ing -

orKyAa cue o.qHo Ha3BaHl.re plitude shift keying - QASK).

k;y_

6ndittdcJh;;

APK). 14 xaxoner{, ee MoxHo cq'Tarb 4ayxuepHofi auuxryanofi

rcaadpamypxaa anrutumydua.fl ,raHunynqtlaa

MaH,nynrunefi,
(quadrature

am_

Ha pxc' 9,16, a noKa3aHoAByxMepHoenpocrPaHcrBocurHiuroBn xa6op BeKropoB

cnrHaroB, MoayjrHpoBaHHbrx
l6-pnvHoft QAM n nro6paxeuurrx roqKaMH, Koropbre pacnono_
xeHu B aHAenpqMoyrorbHoFoMHOXeCTBa.
Ha pnc. 9.16, 6 noKa3aHKaHOHHqeCKHft
MOAy_
mrop QAM. Ha pnc.9. 16, a r'no6paxcH npHMepMoaeJrHKaHaJra,
r xoropoft npe;r.noraracrcs HanHvilenHub rayccoBauyMa. cxrHanu neperaorcfl
B B],U,enapbr (x, y). Ha MoaerH
noKa3aHo,yro KoopAultarorcuruaaurroft rovxn (.r, nepeAarorc,
no pa3jlenbHuMKaHarIaM
))
H He3aBrcHMOBO3MyUIaOTC'
nepcMetrHbrMH
raycco8a ulyrua (n,, n,), xax4stfi KoMnoHeHT
Koroporo HMeer tfyJleBoecpeallce H nncnepct{toy'y'.Moxso rato(e cKa3arb,rrro
AByxMepHait
TOt{KacHrHzuraBo3MyrUaercraByxMepHoii nepeMeHHofirayccooa
uylra. Ec.nu cp,rlHrg
3HeprHs cHrHaJra(cpenHeKBaAparnqecKoe
3HaqeHneKoopal.rHarcxrua.na) paBHa .s, TOfAa
orHoueHhe curuat/wyu paeno S/N. l-Ipocreftutxft vero4
u1epoBofr nepe4a.ln cHrHaJroB
reper no406HbrecHcreMu - 3TOnpHMeHeHileo,[HoMepHofiar,rnnnryaHo-nMnynbcHofi
MO_
AynsuHH(pulsc amplitude modulation - PAM) He3aBucuNro
x xaxaoft Koopa1rrarecgrHaaa' flpr'r Moaynsu,H PAM .ur ncpeaaq' & Onroa,/paruep'ocrb
no rayccoBy Kal{anyKaruas
ToqKacHrtlaJranpHHnMaer 3HaqeHlteoauofr nr 2t paaHoocpo.qrHblx
3KBlr,qhcraHT1btx
aMMurya. To'ixl'l cxruanoB nprHqro rpynnupoBarb B oKpecrrrocrn npocrpaHcrB:r
lra aMrullrryaax tl, f3, ..., +(2t - l).

COlt oot

ll1

x*$-r,
s(0
r-*Q*rt
I
sin ool
6)

nl
Bl

Puc.9.16. Cxexriuodytaquu Q14M:a) l6-putnoe npocmpoucmdocuzHaAo.t;6) rcanoaurecxui uofunnmop

QAM; e) nodett xaxana QAM

1 .4.5 . Bepoirxocrb 6nroeofiourn6xnnpn MoAynnqnneAM

l[ru npruoymrrsnoroMHoxecrBa,
rayccomKaHaraH npueMac lloMoulbrocoDlaco3agHbrx
noq&rreHrut
Qurrpoe, Boposrnocrb
6nrosofi ourr.r6Kn
npn Moryn u.rn M_eAM, t1eM=Zt n
& - veruoe,Bupaxaercq
c.[eADourHM
o6paror,r
[12]:

(e.54)
3aecu @(x) onpeaeJreHou $opuine (3.43), a L=JE
npeacraBrrer Konr{qecrBo ypoBHeR
AMIIIHTYIIbI
B OAHOM
H3MCPCHHH.
B TOHTCTCTC
MOTYN'UHH
I-PAM NPU OTO6PAXCHHH
NO.
cJrelloBarc.rrbHocru
ll2= log2L 6ur e L-apHrrft CHMBOJI
HcnonByercs KoA rpes (cu. par-

A{ al!:-*

1 .4.6.Konnporrncc

MexAy nonocoft nponycKa'lrc x MourHocrbro

prc.9.6
Ha
npeacraBreHa nrlocKocrb gOOeKrHBHocrr Hcnorb3osanlrg noaocu qacror,
Ha KOTOpOfinori4taH KoMnpoMr,rccMex,(y nonocofi nponycraHnfl r MoulHocrtn npn MapHoft uoayrauHH QAM, ecJrnBeposrnocrb 6HToBOftOUrr6rn panna l0-5, a 3uaqeHuflHa
ocn a6curcc [3Meprrorcc B cpenHeMorrroureHHnt/Ng. npeanoraraeTcn, yro HcMoAynHpoBaHHbre
r.rMnylbcbrQulrrpy}orca no Hafirnncry, raK qro.qBycropoHHff nonoca nponycKaHHs Ha npoMexyroi{Hoftqacrore (lntcrmediate Frequency- IF) pasna wrc=!lr, rre
i" - .u,nntelonocrb nepeaaql.t cHMBoJla.CreAosare,.rsHo,aSsernraHocrb HcnonucoBaHx,t
norocbr qacror paBHaRlw=logzM, rae M - paSMepHa6opacKMBoJroB.
.{4a pearuxolx xa-

(@

HarIoBH cnn{arroB ,qocroBepnocrb nepe.(aqfl HHxe yKa3aHHof;,

nocKonbKy al,r piulxiuurlu

nc6Vercq6oruua, norrocanponycKaHHr.
Hr puc.9.6 e',rno, .{ro
fff:"":9"-llJ!s
QAM - 3ro Mero.rcHruKeHE,
rpe6onaHufi
* nono.!;;;"r*;;";;J;';,i;#;'d::

EbrxJIaHHbrx.Kax n npn M-apnofi psK, ra cqer

cHuxe'nx eQQermsHocr* Hc[onb3.Ba_
H}|r noJroct{ qacToT MoxHo nonfr}.rrb BbrHnpblluB
MoulHocrn unn E6/No;oaHaKo npn eAM
MoxHo peanlr3oaarb 6oneeouaodnui xonnpoxucc, qeM
npu M_apHofi pSK.
flpmrep 9.5. Bu6op cxeubr Mo4ynfi$ol
lfycrt nmortraHHLtxco cKopocrbro
R=144 M6nr/c nepcaacrcsno paaHosacrorrtoMy
KaHaryc
,{cnorb3oBaHueM
aDyxnonocHoficxcMbrvoqyJ,"uxn. .panonaracrc;
no Haftx.axcry
O;"r;""
H Hiutnqrc arycroponncf, noJtocbt36 Mfu, Kaxyror.,roayncqnp
crorlr nu6pan npq aaHHbrxrpc6oaaxnax?Ec;ruaocrynxoc E6lNs paeno20, xaroft 6yAcr
seporrxocrr 6xrogoft orux6nl?
Peueaue
3annutcnrpeoycrrryocnercTpanbHyto
eoQcl.TuaHosrr.

*=
W

ttrYu5" =46rrldrrr
36 Mfu

Hz puc' 9'6 s'.qxo, yro r6-pnvHa.r

QAM c reoperHqccKoft cncKrpanbHotr :Q$erruouoc*ro
4 6ur/c/lu rpcGycr 6oacc nxgxoro 3HaqeHHsEr/No, ,rcu
l6-apHaa pSK, npn roM xc 3HaqeHr,r'
Ps. Vcxota x3 3roro nu6xpacu vo4cv
eAM.
cumaz E5/N6 paBHHM 20 n rcnoluryr
Oopuyny (9.54), auvncnae' oxx.(acMyro ocponruocn 6rToBof, our.t6Kll.

,,-14,
rtr-ft]-2rxro-s
Ilpxuep 9.6. Cnerrpalrnar aesernrtnocrr
a) ocracHmc cxcMy pacqera cneKrpanblroli a(xfermuHocnr
cxeMbr eAl\,t B npyMcpc 9.5, cwn-ac .mo
cHrHan' MoaynHpoBaHHbutr
QAM, ncpcaaerct Ha ogmroHanbHbD(KoMnoHclrtaxHccyurcft,
6) flocxonrry aBycropoHHflr nonocil RponycKaxn{ B
nprtMcp 9.5 paaxa 36 Mfu, paccMorpnM
ncnolb3oBaH[e nonoB[Hbt 3Toro 3ltaqcH]rn tr,n8 ncpc[aq[
noToKa aaHHUx co cKopocTbK'
144 M6ut/c np' MHoroypoBHcBoRcxcMc pAM. Kaxag
aE6.KTHBHocrb HrxHa
&qs ocyulccrBncH'r 3TO'O H KaKOcK.n,qecrBo yposHeft
"n.*rp-"r*
pRM? fipeaHeo6xoar,vo u i^"""
floraracrcfl eruurpaur.rn no Haft Ksxcry.
Pewenue
a) Iforccoeoi Kaqal c ucnort3oaanuer cxeuu
eAM noroK aaHHHx co cKopocrbK) 144 M6ut/c
pa3Aenserct xa crH$arrrufi noroK co cKopocrbto 72
M6w/c H KaaJlparypHbrfinoroK c raxoft
xe cKopocrbto (72 M6w/c); oafiH noroK Moaynupyer aMn Hryay
KocHHycoHqanbHon OylrKuttt{ Hccyueft B noroce nponycKax[r 36 Mfu, a apyroft nomK aHaroruvuuru
o6parou uoqynHpyer cHHycorularlbHylo Oyxxuulo. flocxoaury Kaxrufr
noiox co cKopocrbro 72 M6ut/c
MoAynr.tpyer opmroHarbHbrfi KoMrroHeHTxccyrucft, 36 Mfu
AocraroqHo arq o6oxx floroKoB
MH Ntt ncpeaaq, co cKopocrbb 144 M6ut/c. caeAosarerbHo,
cncKrparrbHru a$Qcrrna,
Hocrb paBHa(144 M6w/c)R6 Mfu = 4 6m/c/lu.
6) Tpe6yeuae cneKmparrbHattQ$ercmuanocmbnpu Hu?Koqacmomuoti
nepedatepaona orcdytoule.uy,
R

144 M6r-r/c

18Mfu

= g 6rr/orTq.

; p";;;;,
g1;;;; ;; H,n,e,.'y,';;;.

31"::':::::::"

Bacr MaxcnMarbHyrocKopocrb nepcaaqlt

cHMBoIoBRr=2W=3

x lf

t Mr,;*. ;-

cxusor/c

(cM. ypaBHe-

KaxabrfiHMnynrc,
pAM, ao/rr(cxxMerb
MoaynxpoBaHHbrft
#i"i1,l?,1;r?eaoBarerbxo,
rR =l8r
Onrcyla

R
w

lM M6nr/c
= 4 drrrrxurrylsc ,
36x10" nu6opor/c

rac /= lo& L, a L= 16 yporxeft.

1.5. rilo,qyns4helr Ko,qnpoBaHne

B KaHarax c
orpaHnqeHHornonocor
Mero.q,uKaH,rnbHoroKoAtlpoBaHHr,onHcaHHbre
B rltaBaxO_g, o6uqHo lre npiiueHa_
torcs B reaeSouHux KaHarax (xorn nepuue
HcnbtraHHanocneaonarerbHoro aeKoaupo_
BaH'rs cBepro'rHLrx xoaos npoBo,(Hnr,rcb
uMesuo no .releQo'noFr axnnn). HeAaBHO,
o4HaKO,BO3HH'K
Cry'urecrBeHHbrfi
rHrepec K Mero.qaM,KOTOpbreMofyr ooecnevrrr
oQ_
QexrrnHoe KoaHpoBaHHeB KaHaJraxc orpaHfiqe'Hofi
noaocofi. oro cassauo c xera_
HUeMnoryrtt'rrb Ha.qexHylonepeAaqyno rencooHHbrM
JrHHr,rrrM
npil s*coKux cKopocnsx
nepedaqudaxnux' floreHunalrnae sQQexrrlagocrb
cocraBnrcr nopaaKa 3 6u-r/cuuaon
(npr aaHnorrlorHouJeHH[cxrnan/ruylr)
HrIl{,r{ToTo xe caMoe, npr{ ,qaHHofrBepoqrHo_
crx orux6xn MoxHo .rlocr,4qb
gKoHoMHH
MolrlHocrgao 9 aE (21|.'

.._ .H

trGt;riur n* nnrepe- np.aC*-uru,oi

ca.avrournJ rp? orrerbHHe o6aacrn
nccreroBa_

HHg KO,TIHPOBAHH'.

l' onruuaarsue

rpaHlubr MHoxecrB cl.rr'iuroB

(aul6op

;ff":,ffi:ilcrBa

Har6oaee

n.flor*o ynaKoBaH_
cnrHiuroB
nr rn6oro peryrrpnoroMaccHBa
HnHpeuerKxBo3_

2. Crpyrrypur peueroK c
aulcoroft nlrorHo

;:ru:*f

(@

a"paccMorpe",.."."'Jif,..tt#:"3";.""J::::*il'"r".

3' Peure.raroe KOrnpoBaHHe

(rov'nHaurg MeroAOB
M.rynrun'
'.r Koa'.rpoBaH
non)^{eHHe'Q$exruaHOro
ne rJt,
KO.[UpoEaHHt
B Hn3K.qacrorHsrxxanaaax).
flepaue aae o6aacu He r&[rrorcg
"nqrnnxgttrlu" cxeuaug Ko/r]fpoBaHhfl
ourn6or. rloa caosa'rN_c aaur.rrorior
c ,uurn.ofi or ourrr6or,, norpa3y_
lcrunlar "*";;';;;;BaHH,
MeBaercs Meroa, Hcnoltr,3ylounfi
HeKoropyro arpr.rypnra
l.rl6srro,rnoc.rb .u.nqcHl,trKeHlrq
BeporrHOCTH
ourn6xn. Hs6rrro,{}rocrt t-tru*
rr.rrb rpeTbs no3,r{rt, cnHcKa, peu,errJa_
Toe KoanpoBaune.flepevncleHHsre
o6racrx r.tccJre,rloBana,
KoaHpoBaHnqH oxHAaeMbteor
Hl.{xyn r{ ue Hrr n poH3BoArfferr
bHocrn o6cyxqanrca Huxe.

1.5.1. KommeprecK,e
Mo.qeMbl
b HC''o'^b308aHXr
o00errr'rBHbrxMeroaoBMOAyTSUHH
Tpa{nuHOHrro3aHHTepccoBa'a
KOMMyHHKaUHoHHa,
re,re_
urutycTpn",noa*oro*y oa"o

.'" *.."1:_:if,"l'.ii_'1.r,.,.6J*;il'iffi']lff';_',,0,"Jff;"ffiT#,_;
1*._':,o,"

Ha,I xapaKTepH3yeTcq BbtcoKr{M

^".^,,,^.,,^curnwt/wyu nopsaKa
nopnaxa30aB
nycKaHHtnopsaKa
nycKaHHr
30aj n nolocofi nponoDsrka3
, -",,oY1^?lnoueHHeM
xfu. B *or. s.q-"ro#Jd./'!yM

3BonrcuHt HeKoMMyrxpyeMbrx
rfonnux MoAeMoB,
HeKoMMyrHpyeMbrx reneMoaeMoB,au u
@onnux
s *or.
_ qo.o^,,,.ra6,r.9.5
reJle_
^_t-1_u-a"oJllouHt
;:;'-';;*"*BneHa
"uvrrut{r^'. cTarulaproB
KoMMyr'pyeMstxreae$ouHutx
MoAeMoB.

1 .5,z.Fpaxnq,uMnoxecraa
chrHaroB
fl"jtiJ:T

Tr^?!:i!!

u3vqnrtu
6oaruoe KorrrqecrBo
Bo3M
ox' brxMHoxecrB
cHrHa-

rmr* :.{:,
nr*t*:ffi""ffi {;r:ii.tilr
li?il##"#

rrnrcanr"*n"'iuoopo,
[221.
ooor"u"l,or;;
;r1,t",i,t.l:,,-.T."rj':
ffifrH:f;::.:
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H,
Bo6,,r.,,0,
a.
npaB'no
"'*'o''*
iiH:#ilTilil.;|]:';,1#::"ff:'

nocrpoeHHs
(Campopiano-Glazer)
KaMnonuqHofneft:epa
tzc1,l;
;;;'u;nunno
crrHzuroB,
MoxHoceopuyaupoaarb
MHoxecraa
raK: ,, ;::;I::::::::r:tr:r:;HKr.r

;"t"#:*;"::#*i::o

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n'n p"tt'*v ' I KaT
ecmee
,r";r;;;:;' #,#i"'!1-

2' ^o,,* B'

";;;;";;;;;;. J:::;i1""T"o,,,:::Tr:::'"

iff
l;#:X"ff'l.J,J:Tffi
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np,Mepb,
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u =lili-; rJ-Tr'JJii:

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t = 6 ucnoas:o'aHo
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Ta6nxrla 9.4. 3aonoqlrr

HeroMM]rrrpyeMbtx

loa

HSauure

Mlxcxmarunar cxopogrD
nepealsr 6rror
(6rr/c)

Cropocrr
trepe,qlsf,cHnrutol

t962
t967
l97l
I980

Bell201
Milgo a400/48
Codex9600C
Paradyne
MPt4400
CodexSPl4.4
Codex2660
Codex2680

2400
4800
9600
t4 400
t4 400
16800
19200

r 9 8l
| 984
l 985

Ta 6n r qa 9. 5. Saonloqlr

rene$orxux

Maxctxtaruar cKopocrr
nepealrn 6nmr
(6rr/c)

l 9E4
l99r
| 994
| 996
l 998

v.32
V.32bis
v.34
v.34
v.90

9600
14400
28 800
33500

'

gQQcrnanocrr
llcpclrqf, cxrarJlol
(6rr/eruror)

I 200
t600
2400
2400

4-PSK
8-PSK
r6-QAM
64-QAM

2400
2400

64-QAM
Pcurcr.rarar256-QAM
8- D pcurcrrarar 160-QAM

(cFnEoJroB/c)

4
6
6
7

g cra H,qa pro B r(o MMynr pyervrrrx reneQoH Hbtx MoAe Mo B

Helaanne

v.92

Meroa rq4rrxua

zlcs

foA

2000

MoAeMoE

Cropocrt
ncPcAtqx crlrarJ|o8
(cxxroroy'c)

2400
2400
2m,2743,2800,
3000,32W,y.29
?ffi,2743,2800,
3000,
3200,
3429
HanpaEIcHHro ocHoB- E000

no
xoro nmoxa: 56 000
nPoTnB Hanpa8JleHHi oc- xax s V.34
HOBHoronoroxa: 33 600

MgmA xolyarun

9QQerntrrocrr
tr0ql{t| cf,rf,aJlo!
(6rr/crxma)

2-D pcuerraraa32-QAM
2-D pcuervarae128-QAM
4-D pctucnarar960-QAM
4-D peuer.ratar1664-QAM
PCM'(M-PAM)

4
6
-9
. l0
7

xax s V.34

-10

no HanpaeneHflp ocHoBxoro noroxa: 56 000

8000

PCM'(M-PAM)

npoTBB HanpaBneHlrt ocHoBHoro nqoKa: 48 000

8000

Peurc,qarai PCM'

ITU-T G,7ll "PCM" - 3TorcpMHH,xcnoruyeuufi Mn M-aptoh ncpetraqrc,rrxuroBno cxcMcPAM.

B Pcxoucnaaunn

nfr
r*?-1-r*?
TTifT
.---.-+.r--.

TY
(l'3)

npnmoyro^bno

\v
(5,1r )

i
R/t\_-4

o
(1,7)

'

1-i-f
r-t-'
npsMoyro,lbHo

r
A

\ntn /
I

npgMoyrorbHo

M=4

r+l

/ffrl
_/ \,/t\./ \

t r a

I
t

..--J

I
t

xl_,{
-Y(8,8)

TpEyronbHoe

A
\Y/
(4,12)

/-t\

f0+
v
(1.5,10)

(4,4)

TpyronbHo
lsKcaroHanhHoe

M=8
M= 16
Puc.9.17. Mnoxecmea M-apuux cuilaotoo. (lfepeneramano c poipeaeilun as'Digital
mopos u3 pa6omu Thomas C. M., Weidner M. Y. and Dunani S. N.
Anplitude-Phase Shilt Keying with M-ary Alphabes," IEEE Tnns. Commun.,
wl. COM22, n.2, February, 1974, Figt.2and 3,p. 170. @ 1974, IEEE.)

k=6

(o

a)
6)
Puc. 9.18. flpunepu M-apuux .u,roxecma,
sytot4t6 nptrt oyeu b\yro peu emKy

i .s 5.

ucnon6-

",oxecrBa;;;;,"";;;-;;";""","0

An' ap6oft cKopocrl'l neperaqn NHQoprrlauur H uyMoBoro

npouecca B Kax:ure, xoropurpr
He3aancnMo,n o'nHaKOBOpacnpeaene'B
aByx n3MepeH'rx, nepeaarrac,rH:ura B.qByxMepHOM npocrpaHcrBe M.xer aarb raKy,o xe
BepoarHocru ou-rn6rn npn
cpeAHefi
(nax nrxonoft) uoruHosru, KaK
"anorrr
H nepeaaqa cHrHaJroB I oaHoMepHoM
[MnynbcHo_
aMrurr{TyrHoM(purse-ampritude- pAM) npocrpaHfiBe.
3ro Burnol"".r."
n*par"rrou
au60pa roqeK cnnf',uroB Ha aByxMepuofipeuerre
B npeaenax xoasqesoft, a He KBaAparHoR
rpa'Hubr' AHarorxquuu o6pa:or,.r,nepexoan
K H3MepeHrro60ree grrcoxofi pa3MepHOCTu
N
N nu6npaa ror{KH Ha n-uepnofi peuJerKe
B npeAenax ue ly'_rrlepnoro Ky6a, a ly'_uepHoft
cQepu, MoxHo eure 'oaurue c3KoHoMHr63Hepn,rc
Iz7-30r.3aaa,refi noao.Horo eop_
MhpoBaHHsMHoxecrBa gBrrercs cHrjxeHr.{erpe6yellofi
cjeaHefi sHepr11HTorteKc,nf_
Hzrna'pacfloToxeHHbrxBHyrp]'til-uepHoft
c$epur, no cpaBHeHH'oc 3Hepf'eft roqeK,
pacnoJloxeHHblxBHyrpH rv-lrepnoro
ry6a. Taxoe cHr,rxe'Xe rpe6ycuoir s'epru,
np'
.caHHoi BeporrHocru oruu6xn Ha3brBaercfloeeercmueuoc^u;
,;;p:;;oexaa (shaping
gain) 061. B ra6a. 9.6 noxaraHo,
KaKMoxHo c3KoHoMHrb3Hepr,,o a N rruepeHxqx.
Ec*r
'ycrpeMuTbrV r 6ecrogesHocrn,
e$eerrnBuocrb 6yaer crpeunrucq x 1,53aE; rax
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I{cmotxux:G. D. Fomcy' Jr" er. a[. "Effrcient Moaulation
for Bandlimitedch"nn.lr]lEilT
AreasCommun.,
vol. SAC2.n.5, Scptembcr,
19g4,pp, SjZ_Oql.
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I{cnoqnur.G. D. Fomcy, Jr., ct. al.."EflicicntModulationfor BandlimitedChanncls,"IEEE l. Sel.

vol. SAC2,n.5, Scptcmbcr,1984,pp. 632-647.
Anu Commun.,

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Hcmotnurc:
G. D. Forncy,Jr., et. al. "Efficicnt Modulationfor BandlimitcdChannels,"IEEE J. Sel.
AreasCommun.,
vol. SAC2,n. 5, Scptcmbcr,1984,pp. 632-647.

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(e.55)

rrc Q() - rayccoB HHrerpaJrorux6or, onpeaenenHufi n eoprr.ryae(3,43). Hcnorrb3oBaHt{c

repMHHa"ouru6o'{Hoeco6utrne" (error event) BMecro "6ilronal ouln6ra" (bit-error) o6rflcHnercr reM, .fTo otuu6ra Moxer pacnpocrpaHrrbcsua 60lee qeM oIIHH 6Ur. flpX 60lrrxoM 3HaqeHHHOTHOUTeHHT
curuufutyu (signal-to-noiseratio - SNR) npcaea B ypaEHelruu (9.55) acttMnrorxqecKx Toi{eH.Acu.wnmontuqecxat
aSfoxmuaHocm; xodupoeanutG a
Acun6clax orHocHTerbHoneroropoii HeKorIHpoBaHHoft
oralonxofi cuctelrsr c aHgtorrqHblMtt cpcaHefi uoutHocrlp crrHara N .[ncncpcnefi uyMa BbtptD(aercgKaK orHouJeHre
paccrorrtxfr HrH Kgalparoa paccrotnxft h 3anrcbrgaerc, B cneayrcu-(eM
Blule:

(o

d=

'|

I .

Ycnosxue o6osxaqenrn
----npAaHHan
..
nocnoAoBaTenbHocrLU
fuibTePHatlr8Han
nocneaoBaTerbHocrbV

ott.tr6xanporrcxoarrr,ecnet
nplxrruf,'csuaon 6rircxe r V.
qeMx U

Puc. 9.25. Epu.uep owu6otnoa

=r-,r(*)
G(aE)

cofiumua

=tor,r[#-J,
s.rr'
G(aE)

(9.56)

rge d1 u dn - eerau.\oB npocBer KoalpoBaHHofi cxsreuu r.r ne*iijiiiifigaiHofi

eranor,"ofr
cHcreMH. Oruernv, qro ans 6olurunx tua,{euufi SNR n rasrrofi BepotrHocrg noraJregg.fl
ouu6xu $opuyaa (9.56) Aaer Te xe pe3ynbrarp, trro H BHp;1;(eHHeam e$SerrraaHocr,
KoJtHpoMHr.rl(6. l9), nosropHo npxBeaeHHoeHr.DKe.

;,"i=ffir*r-purJ
r^'r

(e.57)

3lccb (E/Vo)" n (E/Nd" cunrorcr rpe6yeuuun E/No @ aeux6eaax) lus HeKo{HpoBaHHofr

l{ KojtxpoBaHHofi cnqreu. cne.uyer noMHr,rrb, vro eQ$emuBHocrb KorxpoBaHHr, BbrpaxeHHat B Br,t.qe
(9.56), Aaer ry xe nH$opMaUHp (npx 6oasunx 3HaqeH[rx SNR), ,{ro H
6orec npunuvHoe BHpDKeHre,u,nrnoBhlurenar .uocroBepHocrl.r
nepeAaqH(9.57). tlo cyrx,
Qopuy.rra(9.56) perroufipyer ocHoBHyp 3aaaqy xo,qa TCM. ora la.[a.ta - ao6nrrca npoCBeTa'

npeBHlualotlterO

MHHEMaJI6HO

paCCTOgHtre

Mexiqy

HOKOAHpOBaHHLIM4

MO,Aynh. pybult{MHcxrHaJraMH
(npn rofi xe cKopocrHnepeaaqhuu$opuaunH,IIlnpHHenorocbt
qacToT
r{ uoutuocrr).
A a ? r

'

| . / . J. oooeKTlra*ocrb xo4iposaxm Anc cxeM' g-psK np, ]rcnonb3oBaH,lr

pelueTl(etc TeTupbMn cocTotHltnMlt

BbrqHcnHMTenepb s0QeKrlraHosrb KoJIxpoBaHHcJUls peurerKg c trerLrpbMs cocroqHt'uMH I CXeUe 8-PSK, pa:pa60ranuofi cor.nacuo npaBhlaM KollHpoBaH[q H3 pa3Aeta9.10.2.2. Peurerxa Ha pt4c.9.24 reneps 6yger ucclegoBarbc' B KoHreKcre npoueaypbr
.qeKO[HpoBaHHn.
cHaqana B KaqecrBe xacrpoevuofi au6rpaerca HyJIeBar nocjreroBarejrb.. ltocrb. Hnstttltt cJIoBaMH,npe4nonaraerct, tfro nepe,[arqr.tKorrlpaB4n nocJrcaoBarenbHocrb,
coaepxaruylorojlbKo KonHH cHnH:rIaHoMep0. 9ro60l npo[eMoHcrpHpoBarbdpcrr..ryutccrna rarofi cucreMbt TCM (ucnoauye arropuTM reKo[r,rpoBauneBrrep6n), rryxrro noxa_

3arb' irro cauuft npoctoftcnoco6coBepueHnrout{6K[

B KOA].rpO'aHHOfi
CHqreMe
oroxHec
caMononpocrorocnoco6aco'epueH'r our[6K' B HeKol'poBaH'ofi
cncreu". H"oo*oa"Ji
H3Wt'tTb

BceBo3MoXHHeoTxJroHeH[r oT BepHOFonyft{ c
nocjle4noUlnM CJIuCHfieMC BepE
HUM nyreM (rgeaofi nocJletroBareJtbgocrtro)u
uafttu rur, roropufi HMeeTMr{HHMirrrLHoe
eBKnluoBo paccroqHHeao npaBlulE'Hororryna. PaccuorpnM
cHar{ara so3uoxH6rfi [yrb oun6oqHoro
coSsma.c@nc.9.24), xoropsrfi or.**"r
n no*r"""r, HoMepaMH.iio,i
l,'i)2. Kea..par paccTosHl,t.fao HyneBoro nyrx BbrqficjuteTc, KaK Cyl{Ma
KBa.qpaToB
oTIeJrbHbrx paccTOCHHft
Mex.[y c'r'anauu2 u 0; I n 0; u 2 u0. Ortrelsuure paccror'r,t,6epyrcn
r.{3llnarpaMMhl
pae6neuna.HapHc. 9.22, a peylurare qero
no;IftaeM cre.[yr]ulee:

d2 = d2t+ d] + dl = 2 +0585+2= 4J85

4 =,tifi =2,2.

(e.58)

B ypan'ernn (9.58) enr.rruaoBopaccrosHue d norlnraercs

roqHo raK xe, KaK ,n pc3ynbr]r_
pynuulfi BeKTopB eBKru,uoBoMnpogrpaHfiBe,
T.e. r(aK loaaparnufi KopHb H3 cyrrrMLrKBaA_
paroB orAeJrb'brxKoMnoHeHron(paccroanxfi).
Ha prc. g.24 ecrs nyr" t mxrro"eH'eM r noBTOpHbTM
CJIr'ttHreM,roropstfi HMeereBKtrH.[oBo
paccroqHHe,MeHbrueed=2,2. ]ro sarexeH_
Hoe ouu6oqHoe co6ume (noue,reHuoe KaK c,nr'rr'
4) npo'cxoalfr,
ecJIH (np,n
ncnorb3oBaHHtrAeKoal.rpoBaHne
Bnrep6lr) BMecro npaar{rrbHoro[yn/t, cBr3aHHOrOc cnrHa_
noM 0, Bbu<tlBaernapanrenbHbrfi.Moxer Bo3HHKHyrbBonpoc: ecJln,qeKotrep
Bbr6xpacr na_

pa.nnearHufi
n}.m1r.e.nggrenyloueecocrorHHeoAHHaKoBo
s o6o[x oryrarx), 6yIer nu sTo

B aeftcrBuTenbHocrflcepbe3Hoftourx6xofi. Ecru napamelbHufi rryrb - em HenpaBnnbHo

BH6paHHbrfinyrr (sro Bc-TaK[ nyrb c orKrroHen[eM n noBTopHbrMcnttsHneM, ,ttarKeecrr oH
3ar{r,tMaerronbKo otr,HHnpoMexyrcK EpeMeHn),To no3xe, Korla 6yrs/T BBeIeHH cxeMH KotrepoB t{ 6r,rrH, nuxi4eunft cnrHal 4 racr B pe3ynbrare HeBepHoe3HaqeHue6t{ra. PaccrocHrc
paccrorune
or nyrH cr.rrHarra4 .uo nyru c[rHarra 0 paauo, KaK B]t!,Ho t{3 pxc. 9.22, d=2.9ro
MeHbrue,qeM pacqrotHne anc ap6oro npyroro ou-tu6oqnoro co6smu (uoxcrc nporeprrm!);
no3ToMy eBl(JlrAoBnpocBr iurr 3rofi Kon[poB:lHHofi cHcrsM6r paren d1=2. MrHruamHoe
3TaJrouHbtxc]rHiutoa Ha plrc.9.23 paseBKnlt[,oBopaccrroflHfieane ua6opa HeKoIlHpoBaHHbrx
Ho d- =.[.

Tan"p" rrurr Burl.rcrreHnr acftMrrorr{qecrofi rQ$ernrBHoct}t

cne/ryer BocnqruoBarbcs ypaBneHr{eM(9.56), .no ir,acr cle,enouee: ,

Kol't{poBanu"s

=rob(9 =3(aE)
=
.
G(aF)
",r[f*)

(9.5e)

1 .7,:4,Apyrne peurerqarbreKoAbl
nynr
1 .7 .S.flapannenrxue
EcrH .{hcno cocrosnxft MeHburepa3Mepana6opa Ko[[pogaHHbtx crlrfiaroB M', pewet'
qarac ,[HarpaMua rpe6yer napamenbHbtx nyrc*. C.neaoBarelrbHo,peurerKa c qerbrpbwl cocrocHHrMH JUII Moayntunu 8-PSK rpe6yer HaJlflqnt napannenbHblxnyrcft. 9ro6s lpue
noHqrb npuquHbr eroro, o6parnMcr eute pa:t K nepBoMy npaBruy Ynrep6oera: eanug odutt
u*mepsat xodynn4uu xodupyemcnk 6um, pewemxa doltcua paspeuamb dtt raxdozo cocmot'
nuA 2r eotuotcnux nepexodaa noctedynuqeecocmonuue.nns paccuarpnBaeMoro cnyuar 8PSK raxasrfi cnrHar npeacraarcert+ I =3 xo,[osutx6Nr urn k=26nr.[aHHbtx. floerouy
2L=22=4 nepexoAoB B K:DKloe nocrreAypglee CoU3 nepBOnOnpaBl{,naCnetryeTHar1xtt11e
gron{ile. Ha nepauf, B:rrnar peuerKa c qerbrpbMt cocrocHltMr{ 6es naparuensxux nyrcfi
MoXeT yAoB,sTaopnTb TaKoMy ycjroal|ro' eCJIr| peann3oBaTbnoJrHOcTbp 3aMKHyryp peueTKy (Kaxaoc c@TotHt{e cBR3aHOCO BCeMn flocJrelyprrlHMH cocToqHHrMH). oaHaKo
nonpo6yfiTe Hap[coBarb flojrHocrbto 3aMKHyryrc peuerKy c qerHpbMs cocrosHt{rMfi 6e3
flapaJlnenbHbtxflyreft, y!,oBleTBopct Rpl{ groM npaBnnaM 4 u 5 l]C, cHcreMN 8-PSK. 3ro
HapyrUeXxe lpaBnn npxBe,qer K paynbraraM, 6nr3KrtM K onrt{MrurbHbrM.
HeBO3MOXHO!
B G'IerroqeM pa3.[eJlerroKiBaHa peucrKa c BoceMbrococrorHKflM?r a,nr cxeuu 8-psK
(Korfi,{ecrBo cogroeHnft JD(e He Menbue M'), tne rr.roryr 6urr co6nroacuu Bce npaBrua
pafnewun 6e rpe6onannq Harruqxq napalnelrnux
nyrefi .
1 .7 ,6,,,peurTria c BoceMbb cocroexrrer..
flocne - ercnepnMeltnrBoBaHr.lc c HcnoJtb3oBarrr{eM p:BJrr$Ixbrx crpyrcryp pruerKt{ r
npr{cBoeHueMKanalbnbtx cl,trHlurog, I KaqecTBeonTnurubrom ,q;tt B(rcbMtl COCrOgUrfi
6ul au6pau roa 8-PSK, noralaHnuft Ha pl.rc. 9.26 [31]. flyrr ouru6oqHoro coourns c
Ml{H[MaIbHblM paCCTOqHHeM
IO HyIeBOm nytu nOMet{eHHoMepar/ruCETHaIOB6, 7, 6. fIOcKonbKy 3.[ecb orcyrcTBylor napanreJrbHbrenyru, orpaHHqHBatouHe esKJlrd[oB npocBsr,
KBalpar ororo npocBera paaeu aj = al +d| +a? - ISAS , rae paccrorHn n d6 u dl non)^teHbr
u3 pnc.9.22. Acxunrcniqecxaq e$$e raHocrb KoJu{poBaur.rrcl.tcreMbr TCM c BoceMbp
cocrosHHnMHorHoct{Ter bHo sraloHnofi cHcreMH 4- PSK paaxa oreJl}rrouleMy:
(al +al +di).oo.p*u,-8-xK
C(aD)=lOxlg#=loxlsl:i3l
(d3r),,ooarpo-*-l-psr

/a-sgs\
-\

= j,6(4F).

(9.60)

llo.{o6nuu o6pa:ou MoxHo noKa3arb, qro peurerqarar crpyrcrypa c uecrna.&uarbto cocrosHr'rcMu JUrs Koar{poBaHHoro MHoxecrsa 8-PSK aaer sOOeKTr{BHocrb Ko[HpoBaHtl,
4,1 aE, no cpaBHeuuro c HeKoar{poBaxnofi cxeuofi 4-PSK [31]. Eorn cocrorur{fi MeHbure
BocbMH,AonolrnureJrLuar sQQerruauocrb KoJlt{poBaH[r uoxer 6urr flor]^tena nyreM BBe.[eHHcacuMMcrp[r a MHoxecrao uoayarfylourux cr.rrnanos [33].
Coctqxre

o426
1 5 3 7
4062
5 1 7 3
2504
3 7 1 5
6240
735 r

'

Puc. 9.26. Pewemqomat duozpa,wta c 6oc6nbn

cocmonvutnuiln roda 8-PSK

4 a 7
, .;I :1,: Peurer.ratoe (oglrpoBaltile gnr cxeriru GIAM
Meroa par6nenne xa6opa cnrHaJroBMoxHo nprMeHrrb H K .[pyrt,tMTnnau.Moayreur.ru.
Paccuorpnr',rr,rcnolrb3oBaHre
KoanpoBaHHoficxeuu l6-QAM c rpeMs nH@opfiauronHr,run

6rrau1 Ha uHTepBaJIMo.(yJUruHH,
ue B KaqecrBecraroHuofi q{greMu
H"roanpo"a'""tOpana
nas 8-PSK.[u nopuupooaHHoronposrpaucrna l6-eAM eu6epcu cpcAHec
3HaqeHHe
KBa.[pa,
Ta aMnnnryrbr xa6opa cnrHzrnoB,paBHoee,q1lHuue,
qro aaer do=2tJK_. Ha pr.rc.9.27
no_
xaraxo pae6xeHhecHrHanoB l6-QAM Ha nor,MHoxecrBac ao3pacrapu{HMr{ paccrorH[rMH
Mexrly gjleMeH.rauu(ds< dr< dr1d3). Ko.qoMr c[creMa ld-eAM c EoceMb,o
cocrorHr{s_
Mr{, noJr}{eHna.qnyreM par6uenxa Ha6opa corJracHoonncanHofi paHee npouerype,
noKa_
3aHa Ha pnc.9.28 [31J. Ilyrr oujx6o.rHoft xou6usauru c MnH[MarbHrr" p""*o""""u
o6ogHa,{eHxax Du, Ds, Dz.Xota npn HcnoJrL?oBaHr{[cxeMbr TCM
uueercc 3OO.KTHBHocrb KoI[poBttHKa' npH AcKoAr'lpoBaHHI{
pacuxpeHHono npocrpaHfiBa ct{rHana cyuecrByer noreHu,:LrbH:u HeonpeacJreHHocrrQaeu, Koropat Moxer cepbe3Ho yxyau[Tb
aogro_
BcpHocrb nepe.uavn.Befi (Wei) [34] npnuennn Konuenqr{ro A,HOOepcH,.Ir.urbHoro
KoAr{po_
BaHHn K Mero[aM TCM; noayreHHbte IIpH sroM KoAbr He 3aB[crr
or noBoporo8
SncMeHrapHbrx
cl,trH;rnoBHa yDrbr g0o, lg0o u270o.
Ao= I6-OAM
: : : I ------ de=2/{l[=6,632
Bg

-t-r

--/

gt

Mxoxecrso
o .

o t

"7;----

dr=frdo

c . o .
o 9 . o

. o
c o
.o.
c o

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o o
o
o o

c
o
0
o
o

?o qo o- j |o .o . oo . oDo zo ol l q

.
c
o
o

o o o
o . 9
c o o

o o o o
. o o g
o o o o

o o o
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ooo
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r
o
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06 or ll

o o o
e . o 0
o 0 o .
o g o o . a o c o
o o o .
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9
o
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o o o
o o o
oti-------cl2=12d1
o t c

D5D3 +l-o
o c o c

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o o o
c o .
o o o

0 9 . C
o o o o
. o o o

o
(
o
o

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C O O
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o \ ; - - - - - c f S = , 1 2 d 2

Puc. 9.27. Patdueauelazep6oexgcuzuarroaI6_)AM

CocfdHHe

q---T-DoV

th Da Dz Ds
DrD5D3D7

'
///'

u4 uo u6 u2

DsDrhDz
D2 D6 Ds Da

://

4 h D t D g

Da,h

Da Do

D't Ds Ds Dt

a
a
Puc.9.28.pewemqamatduaepaxuoc soceilw
cocmof,Hurtru
dnnnepedawcuzuaaaI6-eAM

Brparue MoxHo cKa3arb,qro peuler{aroe KorHpoBaHHeB KaHruraxc orpaHuqenHofi

norocor BKnoqaer oonuurnft ar(lanur curHanoB (r.e. M-apHue cxeMbr pAM, psK rru
r'r36brrorlrocr', KoropaflBBoAr.rrcs
QAM)anr -:iy:..y1
np' KoAHpoBaHnu;raKHM06-

ttonocbt qacror KanarraHc Bo3pacraer.naxe ecnn yBenxqeHnepa3Mepa

l?j:
TTTi
Ha6opa c[maJroB yMeHb'uaer MnHuM",rbHoepaccrorH'e Mexry c'rHan"";:
;;;;;;;p;

cDgr MexN/ PttntueHuw+u KoAoBbIMu nocJrcAoBaTaJlbHocrf,MH

npeouwaem BeilHttttHy, Heo6xoll{}ryK) ['ttl KoMneHca|It|r't gToro WeHbueHruI. B pesyaurarc noJrHar eQQerrnauocrr
roAt|poBaHm pa8Ha or 3 lo 6q5 6el xaxoro-ar60 pacrurpeHra norocH vacrm
[5, 3lJ. B cae_
.ryloqeM pauerc 3TH r{Ie|{ 6y4rraonorHHrerbHo npoKruilocrpHpoEaHu Ha flpuMepe.

1 4
a
1 .7r .8.flpnuep

peuerqaroro KoArpoBaHH,

pa3[eJle o6cyxaanocr oro6paxenr,re crftraroB I nepxorF,rpeurcng{

Bgptaruyueu
6escnnocxr6rcHo x KoHeqHoMyolo6pa,rcexxr,o tHruIbHLD(qHMBonoB(xoaoaux 6moa
rurn KoaoBHx cno')
E ncpcxqlH pelucrg' B grou pa3lele npuMep peuerr{aroro Koru{poBan}r.sHaq6errcs paccMorc
pcHr{r lurHortc orlpcAerreHrurcipyrrypu Korepa. crpvrrypa Koaepa aBToMarHqccKH
onpelarser
pueFlrryo .q4arpaMxy n npr{cBoeH&eKoAoohrxcrroB nepexoAaM peu1efla{.
Gre,&osarenrHo, a
cKrM npHMepe, ecJut cr{rHaJrbrnpHcBoeHbrnepcxoaaM peueng.t (a rHavrr,
noapweBaroulHM_
CSKOIOBbIMOtOmu), ]DKeHeT Eo3MoXH@TUnpOH3BoJIbHo
npHcBafiBarTb
KOIoBbrecrroBag.rftaJIaM,riaK 3IO Aerlurocb paHe npr orcyrfisr.tH cxeMbr Koaepa.
Paccuorpnu KoAep, Hcnon*y'ou'fi
caeprovHurh Koa co creneHbK, xotupoeanue 2/3
AJU nepcAaqHanyx 6nr xH0opr'lauru 3a oAHH HHTepBar MoAynrulrg. Ilpr.uuep noao6uoro
Kotrcpa nOKa3as Ha pHc. 9.29. Creneus KoAr{poBaHHg2/3 Aocrr.rraercfl
fiyreM nepeAavn 6el
H3MeHeHllgoAHono 6rma xs raxAoft napu 6rroa ucxolsoft nocrleAoBaTeJrbHocrr
H KoaH_
poBaHHgBTOpOTO
6Kra asyuq KotroBbrMH6utauu (nnnoauaerca KorepoM co creneHbp
Ko,orpoBaHruflp u wuaofi Korogoro orpaHnqeHxr K=3). Kax noKa3:rHoHa pHcyHKe,
6rrsr xe
nc<oAtrofi
noc[e{oBarerlbHocru nona.qatorE c,r,BHroBbrfi
perHcrp rorbKo qepe3oall| (m2,me,...).

Moxer Bo3HnKHyrb Bonpoc: HacKoJrbKouoxet 6utu xopourefi TaKa.qcrcreMa, ecnn npeuMyluecrBa, o[peAenteMHe xs6uroqHocrbro, noJrftapr roJIbKo 50% 6ur. Hanounnu npuuep c rolure6HHKoM, xoropufi onpelcJrtn, tITo HeKoropbre6nru aoBonbHo yrr3Br{Mbrn no9TOMyOHI{ npHCBaKBaJI}lCb
Mo.qynHpyloulltMcurHuulaMc Harnrturr{MH npocTpaHcTBeHHbtMH xapaKTepHcruKaM[, B To BpeMt KaKapyrHc cil{T:rirucb ycrofivNnatuu H npgcBagBarncb
cHrHanaMc xyAruuMl{ npocrpaHcrBeHHbrMr{xapaKTepHcrr{xaur. Monyarunr r,r KoilgpoB6HHenponcxojltr orHoBpeMeHHo;rro6u "Hero[[posaxnue" He 6yayr ra6uru, oHll BHHr_
pator or npncBoeHrt Ha-ll-nyquxl( cnrHaairn. Cre,ryer-fiolrepKHfr6,
uro roar.rpoaaune r.l
AeKoAnpoEaHXcB cxeMe TCM nponcxojlHT npeilMyluecrBeHHo Ha cHrHanbHou ypoaHe (n
HaureMncpBoM onHcaHHE TCM O XaXOU-Ar60 Xo.[epe He ynoMHHanocu),ror4a KaK B Tpaat{uHoHHoM.Ko.qec [cnpaBreuneM our{6or KoaxpoBanre ll aeKotrHpoBilHre npoucxoJtnr
mJIbKo Ha 6nrosou ]DoBHe.

Peucnrara.s[HarpaMMaHa pxc. 9.30 onucusaer cxeMyKoJIepa

c pnc.9.29.Kax I s
uane 7, H&r8aHrutcocro.sHnficoor8ercrBytorcorepxnMouy xpafiHxx npaBHxK- r=2
pa:]pt.4o8
pcr[crpa cA8[ra. flapa;utcarHuenepexo[brHa peuerKe (pnc. 9.30)o6ycaoalexu
HCKO4,ipoBaHHuuu
6nraut; HeKOtrl{poBaHHUfi
6Ur npetrCTaBnrerce
rpafixuu reauv 6t{TOMKax[oIT]nepexoAapeuerpr. B raxaou cocrosHnHHaq]tHaercsrterHpenepexoa,a.
,[,n-a
Ka)lglorocoqrotHr'tt HMeerc.q
ABaBepxHr{xnepexo[a- or napH BxoaHbtxuu$opuaunouxux6rros (ar1m2
panuu 00 u l0);,[B!r HHxHHxnepexoaanponcreKapror napbr0l u ll.
Ha puc. 9.30 noraraxa peruerqararcrpyKrypa,noro6sas noxa:axnofi Hapxc. 9.24, za ucK[loqeH].reM Tom, trro xaxlsrfi
nepexotr Ha pHc. 9.30 o6orHaqeH Ha3HaqeHHbrM CMy KOAoEbrM croaoM. Crorr noaropltrb,
qro cxeMa Koaepa onpeaenter,
KaK[e KonoBhre croBa no_
sBrxrorcs Ha nepexo,Qax peulerKlr; parpa6orvux
cHcreMH TonbKo npr.rcaaunher curHaJlbl
nepexorau. CaeroBarubflo,
Konaa yxe nMeercr cxeua (none4eHuc roropofi onucumercn

peuerxofi), ap6oft curHaa, npncBoenHbrft

nepcxoay B peuerKe, aBToMarHqecK[ cra'oB]fr_
cq Hocr,nejreMKOAOBOnO
oIOBa, KOlOpOeCOOTBeTcTByeT
gToMy nepexoAy.
flapaui
I
xH$opuaqrolxufi
., *-____o
i

ut nepBufi{oArpoaaxr+ri6rr
u2 Bropol xq4rpoBaHHui A,rr

u3 Tperst xoArpoaaHHut 6r{r

Puc.'9.29.Ceepmowui xodepa crnenenbpxodupaanun

2f3
flphcBoHne
Ct4rHana
CocronHu tr
a =(X)

Erroso
npAgfagngHue
ut uZa4
tk+ |

b-10

c =Ol

H(oAr{poBaHHun
A8orqHni
pa3pca
d= l l

Puc.9.30. Pewem,.amat duazpaxna &u xodo

co cmenenop xodupoeaaue 213

'ycn ro4osaa Mor(y,uqrut- aro g_pr,{Haq

aMnr}rrynHo_r{MnyrbcHruuolyreuHe (g_ary
pulseamplitudemodulation- g-pAM),
KaKnoKa3aHo
Ha prc.9.3l. Ha pxc. 9.31,o noKalaH KoAl,tpoBaHHblfi
Ha6op cHnHaJIoB,tte ,rg Kaxloro crrnaJra eBKnulloBo
paccrorHre ao
uetlTpanpocTpaHcTBa
Cr.rrHiuroB
noKa3aHO
B HeKOTOpLtX
npoH3aorbHblxelIHHHUaX,nphqeM
cHrll:LnblpacnonoxeHHHa paBrlbrxpaccTosHl,rrx
oaHH OTJlpyroro u cHMMeTpHr{Ho
oTHocH_
rerbHo *ynn' Ha puc. 9.3r, 6 noragaHaraaoHnufi
ua60p 4-pNvHofi cxeuu pAM, s xoropoM ToqKHCHfHata u paccrotH'.{qnoMer{eHH
aHarIOrHqHbtM
o6pa:ou. Baxrtuu 3TanoMI
p"plqll9
lBn-Trcq nphcBoeHre8-puvusrx cnrHarroBpAM ncpexo4aMpcuerKrl
""[:91

coDracHo npaBHnaMpa36HeHHnYnrep60exa (pnc. g.32), I,Irylexne srHx

npaBHJrMoxer
npt{BecTHK TaKOMyXe npHcBoeHHK)HOMCpoB
cHrHaJtoEnepexo}qaMpeueTKH, KaK noKa3aHOHa pue. 9-24. floao6Hoe npr.rceoenxeCUrHarroB,a raKxe KoJLOBbre
cnoBa! np[c80_
eHHblecxeMofi xolepa, noKa3aHH Ha pHc. 9.30. Han6o.rreeHeconocraB4Ma.s
napa c'rHa'ttou (c pacctox{vef d2= 8) 6uua np[cBoeHa Ha]rooneeyfl3BHMbrM(a
naaHe nosBrre'ils
ourn60r) naparurenbHbrMnepexoaaM. Kpoue roro, KaK cJreayer
H3 npaBnn yHrep60exa,
cl4rHaru co cJreAypulru xan6o.nrurnM paccroeHreM (ds=4)
6unu npncBoeHbt nepexoIaM, BLlxoJIsIrrHM t{JrH axorcull.rM B oaHo u' To xe cocroqH}te.
Arg ylo6craa Ha
p./.c.9.3l' o noKa3aHoraKxe nprc'oeHr,re KoaoBbrx
croB c'rHarraM (pe:yaurar oro6paxeHnq cxrHaroB B nepexolu peu:erxu).
Ha6op cnrxaaoa B B-pHcHofi
uoAyneuns PAIU

ror

lrl

lr0
5

100
4

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ool
3

011

0r0

000

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cHrHana

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paccTonHHe

- l

a)

Ha6op cnrxanoa a 4-DH{Hofi

Moayrnqru PAM

-3
6)

Puc. 9.31. Maoxecmaa cu?t!(uos-:-a) xodupoeauuaa g_putnat

6) xercodupoaannan 4-puuxan PAM

pAM;

ro
-5

5
7
--f*.4o=2

8e
6
5

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PaccronHu

7
*+l-<-+7

\
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w2

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7
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oro

7
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1
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tol

dz=8
00 | * npeAcTaBneHhe
XOAOBUMCNOSOM

Puc. 9.32. PosfluenueYaee$oexa cuzxafie g-pAM

Ha puc. 9.24 nyru ourxfoqHoroco6brrur, noMeqeHHbtfi

HoMepaMH
curHanoB2, l, Z, - gTo
paccrosHHeM.luu uanrero npxMepa Morynrrul4H8-PAM. PaccroqHue
nfrb c Ml,lHl'tMaJlbHhIM
Ao
HyneBoronyrH BbFtxc;Urercrc Hcnonb3oBaHreM
Qopuylu (9.58). B 3roM nphMepe,ecrru B3rrL
paccrosHrutc puc. 9.32, {nuvncrurrca c.[eA)/roul.rM
oraeJrbHbre
o,6pa:ou:

d z = d ?+ d ! + d l = 1 6 + 4+ 1 6 =3 6

(e.61)
dI= 6'
Moxso nerKo y6eauTbcs, rrro .[ns raKoro rnna MoAynsuHH napanncnbHsrfi nytb
(c d=8) He 6yIer ouiu6oqHbrMnyrcM c MHHHMaJTbHuTM
paccrocnreM (rax ero 6srao.uc
8-PsK). fluee ua Haxox.qeHgrsrruroHHoropaccroxHucaru 4-PAM H3 pnc. 9.i1, 6 naxoAHM,rrro dn=2.Tenepb,q.nr 3Toro npHMepaMoxeM BbtgHcJrr{Tb
acr{MnroTHqecKyro
s$$erTHBHOCTb KOAITPOBAHruI,

CPABHHB'U| KBA.IPAT CBKIIHAOBA NPOCBETA KOAHPOBAHHOft

CNCTCUU

c eBKJtttAoBhrM
npocBeroM eralonuofi cncreMbr.oauaro ryr Heo6xoAt(uo y6egxrsca a rou,
qro cpeAHcg MoulHocTbcilrHarloB B KaxIoM na6ope oAHHaKoB:I.B npe4ur4yqeM npHMepe
cxeuu 8-PSK an6op e,lNHr.rvHoft
oKprxHocrr,rluur KoaHpoBaHHoft
H HeKoaHpoBaHHoicHctITOcpeAHgflMoglHOcTb
TeMo3HaqaJI,
curHana6uuraoAnnaroea s o6olrx na6opax. OAnarO
B 3ToMnpHMepecHTyaU[qHecKoJIbKo
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JuI.sBbl{HcJreHnq
acrMnToTHqecxoft sQQerrnauocrr KoanpoBaHfirrrpc6yeTcl HopMr{poBarbcreAcrBue
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cpeaHefi MoulHocrH Ha6opacflrHaJroB,r.e. BH,[oH3r\{eHHrr,
BbrpaxeHHe(9.56) [351. CoorBCTCTBCHHO3ANICHBAEM

(al rs""\

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na6Opa*1
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KBa.[par paccroflHxs coorBercrByer KBaJtpary HanptxeHns,
Hnh MoulHocrn. C.[eaosateasHo.
cPeangg MoulHocTb c[rHaJIa H3 MHOXeCTBaBbri{HcJueTcc KaK

d 1+ d z r +. . .+ d z y

. = ----il-r.o

(e.63)

fAe dr - eBK[HAoBO paccTorHHe oT UeHTpa npOCTpaHcTBa

AO i_ro cHrHaJIa, A M _ Ko,o|t{ecrBo KoaoBbrx .HMBO,.B B 3TOM Mr'OXeC'rsc.
An.' na60pa cHrHaroB g-pAM, noKa3arHoro
Ha pnc. 9.31, a, ypaBr{exnc (9.63) Aaer 3nar{eHre
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a a e r 3 H a t { e H H eS i p = 5 .
flpN rcnonr:oBaH,h
ypaBr{eHHff (9.62) acur,.rnror,r{ecKa.c aeeerrunHocrb
Koa'poBaHHs urr cncreMbt 8-PAM 6y4er nueru cneaytourrlfi BHA:

=r0.rc[+3!)=3,3
G(aE)
(a6)

(e.64)

Yaer H,{r.{sasKornqecrBococtoRHKfi peulcrKu (6onuuan ar Htra KoaoBoro

orpaHuveurt)
3a cqer Bo3pacraloulefic.[oxHocr]r aeKoaltpoBaH]lr,MoxtJo
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flpr.r KoAHpoBaHHH
CEfHaroBg-pAM co creneHbto roaupoaanun 2/3
pe[JerKac 256 cocronxHnMHAacr e(roerrrnnocrb Koa'poBalr.rq,
Na 5,g3 a5 60asruvp or-

rsl B eroucnr{aeBcnea",u""
n"no,,o,*un*

!._
n1:::::"_::::::i.T.l"lll_1.plM
uerrtaroro KoaHpoBaHHg6y4er nuerr Mecro ToJIbKo
He3HayHTeJIbHoe
yBerhr{eHnc cJloxHocrt{ nepeAarqnKa' 3aaa'{a AeKoAHpoBaHHtr
I npHeMHnKecraHeBHTc.[6oree caoxHoft,
oAnaKO n'noJrb3.BaHne 60arurrx HHTerpaJrbHbrx,
cxeM (rarge scare integrated_ LsI, 6HC) n
cBepxcKopocrHbrx r.rHrerpaJrbHbrxcxeM (high_speed
integrated circ-uit _ vHSIc, ccHC)
AeJraerraxofi ueroa KoaHpoBaHH,vpernrrvaftHo npn_riaranoHbrM
tutg JIocrHXeHHr 3Ha_
'fiTenhHoft eeeexrnanocTr.t Ko,(upoBaHne6er pacurupe'rut
noJrocbr nponycKa'r,rs.
I .7. g. trr'oroMepHoepeuJeryaroeKoAxpoBaH,ne
B paraerre9.9.3 nomeprxBaJlocb, {To npn ,qaHHoil cKopocrr.r
neperaqx aaHHbrx nepeaaqa
cr{rHtuloBB AByXMepHoMnpocTpaHcTBe
MOXeT,[,aBaTb
Ty xe locToBepHocTb,IITOH nep.[aqaI
orHoMepHoM npocrpaHcrBe PAM, uo npn lrenuruefi cpe,[Hefi
MoEtHocrH. gro Aosrnraercg
nyreu eu60pa roqeK cr'rHiuoB Ha AByXMepHolipeurerxi
H3 06nacru c KonbqeBofi,a He np8uoyrolnHofi rpaHHqefi. Butnoru-cc noao6Hoe npn 6olee
BbrcoKl.rxpa3MepHocrrrx,MoxeM BHAerb' qro noreHufiarbHtu 3KOHOMTI3HeprHUnpn6nxxaercs
X r,53 a5 npn rr', crpe;r.nueucr
x 6ecroHc'{HocrH. B pealrHulx cncreMax npn raxofi MHoroMepnofi
nepeaa.{ec'ma'roB MoxHo Aocrlrqb 3KoHoMHH3Heprt{H (oeeercmuenocmbucnpasneHw)
nopn4aa t aE mHocureltHo
oAHoMepHofinepeAaqn[2], 36, 37J. B manaapTeBbtcoKocKopocTHbrx
MoLeMoBV.34 onpeae_
'nexa l6-uepxzln MoayJulqrulQAM; Ncnonaryelrsrfi rileroq
oro6paxeHns 6Nros B Tor{Kx npocrpaHcrBa Bbtculefi pa:'MepHocrhHa3brBaerc.q
omo1paxceuuenofioaoqxu(shell mapping); coorBercrByrorq:u eQSerrnanocn ficflpa*eH,r paaHa 0,g
a6 tl6]. I4cno.nu:yx r{erbrpex_,Bocb_
Mtt- H UjecTHa,(UaTHMepHoeMHOXeCTBOcHrHaIOB,
MO)KHO noJryr{r{Tb HeKOTOpbre
npefiMyuecrBa*r&-9,,paBHeHH}o
c o6st'{HstrvruAByxMcpr{brMl,icxeMaMH- }ieHbune
AByxMepuue 6lorx MHoxecTBa, noBbtueHHe ycroftvtaocrn
K HeonpeAeneHHocTH
6onee sur_
earrr,
roaHble KoMnpoMHccbtMex{y eQQerruaHocrtp KonHpoBaHrlr
H cJroxHocrbp pean63aun'.
MHoxecrBo noao6nux chcreM npeacraeneHo r,r
oxapaKTepr.r3oBaHon pa.ore
t36r.
(9urarener.t, 3ar,rHTepecoBaxHbrM
B JlilrbHefiuleu rrytengr{ KoaoBofi Mo.{yn
uHH, B qacrHocrg
peuerqaroro Koal{poB:rHr.rrr,
peKoMeH.q/ercro6paruruca x pa6crran
t3g-461.)

1 . 7. 1 0 .p e s p M e
B srofi raase o6reaHHeHblHeKoropbleBonpocbrMoayn
uiln l.r KoaHpoBaHHs,paccMorpeH_
HLle B npeabr'[yulHxrnaBax.3aecu nepecuorpeHbr
ocHoBHbte3a.{avr{pa:pa6orxn cgcreMbr:
non) {eHne MaKctlMaJlbnoft
cxopocru nepe.qaqunHeopr,lauNn npn oanoup""eHHoM
cHHXe_
HHH BepogrHocrHBo3HHKHOSeHns
o[ur46xn h 3HaqeHHrE/Ns, cy enuH norrocbr
flponyc_
KaHH'l t't rt{eHbuJeHHHcJloxHocr'. Kounpoltltccst
6ruru H3f{eHbt gBpncruqecK' B ,qByx
tlJlocKocrtx: Bepo'ITHocrbnose/teHHqorur6rn
u o@Qerruaaocrl, Hcno;rb3oBaHHq
norrocbr
qacror. llcpaan sBHo Hrurocrpr4pyer
KoMnpoM'cc MexJry Eb/No H p3, rurcc HesBHo
oro_
opaxaer pacxoa noJrocbrnponycKaH,s. Ha nropofi
noKa3aH KOMnpoMHcCMe,*ry Rrw n
Eb/Nonp[ HO'IBH0Mulo6paxeHnx noge.tteHhsPr.
Kporue roro, a groft raase onlrcaHbrrHnHqHHe ularH, Koropble npeanp{HHMaPTcqnpH yaoBnerBopeHHH
rpe6oaaunir K noroce
nponycKaHxq' Mol'L(HocrH
H BeposrHocrHnotBJIeHHRoulu6ox B cxcreMc ugepoBofi
cBq3ri.
3aecu rapre paccMarpHBarcTctHeKoropbteorpa'HqeHtfr,
Koropbre.qenapr HeBo3MoxHbrM
HeorpaHHiIeHHoe
noBblueHHenpoH38o,[HTcJtbHocrH.
Coraacxo KpHTepfi|oHaliraucra, nonocy nponycKaHHr Herb3q crxarb 6ecroHevuo.
cyurecroycr ,.op.r"r".*"fi
npenen; ,].nrr
nepeAaqHR, Cnuoolon/c 6cr uexcr,llaoauHofi
nHrepQepenuHHHyxlro 3a.qeiicr3oBarb,
KaK
MHHr'tMyM,
RJz fu norocbl nponycKaHun.TeopenraLUcxHoua-Xapr'4
cBrraHac KoMnpo-

Mt{ccoM Mex,[y MoutHocTbrcH nonocofi nponycKaHHq,a TaroKeonpelenseT llpyrce BOKHOe

orpaHHqeHxe- nperen [UeHsosa. flpe,nel lIIeHHoua, paoHuft -1,6 a6, - 3ro MHHH_
MaJIbHoeTeoDeTuqecKH
Bo3MoxHoe3HaiIeHLIe
E/Ns, xoropoe (coauecrHo c KaHrubHbrMKoAHpoBaHneM)neo6xoAruo Anr nonyqeHur cKolrb yroaHo xr{sroft BeposrHocrx Bo3HuKHogcsng orun6xtr B KaHiuIeAWGN. Eolee o6utnu orpaHHqeHxeM rrBrlserct
3Har{eHHenporrycKHofi cnoco6noqrn KaHaJra, npeBbrueHHe Koropoft aBTOMar[qecKH 3anpeuaer
6esoux6o.{Hyro nepeAaqycHrHaJroB.B grofi uraBe rapKe H3fleHbr HeKoropbre cxeMu
MO_
ryr'lruu c e$QenxanHM HCnorb3oBaHHcM
noJrocbrnponycKaHltt, taKHe KaK MaHHnyrr_
urrs c MxHHMn[bHbrM
caBHfoM(minimum shift keying - MsK), KEarparypHacaMrrnurya_
Has Molyr.rrur{.fl(quadrature amplitude modulation - QAM) H peuerrtaroe KorHpoaitHue.
llocneanuft MeroA no3Bo;Ureraocrurtb g00etcruBuoro KoanpoBaHrur 6er norepr B nonoce
nponycKaHl{r.

r|nreparypa
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32. FomcyG. D. The veterbiAlgorithm.
Procccdings
of the IEEE, vol. 61, n. 3, March, 197g,pp. 26g-27g.
33. DivsalarD.' Simon M. K. and Yuen J. H. TreltisCodingwith Asymmeticl{odulations.IEEE Trans.
Commun.,vol. COM-35rn. 2, February,1987.

(o

- -34'

w-ciJ'-r' aotuniinv liraiint coniluitionaitCiainit codinswiti-*panaea

signatspo;- pattsI
andII. IEEEJ. Set.AreasCommun.,
vol.SAC-2, S,-i.pi.rn'U"rliSio, 659_686.
oo
"".
35' Thapar H'K'
Real'Tine Application of Trcllis c^oding
to Highspeed voiceLona
'EEEJ.set.Areas
Commun.,
vor.sei_2,n. i, s.pt...f,r:'i"9;i:;;.Sqil?sa.Dara
35' wci

Transmission.

J'-F' Trellis-coded Modulation with Mulridimensionol

consteltations. IEEE Trans. Inforanrion
Theory, vol. IT-33, n. 4, Juty, 1987, pp. +Af_iOr.
37' Trctter S' A' ''tn Eight-Dimensionat 64-State
Trellis code Ior Transmiuing 4 Bits per
2-D synbot.
IEEE J. on Sel.Arcasof Commun.,*t.
g,

o."".u.i,'ts8X'io.'i'iizl,rrs.
i;.
lE' Katos', Morikura M.^and Kubotas. Implenentarion
ol coded Modems.IEEE communicarions
Magazinc,
vol. 29, n. t2, Deccmbcr,fS9l,
;;.-ig_SZ.
39.SpeciolIsrueon CodedModularion.lEEECommunication
Mag,rins,vol. 29, n. 12,Decembcr,1991.
et' al' Inrrcducrionro Trellis-codedModutationwitn
eppacatin.MacMillan, New york,
" ftYliifr:'
4l' EdbauerF' Perlormanceof Inrerleaved
Trellis-CodeDffirenrial g-psK Modulotion
over Fodiny
.
channers.
IEEEJ. on Selecied
nreasin commi.,n.,
uor.7,n.9, December,
r9g9,pp. 1340-1346.
42' fumofdi B. Desisnof coded cpFSK Modutation
systems
Ior Bandwidthord En*g, Effciency. IEEE
Transactions
ontommunicarions,
vot.:7, n.'S,'S.p,.rnU"r,
19g9,pp. g97_905.
4l' vitcrbi A' J'' et' al' A PragmaticApproach
a Trellis-codedMoiutatnn. IEEE communications
Magazine,
vor.27, n. 7, Juty-,t989,[1i.ll_il.44' DivsalarD' and simon M.K. The ies6n
of rrel!:^coled (!^s^Kfor Fading channels:performance
crireria''EEE Trans.on comm.,
Jt,'n] 9,'iepr"mo"r, t988,pp, r004-t0r2.
"or.
45' DivsararD' and Simon
Destg!,or Trertis coded MpsK
\'\'
?"
lor Fading channers:set
oplinum
codeDesign.

i;::1,;:r^;:rr#f

ie'ELi,unr. on corn..,-"oi.'ie'" e, september.

1e88,

46' Divsalar D' and Simon M..K.

Muttipte Trellis^coded Modulation (MTCI)).
Commun., vol. 36, n. 4, Aprit, ffSt, pi-+t-O_+i9.

IEEE

Trans. on

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r4cTorrHnKa

Z. l.

blCtOr{HHKt4

KoanpoaaHuertcror{HuKacar3aHo gaaa.teft
c
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HcxoaHofi
nuQopuaunr' 3$$errrnHOe
onncaHue aonycKaer cHr.rxeH,e rpe60aaurfi
K naMrr' r.rJrr.r
noJloceqacToT,cBs3aHHbrx
c xpaHeHHeMHnH nepelaqeft
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co cH',{XeHHOft
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Ot r.ruQop^raqnonnoao
tncruqecrofi KoppenruHHHcxoaHr,rx
H
chMBoroB.L.,r.qauaroroa;;;
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";;";;*"s
cxopocrrrc nepe,qaq'
(cor.nacHo
np'HsroMy
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aMnnHTyAH EpeMerHofr Koppenruli'
c,fHara hcroqHrKa. uearro xorlrpoBaH'r
HcroqHHKa,Brrercs norrreH'e
onHCaHHS!rc_
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npu raHHofi r,ronuHansr.rofi
cKopocr, nepeaa_
'rH 6nrog HnH
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onHCaHHetlcroqHaKa c ra.aaHsofiToqHocrblo.rlro6ur
nonaru, rae eeSerr"u"o,
n cpeAcrBaKo_
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o6ure

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onHcaHHe
roro,
KaKKorHpoBaHHe

HcrorjHuKa
voxer 6rrrs np1l_

;:Hi::,;trtffi1.fi:

2.1 .1. An"*p.r""le

HcroqHnKl,

.(ncxperH'e r.rcroqH,Kr.r
reHep,pylor(nnx stua,or) nocleaoaare,rbHocrb
cnMBonoB
X(ft),
asr6paHHyro
H3 HcxoaHoroal$aaura

B ancKperHbrenpoMexfrKH BpeMeHH,(r,
rae k=l,
2' "' - cr{erHbrefiH.rreKcbr.
Ecrr an@aanrcorepxxr KoHeq'oe r{HcJro
cHMBoroB,
cKu,(eM
N, foBopflT,rrro hcro\rH,K rB,lrerc'
KoHeq^uil\ucrcpemnwr(finite discrete
source). flp'ruc_
poM TaKoro hcroqHHKaqgJlrerc,
nsrxoa I2_6rrogoro unepo_aHaroroBoro
npeo6pa:oearene (onHH ut 4096 ^rr'cKperHbrxypouueft)
finri Bbrxoa l0-6nroaoro aHaroro_un<ppoooro
npeo6pa:oaarear(o'rs nc 1024
,{Bo,qHbrxr0-xoprexeft). Eule oaxnu
np'MepoM AHc_
KperHoro HC..ortHHKa
Moxer noc'yx,Tb nocrreAoBare,rb'ocTb
g_6xrosarx ASCII_clrlrso,.Ios,
BBe.qeHHbtx
c KnaBHalypbtKoMnbloTeDa.
KoHeqnstEaucrpernltfi HcrottHHKonpeaenrercs
nocrreao*Tr,r'lr@Tbro '.rMBorroB(rtnoraa
Ha3btBaeMblx
aa@aar''oru)H BepotrHocrb,o'npkcBoe'Hoft
erupr ir{&rsora'r (nn, 6yroau). 6yaer,r
npeAnoraraTb,qro HcrortltHKKparKoBpeMeHHo
cftlrtHoHapHsrfi,r.e. npncBoel{HbteBeporrHocrr.t
tBnrtorcq QrrxcNponaxurrr,tra ieqerrre
nepgoAaHa6apAeHlu, np""ap,-r'**opor*l
a,r$aarr
QrtrcuposaH, a npucBoeHHbreBepo'rHocrri H3MerurrcTct,3To nocnejlo'arenbHocrb cHMBo_
noB' reHcprpyeMat KraB'ar)'poft,
roraa KTo-ToneqaraeraHu'ficrufi TeKcr,
3a Korop'rM cneay_
er neqarb HcnaHcKofot4 HaKoHeu
epanql,:croro reKgroB.
Ecln nlnecrHo, qro Bepo'Tlrocrb Kax.[oro
cHMBora X, ectr, p(Xr), uoxxo
onpe.*enHrb
cauounQopua 4arc (self-i nformation)
/(xr) ruur Kaxaoro cHMBoraarga snra.
l(Xi) = _loEz@i)
( 1 3 l. )
cpcarrefi canrouHQoplraunefials
cHMBOJTOB
a,r$aonra, Halureae'rofttaKxe
3nmponueiucmoqHuKe (sourcc cntropy),ltBJrsercn
BerHqrrHa
N

H ( X ) = E I I ( Xl,=) - L
-r ' i lo9z(r1) '
t - l

( r3.2)

FIe E{Xl

MaTeMaTuttecKoc

oxqnaqua

i,-

HeeKor,qecrsonuQopulTrxcn"#ff
ff f;,?lr#:3ffJffiT.:J#:r:.;J:;":T#
o6teu HeonpeaeJreHHOCTH,
XOropan
o"to'pr*peueHa

c HcnoJlb3.Bauueua-r$aonra.
Tarru o6paeoM,3To cpeaHeexoJrnr{ecrgo
"o*at
nHeopuaunx, Koropoe aoJDKHo6srrs
ornpaaae_
HO qepe3 KaHaJICBfl3HAns pa3peuenn"
,rofi HeonpeaereHHOCrn.MoxHO
noKa3arb, r{To
3To Kornqecrao ntr$opuaqulr s 6'rrax
Ha chMBo

truecr'ver
HeonpeAeneH
Hocr',Hcuepxy
rog3(M),,
il T#r"# ffJJl:tffi ,::1i::
O<H(nclog:(M

(13.3)

flpxnrep 13.1. gnrponxs

Aro1qflono HcrorrngKa
PacclrotpNr*l AaoH.IHbrfi

l,oc'M
Hpn(| -p)r:"T",!iil:':H:J'
:'::'iJ;:
fiT:"H'#[l?,"*;i"il.ffi :

c r a B r e H ax a p r c . 7 . 5 . E c a x p - 0 , 1 ( l _
x
il =0,9,3r(Tpon'r ficroqH'Ka ouu"u *.oro*""r,,*
H(X)=-[plog2Qt)+ (l -p)
=0,47 6urlctuson.

tog2(t _p)] =

(13.4)

Taxlu o6parou' 3mr Hcrot{HHK

Moxer 6blrb onr{carr(npH ncnorr:oBaH,rl
coorBercrByrouero
MeHeenorlo'Hrrst6ura rta cHr'or, a He
oa*oro 6nra Ha cHMBor,xaK
:T?tff#B;rloMoulbro
OtltetHu, qro nepBitt nprqt,tHa, no
xoropori KoAHpoBaHHe
HcTortgr.tKa
pa6oraer, _ sro
TO' qro ux@opvaunoHH.e coaepxaHne
fi-cu[reoauHoro aaQaonra, H.nonb3yer.roe
s rerict_
B'TerbHbrxcHCTeMax
cae:x, o6srvrroMeHbuieBepxHeronperena
coor'oureHHs (r3.3). hr_
BecrHo' qro, KaK OTMeqeHoB np*Mepe
7. l, cnr,anoar,ra'mrficxoro reKcra
ne 'BJUTOTCA
paBHoBepotrHltltt't'Hanpxvep'
BblcoKat BeponrHocrbKoHKperHblx
6yra o reKcre HcnoJrb_
3yercr KaK qacrb crparernu xrpu
Xexruana (Hangman). (B eroii napa napo*
yra_
AoJDKeH
abrBarb 6yxasr, Ho He t.tx no3HUHHB CKpbrroM
CroBe H3BeCTHOfi
Ur.rHst. 3a HeeepHue
npeanolloxeHHt Ha:txaqarcrcaurrpa$sr,
a 6yrcasrBcero cltoBa aoDKHbt 6srru
onpeaelcgrt
ao rofo, xar nponrofi.(eT uecTb He8ept{btx
npeAnoloxeHrfr.)
'{ncrperHufi Hcrot{HHKHa3brBaercflHcToqHHKOM
6eg naaamu (memoryress),ec^H Cr.M_
BOJrbr'reHeplrpyeMbreHgroqHHKOM,
sMJ'OTCACTarHcrHqecKH
He3aBfic'Mttun. B qacrHo_
cTH, 3TOO3HaqaeT,
r{TOHX COBMecTHafl
BepoflTHOCTb
aByx CHMBOJTOB
'BJncTCSnpocTo npo_
n3BereHHeMeepoaruocrefi coorBercrBytoruxx
c rrMBonoB.

P ( Xj , x t ' 1= p ( x
i l xt ) p ( x k ) = p ( x 1 ) p ( X1 )

(1 3 . 5 )

cneacrs'eM crar'cr,qecKoft HegasN'rr.{ocrh

ecrb ro, r{To ru@opuaqnr, rpe6yeuaa
a.nr
neperaqH nocneaoBarenbHocruM cuusonoa (Harsrnaeuoft
M_xoprexerr.r){aHHoro aneaex_
Ta' ror{Ho a M paz npeBbtu,aercpeaHrc,o
nnQopr"rarlun, neo6xoanr,ryro
on.rrnepe,aq' or_
aeJlbHofocHMBoJIa'3ro o6tscHqercfl TeM, ,rro
uaporrnocrb crar'cr,rrecKr.r Hc3aBHcHMoro
M-xoprexa 3zutaercrcneayplutrM o6parorvr:

P ( xt ,x , . . . .x,M )= e q xy" .
fl
Florrorvry cpeartsr Ha cHMBOn 3HTpOnHfi
crar'c.lqecKr

rte3aBHCt{MOrOM-roprexa

(13.6)

pasHa

Hu ( x ) = f - a { - b g z p ( xt x
2 , . . .x, u ) l =

=#It- P(t^)tos,
P(x
^)l=
x^

( lJ. /)

= H(X)
fonoprr' qro r,cKperHslfi ucroquur
HMeer naMtrb, ecJIHgreMcHTbt HCTOqHHTa,
3ylotuHenocJleaoBarerl'Hocrb'
o6pa_
He tB'Ittorcfl He3aBHcHMblMfi,
3aet{cl-r\,rocr[,
cHMBoroBo3Haqaer, r{To,qrr nocjreaoBarerb}tocrH
M cuMaoros HeonpeleneHHocrbor}tocrlre.nurro
M_lo
cHMEoJra
yMerrbuaeTcr,ecrH H3BecTHbr
npeAbr,qyuHe
(M _ l) cnuao.rroa.Hanpnlrep,
6oar_
wan nH Heonpeae'rreHH.crb
cyulecr'ye"r t 9 CJreay'uero cHMBOJIa
nocneaoBarerbH.CT'
.ALIF'RNI-?
M-xop'rex c 3aBHcHMbrMH
clrM'oraM, corepx'T
xrreoprvaqrn
lL[14pa3pcuacr MeHbue Heonpe'qereHHocrH'
qeM Koprex c [Ie3aBtrctrMbrMH
".r,ou,.
cHr\rBo,raM[.
SHrponaeft HcrortHltKac naMrrblo.q
Brrerc, cneayloulH
fi n peaen:

H(x)=

,)t!-r, trl .

(13.8)

Bnanr'1,qro sHTponxs M-xoprcxa

n3 HcroqHrlKac flaMqrbto Bcoraa McHbtuc, qeM
3HTpo_
nHfl HcroqHhKac reM xe arOaB{ToM
H BepogrHocrbloct,MBoJIoB,
no 6e3 nausrN.
Ht/,frO on*
"

< H u(he- ^*-,

(l 3 . e )

(@

H a n p n u e pr,n l u . " i n o ,v r o n p n a - * n o " . n v s o n i

t n n , ro i x u . i i q ' ; u u * r i r " r i * o n , , . * - -

cre creryrcuHM CHMBOJIOM,

BepoqrHo,6yaer "u". Cle.qopareagHo,I KOHTeKcrec!rc_
TeMil cBg3n,ecJIHcKa3arb,rro 6yrna ,,u" c.neAycrra 6yrceoft..q,,, ro 3To jlaer
He3HaqHTenbHyro
aononHHTeJlbHyto
xN$opr,taur,rrc
o 3HaqeHHH
CnOBa,KOTOpOe
6urro nepeaa_
Ho. Mox'o
npHBecr, 'r apyrof( npHMep. Hau6onee uaporrno,"
cHMBoJroM,
cneayrou'M la 6yrsann "th", MOXer 6Urruo,[nH H3 TaKHXCHMBOJTOB:
a, c, i, o, u, r H
npo6en' Tarcrru. obparortt, aononHeHfie clreaytoul'*i cHMBoJtoM
aaHHoro MHoxecrBa
pa3peuraerHeKOTOpyro
Heonpeae,reHHocrb,
Ho He oveHb cHJrbHo.oopua_nsxar
Qopuy,rHpoBKacKa3aHHoroBbrue: cpe.[Hs, 3HTponH' Ha .HMB.JI
M_xoprexa H3 HcrorrHIKac
naMtrbro y6weaem npu yeetuleHuu dnuuu M. creacrsue:
60aee
,BJIrer_
ct rpynnoEoe KoaHpoBaHHe
"66a*rrun"rM
cHMBoJroB
H3 Hcror{HHKac naMtrbro,
a He KoaHpoBaHHe
nx no oaHoMy.npu KoaxpoBaHHH
HcroqHnKapa3Mepnoc;reaoBarerrbHocru
crrMBoJroB,
paccMarp,EaeMofrKaK rpyn na, orpaHHr{HBaercg
ctroxHocrbroKoaepa, of paHil qeHHrMr.r
naMflTt.l
H lonycruMoil taAepxxoi BpeMeHH.
tlro6ur nouoqb noHflTb
uenH, npecnelyeMbrenplt KonHpoBaHHH
HcroqHHKoBc naMttTblo,nocrpoHM npocrbre MoaenH3THx Hcror{HHxos.O,qua
H3 TaKHx MoAerrefHa3bttaerca MaprcoecKuilucmoqH,Koil nepaoeonopndrca(first-order
Markov sourcc) [r]. gra
MoAenbycraHaBJIHBaeT
cooTBeTcrBHe
MexAy MHoxecTaoMcocroqHufr (uni cHusonon a
KOHT.KCT.
reop'H r.'Qopr'aauur.r)
n ycaonHrruH BepoqrHocrqM, nepexoaa K Kax.rloMy
nocneaypu.(eMy
cocrorlHHro.B uoaean nepBofo nopraKa nepexoat{bte
BeposrHocrx 3a_
aHcrr ro'lr,Ko or t{acrorulero cocrorrHHs. Hrruruu
croBaNtH, p(Xi . JXi, X, _ r, ...) =
P(Xi,lX). Ialtsru r{oncrn Hc pacnpocrpa}rrercfl
aalrbue }racrosurcro cocrosnHff.
B xotttexcrc aaol4'{Hofrnocre.qoBare,lb}rocr'
gro BbrpaxeHHeonhcbrBacr scpoffTrocrb
c n e n y n u c r o 6 N r a n p n r a n H o r { 3 l r a q e H H rHe r y u l c r o
6nra.
Ilpnrrrep 13.2. Srrponnx ;13ogrrgonoHcrortgnKac 11aMrrLK)
Paccvorpnx .qBonlHbti (r.e..anyxcxuaolrxurfi) MaproBcKxrz r{sro.rHHK
BToporo nopqaKa, onficarrHbrfi ,q,narpaMMoftcosrosHxft, H:o6paxenHoft xa puc. tJ.l. Hcm.{uHK
onp.o"i",i'u.porrHocrnM}l
ncpcxoaoB cogrosHr.rftP(0ll) n p(ll0), panHuuu 0,45 u 0,05.
SxrponHn ,rsroqHxKaX _ ero srge_
uteHH:uI cyl{Ma ycJtoBHbD(
3rrrponuft, coorBercrBytournx acpofiTHocrrM nepexoaoBMoaeJrH.
f l 1 1 0=) 0 . 0 5

P(ol0)=0,9s

fllll1=6.55
P(011
t = 9'a5

Puc, I3.l..Quazpa.+uranepexodoeom cocmorHuaK co_

cmoaHun dan Mapxoecxoi nodetu nepoom noptdxa

H(n= P(o)H(Xlo)
+ p(l)H(Xll),

( r3 . 1 0 )

H(40)= -tP(010)
log2p(010)
+ p(ll0)log2p(ll0)l
u
H ( 4 1 )= _ t p ( 0 l l )t o g 2p ( 0 l l )+ p ( t l l ) r o g 2p ( l l l ) 1 .
A n p H o p H a q B e p o f l T t t o c r bK a x 4 o r o c o c r o n l r H q t t a x o r H T c r rc n o M o n l b r c
eoprrylur nolxoti nepo-

'THOCTH.

P(0)= P(010)P(0)
+ P(0ll)p(t)
P ( l ) = p ( l l 0 ) p ( 0+) p ( l l l ) p ( l )
P(0)+P(l)-l
Bu.{xcrcc anpnopHbrc BepocrHocr}r c Hcnorb3osaltHeM nepexoaHbtx
Bepo,rrHocrefr, flonfntM
cJleaylouec:

P(0)=0'9HP(l)=0'1.
flpt't ultvncnentrll 3trrponHH HcroqHHKac HcnoJ,l$oBaHr.teM
paBcHcrBa(13.10) nonyruu creaFou.lee:

H(n = [p(0)H(xl}) + p(l) H(xll)] =

=(0,9)(0,286)
+ (0,1X0,993)
= 0,3576xr/*rmnor.
CpaaxNaaa 3Tor pe3yJtbrarc pe3y:rbraroMnpHruepaI J. l, anaxu, {To
Hcrot{l{HKc naMqrbp Hneer
3HTponHrcHH)Ke,qeM Hcrot{HltK6e3 narta.rN,aaxe ttecMorpq r{a ro qro
anpgopHbreBepoqrHocll

CHMBO'IOA Te Xe.

llpnuep 13.3.Koau pacmxpeunt

A.n$aanr
aBo'q'oro Mapxoacroro
(npnuep13.2)cocro'r r.30 r.rl, nonBr*o_
Hcro\HhKa
u{Hxct

c D e p o f l T H o c r ' l M n0 , 9 l r 0 , 1 , c o o t s e r c r o e t t u o . f l o c , t e . a o B a r e J l b u b r e
c H l r B o J r bH
l e cB,rqt o r c t l H c 3 a B H C H M b l M lHl . A r c H c n o n b 3 o B a H u rn p e H M y u l e c t a
e t o f i 3 a B r { c r r M o c r illt r o x } r o o n p e a e J l H r b H o B o e M H o x e c r B o K o a o 8 b l xc h i u l t o r o D - a r J o h q H b r e2 - x o p r e x r r ( x o a u
pacrlupenng).

.[aonvnure2-xoprcxlr

Cuvrol pacu.l]rpe
rrn

00
II
0l
l0

l'epogTHOCTb CHMAOJIapacuJhpelrH,

P(r])= P(010)P(0)
= (0,95)(0,e)
= 0.855
P ( b )= P ( t l t ) P ( l )= ( 0 . 5 s ) ( 0 . =
1 )0 . 0 5 5
P ( c )= P ( 0 l l ) P ( l )= ( 0 , 4 5 ) ( O ,=t )0 . 0 4 5
Pkt) = P(tll)P(0)= (0,05)(0,9)
= 0,045

3rccu-xpaftrrn npaaar unspa 2-xoprexaf,BJrflercrar"or pa*".n.

e"tpo*,
-*r*ro
pacunpcnnsHaxonsrcfl
TaKoAoB
nocpeJlcrBoM
o6o6uteHnq
pauexcraa(t3.10).
H(X) = p(a) H(xtb) + p(b) H(Xzlb) + p(c) H(X2lc) + p(d)
H(Xzld)

-our"-

H(X2)= 0,925 6nr/scrxoguoficuuaoa

H(Xt = 0,412 6ur/axoaxofi orngor.
rlc X1 - pacruHpeHHe
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b
c
d
e
t

P(a)= P(0100)P(00)
= (0,95X0,855)
= odE
P(6)= p111ss1p(00)
= (0,05X0,85s)
= a,6a2s
P(c)= P(0101)P(01)
= 1q,95x6,0a5)
= s.sa2s
P(O = P(tltl)P(ll) = (0,5s)(0,0s5)
= 0,0303
P(e)= P(llt0)P(t0)
= (0,5sx0,0a5)
= e,s24s
P(l)= p(0llr)p(l t) = (0,4s)(0,05s)
= 0,0248
P(s)= P(01t0)P(t0)
= (0,45X0,045)
= 6.s2s3
P(A)= p111911p(01)
= (0,0s)(0,0a5)
= 3.se23

cxoaa o6o6urcHHcypaoHexxfl(13.10), 3Hpqnxro.rl.rrr

3roro Koaa pacuspe1gq Mo)KHo

ff(Xl) = 1,223lurlstaoAHoi glr{son

I/(X3)= 0,4086urlsxoaHoficxlrsor.
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flepoun pa6ovnv ttHTepBaJIoM
aarrrerc.qrpaHynrpoBaHHaqo6aacrs orur6ox, coorBercrgylouaJt noaai{e Ha Bxoll,nruroo6patnofi xaparrepr.rcrnrcnouu6ru. BHyrpx 3Toro HHTepycTpoffcTBaorpaHHqeHbrpa3MepaMHcoceaHHxcryneHqarbtx noabeMo8.
Bana KBaHTyrouIHe
Ourr6xx, Koropbte cnparorcs a grofi o6racrn, Ha3blBarcTcr?paHy/tuposaHHor,na
(granular
enors), HrH HHorAaowuaKailu Koa\moea|ut (quantizing erfor). Bxoauoft uxrepnar, ll|tx KoToporo ouH6KH npeobpasooanHqcBrurroTcflrpaHynupoBaHHbrM14,
onpeAerreT nHHaMHqecxyto o6aacru npeo6pa:oaarenq. 9ror [HTepBaJIHHoraa Ha3brBaercro6nacmop nuneinoeo
peJouila (region of linear operation). Cootaercruynulee Hcnorrb3oBaHHe
KBaHTyloueroycrpoftcrea rpe6yer, vro6u ycaoenr, nopoxrleHHHe BxoaHbtMcHrHaroM, nprsonunu nHHar{HqecKyroo6nacrb BxoAHorocHrHaJIaB coorBercrBne c AHHaMHqecrofio6aacroro ycrpoftcraa
KBaHToaaHHt.
Stor npouecc tBn tercc Synxuxefi curHarbHo gaaNcyr,rofrcucreMbr perynupoBKr,rycnneHnr, Ha3brBaeMohaemoilamuqecrcoil
peeynupoercoiycunevun (automatic gain
control - AGC, APY), xoropaa noKa3aHaHa nyru npoxoxtreHnr cHrua;ra rra pr-rc.13.5.

aa-*Q*lo
I
Moaenb

e{0
Puc, 13.5, Ilpoqecc u 'vodeno noapexdeuux axoduoeocu?Haia ayilo,u
KSARmOSAnUt
Btoptrr'r pa6ovuu HHTepBanoM gu.Rerct HerpaHynhpoBaxrras o6.nacrs ourn6or, coorBercrByrolu:ur rnnciHo
Bo3pacralou{efr (unn y6r,roaroutefr) xapaKTepHcnrKe ourr6xn.
Orun6xn, Koropbte nponcxo/l,ttr B 3ToM HHTepBane, rra3brBaprcH outu6rarvrn Hacuugltuu

(saturation
(overloadenor). Korua KBaHryDuee
ycrpgncroopa6oracr
error) unn nepeeppKu
B 3Tofto6nacrH,roBopgT,ttro npeoopa3oBareflb
HocuqeH.Ourr'r6xuHacbrutcHHn
oolruutc,

qeM rpaHynnpoBarlHble
ouJH6KE,H Moryr oKa3blBarb6oluu.lee HexeJlareJrbHoe
BnHsHheHa
Tor{HocrbBocnpou3BeAexN.n
xHeopuaunn.
orun6xa KBaHToBaHrur,
coqrgcrcrByrouar K:DruroMy3uaqeHnrc nxoaHoft aMrurrryJbr, [pea_
craBrurercJraFaeMoe
ouru6rq r,urnuyMa, cBq3aHH@C AaHrrofi nxorsofi avnnrryaoft. Eclu'xH_
TepBaJrKBalmoBaHnt MaurB cpaBHeHHHc JlnHaMrvecKofi o6racrblo B(ollHoro curflu],
H D(oruofi crrutal HMeer rna.qKyp 0ynnrnro IUIorlt@Tl{ BepotrTHocrn I H}rrepBaJreKEEI}rroBa}1rur,
MoxHo npernonoxrTb, .rToorux6g{ KBa$ToBaH}.tc
paBHoMepHo
pacnpeAeneHbr
B 3ToMH}rrEpBa_
re, rax uro6poKeHo Ha prc. 13.6.@ynlcrrla uorHocru BepoqrHocrr4c HyreBbrMcpqlHHM
co_
orBercrByer oKpyrnrrcueMy KBarryrouleMy ycrpoficray, B ro BpeMs xax
eyHnrxe rurofiocnt
Bepocrt{ocrfi co cpeatrxM -gD cooraetcrnyer yceKaroureuyKBaFrrFoueMy ycrpoficray.
Kaauryrouee ycrpoftcreo, HnH aHaJroro-uxeponoiinpeo6paroaareau(anarog-to-digitar
converter- ADC' AUI-I), onpeaeJrsercrirHcJroM,piBMepoM H pacnonoxeHHeM
cBoHx
ypoaHeftKBaHTOBaHHT
(nax rpaHUUaMH
UarOB H COOTBeTCTByTouTHMH
pa3MepaMHuaroB).
B paaHouepnoMKBaHTytoueuycrpoftcrse pa3MepbruraroB paBHbtH pacnono)KeHbt
Ha o,q'paCcrorHnH.qnclo ypoauei rv o6rr.{Ho rBnrercs creneHbp
HaKOBOM
2 sutra rv=2r, rtre
D -.{r.rcro 6nr, ncnolr:yeMbrx B npoueccenpeo6palorauna.
P(x)

plx't

-g

at

6)

Puc. 13,6. @nr4uu Mom*ocmu aepozmHocmu dta owuflxu

KeaHmoaotw, pasnoileplo pacnpedeaennoil I urtmeDlare
Koailmutu, q: o) {ynrcqux ruom*ocmu seponmilocmu dns ox_
pyers,ot4eeo npeMpatooamena; 6) eynxqus tuomnocmu seponmHocmu dna yceKapqe?o npeo6pazooamettn
9ro

.{Hcto ypoggefi

paBHoMepHo pacnpeaeneHo B anHaMur{ecxoft

BXoAHbrxypoaHeft. OourqHo gToT HHTepBan onpeAenqeTcs rar +E*,

o6aacrn
nolo6no

Bo3MoxHbrx
tl,o

B nrrr

f5,0 B. Tarsu o6paron,Jur norrHoroHHrepBara

2E* aeanvNHyuam npeooparoeaHna
nonr{}tM B CneAypueMBH4e:

s=ry

( 1 3 .l1)

B xaqesrBenp,Mepa rcno'rb3oB:lH,tpaBeHcrBa
(l3.ll) uar KBaHToB:lHtlg
(e aanrHefiueu Ha_
rusaeMutfrxeaumuatn) anq 10-6'|1080ronpeo6pa3onaren-r,
pa6orarcuero e o6aasru tl,oV, paaeH l'953 rqB. HHoraa pa6ovaxo6lasru npeo6pa:onarcnqn3Merucrcr raK, r{To KBaHTHTb
sBlrercR "qelsrrr.r" r{hcro[r. Hanpxruep,u3MeHeHHe
pa60qefto6,ragpr npeo6pa:onare.nnno +1,0248
npuBon[T K uary KEaHTOBarHhrr,
paBHoMy2,0 uB. [OrelHuru napa,verpoMpaBHOMepHOrO
KBaHryloucro ycrporicrna gBflflercn ero BbtxoaHarlHcnepcHr. Ecln npcanoloxHTb, qro oulH6Ka
KBaHToBaHHq
paBHoMepHo
pacnpeaeneHa
B ornerbHorv{HHrep8arreuupHHbr q, I:ncnewns Ktr;Hrylouero ycrpoftcrna (rotopar npeacrauqer co6oii luyrr KBaHryroucro ycrpoficrna !{JlHMor[Hosn, ouru6rcu)us ourx6ru c HyneBUM
cpcaHHrttHaxoaHTcrcneryloruHl\{o6paror,r:
ql2
'f
t

o-=

qtz
l.

'

q'

e ' p ( e ) d e =r ' i O r = i ,
J
J
-qtZ

lt)-L!)

-qt2

rne p(e)=llq s xHrepBare g - 3ro QyHxuna nnorHocrlt BeporrHocrn (probability density

function - pdf) oruu6xu KBaHroBaHHq
e. Taxuu o6pa:on, cpeaHeKBanparuqecKoe
36at{eHHe uyMa KB:lHroBaHHrB nHTepB:rneKBaHrr.{Jru
runprHbr q paBHo qJi.

nnuQ,Z9q. ypaa-

ueHne (13.12) onpeJlenrer MoulHocrb rxyMa KBaHToBaHHs

B HHTepaanepa3MepoMB oaHy
KBaIHTrurb
B npeanonoxeHun, .tTo oruu6rx pagHoBeporrHbrB npeaerax HHTepBana
KBaHTosauHq. Ecnx EKllor{HTbB paccMorpeHre pa6oty B HHTepBaneHacbnueHHeKBaHTyloulero
ycrpoffcrBa HrH paccMorperb HepaBHoMepnue
ycrpoficrm KBaHToBaHHs,
To norF{HM, r.tro
HltrepBzulbr
KBaHToBaHHs
He HMerorpaaHoftuHpHHbr BHyrpHo6lacrn H3MeHeHHrexoartofi
nepeMeHHofrr.rnJlorHocTbaMnJIHryAbr
He tMterct paanor"repxoftBHyrpH xHTepBanaKBaHToBaHhr. Moxno BbtrrHcrr4Tb
3Ty 3aBncfluylo or aMnnilTyIIbr3Hepfnlo ourr6rcn oi , vcReaHtfl KBa.Aparbt
ou:u6ox no aMnnHTyAcnepeneHHofi,ggeeujeHHoftBeposrHocTbrogroii auruxTyAbt. 3ro uoxuo Bbrpa3HrbcneayroruuMo6parou:
I
ai =Ellx -s1)lzl= lez1x'1p1x1ar,

(1 3 . 1 3 )

rAer-BxoAHiurnepeMeHHzls,g(.r)-eeKBaHToBaHHaJrBepct,rr,e(x)=y-S$)-ours6ra,a
p(x) - QyHxttrur rulorHocru BeponrHocrl4aMlururyabrx. HHrepeal HHTerpHpoBaHNro Qopuyle (13.13) MoxHo paiacnnTb Ha aBa ocHoBl{brxHHTepBana:
oJtnH orBeqaer sa oupi6Kfi s
cryneuvarofi HJIHnHHeftHoft o6aacru KBaHryrouefo ycrpofirraa, a rropofi - ra ourn6ru4 a
o6aacrx HacbrueHu-tr.Onpeaelnu aMnnnTyry HacbrueH'4;r KBilHTytouero yc'rpoficraa xar
f,*. flpeanonoxrM TatoKe,qro nepeaaro.tHa.q@yHnrl{.RKBarryouero ycrpoficrna ecrb rlcr-

Ho-cHMMerpr{r{nofin raxofi xe fanqercq-orirui.rq-rlrroiHocrt-ailpoainociH

anr BXOAHOfO
cHrHara. Moulnocru ou-ln6rH oi, onpeaeaeHHajrpaBeHcrBon(13.13),
nanrercn noIHofr
MotuHocrbtoou:u6rcH, Koropa! uoxer 6sns pa3aenenaclre.(ylorur4lr
o6pa:oru:

oi = 2 le' (x)p(x)dx=

( 1 3 l. 4 , a )

0
-

E'( t

=2

r .

(x)p(x)dx
+Z
=
Je"
lez e)p!)dx

(r3.14,6)

=o6n2 +o5",2
34ecr oun2 -

MotuHocrb outn6xn e r'.rHeftHofio6racrs, r oso,2 -

MoluHocrboLuH6xHs
o6aacrn HacbruleHnr.Moutnocrl ourN6xu o6n2 Moxer 6srrt
aanee pa3aeneHaHa noabrH_
Tep8anu, cooTBeTcTByror{He
nocneaoBaTelbHbtM
AHCKpCTHbIM
BXOAHbTM
ypoBHrttt KBaH_
TYtouteroycrporicraa (t.e. raanrnnar,l). Ecnra npeAnonoxyTb, qro
cyuecrayet iV rarnx
ypoBHef KBaHTHJTH,
HHTefpannpeBpar.uacrc,B cneayrou_tyto
cyMMy:
Nt?_f",1
rf .

oun- =2 ) .

(r3.r5)

l e ' ( . r ) p ( x ) d .,r

n=0

tae x' - ypoBertb KEaHryOUero ycrpoiicroa, a HHrcpBat

rurH uar Mexny nByM.qraKHl,rH
ypoBHtMHlra3blBaercfl
utrnrcpg(uoJrt
KgaHmuru(quantileinterval). Hanousr.rrrl,,rro N, rar noaBHnotsBrcercs creneHblo 2. Tarur.r o6pator'r, cyuecrByer N/2- I nonoxrr.as*rttfyponHefi.
/v/2- I orpuuarerbHbrxypoaneftx Hyreaoft ypoBeHb- BceroN- I ypoaens n rv- 2 rHrepaana.Tenepr, ecJIHannpoKcxMupomTbnJtorHocrbHa KaXqoM[HrcpBaJreKBaHT[Jrr{KoHcraHTaMHq, = (xr * r - xJ, BHpDKeHHe
( 13.l5) ynpocrurcq ao crre,(ytouleroBrdaa:
N t2-t ,lx=+|'t2

=r
I;j
a+

oun2

Ntz-l

pG)=

lp-q,12

(13.16)

=2L
l;-rG)e"
fae s(-r) B paBeHcrBe(13.15)
6ur.rro3aMeHeHo
r ur(13.16), nocKonbKye(x)- anxeftnaa
HaKroH ,{ npoxolguaut gep3 Hynb B ueHTpeKax_
OyHKuHsor .r, uMetouraqetrt,tHr{rt}rsrff
KpoMe roro, npe.(enbrHHTerphpoBaHHr
Aoro HHTepB:uIa.
B paBeHcree(13.15) 6ugu gaueHeHblB coorBercrBl.lHc !{3MeHeHHcMfi.r
B]ryrpHHHTepBaJra
KBaHTrurH.
flocxoaury oonacrb
H3MeHeHHfl
6ut.nao6oluaqeHaqepe3q^, nuxtt4i4 u eepxnnfi npeaenbrMorl.r 6btrb o6o3HaqerfbtKaKx= -qJ2 v v= +qJ2. Paseucrso(13.16)onrcurBaerMoulHocrr
oLuu6ru s ll.rneftsoli o6aacrn I BrulecyMMbrMolllHocrn ourN6rn qlttZ a KOKltoMHHTepBurre
KBaHTHnH, B3BeueHHoftoepoarHocruop(x")q^eroft eHeprnn outn6xn.
,,1

,tr

.a

Z, Z. Z. Paexouepxoe

KBaHToBaHHe

Egau yctpoftcrBo KBaHToBaHtrt Hrteer paBHoMepHo pacnoroxeHHbre

H BCe HHrepBanbr paBHoBepo'rHbl, BbrpaxeHne (13.16) ynpouaercs

= i'f', ^'^xn)Q
ouo2
n= zolfi'r' #2,

KBaHTHJTH,paBHble g,

aanee.

=*

( l 3 .l 7 )

Ecnr rnarryrouree ycrpoftcrao pa6oraer He B o6nacrlr HacbruleHng (uounoc-rn uyMa KB:lHTonanr'rr),roraa ol =otin, r grH BerHqHHbrqacro t4cnojrb3ylorcsKaK B3aHMo3:rMerreeMsre.
orMeruM, qro MorrlHocrbuwa caMano ce6e He 6yaer no,'rHoonucbrBarbnoBeaeHueuwa ycr_
pofrcr8a KB:rt-rroBaHnq.
Eolee nolttofi MepoftKa,{eqrBanuurercfl orltoueHne EnoporoueHTpaJrbHoro MoMelna(ancncpcnn) uwa KBaHroBrrHHs
K BXoaHoMy
cnrHa-rry.Ecnr.rnpeanoaoxuTb,{ro
BXOAHOfi
CKTHaU
UMeeTftyne8ocpeaHee,aHcnepcKrcHr]raJrapaBHa
ai = lx'p(x)dx.

(r3.r8)

,{alsttefiuee H3f{eHt4ecpeattcro tuyryraKnaHTyroulero

ycrpoftcraa rpe6yer KoHKpern3auu}.r
Qynrur-ru nnorHocrn r.rycrpoficraa.
flpnrrrep13.4. Pasxomeplroe
KBauTyrolqee
ycrpoiicrBo
Onpeae.nuv
yqrpofrcrBa
axcnepchto
Kuanm&urxlH orlroueHneMoulHocrl.t
ll1yrraK MotuHocficHnriula
(noise-to-signal
powerratio- NSR)lJn paBnoruepHo
pacnpe.qenenHoro
06B noJuror-r
ar{HaMuqecroii
,'lacnl cHntaua, collallHoro ycTpoiisr8ort K8.ililTot]:lHHa
c 2' pacnoaoxeliltbrMH lta oIHltaKoBHx paccro{u}trx yporJltnltn KrjilrT}ro1. B lrorr c,ry.jaeuwa lracbrrllcHnr rre c}ruecrByer H nonrcra 6tns aurr{ucreHarojlbKo $cjrHyHr{anHilciilrom ury'ta. Kaxaurti utfiEpr]iul KDaltrluH paBelr

q - (2.8,,*)2-0
3aecr 28"", - oro sxoaHok nnTepBrrnMexay nonoxHreronoi
Heftsofi o6racr,r KBaHioBaHnr.

( r3 . 1 9 )
H orpnuarcJlbrrofi r?axuuaMn JrH-

Pewenue
l l o A c r a s n l n B b r p a x e H u c( 1 3 . 1 9 )s Q o p v y n y ( 1 3 . 1 2 )u a x ( 1 3 . 1 7 ) ,n o , r r y x u c n e a y r o u y i oM o r u r o c r b
(B nl,tHcftHoftoonacrH):
uyMa KBaHTOBaTT[q

( 13.20)
MoulHocru RxoaHorocgftrzua Haxollrlrcg nyrev tiHTerpxpoBarrHrBbrpaxel{xa (13.18) ann paBltoMepHoft tuorHogrr BcponTttocrr.r
B r,rHTepB.rne
a.nurrsr24,.. c uenrpoM a rorrKe 0, rax ,rro p(.r) =
ll(28"",), r.rarcnepclrs crrHara HaxoauTcr cneryputwrrro6palon:

.
't =_iu# ,24'=L12E*,)?

(13.2r)

Paccvarpxaan orHoluenre Motuuocru uyMa K MoulltocrH orrHara (NSR), nonyruu creaylouee:

o;

NSR = l*

= l-ib .

(t3.22)

o;
Tcncpu,nepeBoafl
NSRs,qeun6erbr,
nonfrnMcneayrouee:
NSR.5= l0 tg(NSR)= l0 lg(2-D)=
= -Z0blg(2) = -6,02b(a[).

(13.23.a)
(13.23,6)

Burpaxeune (13.23,6) cBHrr.erenbcrByer

o roM, \To 3a Kax{brii 6nr, roropufi ucnonb3yercq B
npouecce npeo6parosanrfi, Mbl nrarrM -5,02 aE olrouelrun rxyr{a K cnrHary. ,fl,eficrnurelrxo,
NSR anc rrc6oro paBHoMepHoroKBaHTyroueroycrpoiicrBa, ue pa6oraouero s o6racrx HacbltueHHt, HMecr creayroutxft sN.4:

NSR,E=-6,02b+C.

(t3.24)

cnrHara(probabilitydensityfunc3aecuqleu C rasNcuror $yHKuxn nrorHocrn Bepoarrrocru

rn,rrrolrl]rxcly3KHMH
no orHorJexupK
tion - pdf); oH nolroxuTelrera,nnQyHrunfi n,'lorHocrH,
ypoBHroHacblutenhtnpco6paroaarerr.
l.l.t.c"rHan
[o

e.{acrorxofi o6racru
vruryM KBaHToBaHne

Hacroaulero L{oMeHTa uyM KBaHToBaHut o6cfxaa.ncfl c rorrKrl 3pe}rHr ero BnHqnHn

prra, npe,[crauqrculyro
rta nur6oprcy
Bpcuclrrroro
ancrpcrrrurficrrrHM.LUylrrnaurouar*rn
lroxcr 6r,trs raKxe onHcaH B qacrorHoft o6nacrH; 3To no3Bo;IgerB3rr-nr'ryfbHa alrliqrl4c
ycaoanfi pa6orur, vro n 6yaer cAenaHonnxe. B npoqccce 3Toro h3f{eHHq npeanonaraercrr
(parqcr 13.2.4) n xuarr(pa:aca 13.2.3),Bo3lrytue}rHtt
TaKxe paccMorpcHHeHacblrlteHHrr
(pa:ae,r
ycrpofrc-ra
uyr"ry
no
13.2.6).
c
o6parnoft
cBr3blo
ryrcurHX
H a p n c . 1 3 . 7 n p e a c r a a n e H oa x c K p e r t t o c n p e o 6 p a 3 o B a r u {{eD y p r ' ca e y x o l t y c o H l ,
Koropbrc nBrntorcq pc3ynbraroMnur6opxu c not\{our,lo.nuncliHoro l0-6xronoro AIlfl.
C p a o r r n r e r u n b r ca l r n r H T y J r .abgl y x c H H y c o r l ap a a t t t t 1 , 0 n 0 , 0 1 ( r ' . e .o a r t a r r a 4 0 l 6 r * r x c a p y r o i i ) . H a p u c . l J . 7 , a c H r r r a J r r x r x o i i r r a c r o r b r( o 6 o : r r a r c r r r r r , r0i i q E ) i r i l c u r r i l 6 n p y e r c n r r a I a E l { H x e n o n H o f i a H n a M H q c c K o foi 6 r a c r n l 0 - 6 n r o n o r o k B a r r r y t o l u c r o
y c r p o f r c r u a , K o r o p y r oa . n a y a o 6 c r a a 6 y , q c r l c q H T a r b e a n r r n , r r r o i r O
. rnernv,,rro ra
pnc. 13.7, a no1lHoMac[lra6gbtfi cnrHaJI 0 aE naxoar'rrca Ha 6 4,6 Hr'rxe ExoaHoro
ypoBHs nouoqeHr,tq I AE. 9ro o6rtcHqercfl H,tIHqHcMMHoxHTeJlt l/2 a cnexrpaluHoM pa3noxeHun .(eficrBt4TerbHorocxrHara no BceM HeHylIeBbIMqacroraM. Cpeauee
(SNR) rurg l0-6nroeoro KBaHTyroUeno
ycroTHoueHHecurHa.ltaK UlyMyKBaHToBaHHs
poficrBa paBno 60 + C .(8. ,[,ns nolnouacura6xoft cnHyco]labt KoHcraHTa C paaua
orHoueHne SNR npuruepHopaBHbtM62 gE. IIpta.q[c1,76aE, qro aeraer cyMMapHoe
(discreteFourier transform - DFT, AnA), Koropoe
Oypue
KperHoMnpeo6pa3oBaHnn
BbrnolHrnocbAnt noJlfteHHnrpaQura Ha pgc. 13-7, Anuna paBHclacb 256. flocxoarnponopuHoHtulbHoAJIHHenpesNR npeo6paroaaHHsyBeJrtlqHBaerct
Ky oTHOtlleHHe
o6paroraHra (xrn rper.tenn r{HrerpnpoBanun),ro 6raro,saps npeo6pa3oBatrnp SNR
ynyquaercr ua 24 aB [2] c norepefi 3,0 aE acneacrBHeyceqeHHq.TaruL{ o6parou, Ha
paBHa 62 + Zq BepuxHa sNR scjreacrBHeKBaHToBaHHs
BblxoAenpeo6pa3oBaHr4r
3 = 83 aE. lllyr'lonofi cHrHar Ha raxaofi qacrore AflQ uoxer 6slrs npe4craBneH KaK
KoTopas
rayccoBblxcnyqaiil{blx BeJIHt{HH,
KDaIpaTHbtftKOpeHbH3 CyMMbtKBa,[paTOB
xH-KBarpar c AByMs
oflHcbtBaercsKaK cryt{afiHagBerIqHHa,HMercuaqpacnpeAeneHHe
cTeneHrMHcBo6oAbl.,flxcnepcun(uot1Hocru uyMa) paBHaKBa.[parycpeAHero.Taruu
Kone6aHt{tBoKpyr MareMarrt{ecKorooxl{JIaHHsypoBo6pa3oM,HMeeM3HaqnrelrbHble
Hq Mou{HocTHtgyMa.Ans nonyqeHHttycrofrvuaofroUeHKHrluxHero yporHff lIJyMaHaM
norpe6yercl cpeaHeeno aHcaM6rto.BttaHo, qro HHXHHftypoBeHb ulyt'la (no.nyvenc
6st11Ao6aslex
paBeH-83 AE. K cnrsaly nepeA KBaHroBaHHeM
noMolgblo400 cpe.U,xt{x)
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CpeAxeenceaaocnrrafiHofo
uyMa
CpeaHeecyuMapHorocHrHana - cpeaHcc
nceEAocry.rafiHOrOlllyMa

0,4576

B arou npnuepc lulg ylarennq cMerueunc KBaHTylouteroycrpoEcrBa 6blr Hcnorb3oBaH

cMerrreHl{blfi nccB.qocnwaftHsrfi uryv. Cpeanee cylrMt.rpoBaHHbrxn npco6paroBaHHbr.\
H3Mepenrfi (npil
HaiHqHHK'ppeKrHoro u:ruepexun) a o6uev cnyrac 6yaer 6nnxe
x [crHHHOrHyCHrH:rny,yerr HecyMMHponar{Hbre
c nceBrocny\afiuuu ruyuov H npeo6pa:onaxHuen:r*tepenrn
[5,61.

9ro6ur npoxrnrocrpupoBarb BrHflgHenpoqeccaao6aMeHH, nceaaocayvafitroro

uyMa
Ha npouecc KBaltroBalll4t h3Mellrllouetocq Bo BpeMeHHcHrHaJIa,paccMorpHM
cneaytourufr 3Kcnepnueur. flycrs cuHyconraJrbur,rfi
curHaa, nuenutufi aMnnnryJly 1,0, nonan_
rRercr Ha 60a6. Toraa ocra6agelrsrficHrHaJrHMcernonHyrcaMnn'Ty,&y
0,001, qro cocraBrfier npr{MepHonoroRh}ryHnrepaa;raKBanroBaHr.ts,
paBHoro0,001957, EnA Lecfr1.H6llrosoro paBHoMepttoroycrpoficrna KBaHToBaHlr,
(nolyraercn aercuHeM yaBoeuuofi
a[tnnHTyaucnruaJra2 na 2to- 2). Koraa lra oKpyrnqpuee KBaHTyoulecycrpoicrBo
noaaeren ocaa6lerrja.q cHr{yconrar Ha Bbtxoae6yayr no.nyrarbcq B ocHoBltot{ Bce }tvIu. la
'l:-*I1y:"
oraerbl{l'lx cAHtlHus tl xsailtrtrb, qro npoacxoanr r] roM cJtyrrae,Korla
BxoA nepeceKaerypoBeHb xql2, pasuuitt 0,000979 (cooraercrnynuuft HaHMeHee3HaqH_
uouy 6nry AUn). Ec.[x sxo.[r{ofi cxruan ocla6neH eure Ha 0,23 aE, noponoBHeypoBHH
caMofo MlaJluero 6nta HnxorAa ne 6yAyr nepeceKaTbcr B BbrxoAHa, nocJre.[oBaTenbuoctr 6yrer npe,lcraBnsrb co6ofi sce Hyau. Tenepr !.o6aBxM ncea.[oclyrafiuufi uryu co
cpeAHeKBaIpaTn,tecKoft
aunlNry4ofi , paaHoft 0,00 1, x ocaa6leHHofi clrHycol,t1eaMruln_
ryau 0'001 mx, vro6u cyMMa cnrHana c nceaaocJryraftusruuyMoM perynqpHo nepeceKiula ypoBHH tql2 AItn. Ha pxc. 13.I I r.rso6paxeHacneKrprursHa, MorqHocrb, nonfteHH:rn nyreM npeoopa:onaHfiC H ycpenHeH]rc400 peannsaqnft 3Toro cyMMapHorocHrHajra.
B peryarrare ocla6aeHHuE Ha 60 a6 cnrnrrl Ha npeJlenepippeuatouefi cnoco6Hocrn
AIrrI nce eue npncyrcrBoBaJl H, 6yayqn roqHo H3MepeHHbrM,
cocraBlur -63 a6 (-3 aE
BcreacrBne orpyraeHnn). flceegocaylaftHurft uryu aanaa eQQexr pacunpeHue
aHHaMHqecKofio6aacru AIIII (xar npagrno, c 9ao 12rE uln c
l,5ao 2,0 6nr) n noaucul seQerrr aHocrr cryneuvarofi ann poKcHMaux r,rAl{fI.
I O-6rrosoe xaaxroaaxra c Ao6aanecreu
nceBAocnyqaiHoro ujyua, nornouleHhe -80 .q6, uJ} r -60 A6

u)
p
6

I5

z
G

I=
:
o

0,l5

0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35

qacrora
HopMHposaHHac

Puc. 13.ll.Cnermpatwan
Noulvocmb pasHoilep,tom AAII
nceedootytainozo nu3xoypoaHesozo cu?Hl2rra

0,4

0,45

0.5

c doflaanenue.u

2.2.6,

Hepaanouep'oe KBaHroBaHHe

Paanovepn'c K'aHryroulHe ycrporicrna

npeAcra'rarcT co60fr nan60nec pacnpocrpalteHrrsrfi run aHaroro-uuQponux npeo6pa:onareacfi,
TaK KaK oHr.rrra'60.neeyc-rofivnour.
[Io4
"ycrofivuaocrso" noaparyueBaerct, ttro
orJHorlJoc'Te,rbr.roHcqyBcrBt.{TcrbHbr
K He3rjaq,TeJIbHt'IMlI3McHeHHtlrlBxoallblx crarltcrnK.
9ra ycrofivunocrb aocruraercff I pe3y;rbrare
Toro, rrro npeo6paronarelrnHe ,racrpanoatorcl
oKoHyarerbHo t{a oaHo KoHKper}toe
MHo_
xecrBo axoaHbrxnapaMerpoB,3.o no:aorfier
ult pa60ratb xopotuo ,*"
no" riarH'HH HC_
onpeaereHHblxBxoaHblxnapaMerpoB;
aaxc ile3lraqlrrcJtbrtble
,r3MeHettHrr
BXOAlrbrx
crarHcrHK np,Eorsr K HecyuecrBcltHbrNrlr3MelreHnff
M Br,lxoafrbrxcrarHcrltK.
Koraa cyurcgrByerManat HconpeacreHrtoct
B crarucr,Kax Bxoaroro cHrHiura,Moxro
co3otl_::1"::r"Ieprroe
ycrpoftcTaoKBaFrro&1lr,l,Koropoc
laer Merbrucc orrorucHHc NSR, .rcrrr
paBHoMepHoe
ycrpoficrBo KBaHToBaH[t,Hcnorh3yrotuee
ro xe KorHqecrso 6rr. gro pearuryer_
cfl c noMoUlbtoAeneHrulsxoaxorl.[rHaMX'{ecKofio6racrlt
Ha HepaBHoMepHbre
HHTepBanBr
TaKr
$to MoluHocrb tuyllla, BBeueHHat BepotrHocrbo nolanenur
Ha KaxaoM r4nTepB:ure,
,B/ureTcn
oAxHaxosoft. ,{,ng ormlualsHoro r<B:rrrry,ouero ycrpoftcrBa
uoryr rJsrm Haiaenlr Ht_epauuoH_
HbIe peueHrut lulg rpaH[u npl/.:ftrIrus
PeueHrur 't pa3MepoBuaroB arur KoHKper]rbtx rurorHosreft
H Marot' KOJIrrrecrEa
6rr. }ra 3araqa ynpouaErcs FyreM M.rerupoBaHns
HepaBHoMepHOro
ycrpoficrna KBaHroEaHun
KaKnocrejloB:rrcnbHocrH
oneparopoB,KaK U3o6paxeHoHa pxc. 13.r2.
CHa.{anaBxolHoft crruaa oro6paxaerc, c noMoullro
ue.nnneftuofi@yHruun, Ha3btBaeMoft
Korr_
npeccopou(compressor),B arlbrepHarxBnyroo6nacm yposHerl.
3rrn-yponuu paBHoMepHoKB:.HTyrorcs, r,r KBaHToBaHHbte
ypoBHHcnrHara aarcu oro6paxalorcn c
no"ort{oto tonoaHsrouteft
He.nnnefrHoftoyHnrxN, HarursaeMofiarccnaudepoa
(expander),B BbrxoaHyloo6.nacrr ypoeHeft.
qacru
OGteaHHqr
HanMeHoBaHxfi
xaxtofi n: onepaunff COMpres , .*paND, nonWHM
t{a_
3BaHhenpouecca: rcounandupoeaxue
(compu.d,ing),

t
/
l , /
t
,
KBaHTosaHhe

Pacurpexne

flepeaanax

npheMH%(

Puc. 13.12. Hepaexouepnoeycmpoicmao Ksotrmoaailus

KoK nocJte_
doaamenanocmtonepamopoe
: cJtcamue,pasHonepHoeKearrmoaaHue
u PacwupeHue
,ir

,.i

I . Gy6onrnrrlaablloeHepaBHOMepHoe
KaaHroBaHhe
Hly,raa xapaKrepHcrHKyKoMnpeccopa
)=C(x) Ha pHc. 13.13, sH.qH[,t,rrro pa3Mepbl
uJaraKBaHTOBAHUT
EJtgBbrxo,(Hoft
nepeueuHOfiy CBg3aHbr
c pa3MepaMUUlafa KBaHTOBaHH'
sxoAttofi nepcvenHoft x qepe3HaKJroHC(x) (nanprr,rep,
Ay = ArC(,r) ). !,n.a npor.rtaort_
noft syHxunn rurorHocrl.rBepoflrHocrs u npo'3Bo'lbHofi
xaparrepncrHKh KoMnpeccopa
MoxHo ltocrrr{b nsrxoauofr,[Hcnepc]rHuIWa KBaHToBannn
[71.
z.z.

, y

6
y = C(xl

dy
dx

^y=q
I

T-

.'

.:"

drY=
q
6rrr=
ox

Ar

*ll--*

Xmq

Puc. I 3. I 3. XapaxmepucmuxaKo,unpeccopa
C(x) u o4euxn iortutbHozo uaxtoua C(x)

Irid

-f

p(x)=
dx

o|=L
'

tt -*

(13.25)

1tt''1'

xapaKrcp*!.[.na onpeaeaeHuofiSynxur4n rurorHocrr{BeposrHocrnuoxet 6rtru Hafi.qeHa

cruKa KoMnpeccopa
C(r), KoropacMhHHMH3Hpyer
of. OnruuarrHuft mxou cxarun lurs
oreryprur.tMo6pa:ou [8]:
aagHofi$yHxuulr nJrorHocruBeposrHocrxBbrpDKaercs
x

c@= Il,lKpaz)dz.

( 13.26)

Haxoault, t{To onrflMarbHafl xapaKTepHcrnKa

cxar].rt nponopuno]ranbHaHHTerpanyor Ky6uqecroro Koput or gxoaHoft OyHxunra nrorHocnt BepoqrHocrH. 3to Ha:Heaercs moqnoi
nacmportrcoi(fine tuning). Ecar xounpeccop Hacrpoeu Ha pa6ory c oasofi QyHruNefi
nrorHocrri, a HcnoJrb3yercn
c apyrofi (HanpNuep, ouu.{aouleftcs roJrbKovacura6ou), ropaccornacomHo, H BcJIeacrBHe
3Toro Moxer cyuecrBopqrr ttro ycrpoicrao KBaHToBaHHT
BeHHo cHu;KarscnaQ$erruBHocrb $yu rqraonuponarrur [6].
2.2.8,

roraprgrrur{ecKoe cxarre

B npeauayureM pa3Aene6rtn npeacraa.neH3aKoH cxarnt Iur cty{aq, Koraa Bxorr{alt

QyHxunn rurorHocrn BepocrHocrnc[rHarra xopouro onpereneua.Ceft,{aco6parnucn x cryr{arc, B KoropoM o6 erofi Synrurar r.r3BecrHoltano. 3ro, HaIIpHMep, nponcxoAuT, Korna
cpernct gHTponnr BxoaHorocxcHaJracu.nerct cayrafiHolt sean.{HHoft.Hanpuuep, ypoBeHb roJroca clyvaftxo su6paxuoro releQouuoro noJrmoBarent Moxer Bapbrpoaarbcs or
uenor) ao apyroro (xpnr).
olr.HoroeKcrpeMar6Hofo3HaqeHHq(,u,oaeparenuHufi
flpn Herraecrnoft QyHxuxH nJrorHocru BeposrHocrH xapaKTepncrtrKaKoMnpeccopa
ycrpoficrBa KBaHToEaHHr.qonxHa
6urr au6paua rar, vro6u pe3ynbrxHepaBHoMepHoro
pyrourr.rfi uyM He 3aBHceJror KoHKperuofi n.norHocru. XorR aro H npeacraBJrserct HAe:lJrbHbrM,.[ocruxeHne raroft He:anncnMocrtr Moxer oKa3arbct HeBo3MoxHbrM.Oaxaxo
Mbt xornM KoMnpoMncca n 6yr.cM nbrrarbcg ycraHoBnrb Bo3MoxHyto He3aBl.tclrMocrb
cpean 6oaru.roro quclra Bxo.[Hbrxarcnepcnft x n.nornocrefi. Ilpxuep KBanTytoueto ycrpoficrna, Koropoe noKa3uBaer orHoueHue SNR, neraencnMoe or QyHrur,rn nnorHocrl.t
Beporrrnocrn BxoaHoro curHaJra, Moxno npe.[craBnTbc noMoulbro pnc.2.l8. Ha ero[t
pHcyHKe MoxHo na6rp.qatr 3Har{HTeJIbHoe
orJrnqne I orHoueHHtx NSR anq Bxornbrx
cnrHaJIoB c pa3lhr{HbtMu aMnJI}tTyJlaMH,KBaHToBaHHblxc noMolublo paBHoMepHoro
ycrpoitrKBaHryrouero ycrpoficraa. ,[.rra cpanxeHilq MoxHo BH.qerb,itro HepaBHoMepHoe
crao KBaHToBaHHs
tronycKaer roJrbKo 6oarurae ouru6rn .[lts 6oarurux cnrHaaoe. flpeEc.ru SNR aoJIxHo 6Htr Hegasrlciluo
HMyuecrBo raKoro noaxoaa noHtrr{o HHTyHTr,rBHo.
6Urr nponopuuoHareH ExoaoT pacnpeaeneHHrraMnrnry,lbr, llryM KEaHToBaHHt
AOnll<eH
HoMy ypoBHro. B Qopuyne (13.25) npe[craMeHa ,u,HcnepcHtlxyMa KBaHTylouero ycrpoircrra r1rr npou3BoJruHoftSyHxuuH nnorHocrll BepotrHocrtt r,t npoH3BotbHofi xaparTepHcruKH KoMnpeccopa.,[,r4cnepc]rccxrHalra ,[rIs nn6ofi QyHxunl,t n;IorHocrt4 BepotrpaBHaCneAyrcUeMy:
HOCTH
62t =

l.r' p(x)dx .

(t3.2't)

flpu orcyrcru[ HacbtueHr.rr

SNR xeaHryroueroycrpoftcrBaHMeercreAytouufi BHA:
lx' p(x)dx
G7,

oi

(13.28)
.

(q"tt2) llpGVC'(x)ldx
J

9ro6u SNR t{e 3aBuceroor KoHKperHofinaorsocrn, seo6xoanuo, vro6u .rucaurelu 6sur

uacurra6upoeaHHofieepcacfi3HaMenarerr.9ro rpc6oaaHHepaBHocxnbnocneAyoueMy:

=(+)
rc(')r,

(13.2e)

CG)=L.

(r3.30)

UJIH

OrcroAa c noMoulbKrHHTerpHpoBaH
l.tfl lraxoArM cnelynuee:
IK
c(x) = l-dz
J Z

(13.3t)

C(x)=ln.r+const.

(13.32)

3r'or perynsrarsortercfl nHrynriiaH-npnaaeraiiniHltu. iieap:uffiuecrcuaxo,vnpec{op

tronycKaer nocmoaHiloe SNR na abtxo,[e, nocKoJlbKy c Hcnorb3oBaHuelr aoraplrQlrnqecxofr
txKilJlbl oAl'll{aKoBble paccroanun (unu orur.r6xn) .BBJrruorcs B aeficranTenbHocrg
o.[HHaKoBbtMH orHoureHHflMn, a 3TO !r rpe6yercr .rrjlr roro, qro6u SNR ocraBarocb
$NxcxpoaaH_
FrbrMB o6racrn BxonHoro cHrHara. KoHcraHra B paBeHcr8e (13.32) HyxHa nnr cornacoBaHHq rpaHhitHbtx ycnoBHfi no rru n y,*. Yuxtuaaa 3TH rpaHnqHble ycJtoBHt,
nonrtHM Jlofap nQ r-lnvecrnfi npeo6paro aaren b cn e.qytoue ro BH.qa:

C ( x ), f - l . . ' )

(13.33)

lnt

)mx

)mx

\;r*'

Bna cxarnn, npe.q,roxeHubrr'r

aorapuerunvecKorroyHKuncfi, rroOpaxel{ Ha puc. 13.14,a.
Cloxnocts, cBn3aHlratc :roft eyrrxuueli, cocront B ToM, rtro ona rrc oro6paxacr orplrua_
TeJlbllbleBxo.tIHblecHrHarbl. Orptuareauuute cHrHaJrbr
ftHTr,tBatorcfl nfrcpr ao6asnerrHn
orpaxeHnoi BepcHr,r
rorapNQva Ha orpnuarcnbHyrcnonyocb. 3Ta voar.rQnraqun xro6paxaercr na pnc. 13.14 x areqer sa co6ofr cneaytouee:

_r =r"[J!_l,e"r,r,

( r 3.34)

f * t a . nrr> o

s- m r = 1
t-l

a;rn'r<o

Y(lacToK
nhHefiHoro

In(lx l) sgn(x)

Puc. 13.14../Ioeapu$nurecxoe
erom,te: a) npomomunaoeapuQuutecxoi
.Qynxquudaa zaroua orcamua;6) npomomun
$ynxquu lnlxl sgn x dnn zoxona crcamue; a)
Synrcqun
fn[xfsgnx c ,uaa,.u;,tnepexodon
,"*dy ,"i",,ir'ortr'""
Eute oana Bo3HnKarouafli grofi cHTyauHHcnoxHocrb
cocronT I ToM, r{To cxar,,re, onr_
caHgoe paBeHcrBoM(13.34), He sBrrercs HcnpepbtBHbrM
B HaqaJreKoopAHHar;a treicrBnTeJlbHocrHoHo He HMeer cMblcjla B Hat{aneKoopAHHar.
Heo6xoaltNroBbrnorHr4TbnraBHoe
coeAHHeHlieMeXAy nompnQltrvecxofi
eyrrxUxefr n lxnefintrpr oTpe3KoM,npoxoArultrM
qepe3Haqaro Koop.qHHar.Cyuecrayer
aBe craH.qaprHare
QyHruxn cxarHr, ablno,rHrroru,e
--rqgcoeaHHe_HHe,- p-3aKoHKOMnaH.[epa
n A-raxoH KOMnaHAepa.
",
Z.l.V,Konnandep,
ucnotatyrcuqui1t-taKol. KounaHAep, Hcnonb3yrorur4fr
p_3aKos, BBetrclr_
tiutit xounauuefl Bell System rnt ]rcno.nb3oBaHHfl
n ceoepHofi Auepnre, ilMeer cJreAYIOIIIHfrBHT:

y=c(x)=r*,ffirr,r.

( 13.3s)

rlpubar'*rteabHoe noBe{eH?te3roro KoMnpeccopaa

o6rac-rsx, coorBercr'ylorrr'x MarHrlr,t
6onurunu 3lraqeltr{qMapryMer{Ta,sBr.qerc, cneaynulrM
:

f ..

l/mx

F(lx/x*")
-l-llT-

Anr [r +

lrl

r*"

44 I

r=c(x)=J
. ,"il,ill,., amp-FL-"1
,*,-T#!1

(r1.36)

flap|'rerp p I KoMnarl{epe,!{cnonb3yroueM
p-3aKoH,o6sr.rr1o
ycraHag1BaJrcrpaurrurlr100
ala 7-6rroaoro npeo6pa:oBareJlr.Flo:xe ou h3MennJtcl
no 255 wrs g_6nrosoro npeo6pa_
3oBarenq'B uacroRurccBpeMqcraHAaprHbrMce'epoaMephKa*cKr.rM
KoHBeprepoM.qB"ercfl
8-6nrosurftA[l-l c tr=255.

ltcnturrryxluemF-:rat(oll
llprnep 13.6.Cpeaxee
SNR a-qcKoMnpeccopa,
Cpca,Hcc SNR aln

KoMnpeccopa,

xcHHe .4rrr lr-3aKoHa a Qopuyny

SaKoH cxaTfic xMeeT cre[ybuHfi

p:3aKoH, MoxHo oucHHTb. noacraBJrqq a6lpaHcnorb3yFulcno

axo!,Hofi nepcMeHHofi .r
lsaqcHnft
(11.28), fur
noroxr{TcnbHbrx
Br{tr:

lnfl P(lx[x-, )]
y=L(rr=l-,-iiffi.

( 13.3?)

paBHa
3arcunporrnoAxag
cneAFoueMy:

)
I

(13.38)

P(l/x-*)
^,=c(x)=y*,
r"(l*rr)fr*fffi.

y=

fur rra,r*infi BxolHoffnepcueHuoft,lurt Koropblxp(x/xns) rsncerts 6oasulttu B cpaoHexrfi

npon3BotrH:rr
BHpD(eHrc:
c cAHHxucR,
nepcxoAr.tr
B cJlcAyroqce
i,= c(r) =

I )-t
'.
x In(lr)

(13'39)

floacranrnc I / C(x) a Oopuyry ( 13.28),norfracM crc4noqec:

d2

(13.40)

51gp= J-I-=
o;
1q2n211tn1yt1ty*,lz

=t. ( z v * , \ ' ( l ) t
c ,l tl.o,t

( 1 3 .r4)

npu6rnrrrearxo paaHo 'tncny ypoancf, KBaHToBaHxt(2b, ute b'

OnrouJcxuc 2y*rlq
ycirpoficrBa
6xrosoro cxt{Mapuero
KBaHToaaH}tt.
fur 8-6rrosoro npco6parcaarert c F = 255
xMccMcJrcayKrulcc:

t*

= r[#]

(r3.42)

=3(46,166)2=
38.r.q5.

.[4r cpaancnu.nxa pxc. 13.15 npeacragrcHoorHoueHnc SNR AUn, ]rcnotruypueno p-raxox. 3aecu
SNR xro6paxcno ant &\ortrrHx cHHycoHA parnnvnofi aMrut{ryrbl Tau xc Hso6paxen ypolcHb
38,1 16, Bbl.o{cteHHbrft a Qopuyne 13.42, n SNR aru t}etcfiHoro KBa}Fyrouerc ycrpoficrBa c rofi xc
odnagruro Bxoar{Lrx iunnrrryil Kax I npcacxarHganocb, KBamytouee ycrpoficrno, [cnonb3ylouee ]rraxoil, noalcprc.rBaer noclosHHoc SNR ans 3HaqlrTtnbnoro lxa&nona Bxq[HbD( ypoauefi. 3y6varocrr
lguaofi npoxreo4nrenbHocrh (rpatynrpxocrr Kmlrryouero ycrpoftcrBa) BH3BaHa.norapn$urvccroii
ry6tarlynnrlefi crcarug. Peanrxue npco6patoaarerr, noMltMo 3Toro, noKiBbtB:lrtr,[onoaxrmlrrxyo
Tocrb Bcrerc'IBHe K),coqHo-Jlr{HcftHofiMnpoKcttMaunn HcnpcpbtBHofi rQuDofi p-3aKoHaHa prc. 13.16 npcqcraRleHo ll{cKpcrHoc npcooparooaHnc <D1prc napu Br(olnbrx cH[D,co]lA omocHrulbHbn aMrulrryrr 1,0 (0qE) u 0,01 (-40a8). Bxoarroft cHrH:rt K8a}rl)ryrcnc noMoulbto l0-6nrosom
npcoSparooarcnnrHcnotL3yroucnop-raxox (p: 500), n Ha puc. t3.16, ,r-.t ]DoBHH cr1larla ooa6rulorcs Ha 1,20 u aE orlr@tirenbHo.:Irolxouacurra6noro BrQAa.Orvcrrut, rfio ]?oBHH uyMa toa]fioBaHrurluur norHovacun'a6uom c1ruara xa prc. 13.16,o Bbure, qeM y paauoMepHoro AIIII (-7248
orMeqacMyjr}^flIteHHocorHolrrc'
npcnus -83 a5, xax sfiJ}to nr puc. 13.7).lh.q oota6rexxbD( cHrHaJroB
A[Il, Bnaxo, vro noxnc SNR.norapr.rQr,.rxtecnlcxlyapruem Atlll no cpaBHcHrloc paBHoMcprGIM
cKojtbKy ypoBHH Bxol[rom cilruUta y:\reHbur]utHcb,luyrl KBaHToBaHHtTarc(e cHx3r{Jlcfi, il npt| ociaoJrcHr{t{B ,t0 aE ypoocHr uwa ynaJlao -108 .[5. Tanru oSpa:ou, lorapn$ux'recm crcluarouo're AUfl
cnrHana Hr3Kom )?oBHc,[a.:rtcnpu oc.la6lenxu rra 4046,
Hs HMerornpo6n-evu "gnlenul" Bxo.q.lroro

npeoSpa:ooaKaKHa pnc. 13.16,r, Ero Bpcwt KaKTor rc cxrfliu rrprsrcr cpcrtrtuwa pasxoMepHoro
Tc;lr, xax noxasno ua pxc. 13.7,a.
SNR anr 8-6rtosoro

nsxeixoro

Allfl (F = 255)

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z
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o

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Puc. 13.15. [Ipedcxannnoe u ulruepe*HoeomaouleHue SNR dnn AUIT, ucnon'

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ul
n
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cu,znaaoe A If il, ucnoJ, b3y,ouleeo
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I

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-100

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Puc. 13.l!. Cnermp uouqttocmu cu?narror

Alllf , ucnottatyoqeeo
/-?aKon (oxontanue)

Pealrnas xapaKrcp,cr,Ka*o"np...opu,
n.nor*vrr".o
1r_r,o*o";;;r;;r,
(13.35).Kar noxa:anolta pnc.13.17,
O"p"vr.,
16
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Hrr n MeeTcneAynrUnft suA:

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roanntoaattue dn-n
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retephone ilir.il*ony
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cxartrs A- x p-raroHoB qB;trercg To, qro r"""a"prffiv:

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luu Hero He CyuIecTByeTHHTcpBIna,
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uuepoayro c noMorubto
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c nocneAynu{nu oro6paxeHHeM B MeHbuee
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2.
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tleHrul' B npouecce obparHoft cB.q3H nocrosHHo 3aaaercq Bonpoc,
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Heonpe,(eneHHocru.

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xeo-npeaeaen'-oc,fucootulaics ao nonoBr-iHHoio
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flpu noc.neaoaareltsoft annpoKcnMaunx pe3yngTar Kax.qoro
npeabl[yqero peueHx,
cH[xacr HeonpeAellexHocrb, Koropalr
AoJDKHa6urn pa:peureHa Bo BpeMs cJleaypuero
npeo6patoeanx.g.AHalomvHo pe3ynbrarbrnpe.quecrBytourr.rx
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4r1a yMegbueHr{, HeonpeAeneHHocrg,Ko_
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-

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modulation- pcM) r axesepeHuxaauuoft(differentialPCM - DPCM). B DPCM npeAcKa3aHne
cneayouleroaur6opo,r_

Horo 3HaqeHHa Qopuupyercfl

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pa3'ocrb Ha_
3ra
3brBaercsowu6rcodnpedcrcounua (prediction
enor).
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13.2, Hansraaorcfl ilercoeelHurttrycrpofi_
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3HaqeHne
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Ilpeo6paroaatea{ c npeacKa3aHreMAo;Drc{brl,tMerb KpafioBpcMeHnyronaMsrb, Koroprul

noruepxr{Baer npoBoaHMbleB pcanbHoMBpeMeHilonepauHH,rpe6yer'rHe,rwr arfopl4TMa
npeacKa3alrHq.Kpolre roro, oHu t{acTo6y!.p Nr,lersAojnocpoqHylo naMrrTl,,KoTopacnolnepxHBaeT
MeluteHHble'3aBHcHMble
or.qaHHbrxonepaunr{, raKxe KaK a8'roMailqecKagperynHpoBKaycHnetlfln' KoppeKunt KogQQHuHenroa
$r.ururpa. llpe.ccxa:alenH, Koropbre BKnpqaror MeJueHHbre.
3aBlfcHMHeor.[aHH6rx perynHpyroruHeanropr,rrMbr,Ha3brBaprcfladannugxuuu.

2.3. 1. og,xoorao.qHoe
npeAc*a3a'ne
oAnoornornufilnnefiHufi KoaupyroullfiOl,l,rrp c npencKa3aHxeu
(linearpredictioncoding filter - Qunr,rp LPC) n npouecceMoAynruHHDpcM npe.(cKa3brBaer
noc,reAyouee
BxotrHoe
nttGopovHoe
3HaqeHHe,
ocnoBbrBarcb
Ha npeauecroyouti^,BxoAHoM
uur6opovuou
3laqerrl{H. YpanuenNe
npeAcKa3an
ht rMeercxeayroutr{
fi eu.q:
.r(nln- l) = ax(n -{n - l).

( 13.44)

3accs x(alzr) -- oueHKajr B MoMeHTn npl.r,[anHbrx acex asr6oprax, co6parruurx

3:l Bpelrn
,, |t a - napaMerp, rciolulyeusrit Dls umunun3aunl orun6rn npe.[cKa3aHHfl.
[IoayverrHar nocre H3MopeHHfi
ourn6xa npercKa3artn, nMeer crelyrcutufi gnA:
d(n) = {x(n) - x(nln - l)l =

(13.45.a)

= [.r(n) - ax(n - lln - l)] .

( r3 . 1 5 , 6 )

Cpcarrcr aaaparurtccKatouru6rcaHMeer cre.qyrclutn

fi sH.[:
E [ r / 2 ( r r ) [ = E { . r ( n ) . r (-a2)a t ( n ) x ( n - l l a - l ) + a 2 x ( n - l l a - t ) _ r ( n - f l r i - U t .
Eclr x(n-lln-'l)
rBrcercc HecMeueggoft oueHKofi.r(n-l),
6uru unncauo urelytour[M o6pa3oM:

(l].16)

paBeHcreo (13.46) uoxer

Rl0) = RJ0)- 2aRJD+ azRIO)=

= Rlo)tl + az- 2aCSl11.

(13.47,a)
(13.47,6)

B aannou c,rryvaeRln) n &(n) rBJt rKrTcr aBroKoppenruuoHHblMn Qynxunrulr ouru6xu

npe1cKrBanr{t H BxorHoro cur6ala. Rl0) - Mouluocrb oruu6xx, &(0) - MoutHocrb
crrHaJra,a Cln) = fi,(n/R (0) - HopMypoBaHHaraBToKoppernunoHH.rsQyHxuun. flapaMeTp a MoxHo art6paru tar, vro6 oH MnHlrMl{3npoBaJrMoulHoctt ou.tn6rx npeAcKa3aHl.rt, yK.BaHHyn n Qopuy;re (13.47). ,[Is aroro HyxHo qacrnyro npo]r3aoaHyp no a or
Rl0) noaoxnru paexofi Hyan.

R,e)lza-29,01
tto'=
"'r
da

(13.48)

Peurag.q,auHoeypaBHeHue,nor) rt{M omnMaJlbHoe3uaqeHre aoF.

as = C,(l)

(13.49)

florcrasnrc anF n ypaaueHue (13.47), norrf{HM

R7q1o;= Rlo)tl + aqc,(l) -zaqc,1t'1 =

= &(oxl -asc,1t;;=
= Rlo)tl- c,1ln.

(13.50,a)
(13.50,6)
(13.50.s)

J/cutenuenpedcx:aoaxut(prediction gain) xolepa MoxHo onpelennTb KaK ornoureHue BxoAHoft u sbrxoaHoiiancnepcuft, RJ0yRlO). Jh.s $uxcrpogauHofi qacrorbr neperaqx 6nr sror
xoe$Qx[rern npelcTannter cq$ofi yBelg.tcgue B Bbrxo[nou SNR, a .nn $r.rrcupo*HHoro
BbrxoAHoroSNR - coKpaueuxe onxcaHtrs cKopocrr neperaqfi 6rr. Oruernr,r, qro, KaK
ncnorb3oBanocbB paBeHcrBe(13.50,6), youren[e npelcKa3aHns JUtn onrnMarbHorc npeacKa3areJrrscerna 6orsute e,q.Hul{rlbranc ,rrc6oro 3HaqeHHt KoppenquHx cxrHana Rr(O).
C apyrofi cropogH, KaK ficnorb3oBaJrocbB paBeHcrB(13.47,6), oso 6olsure e,qnHnublarls
HeofnHMzrrrbHofooaHooTBoaHOrOelnHHqHOrO npelcKn:]aTerr.s,ToJrbKo ecIH KoppeJsuHt
o{ruarra npeauuraer0,5.
llpnuep 13.7. Ycruefixe npeAcxa:tanils,uJrroffromroAuom Surrpa LPC
Cxnta.nc roe$Onuuenrou Koppcnrptn Cll), pasxrn.t 0,8, aon:rccsKBalrroaarbcroaHocrmo6rhrM
$xnurpov LPC. Onpeacnrrc)cruteru{enpqlcKa3an[r,corx xo:@uulcxr npeacKa3annrl) ormrun3HpoBaH
no orFtolrrcHnto
x uNnnuaauHoft
e,[!rHnue.
ou.g6rcnpclcxa:anug:2) noloxex paaHbrM
Peuenue
(13.50,a)xMceMotcayr,oucc:
a) Hr ypauHc,Hnn

Raq(o)= RloXl - 0,64)- 0,36&(0)

= l/(0,36)= 2,78unu4,44p,E
YcraexsenpeAcxa3axnr

( 1 3 .I5, a )
(13.51,6)

(13-47,6)
6) Hr ypanuc,xxn
nuccv

Rl0) = 2&(0xl - 0,8)= 0,40&(0).

= l/(0,40)= 2,5Onnu 3,98 aE
YcureunenpeAcKzB:rgrut

(1 3 . 5 1 , a )
( 1 3 .I5. r )

- r a i ^

Z. 5.2.' nl-oreoAxoenp.g,"*""""n.
rv-oraoaHutfiOrulrp LPC npeacrarsrBaernocne,[yloutee
nrr6opovHoe3HaqeHHe
Ha ocHoaaHnulrHefixofi rou6n'aul.r' nperue"'By'oulrx ry'arr60povHrrx
:HarreHhfi.
Eyacu
npea_
r{To
noJlararb'
KBaHToBaHHbte oueHKH'

Korop'e

HcnoJrb3ylorcg

npeacKiBbIBaro'''MH

Qurrpauu, riBrrrrorcsHecMeueHHbrMn
N 6e:ourx6orrHbrMr.{.
ripnn"u ,ro np"onono*annr,
Moxxo
onycrrTb ,[sofiuHe HHIeKcbt (rcnolssoaaxHbre B pa3aene
lj.3.l) a;r, [aHHhrx B
Qrrsrpe' Ho HcnoJrb3oBarbvx NrA npeacKa3aHr.rr.Toraa ypaBHeHHe
ly-oiuoauroao npercKa3aHHr npHHHMaercreayloulr.rfigHn:
x ( n l n_ l ) = a p ( n _ t ) + a 2 x ( n _ Z ) + . . . + a r x ( L_r / / )
.

( r3.52)

O tur6ra npeacKa3aH
Hq npu Hr{MaercneAypurHfrBhn:
d(n) = 71n7- r(nln - l) =

( 13.:i3,a)

= x(n) _ a1x(n_ l) _ a2x(n_

Z)_. - a n x ( n - N ) . ( 1 3 . 5 3 , 6 )
Cpeanexsa,q,parHr{ecKafl
orun6ra npeacKa3aHx,HMeerBrut
Eld (n)d(n)l = E{ [x(n) - x(nln - t))z .
|
(13i.5a;
qro
'flcHo,
cpeaHeKBarpar'{ecK&r orun6ra npeacKa3aHnt
BbrpoKaerca qepe3 KBa.(par Ko_
g60xqxeHros
Qnnrrpa ar. MoxHo o6pa:oaarl qacrHbrenpoH3noaHbre
or cpe.{HeKBa.uparn_
qecKr4xouu60x no Kax..My
xooQsnunenry, KaK 3TOaenanocbB pi*.[ene
I3.3.r, n nafiru
roe@@r.runeHrbr,
Koropble o6pautaror qacrHbrenpor3aoaHbre
B Hynb. <DopualuHo, Bbltlll.tc_
qacrHrre
Jtts
npou3BolHbreno j-My roo$@uuuenry (ao pacxpurin
a ,1nin_ l) ), nonyrur,.r
cnelyoulee:

( 13.55,a)

= E{z[x(n)- x(nln_ r)][_x(n_

,]]=

(13.55,6)

= 2E{[x0,)- a1x(n
- l) - a2x(n- 2) - ...- arrx(nt/)][- rfn -.1)J]=

(13.55,a)

=2{R,U)-a1R,(i-\-a2R,(j-z)-...-a*R,(j-/\)f.

(13.55,r)
9ra cucrer'raypaaHeHufi
(no oaHor,ry
anq KaxAorol) Moxer 6urrulanucaxaB Marp''Hoff

Qopue, H Toraa oHa 6yAer Ha3blB:rrbc, HopManbHbrMr.rypaBHeHH.rrMH.

R.(l)

&(o)

Rr(-l)

R,(-2)

R,(2)

R'(l)

R,(0)

R,(3)

&(2)

&(r)

&(-tl
R,(o)

al
s2
aJ

(13.5(i,a)

A,f ,Vl

Rr(N -t)

R . ( N - 2 ) R * ( N- 3 )

R,(0)

aN

HopuaauHureypaBHeHHn
uoryr 6urrs 3anrcaHH 6olee xounarruo.
r,(1, /V)= Roaat,

( 13.56,6)

rAe r,(1, rv) - sro Koppenru'oHHurftaerrop 3a.[epxeKor t

ao ry', Ro - KoppenruHorilrafl
MarpHUa(npeAnoaaraercqnpoUecc c HyneBbIMcpe4Hnrrl),
a anF_ BeKTop.onrrMarbHbtx
BeconbrxxoaQQruneHros er.ururpa.
9ro6ur nrytnrb pcuenrr l{opManbHbtxypaoncHaft, 3anHuJeMypaBHeHHe
( 1 3 . 5 4 )r u r r
cpeAHeKBallpar[.recKofr
orun6rn o.uarpr,rvHofieopue.
RlO) = E{hftr) - arx(rr- l)llx(n) _ *r1r,_ l;o;1 =

( 13.5i',a)

= R,(0)-.,r11, /ga - arr,(-t, -/g + arR.*a,

( t 3.57,6)
rAe rr - TpaHcnoHupoBaHl{as
MaTpHuaArr Marp4Utr r. 3anerra a rra a.F B paBeHCTBC
(13.57,6)c nocne,(ylouefiraueHofi r,(1, /O Ha
Ros"r' Aaer crerypuee:
RlO) = R.(o)- .,r11,Mlaq,- aq,rr,(_1, *i/) + aqrrr,(1, M; =
= RJo) -.,tq-I, -p;u*, .

(13.58,a)

(l3.s8,6)
lcnepb MoxeM ncpeHecrHnpaByp qacrb ypaBHerrxr(13.56)
B neByD H hcnorb3o8atTb
ypaBHeHHe(13'58'6) &qs aonoJrHerHr aepxueft crpoK,
Marp,ubr, r{ro6br norrrHTb
"qncruft " Bl{,a,
onruManbHoronpeAcKa3arenr.

l l *

_ o ,I
I
-at
I

-n,
' Il
-aN

Ra(o)
0
0
0

.'3se)
D

B sroft $opr*e nenyleBoft Bblxo[ MarpuqHoro npon3Beaerxs l{Megr Mecro roJrbKo B

MoMelrr Hynb, qro noAo6Ho Bbtxo.[HoMyEMnynbcy.
Bepxnrn crpoKa ypaBHenr.re(13.59) cguaerenbcrByer o rorrt qro MotuHocrg ouu6KH
[pe,qcKa:]aHnrHMeercneAyloruufi Br.tA:
Rl0) = Rr(0)[l -arCll)

-a2C,(2)-... -alvC,(M].

(r3.60)

cpanHure 9ro paBeHcrBoc (13.50,6). Hurepecuoe csoftcrso onrnM;rrrbHoro,v-orBoaHoro

Qunrrpa c npeacKa3anneMcocrol,rr B ToM, rrro MHoxecrBo Ko3OOHur{eHroB,Koropoe
3aaaer MHHl,tMarbHylocpeaHeKBallparlrqecKyr,our6Ky npercKa3aHHr, c uyleaofi
orus6roft npe,{craruaaer raKxe nocneaylouxe N - I roppenrul,rotlHbtx au6opor ua
ocHoBaHl{HnpeauecrByroull.tx/v- I KoppenquHoHHbrxau60por. ,{,nr
Qr.rxcupoBaHHbrx
xosQ$Nuueuroa $ulurpa xoaep DPCM Moxer aaaarb ycuneHne npercKa3aHilq orr{ocnreJrbHoJnlHei.inoroKBaHroBalrr{s
or 6 ao g a6 [9, l0]. Oro ycuneHne, no cyrg, rre3aBHcKMoor alrHHbrennurpa, ecnr tntuqa npeBocxoal.rrrpu unu qerbrpe orooaa. [o_
noJlHurenblloeyct.ttcltHeHMeer Lrecro, ecnu Kollcp o6la,[aer r,reareHHbrMH
aaanruuHstun csofrcrgaMH.A,[anrNsHue Koaepbt BBolsrce B pa3.&ere13.3.3 n noApo6Hee
o6cyxaanrcl a paueac 13.3.4.

2. 3.,3., flenura-r,ro.qynnqnn
aelrra-uoaynsur,lr, qacTo o6osHa,{aeuar KaK a-Mo.[ynsuur, npe.[cTasncer co6ofi npouecc
BHeApeHHsHn3KOfr pa3peuabueft cnocooHocrlr aHanoro_('ropo8oro npeo6paroaarear a
KoHTyp o6patuof, cBq3u atrcKperHHx aaHHbrx, pa6orarournfi co cKopocrbo, 3HaqxreJrbHo
npeBHrua0qefi vacrory Haftxsucra. flpuvxr.rofi ao3HHKHoBeH[r srofi rexxoaorul,t crano
ro' rrro B npoqecce npeo6paronaHnr cKopocrb - 3To MeHee roporofi pecypc, qeM Torrnocrb, H pa3yMHee 6y[er ncnoar:onars 6olee 6ucrpue npoueccbr o6pa6orru cnrHaroB
,a,rt non1nteHnr 6oaee gucorofi roqHocrn.
I4r paneHcraa(13.50,s) clleryer, qro )rt,trtentle npercKag]rws rurn oaHoorBoaHoronpeacKa3arers MoDro 6u 6utu 6onurunr"t,ecnr.r6u HopMt{poBnnuuftxoaQQuulrerr roppca.nugtr Cll)
6su 6rnror K etrfiHnue.,lla.sroro wo6u yne.nNvurbKoppenrulrro au6opox,
erusrp c npcacKa3aHheM o6ot'{Ho pa6oraer co cKopocrbro, Kcnopaq rateKo npeBocxoauT qacrory Hafirsr.rcra.
Hanpnnep, qacrora npon3BeAeHfirru6opor uoxer 6rrn su6paHa a 64 pata 6o.nsruefi,qeu
qacToTa HaftKsncra. Torga Am no;rocbt qacToT a 20 xfU c nounHalagofi .{asroTofi
au6oprr,r
48 rfrr $Hrurp c q{nbHo Koppenru[oHHblM npeacKa3agueu 6yasr pa6orarr c qacromfi
3 072 Mfu. flpuvuxa nur6opa rarofr srtcoxoft qacrorbr aHcKperH3:luHH&rK,rroqaercr B q[cIyOllleM: HeO6Xo[tluo yfArrrucr, .rro au6opO.rHbre
IaHHbre HMercrBblgoKyroKoppenflU'r., Ta(
.{To npocrofi oaHmrsolxufi
npeAcKa3:[.,I66yaer.[aBarb uanyro ourr.r6ry npeacrcBaHn , Koro_
p:u, B cBoto oqepe[b,,(orrycKaer pa6cny ycrpoftcrB:l KB:rt{ToBaHHrc oqeub MalbrM KorIHqecrBoM
6rr u ronrype KoPPerc{tlx otur6or. flpocreftr-ueft Qopr"roft ycrpoficrBa KBaHToBzrHue
susercs
olxoSr,rrosbrfi npco6parooare.nb; no crru, 3To nposro KoMnaparop, xoropsrft aereKnrpyer H coo6uraer 3HaK pdrHocrrl cnrHalra. Kar creacrBtre, orun6roft npacKa3aHn, clrHarra ,rurgrc,
l-6rmsoe clooo, Koropoe HMeer ]rrTepecHoe npe]trvryr{ecrBo- oxo He rpe6yer crer{Tb 3a nopalKoM ciroB npu nocJre[oBaTelbxofi o6pa6orre.
Elor-cxeua oaHoorBolHoro.nnueftHoro npeacKa3arefft,nro6paxeuHoro Ha prac. 13.20,
c He6o.lsuroft uo4nQnraqnefi noxaraxa Ha pnc. 13.21. Orr"rerxrlt, rrro oAHoorBo.[HbrfiKoH_
Typ npeAcKa3aH[n-KoppeKunu sBy.gercg cefivac npocro HHTerparopoM u B AeKotrepe 3a
KOHTypOMnpelcKa3aH[a-KoppeKuqr{ c4eayeT BoccTa}taarHBaoulrfi $rarrp HHXHUX qac_
ror. 9ror Ortnurp ycrpanser BbrxoJtsur.rfi3a nonocy qacror ulyM KBaHToBaHlrs,Koropbtfi
reHepupyercr,uByxypoBHeBbrMKorr,rpoBaHueMH pacnpocrpaHsercr 3a npetrerbr nHQopr,launogHofi noJlocbr i{acror gToro KoAnpyroqero npouecca. Koaep noaHocrb16lon4cgBaerct
qacroroft l]rcKperr3auur,r, pa3MepoMuara KBaHToBauun(uw pa3peueHn,
oun6ru npea_
cKaiaHns unu donycmuuoi owufircu roHrypa) H BoccralraBrr4BaloluHM$u.nurpou. vpanneHnn Me npeacKa3aHHsr ocrato.tuoft ouru6Kr Motrynrropa nMeor crretrypulHft sHA:
r(nln - l) =:(rt - lln - l) ,

(l3.61,a)

d(nl = r1p7- r(nln - l) ,

(r3.6t,6)

rre n - au6opovHurfi HHAeKc.9ra crpyrrypa, Hnoraa Ha3blgaeMar.0enbra_MoAynsropoM,

npe.[craMrer co6oii npouecc DPCM, npu KoropoM KoHTyp npeacKa3aHus-KoppeKugr,rcocrol.tr n3 unQpoeoro aKKyMynlropa.

_Z34Cr

rrvra-genbra - MoAyne,r,,c

Crpyrcrypa l-d-rrro,qyr.sropa Moxer 6utr nrprena c noMolubro pa3rueHblx cpcAcrB;

Haroolee npHaneKareJlbHbrMh
eB'ttK)Tceuoar$r,rur,rpoBaHHHfi
oaltoorBoaHbrfi npeo6parosarerr DPCM, a raKxe npeo6paroaarursc o6paruofr csc:sro no ou.m6re. fia*n,.*. . 14oau0r.ruuponauHoro oaHoorBoaHoro npeo6parorareas DpcM. Kar yr;uuruiurocb paHce,

Korrryp 3aBHcHT
OT BblcoKofiKoppenruxH nocneaoBaTelbHbrx 8br6opoK, qero MoxHo
aoc-

THqb 3a cqeT nepeAHCKpeTH3aLlHH.

KoAep

AaKoAep

Ogxo6nroeoe
ycrpoficr8o

E O

+
b
t 6

(SaHTOEaHnC

I t
o x
@ s
s r

5 X
!2 -j
9 =
cog

KoHryp
npeAcKa3aHhe.
KOppexurh
Puc. I3.2L Odnoomeodnui,
odilo6umoaui
xodepDpCM (deabma_ilodytsmop)
Koppea.aqaronocrynarcuJhxna Mo{ynrrop Bbr6opoqHbxaaHr{ba
MoxHo ya,-wb nocpeacrBoM
npeaBaptfreJlbHoft
ouurpaual4 ilaHHbtx HHrerparopoMn KoMneHcauHH3Toft
erunrrpaunn c
noMor[bro BbrxoJrHoro
snasrpa-an@epeHu,aropa. ]ra crpyrrypa n306paxeHa Ha pt4c.13.22,
rae hHTefparopbr,
ar4ooepeHuHaropH 3a.[epxKaBbrpDKeHbr
B repMHHaxz-npeo6pa:onaHna1crur.
nprutoxeHueI). 3areu ,[.JUInonyqeHns Bbtrrpblula or pear]{3aUun
MoxHo neperpynnqpoBarb
6.norurnpoxox[eHwt evrqara. Ha sxoa Koaepanocrynaror cnFHilrrbr
c BbtxolloBngyx ux0poBbrx
HHTerparopoB,
KOTOpbre
3areMcwMhpyrorcr r{ BBOA'TCq
B KOFryp KBar$oBaHK.c.
rlepnaa r*.ro_
ahOHKauHtcocronT B ToM,qro6br Hcnorb3omrboAHHunQpoBofi r.prrerparop,
cABHfturABaHH_
qep
reFparopa
cyrv{MHpyrouee
ycfpofrcrBo B KOAep.Bropar lroan@HKa\ua cocronT B TOM,gro
EblxorHofrQrururp-axQQepeHuuaropltoxer 6snu caBHHyrB
.qeKoaep,,{To Aeraer HenpKHbrM
unQpoaofi H*rerparop 'la Bxore B ileKoaep.Bce, vro ocraercq or
aeKoJlepa,- 3TOBOCCTaHaEnHBarcuIHftQurrp HrD(Hhx vacrm. [IoayreHHa, ynpoueHHa, cxeMa
MoAHeHuHpoBaHHoft
cncreMbr DPCM xro6paxeHa Ha pac. 13.23. }ra cxeMa, HulBaHHa,
cuzua-detrwna_
MollyrurropoM,coaepxxr HnTrparop(cuaa) n MoAynffTDp
DPCM (deaoma)flll.
Ur,roposoti

hHTefparop

YcrpoxcrBo
l{nQpoaoi
LluopoBoF
KBa{roBaHHn AhoQepeHqharop hHrerpaTop

Euxogxoi
Ornbrp

KoHrypHuri 3agepxKa
qr4Opo8oi
nHTerpaTop

BocctasaanHBa|oqhi
Ohnbrp
HhXH14X
9acToT

Puc. I 3.22. Odno1untoewi dentma-nodymmop

florrq*
r-a-Nroayn-qrop MoxHo n]'reM paccNrorpcr'.q KoHTypa o6paruofi
cBfirH no uwy.
_
[Iottlttto, vro ycrpofrcreo KBaHToBaHT{.q
,ir;rflnon}^{ertrul Br,txo/ltoro chntana ao6asnger ouH6Ky
K CBOCr\'ry
BxoarJoMyc,rHany. Koraa ast60prur o6pa:oasraanrcs co 3Haq,TeJrbttblrtr
3anacoM, To
Br,lcoKoKoppenilpylor He iororo BbrfopKu, Ho H ouH6Kr4.
KOraa orun6rcH EbrcoKo Koppen'py-

lor' oilH npc,[cKa3yeMbr,

fi, TaKHUO6parolt,orur :lrorrr 6rru osrqterrutH3 cnnrga, ornpageHlrofo rra vcrpoilcrBoKaaHToBaHT{I
npc;&tc.,rcrirnpor:oiiacr npouecc Kl}artro8art[r.Koraa crr_

otn6Ka npcAcraB"lorcrnepea'.*p"*-onn@trrr-

f-T -1 KBaHTOB:rHH'
ouru6xa
Moxer 6urrb ncnon8oBaHa KaKxopor.uiu oueHKarKyureE
ouluoxr.r
KoHrypHblF
qHOpoBoB
hHTerparop

ycrpoilcrBo
xBaHToBaHxn

BocffaHaanraapuHfi
OHrbrpHhxHuxcacror

3aAepxxa

Puc. I 3.23. I-A_nodyttmop KaKnepezpynnupoaa

uuui A-uodyumop
flpeaurecreynuta.qouju6xa, o6pa:oeaHnaa KaK pa3Hocrb MexAy BXoaoM
H BbrxoaoMycr_
pofrcraa KaaHToBaHHq'
noMeulaerct B perncrp 3ana3.rrbrBaHr4a
rut ncnorb3oBaHrr B KaqecrBe oueHKll cneayloueff orux6rcnKBaHToB:lHHt.
3ra crpyrrypa H3o6poKeHaHa pxc. 13.24.
cxer'ry npoxox.{eHnr cnrHaJlaHa p'c. 13.24 rqoxHo nepephcoBarb
raK, qrobbr aKueHTHpoBaTb EHHMaHHCHa a8yx Exoaax (cHrHut u wyM KBaHTOB:IHHT)
H Ha 4ByX KOHrypax
(ox.nnvarcuufi ycrpoftcrBo KBaHToBaHT{I
H ue BKJ,,ot{a,ourxft
ero). ora eopua n:o6paxerra
Ha pHc. 13.25 r sRnserctl o6ulenpnssrofi a.rls ro.rHoro Nro6paxerrgr
rracrKa o6parHofi
crarx un@poaoro HHTerparopa.3ra cxeMa HMeeT xe fipyKrypy, r{To
H npeAcTaMeHHa,
ry
pHc.
Ha
13.23. Ht pnc. 13.25 BH.qHo,qro Bbrxonl-A_MoAynrropa
H ero z_npco6pa3oBaH4e
(cn. npn.roxeHNeA) lroryr 6urru 3anHcaHbrB cnc,[yrouleM
BH.[e:

YcrpoticTBo
KBAHTOBAHhN

3agepxxa
Puc. 13.24..E-A-xofunnmop KaKnpo.lecc ofipamHoi c6rju no uyny
q(n)
Ycrpoficrao xgamoBaHHB
x(n)-q(n-

BocsraHa8nhBapuHfi
oilnbrp H'.i)(HHXcaCTOr

x{nl=(nr-a(n - t)+q(n}

Puc. 13.25. Ycmpoicmeo rceaHmoaanusc o6pamnod car3bp no wy_

*ry, uzo6patcenuoeKaK t-A-ilodynflmop

=
)(;) = t(n) =.r(n) g(n l) + q(n)
= r(n) + [q(n) S(n l)1,
Y(Z)= X(Z) - Tt QQ) + Q(Z) =

= X ( 4 +Q ( 4 U- r t ) =
7,_L
= X ( Z ) +O @ 1 7 .

(13.62)

( 13i.63)

qTO KoHTyp rle BJIt4tleTHa axoAllo!-t cttrll:u' nOPaseHcrao (13.61) cagAerenbcrByeT O TOM,
cKoJ|bKyBKoHTypeu}tpKynHpyeTToJlbKotllyM'HToJIbKou'ryMHcnbITblBaeTBIHql{HeF:o|{.
no uyMoBoMy cHrl{any npe8pauaercq (c nouotusto
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A AUQ$epeuqxaTop HcTotl}lHKa tllyr{a.
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(cu. npruroxgttl{e A). Taxaa Q'6txz-ruocKocrb (no.qo6Ho cBoeMy 3KBnBaJIelrry, J-ruocKocrl',r)
qncJr!{Terb
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HytrS',tuA noipcailu nepeaaToqHOMOB,npl4qsM KOpHH nOCrleaHHXCt{HTaOTCg,COOTBcTCTBeHHO'
noBepxllocrb Hail MocKocrbp'
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npc1qTaBrfllourefi MoAynb
3etuH Ha cTonoHKH' pacnoroxe]lrtble B noortlocl{TejlbHo
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nojlorlla,
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oKpyJilloc'lfn B
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npe6pa3oBaH]u qaclo1l
transfer function - NTF), KoTopat npeacrtlBl-ssr cO6oft $yrnrHro
KoHTypa,npHMeHeHHytoKluylwy,HMeeTnoJrlocBHaqaleKoop,|I'HHaTHnepexoAl,fTqepe3lJ)nbB
= eF, 0 = 0, TaK t{To z : l). fpaOur<, tr3o6paxarcUlHil rtoroqKe nocrorHHoit cocrauqrcUefi (z
NTF, a TapKe TrJnHtltlblfr cneKTp
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t{ro
Hynb $ynxUrrr4 NTF pacnorog{rHUIa nptrcraMeHbl lla pHc. 13.26. Orr'rerurvt,
BXoAHoTO
KBa}rTOBaltHt nonaM'leTc'l
tllyM
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xeH Ha nocTofll{Hoff cocTarBjrrilouer{,
llcT 3llaqltTe;Il'llqrg
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uwa,
cocTaBnosroflHtlofr
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Manofi
cnerrp npt{Haurcxafi
nenHoft Lnq Toro,
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s
npnMepH;
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noIOCbl tracToT ct'rpHa1a'
111er9QHnbTpa ggqeTcff no,[aBJIeHHe1uyMa KBaHToBaHHt BHe
c cqKpagellHoti flOJloCO1;1aCOBaTHH'1
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lx}Ma B Hynb, Bpna JItI llrt{cc]' 3rlaBblXOntlOrO
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H3 KoTopt'lI pl6oTaKDKAblii
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cr c 4-6trroBbl MH npeo6pa3oBarentMH.
A

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o(0).NTF(o)

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e=
KoMnnexcHan nnoc(ocrb

{,zo

Puc. 1J.26.Ilepedamowa.n
$yux4ut wyua s z_,lltocKocmu.
cnex_
mpcubua, ,roulttocmbcueilaro u ctfropxupoeaunuiuyu
Z_Anodyaamopa
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belurft, a cnrHan rucKperq3yercn c qacroroft,
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ruyu pasnoMepHo pacnpe.q,eneH
B cfleKTpaJrbHoM
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paBHoMqacrore [HcKpern3au[n. 9ror hHTepBaJI
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ocnoeaoi nonocoi. flocrcoaury gHepr's rxyMa KBaHTOnanra
:aQnxcupoBaHaHa B.JTHqHHC
qztlT 1cu. Oopr.ryty (13.l2)), cneKrprrnbgagMorHocrb
MoulHocin uryMaKBzlrrroBa
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c vacromft J, aoDKHa aarct ft1tz7,1 Brfu. pa60ra ycrpoficrBa
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raHHble Moryr qHcreHHo Srururpoaarrca c Ucjtblo oTceqellHjt
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KBaHToBaHHS,
nocne qero Moxno cHn3kr[, qacrory llncKperu3arlxr.r qacrorbr
Io
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6pocnr noJIoBl{HyMolllHocr' ruyua. orceveH!{e noJroBHHbr
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uJy[ra B Ji p,* rurH MoutHocr' rra
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nur6opry c .{erbrpexKparHofr
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npnBoll}fr x yrqntuterrlrroSNR
npeo6parcnarena6enoro ruyvla na 3 a6 (nnu noloauHy
6rrra).
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sNR yxe ceopr,rrpoaauHoro uy[!a
npeo6paroaarure, npoH3Bolltulero eu6opry c nonbrurenHoft,{acrorofi.
flepeaarovHaa Oynrcrrr
tupra QopuxpFouero r-a-Qusrpa HMeerHynb Ha
nocrosHHoft cosraanqrcurefr,wo npnnoarr
K HynP BToporo nopfl.[Ka I cneKTptult'HofixaparrepncrHKe
MoutHocrr.rerursr-pa. Eorn paenox''trb cneKfpaTbHyo xapaKTpHcrHKy
$ruurpa B pqa Teftflopa n or6pocnru Bce tureHbrnoc,re
nepBoro HeHyle8oro crraraeMoto,non) {HM CjlcAyroqyo
npocrro annpoKcHMaqHp 3a8r4cHMOcru Qlr.nrrpa, cnpaBe,[.nlByloB oKpocrHocrucneKrpa
cnrHara.

a'1ry=f2rin[:-]l' =
|

\2trt,iJ

=d,-*de).1=
\or/J
L

=,{,-f,-*(*)'
. .]}=[*)'
/

- t

( r 3.64)

. t,!

t - lJ I

\/'i

3aecuf, - qacrora [[cKperH3auHn

Morunocru coopMHpoBaHHoro
"oor-*p*-===.......u,yMa,,,BbrxxBuJaq,, nocne npoxoxreH's
HHXHnx qacror' KOTOpbrrr
Qnarrpa
cre.[yer ra E-a-rvroayaaropoM,HMeer
c.neayroutufinN.u:

=+J(f)'*=+i[*)],,=;;,_=
N(.')
+tg,

(13.65)

orsoureure cocraBntrcureft ruyrr'a

ruu c'rHara, nsr6paxHoro c gacroroft
,, K COCTaBnrbureri uryMaa;ra cniuara, arr6paHHoro qacrorofi
c
21, t nocaeavro;;;;;;r.u,efr
ao rofi
xe BurxoaHofinorocbr r{acror c}rf'ara
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Moayneropc eAHHcrBeHHbrM
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r.r.nxua 1,5
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MHoxecrBe'H'[.rr,t ttxoposbtM'
c
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n NTF. BrrnorHus aHarofxr{HbreBbrKrra.qKn,
MoxHo
Haftru, qto NTF l-A-uoaynsropa
c 2 n 3 Hyaxun ynya{uraerSNR Ha
15
u
2la6
(x.rrr
2,5
n 3'5 6nr)' Ta*rrrr o6pa:oM,
AByxHyneBofiE-a-uoayn-nrop, pa6oraroul'ft
c qacroro n, s 64
pa3a (HnH yrBoeHHotr rirecru pat)
qacrory
npeBbruanuetr
Haftrancra, ,[aer yrryr{ueH1e
sNR na 90 aE' cnenp, reo6paxenHo,r
pn.. t: .27, 6avro6pa:oaau
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r-aMOAynflTOpoM'
H ecfi'l yr{ecrt (r) norep, "us 5 a6 sc,reacrB'e
cneKrparrbHoro pa3noxeH,s
pearbHoro c,nrHa,Ia'(2) yr'lcHrueHUe
ua 2a5 aunnury4br orHoc,{rerbHo nonHoMacrrra6_
Horo curHarra,(3) norepn a 3 a6 scneacrure
ot6pacuBaHhr qJreHoB,rtHcKperHoro
npeo6pa_
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aE uaxoau'rcqHr{xe cneKTpanbHoroMaKc}rMyMa.

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Puc. 13.26.IfepedamornaaSyurqut uyta e

z-tL4ocKocmu,
cneKmpatuta, ,rouluocmt cuevola u ceopuupoeaunui
utyu I_Z_
uodyaemopo
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Jlr4cKpcrn3yercsc qacroroft, npeBocxoArurefr
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HHTepBare,
paBHOMqacrore aHcKperH3aUH'n.
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nnw
ocaagnoi nonocoil' l-locrolury 3Hepr,t uyMa
KBaHToBaHHq
3aoHKcHpoBaHa
Ha BcJrHrrHHe
q2ll2 1cu. Oopr"ryly (13.l2)), cneKrpillbHa,
rrJtorltocrb MoulHosir.tuJyMaKnalrrom Hrrfl
n^A crr_
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cneKrprulbHy}orulorT{ocrb Mou{Hocrl4 tuyNraKBaHryPuero ycrpoficrBa B noroce qasror
cxrHara. l-lcpeancxp.Tr.r3oB:llHbre
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ucnb]o orceqe'H' Bbrxoarrulero3a norocy l[yMa
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noc/te qero Mo)KHOCHH3ltTr,
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I
p,*,,.nH
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aE r,rranrrvr o6parolr y;ryi{u;HTbllyM KBaHToBa_
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yrrvru.rerrNroSNR
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6rtra).
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sNR pxe ceoprulrpoaanHoro ruy'la
npeo6pa:osarena,npoH3Bonsueroastoopry c noBblureHHofiqacrorofr.
flepeaa:rcvnaa eyHlaru-c
urpta @opr"upFouero E-a-QNnrrpa HMeerHy,tb
Ha nocrorH*Oft cocra'ruroulcfr, .rro npnnornr
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MoUHocTH@nasrpa. EcaN pauro_
xr.trb cneKTpa;rbHyoxapaKTepHcruKy
$nnrrpa B psA Tcfinopa n orepoc'nra Bce ueHbr nocre
nepBoro HeHyIeBOfOCnaraeMoto,non) {HM Cne.ryrcu.y}o
npocrFo annpoKcHMauH}o3aBHCfiMO_
cru $ulrurpa, cfipaBe.0.nr{Byro
I oKpccrHocru cncKrpa cnrHana.

H2l'1=fr,,"i-g-)
l' =
\2orll
L

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='[,
L

( r3 . 6 4 )

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=,{,-f,-+[.]'
., l . " , / =1,r)'
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t L

JJ

3aecsl - qacrora axcKpert,t3aut,tx

Mo{ynrropa
MolrrHocrb ceoprrltpoeaHHoro
ulyMa, ..Buxl.rgujaq,, nocne npoxoxreHr{g
HHXHHXr{acror' xoroprrfi cneayer
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3a t-a-M..[y4rropoM, HMeer creay]out,,ft
sH.[:

=+'T(t)',
N@)
*=+tJrt) =ib-[fl'.
l:,,=:
_

(13.65)

ornoureure cocra&[rrouefi ruyrua

n A C'rtluu., rsr6paHHOroc qactoroftr,
K COCTaEJLST._
utefi uryua ar.s cuj.ntaaa,arr6paHnoro qacrorofi
c
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cBr3K, r{MercT
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MoxHo
Haftrn, rro NTF I-A-uoayn ropa
c2 u 3 Hyn Mn ynyquaer SNR
sa
15
n 2l a6 (nnr 2,5
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npeo6paioBaHHl.flparrnuecrcu Bce B[,rcoKoKaqecrBeHHoe
qNrlpo-arra-noroaurx
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(craxer'r, l6-6nroaoc) npercrarl[enpco6parosanhc,Koropoe npeo6parycrBbrcoKoroqrroe
rrNe ndpcaltcKpcrrr30BartHbrx
urrqlpoBr,txAaHrrbrxB npeAcraBJrettrerrn:xoir ro,utocrtr
(cxaxert, l-6xrouoc). flepcaucxperuloaaliHuri'.r
oarro6HrosbrfinoroK aalrrrr,rx3arcu ,qocTaMqerctt e l-6riroebtii [Al-l c aByMqauaroroBblMHBbrxorrrbr&{H
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65 536 paran.*rurx1,poorrcfi.

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100

150

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a) axodnoilu auxodaoilnpewe*flHe
pfiu; 6) cneKmpojb4AnXApaKmepucmuKa
oveue npoc'rai aHaJroroBaJr
@nnurpauua HH3Koro ypoBHr, cneaynuaJr 3a l-6HToBbrM
IIAfl, noaanr.qer cneKrp BnenoJrocHofoluyMa H Bblaaer HcxoaHbreun0poBbre AaHHHec
gutcoxofiToqHocrblott B coKparueHHohnonoce qacror. floaropHoe KBaHToBaHHe
nepegbt6paursrx JIaHHbrxnpeAcrae[ter.co6oft o6pa6orKy cxrHrua c Hcnorb3oB:rHneu uuepoaoro
I-a-tltoay'nsropa. EauHcrgeuHzurrononHt{TerbHag 3aAaqa,Koropyro rpe6yercr BbrnoJr{HTb
npr Hcnonb3osaHHnE-A-UAfl, cocronr n Heo6xoAuuoctr yBenxqeH[s qacToTbrnpo43Be4enNa au6oprr a 64 para, no cpaBHeHtnoc .tacrorofi Hafixsuqra. 9to gnnolxgercfi c noMolublo HHTepnonHpylou{e.o
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B 6oJtbul4r'rcrgec!,rcreM,r.{cnon$Foulr4x UAn uu nepexoaa Mex.[y HcroqHxKorvrur0poBoro cHrHarlaH aHaloroBbtMaslxolor.l [12].
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raHHbrMH.3to nolaonser crrlaxxBaoureMy oHnbrpy, xoropurfi cneAyer sa LIAfl, nuers 6oaee uHpoKylo nonocy qacror H,
cJre.rlo8arejrbHo,
MeHbueeqHcno KoMnoHeHToB
H MeHbuyro croHMocrb pcalrrauxr. cneuhouKauHsKoMnaKT-aucKa
corepxltr r"Khe repMnHbr,KaK, HanpHMep,"4-to-I oveniampled" ("nepeau6pan c qerbrpexKparHoit
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qacrorbt aHcKperH3aqrtn,aaaluefiruee npeo6paroBaHHec
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Bbrft ll{fl. 9ra crpymypa nro6paxeHa na prc. 13.29.

I-A_Mo.uyn rop n o[Hro6nro_

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npeo6pazoeamene
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El
aH.rnoroBytoQopuy c Hcnorrb3oBaHHeM
t-a-Moaynqropa N l-6nroeoro [IAfl. flpNuepauni
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Koropoe nonyqaercr B KraccrqecKnx Koaepaxc npe,qcKa3a_
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(lnternational relegraph and relephone
consultative committee - MexayHapoarrsrfi KoHcyrbrarfiBHurftrounrer
no renerpaQxn r teleQoHru, MKKTD B KaqecrBecraHrapra KaqecrseHHoftreaeeoHHoft coaru
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npouecc o6o3Haqaercs'Aqp" or "adaptive quantization forward control" - Ko,mponb
npanuu adanmusflu'r KsailmosaHueil-Ocrapulnecs iV - I xoppenau[oHHbrx orreHoK
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APF). Ha prac. 13.30 nro6paxeHa ora $opua a.qa[rr.tBHoroarroplrMa.
Oro pacurxpeHnt:
crpyKrypH' npeAcraBneHHofiHa pl'tc. 13.20. 3tecr npeacKiBbrBapurne
xoeeenugeHrbt
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c Korepa Hr
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npedaeaunueu rodupoeaxueKealmosaHw

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pyKoBoJlcrBoK treftcrnuto arq
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r e p i l a r n o C E L P n p e a c r a B r e nB p a 3 r , e n c1 3 . 8 . 1 . 3 .

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[Bera, TaKqro KoAr.tpoBaHHe
6u orpa*m sry oco6enxocrb Bocnpx[Mr{xBocrr. Pe:ynsrxpyroulr.tug o6leuavn KBaFtroBaHr.rr Moryr 6uru npnuoyrolrbHbre napannenenxneaur. Ilpo6neuoft npn He3aBHcHr[oM
KBaHToBaHH[rBJurcrcn ro, qro o6paru BKItHbrHe s srofi cttcreue KoopfltrHar, a B KoopAtrHarurxqpKocrt{, orreHKa H HacHueHHocrN.Hanpruep, ,repHo-6eaaeQotorpaQur HcnoJIbKoopau$a3yer ronbKo KoopatrHaryspKocrr. Taxltrr.ro6paroM, He3aBHcHMoKB:rtrroBaHHste
HcKaxeo6teua BocnpnHnMaeMorononb3oBarerleM
ru RGB He npuBo!,rr K yMeHbuJeHHro
Hng .q,aHHoroqltcla 6rr. 9ro6ut nolytttrb yMeHbueHHoe HcKar(eHr're, KBaHTylol{ue
ycrpoftcrna [oJDKHbrpa3aennrbcBoe npocrpaHcrBo Ha o6nacm, Koropue orpa>t<anTAene'
Moxer
HHe B alrbrepHarrBHoM npocrpaHcrBe. B xaqectae alrbrepHarxat'I, KBaHToBaHHe
npeo$paB anbrepHarHBHoMnpocrpaHcrBe c ncnoJIb3oBaHHeM
npoH3BoIHTbcgHe3aBHcl.rMo
3youero Kor;1poBaHtrt, n3rlaeMoro B pa3Aene13.6. .l,erepu*HnpoBaggoe KoaI{poBaHHe
tB;1sercr Han6oaec npocrbtM.a.JrrpeaJrn3aung,Ho aaer HagMeHbutyp 3OOeKrHBHosrbKorrpoBannc (nauueHsureecoKpaueHtreB cKopocru nepeaaqu6nr npr aaHnoruSNR).
Croxacrfiqecxat coBoKynHocrbAoJDKHansr6xparucn Ha ocHoBaHLrHnpeAnonaractMofi
QyHrurn ruIornocrl4 Beposrgocrt4BxoAHHx nu6opor. HreparuuHue peueHr1s ,q;It orrruMalrbHbtxAeleutft cyuecrgypr H Moryr 6urru onpeaelenbr AJur rto6ux npeanoJlaraeMbtx
OyHxqnft rurorHocrn BeporrrHocrn.O6urne asr6opxx Moaenupylorcs c noMoubro npe!(no,raraeMHx QyHxuxft nJlorttocru Beposruocrlt. flpn orcyrcranfi TaKr'rxQyHruuft Moryr ficnoJlb3oBitrbcflrreparuBHble Meronbl, ocHoBaHHbreua boauuroft coBoKynHocrx noole.[oBacoBoKynHocrfi. flocnr:aorelsuocreft lrcntraunfi, tuu noJrf{ennr pa:6ueunr l,t Bbrxo,q,Hoii
BarelrbHocrn HcnuraHnfi Moryr BKrtoqarba ce6g aecqrKu Tbtcnq Bxo,(Hblxult6opor.

2y'.8. nor"*
flpu AaHHoli.rBxoaltoMBcKTopeu taceleHttofi xoaosoft KHHre, aepeBe 'rrtr peuerKe'
anropilTM Ko.[epa 11oDKeHnpon3BoanTbnoxcK nrJI onpeaeneHna Hax6olee ar,eKBarnoro
Hcuepnuaaoulrft noNcx cpear Bcex Bo3Moxtrbrxnpe,4crrB[BeKTopHoronpe.t1craBrrenr.
re1efi 6yAer rapaHTilpgBaTbHagn1n{tueeOrO6paxeHne. Pa6ora KoAepa yJlf{u1aeTct AJtt
HcvepnstmnHo 3To npnBoAHTK pocTy cJloxHOCTI4.
6O1surefipa3MeplrocTt4,
npocTpaHcTB
uruft nolrcx B npocrpaHcrBe6orilucfi pa3Mcptlocrnuoxet 6utru BecbMarpyaoeltrNu. lMr- cJreAoRarb
cy6onrultalultoft cxeMc noucKa c npfieMJeMo
Her{cqepnbrBatoureii,
TepHarHBa
M;ubrMHyxy.llueH[ffMw$opr'lutonruua.nsuoiiTpacKTopHlr.Boo6ure, npn ast6opea:rtroprTapryMeHTaMnqaCTOflBJrrtOTCrTpeoo8aHHt naMgTH tt BbtqlilclnMOB nOnCKa OCHOBHHMH
renbHofi cJroxnocru. Ilpnuepu arrropnTMoB noxcKa BKnroqapr B ce6n annopuTMbt eAllHr{r{Hoft TpaeKropl.rH(aemu Harurytuero BbrxnBaHns), aJlropnrMbr MHoxecrBeHnoft TpaeKropg6 H ABoHyHbre (McroA nocJle[oBarenbuofi annpoKo.rr'rauxu) aJtropuTMbt KoJtoBoft
KHHrr{. EolsrunHqrno arlropr{TMoBnoucKa aenapr nonbtrr(y onpeaernTb x or6pocrlb He6er npouepxu gcefi uo[e.nu,
xerrareJrbHbreMo.qeJIH

2.5. npeo6pasyroqee KoAltpoBaHHe

B pa:ae.ne 13.5.1 x:yralHcb BeKTopHbre ycrpoftcraa KBaHToBaHH.qB TepMHHax MttoxlecTBa
BeposTl{brx rtlOAelefi n tCXHOIOnUft ,q,rUIonpeAeneHHq OAHOY(MOnenH Bo Ml{OxeCTBe, HaH6onee 6angxoM K BxoaHoft MoIteJrH. OlHofi H3 Mep xa.Iectsa annpoKcHMauntr SBnscrcrl
B3BeueHHiuI cpeAneKoa.[parnqecKas orun6xa.

- xlr
dtX,Xl= (x - X)B(XXx

(13.76)

'rpaHcnonnpooaHHstftaerrop X. MnHxMHraUnq
rge B(X) - 9To BecgBiutMaTpHtIa,a Xrvoxer 6rrrg BblqHcnHTeIbHonpoule, ecJlr{ Becogag Marpnua qBrceTcq .u,t,tafoHarrbHofi.
AnarouaarHas BecoBiutMarpuua traer KoopAHHarHoeMHoxecrBo c t{apyueHHoft caglu0
lr{oxer
(HexoppelnpoBaHHoe),raK qro orrrHoKaMuHHMH3aut{HBcjleacrBr4eKBaHToBaHHfl
no raxaoft Koopat{Hare.
Haxoar.trbcflHe3aBHcHMo

ioaHboeinx" BKruoqaer
Tiinu-oopigoM,-npeooparyrouree
cneaylouyonocJreaoBarerbHocrb onepauuft, roropue x:o6paxeust ua pnc. 13.32.
Koaep

x(nl

AexoAep

x(n)

LrJ

BxoAhofi
N-xounoxexrxui
Eerrop

Kognpoaaxue t
hcro.{HHxa
I
KgaxtosaxHui
L-KoMnoHeHTHuF
serrop

Buxo4xoF
N-xounonexrxuri
xoahpoBaHHHfi
aesop

BeKrop,
pacruHpeHHui
xyneaHM
aenopoM

Puc. I 3.32. Etocnat duazpanua

: npeo6pazytoqee
rcodupoaa
uue
L K exoaHol.{yBeKropynpnMeHrercs o6parHMoenpeo6prnoBaHHe.
2. Ko:QQnuueHrbr npeo6pa3oBaHraKBaHTyrorcq.
3. KsaHroaaHHbrc Ko3$OiluHeHTr,tnepeaalorcl H noJlf{aorol.
4. l-[peo6pa:oRaHHe
o6pauaercr c Hcnolrb3oBaHHeM
KBauroBarrHux
Ko3OOHuHeHToB.
Oruetnu, qro nptr npeo6pa3oBaHxnHe Bbrno;IH.gercn
HHKaKoroKoar{poaarrrurHcroqlrHKa;
npocTo AonycKacrctt6oree yAo6rroeonHcaHHeBeKTopacHfriara, KoTopoenolaornct rcl-{e
HcnorBoBarb KoAhpoBaHHeHcToqHHKa.3alava npeo6pa3oBaHHrcocroHT B oTo6taxeHtt
Koppennpo8aHHofiBxo,uHoftnocJreloBarejlbHocrHB apyryp cHcreMy KoopaHHar, B Koropoi
Koop0'rHarbrHMercTMeHbuylo KoppentuHp. HanoMHnM, qro 3To B TOTIHOCTH
[peacraBilger
co6ofi 3a.u,a{y,BbrnoJlHteMypKoaepoMc npeacKzBaHHeM.
Ko.[HpoBaHHeHcroqHHKanpoHcxoAHT nocpelcrBoM npHcBoeHrur6utogoro 3HaqeHH.c
pa3ltrqHbrM KosO$HuHeHTaMnpeo6pa3oB.lHHJl.KaK qacrb 3Toro npucBoeHnn,Ko3OOHuHeHTbr
Morfr 6bnb pdlaeneHbrHa nolMHoxecTBa' KoTopbleKBaHTIoTcRc noMolllblo pa3nHqHoroqxc,Ia 6HT, Ho ,re c noMotubro pa3JlHrtHblx pa3MepoBuara KBaHToBaHlut.9ro nprcaoenxe orpoKaer anHaMxvecKyp o6naqrt,
(ancnepcxt'o)Ka>K[ororoe$$uulrenra H Moxer 6brrs seseueHo Mepofi, orpaxarcuefi BOiiHocrs (onrocxreJlbHo qeJloBeqecKofo
eocnpnaru.n)gJreMeHTa,
nepeHocuMoro xaxaurrrl xos(rQtlquenrolr U7]. Hanpxrvrep,noaMHoxecraoroa00uur{eHroB Moxer 6utru cueaerroK HyneBofr aMnnuTyaerurr.rMoxer 6slrr, xsaHroBaHoc noMotrlbro I vau 2 6ut.
flpeo6parooaHneMoxer 6strs HelasHcHMbrM
or BeKTopaAaHHbrx.flpulrepaull raxux
npeo6pa3oBaHHfi
sartlorcs rncKperHoenpeo6pa3oBanne
Oypbe (discreteFourier transform-DFf, AnO), ancKprHoenpeo6parogaHne
Yonura-Aaauapa(discreteWalsh-Hadamartran!;form - DWHT), alrcKperHoe Kocl.rHyc-npeo6paroaaune
(discrete cosine trarulonn - DC]f,
AKiI) x aHcKperHoeHaKrIoHHoenpeo6pa:oaanxe (discrete slant transform - DST). flpeotipa3oBaHhelroxer 6srrs TapKe noJryqeHon3 BeKTopa.u,aHHbrx,
KaK9ToAerraercflB aHcKperHoM
npeo6pasoaannn Kapynena-Jloena (discrete Karhunen-Loeve transforrn - DKLT), r.rxorula
HaSbrBaeMoM
npeodpazoeanueil
(principal component transform - pq)
ocnos\o?oKoilnoHeHma
surrorcr caMbrMHnpocrbrMhB peanh3aqgrr,
il81. HeraauorMbteor.tlaHHbrxnpeo6pa:ooaHr.a
Ho oHH He raK xopoutH,rax nHQopMauHoHHo-3aBHo,rMbre.
3avacrpo BbrriHcJrHTerbHau
tlpc,qrora ,IMterct aocraroqHbtMonpaBAaHxeM
rtts Hc[oJlb3oMHt4Jl
He3aBnCAtUHX
OT raHHbtx
npeo6pa30BaHHfi.
l-Ipn xopoueM cy6onrl.rManbHora
npeo6paroBaHnH
norepn srlserruanocr.n
KoAr4poBaHr.u
He3HaqnrerbHbt
(KaKnpaBruo, MeHbure216), n o6lr,{Ho npn aeMoHcrpaunfi
pa6ovNx xaparreptcrx x yn oMr,r
Haercr yxyauleHHe KaqecrBa.
2.5 . 1. Ksagroeax.ne A,nc n peo6pasyrour,ero KoAnpoBaHr4s
Ilpeo6pa:ylourHeKoaepbro6sr.ruoLra3brBarcTcg
cneKTpa;rbHLrMh,
nocKonbKyc14rHaronhcbrBaercrlqepe3 cBoe cneKrpaJrbHoepa3JroxeHne(n au6paHHou 6arncHor,.runoxecrne). Cnex.
TpanbHbreqJreHHBbltucJunorcf,.uJlr HcnepeKpbraaloturxcsnocreaoBareJrbtrbrx6roron sxo!,_
HbrxaaHHbrx.Tarr.rr'l o6pa:oM, BbtxoAnpeo6pa3yrourefoKoaepa Moxer paccMa.rp6pTbcr KaK
MHoxecrBoBpeMeHHbrx
putoB, ollrlH pnn,uu Kax.[oro cneKrpanbHoroureHa./qflcnepcHrKaxjtoro pq.(a uoxer 6srtr onpeaelreHa,u xax,[ltft pgJI Moxer 6rrru xsaHroaaH c Hcnorrb3oBaHHOMpasHOrOqhCra 6fiT. ,[,Onycra-qHe3aBr,rcHMoe
KBaHTOBaHHe
Karuoro Ko3ooHuHeHTa
npeoopa3oBaHHq,
nMeeMBo3MoxlrocrbpacnpeAeneHHtOHKcHpoBaHHoro
qlrcna 6xr cpean
Ko3OQHuHeHToB
npeo6pa3oBaHuA
MA nolryqeH'.rrr,.rxnrvalunoft ourn6rtaKBaHroaaHHr.

2.5.2.

MHorononocHoe KoAerpoBaHHe

llpeo6paryrourne Kolepbr B pa3aencl].6 6uuN onxcaHbr KaK BbrnolrHnrorrlHe

aeJIeHHe
pnaon, xaxtrurit
BXoAHorocnrHajra Ha MHoxecrBoMeJureHHo
H3MetrrrourHxcrBper{eHH6rx
_^.
H3 Koropbrxc8q3aHc onpejleneHHbllr{
6asHcHst}'rBeKTopoMnpeo6pa:oaaHHfl.CneKrpant- ,/r r. J
HbleqreHbr(cralapxsre npoH3Be.[,eHuq
aaHHbrxc 6agxcnsrlrxnerropaun) Bbrqncrurorcfl. l4ijA
I
norrroulbro
MrroxecTBa
nponraeaeHnii.Muoxecrao cKairpttbrx npoulaeqe,ulrfr
cKa.[flprrblx
{_7
voxer 6ut'ru BbrtrucJleHo
c noMoulbloMlJoxecr8aQNnurpoa c xouequoiluunynacxoi xapax'
mepucmurcoitl9l. C groii uersrc npeo6parynurnfi xoaep Moxer paccNlarpHsarhcs
KaK Bbtqac-rol Bxoalbrx ,q.aH}rr,rx
Ha
oraerrblbre
rarrarsr.
06o6Il_9_LtUt_oqlH4_pq3{el_9-!{q
longcbl
tllag' nonf{hM , .{ToilHoeonortocnuixodep, xoropstft uornonrr""t cncKrpaJlbHoepa31ereHHe
loilocbl qacror Ha orAerbHbte KaHaJIblc noMoulblo ua6opa HenpepHBHbrxy3KonorocHbrx
Qulrrpoa, Moxer paccMarpHBarbcrB Kat{ecrBeqacrHoro cn)qa.c npeo6pa:yrcureroKo,[epa.
(Txnnvxuft MHoronorocHbrftKoAeproo6paxeH Ha pnc. 13.33.)
Bu6opKaf

Oepexnrolenne

Ycrpoficrao
KBa$rogaHhi

OMbrp 3
Otrbrp

t1t2ft lq ls

ly

Puc. I 3.33. Muozononocnoe

rodupoeattue
Cnerrpaluoe pa3noxellneaaHHblx(rcaxu $r.ursrpoBaltlre)
AonycKaerpa3rlrqHoeeopltrpoBaHHeKracca cneuHarsltLlx 6a:ncxutx MltoxccrB (r.e. cnerrpalurrux
$trasrpos), o vacruogrr 6atncnllx Ml-toxecrB,Koropbteorpaxaror npHeluellble npeanoqreHHgnorb3oBar(:r,lr
H
MOAJTH
nCTOrtHhKa.
Hanpnmep, uyM KaaHToBaHrr,caeHeprponanrstfi B noroce qac-rorc
6olutuoX trucnepcnefi,6yaer orpaxnven etofi no,rocofiqacror; oH He 6yrer nporl4KarbB coce.[Hlolo nonocy qacror, t{Mepuy}o HH3KyloaHcnepcHto H, cneaoBarenbHo,yr3Bl.tMyn &qt
HH3KoypoBHeBblx
cHrHaJIoB,
Koropbte3aMacKHpoBar{br
ruyMolli.Hueerq raoxe asl6opoopullpytoutHxQrlsrpoa c paBHbrLrh
qacror (pHc. 13.33).Taxr.ruo6parurH HepaBHbrMn
noJrocaMH
3oM, MoxHo He3aBl{cHMoK.lxnofr noAnorocc npHnHcaTbuu6opovHyto qacToTy,coorBeTcrBfoufylo ee uHphHe norocbt tlacToT,H qhcJto6fir rcaHroaaHHt, cooTBeTcTByloutee
ee AHcnepcnlt, !,nr cpaoHctrHJr,B o6uenpHr{.qroM npeo6pa:yroureM KoaHpoBaHHHaprrur[TyAa
Koruloro 6arnctroro BeKTopaBbt6fipaercr c otrntraronoli qacroror"t.
MnoronolocHulfi roaep r{oxer 6brrb co3aarr KaK TpaHcMyltbrnnneKcop(npeo6pa:oaare.nr,
BhAayIIJIorHeH'tr).3Aecs sxornofi ctrrHaJlpaccNrarpuBaercfl
a BH,[ecocraBrcnHoroH3 MHoxecrBa 6agncHstxtDyururir, NtonenttpouanHbrx
KaK lJesaBlrolllbrenoaKaHarbtyrroft nolocr,l
rlacror. Koaep pa:aen.RersxoAHoftcHrHiurila NfroxccrBo KaHaroBc rrasxofi cKopocrbrcnepe,tlaqrl,(aHHblx, ynnorHcHilblx c BpeMeilH&Mpa3aencHneu (time-division multiplexingTDM). flocre rsatrrogaHt4Jr
rt nepcAaqnacKoaepo6pautaernpouecc finaurpaung y nosropttofi nst6oprn, npco6pa:yl Kaua.flblTDM o6parHo s ucxorrrurft otrHzur. flpu rraccuvccxoru
nOnXOAeK 3TOIr{ynpoUeccy t'{OXrlO}tcnOJIb3OBaTb
MIIOXeCTBO
y3KOnOJIOCHbIX
(llt.nUrpOuC
(pttilbrpaurtH
3TanaMH
cMeuHBaHlut,
tlHXt{HXtracTorh ArrcKpeTH3aUHH
Ha nottttxcHttoit.lacrore (tacro tra:rtnacirtoi de4u.ua4uei,nIH npopelcusattuetr).
}ra onepaunn $ir.rrsrpaqr.rrr
coKpaluaer BxoaHytononocy Yasror ao nur6paHHofinorocbt .{asror xauana
n fIoBTopHoaur6npaer cHrH:ut.[o caMoft Ht{sxofi qacrorbt, r{Tono3Boltfi ng6exars HarroxeHgs pa3ae1reHHbrx
nonoc qacror aaHHblx.B npneunrxe npon3Boat'lrcflo6parnurfi npouecc.
Pan.(eaenuureHa nr)Jrocbl AaHHbteAttt yBeJrFtreHruI
Hx qacToTbr
Ao xelaeuofi qacTqfb:AHcKpTH3aqhilnpoxoAr.I.qe_
pe3 r'rHTepnonHpyroulreQlururpu H cMeuhBarcTcr o6parno
Ao r,rx coorBercrByrcLuero
cneKrparbHoro noroxeHrur. 9ro6ur cosaarb HcxotrHbrftcMeuaHHbrfi
curHar, oHH o6,t,earrHr_
prcs. &u KoahpoBaHfi.a
peqn Hrr4, n 6olee o6uleM cMbrcre,ruur cr{nHiurob,roropure cBfl3aHbr
c MexaHHt{ecK?rrrr
pe3oHaHcoM,
xerarejrbHbrrpynnbr Qmsrpoa c HepaBHbrMH
rreHTpa.[bHbrMx
qacToraMHI HepaBHblt"lH
norocaMtr'{acror. TaKHeQnatrpur Ha3blBaorcr nponoput{oHalbHbrMl{Ha60pauraQN.nsrpoa.3rx Qnnurpsr HMetorJrorapH@unvecrupacnoJroxclrHbre
ueltTparbHbleqaqrorbr
n nonocblqacror, nponopulroHaJrbt{ble
qacrorar{. I-lpx pac_
ueHTpa;rbnr,rrrr
cMorpeHHHHa norapnSvtlqecroft ruxale raKoe nponopuHoHarnbtroe
pa3MerueH1eBbrrruralrr
KaK paBHOMepHOe
pacnoJloxeHHenoJlocr{acroTH orpDKaeTcncKTpaJlbHbtecnoftgrsa
MHofnx
$H:Nvecxux aKycruqecKl,txHcrosHfiKoB.

2.5.3. Kogr,rpoeanre HeroqHrKa Are t4nQposux AaHHblx

KoAgpouaHNec ueJloto coKpaureHunHt6uro.tuocrx ttcrottHxKa ,[aHHbtx o6u'tHo Breqer 3a
co6oft nsl6op eQ$erruouoro ABoHr{HoronpellcraBrreHns3Toro HcroqHnKa. 9acro oro rpe,npe[cTaBanbTepHaTnBHblM
6yer raueHsra8onqHoro npe,[craMeHHrcilMBorroBHcToitHHKa
JIeHIM. 3auesa o6ur.rHocn"[rerct epeueHuoft H npou3golnrcc, ,[nt roro ,{to6st aogrfi,{rs
tAItUnepeaaqecHMBoJIoB
npH 3anoMHHaHVr4
aHcKpeTHoroldcToqHl,tKa.
.[aonvSKOHOMHI,!
nrtfi xoa, npucooennsrir KaxaoMy cHMBony hcrotrHHKa, JIoJDKeHyaoBflerBoptrb onpea]qro6bl no3BoJIt{Tb
o6pauenxe 3aMeHbr.K rouy xe Koa Moxer
orpaHuqeHr4sM,
JIeHHsTM
6uts aaree orpanrqen cneqnQrrauueft cncreuu, Hanpl{MeporpaHnqeHngMfi naMETH14
npocrorofi pean[3auHr.{.
Mu xactoluro nprBbtKlrt,t K ucnolb3oBaHnto ABohvHbrx Koaoa aflq npeacraBJreHug
cHMBoJIoBt{cror{HnKa,.rm Moxen sa6urrb o roM, r{To gro gcero ntrurb oJLHHH3 Bapr{aHTc)B
npr.rcBoeHns.Haubolee o6utnu nphMepoMerofi npoueaypbt ,{Blurerctt aBol,tqHoenpucBo+rtgcJrgTerbHblM(aaxe He 6y4eu paccuarpuBaTb orpuqarenbHue
Hue KoJlHqecrEeHHbtM
vncna). Moxso npsMo rrepeBoanTbB llBontrHylo cHcreMy cql,tcllenlts, ABoHt{HbreKoAbl
qHcer, aBoHr{HHeKolbr .[ecrTugHbtxt{l{ceJl,,4BoHrlHHeKoIbl urecTHaluaTeBOCbMepnqHbIx
pugHbrx qHceJI,aectruqHbre KoLbt ".q,BaH3 nltr", ,u,ecatuqnble Ko.[bl c ur6utxou rpx n
r.a,. B erou npuMepe npu etr6opb coorBercrBr{qfrfiTbrmercn npocrora BbrqncreHxq, oflonpea)pereJreHnr ouru6nr, npocrora nper.sraBreHns HnH ylo6crBo KoJtttpoBaHus.W
6um.
aeHnoft 3arar{Hcxarng aa}lHbtx ocHoBHofiueJlbroflBmercfi coKpat4eHuetcottuqecmea
xapaKTepn3yrorcg
MnoxecrBoM pa3ltilttHbtxcHMBoJIoB,
HcroqHHKr,t
Kone.{Hrre,qr.rcKperHbre
a n - HHleKcaaHHbIx.flolnoe onHcaHl{e
X(n), rae n=1,2,..., N- anbo^umucmottHuKa,
Tpe$yer BeporrHocrtr Kaxaoro cHMBonaH coBMecrHblxBeponrHocrefi cHMBoJIoB,Bbr6panHblx
Moryr npeac.t:tutrb aoyxypoaHeartFt(auorvuufi) HfiotlHltK, Tlno aBa, TpH H T.Jl.Cr,tt'roo.rrsr
Hcuro6paxcHnr, rutH MHorocrMBonbHbrfi
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t{acrl{ocTt{coPicture Experts Group - (MPEG). K ror'ry Xe cxaTre pevn n releQoHHH' B
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8 rfu
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224 K6nr/c

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pe'nr npqutqxau6opxoft, npelct<a3Haan
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per{bco cKopocrbro16,24, 32 u 40 K6rr/c. Koaep npxueurer .tleKq!.epB l(onD?e o6paruofi
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. t A A

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qacroroft 16 rfq a 6olee nucoryp r 6onee Ht,t3KyK)noJlnonocbl, Kax.qaf, n3 Koropbtx Bbt6rpaercr c qacroroft 8 rfu. Oyxrunu o6onx Qnnurpoe rr onepauuq noaropnofi ancKpern3auufi pezrnu3oBauu B uuQponou Orurrrpe, H3DecrHoM xax xeadpomypauil zepxannui
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craBruror co6oft uoan$nuupoBauuyro BepcuropeqeBbtxKoJLepoB
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KaK H c Houuualsnofi cKopocrbto 64 K6ur/c. flpn cHtxexnofl cxopocm neperaqr 6xroB
clcTeMa cBrr3s Moxer npHcBarBarb HeHcnolb3oBaHHge 6rnrr EcnoMoriaTErbHoMynorotq
,uanxhrx, rompufi nepelaerct co cKopocrbro 8 u 16 K6rr/c, eclls Kauar nouepxnBaer
Hcnorb3yer crpyKrypy
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c 6 uyaeun r 2 noapcaun. Eao.rHas .u,[arpaMMaurttpoKonoJr@Honoayl1uoKogepa,pa6oTarouteroco cKop@rbro 64 K6nt/c, uro6paxesa na pxc. 13.37.
48K$nrlc

Puc. 13.37.Illupoxonotocuuil xodex QMF ADPCM (64 K6un/c) (G-722)

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16 K6rr/c, oaHaKonpr cHtoKeHfiHcKopocru KaqecrBo6ucrpo naJucr. Koaepu LPC uoryr
o|(arE pequco cKopocrt6urn uoateprunpoBaHHc uejrr,lononfreHt{r abrcoKoKarlecrBeHHoro
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npoue4pe, xa:sauHofi cuHma qepa ararrur (synthesis by analnis). Ha nepeou erane o6pa:yercs
MoAeJrbLPC l0-ro nopt[Ka BrA cn(rlara, reftsrarrrcnssofo Ha npctrsKerruu KoporKoro HHTep-

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crrfre3HpyeMoMycrrHajry. 3aoepruaurce3Ta 3anaqac noMoulblo nocnenoBareJrbHoro
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co_
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nocneAo_
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c P paaHurltttHyJrroBbtxoaHstuuatt6oprcaMnMex,qynocJleAoBarerbnbtMH
rreHyTcBHMHBbrxollHblMHnurOopraun. BurxoA aroro Onat1pa reHepqpyeTnepxolH,{ecr4fi
cHrHaJIaKrHBH3auHH,
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r gKcneprrar rpynna no BonpocaMaBHxyu.rerocs
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craHAapraya,ocxar'fl rJrs chrHaJra' cHHXpOHr3HpoBaHHOfo
c cxarbrM Blraeoc'rHarov, n:aecrnsrfr rar MpEG.
B groft
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adaprive Universal Subband
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c MacKHpoBKofi
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rpn ypoaHa (xoan)
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Hroto BbtxoaHyrocKopocTbKaHirna.

H.264- Wikipedia

30.03.2012

H.264
De la Wftipedia,enciclopedia
hber[
H-264,MPEC-4 Part 10, sauAVC (de la CodareVideoAvansati),esteul standardde codarevideodigital[
careseremarcdprintr-o rathde corrpresieridicati. A fost scrisde cdtreVideo CodingE>pertsGrorp
6VCeCyAe
la ITU i'rpremi cuMovingPicttneEryertsGrorp (MPEG)de la ISO/IEC,caproduscolictiv alparteneriatuhi
cunoscutsubnwnelede JointVideo Team(J\rD. StandardulITU- T H.264 qi standardulISO/IEC MpEG-4 part I 0
(fostul,ISO/IEC 14496'10)surt identicedinpurct devederetehnic.Docurnentul
ftralpenfuprirnaversirnea
standarduhri
a fostfinalizatlilnnrai2003.

Cuprins
t
I
t
t

I Intoducere
2 Profhni
3 Nivehri
4 Inplerrrentiriqi diferiteproduse
. 4.1Conparaliefrrte programele
de codare(encoder)
5 I,egAhriexteme

Introducere
H.264estemrrplecorespundtorlineide skndardevideoH.26xa ITU-T, iarAVC sefi.'rudeqte
cuparteaMpEG a
cofabordrdriicatea definitivatstandardul,gi astadupdce efortu:ileinitialedin ITU-T denuneaustandardglH.26L.
De obicei,standardul
estenmit H.264|AYC(sauAVC/H.264sauH. 264|NPEG-4AVC sauMpEG-41H.264
AVC) penffua subliniannqtenireacomun[.NumeleH.26L, carefice referinfi la istoriaITU-I estemultrnaip
,m
crxtoscut,
dar sefoloseqte
totuqi Ocaaom\ elmai estenumitqi'bodeculfVT': evocdndorganza{wJVT
carel-a
dervoltat.(Acestparteneriatqirruhipleledenumirinu suntun hrcrunou,pentruc[ qi codecu1video
curoscutsub
runrelede MPEG-2 a apdr$ de asemenea
dinparteneriatul
dinte MPEG qiITU-I iar codeculvideoMPEG-2 este
curosctilfrrcornnritateaITU-T dreptH.262).
Scopulproiecfifrui.H.214lAYc
a fostacelade a crearn standardcares[ asigureo buri calitatea imaginii
nn
condi,tiile
uror ratede codarea informalieinet inferioare(ex judtate sauchiarrnaipqtin)fifa de ceeaceeace
necesitau
standardele
(ex filn de MPEG2,H.263, sauMPEG-4Part2), gi astafrrd sdmlreascdprea
anterioare
rnrh conplexitateainplementlrilorcarear fi dusla prelr:riridicatepenfu irplementirile practice.Un scopadiacent
a fost acelade a asiguraun mecanismflexibilcaresdpermiti standardului
si fie r:tilizatpentu o garni largade
aplicaJii(pentrutansmisiicu rate de transferatdtredusecdt qitrahe,penfu rezolu,Li
videofrrahbsaujoase)qi de a
plajd
firncfionabinecu o
cdtwilargd de re,telegi sisteme(ex fansmisiibroadcast,stoc[ri pe srport DVD, retelecu
cornrtareRTPllP, qi sistemetelefonicerruhirnediaIru-D.
WT a t'rcheiatrecentfirlnca de dezvoltarea unorextensiifrln de standarduloriginalcuroscutesubrnrmelede
FidelityRange
(FRExt).Acesteextensiiaumenirea
Extensiors
de a suportacodareavideola o rezohrfle
ginrraii.nafti
prin nErireaacurate{ei
probelor(inchrzdnd
codareape 10biti qi ceape 12 bitf Eiinfonnrafie
de culoarela o rezolufle
(inchdnd structuride probe cunoscutedreptYW 422 ;iYW 44:4). Mai rnultecaracteristici
qi nni ff.naha
noi au
intodusetr proiectulFidelityRangeEntensions
fost de asenrenea
(precun cornrtaliaadaptativdtrte tansformatele
pe trteg trte 4x4 qi 8x8, mafice de cuantizare
pentu codd:i codareeficienti
cu pondereperceptuahspecificd
fird pierderinnfeirnagini,suportpentu spaliide culoriadi,tionale,
de culoarerczrdtnrh).Murca de
Eio ffansforrnata
proiectarepentu Fidelfu RangeExtensionsa fostincheiatiin iulie2004,iar docurnentul
a fost fu:nhzatfflr
septembrie
264#Profi|uri
ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.

30.o3.2012

H.264- Wikipedia

2004.

Profiluri
Standardulincludeurnitoarele qaptesetr-nide capabilitEfi,
caresuntnumiteprofileqi audiferiteaplicalii:
r BaselineProfile @P):in principalpentruaplicafiile
cuun costredus,cu reswseconputa,tionale
limitat,e,
videoconferinfigi aplicaliinrcbile.
' Main Profile (MP): Scopuloriginala fostunprofilrnainsteampenfu
aplicaliide transmitere
qistocare,
inportanfaacestuiprofil a scdzttcdndprofihrlHighprofilea fostdezvoltatpentruaceltip de aplicalii
' ExtendedProfile (XP):Cu scopulde a fi unprofilpenffuffansmitere
video,acestprofil arecompresie
relativ
maregiprotejatinpotrivapierderilorde date.
' High Profile (HiP):Principalulprofilpentru
aplicafiide tarsmitereqi stocarepe disc,irparticularpentru
aplicafiiin televiziunea
de halti deftrilie(de exerrpluacestprofilestefolositpentrustocareafiknelorpe discwi
IID DVD si Blu-rayD).
' High 10 Profile (IIi10P):Acestprofildep[geqte
capabilitilileproduselordestinate
consunratoruluri
obiqnuit,
avdndlabad HighProfile- a adhtgatsrportpenfu pdndla 10biti per sarrplea precizieiir.rapii decodate.
' High 42222Profile (Hia2zP): Destinataplicaliilorprofesionale,
folosegtevideointerlaced.
' High 4:4:4 PredictiveProfile (Hi444PP):Acestprofilare labazdtotHigtr
422profile- srryort6nd
ur
clnomasarnpling
de 444 , pfurl la 14bdiper sanple,qinqphs codareregionalifird pierdereqicodarea
fiecdreiirnagini
catreiplanecolorseparate.
ln pho, standardul
con,neacun pafu profilead{ionaleall-Intra profiles, caresuntdefiniteca subsehrir;inp1;ale
profilelorcorespurztoare.
suntfolositepenfu aplicafliprofesionale
:
r
.
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y..

30.03.2012

H.264- Wikipedia

-;
i"*---**" -4:2*0-Ghro.r,na"-Fonnat-*
i Monochrome Video Format (4

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H.264- Wikipedia

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H.264 - Wikipedia

' H.264|AVCoverviewpaperincludingnewFRExtenhancements
(Srillivan,
Topiwala,andLut6ra)
(http//www.fistvdo.con/spie04/spie04-h264overviewpaper.pdf)
' VariouspapersonH.264lAYCandrelatedtopics(Wiegand)(http//iphorne.trhide/wiegand/pubs.hftn)
r More papersonH.264lAYCandrelatedtopics
Marpe) (h@/fuhome.trhide/rnarpe/pgb.htrn)
' H.264|AYCSoftwareCoordination
(Suehring)
(http//bhome.hhide/suehring/tml/)
' H.264l\tIPEG-4Part 10 Tutorials(Richardson)
(http//www.vcodex.
cornlh264.htnD
r Book:H.264andMPEG-4VideoConpression(Richardson)
(http//www.vcodex.com/h2
64npeg4)
. H.264|AVCTextbook(inJapanese:olrubo,
Kadono,Kkuchi, andSuzukil
(htp //internet.inpress.
cojp/books/1983/)
. JVT ExpertsG.o,rydocumentarchive(http//ftp3.itucwav-arcwjw-site)
' MPEGLA TerrrsofH.264/IvEEG-4AVC PatentLicense(http//www.npegla.corn/news/n
03-1ll7_avc.htnD
. MPEG IndwfiryForum(http//www.rr4tf.org)
. AVC Alliance(http//www.avc-alliance.org)
r ITU-T officialpublicationpage(htrp//www.ihrinvrecff-REC-H.264)
r ISO officialpublication
page(http//www.iso.ch/iso/enlCatalogueDetaitrage.CatalogueDetail?
CSNUMBER:43058&ICS1:3 5&IC S2:40&ICS3:)
. W&W CornnunicatiottsH.264
OverviewandIEEEpaper
(http//www.wwcolns.com/technologzlstand
ard.htn)
r NVIDIA Pr:reVideo
- Higfr-deftritionH.264
(http//www.nvidia.com/page/purevideo.htrnl)
' Apple HD GalleryUsingH.264 (http//www.apple.conr/quicktime/hd
(requireseuickTirne7)
eakeryD
' Apple'sHD TrailersUsingH.264 (http//www.apple.corr/tailers/)
(requireseuickTimeT)
r AnnualMPEG-4AVC1H.264videocodecsconparisons
byMoscow StateUniversity:
r l-st annualMPEc-4Avcl}l.z64 codecscorrparison(2004)
(http//www.corrpressionnr/video/codec_corrparison/rrpeg4_avc_j264_enhtrnD
' 2-ndarurualMPEG-4
AvclH.264 codecsconparison
(2005)
(http//www.corrpressionnr/video/codec_corrparison/npeg4_avc_1t264_2005_enhtml)
r 3-rd annualMPEG-4
AVC|H.264codecscomparisonwith
cross-years
report(2006)
(http//www.corrpressionru/video/codec_corrparison/rrpeg4_avc_h264_2006_en.hfinl)
I Overviewandlinkson doomg(http//forumdoomg.org/showthread.plp?tr96059)
r List ofH.264lAYCresowcesandcodecs(h@//www.conpression-links.infoAdPEc-4_Avc
_11264)
' Videotutorialon howto encodeh.264withMegui(httptlhttptlalex.nigma.ffi
120071h264-tutorial)
Adusde la hup//ro.wft ipedia.org/w/index.
php?title:H.2 64&oldtd:6277ggI
.
CategoriiTelecomrmicalii
Protocoalej Videope Ip j Codecwi
r Uhimarnodificare
efectuatila 14:32,28martie2012.
I .AcesttextestedisponfuilsublicentaCreativeCornnonscu atrbuireqi disfirbuireffl condi,tii
identice;pot.exista
qi clanzesrplinrentare.
Vedeli detaliila Termeniideutfinra

ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264#Profi
luri

Presented
at the SPIEconferenceon Applicationsof Digital ImageprocessingXXVI
Specialsessionon Advancesin the New Emergingstandard: H.264lAyc, August,2004

The H.264lAVCAdvancedVideoCodingStandard:
overview and rntroductionto the Fidelity RangeExtensions
Gary J. Sullivan*,PankajTopiwalai,andAjay Luthral
*Microsoft
Corporation,OneMicrosoftWay, Redmond,WA 9g052
TFastVDO
LLC,7tS0 RiverwoodDr., Columbia,MD 21046
iMotorolaInc.,BCS,6420Sequence
Dr., SanDiego, CAgi.lll
ABSTRACT
H.264|MPEG4 AVC is the latestinternationalvideo coding standard. It was jointly developedby the Video Coding
ExpertsGroup(VCEG) of the ITU-T andthe Moving PictureExpertsGroup(MPEG) of ISO/IEC.It usesstate-of{he-art
codingtools andprovidesenhancedcodingefficiencyfor a wide rangeofapplications,includingvideo telephony,vidleo
conferencing,
TV, storage(DVD and/orhard disk based,especiallyhigh-definitionDVD), streamingvideo,digital viAleo
authoring,digital cinema,and many others. The work on a new set of extensionsto this standardhas recentlybeen
completed' These extensions,known as the Fidelity Range Extensions(FRExt), provide a number of enhanc,ed
capabilitiesrelative to the base specificationas approvedin the Spring of 2003. In this paper, an overview of tlhis
standardis provided,includingthe highlightsof the capabilitiesof the new FRExt features.Somecomparisonswith l.he
existingMPEG-2andMPEG-4 Part 2 standardsarealsoprovided.
Keywords; Advanced Video Coding (AVC), Digital Video Compression,H.263, H.264, JVT, MpEG, MpEG-2.
MPEG-4,MPEG-4part 10,VCEG.

l.INTRODUCTION
Sincethe early 1990s,when the technologywas in its infancy, intemationalvideo coding standards- chronologically,
H . 2 6 1[ 1 ] , M P E G - I[ 2 ] , M P E G - 2/ H . 2 6 2 [ 3 ] , H . 2 6 3[ 4 ] , a n d M P E G -(4P a r t 2 )[ 5 ] - h a v e b e e n t h e e n g i n e s b e h i n d t l i e
commercialsuccessof digital video compression. They have played pivotal roles in spreadingthe technologyby
providingthe power of interoperabilityamongproductsdevelopedby different manufacturers,while at the sametirne
allowingenoughflexibility for ingenuityin optimizingandmoldingthe technologyto fit a given applicationandmaking
the cost-performance
trade-offsbest suitedto particularrequirements.They haveprovided much-neededassurance
to
the contentcreatorsthat their contentwill run everywhereand they do not haveto createand managemultiple copiesof
the samecontentto matchthe productsof differentmanufacturers.They have allowed the economyof scaleto allow
steepreductionin cost for the massesto be ableto afford the technology.They havenurfuredopeninteractionsamong
expertsfrom different companiesto promoteinnovationand to keeppacewith the implementationtechnologyand thi
needsof the applications.
ITU-T H.264/ MPEG-4 (Part l0) AdvancedVideo Coding(commonlyrefened as H.264/AVC) [6] is the newestentry
in the seriesofintemational video coding standards.It is currentlythe most powerful and state-of-the-art
standard,and
was developedby a Joint Video Team (JVT) consistingof expertsfrom ITU-T's Video CodingExpertsGroup(VCEG)
and ISO/IEC's Moving Picturs ExpertsGroup (MPEG). As has beenthe casewith past standards,its designprovicles
the mostcurrentbalancebetweenthe coding efficiency,implementationcomplexity,and cost- basedon stateof VI,SI
designtechnology(CPU's,DSP's,ASIC's, FPGA's,etc.). In the process,a standardwas createdthat improvedcoding
efficiencyby a factor of at least about two (on average)over MPEG-2 - the most widely usedvideo coding standard
today- while keepingthe cost within an acceptablerange. In Ju|y,2004,a new amendmentwas addedto this standard,
calledthe Fidelity RangeExtensions(FRExt,Amendment1), which demonstrates
evenfurthercodingefficiencyagainst
MPEG-2,potentiallyby as much as 3:1 for somekey applications. In this paper,we developan outline of the first
versionof the H.264/AVC standard,and provide an introductionto the newly-mintedextension,which, for reasons.we
explain,is alreadyreceivingwide attentionin the industry.

1.1.
H.264|AVCllistory
H.264/AVC was developedover a period of about four years. The roots of this standardlie in the ITU-T's H.2r6L
projectinitiatedby the Video CodingExpertsGroup(VCEG), which issueda Call for Proposals(Cfp) in early l99g and
createda first draft designfor its new standardin August of 1999. In 2001,when ISO/IEC's Moving picturesExperts
Group(MPEG)had finisheddevelopmentof its mostrecentvideo codingstandard,known asMpEG-i put2,itissue6 a
similar CfP to invite new contributionsto further improve the coding efficiency beyond what was achievedon that
project. VCEG choseto provideits draft designin responseto MPEG'sCfP andproposedjoining forcesto complete
the
work. Severalotherproposalswere also submittedandweretestedby MPEG as well. As-a resultof thosetests,Uttic
madethefollowing conclusionsthat affrmed the designchoicesmadeby vcEG for H.26L:
r The motion compensated
DiscreteCosineTransform(DCT) structurewas superiorto others,implying
therewasno need,at leastat that stage,to makefundamentalstructuralchangesfor the next generationo[
codingstandard.
i Somevideo codingtoolsthat hadbeenexcludedin thepast(for MPEG-2,H.263,or MpEG-4 part 2) due
to their complexity(henceimplementationcost)couldbe re-examinedfor inclusionin the next standard.
The VLSI technologyhad advancedsignificantlysincethe developmentofthose standardsandthis had
significantlyreducedthe implementationcostof thosecodingtools. (This wasnot a "blank check"for
compression
at all costs,as a numberof compromises
were still necessary
for complexityreasons,but it
was a recognitionthat someof the complexityconskaintsthat governedpastwork couldbe re-examined.)
I To allow maximumfreedomof improvingthe codingefhciency,the syntaxof the new codingstandard
couldnot be backwardcompatiblewith prior standards.
I ITU-T's H.26L was a top-performingproposal,andmostothersthat showedgoodperformancein MpEG
had alsobeenbasedonH.26L (asit hadbecomewell-knownasan advancein technologyby that time).
Therefore,to allow speedyprogress,ITU-T and ISO/IEC agreedto join forces togetherto jointly developthe ngxt
generationof video coding standardand use H.26L as the startingpoint. A Joint Video team
ljVt), consistingof
expertsfrom VCEG andMPEG, was formedin December,2001, with the goal of completingthe technicil developri*nt
of the standardby 2003. ITU-T plannedto adoptthe standardunderthe nameof ITU-T H.2-64,andISO/IECplannedto
adopt the standardas MPEG-4 Part 10 AdvancedVideo Coding (AVC), in the MPEG-4 suite of standardsformallv
designated
asISOAEC 14496. As an unwantedbyproduct,this standardgetsreferredto by at leastsix differentnu.",, H.264,H.26L' ISO/IEC 14496-10,JVT, MPEG-4 AVC andMPEG-4Part 10. In this paperwe refer it asH.264/AVC as
a balancebetweenthe namesusedin the two organizations.
With the wide breadthof applicationsconsideredby the two organizations,the applicationfocus for the work v,as
correspondinglybroad- from video conferencingto entertainment(broadcastingover cable,satellite,terrestrial,cable
modem,DSL etc.; storageon DVDs and hard disks;video on demandetc.)to streamingvideo, surveillanceandmilitaLry
applications,and digital cinema. Three basic featuresets calledprofiles were establishedto addresstheseapplication
domains:the Baseline,Main, and Extendedprofiles. The Baselineprofile was designedto minimize compiexityand
-Main
provide high robustnessand flexibility for use over a broad rangeof network environmentsand conditions;the
profile was designedwith. an emphasison compressioncoding fficiency capability; and the Extendedprofile u,as
designedto combinethe robustnessof the Baselineprofile with a higherdegreeof codingefficiencyandgreaiernetwo,rk
robustness
andto addenhancedmodesusefulfor special"trick uses"for suchapplicationsasflexible video streamins.
1.2.
The FRExt Amendment
While havinga broadrangeof applications,the initial H.264lAYC standard(as it was completedin May of 2003),w,as
primarily focusedon "entetlainment-quality"
video,basedon 8-bits/sample,
and4:2:0 chromasampling. Given its tirne
constraints,it did not includesupportfor use in the most demandingprofessionalenvironments,und th. designhad rLot
beenfocusedon the highestvideo resolutions. For applicationssuchas content-conhibution,content-distribution.
and
studioeditingandpost-processing,
it may be necessary
to
I Use morethan 8 bits per sampleof soureevideo accwacy
I Usehigherresolutionfor color representation
thanwhat is typical in consumerapplications(i.e.,to use
4:2:2or 4:4:4samplingasopposedto 4:2:0chromasamplingformat)

(@
I

I
t
t
I
I

Performsourceeditingfunctionssuchas alphablending(a processfor blendingof multiple video scenes,

bestknown for usein weatherreportingwhereit is usedto super-impose
video of a newscaster
overvideo
of a mapor weather-radar
scene)
Usevery high bit rates
Usevery high resolution
Achievevery high fidelity - evenrepresentingsomepartsofthe video losslessly
Avoid color-spacetransformationroundingerror
Use RGB color representation

To addressthe needsof thesemost-demanding

applications,a continuationof thejoint projectwas launchedto addn.w
extensionsto the capabilitiesof the original standard.This effort took aboutoneyear to complete- startingwith a fir:st
draft in May of 2003,the final designdecisionswerecompletedin July of 2004,andthe editingperiodwifi b1 completed
in Augustor Septemberof 2Q04. Theseextensions,originally known as the "professional"extlnsions,were e.,reotuully
renamedasthe "fidelity rangeextensions"(FRExt)to betterindicatethe spirit of the extensions.
In the processof designingthe FR-Extamendment,the WT was ableto go back and re-sxamineseveralprior technical
proposalsthat had not beenincludedin the initial standarddue to schedulingconstraints,uncertaintyaboutbenefits,
or
the original scopeof intendedapplications.With the additionaltime affordedby the extensionproject,it waspossibleto
includesomeof thosefeaturesin the new extensions.Specifically,theseincluded:
r Supportingan adaptiveblock-sizefor the residualspatialfrequencytransform,
t Supportingencoder-specified
perceptual-based
quantizationscalingmatrices,and
r Supportingefficient losslessrepresentation
ofspecifrcregionsin video content.
The FRExtprojectproduceda suiteoffour new profilescollectivelycalledthe Highprofiles:
o The High profile (HP), supporting8-bit videowith 4:2:0 sampling,addressinghigh-endconsumeruseantl
otherapplicationsusinghigh-resolutionvideo without a needfor extendedchromaformatsor extended
sampleaccuracy
o The High l0 profile (Hi10P),supporting4:2:0video with up to 10bits of representation
accuracyper
sample
o The High 4:2:2profile (H422P),supportingup to 4'.2'.2chromasamplingandup to l0 bits per sample,anrl
t The High 4:4:4 profile (H444P),supportingup to 4'.4:4chromasampling,up to 12 bits per sample,and
additionallysupportingefficient losslessregioncodingandan integerresidualcolor transformior coding
RGB video while avoidingcolor-spacetransformationerror
All of theseprofiles supportall featuresof the prior Main profile, and additionallysupportan adaptivekansformbloclksizeandperceptualquantizationscalingmatrices.
Initial industry feedbackhas been dramaticin its rapid embraceof FRExt. The High profile appearscertainto be
incorporatedinto severalimportantnear-termapplicationspecifications,
particularlyincluding
t The HD-DVD specificationof the DVD Forum
a The BD-ROM Video specificationof the Blu-ray Disc Association,and
a The DVB (digital video broadcast)standardsfor Europeanbroadcasttelevision
Severalotherenvironmentsmay soonembraceit as well (e.g.,the AdvancedTelevisionSystemsCommittee(ATSC) in
the U.S., and various designsfor satelliteand cabletelevision). Indeed,it appearsthat the High profile rnuy .upidty
overtakethe Main profile in terms of dominantnear-termindustryimplementationinterest. This ii becauseifr. H4;it
profile addsmore coding efhciency to what was previouslydehnedin the Main profile, without adding a significarnt
amountof implementationcomplexity.

a
- J -

2. CODING TOOLS
At a basicoverviewlevel,the codingstructureof this standardis similar to that of all prior major digital video standards
(H.261,MPEG-I, MPEG-2 IH.262, H.263 or MPEG-4 part2). The architechreand the core building blocks of the
encoderare shown in Fig. I and Fig.2, indicating that it is also basedon motion-compensated
DCT-like transform
coding. Eachpicture is compressedby partitioningit as one or more slices;eachslice consistsof macroblocks,which
areblocksof 16x16luma sampleswith correspondingchromasamples.However,eachmacroblockis also dividedinto
partitionsfor motion-compensated
sub-macroblock
prediction. The predictionpartitionscanhavesevendifferentsizesil6xl6, 16x8,8x16,8x8, 8x4,4x8 and4x4. In paststandards,
motioncompensation
usedentiremacroblocks
or, in the
caseof newer designs,l6xl6 or 8x8 partitions,so the larger variety of partition shapesprovidesenhancedpredicti,on
accuracy.The spatialtransformfor the residualdatais then either8x8 (a size supportedonly in FRExt) or 4x4. In past
major standards,
the transformblock sizehasalwaysbeen8x8, so the 4x4 block sizeprovidesan enhancedspecificityin
locatingresidualdifferencesignals. The block size usedfor the spatialtransformis always eitherthe sameor smalller
thantheblock sizeusedfor prediction. The hierarchyof a video sequence,
from sequence
to sampleslis givenby:
(pictures(slices(macroblocks(macroblockpartitions(sub-macroblock
sequence
partitions(blocks(sample$))))).
In addition,there may be additionalstructuressuch as packetizationschemes,channelcodes,etc.,which relateto the
deliveryof the video data,not to mentionother datastreamssuchas audio. As the video compressiontools primarily
work at or below the slice layer, bits associatedwith the slice layer and below are identified as Video Coding La1,er
(VCL) andbits associated
with higherlayersareidentifiedasNetwork AbstractionLayer (NAL) data. VCL dataandthe
highestlevels of NAL data can be senttogetheras part of one singlebitstreamor can be sentseparately.The NAL is
designedto fit a variety of delivery frameworks(e.g.,broadcast,wireless,storagemedia). Herein,we only discussthe
VCL, which is the heartof the compressioncapability. While an encoderblock diagramis shownin Fig. 1, the decotler
conceptuallyworks in reverse,comprisingprimarily an entropy decoderand the processingelementsof the region
l.
shadedinFig.

o
m
p
r

e
s

i
d
o
b
i
S

Fig. 1: High-level encoder architecture

' We
usethe termssazple andpixel interchangeably,
althoughsamplemay sometimesbe morerigorouslycorrect.

- +I -

@
Prediction
Spatial/Temporal

2-D Transform

Fig. 2: Higher-level encoder block diagram

In the first versionof the standard,only lhe 4:2:0 chromaformat (typically derivedby performingan RGB-to-YCbCr
color-spacetransformationand subsamplingthe chromacomponentsby a factor of 2: I both horizontallyand vertically)
and only 8 bit sampleprecision for luma and chromavalueswas supported. The FRExt amendmentextendedthe
standardto 4:2:2 and4:4:4 chromaformatsand higher than 8 bits precision,with optionalsupportof auxiliarypictures
for suchpurposesas alphablendingcomposition.
The basicunit of the encodingor decodingprocessis the macroblock.In 4:2:0 chromaformat,eachmacroblockconsirsts
of a 16x16regionof luma samplesandtwo corresponding8x8 chromasamplearrays. In a macroblockof 4:2:2 chrorna
format video, the chromasamplearays are 8x16 in size; and in a macroblockof 4'.4:4chromaformat video, they zre
16x16in size.
Slicesin a picturearecompressed
by usingthe following codingtools:
I "Infa" spatial(block based)prediction
o Full-macroblockluma or chromaprediction- 4 modes(directions)for prediction
o 8x8 (FRExt-only)or 4x4 luma prediction- 9 modes(directions)for prediction
| "Inter" temporalprediction- block basedmotion estimationandcompensation
o Multiple referencepictures
o ReferenceB pichrres
o Arbitrary referencingorder

o variabre
b:x'i;.i"1x1i,H'i?xf
irH,,:il, 8x8,
8x4,
4x8
and
4x4

o l/4-sampleluma interpolation(1/4 or l/8th-samplechromainterpolation)

o Weightedprediction
o Frameor Field basedmotion estimationfor interlacedscannedvideo
Interlacedcodingfeatures

o Frame-field;*Tffi1r.
Frame
Fierd(picAFF)

|
o
I
I

.
MacroBlockAdaptiveFrameField (MBAFF)
o Field scan
Losslessrepresentationcapability
o Intra PCM raw sample-value
macroblocks
o Entropy-codedtransform-bypass
losslessmacroblocks(FRExt-only)
8x8 (FRExt-only)or 4x4 integerinversetransform(conceptuallysimilar to the well-knownDCT)
Residualcolor transformfor efficientRGB codingwithout conversionlossor bit expansion(FRExt-only')
Scalarquantization
perceptuallyweightedquantizationscalingmatrices(FRExt-only)
Encoder-specified

-5-

r
r
I

o
o
|
I

Logarithmiccontrol of quantizationstepsizeas a functionof quantizationcontrolparameter

Deblockingfilter (within the motion compensation
loop)
Coefficientscanning
o Ztg-Zag(Frame)
o Field
LosslessEntropycoding
o UniversalVariableLengthCoding(UVLC) usingExp-Golombcodes
o ContextAdaptiveVLC (CAVLC)
o Context-based
AdaptiveBinary ArithmeticCoding(CABAC)
Error ResilienceTools
o FlexibleMacroblockOrdering(FMO)
o Arbitrary SliceOrder (ASO)
o RedundantSlices
SPand SI synchronization
picturesfor streamingandotheruses
Variouscolor spacessupported(YCbCr of varioustypes,YCgCo,RGB, etc.- especiallyin FRExt)
(FRExt-only),and4:4:4(FRExt-onl/ colorformats
4'.2'.0,4:2:2
Auxiliary picturesfor alphablending(FRExt-only)

Of course,eachslice neednot use all of the abovecodingtools. Dependingupon on the subsetof codingtools used,a
slice can be of I (Intra), P (Predicted),B (Bi-predicted),SP (SwitchingP) or SI (Switching I) type. A picruremay
containdifferent slice types, and picturescome in two basictypes- referenceand non-referencepictures. Reference
picturescanbe usedasreferencesfor interframepredictionduringthe decodingoflater pictures(in bitstreamorder)and
picturescannot. (It is noteworthythat, unlike in prior standards,picturesthat use blprediction can be
non-reference
just like picturescodedusing I or P slices.) In the next sectionwe describethe codingtools usedlbr
usedasreferences
thesedifferentslicetypes.
This standardis designedto performwell for both progressive-scan
and interlaced-scan
video. In interlaced-scan
videro,
a frameconsistsof two fields - eachcapturedattA theframedurationapartin time. Becausethe freldsarecapturedwiith
significanttime gap,the spatialcorrelationamongadjacentlines of a frame is reducedin the partsof picturecontaining
moving objects. Therefore,from coding efficiency point of view, a decisionneedsto be made whetherto compress
video asone singleframeor astwo separatefields. H.264lAVC allowsthat decisionto be madeeitherindependently
lbr
eachpair of vertically-adjacent
macroblocksor independentlyfor eachentireframe. When the decisionsaremadeat the
macroblock-pairlevel, this is called MacroBlock Adaptive Frame-Field(MBAFF) coding and when the decisionsaLre
made at the frame level then this is called Picture-AdaptiveFrame-Field(PicAFF) coding. Notice that in MBAFF,
unlike in the MPEG-2 standard,the frame or field decisionis madefor the vertical macroblock-pairand not for each
individual macroblock. This allows retaining a 16x16 size for each macroblock and the same size for all su,bmacroblockpartitions- regardlessof whetherthe macroblockis processedin frame or field mode and regardlessof
whetherthe modeswitchingis at the picfurelevel or the macroblock-pairlevel.

2.1.

I-slice

In I-slices(andin intra macroblocksofnon-I slices)pixel valuesarefirst spatiallypredictedfrom their neighboringpixel

values. After spatialprediction,the residual informationis transformedusing a 4x4 transformor an 8x8 transform
(FRExt-only) and then quantized. In FRExt, the quantizationprocesssupportsencoder-specified
perceptual-based
quantizationscalingmatricesto optimizethe quantizationprocessaccordingto the visibility of the specificfrequency
associatedwith each transform coefficient. Quantizedcoefficientsof the transform are scannedin one of the hvo
different ways (zig-zagor field scan)and are compressed
by entropycoding using one of two methods- CAVLC or
CABAC. In PicAFF operation,eachfield is compressed
in a manneranalogousto the processingof an entireframe. In
MBAFF operation,if a macroblockpair is in field modethenthe field neighborsareusedfor spatialpredictionandi.f a
macroblockpair is in framemode,frame neighborsareusedfor prediction. The frame or field decisionis madebefcrre
applyingthe restof the codingtools describedbelow. Temporalpredictionis not usedin intra macroblocks,but it is lior
P and B macroblocktypes,which is the main differencebetweenthesefundamentalmacroblocktypes. We therefcrre
reviewthe structureofthe codecfor the I-slice first, andthenreviewthekey differencesfor P andB-sliceslater.

-6-

2.1.1. Intra SpatialPrediction

To exploitspatialcorrelationamongpixels,threebasictypesofintra spatialpredictionaredefined:
I Full-macroblockpredictionfor 16x16luma or the corresponding
chromablock size,or
I 8x8 luma prediction(FRExt-only),or
t
4x4luma prediction.
For full-macroblockprediction,the pixel valuesof an entiremacroblockof luma or chromadataare predictedfrom tlfre
edgepixels of neighboringpreviously-decoded
macroblocks(similar to what is shownin Fig. 3, but ior a largerregign
thanthe4x4 regionshownin the figure). Full-macroblockpredictioncanbe performedin onJ of four differeniways-th,at
canbe selectedby the encoderfor the predictionofeach particularmacroblock:(i) vertical, (ii) horizontal,(iii) IiC and
(iv) planar. For the vertical and horizontalpredictiontypes,the pixel valuesof a macroblockare predictedfrom tlhe
pixels just aboveor to the left of the macroblock,respectively(like directions0 and I in Fig. 3). In DC prediction
(predictiontype number2, not shownin Fig. 3), the luma valuesof the neighboringpixels are averagedandthat average
valueis usedaspredictor. In planarprediction(not shownin Fig. 3), a three-parameter
curve-fittingequationis used'io
form a predictionblock having a brightness,slope in the horizontaldirection,and slope in the vertical directionthat
approximatelymatchesthe neighboringpixels.
Full-macroblockintra predictionis usedfor luma in a macroblocktype calledthe intra l6xl6 macroblocktype. Chronna
intra predictionalways operatesusing full-macroblockprediction. Becauseof differencesin the size of the cbronaa
affays for the macroblockin different chromaformats(i.e., 8x8 chromain 4:2:0 macroblocks,8xl6 chromain 4:2:2
macroblocks,and l6x 16 chromain 4:4:4 macroblocks),chromapredictionis definedfor threepossibleblock sizes. Tlhe
predictiontypefor the chromais selectedindependentlyof thepredictiontype for the luma.
4x4 inha predictionfor luma can be alternativelyselected(on a macroblock-by-macroblock
basis)by the encoder. In
4x4 spatialpredictionmode, the valuesof each4x4 block of luma samplesare predictedfrom the neighboringpixels
aboveor left of a 4x4 block, and nine different directionalways of performingthe prediction can be selectedby the
encoder(on a 4x4 block basis)as illustratedin Fig. 3 (andincludinga DC predictiontype numberedas mode2, which is
not shown in the figure). Each prediction direction correspondsto a particular set of spatially-dependent
linear
combinations
ofpreviously decodedsamplesfor useasthe predictionof eachinput sample.
In FRExtprofiles,8x8 luma intra predictioncan alsobe selected.8x8 intra predictionusesbasicallythe sameconceprts
as4x4 prediction,but with a predictionblock sizethat is 8x8 ratherthan4x4 andwith low-passfiltering of the predictor
to improvepredictionperformance.

M A B C D E F G H

a b c d

A
f . Yr h
v

K i j k l
L m n o p

-7 -

2.1.2. Transform and Quantization

After spatialprediction,a transformis appliedto decorrelatethe dataspatially. Thereare severaluniquefeaturesabout
the transformselectedfor this codingstandard.Someof thesefeaturesarelistedbelow.
I It is the first video standardfundamentallybasedon an integerinversetransformdesignfor its main spatiial
transforms,ratherthanusing idealizedtrigonometricfunctionsto definethe inversetransformequations
andallowingimplementation-specifrc
approximations
within somespecifiedtolerances.2The forward
transformthat will typically be usedfor encodingis alsoan integertransform. A signihcantadvantageof
the useof an integeris that,with an exactintegerinversetransform,thereis now no possibilityof a
mismatchbetweenthen encoderanddecoder,unlike for MPEG-2 andordinaryMPEG-4part 2.
t In fact,the transformis specifiedso that for 8-bit input video data,it canbe easilyimplementedusingonly
I 6-bit arithmetic,ratherthanthe 32-bit or greaterprecisionneededfor the transformspecifiedin prioi
standards.
a The transform(at leastfor the 4x4 block sizesupportedwithout FRExt) is designedto be so simplethat it
canbe implementedusingjust a few additions,subtractions,
andbit shifts.
I
A4x4 transformsizeis supported,ratherthanjust 8x8. Inconsistencies
betweenneighboringblockswill
thusoccurat a smallergranularity,andthustendto be lessnoticeable.Isolatedfeaturescanbe represented
with greateraccuracyin spatiallocation(reducinga phenomenon
known as "ringing"). For certain
hardwareimplementations,
the smallblock sizemay alsobe particularlyconvenient.
Thus,while the macroblocksize remainsat 16x16,theseare dividedup into 4x4 or 8x8 blocks, arrd,
a 4x4 or 8x8 block
transformationmatrix Ta,aor Z6"sis appliedto everyblock of pixels,asgivenby:

I2

'T4 x 4 -

l
2
I

1l

1
I
l -1 - 2 1
-1 -1
r- l

r - 2

-ll

10

4 - 4
-3 -12

10

'4,a=

-8

-r2

-8

3 - 6

-8

8
J

_ Ja

-8

-8

-6

8
10 -10

-4
l0 -r2
8

-4

8
- 6 -10 -12
-4
4
8

t2
-8
_ Ja

12 -10

3 -10
-8
8

12 -6
-8
4
6 - 3

The 4x4 transformis remarkablysimple,and while the 8x8 transform(usedin FRExt profiles only) is somewhatmore
complex,it is still remarkablysimple when comparedto an ordinary 8x8 IDCT. The transform Z is appliedto each
blockwithin the luma (16x16)andchroma(8x8,or in FRExt,8x16or 16x16)samplesfor a macroblockby segmenting
the full sampleblock sizeinto smallerblocksfor transformationasnecessary.
In addition,whenthe l6xl6 Intra predictionmodeis usedwith the 4x4transform,the DC coefficientsof the sixteen4:r4
luma blocksin the macroblockare further selectedand transformedby a secondaryHadamardtransformusing the .F/a,a
matrix shownbelow (note the basic similarity of Ta,aand,Ha,). The DC coeflicientsof the 4x4 blocks of chrorna
samplesin a// macroblocktypes are transformedusing a secondaryHadamardtransformas well. For 4:2:0 video,tfiis
requiresa2x2 chromaDC transformationspecifiedby the Hadamardmatrix 112,2
(below); for 4:4:4, the chromaDC uses

'MPEG-4 part2
andJPEG2000had previouslyincludedintegerwavelettransforms.But JPEG2000is an imagecodinLg
standardwithout supportfor interframeprediction,andin MPEG-4,the integertransformsareusedonly rarely for what
is calledtexturecoding(somewhatequivalentto the usualI-framecoding,but not found in most implementations
of
MPEG-4),andthe main transformusedfor nearlyall video datawasstill specifiedasan ideal 8x8 IDCT with rounding;
tolerances.The integertransformconcepthad alsobeenpreviouslyappliedinH.263 Annex W, but only as an after-thefact patchto a prior specificationin termsof the 8x8 floatingpoint IDCT.

-8-

the same4x4 Hadamardtransformationas used for luma in 16x16 intra mode; and for 4:2:2video, the chromaDC
transformationusesthe matricesH2,2andH4*ato performa 2x4 cluomaDC secondarytransformation.

I t

[ |t t

lt

r
I -l

H +'+=l -l
,
L r -r ,l '
I

H"-" =l

1 l
-11

l'
1l

-l

-1
L I

I -11

The coefficientsproducedby the transformationare quantizedusing a quantizationcontrol parameterthat can be

changedfor everymacroblock. The parametercantakeone of the 52 possiblevalueswhen video format supports8 bits
per decodedsample.When supportinggreaterbit depthvideo content,FRI,xt expandsthe numberof stepsby 6 for each
additionalbit of decodedsample accuracy. Importantly, the quantizationstep-sizesaro not linearly related to the
quantizationparameter(as in all prior standards),but vary in sucha way that the quantizationstepsize exactlydoubles
for every 6 incrementsof the quantizationparameter.
A defaultrelationshipis specifiedbetweenthe quantizationstepsizesusedfor luma and chroma,and the encodercan
adjust this relationshipat the slice level to balancethe desiredfidelity of the color components. With the FRtixt
amendment,
the encodercan alsobalancethe Cb andCr fidelity separately
relativeto eachother.
2.1.3. Perceptual-basedquantization scaling matrices
The new FRExt amendmentaddssupportfor a featurethat had beena mainstayof prior usein MPEG-2- namely,
quantizationscalingmatrices.The encodercanspeci$, for eachtransformblock sizeandseparately
perceptual-based
for intraandinter prediction,a customizedscalingfactorfor usein inverse-quantization
scalingby the decoder.This
allowstuningof the quantizationfidelity accordingto a modelof the sensitivityof the humanvisual systemto different
typesof enor. It typically doesnot improveobjectivefidelity asmeasuredby mean-squared
error(or, equivalently,
PSNR),but it doesimprovesubjectivefrdelity,which is really the moreimportantcriterion. Defaultvaluesfor the
quantizationscalingmatricesarespecifiedin the standard,andthe encodercanchooseto insteadusecustomizedvalue's
ofthose valuesat the sequenceor picturelevel.
by sendinga representation
2.1.4. Scanning
If a macroblockis compressedusing the 4x4 transformin frame mode,the quantizedcoefficientsof the transformare
scannedin the zig-zag fashion shown in Fig.4a. This scan ordering is designedto order the highest-variarrce
coefficientsfirst andto maximizethe numberof consecutivezero-valuedcoefficientsappearingin the scan.
0

) 1

,/
4 '

,/

5 -----+

,/

/
r '

7t

12

,/ / lY

11
,
.

/__)'10 /

,/

13

14 -----+15

a
Fig. 4: Coefficient

^l

L//
'/t
*. //

I/
4

12

V
13

I
I

10

11

t
14

II

v
15

b
scanning order in (a) Frame and (b) Field modes

If a macroblockis compressedusing the 4x4 transformin the field mode, the scanningorder of the coefficientsris
modifiedto be more efficient for field scanningas shownin Fig. 4b - reflectingthe decreasedcorrelationof the source

-9-

(@
datain the vertical dimension.For otherblock sizes(8x8 for 1vma,2x2for 4:2:0 ahromaDC, and 2x4 for 4:2:2 ctronoa
DC), the samebasicconceptsapply,with scanordersspecifiedfor eachblock size.
2.1.5. Entropy coding
Entropycoding is a term referring to losslesscoding techniquesthat replacedata elementswith codedrepresentations
which, in combinationwith the previously-described
predictions,hansformations,and quantizalion, can result in
significantlyreduceddatasize (eventhoughon its own, entropycoding can only reducethe datasize modestly). Two
modesof entropycoding are usedin this standard:variablelengthcoding (VLC) and binary arithmeticcoding (BAQ.
ln H.264/AYC, both of these designsare used in a context adaptive(CA) way, leading to the terms CAVLC and
CABAC. Syntax elementsat and below the slice layer can be adaptively coded. As in previous standards,the
macroblockis the fundamentalunit of the syntaxanddecodingprocess.Syntaxelementsinclude:
(a) higher-layersyntaxelementsfor sequence,
picture,andsliceheaders,which are codedusingsimplefixedlengthcodingor a simpleuniversalVLC (UVLC) codetable;
(b) slicepayloaddatasuchasslice lengthandmacroblockskippingindicators(at andbelow which layerthe
entropycodesCAVLC or CABAC areused);
(c) the macroblocktype (mb_type);
(d) the macroblock'scodedblock pattern(CBP),which indicateswhich setsof 4x4 or 8x8 transformblockshave
non-zerocoefficients(thusefficiently indicatingwhich subblocksnot to code);
(e) the macroblockquantizationparameter,codedas a deltafrom the previousmacroblock;
(0 referenceframeindexes;
(e) motionvectors(lws), sentas a deltafrom a predictionof the MV formedfrom neighboringdata;and
(h) the quantizedtransformcoefficients(from 8x8 or 4x4 transformations,
or from secondaryHadamard
transformations
appliedto DC coefficientsof lower-level4x4 transformations).
The final two typesof datacomprisethe bulk of the codeddata. While at very low bitrates,(a)-(g)may be dominant;art
all higherrates,(h) is dominant,and it is in encodingthe transformcoefficientsthat contextadaptivilyis primarily
employed(in fact,in the caseof CAVLC, contextadaptivityis usedozrlyfor transformcoefficients).
2.1.5.1.VLC, UVLC and CAVLC coding
The principle idea of VLC is that when the data elementsto be coded (whetherquantizedtransform coeffrcients,
differentialmotion vectors,or other syntacticsymbols)occur with unequalfrequencies;frequently-occuringelements
canbe assignedvery shortcodes,while infrequentelementscanbe assignedlongercodes(thusthe term variablelength
coding- which is often called Huffman coding since Huffrnan codesare the most well-known type of VLCs). Ifor
syntaxelementsother than residualhansformcoefficients,a so-calleduniversalVLC (WLC) is used. Table I sho'ws
the first nine elementsof the Exp-Golomb Code table for given input data elements(here called codeNum). The
codeNumis typically an index to the acfualdataelements(e.g.,signedelementssuchas motion vector differencesare
mappedby interpretingcodeNumvalues[0, 1,2,3,...] as integerdifferences[0, l, -1, 2, ...]). Thesecodeshavelhe
genericform of [K zeros][][K-bit DATA], whereDATA is a binaryrepresentation
of an unsignedinteger. Sucha co,de
is decodableascodeNum: 2^ + int(DATA) - 1, whereint(DATA) is now the integercorrespondingto the binary string.
While only the first nine elementsare shown,the exp-Golombcodetable is conceptuallyinfinite in length. The actual
limits on thevaluesof the codedsyntaxelementsarespecifiedby variousconstraintsimposedin the standard.

10-

'@
Table 1: Exponential Golomb Code (for data elementsother than transform coefficients- also calledL
Universal Variable Length Code)
codeNum

code

0
00
0 I
00 00
00 01

5
6
7
8

00 1 0
00 11
000 000

000001

But for greaterefficiencyin codingthe abundantresidualtransformcoefficients,this standardspecifiestwelve additionLal

code tables:six for characteriztngthe contentof the transformblock as a whole, four for indicating the numberof
coefficients,one for indicatingthe overall magnitudeof a quantizedcoefficientvalue(a codethensuffixedby a contextadaptivefixed-lengthcode to identi$i the particularvalue), and one for representingconsecutiveruns of zero-valurod
quantizedcoefficients. The selectionamongthesetablesand the length of the fixed-lengthcoefficientvalue suffix is
basedon the local statisticsof the currentstream- i.e., the context(thus CAVLC). Given the executionefficiencyof
VLC tables,combinedwith this limited adaptivityto boostcodingefflrciency,this providesa nice tradeoffbetweenspered
of executionandperformance.
2.1.5.2.CABAC
Context-basedadaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) is used the standardas a way of gaining additionLal
performancerelative to CAVLC coding, at the cost of additionalcomplexity. The CABAC mode has beenshownto
increasecompressionefficiencyby roughly 10% relativeto the CAVLC mode,althoughCABAC is significantlymore
computationallycomplex. Here the useof arithmeticcodingpermitsassigninga non-integernumberof bits per symbol,
a very high degreeofstatistical adaptivityallows the coderto adjustto changingsymbol statistics,and contextselectipn
ensuresthat the statisticaladaptivityis relevantto the specificdatabeingcoded. CABAC is usedfor encodinga broader
rangeof syntaxelementsthan CAVLC, startingwith the slice datapayloadlevel (while the higher-layersyntaxelemerrts
picture,and slice headerlevelsare codedwith fixed-lengthor Exp-Golombcoding). When CABAC is
of the sequence,
in use, the macroblocktype, intra prediction modes,motion vectors,referencepicture indexes,residual transform
coeffrcientsandseveralothersyntaxelementsare codedwith CABAC, leadingto morecompactencoding,whereaswith
CAWC only the transformcoefficientsare coded adaptively. However,the price to pay is that, given the broad.er
applicabilityof CABAC combinedwith its various contexts(e.g.,257 of them in the orginal version of the standard,
with somemore addedin FRExt), it is basicallya serialenginethat can be very computeintensive,especiallyfor hilgh
pixel anddatarates.
tcttFre{ioB

Fig. 5: Generic block diagram of the CABAC entropy coding scheme.

The stepsin the CABAC entropy coding schemeare depictedin Fig.5. Supposea symbol for an arbitrary sy'ntax
elementis given. In a first step, a suitablemodel is chosenaccordingto a set of past observationsof relevantsyntax
elements;this is calledcontextmodeling. Different modelsaremaintainedfor eachsyntaxelement(e.g.,motionvectors

ll-

@
and transformcoefficientshave different models). If a given symbol is non-binaryvalued, it will be mappedonto a
ofbinary decisions,so-calledbins, in a secondstep. This binarizationis doneaccordingto a specifiedbinarry
sequence
treestructuresimilarto a VLC code. Then eachbin is encodedwith an adaptivebinary arithmeticcoding(BAC) engine
usingprobability estimateswhich dependon the specificcontext.
with everycontextof CABAC areresetto a frxedsetrof
Startingfreshfor eachslice,the probabilityestimatesassociated
estimates(which, in the caseof P, B, or SP slicescan be one of four initial distributionsas selectedby the encoder).
After the encodingof each bin, the probability estimatein the context is updatedto adjust upward the probability
estimatefor the bin valuethat was encoded.Hence,the modelkeepstrack of the actualstatisticsexperiencedduringthe
processofeach slice.
encoding

2.1.6. Losslessmacroblockmodes
When the fidelity of the codedvideo is high (i.e., when the quantizationstepsize is very small),it is possiblein certain
very rare instancesof input picture content for the encodingprocessto actually causedata expansionrather thim
compression.Furthermore,it is convenientfor implementationreasonsto have a reasonably-lowidentifiablelimit on
to processin a decoderin orderto decodea singlemacroblock.To addresstheseissues,the
thenumberofbits necessary
standardincludesa "PCM" macroblockmode,in which the valuesof the samplesare sentdirectly - without prediction,
transformation,
or quantization.An additionalmotivationfor supportof this macroblockmodeis to allow regionsof tlhe
pictureto be represented
without any lossof fidelity.
However,the PCM mode is clearly not efficient - indeedit is not intendedto be efficient - rather,it is intendedto be
simpleand to imposea minimum upper bound on the numberof bits that can be usedto representa macroblockwith
to indicatewhich modehasbeenselectedfor the macroblock,the
sufhcientaccuracy.Ifone considersthe bits necessary
it
useof the PCM mode actuallyresultsin a minor degreeof dataexpansion.When developingthe FRExt amendment,
was decidedthat a more effectivemeansof losslesscodingwas desirablefor the most demandingapplications.FRE,xt
losslessmodewhich usespredictionand entropycodingfor encodingsamprle
thereforealsoincludesa transform-bypass
values. When this mode is enabled(which can only be in Hi444Puse),the meaningof the smallestselectablevalue of
the quantizationparameteris redefinedto invoke the losslesscoding operation. The new losslessmode of FRExt isi a
fairly efficientlosslessvideo coder- althoughnot the bestmethodfor losslessstill-picture(intra) coding,it standsout as
extremelyefficientwhenusedtogetherwith inter-pictureprediction(asdescribedin the following sections).
P-slices
2.2.
or "inter" slices),temporal(ratherthan spatial)predictionis used,by estimatingmotion
In P-slices(predictively-coded,
betweenpictures. Innovatively, motion can be estimatedat the 16x16 macroblock level or by partitioning the
macroblockinto smallerregionsof luma size 16x8,8x16, 8x8, 8x4, 4x8, or 4x4 (seeFig.6). A distinctionis made
to a luma regionof size 16x16,16x8, 8x16, or 8x8, andsubbetweena macroblockpartition, which corresponds
macroblockpartition, which is a region of size 8x8, 8x4, 4x8, or 4x4. When (and only when) the macroblockpartition
partitions. For example,it is possiblewithin
sizeis 8x8, eachmacroblockpartition canbe divided into sub-macroblock
a singlemacroblockto haveboth 8x8 and 4x8 partitionings,but not 16x8 and 4x8 partitionings. Thus the frrst row of
Fig. 6 showsthe allowed macroblockpartitions,and the sub-macroblockpartitionsshown in the secondrow can be
selectedindependentlyfor each 8x8 region, but only when the macroblockpartition size is 8x8 (the last partitioning
shownin the first row).
A distinct motion vector can be sent for eachsub-macroblockpartition. The motion can be estimatedfrom multiple
picturesthat lie either in the past or in the future in display order. The selectionof which referencepicture is usedis
partitionswithin the samemacroblockpartitionvrill
doneon the macroblockpartition level (so differentsub-macroblock
usethe samereferencepicfure). A limit on numberof picturesusedfor the motion estimationis specifiedfor eachLevel
(as describedin section4). To estimatethe motion,pixel valuesare frrst interpolatedto achievequarter-pixelaccurarcy
for luma and up to 1/8thpixel accuracyfor chroma. Interpolationof luma is performedin fwo steps- half-pixel and
then quarter-pixelinterpolation. Half-pixel values are createdby filtering with the kernel p -5 20 20 -5 lll:t2,
horizontally and/or vertically. Quarter-pixelinterpolationfor luma is performedby averagingtwo nearby vahres
usesbilinear interpolation
(horizontally,vertically,or diagonally)of half pixel accuracy.Chromamotion compensation
with quarter-pixelor one-eighth-pixelaccuracy(dependingon the chromaformat). After interpolation,block-basied

l,)

{@
motion compensation is applied. As noted, however, a variety of block sizes can be considered, and a motion estimatio,n
scheme that optimizes the trade-off between the number of bits necessary to represent the video and the fidelity of ttre
result is desirable.
If a macroblock has motion characteristics that allow its motion to be effectively predicted from the motion of
neighboring macroblocks, and it contains no non-zero quantized transform coefficients, then it is flagged as skipperl.
This mode is identified as the Skip mode. Note that, unlike in prior standards, non-zero motion vectors can be inferrerd
when using the Skip mode in P slices.

1 macroblockpartitionof
16*16lumasamolesand
associatedchromasamples

2 macroblockpartitionsof
2 macroblockoartitionsof
4 sub-macroblocks
of
16"8lumasamplesand
8'16 lumasamplesand
8*8lumasamplesand
associated
chromasamples associatedchromasamDles associaledchromasamples

partition
1 sub-macroblock
of 8*8lumasamDles
and
associatedchromasamoles

2 sub-macroblock
partitions 2 sub-macroblock
partitions 4 sub-macroblock
Dartitions
of 8'4 lumasamplesand
of 4'8 lumasamplesand
of 4'4 lumasamolesand
associatedchromasamples associatedchromasamples associatedchromasamples

Fig. 6: Macroblock partitions for motion estimation and compensation

In addition to the use of motion compensationand referencepicture selectionfor prediction of the currentpicture
content,weightedprediction can be used in P slices. When weightedprediction is used, customizedweightscan be
appliedas a scalingand offset to the motion-compensated
predictionvalueprior to its use as a predictorfor the current
picture samples. Weighted prediction can be especiallyeffective for such phenomenaas "fade-in" and "fade-out"
scenes.
After the temporalprediction,the stepsof transform,quantization,scanning,and entropycoding are conceptuallythe
sameas thosefor I-slices for the coding of residualdata (the original minus the predictedpixel values). The motion
vectorsand referencepicture indexesrepresentingthe estimatedmotion are also compressed.To compressthe motion
vectors,a medianof the motion vectorsfrom the neighboringthreemacroblockpartitionsor sub-macroblock
partitionsleft, aboveand aboveright or left - is obtainedard the differencefrom this medianvector and the value ofthe current
motionvectoris retainedand entropycoded. Similarly,the selectedreferenceframeindexesarealsoentropycoded.

2.3.

B-Slices

In B-slices,two motion vectors,representingtwo estimatesof the motion per macroblockpartition or sub-macroblor;k

partitionare allowedfor temporalprediction. They can be from any referencepicture in future or pastin displayorder.
Again, a constrainton the numberof referencepicturesthat canbe usedfor motion estimationis specifiedin the Leverls
definition. A weightedaverageof the pixel valuesin the referencepicturesis thenusedas the predictorfor eachsample.
B-slicesalso have a specialmode- Direct mode. In this modethe motion vectorsfor a macroblockare not explicitly
sent. The encodercan speciS in the slice headereither for the decoderto dsrive the motion vectorsby scalingthe
motion vector of the co-locatedmacroblockin anotherreferencepicture or to derive it bv inferrins motion from
ghboringregions.
spatially-nei

-13-

The weightedpredictionconceptis furtherextendedin the caseof B slices. In additionto its usefor scalingand
offsettinga predictionvalue,in B slicesweightedpredictioncanenableencoderadjustmentofthe weightingusedin tht:
weightedaveragebetweenthe two predictionsthat apply to bi-prediction.This canbe especiallyeffectivefor such
phenomena
as "cross-fades"
betweendifferentvideo scenes,asthe bi-predictionallowsflexible weightedblendingof
contentfrom suchscenes.
picturescodedusingB slicescanbe usedasreferencesfor the decodingof subsequent
Unlike in prior standards,
picturr:s
in decodingorder(with an arbitraryrelationshipto suchpicturesin displayorder).
2.4.
SP and SI Slices
SwitchingP (SP) and SwitchingI (SI) slicesare closecousinsof the usual P and I slices,utilizing either temporal6r
spatialpredictionas before;however,their main virtue is that they can allow reconstructionof specific exactsample
values,evenwhenusing differentreferencepicturesor a differentnumberofreferencepicturesin the predictionprocess.
The main usefulnessof this properfy (which naturally comesat somecost in coding efficiency when comparedto the
usualP and I slices)is to allow bitstreamswitching,as well provide additionalfunctionalitiessuchas randomaccess,
fastforward,reverse,andstreamsplicing. Thesetools areonly availablein the ExtendedProfile.
2.5.

DeblockingFilter
As shownin Fig. 1, H.264lAVC usesan in-loop deblockingfilter to reducethe blockinessintroducedin a picture. The
filteredpicturesareusedto predict the motion for otherpictures. The deblockingfilter is an adaptivefilter that adjusts
its strengthdependingupon compressionmode of a macroblock(Intra or Inter), the quantizationparameter,motion
vector,frame or field coding decisionand the pixel values. When the quantizationstepsize is decreased,
the effect 6f
the filter is reduced,and when the quantizationstepsize is very small,the filter is shut off. The filter can alsobe shu,toff explicitly or adjustedin overallstrengthby an encoderat the slicelevel.
2.6.

Error ResilienceTools

A numberof featuresof the codecdesignare designedto enablerecoveryof video fidelity in the presenceof network
transmissioneffors or losses. For example,the NAL design,with its highly robusttreatmentof sequenceand picture
headercontent(moreproperly called sequenceand pictureparametersetsin the standard),establishesa high degree,of
robustness. The basic slice structure design adds further robustness,as each slice is designedto be completely
independentof all other slices of a picture in the basic decodingprocess(prior to applicationof the deblockingfiltor,
which can also be made independentby the encoderif desired). No contentof any slice of a picture is usedfor the
predictionof syntaxelementsor samplevaluesusedin the decodingprocessof other slicesin the picture. Additionally,
the encodercan selectto specifuthat the predictionof intra macroblocksamplevaluesin P and B sliceswill not urse
spatialneighborsthat werenot also codedin intra modes- addingfurtherrobustnessagainsttemporalenor propagation.
The multiple-reference-picture
supportcanalsobe usedby an encoderto enablefufiher resilienceagainstdatalossesarrd
errors(basicallyby avoidingthe useof any picturesasreferencepicturesin the predictionprocessif the fidelity of those
picturesmay havebeenadverselyaffectedby transmissionerrorsor losses).
Goingbeyondthesebasicfeaturethat arean inherentpart ofthe design,thereareessentiallyfour additionaltoolsthat are
specifiedin the standardfor further protectingthe video bitstreamfrom network transmissionproblems,which may
occur for exampleas a result of congestionoverloadson wired networksor due to channelerrorsin wirelessnetworks.
Thesetools are: 1) Flexible MacroblockOrder (FMO), 2) Arbitrary Slide Order (ASO), and 3) RedundantSlices(RSl),
and4) DataPartitioning(DP). FMO canwork to randomizethe dataprior to hansmission,so that if a segmentof datais
lost (e.g. a packet or severalpackets),the errors are distributedmore randomly over the video pictures,rather than
causing comrption of a complete regions, making it more likely that relevant neighboring data is available for
concealmentof lost content. (FMO alsohas a wide variety of otheruses,which we do not discussherefor the sakeof
brevity.) ASO allows slicesofa pictureto appearin any orderfor delayreduction(particularlyfor useon networksthat
can deliver data packetsout of order). RS offers more protectionby reducingthe severity of loss using redundant
representations
of pictures. DP separatesthe coded slice data into separately-decodable
sectionsaccordingto how
importanteachtype of datais to the resultingpicturefidelity.

-14-

2.7.

Color Spaceand ResidualColor Transform Support

Like spatialtransforms,color transformsto datehavegenerallyusedfloating-pointoperationsand havethusbeenprone

to roundingerrors. Typically, video is capturedand displayedusing the RGB (red, green,and blue) color space,but
thesecomponentsare typically highly correlated. Further, the human visual system seemsbetter matchedto luma
(brightness)andchroma(hue and saturation)representations,
ratherthanRGB. The usualapproachhasbeento perform
a color transformationsuchas RGB-to-YCbCrbeforecompression,
andthen codethe video in the YCbCr domain,asin:

y : K n + R + ( r - K R - K Bc)+* K s *B ; C b : ! [ j - ! l ;

C r =1 [ , ^ - - "l ,

2 \ r - K B) '

2 \ 1 - K R) '

with, e.g.,Kp:0.2126, Ks: 0.0'122.

Therearetwo problemswith this approach. The first is that sincethe samplesare actuallyrepresented
using integers,
roundingerror is introducedin both the forward and inversecolor transformations.The secondis that, becausethe
abovetransformationwas not originally designedfor digital video compression,it usesa sub-optimaltrade-offbetween
the complexityof the transformation(with diffrcult-to-implementcoefficientvalues such as 0.2726 and 0.0722) and,
coding efficiency. Focusingon the secondproblem first, the FRExt amendmentadds supportfor a new color spa,ce
calledYCgCo (wherethe "Cg" standsfor greenchromaandthe "Co" standsfor orangechroma),which is much simpler
andtypicallyhasequalor bettercodingefficiency. It usesthe following basicequations:

-. f. : - rl ( (^r + '( n + B )l :)
2\

)'

r( ^
^
L "s : - l ( r - '
2\

(R+B)\
2

l:

(R-B)

Lo:-.

While this reducescomplexity (and may evenimprove coding efficiency)relative to using YCbCr conversion,it does
not, by itself, solve the problem ofrounding error. However,roundingelrors eanbe avoidediftwo additionalbits of
accuracyareusedin the chroma.
FRExt alsogoesfurther. Ratherthat addingtwo bits of precisionto eachsample,the FRExt amendmentalsoincludesr
a
variant of this schemewhich does not introduce any conversionrounding orror and also does not require addirrg
precisionto the luma samples.The equationsfor the forwardtransformationin that caseare as follows:
Co:R-B;

t - - B + ( C o > >1 ) ;

Ce:G-t;

Y : t + ( C g > > 1) ;

where I is an intermediatetemporaryvariable and ">>" denotesan arithmeticright shift operation. For the sakeof
(sothat the readercan checkfor themselvesto seewhetherthe equationsare exactintegerinversesofeach
completeness
other)we alsoprovidethe inversetransformationequationshereas follows:
t=Y-(Cg>>l):

C:t+Cg;

B=t-(Co>>l);

n:B+Co.

A l-bit expansionof sampleaccuracyis still necessaryto representthe transformeddata in the YCgCo domainin this
case,but FRExt hasanotherwork-aroundfor this aswell. The solutionis to retainthe useof the RGB domain(in which
the sampledepthis lower) for the input and outputpicturesand the storedreferencepictureswhile bringing the above
forward and inversecolor transformationsinside the encoderand decoderfor the processingofthe residualdataon.$.
This technique,called the residual color transform, eliminates color-spaceconversion error without significantily
increasingthe overall complexityof the system. Its only drawbackis that it can only be appliedto 4:4:4 video, as its
operationdependson havingboth luma and chromasamplesavailablefor everysamplelocation.
3. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
In additionto basic coding tools, theH.264/AYC standardenablessendingextra supplementalinformationalongwith
video data. This often takesa form called "supplementalenhancementinformation" (SEI) or "video
the compressed
way, so that as new typres
usabilityinformation"(VUI) in the standard.SEI datais specifiedin a backward-compatible
informationare specified,they can evenbe usedwith profrlesof the standardthat had beenpreviour;ly
of supplemental
specifiedbeforethat definition. The frrst versionof the standardincludesthe definition of a variety of suchSEI data,
which we will not specifically review herein. Insteadwe focus only on what new types of backward-compatible
and auxiliarydataaredefinedin thenew FRExt amendment.Thesenew typesof dataareasfollows:
supplemental

I)-

(@
Auxiliary pictures,which areextramonochromepicturessentalongwith the main video stream,that can
be usedfor suchpurposesas alphablendcompositing(specifiedas a differentcategoryof datathanSEI),
Film grain characteristics
SEI, which allows a modelof film grain statisticsto be sentalongwith thevideo
whereina synthesizedfrlm grainis
data,enablingan analysis-synthesis
styleofvideo enhancement
generatedas a post-process
when decoding,ratherthanburdeningthe encoderwith the representation
of
exactfilm grain duringthe encodingprocess.
Deblockingfilter displaypreferenceSEI, which allowsthe encoderto indicatecasesin which thepictures
prior to the applicationofthe deblockingfilter processmay be perceptuallysuperiorto the filteredpictures.
Stereovideo SEI indicators,which allow the encoderto identiff theuseofthe video on stereoscopic
displays,with properidentificationof which picturesareintendedfor viewing by eachof the viewer'seyes.
4. PROFILES AND LEVELS
The Baseline,Main, and ExtendedProfilesin the First Version
4.1.
H.264|AVCcontainsa rich set of video codingtools. Not all the codingtools arerequiredfor all the applications.For
example,sophisticatederror resiliencetools are not importantfor the networkswith very little datacomrptionor loss.
Forcingevery decoderto implementall the tools would make a decoderunnecessarilycomplexfor someapplications.
Therefore,subsetsof coding tools are defined;thesesubsetsare calledProfiles. A decodermay chooseto implement
only onesubset(Profile) of tools, or chooseto implementsomeor all profiles. The following threeprofiles weredefined
in the originalstandard,andremainunchangedin the latestversion:
o Baseline(BP)
o Extended(XP)
r Main (MP)
Table2 givesa highJevelsummaryof the codingtools includedin theseprofiles. The Baselineprofile includesI andPerrorresiliencetools(FMO, ASO,andRS),andCAVLC. It doesnot containB, SPandSl-slicr:s,
slices,someenhanced
interlacecodingtools or CABAC entropycoding. The Extendedprofile is a super-setof Baseline,addingB, SPand IiIslicesand interlacecodingtools to the setofBaseline Profile codingtools and addingfurther error resiliencesupportin
the form of datapartitioning(DP). It doesnot includeCABAC. The Main profile includesI, P and B-slices,interla.ce
codingtools,CAVLC and CABAC. It doesnot includeenhancederrorresiliencetools (FMO, ASO, RS, andDP) or ISP
andSl-slices.
At this writing, the BaselineProfile appearsto be the primary choicefor videoconferencingapplications. The Main
consumerapplicatiorrs,
profile, which receiveda great deal of initial implementationinterestfor entertainment-quality
now seemsto be waningin interestdueto the new defrnitionof the High prohle in FRExt.
Table 2: Profiles in Original H.264/AVC Standard
Codins Tools
I andP Slices
CAVLC
CABAC
B Slices
InterlacedCodineicAFF, MBAFF)
Enh.Error Resil. (FMO, ASO, RS)
FurtherEnh.Error Resil (DP)
SPandSI Slices

Baseline

Main

Extended

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

x
X

X
X

16-

@
4.2.

The New High ProfilesDefinedin the FRExt Amendment

The FRExtamendmentdefinesfour new profiles:

r High (HP)
r High l0 (Hil0P)
r High 4:2:2 (Hi422P)
t High4:4:4 (Hi444P)
All four of theseprofilesbuild furtheruponthe designof the prior Main profile, andthey all includethreeenhancements
of codingefficiencyperformance:
t Adaptivemacroblock-levelswitchingbetween8x8 and4x4 transformblock size
a Encoder-specifi
quantizationscalingmatrices
ed perceptual-based
I Encoder-specified
separatecontrol ofthe quantizationparameterfor eachchromacomponent
A1l of theseprofiles also supportmonochromecodedvideo sequencs,
in additionto typical 4:2:0 video. The differenr;e
in capabilityamongtheseprofiles is primarily in termsof supportedsamplebit depthsand chromaformats. However,
the High 4:4:4 profile additionallysupportsthe residualcolor hansformandpredictivelosslesscodingfeaturesnot found
in any otherprofiles. The detailedcapabilitiesof theseprofilesareshownin Table 3.

Table 3: New Profilesin the H.2641AYCFRExt Amendment

Codins Tools
Main ProfrleTools
4:2:0 ChromaFormat
8 Bit SampleBit Depth

Adantivitv
8x8vs.4x4Transform
OuantizationScalineMatrices
SeparateCb andCr QP control
Monochrome video format
9 and l0 Bit Samole Bit Deoth
4:2:2 Chroma Format

Hieh

Hieh 10

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

I I andl2 Bit SampleBit Depth

4:4:4 ChromaFormat
ResidualColor Transform
PredictiveLosslessCodine

IJieh 422r,2

Hish4:4:4

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

x
x
X

As can be seenin the table, amongthesenew profiles and the prior Main profile there is a neatly-nested"onion-like"
structureof capabilities- with each "higher" profile also supportingall capabilitiesof the lower ones. Indeed,dhe
standardalso requires"higher" profiles to be capableof decodingall bitstreamsencodedfor the lower nestedprofiles.
At the time of this writing, the High profile seemsto be overtakingthe Main profile as the primary choicefor broadcast
applications,and High 4:2:2 is expectedto be usedfrequentlyin studio environments.
and otherentertainment-quality
The key aspectmaking the High profrle of such intensenear-terminterestis that it has very little (almostno) added
implementationcomplexityrelativeto the prior Main profile, while improvingcompressioncapabilityin both subjective
andobjectiveterms(with quantizationscalingmatricesandtransformblock-sizeswitching,respectively)and increasing
encodercontrolflexibility (with supportof separatequantizationparameters
for the fwo chromacomponents).

4.3.

Levels

It is importantto constrainthe processingpower and the memory size neededfor implementation. Picture size a:nd
framerate play the main role in influencingthoseparameters.As shownin Table 5, H.264|AYC defines16 different
Levels,tied mainly to the picture size and frame rate. Levels also provide constraintson the number of reference
picturesand the maximumcompressed
bit rate that can be used. The level identified as "1b" was addedin the FRExt
amendment,primarily to addressthe expressedneedsof some3G wirelessenvironments.Becausethe FRExt profiles
are specifiedfor more demandinghigh-fidelity applications,the bit rate capabilitiesare increasedfor the FRExt profiles
as shownin Table4, which specifiesmultipliersfor the fourth columnof Table 5.

- 1 7-

(@
Note: In the standard,Levels specify the maximum frame size in terms of only the total number of pixels/franne.
HorizontalandVertical maximumsizesarenot specifiedexceptfor constraintsthat horizontalandvertical sizescannot
be more than Sqrt(maximumframe size * 8). If, at a particularlevel, the picture size is less than the one in the tab,le,
then a correspondinglylarger number of referencepictures(up to 16 frames)can be used for motion estimationand
compensation.Similarly, insteadof speciffing a maximumframerate at eachlevel, a maximumsample(pixel) rate,in
termsof macroblocksper second,is specified. Thus if the picturesizeis smallerthanthe typical picturessiie in Table5,
thenthe frameratecanbe higherthanthat in Table 5, all the way up to a maximumof 172 frames/sec.

Table 4: CompressedBit Rate Multipliers for FRExt Profiles (seeTable 5 column 4)

FRExt Profile
Hieh
Hieh l0

Bit Rate Multinlier

r.25

Hish4.2:2
Hish4:4:4

Table 5: Levels in H.264|AVC

Level Number

Typical Picture
Size

Typical frame rate

QCIF
QCIF
CIF or OCIF
CIF
CIF
CIF
HHR (480ior 576i)
SD

l5

lb
1.1
l 1
I.J

2
2.1

2.2
J

SD

J.l

1280x720o

3.2

1280x720o

HD Formats
(720por 1080i)

4.1

HD Formats
(720p or 1080i)

.1.z

5
5.1

1920x1080p
2kxlk
2kxlk or 4kx2k

l)

7.5 (CIF)/ 30 (QCIF)

15

30
30
30/25
l5

Maximum
compressed
bit rate
(for VCL) in
Non-FRExt profiles

Maximum number of
referenceframes for
typical picture size

64kbps

4
4
2(CIF)/9(OCIF)
6
6
6

128kbps
t92 kbps
384kbps
768kbos
2 Mbps
4 Mbos

30/25
30
60
60p/ 30i

4 Mbos
10Mbps

5
5

14Mbos
20Mbos

20 Mbps

60p/ 30i

50 Mbps

60p
72

50 Mbps
135Mbps
240 Mbps

4
5
5

t20/ 30

5. SIMULATION RESULTS
5.1.

Performanceof the FirstVersion of the H.264IAVC

Fig. 7 shows some comparisonsof the coding efficiency of MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Part 2 and MPEG-4 part l0
(H.2641AYC)for the original version of the H.2641AVCspecificationwhen tested on a couple of examplevideo
sequences.Thesetest results are provided courtesyof the AdvancedTechnologygroup of Motorola BCS. In these
simulations,no rate control was used and Rate-Distortion(R-D) curves conespondingto encodingwith differont
standards
arepresented.Theseareexampleplots andthe resultswill vary from oneencoderto anotherand from onetest
video sequence
to another. From theseplots we seethat MPEG-4 Part 2 AdvancedSimpleProfile (ASP), completedin

- l8-

@
1999,providedabout 1.5times coding gain over MPEG-2. And MPEG-4Part 10 (H.264IAYC),as completedin 2003,
providesabout2 timescodinggain over MPEG-2 from Rate-Distortionpoint of view. Note that herethe I-framerefre,sh
rate is setat every 15 frames. Sinceadvancedmotion estimationis a key strengthof H.264/1IYC,theseresultsactually
underestimateits relative merits for broaderapplicationsnot needingsuch high intra refreshrates. There are other
aspectsof the encodingmethodsused for H.264/AVC in thesetestswhich are also well known to be sub-optimal
(particularlyits conventionaluseofnon-referenceB pictures),so theseplots show a conservativeestimate.
For the original version otH.264lAYC, most testsseemto show abouta 2:l gainor betterin coding efficiencyfor the
new standard,relativeto MPEG-2. For example,MPEG performedteststhat it called "verificationtests"in tite ZOtt:,
andthosetests[8] [9] showedsimilar relativefidelity, using testingmethodsdescribedin [ 10]. The testsdoneby MpIIG
measuredsubjectivevideo quality,unlike what is shownin Fig. 7 (with subjectivetestingbeing a bettertestmethod,trut
moredifficult to performrigorously).
4
38

s
u

a34

6
z

-*--t\FtA\O(trl$N43) ;=u

w
A
2.

-*-IW4AVC(NHs,tu+)

t30

-x--tvP2(NF15
t\43)

*F lvP2(|ts15,
t\4{)

--*I\,HASP(I\HEf\43)

+ tvP4ASP(l+'15lr,f.i)

a
0 0 1 m 1 f l ) ? J n z f l m r u 4 m

5m

ffde(d/s)

1000

15m

2000

Efie(kus)

Fig. 7(a):M & C sequence

at CIF (352x288)resolution

zffi

30m

(b): Bus sequenceat CIF resolution

'7

-2

o
e28
z
27

+AVC (N=15,
lvtr3)
+MP2 (l'F15,lrtts3)
+ MP4(l.Fl5,I'its3)
1000

zm,o

3000
4000
Et-ate(16/d

5000

l''l
6000

25 **
500

800

1100

-** MP4AVc (N=15,

[,]=3) |
+MP2 (N-15,
M=3)
I
+MPa (N=1s,
M=3)
l
r4m

1700

Birate (kb/s)

Fig.7(c):M & C sequence

at IIHR (352x480)
resolution

19-

(d): Bus sequenceat HHR resolution

@
M o b i la n d G a l e n d a r( 7 2 0 x 4 8 0 )
36
34

a32

E,o
?

2E
26

400

4400

6400

Bltrate (kbrs)

Fig. 7(e):M & C sequence

at 8T.601 (720xa80)resolution
Fig. 7: (a) - (e) Comparison of R-D curves for MPEC-2 (MP2), MPEG-4 Part 2 ASP (MP4 ASP) apd
H.264|AVC (MP4 AVC). I frames were inserted every 15 frames (N:15) and two non-referenceB
framesper referenceI or P frame were used(M:3).
5.2.

Performance
of FRExtHigh Profile

As FRExtis still rathernew, and as someof the benefitof FRExtis perceptualratherthan objective,it is somewhatmore
difficult to measureits capability. One relevantdatapoint is the result of a subjectivequality evaluationdoneby the
Blu-rayDisc Association(BDA). The summaryresultsarereproducedin Fig. 8 below (with permission)from [7]. This
test,conductedon 24 frame/secfilm contentwith 1920x1080progressive-scanning,
showsthe following nominalresults
(which shouldnot be consideredrigorouslystatisticallyproven):
a The High profile of FRExt producednominally better video quality than MPEG-2 when using only onethird asmanybits (8 Mbps versus24 Mbps)
I The High profile of FRExt producednominally transparent(i.e., difficult to distinguishfrom the original
video without compression)video qualityat only 16 Mbps.
The quality bar (3.0), consideredadequatefor use on high-definition packagedmedia in this organization,was
significantly surpassedusing only 8 Mbps. Again also, there were well-known sub-optimalitiesin the H.2641A\/C
codingmethodusedin thesetests. Thus,the bit rate can likely be reducedsignificantlybelow 8 Mbps while remaining
abovethe 3.0 qualitybar establishinga quality sufficientto call acceptable"HD" in that demandingapplication.
4
Mean
?
-'"E
Opinion
Score
3

2.5
2
H.264/AVC
High Profile
8 Mbps

H.264/AVC
High Profile

12Mbps

H.264/AVC
High Profite

16Mbps

H.264/AVC Oriqinal
video
Higtr_Profite
ilitt no

20Mbps

"o,npi""jon

MPEG_2
24 Mbps

JJL_:"

Fig. 8: Perceptual Test of FRExt High Profile Capability by Blu-ray Disc Association [7]
The resultof an exampleobjective(PSNR)comparisontestperformedby FastVDOis shownin Fig. 9. Theseobjective
resultsconfirm the strongperformanceof the High profile. (Again, sub-optimalusesof B framesmake the plotted
performanceconservativefor FRExt.)

-20 -

44
42
40

m
938
tr

436
o34

32
30
2

1 0 1 2 1 41 6 1 8 2 0 2 2
Mbps

Fig. 9: Objective Performance of FRBxt High Profile vs. MPEG-2 on a test 720p clip 'rBigShipstr.
(These objective results are consistent with the subjective results in Fig. 8, i.eo8 Mb/s of FRExt
outperforms 20 Mb/s of MPEG-2.)
6. CONCLUSIONS
The new video standardknown as H.264lAYC presentsa rich collectionof state-of-the-art
video codingcapabilitiesthat
can provide interoperablevideo broadcastor communicationwith degreesof capabilitythat far surpassthoseof prior
standards.With the new FRExt amendment,and especiallythe new High Profile, H.264|AVC further bolstersits
positionas the premier designfor standardizedvideo compression.We believe thesetechnologiesprovide a hitherto
points that will have a powerful impact on both consumerand professionalvideo
unavailableset of cost/performance
applicationsin the yearsto come.
REFERENCES
11]

ITU-T, 'Video codecfor audiovisualservicesat px64 kbits/s,"ITU-T Rec. H.261 vl: Nov 1990,v2: Mar.
1993.

t2l

ISO/IEC JTC l, "Coding of moving picturesand associatedaudio for digital storagemediaat up to about t .5
MbiVs- Part2: Video," ISO/IEC1l172 (MPEG-l),Nov. 1993.

t3l

ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC l, "Generic coding of moving picturesand associatedaudio information- Part 2:
Video," ITU-T Rec.H.262 andISO/IEC 13818-2(MPEG-2),Nov. 1994(with severalsubsequent
amendments
andcorrigenda).
ITU-T, 'Video codingfor low bit rate communication,"
ITU-T Rec. H.263; vl: Nov. 1995,v2: Jan. 1998,
v3: Nov. 2000.

t4l
t5l

ISO/IEC JTC 1, "Coding of audio-visualobjects- Part 2: Visual," ISO/IEC 14496-2(MPEG-4 Part 2), Jan.
1999(with severalsubsequent
amendments
and conigenda).

t6l

JointVideo Team of ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC l, "Draft ITU-T Recommendation

and Final Draft International
Standardof Joint Video Specification(ITU-T Rec.H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10AVC)," documentJVT-G050r1,
May 2003;technicalcorrigendumI documentsWT-K050rl (non-integrated
form) andJVT-K05lrl (integrated
form), March 2004; andFidelity RangeExtensionsdocumentsJVT-L047 (non-integrated
form) and WT-L050
(integratedform), July 2004.

-21-

t7l

T. Wedi and Y. Kashiwagi, "Subjective quality evaluationof H.264|AVC FRExt for HD movie conten!" Joint
Video TeamdocumentJVT-L033,July, 2004.

t81

ISO/IEC JTC l/SC 29|WG 1l (MPEG), "Report of the formal verification tests on AVC|H.264,- MPEG
documentN623l, Dec., 2003 (publicly availableat http:/lwww.chiariglione.org/mpeg/quality_tests.htm).

tel

T. Oelbaum,V. Baroncini, T. K. Tan, and C. Fenimore,"Subjective quality assessment

of the emerging
AVC{H.264video coding standard,"IntemationalBroadcastingConference(IBC), Sept.,2004.

tt0l

C. Fenimore, V. Baroncini, T. Oelbaum, and T. K. Tan, "subjective testing methodology in MPEG video
verification," sPIE conference on Applications of Digital ImageProcessingXXVII, Aug., 2004.

30.03.2012

MPEG-4- Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia

MPEG-4
FromWkipedia,the free encyclopedia

MPEG4 is a rrrthod of definingcorrpression of audio and visual (AV) digltaldata.It was inhoduced in late 1998 and designateda standard
for a gror.p of audio and video coding fornrats and related technolog, ageed rpon by the ISO/IEC Moving Pichne Experts Group (MPEG)
(ISO/IEC JTCI/SC29NVG11) underthe formal standardISOAEC 14496- Coding of audio-visual objects. Uses ofMPEG-4 inchrle
conpression ofAV data for web (steaming media) and CD distrbution, voice (telephone,videophone)and broadcast televisionapplications.

Contents
.
.

1 Background
2Overview
r 2.1 Profilesand trvels
. 3MPEG-4parts
. 4MPEG4kvels
. 5 Licensing
'6Seealso
. 7 References
. 8 Fxtemallinks

i
:
,
,
.
t
:
.

Background
MPEG-4absorbsrnanyoftlre featrnesofMPEG- I andMPEG-2andotherrelatedstandards,
addingnewfeatuessuchas(extended)
VRML
object-oriented
corrpositefiles(including
srpportfor 3D rendering,
audio,videoandVRML objects),slpport for extemally-specified
lDigital
andvarioustypesofinteractirtity.AAC (AdvancedAudioCoding)wasstandardized
RigfrtsManagenrent
asanadjunctto MPEG-2(asPart7)
beforeMPEG-4wasissued.
standardandis dividedinto a nxnberofparts.ConpaniespromotingMPEG-4conpatbilitydo not alva'gs
MPEG-4is stilla developing
'!art" levelconpatbilttytlrcyarerefeningto. Thekey partsto be awareof areMPEG-4 part2 (including
clearlystatewhich
AdvancedSinple
Profile,rsedby codecssuchasDivX, Xvid,Nero Digitaland3ivxandby Quicktinrc
6) andMPEG-4part 10 (MPEG-4AYCft1.264
or
AdvancedVideoCoding,usedby thex264 encoder,by Nero DigitalAVC, by Quicktinre7, andby higlr-definition
videonrdia hkeBlu-ray
Disc).
to decidewhetherto inplenrentthern Thisnpansthatthereere
Most of thefeahnesincludedin MPEG-4 areleft to individualdevelopers
probablyno conpleteinplerrntationsof theentireMPEG-4setof standards.
To dealwith this,thestandardinchrdes
theconceptof 'lrrofles"
to be definedin a mannerappropriatefor a subsetofapplications.
and"levels",allowinga specificsetof capabilities
Initially,MPEG-4wasair'redprimarilyat low bit-ratevideoconrrunications;
however,its scopeasa multimedia
codingstandardwaslater
is
a
per
MPEG-4
eficient
across
variety
ofbit-rates
ranging
few
kilobits
second
to
tens
persecond.
expanded.
froma
ofmegabits
MPIEG-4
providesthefollowingfurctions:
r
.
.
.

neededl
Irrprovedcodingefficiency
overMPEG-2lcitation
Abihy to encodemixedrrrediadata(video,audio,speech)
Errorresiienceto enablerobusttransmission
scenegenerated
Abilityto interactwith theaudio-visual
at thereceiver

0verview
for developers,
for variousservice-providers
andfor endusers:
MPEG-4providesa seriesoftechnologies
. MPEG-4enablesdifferentsoftwareandhardwaredevelopers
objectspossessing
betterabflitiesof adaptability
to createrruhirnedia
and
gaphics,theWorld WideWeb rmdtheir
flexfuilityto inprovethequalifyof suchservicesandtechnologies
asdigitaltelevisiorlanirnation
extensiorn.
r DatanetworkproviderscanuseMPEG-4for datafransparency.
With ttrehep of standardprocedures,
MPEG-4datacanbe
into othersignaltypescorryaflblewith anyavailable
network.
interpreted
andtransformed
. TheMPEG-4formatprovidesenduserswith a widerangeof interaction
withvariousanimatedobjects.
r Standardized
signalingotherwkeknowninthe MPEGconnnurityasIntellectualPropertyManagement
Di$talRightsManagement
and
Protection(II'MP).
TheMPEG-4formatcanperformvariousfimctions,anrongwhichmigfrtbe thefollowing:
en.wikipedia.orgiwiki/MPEG-4

MPEG-4- Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia

30.03.2012

r Muhblexes and syncbronizesdata, associatedwittr rnediaobjects, in sucha way that they can be efficientlyfansported ftrther vur
network chanrels.
. Interactionwittr the audio-visualscene,which is formed on the side of the receiver.

Profiles and Levels

MPEG-4 provides a large and rich set oftools for encoding.Subsetsof the MPEG-4 tool setshave beenprovided for use in specific
'Profiles', limit tlre sizeofthe tool set a decoder is required to inplerrrnt.ll] In order to resfict corrputational
apptications.Thesesubsets,called
'kvels' are set for eachProfib.[l] A Profileand kvel combinationallows:[l]
corrplexity,one or nnre
. A codec builder to inplement onlythe subsetofthe standardneeded,while nraintaininginterworking with other MPEG-4 devicesthat
inplenrent the sarnecorribination[1]
. CheckingwhetherMPEG-4 devices corrply with the standard,referred to as conforrnancetesting.[lJ

MPEG-4 parts
'larts"-including thefollowing(eachpart coversa certainaspectofthe wholespecification):
MPEG-4consistsof severalstandards-terrned
MPEG'-4 Parts[2][3]

Nurnber

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MPEG-1, MPEG-2,MPEG-7andMPEG-2l areothersuitesof MPEGstandards.

MPEGT Levels
Pmfile, Level

SB
LO

ffi sr,rr

Max. bifiate
64 128 64
(kbiUs)
Max. buffer
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(kbit)
Max. delay@
2.5 2.5 2.5
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Max. VP size

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396

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5i9

MPEG-4- Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia

30.03.2012

ffi#Pt'

t+ss t+ss r48s

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304x208

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cIF

crF ecrFecrF

crF

crF cw 3s2xs76,704x2887110

CIF

CIF 352x576,704x2887110x516

Licensing
MPEG-4containspatentedtechnologies
thatrequirelicensing
in countriesthatacknowledgc
softwarealgorithmpatents.
Patentscovering
MPEG-4areclainrcdby overtwo dozenconpanies.TheMPEGLicensing
Authori#611Hcenses
patentsrequiredfor MpEG-4 part 2 Visual
froma widerangeofcorpanies (audiois licensedseparate$)andlistsall of its licensorsandlicensees
on thesite.New licenses
for MPIBG-4
Sptempatentsareunderdevelopnrentl62]
andno newlicensesarebeingofferedwhileholdersofits old MPEG-4Systensficensearestill
covereduder thetermsofthat licensefor thepatentslisted(MPEGLA - PatentList
aspx)).
ftttp //www.npegla.cony'rnain/prograrrs/Nl4S,lPages/Patentlist
AT&T is fiyingto sueconpaniessuchasApple Inc. overallegedMPEG-4patentinfringernent.[63]
TheterrnsofApple's Quicktime7 license
for userslgldescnbes
in paragraph14 theterrnsurder Apple'sexistingMPEG-4SystemPatentPorffoliolicersefromMpEGI-A.

Seealso
r MPEG
. MPEG-4Stuch:redAudio
. MPEG-4SLS

References
1. ta b " d " RFC 3640(http//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3640#page-31)
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MPEG-4- Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia

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Quicktime 7 Software License (PDF) (http//images.apple.com./legaVsla/docs/quicktimeT.pdf)

Externallinks
r OverviewoftheMPEG-4Standard
(http//npeg.chiariglione.org/standards/upeg-4/npeg-4.hton)
at theMPEGOfficialWebsite
r MPEG-4:Thecontainerfor digitalrnedia(ktp//www.apple.cordbr/quicktinreitechnologles/npeg40
r AAC at coreofMPEG-4, 3GPPand3GPP2specifications
(h@//www.apple.con/quicktinre/technologies/aacl)
en.wikipedia.org/t'viki/MPEG4

8/9

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r MPEGIndrstryFonm(lvPEGF) MPEG-4page(htb/ ilww.m4iforg/npeg4/)

' MPEGIdrrstryFonm(MPEGIF) MPEG-4WhitePaper(ttB//www.m4iforg/publio/docr:npnts/vault/]rdPEG4WhitePaperY2a.4)

r JMMPEG-4AVC 1H.264
Reftrence
Code(ktp//ipborr.tihi.de/suetring/nd/)
r OpenIPMP:
DRMPdect forMPEG-4(htp//sourceforge.net/projects/openbrry0
OpenSource
REtbvedfrom'bt$//eawkipedia.org/dindexptp?titb:MPEG4&oldi,,rl=469446902"
Ardb codecsI VUeocodecsi WnC j Videotelephony
Ca@gories:
. Thb pagewas hst nndified on4 Jantprry2012at 03:48.
r TeS b avaihbb under the Creative Comrcns Atb:butionShareAlfte Lbense; additionalterrrs rnay appb. See Term ofuse for details.
lVkipedia@ is a registeredtademrk oftlrc Wkimedia Foundatbn, Inc., a non-proft organization

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MPEG

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ffi

Lastupdate:
2012101
112

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THEMPEGHOtIilEPAGE
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This is the homepageof the Moving Picture Expefts Group (MPEG)

a workinggroupof ISO/IECin chargeof the developrnent
of standards
for codedrepresentation
audio
and
of digital
videoand relateddata.
S i n ce1 9 8 8whenit has beenestablished,
the gr ouphas pr od uc ed
standardsthat helpthe industryofferend usersan ever nxrre
enjoyabledigitalmediaexperience.
This is the list of standardfamilies,
but rernember:
the numberof independent
standardsis morethan
125, manyof whichare thick documentswith hundredsof pages.And
this without countingthe amendments!
MPEG-The standardfor such productsas VideoCDand MP3are
1
based
MPEG-The standardfor such productsas DigitalTelevision
set top
2
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MPEG'4
The standardfor multimedia
for the fixedand rnobileweb
MPEG-The standardfor description
and searchof audioand visual
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co n tent
MPtrG'2';-"
The MultimediaFrarnework
MP--E G-,
The standardfor application-specific
forrnats
o
MPtrG--

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M P t-rG-

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A collectionof Systemsspecific standards

A collectionof Videospecificstandards

MPtrG.
--

A collectionof Audiospecificstandards
o
MP E G-,
The standardfor videostreamingover the internet
DA;H
MPEG-A standard(M3W)providingsuppottto downloadand
E
applications
executionof multirnedia
MPEG-A standard(HEVC)that will providesignificantly
increased
pedormance
videocompression
comparedto AVC
H
packaging
MPEG'A standard(MXM)for
and reusability
of MPEG
M
te chnologies
MPEG-- .
A standardfor rich-mediauserinterface
U'
MPEG-with viftualwor lds
A standar dfor inter change
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poftfolio
In its 22 yearsof activity MPEGhas developedan impressive
of technologies
that have createdan industrywofth severalhundreds
and currentwork
billionUSD.Readan overviewof the achievements
by MPEG.
MPEGstandardscan be purchaseddirectlyfrom ISO by email,from
their websiteor from a NationalBody.SorreMPEGstandardsare
1t2

30.03.2012

publiclyavailable.
The referencesoftwareof all MpEGstandardscarl^

befreervdownroaded
fromthe rso/rrrF website.

(lgr)

In a world where inforrnationtechnology, consurrer electronics and\_-z

telecomnrunication
productsconvergeby incorporatingincreasingly
sophisticated
technologies
and the needfor tinrelyavailable
standards
is as strong as ever, MpEGprovidesa provennnchanismto feed
researchresultsinto standardsthat pronrcteindustryinnovationfor
the benefitof all.

mpeg.chiariglione.org

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Jlnreparypa
l.

Papoulis A. Probability, Randon Variables, and Stochastic ProcessesMcGraw-Hill Book Company,

Ncw York, 1955.
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