JOUISOG UHGMOAXJXOG

XG[]OCJH OGBLGO UHK]ISL[ (XOU)

O. Mhflglsl
Ogblgo ph`tirls to` stoclj mlmhflglsl`og shcobol phrosoog tlmo` hgo` ml momo
(kahst
(kahst mlskid
mlskidfir
firt)
t) o`lcot
o`lcot ls`hdl
ls`hdloo dli`or
dli`orm
m yogb
yogb motogb
motogbgyo
gyo tlmo`
tlmo` thgtu,
thgtu, mopot
mopot
thrnoml pomo wo`tu shmogb dhjo`u`og `hblotog flsl` otou mojod `homoog lstlroaot.
Uhrosoo
Uhrosoog
g tlmo`
tlmo` hgo`
hgo` lgl mopot
mopot chrupo
chrupo gyhrl,
gyhrl, roso thrco`
thrco`or
or otou roso thrth`og.
thrth`og.
@omogb-`omogb tlmo` mlroso`og ml momo dhjolg`og ml jhahr, roaogb cowoa, coau,
otou uju aotl (@oci mog @orld, 35?1).
Ogblgo ph`tirls to` stoclj omojoa suotu sph`trud morl slgmrido ls`hdl`
dli`orm o`ut yogb chromo ml ogtoro ogblgo ph`tirls stoclj mog lgfor` dli`orm o`ut
(Ogwor, 35?=).

C. Htlijibl
Bhnojo ogblgo ph`tirls pomo mosorgyo tldcuj `orhgo ls`hdl` o`ut yogb tlmo`
dhghtop o`lcot `htlmo` shldcogbog ogtoro `hcutuaog mog supjol I3 dli`orm.
Chchrop
Chchropoo `homoo
`homoog
g yogb
yogb mopot
mopot dhrupo
dhrupo`og
`og phgyhc
phgyhcoc
oc col`
col` thrshg
thrshgmlr
mlrll otoupu
otoupug
g
chrsodo-sodo yoltu (Ogwor, 35?=) >
o. Fo`tir ml juor nogtugb Uomo phgmhrlto sthgisls orthrl `irighr chrot mhgbog
komogbog ojlrog `irighr yogb thrcotos do`o alphrthgsl slsthdl`, to`lorltdlo,
tlriti`sl`isls mog phdo`olog icot-icotog sldpotidldhtl` mopot dhglgb`ot`og
`hcutuaog I3 dli`orm shalgbbo dhgbbogbbu `hshldcogbog ogtoro `hcutuaog
mog supjol I3. Uhgyo`lt poru dhgoaug mog phgyo`lt slsthdl` shphrtl oghdl
mopot dhgyhcoc`og toal`orml mog dhguruggyo supjol I3 `h dli`orm..
c. [`jhritl` orthrl `irighr [hcoblog chsor phgmhrlto ogblgo tlmo` stoclj (O][)
dhdpugyol bogbbuog komogbog ojlrog `irighr yogb dhghtop yogb mlshcoc`og
ijha pjo` s`jhritl` yogb jodo mhgbog otou togpo mlshrtol tridcisls coru yogb
mopot dhdphrchrot phgyhdpltog phdcujua moroa `irighr. [hmogb`og shcoblog
jobll mlshrto
job mlshrtoll mhgbog
mhgbog bogbbu
bogbbuog
og komogb
komogbog
og ojlrog
ojlrog moroa
moroa `i
`irig
righr
hr rlgbog
rlgbog otou
otou
girdoj
girdoj yogb
yogb mlshco
mlshcoc`o
c`og
g ijha
ijha bogbbu
bogbbuog
og ojl
ojlrog
rog `irigh
`irighrr shdhgt
shdhgtoro
oro o`lcot
o`lcot
sudcotog doupug sposdh phdcujua moroa.
 k. Obrhbosl tridcislt [thgisls orthrl `irighr o`og dhgldcuj`og turcujhgsl mog
stosls ojlrog moroa shalgbbo dhgyhcoc`og phglgb`otog obrhbosl tridcislt yogb
o`alrgyo dhdchgtu` tridcus mog `homoog lgl o`og dhdphrdumoa thrnomlgyo
vosi`igstrl`sl phdcujua moroa.
m. ]ridcisls orthrl `irighr ]ridcus o`og dumoa thrchgtu` pomo phdcujua moroa
yogb s`jhritl` shalgbbo phgyhdpltog chrtodcoa mog `omogb-`omogb thrjhpos
dhgnom
dhgnomll dl`rih
dl`rihdci
dcijl
jl mog dhgyud
dhgyudcot
cot phdcuj
phdcujua
ua moroa
moroa yogb
yogb jhcla
jhcla mlstoj.
mlstoj.
]ridcisls o`ut lgl mlmubo chrphrog mojod thrnomlgyo O][.
h. Uhgmoroaog
Uhgmoroaog pjo` othrido
othrido Sich`g
Sich`gyo
yo pjo` othrido `h mojod judhg phdcujua
phdcujua
moroa `hdugb`lgog dhgmoaujul mog dhgyhcoc`og thrchgtu`gyo tridcus yogb
dhgyhcoc`og phgyhdpltog orthrl `irighr.
f. [posdh orthrl
orthrl `irighr Uhglgb`o
Uhglgb`otog
tog `hcutuaog
`hcutuaog I3 dli`orm
dli`orm mog chr`urogbgyo
chr`urogbgyo
ojlrog kirighr `orhgo sposdh phdcujua moroa mlshcut`og shcobol phgyhcog
O][. [podh mopot thrnoml pomo orthrl `irighr girdoj otupug pomo sthgisls
phdcujua moroa `irighr. [posdh yogb chrujogb mopot dhgyhcoc`og
`hruso`og ortl`hj, phgmoroaog pjo` othrido, obrhbosl tridcislt mog tridcus
phdcujua moroa. Chchropo fo`tir rlsl`i yogb omo aucugboggyo mhgbog prishs
othris`jhrisls ogtoro jolg omojoa >
?. Fo`tir rlsl`i yogb tlmo` mopot mlucoa ogtoro jolg udur, nhgls `hjodlg mog
rlwoyot phgyo`lt mojod `hjuorbo.
3. Fo`t
Fo`tir
ir rl
rlsl`
sl`i
i yo
yogb
gb mo
mopo
pott mluc
mlucoa
oa og
ogto
toro
ro jo
jolg
lg dhri
dhri`i
`i`,
`, al
alph
phrj
rjlp
lplmh
lmhdl
dl,,
alphrthgsl, ichsltos mog MD.

K. Uoti
otifls
flsliji
lijibl
bl
[o`l
[o`ltt mo
momo
mo po
pomo
mo og
ogbl
blgo
go ph
ph`t
`tir
irls
ls mlshc
mlshcoc
oc`o
`og
g `o
`orh
rhgo
go tldc
tldcuj
ujgy
gyoo ls`hd
ls`hdlo
lo
dli`orm otou `orhgo supjol moroa mog i`slbhg `h dli`orm chr`urogb. Ojlrog moroa
chr`urogb `orhgo phgyhdpltog phdcujua moroa `irighr (orthrl `irigorlo).
Uhgyhdpltog thrnoml `orhgo prishs othris`jhisls otou sposdh phdcujua `irighr
otou `idclgosl prishs othris`jhrisls mog sposdh. Othris`jhrisls mldujol `htl`o
`ijhsthrij chrjhdo` thrtldcug ml lgtldo orthrl chsor. ]ldcugog lgl, mlgodo`og
othrido otou pjo` o`og dhgbbogbbu ocsircsl gutrlhgt ijha shj-shj hgmithj yogb
dhgyusug joplsog mlgmlgb mojod phdcujua moroa mog dhgyudcot ojlrog moroa
`orhgo
`orhgo tldcug
tldcugog
og lgl dhgign
dhgignij
ij `h judhg
judhg phdcuj
phdcujua
ua moroa.
moroa. Hgmith
Hgmithjj phdcuj
phdcujua
ua
mo
moro
roa
a yo
yogb
gb thr`
thr`hg
hgoo o`
o`og
og dhgb
dhgboj
ojod
odll gh
gh`r
`rit
itl`
l` mo
mog
g dhgn
dhgnom
omll no
norl
rlgb
gbog
og po
poru
rut,
t,
shjognu
shjognutgy
tgyoo judhg
judhg dhgnom
dhgnomll shdo`l
shdo`lg
g shdplt
shdplt mog ojlrog
ojlrog moroa
moroa thraod
thraodcot
cot.. Uomo
Uomo
judh
judhg
g yogb
yogb dhgy
dhgyhd
hdpl
pltt mog
mog chrm
chrmlg
lgml
mlgb
gb `o
`oso
sor,
r, o`
o`og
og kh
khgm
gmhr
hrug
ugb
b th
thrn
rnom
omll
phdchgtu`og ch`uog moroa. Aoj lgl dhgnhjos`og coboldogo thrnomlgyo `iobujosl
lgtrovos`ujhr, mll`utl ijha phgyo`lt tridcihdcijl, yogb dhrupo`og `idpjl`osl
thrshrlgb othris`jhrisls. Uomo dujogyo, supjol moroa thrshcut wojoupug chr`urogb
dosla ku`up ugtu` dhdhgual `hcutuaog dli`orm pomo wo`tu lstlroaot, thtopl
tlmo` ku`up cljo `hcutuaog i`slbhg dli`orm dhglgb`ot shphrtl pomo wo`tu poslhg
dhjo`u`og o`tlvltoos flsl` yogb ku`up chrot. Uomo soot chcog `hrno suotu norlgbog
dhglgb`ot, `hcutuaog i`slbhggyo nubo dhglgb`ot. Opocljo `hcutuaog i`slbhg
dhglgb
dhglgb`ot
`ot pomo
pomo nogtug
nogtugb
b yogb
yogb shaot,
shaot, orthrlo
orthrlorthr
rthrll `irigh
`irighrr o`og
o`og chrmlj
chrmljotos
otosll mog
dhgbojlr`og jhcla cogyo` moroa mog i`slbhg `h itit nogtugb. O`og thtopl opocljo
orthrl `irighr dhgbojodl `h`o`uog otou dhgyhdplt
dhgyhdplt o`lcot othris`jhrisl
othris`jhrislss mog
tlmo` mopotchrmljotosl shcobol rhspig thraomop phglgb`otog `hcutuaog i`slbhg,
mog thrnoml ls`hdlo(`h`urogbog supjol moroa) dli`ormlud mog shj-shj dli`ormlud
dujol dhgbbugo`o
dhgbbugo`og
g bjl`ijlsls
bjl`ijlsls ogohric
ogohric ugtu`
ugtu` dhdhgual
dhdhgual `hcutuaog
`hcutuaog hghrblgyo.
hghrblgyo.
Ur
Uris
ishs
hs phdc
phdchg
hgtu
tu`o
`og
g hghr
hghrby
by lgl
lgl so
sogb
gbot
ot tlmo
tlmo`
` hf
hfls
lslh
lhg
g mo
mog
g dhgy
dhgyhc
hcoc
oc`o
`og
g
phdchgtu`og osod jo`tot. Osod jo`tot dhgurug`og pA dli`ormlud mog
dhgyhcoc`
dhgyhcoc`og
og gyhrl ogb chr`oltog
chr`oltog mhgbog
mhgbog ogblgo
ogblgo phktirls.
phktirls. Opocljo
Opocljo `hcutuaog
`hcutuaog
hghrby shj-shj nogtugb chr`urogb, supjol i`slbhg i`slbhg dhgnoml omh`ut mog shj-
shj itit `hdcojl `hprishs fisfirljosl i`slmotlf ugtu` dhdchgtu` hghrby. Urishs
lgl tlmo` dhgbaoslj`og osod jo`tot. Mhgbog dhgbaljogbgyo phgldcugog osod
jo`tot, gyhrl ogblgo phktirls dhrhmo.
M. Uaotwoy

- Othris`jhrisls Uonogog thraomop Ojlrog I3

- [posdh phdcujua [trhss Jotl
mlgblg dhglgb`ot `h
moroa dhshgtrl`us

Omrhgojlg @hcutuaog nogtugb Ojlrog I3 `h

Vosi`igtrl`sl
dhglgb`ot dhglgb`ot nogtugb dhgurug

Ojlrog I3 orthrl
`irigorlo dhglgb`ot
@htlmo`shldcogbog
Nogtugb `h`urogbog I3
supjol I3

@igtro`sl itit nogtugb Ls`hdlo itit nogtugb

Lgtijhrogsl o`tlvltos

Uhgurugog kuroa Gyhrl

nogtugb

]o`ut dotl Uhrju dhgbalgmorl

`id
`id jl
jl`o
`osl
sl

Khdos
@urogb Lgfirdosl

@hrogb
phgbhtoauog
H. ]ogm
ogmo Mo
Mog Bh
Bhnojo
ojo
Omopog bhjono yogb `jlglsgyo yoltu>
?. Mlmopot`og
Mlmopot`og roso
roso tlmo` hgo` ml
ml momo yogb
yogb tlmo`
tlmo` shjoju
shjoju shcobol
shcobol roso so`lt, thtopl
thtopl
mopot pujo shcobol roso phgua ml momo, thrth`og, gyhrl, thrkh`l` otou roso
thrco`or. Soso thrshcut mopot thrnoml pomo jhahr, thgbbiri`og, mohroa ogtoro
tujogb s`opujo, mohroa roaogb otoupug jhgbog.
3. [hso` gopos
gopos otou
otou roso jhdoa
jhdoa yogb
yogb dhgbal
dhgbaljogb
jogb shthjoa
shthjoa ogblgo
ogblgo aljogb
aljogb..
;. Mopo
Mopott pu
pujo
jo thrn
thrnom
omll po
pojp
jplt
ltos
osl,
l, ch
chr`
r`hrl
hrlgb
gbot
ot ml
mlgb
gblg
lg,, pu
pusl
slgb
gb ot
otou
oupu
pug
g ao
aodp
dplr
lr
plgbsog (Ogwor, 35?=).

F. @joslfl`osl
?. @hjos
@hjos O Ogblgo
Ogblgo to`
to` stoclj
stoclj sh`ug
sh`ugmhr
mhr,, `orhgo
`orhgo omogy
omogyoo oghdlo,
oghdlo, lgfh`
lgfh`sl
sl jolg otou
otou
fhcrls.
3. @hjos
@hjos C Ogblg
Ogblgoo to` sthcl
sthcljj yogb
yogb prldhr
prldhr,, to` omo
omo fo`ti
fo`tirr h`stro
h`stro `orml
`ormlo`.
o`.
;. @hjos K Ogblgo
Ogblgo yogb tldcuj
tldcuj shthjoa
shthjoa shrogbo
shrogbog
g lgfor`
lgfor` nogtugb
nogtugb (Ogigl
(Ogigld,
d, 35?=).
35?=).

B. Uhdh
Uhdhrl
rl`s
`soo
oog
g Uhgug
Uhgugno
nogb
gb
o. H@B H@B
H@B phrju mljo`u`
mljo`u`og
og pomo wo`tu
wo`tu shrogbog
shrogbog ogblgo
ogblgo,, cljo H@B lstlroao
lstlroaott
gi
gird
rdoj
oj,, str
strhs
hsss thst
thst ao
aoru
russ mljo
mljo`u
`u`o
`og
g mh
mhgb
gbog
og trhom
trhomdl
dljj
jj ot
otou
oupu
pug
g shphm
shphmoo
hrbidhthr. ]unuog morl strhss thst omojoa dhgljol so`lt momo opo`oa chrosoj
morl nogtugb otou tlmo`, mog dhgljol chrotgyo phgyo`lt shphrtl cljo `hjolgog
thrnoml pomo phdcujua moroa utodo o`og dhdchrl aoslj pisltlf `uot Bodcorog
H@B phgmhrlto O][ mopot chrupo mhprhsl shbdhg [], mhprhsl shbdhg []
mlshrtol lgvhrsl bhjidcogb ], hjhvosl shbdhg [], aodcotog kocogb l`otog Als
mog togpo phrucoaog shbdhg [] mog bhjidcogb ]. Uhrucoaog H@B pomo
O][ chrslfo
chrslfott shdhgt
shdhgtoro
oro mog doslgb
doslgb-dos
-doslgb
lgb mopot
mopot thrnoml
thrnoml shgmlr
shgmlrl-sh
l-shgml
gmlrl
rl
otoupug shrsodoog. Uhrucoaog thrshcut tldcuj ml soot shrogbog ogblgo mog
`hdcojl `h bodcorog girdoj otou owoj shthjoa `hjuaog ogblgo aljogb mojod
wo`tu 3= nod. Cljo phrucoaog thrshcut dhghtop shthjoa 3= nod otou thrnoml
hvijusl bhjidcogb _, do`o mlshcut shcobol LDO.
c. Hgzld JMA, KU@ mog K@-DC Uomo O][ `omor hgzld JMA mog KU@ mopot
girdoj otou dhglgb`ot thtopl tlmo` dhjhclal gljol 85% ml otos girdoj. K@-
DC dhrupo`og hgzld yogb pojlgb shgsltlf ugtu` gh`risls itit dli`orm, thtopl
 mopot
mopot thrnoml
thrnoml pislt
pisltlf
lf pojsu.
pojsu. Aoj lgl dhgugn
dhgugnu``
u``og
og phgtlg
phgtlgbgy
bgyoo phdhrl`
phdhrl`soog
soog
`omor hgzld shkoro shrloj ugtu` dhgylgb`lr`og omogyo LDO (Ogwor, 35?1)

A. @idpjl`osl
?. Lgfro`sl dli`ormlud yogb o`ut (shrogbog
(s hrogbog nogtugb).
3. @hdotlog `orhgo shrogbog nogtugb shkoro dhgmomo`.
;. Orltdo `ormlo`.
=. Alpi`shdlo.
8. ]ridcisls vhgo mojod.
6. [yi` `ormlibhgl`.

L. Uhgotojo`sogoog
o. Uhgotojo`sogoog Dhmls
]unu
]unuog
og phgo
phgoto
tojo
jo`s
`sog
ogoo
oog
g dhml
dhmlss og
ogbl
blgo
go om
omoj
ojoa
oa ug
ugtu
tu`
` dhgu
dhguru
rug`
g`og
og
`hcutuaog i`slbhg nogtugb mog ugtu` dhglgb`ot`og supjol i`slbhg. [hkoro
dhmls tunuog lgl mlkopol dhjojul thropl fordo`ijibl mog `igtrij thraomop fo`tir
rhsl`i.
rhsl`i.shko
shkoro
ro chmoa
chmoa tunuog
tunuog lgl mlkopo
mlkopoll dhjoju
dhjojull rhvos`
rhvos`ujo
ujorlso
rlsosl
sl supjol
supjol moroa
moroa
nogtugb dhjojul chmoa plgtos orthrl `irighr otou ogblipjostl `irighr
trog
trogsj
sjld
ldlg
lgoj
oj phr`
phr`ut
utog
og (U
(U]K
]KO
O 4 ph
phrk
rkut
utog
oghi
hius
us trog
trogsj
sjud
udlg
lgoj
oj ki
kiri
rigo
gory
ry
ogblipjosty), (mlmls`usl`og ml cowoa). Closogyo mlthrop`og `idclgosl ogtoro
thropl
thropl dhmls
dhmls mog phdchm
phdchmoao
oaog.
g. [hphrt
[hphrtll yogb
yogb o`og
o`og mlmls`
mlmls`usl
usl`og
`og `hduml
`hdumlog,
og,
thrmopot chchropo phgmh`otog yogb o`alr-o`alr lgl shrlgb ml bugo`og ugtu`
rhvos`ujorlsosl nogtugb. ]lbo th`gl` utodo yogb dhgowor`og phgyhdcuaog
cobl `jlhg mhgbog phgyo`lt orthrl `irighr dhgko`up phgbbugoog ojot
lgtro`irighr utgu` dhglgb`ot`og ojlrog moroa, phgbbugoog ugtu` dhgbuop`og
pjo` mog hgmorthrh`tidl `irighr phr`utog ugtu` dhgbogb`ot icstru`sl.
Uhghjltlog yogb chrtunuog ugtu` dhdcogmlgb`og aoslj o`alr yogb mlpo`ol ijha
sojoa sotu otou shjurua th`gl` mlotos, dhjojul chmoa plgtos `irighr mog U]KO
shmogb mljo`u`og. Ljdu phgbhtoauog thrus ml`hdcogb`og ugtu` dhgburogbl
bhno
bhnojo
jo mog
mog `hdu
`hdugm
gmur
urog
og pr
pris
ishs
hs ogbl
ogblgo
go yo
yogb
gb ml mh
mhrl
rlto
to po
posl
slhg
hg.. ]hro
]hropl
pl
Fordo`ijibl Gltribjlshrlg.
[hgyowo gltrot dosla dhrupo`og icot utodo ugtu` dhgogbogl ogblgo
ph`tirls. Gltribjlshrlg mlchrl`og ugtu` dhgurug`og `igsudsl i`slbhdg
nogtugb yogb o`og dhgburogbl ls`hdlo mog dhgburogbl gyhrl oublgo.
Gltribjlshrlg omojoa coaog vosio`tlf yogb chrfugbsl
chrf ugbsl col` vhgo doupug orthrlo
orthr lo
shalgbbo dhdphgborual phrlfhr. Mhgbog phjhcorog vhgo thrnoml phgbudpujog
moroa vhgo ml shjurua tucua. O`lcotgyo aogyo shml`lt moroa yogb `hdcojl `h
nogtugb mog thrnojoa phgurugog th`ogog phgblslog (prhjiom). Gltrot nubo
dhjhdo
dhjhdos`og
s`og orthrli
orthrlijj slsthdl
slsthdl`
` mog dhgyhc
dhgyhcoc`
oc`og
og phguru
phgurugog
gog th`ogo
th`ogog
g moroa
moroa
(phgurugog
(phgurugog ofthrjiom).
ofthrjiom). [hduo
[hduogyo
gyo ltu chro`lcot
chro`lcot pomo phgurugog
phgurugog `hcutuaog
`hcutuaog
i`slbhg nogtugb, dhrupo`og suotu `homoog yogb jhcla shldcogb ogtoro supjol
mog `hcutuaog. Gltribjlshrlg closogyo mljhto``og mlcowoa jlmoa (suctlgbuoj)
otou mlplpl (`ogtigb cu`oj) mog o`og dhgbaljogb`og gyhrl ls`hdlo mojod ;
dhglt.
o. Uoslhg
Uoslhg mldlgt
mldlgtoo tlmo`
tlmo` dhgbbh
dhgbbhro`
ro``og
`og jlmoa
jlmoa mog nogbog
nogbog dhghjog
dhghjog jumoa
jumoa
sodpol
sodpol tocjht
tocjht gltrib
gltribjlsh
jlshrlg
rlg jorut.
jorut. Cljo
Cljo gyhrl
gyhrl sogbot
sogbot chrot,
chrot, tocjht
tocjht mopot
mopot
ml`ugyoa ugtu` mopot dhdphrkhpot phgyhropog ml cowoa jlmoa.
c. [hcobol phgkhboa, poslhg aorus shjoju dhdcowo icot lgl. Gltribjlshrlg
chrslfot sogbot tlmo` stoclj mog aorus ml sldpog mojod citij bhjop thrtutup
ropot. Gltribjlshrlg tlmo` cijha ml sldpog mojod citij pjostl` otou jibod.
k. Gltribjlshrlg dumoa dhgbuop mog dhgnoml tlmo` o`tlf cljo thr`hgo pogos,
uop,, umoro,
uop umoro, koaoyo
koaoyo mojod
mojod wo`tu
wo`tu jodo.
jodo. Cljo
Cljo gltrib
gltribjlsh
jlshrlg
rlg dosla
dosla shbor,
shbor,
poslhg o`og dhroso thrco`or ml cowoa jlmoa mog `omogb `hpojo throso
thbogb mog chrmhgyut. Uhrshmloog gltribjlshrlg aorus mlphrcoaorul shtlop 6
cujog sh`ojl.
m. [hjolg dhgbbugo`og misls yogb thjoa mlthgtu`og, poslhg aorus dhgbotur
shgm
shgmlr
lrll mis
isls
ls yog
yogb mlp
mlphr
hrju
ju`
`og,
og, yol
oltu
tu misls
isls th
thr`
r`hk
hklj
lj yo
yog
gb mo
mop
pot
dhgbaljog
dhgbaljogb`og
b`og gyhrl.
gyhrl. Icot aorus mlbugo`og
mlbugo`og ugtu`
ugtu` dhgbogtlsl
dhgbogtlslposl
posl cljo
o`og dhjo`u`og o`tlvltos yogb dugb`lg o`og dhgyhcoc`og gyhrl. @orhgo
gltribjlshr
gltribjlshrlg
lg mopot dhglgb`ot`og
dhglgb`ot`og tijhrogsl
tijhrogsl poslhg thraomop jotlaog mog
strhss
strhss cljo
cljo ml bugo`o
bugo`og
g shcobo
shcoboll phgkhb
phgkhboao
oaog
g (dlsoj`
(dlsoj` shchju
shchjud
d jot
jotlao
laog,
g,
dhgol`
dhgol`ll togbbo
togbbo,, aucug
aucugbog
bog sh`suo
sh`suoj)
j) do`o
do`o jhcla
jhcla col`
col` bugo`o
bugo`og
g ic
icot
ot lgl
shchjud roso gyhrl dugkuj.
h. Uos
oslh
lhg
g aor
oru
us dhgb
hgblgb
lgbot chro
chropo
po jo
jodo
do `h
`hrn
rnoo gl
gltr
trib
ibjl
jlsh
shrl
rlg
g moj
ojod
od
dhgb
dhgbal
aljo
jogb
gb`o
`og
g gyhr
gyhrl,
l, cljo
cljo gyhr
gyhrll tlmo
tlmo`
` mo
mopo
pott ml
ml`u
`uro
rogb
gbll mh
mhgb
gbog
og
 gltr
gltrib
ibjl
jlsh
shrl
rlg,
g, aoru
aoruss mlku
mlkurl
rlbo
boll omog
omogyo
yo og
ogko
kodo
dog
g th
thrn
rnom
omlg
lgyo
yo lg
lgfo
for`
r`
dli`ormlud.
f. Cljoo gyhrl
Clj gyhrl dhghto
dhghtop
p shthjoa
shthjoa dhdo`ol
dhdo`ol tlbo
tlbo (;) tocjht
tocjht sucjlg
sucjlgbuo
buojj mhgbog
mhgbog
lgthrvoj 8 dhglt, poslhg mlognur`og shbhro mlcowo `h fosljltos phrowotog
morurot
morurot thrmh`ot.
thrmh`ot. Hfh` sodplgb gltribjlshrlg
gltribjlshrlg dhjlputl roso pogos,
pogos, so`lt
`hpojo chrmhgyut, alphrthgsl, mog to`l`ormlo. Uhgbbugoog prhporot gltrot
jigb-o
jigb-oktl
ktlgb
gb dosla
dosla mlphrm
mlphrmhco
hcot`og
t`og.. Lsircl
Lsirclm
m mlgltr
mlgltrot
ot (lsirml
(lsirmlj)
j) todpo`
todpo`gy
gyoo
hfh`tlf sodpol 3 nod cljo mlbugo`og mlcowoa jlmoa, thtopl hfh`gyo tlmo`
nhjos cljo mldlgud phriroj. [ojhp Gltribjlshrlg ]ipl`oj. Gltribjlshrlg nubo
thrshmlo mojod chgtu` jogiglg-phtrijotud. Chgtu` lgl mlijhs`og ml `ujlt
shcobol phrjlgmugbog thraomop gyhrl ogblgo mog dhgburogbl gyhrl. Chgtu`
lgl sogbot chrbugo cljo mlbugo`og pomo poslhg yogb dhgbojodl ogblgo
pomo dojod aorl otou yogb aorus dhgnojog`og o`tlvltos mojod wo`tu
ku`up jodo (dlsoj dolg bijf) `orhgo dhdpugyol hfh` nogb`o pognogb
sodpol 3= nod. Misls closogyo mltlgb`ot`og sodpol thrnoml so`lt `hpojo
otou hfh` chrot thraomop th`ogog moroa otou frh`uhgsl nogtugb, `hdumlog
mlturug`o
mlturug`og
g sodpol misls thrtlgbbl
thrtlgbbl yogb tlmo` dhgldcuj`o
dhgldcuj`og
g hfh` sodplgb
thrshc
thrshcut.
ut. Koro
Koro phdo`o
phdo`olog
log sojhp
sojhp closog
closogyo
yo mljodp
mljodplr`
lr`og
og pomo
pomo `hdoso
`hdosog.
g.
Uoslhg shjoju mllgbot`og
mllgbot`og ugtu` dhgbbogtl
dhgbbogtl thdpot yogb o`og mlijhs`og
mlijhs`og
sojhp ugtu` dhgkhboa lrltosl `ujlt. ]hropl Gig Fordo`ijibls Omo chrcobol
koro jolg yogb mlphrju`og ugtu` dhgurug`og `hcutuaog i`slbhg nogtugb
og
ogto
toro
ro jolg
jolg > pos
oslh
lhg
g aoru
aoruss chr
hra
ahg
hgtl
tl dh
dhri
ri`
`i`
i`,, `o
`orh
rhgo
go dhri
dhri`
`i`
dhgbo`lcot`og to`l`ormlo mog gol`gyo th`ogog moroa, shalgbbo dhdo`so
nogtugb ch`hrno `hros.
`hros . Irogb ichsltos mlognur`og dhgurug`og chrot comog
ugtu` dhgburogbl `hrno nogtugb. Dhgburogbl strhss ugtu` dhgurug`og
`omor omrhgojlg yogb mopot dhgldcuj`og vosi`igtrl`sl phdcuju moroa.
Uhgbigtrijog bujo moroa. Uhgbbugoog `igtro shpsl mog `hprlcomlog shphrtl
sogbot `idphtltlf, obrhslf otou odclslus.

b. Uhgotojo`sogoog @hphrowotog
o. Chrl`og pislsl shdlfiwjhr
c. Chrl`og i`slbhg `igshgtrosl tlgbbl (6-?5 jlthr/dhglt)
k. @ijocirosl phdchrlog gltribhg, chth cji`hr mog `ojslud ogotobigls)
 m. Digltir th`ogog moroa, goml mog phrgoposog
h. Jo`u`og HBK
f. Icshrvosl cugyl nogtugb
b. Icshrvosl omogyo duoj, dugtoa mog `igstlposl ( [dhjtzhr, 3553)

N. Osu
Osuaog
aog @hph
@hphrrowo
owotog
?. Uhgb`onlog
?) Uhg
Uhgb`
b`on
onlo
log
g prl
prldh
dhrr
o. Olrwoys
 [udcotog otou phgudpu`og shkrht

 Rahhzlgb otou `rh`jhs

c. Crhotalgb
 [hso` mhgbog o`tlfltos rlgbog otou lstlroaot


SS jhcla morl
morl 3= `ojl/dhglt,
`ojl/dhglt, lrodo lrhbujhr mogb`oj
 Sigkal, `rh`jhs

 H`spogsl momo tlmo` phgua

 Uhgbbugoog itit cogtu gofos

k. Klrkujotlig
 Goml jhdoa , tlmo` throtur

 ]o`l`orml

 ]M dhglgb`ot / dhgurug

 Hmhdo

 Bhjlsoa

 O`roj mlgblg

 @ujlt pukot, slogisls

 Iutput urlgh dhgurug

3) Uh
Uhgb
gb`o
`onl
nlog
og sh
sh`u
`ugm
gmhr
hr
o. O`tlfltos
 Bhnojo >
- @hjhdoaog
- @hjhjoaog
 - ]lmo`
lmo` mop
opot
ot tlmu
tlmurr
- Uijo
Uijo alm
lmu
up dhg
dhght
htop
op
- Nomwo
Nomwojj ijoa
ijoa rob
roboo tlmo
tlmo`
` thro
throtu
turr

 ]ogmo >
- ]o`l`orml
- Mlspgho pomo lstlroaot otou oo`tlfltos
c. [lr`ujosl
 Bhnojo
Slwoyot LDO shchjudgyo, phgyo`lt orthrl `irighr, dosojoa th`ogog
moroa, mlochths dhjjltus.
 ]ogmo >


]h`ogog moroa
i Mopot girdoj / gol` / turug

i Uhru
Uhruco
coao
aog
g pi
pistu
sturoj
roj mlko
mlkotot
tot mo
morl
rl tlmu
tlmurr sodpo
sodpoll mu
mumu
mu`
` otou
otou
chrmlrl
 Goml
i Mopo
Mopott gi
gird
rdoj
oj , ph
phgu
gua
a ot
otou
ou tlmo
tlmo`
` `u
`uot
ot ot
otou
ou jh
jhdo
doa
a / `u
`uot
ot
`uojlt
`uojltosg
osgyo
yo mhgbog
mhgbog phgbls
phgblslog
log `opljh
`opljhrr jodcot
jodcot,, tlmo`
tlmo` throtu
throtuss
(mlsrltdlo).
 Cugyl nogtugb
i Cugyl
Cugyl nogtug
nogtugb
b h`stro
h`stro > [; otou
otou [= dugb`l
dugb`lg
g dhgugn
dhgugnu``
u``og
og
boboj
boboj nogtug
nogtugb
b otou phguru
phgurugog
gog `igtro`
`igtro`tljl
tljlts
ts otou
otou `idpjo
`idpjolg
lg
vhgtrl`hj.
 Durdur
i Cljo omo dhgugnu``og boboj `otup otou mlsfugbsl itit nogtugb

 Frl`sl > mlkurlbol Uhrl`ormltls

 Lrodo nogtugb mopot throtur otou tlmo` throtur

 Hmhdo
 i Mlst
Mlsthg
hgsl
sl vh
vhgo
go nubu
nubujh
jhr,
r, hm
hmhd
hdoo mh
mhph
phgm
gmhg
hgt,
t, ph
phrlf
rlfhr
hr,, hm
hmhd
hdoo
udud
udud,, `r
`rh`
h`jh
jhss dugb
dugb`l
`lg
g om
omoo mh
mhgb
gbog
og bo
bobo
bojj no
nogt
gtug
ugb
b ot
otou
ou
vhgtrl`hj.

 Rorgo
i Uukot otou slogisls, `u`u motor , pomo dhdcrog du`isso otou
clclr.

k. Lg
Lgthb
thbrl
rltos
tos hb
hbi
i
 Bhnojo >

Dhgyogb`oj bhnojo phgtlgb otou omogyo `igmlsl to`ut dotl, phrosoog

phrosoo g
onoj sumoa mh`ot, doroa pomo phgyo`lt otou phrowotog, `aowotlr
thgtogb `huogbog, `hrno, `hjuorbo.
 ]ogmo >
Dhgijha, dhgyogb`oj, khdos, `urogb `igto` doto, bhjlsoa, doroa,
phrljo`u dhgyhrogb, fikus pomo mlrl shgmlrl, `ido gyhrl.
gyhrl.
m. Hjld
Hjldlg
lgos
osll
 ]ogmo >

 Girdoj


Cugyl usus dhgurug.
h. Do
Do`o
`ogo
gog
g otou
otou kolro
kolrog
g
 Bhnojo >
Duoj, ogirh`slo, chrshgmowo, gyhrl uju aotl otou thrco`or.
 ]ogmo >
Uh
Uhgu
guru
rugo
gog
g turb
turbir
ir `ujl
`ujlt,
t, `u
`ujl
jltt `h
`hrl
rlgb
gb,, ch
chr`
r`hr
hrlg
lgbo
bot,
t, dugt
dugtoa
oa,,
phrucoaog chrot comog.
f. Ayblhgh
 Bhnojo otou togmo >
@hsujltog dhjo`u`og tubos phrowotog
 b. Ghur
Ghuris
ishg
hgsi
sirl
rl
 Bhnojo >
Uusl
Uuslgb
gb,, ch
chrm
rmhg
hgyu
yutt shjod
shjodoo tlmu
tlmurr ot
otou
ou soot
soot co
cogb
gbug
ug (m
(mum
umu`
u` otou
otou
lstroaot )


]ogmo >
Uhrucoaog dhgtoj, `hjhdoaog.
a. Gyhrl otou `htlmo`gyod
`htlmo`gyodogog
ogog
 Bhnojo >

 Gyhrl momo yogb tldcujgyo dhgmomo` (mopot otou tlmo`

chraucugbog mhgbog o`tlfltos ), tlmo` aljogb mhgbog
mhgbog lstlroaot otou
gltribjlshrlg (dhs`lpug `hcogyo`og gyhrl mojod mog vlshroj)
 Ji`osl >
]lpl
]lpl`o
`ojj po
pomo
mo mo
momo
mo og
ogthr
thrli
lir,
r, sucs
sucsth
thrg
rgoj
oj , pr
prh`
h`ir
irml
mloj
oj,, mo
mopo
pott

dhgyhcor `h togbog, rogaogb, wonoa. ]lmo` thrthgtu ji`oslgyo

shphrtl hplbostrlud, sl`u, roaogb, ocmidhg, pugbbugb, jhahr.
 @uojltos >
‚Krusalgb—, dhgyhdplt, chrot, dhghtop, thrth`og, shphrtl mopot
mljlaot.
 Lgthgsltos >
Closog
Closogyo
yo ?5 (pomo
(pomo s`ojo
s`ojo ?-?5),
?-?5), dugb`
dugb`lg
lg phgboj
phgbojodo
odog
g gy
gyhrl
hrl
pojlgb curu` yogb phrgoa
phrgoa mlojodl.
 Kototog
Kototog > gyhrl dugb`lg
dugb`lg tlmo` omo pomo poslhg
poslhg posko iphrosl,

mlochths dhjjltus, alphrthgsl, jogslo.

l. Uhr
hrg
gof
ofos
osog
og >
 Bhnojo >

 Mlspgho togpo otou mhgbog `hrno

 Mlspgho gikturgoj

 Cotu` mhgbog otou togpo primu`sl sputud

s putud

 Slwoyot dhri`i`, phgyo`lt phrgofosog `rigls.

 ]ogmo >

 Uhglgb`otog frh`uhgsl phrgofosog

 Gofos shso` / `uot

  Uukot, slogisls

 Cugyl gofos ( chrsla, `rh`jhs, dhgbl ), sputud

n. Lgthr`osl sikloj
 Bhnojo >


[trhss
 @hsujltog `iplgb mhgbog strhssir yogb omo dlssoj > phgyo`lt,
phrowotog ml S[
 ]ogmo >

 @hsujltog lstlroaot mhgbog thgogb

 Shspig thrjoju hdisl ( doroa thrus-dhghrus, to`ut )

 Dhgorl` mlrl
3. Mlobgi
Mlobgiso
so `hph
`hphrow
rowoto
otog
g yogb
yogb shrlgb
shrlgb dugkuj
dugkuj
?) Gyhrl chraucugbog mhgbog obhg
obhg khmhro clijibls
3) Shsl`i phgurugog kuroa nogtugb
;) Lgtijhrogsl o`tlfltos chraucugbog mhgbog `htlmo`shldcogbog ogtoro supjol
i`slbhg, `hjhdoaog udud.
=) Khdo
Khdoss ch
chra
rauc
ucug
ugbo
bog
g mh
mhgb
gbog
og og
ogkod
kodog
og ph
phru
ruco
coao
aog
g stotu
stotuss `h
`hsha
shaot
otog
og,,
`hdotlog, `rlsls sltuosligoj.
8) @urogb phgbhtoauog
phgbhtoauog chraucugbog mhgbog `urogb lgfirdosl

;. Lgth
Lgthrv
rvhg
hgsl
sl `hphr
`hphrow
owot
otog
og
Aumo, O. G. mog @usudo, A., 35?;
Mlobgiso
Lgthrvhgsl
@hphrowotog
Gyhrl o`ut Uolg Dogobhdhgt
Fo`tir yogb Jo`u`og phgb`onlog gyhrl shkoro `idprhahgslf
chraucugbog > thrdosu` ji`osl, `oro`thrlstl`, murosl, frh`uhgsl,
Obhg khmhro `uojltos, mog fo`tir prhslpltosl.
(clijibls, zot Icshrvosl rho`sl gigvhrcojmorl `htlmo`gyodogog.
`ldlo, flsl`, Bugo`og th`gl` `idugl`osl throphutl` ugtu`
psl`ijibls) dhgbhtoaul phgbojodog gyhrl poslhg.

@onl `ujtur yogb dhdphgborual rhspig gyhrl.

 Hvojuosl phgbojodog gyhrl doso jodpou.

Hvojuosl chrsodo poslhg mog tld `hshaotog jolg

thgtogb `htlmo`hfh`tlfog `igtrij gyhrl doso jodpou.
Cogtu poslhg mog `hjuorbo ugtu` dhgkorl mog

dhghdu`og mu`ugbog.
@igtrij jlgb`ugbog yogb mopot dhdphgborual gyhrl,
shphrtl suauruogbog, phgkoaoyoog, mog `hclslgbog.
@urogbl fo`tir prhslpltosl gyhrl.
Uljla mog jo`u`og phgb`onlog gyhrl (fordo`ijibl,
(for do`ijibl, gig
fordo`ijibl mog lgthrphrsigoj).
@onl tlph mog sudchr gyhrl ugtu` dhghtu`og
lgthrvhgsl.
Onor`og thgtogb th`gl` gigfordo`ijibl

Chrl`og ogojbhtl` ugtu` dhgburogbl gyhrl.

Hvojuosl `hhfh`tlfog `igtrij gyhrl.

]lgb`ot`og lstlroaot.
@ijocirosl mhgbog mi`thr nl`o omo `hjuaog mog
tlgmo`og gyhrl tlmo` chraoslj.
Digltir phghrldoog poslhg thgtogb dogonhdhg gyhrl.
Shsl`i phgurugog Kormlok Korh
phrfusl norlgbog  Hvojuosl omogyo gyhrl momo (lgthgsltos, ji`osl, murosl).
nogtugb  Kotot omogyo mlsrltdlo nogtugb.

 Kotot omogyo togmo mog bhnojo phgurugog kormlok

iutput.
 Digltir stotus phrgofosg yogb dhgogmo`og boboj
nogtugb.
 Digltir ocmidhg shcobol lgml`otir phgurugog
phrfusl.
 Digltir cojogkh kolrog.

 Digltir omogyo phrucoaog th`ogog moroa.

 Digltir rhspig poslhg thraomop hfh` phgbicotog

ogtlorltdlo.
  Otur phrlimh jotlaog mog lstlroaot ugtu` dhgbalgmorl
`hjhjoaog.
 Digltir tijhrogsl o`tlvltos poslhg.

 Digltir omogyo myspghu, fotlbuh, to`lpghu, irtipghu.


Ognur`og ugtu` dhgurug`og strhss.
Lgtijhrogsl o`tlvltos Oktlvlty ]ahropy
Fo`tir \ogb  @ijocirosl mhgbog thgogbo rhaocljltosl dhml` mojod
Chraucugbog > dhrhgkogo`og pribrod thropl yogb thpot.
]lroa corlgb otou  Cogtu `jlhg ugtu` dhgblmhgtlfl`osl o`tlvltos yogb
ldicljlsosl dodpu ml jo`u`og.
@hjhdoaog udud  Cogtu` ugtu` dhdljla o`tlvltos `igslsthg yogb shsuol
@htlmo`shldcogbog mhgbog `hdodpuog flsl`, psl`ijibl mog sisloj.
ogtoro supjolmog  Cogtu ugtu` dhgblmhgtlfl`osl mog dhgmopot`og
`hcutuaog i`slbhg
sudchr yogb ml phrju`og ugtu` o`tlvltos yogb ml
Ldicljltos lgblg`og.
Boyo almup  Cogtu ugtu` dhgmopot`og ojot cogtuog o`tlvltos
digitig shphrtl `ursl rimo.
 Cogtu ugtu` dhgblmhgtlfl`osl o`tlvltos yogb ml su`ol.

 Cogtu `jlhg ugtu` dhdcuot nomwoj jotlaog ml wo`tu

juogb.
 Cogtu poslhg mog `hjuorbo ugtu` dhgblmhgtlfl`osl
`h`urogbog mojod chro`tlvltos.


[hmlo`og phgbuotog pisltlf cobl yogb o`tlf
chro`tlvltos.
 Cogtu poslhg ugtu` dhgbhdcogb`og ditlvosl mlrl mog
phgbuotog.
Digltir rhspig flsl`, hdisl, sisloj, mog splrltuoj.
Ogslhtos (khdos) Ogxlhty Shmuktlig (Uhgurugog @hkhdosog)
Fo`tir \ogb Bugo`og phgmh`orog yogb dhghgogb`og.
Chraucugbog > Gyoto`og mhgbog nhjos aoropog thraomop phjo`u poslhg
Uhrucoaog stotus Nhjos`g shduo prishmur mog opo yogb mlroso`og

`hshaotog shjodo prishmur.

@hdotlog Uoaodl prhsph`tlf poslhg thraomop sltuosl strhss.
@rlsls sltuosligoj ]hdogl poslhg ugtu` dhdchrl`og `hodogog mog
dhgburogbl to`ut.
Mirigb `hjuorbo ugtu` dhghdogl poslhg.

Jo`u`og cok` / ghk` ruc.

Mhgbor`og mhgbog phgua phraotlog

Lmhgtlfl`osl tlgb`ot `hkhdosog
Cogtu poslhg dhgbhgoj sltuosl yogb dhgldcuj`og
`hkhdosog.
Mirigb poslhg ugtu` dhgbugb`op`og phrosoog,
`hto`utog, phrshpsl.
Lgstru`sl`og poslhg dhgbbugo`og th`gl` rhjo`sosl.

Chrl`og icot ugtu` dhgburogbl `hkhdosog.

@urogb  Chrl`og lgfirdosl mojod chgtu` chjonor yogb

phgbhtoauog chrforlosl, kigtia cu`u, pribrod oumli / vlsuoj, togyo

Fo`tir yogb nowoc, mjj.
chaucugbog >  Chrl phgnhjosog fo`tir rhsl`i, mlht (rhgmoa jhdo` mog
@urogb lgfirdosl borod) mog o`tlvltos yogb chrjhclaog.
 Uhrlgbot`og ugtu` dhgbalgmorl go`tlvltos doguvhr
vojsovo.
 Jotla poslhg shaucugbog mhgbog o`tlvltos yogb
chrtoaop kigtia > nojog, `hrno, rh`rhosl, o`tlvltos
sh`suoj.
 MOF]OS UX[]O@O

Ogwor. 35?=. @hphrowotog Dhmlkoj-Chmoa Vij

Vij 3
3.. No`orto > HBK

Korphglti, J.N. 35?5. Mlobgiso @hphrowotog, Opjl`osl pomo Uro`tl` @jlgls, hmlsl 6.
No`orto> HBK

Kirwlg, HN. 35?5. Cu`u [o`u Uotiflslijibl, ; Hmlsl Shvlsl.

Shvlsl. No`orto> HBK

Flgorbo. 35?5. Ogblgo. Mlduot mojod attp>//flgorbo.cjibspit.kid/ (mlo`shs pomo ??

Dorht 35?3)

Aumo,
Aumo, O. G. mog @usudo,
@usudo, A. 35?;.
35?;. Opjl`osl @hphrowtog Chrmosor`og Mlobgisls
Dhmls & Gogmo GLK-GIK. No`orto>HBK.

Niagsig, D., ht ojj. 35?5. Gurslgb Iutkidhs Kjosslflkotlig (GIK) [hkigm Hmltlig.
Hmltlig.
Ghw Nhrshy> Xpphr [ommjh Slvhr

Numlta
Numlta D. Rlj`lgsig.
Rlj`lgsig. 35?8.
35?8. Urhgtlkh Aojj Gurslgb Mlobgisls Aogmcii` wlta GLK
Lgthrvhgtligs ogm GIK Iutkidh.
Iutkidh. Ghw Nhrshy > Airrlsigcurb.

Dogsnihr, O m``. 35?3. @ oplto [hjh`to @hmi`throg, Nljlm ? hmlsl ;.

; . No`orto> Dhmlo
Ohskujoplus

Soc, ]. 35?3. Obhgmo Bowot Morurot

Morurot (Krltlkoj Korh).
Korh). Cogmugb> Uhghrclt U] Ojudgl

[ogtiso, Cuml. 35?3. Uogmuog Mlobgiso @hphrowotog GOGMO 3558-3556. No`orto>

Urldo Dhml`o