MEDIEVAL LITURGY: An Introduction to the Sources » ya Cyrille Voge Revised and Translated by William G. Storey and Niels Krogh Rasmussen, OP. wih the asatance of John K.Brooks-Leonard ‘The Pastoral Press Washington, DC.224 Foun: Gracony ma Gaza 10 Gascony VIE: Ta Ono of pnance in Tht Ra SUG tht ofA. Casi, L Suan sin, Salsa me ret of ple fen pate perm here Mast sil may pent ed ae es espealy pie! pling andthe obevances of he Mage: {tks or pent pigrmages soe © Yoga "hepernge pte” Ani Coages etane fees Tei (Tod 16) 294, Seprned n S(155) 113153 Ts. Le Bag, Pensenela” DTC 12 (1935) 11601375; te best athe is now © Vogt ir Prone, yologie den somes Mayen age Occdonl 2 (row 1978); te Pek by A Pts Spun $5 (1980) 404-05 es NL ie poe or Ge ip a se 10 ale Fo ee ‘stnehisen Die Busco tr soniaios Kc ale 1853, ‘eprint Gat 1958) and 1. Sha Die ssc nl ein er [tte Osne Ith 2 (elon 189 oth vole pita’ Gra 998, the ner shel the pened tnecotayj Longere (eS) er Pree ls es (owen 1968) —Peritents gis MP SL lame, cnn fone L fe Mle ge Loon 86D]... Came, an. Ment Fools of Pree A Talon of the Princ te poten end Seo from Bet Dacre ew Yer 1958) © Sly, Te ask Peet Septors Late Hiveriae5 bn 1963) Per, Seo he Poet oan nd Tian of Seal Ce, 801150 aor 1904) New al aivon by Re Rote shnouneed foe C- V. THE ROMANO-FRANKISH/ ROMANO-GERMANIC PERIOD: FROM GREGORY THE GREAT (590-604) TO GREGORY VII (1073—1085). THE ROMANO- GERMANIC PONTIFICAL OF THE TENTH CENTURY (=RGP) ‘Theoretically the turpealcompiltlon thst we ells Pons res fom the combining ofthe non-zacharose orgs withthe forresponding prayers from the Sacramentary in practice, how. ‘ever, the Pontil didnot appear inte fully developed stage ll at ‘nee. A variety of diferent attempts and experiments sppetred over 2 considerable sange of te bloresetiing into 8 Siriy standard Shape Some collestions were moro lee compete or more o ess engaged fom ecraneaus tlements—didacie, edijing ot jure lei} some were bater arranged than others or were, sly, hnmdier. And ths remained true not only during de xy eagus of ‘experimentation but doughs the entre Mile Ages Ae (atczed in the Ine XV century and as corrected and epproved by Pope Clement VIl in 1596, the Roman Poti wae he end result of centuries of tal and error” The new book developed for purely prt ratone« Kegs foand st mach hands to have ina engl volume bth the dcectons ended to cslebrate well and the prayers theaselves. This proved | much beter arrangement thn having to const two colons, {he edo or orn, onthe one hand, and the Secretary, on the ther Pontifale appeared more for resons of convenience Than Decause tugs! expert set about constructing them. For cetuns the compilations that we ave come fo all Ponca ‘ed no proper name of thle owt hi ext snplybogan with the ft tem to appear (prayer, bra, odo, ec) "The oldest erm used at Rome to designate the Romano-Germanic collection ws simply ao or Ondo romans —a tem that ore226 Pave: Gecony nt Gru 0 Garcons VI: To Pox bck oe time when the Geran origin of he Meine Ponts haa ‘een completly fngoten. Gene ties like ono were to designate ‘he Pont for long Hine to come. The expression Charo pms or Ordon dome pope appenred lead in some M&S ofthe XIT Century Ponta ‘hrs Biblio, de YArsonal, ender 383; XIV century) in the sine MSS we can begin to dlscover such terms es Ler onion oe Liber pons scum cation romans ecdesie {eg Pts Bio, Nat, cer lat. 1219; XV contary). Origa, Libr pono (The Book of the Popes) had been sed forthe papal ‘ronicies bu, beginning in the XIV century, stared to eplace the ‘older terms, Only Or romans an Oru, "The tse of Fone asa noun spears already atthe end of the Do bogsning of the XIV eontry Sn ¢ Roman Me (tt 5791) fd in to Laren MSS: Font rcudams consietne romana ae iat ly 1298; XIV conta. and Pers It 960, XIV featur). “The famous Philippe de Cabsesole, bishop of Cavalon (1334 1361), pettarch of Tera (1361) and cardinal (1368-1372), ‘equated Lane Pola historian af wor rma cari (ce F Ducheane, Hiss es carnaus fran, 2 [Pais 1660) 416. |A-TIRST ATTEMPTS AT PONTIFICALS BEFORE THE ROMANO-GERMANIC PONTIFICAL OF THE TENTIL CENTURY. The association of ceremonial factions and the appropiate prayers could have ocured thin he confine of Sacramentary in Eich savy, te proer formalas would have been supplied wi Suiable rubics drawn ffom the older orbs, leaving the Liber Sommetori a sood, In atl fc, however, such an approach ‘rasnot usd, probaly fr prey practical reasons, sac the already busized Secrmentces of the Sime would have been swollen ‘beyond al proportion’ Rather, nsfar asthe MSS permit us to ascertain the combination cof ring and Sacramentary took place in two diferent waye: 1) The noncucharaie orien were provided with thet cor sponding. prayers from the Sacramentary. This was the older folition andy generally the pores since it tended to get out of Selance Thre were afew sutctefal auorpts long thea ines but ‘hot wes only whan the ono or rds in question were ina pure Primitive Potfals a7 seis, compen of special ugar, Cnely peaking, however, the odo wae ciproportonately large compared {0 the formula expecially when i mea question of ois cated wish non-tara! information, eg MSS I-t ofthe following Is. ‘These are collections of one in which the prayers are given In etn rater than a pts or as rferences toa Sacramentary (te ‘scrametari cote). 32) The non-euchasic omnis, detached from the Sacramentary, swore provided with rubrics drawn from the coresponding arlins ‘This was the later solution and, gene, gave beter results than the former in this case the prayers are the pont of departere and not the trims, 2g, nos. 69 of the following ist. As a consequence, the Ponta i as if were, a Um broken off the trunk of the Seeramentary. '3) NK. Rasotten has recently shown thatthe orgie ofthe pontifical ean also be found inthe existence of separate iil for Derticlr sites: These Hell were subsequently bound together to fom a kind of pontifical” ‘The fst attempls at Pontifcals appeared in the DX cantuy in Germany, France ly and Svitzzland. The complete repertary of och alempis cot be established ani a methocicl inventory of the Mares ofthe several couires has Been completed Here area few major examples: 4, Cologne, Bo. cap clr 158 lenty I centr deed sien tr ta, 0h is wnem Caen eve tage ena meses 2, Veron. apt cde 92 (Verona, ny I cents denctoed dia py 9778s 2-47 Ta wns wet Caecen cel snting ovals» Baap whe mes ote “Toe Riot of Wisembouy Wolenbtel, Herzog Ang Bi, ee Recess a Bron eed yh on {8 and 468-490 T work of «on of Wosesour regs by © Sanya canna fone Cao rot ihe Cnr. in a nse componion, he Gyan 73 cre Pure an he RCP oe “The Poifial of St omen of RatibonRegeniarg Ofeich Stony Che 51; Era ey ce, Dased BY Andres on 252298 A sop bok Ts Veena 92 The Polit of Angus nga ib mac e809 ub of ‘angers cota Deseba by V.Lrogn Le Rofo 12.1228 oes Gascon mia Gnuar 10 Greco VI Tit Powrncnss 6 The Ponti eld the Foi of Poor ari Bb. de Vee, ‘les Se Peed Varon Ps a ol he Dt cent) A ey complex ‘une dened by Larogun op 257-270; A. Mart (1 Cts ‘flea Pin RED, See je 14 (ome 3873) Tae Roa ot Peburg (rsoar/B, Unrest as 965; Soe i ent) the if! of Doneaschirgen nmery Donaseshingen, Fr ‘iteneg, Mii, clr 19%, Constince, en of he DK Century) Documents 7 nd @ hove been sacs adeeb J. Mager, Ze! fart Rr om, rae Te. en 77 (Geta Be 118), pp. nn Ragen! Peal of Ratabon/Bapensturg (Vienna Nason ee Th Pia ile Bb. muri clr sc 26 sate ce Datel erga Lr oe 8. Ti te Ri ala fl apt rope ct on, rerdt eu Pua rhe Mapas Pte Ee escent Osea 197, Tent oO Nc 17 Chor ent ofthe cep Deeb Urges, a 1 18. EPs of ca ch Senter endo adi cy Bact hy Ani, Onan 1 S46 “the hn of gr ok vy 880 oa 10375; Yok 100, ‘by W. reel Te foe of Act Et of Yk (Suber ES "a the Pfs oS. Coan fConal c oett Soran Ae se bse Howe te ankip cue 96 ean Ba by GAL Bate fon HSS (adn 1907 2 eB of rasp Raber ke know he eta of hese se, Bn meso or 36 1c), by TA be ln of ay oe DS 24 (Camitge 1) "are Pf of Sw Cong, Pb Benes tn NL. ssipion Steen ne Qt 5 Keanu) Se Se Le [ee Hone Sooke pre a Sin ae 1 0) ie oe "The Poof! of Sherborne or of St. Dunstan (Pars, BIN. coder et. 963, coast she nt of Canal aly (iI. 701, OX ema. Shark Se Snes HS eprint i Be 3, Serato fone 1970 Ta Cnn fine and Bh ery MS, Cato Cos ‘Ni. DAL Ter B89 (Cher 197). $i Tae Anan fifi! (Lota Bolan Ler NS At 87307. ‘esnt hae Be ons, onsen 17 et Bosman Prinitoe Potts m9 "pe Mavs Pann rgd nd ala 29 97 48 2 Lod (Usd) (Arve ofthe Chad Ca 10) Poti rom 100, ed JR Borg lune Saran inal oil de ade Pbtnon de Fnda Saador Vines Cajun 97 Baeslna 197), "3, Cacow Qagelonnn Libary, MS 2057 canary) & Obey, ‘The Qa Fil, HBS 100 (Manche 97). "A spec place belongs the Foti f Bip Bah of Rabon Rigeaburg 81754) (Vienna Nato, Ss mo oe 276223, {EUnet De ator Pie ds ths rch oo eee Spiegiun Faorgense 8 (reburp 1962) S131 Whe Cal, & ‘alacton ofthe prayers for te Ltgy of te Hours, na. 19, the ‘fet non 650-53} Te dosmantins ung combat fe Callas ts Peni whch an be ‘ye fet atthe ibop of ‘igensurg wat alte abbot of t Bern The Ceara lscupt rom tho Hales adnan thot te Supplmen). Tat Penticton rom the Ressh Pons pled oy Mager and fom te RGR tanbes among He cdot aero rng ‘As the Ponta was elaborate along the ne slrendy indicated, the non-eucharistic formar gradually disappeared from the Liber ‘sormenforam. As this oecored the Sacramentary tended to become 1 Missal. amples the Sacramentary of Ariens (Pari iblo. Nat, ‘oer, 943; 2nd half ofthe IX century), the Sacramentary of Tours (Pars, Biblio. Nat, coder lt, mowoel aqus. 1565; 2nd af of IK ‘entry, the Sersmentary ofS, Amand Par Bio. Neale it 2291; 2nd half of IX century)" the Sacramentary of Aver (Pari, ‘Bila. Nat, coe at 2812; 2nd hal of DX cantry). fm the Xcentry, asthe Ponte matured and spread the Sacrameniay became more land more «book forthe Buch lon. Example of exceptions for this prio are the Sacramentary of Rotadus or of Corie ins 12031), the Sacramentary of Beuals (risus 9429) and the Sacramentary of St. Vasit or of Rooldoe (Pris 12052) One sould not confuse the of Beauvais withthe MS of Veyten, Ulvesty Library coder 11-292 ef NK Rasmus, “Le ‘Ponta de Beauvais (OVX s),” Sua Puisiea 10= TU 107 (Gavin 1970) «13-8, Tn the X century, Pontcale mupied at an accelerated ate, We ‘ant amine tem here in detall since ove ate engaged in liscerning only the main lines ofthe evolution of the iugic books Medivalss wil ave ne diicalty ering these Ponta ‘whose dees and origins are becoming clearer and clearer.1230: Gnsconr riz Gnu 0 Gascone VI: Ti Powncts Among the Pontifical of the X century we shal sess the one that svat destined to Dacome the point of depute for alter eplocopal ‘boos, Is extraordinary career was a8 mach the result of Gvorale pola ceumsances set as of ove intense mess. “THE ROMANO-GERMANIC PONTIFICAL OF THE TENTH. (CENTURY (ca. 950-962)=RGP. ‘The compilation which Michel Andries Sdenied and elled the Ronno-Germane Poi! of the Teth Contry $ also alld the Ponlifeal of Otto the Great (Otonisches Poti) or the Mainz onlay Andrew's te preferable, however because it expresses bea heb or mixed nature of thi famous document now ina ‘ital edition by C Vogel. Ene, Lx Pow! romano eraniaue du YX se 1-2: Te; 3 odor nl Tbe, SeT 226, 27,269 (Vatican Cy 1968, 1972." 1. The Mami In Ghe DX centry, the collctions of onus (@he very Roman Collection A and the sever! Gallanized Collections) stopped appearing separate booklets and compete their rary career in fro sort of ways =) Combined with usdico- or teologcodturgicl text the cles become didactic eases forthe lesruction ofthe clergy a thie stage they are no longer Iurgil books propery speaking bat ‘ference volumes" 1b) Combined with excerpts from the Sacraments ab we have destitbd above, they become experimental Pontcals of greater ot lesser worth depending on thet rganination snd completeness” Tn the cefuy, thes ro taone merge nthe RGP. Some fy [MSS ofthe RGP survive and permit no doubt att their common brigin™ Ava whole he MSS are German or German noign and tren the ain, Pron, English and Polish examples levy depend ‘pon German models “The most important MSS are the following: they ae vided ito four groups or fale: 1) Monte Cuing Abbey Loy, clo 51 (opal In, Bonvenan rp line Sloe 1050, tom Benin BS which ad. been ‘aorolt a Roma, etcen 96 md 1002} Romano Germans Ponifial ofthe X Coty 231 Roms, Blo, Vallcllins, eer OS (enaventn et tle ser the "Sannmis451, 1 Samberg Cant Ba, clr He 8 (Bamberg XI century). Bh ut, Epacopal Archives, Poi! of Conder 1 (10572073, te Blo cap, ele 67 Copnd t Lace om a Mae mode, second bal of cent Pa, Bo. pi ce 61 (hom a Mainz model XI cent) ta he 9 Home, Bio. Alesanrinn, eer 173 copied in aly reaps at ame el from s Subeg ode ent XU ent) ‘end Bo muni. slr 18 Copied trom 9 Sacburg model st Tal @f XI ceteris MS the cure of te flowing te ti bi. at seria 639 Gna hal of Contry Vie nga, ‘io. munky ele 36 fate Mor ery Xi entry 19 Vien, Nata, ele It 701 Bt. Ata Abbe ety: don, Bish Lay, coder a 1700 (a German spre, XL tn) 2. Cones ofthe ROP. (Only an overview ofthis vast compilation can be gven hare; it {nls some 258 ies of varying dimension running fom asple sco or Mace formula to vertabe treats and elections of docaments This work ea gensine Pentel and not a collection of ordnes because the relevant prayers figure in exenso at the ‘oqulrd placos. Neverthelsy it snot yet pare’ Ponta itl semaine attached tothe eater dace traction: nit we Sind sernons for special ocasions (the dedicaon of churches, synods, fe), Epetions mise, explanations ofthe Lod’ Prayer, the Creed ted the Ofc ofthe Dasd” Actually the RGP ie lee ‘pare’ than some fuler atempis which had fewer didacie mates, eg, the Voonensis 92, Conia 138 or the Poetical of Wienbauy, the Gunrblanie 175. There ae also a considerable rember of Mase ‘proper that would be more logcaly located in the Sacraments fr the MissaP™~as they came toe, litle by litle, in subsequent books. “Aside from these two ctegorles, the RGP conan a good many chal olin (destined to disappear at coninued to be cpled), ome contemporary orfnes of the midIX century and various Roman Frankih and German les worked out in Neus, Ausrania forthe Rhinaand sac the Carolingian ere sori of Keaton for252: Gracoer is Guo 20 Geary VI Tr Powncass sarious cicumstinoes, and an important sees of le De for orden or medieval sterestd n divine worship, the RGP ts ‘yetiable ine of formation regarding the acta uric ugos of those Wester churches which adopied ths book after the X ‘entry Not only was the RGP the maoing place of ancient teeditions and the sepostory ofthe stat precces worked out inthe IX and X. friar tw als the pont of departure for a later evolution of ltugy that we stall lee, survived in the Reman Ponca of the High Middle Ages, inthe Ponti of Trent (159), and to some fxtent even inthe Poni ofthe Vater Coun! (1978). ost av the eucherate liturgy reached a kind of apogee inthe abionam revised and supplemented by St Benedict of Ariane 80 ‘on-auchariie worship (side Eom the Divine Ofc) reached & [ind of peak in the contends and areangement ofthe RGP. 4. Prooeance ofthe GP. “The paleography ofthe MSS indicates Germany and, to be rare exact the lly of Maina. Examination of the text reveal that the tlierentwliesres ll devive fom aslngle prototype compiled inthe Benedictine monastory of St. Alban of Mainz “The following evidence al pois in ths direction: Ono L (Onda vomanueenignarRGP, no. XCIX of the Vogsl-Ble editor) isan authentic and primitive prt of the RGP, Onto has no DS tredison apt ftom the KGP and seems never fo have existed independentiy beore being incorported ilo it" Now, in the ‘option Daye of thio ye ind x well znoven yan fom St. all Composed cx, 925: Hurl prac sare deoatone™ which conan ome important and characteristic variants onthe orignal: ') anew sanan added in honor of St Disbodus, the Fotton sot of Dstbodenbecg nett Mal, ant ofS Bonac, the pron Shin ofthe cy eel 1D) the St Gallus ofthe erga is replaced by celebrated holy ‘monk Theoda,whote body Charlemagne brought ffom Rome nd deposed inthe abbey of Clngenmdnster nest Landa, in he ‘iocse of Spire, where # seam the objet of special devotton for {he monk of St Alban’ abbey." “Alb ptr i bested forthe oxginal Otis pater, Sy ‘ott, the funderproteeor of the abbay of SL. Gal given ny bore St ben, the protector ofthe abbey Benzing le name. Romano German: Poti! ofthe X Century 238, ‘hee ans and aan were obvionl made ar tyme St Gal he nes be Tes Dur wee ty ogre espa oA a” 1) ie Verne Mt Nett oe 18088 apy ade nthe te cry of compton sere aS bat ineen99and 92 clr bed bth in Ot RP, XCD) an ter plac the RGF ond ane wap at seo to mean te npr) fas Lando he REP an ie moked nthe ste scpetn™ Shwe eaot sy without gion ht ns Land he RP tat tte ahr eel evar sal neve oem ‘inate the opponte™" Neral, we usin tt tt ‘tac hr earn wsahop aroma ng whale whch, ils note loge one ist ent efao one inte led than ipo oo hehe RGP, wh ha sxc an opto snd widen niece, opps tht Stil goals welled scorn tb te el ‘ity The seliop of Man cape precminen pion a Itrelpos sd tl ioctl Gatany soe pops ot Uh etry coved apn ad aga acne Sle Ho sts hts mgt i Coa i ont og [soft Gaye wo acne Sos fis 94nd 96 ra peonage var Wl fan he sor Oto th Get wots connect vi Alban e 0wl mend Moreover, gn he stig tendon of O80 1 ti of he ead araizop whosurounded Ri, we an fii lnc on trl on rng he a AE ee ote mor pin monet be Can inc, thers te Seinenny of Pe (Cong, ThvenasSbitet eta aa 4 Pie of te RP. {twa compiled around 880.9622 every indication points to thete sr a) Te eras ate ue nae "nko, (Voge, no XCIX) uses Feeudo-Alein’s Lier de dine sila (6, 910)2" Remigis of Awxer's (Fen 908) Eto de eho mlsane and Regino of Prim’s (1918) De 8 ‘dh Tp seaton tough te nermediey of other Se Albans wt (Mdobncnla 1888) 1 so eontina the hymn Hal prec, ily eomponed by Het of St. Gal (1925): the progres294 re Gracony re Gaears0 Graco Vil: Tas Powmnens accomplished by thie metrical emit left St. Gall ater 925, ws retouched at St Albany transcribed for the model of Vinabonnss 4888 and used again in Ondo L~brings us up tothe year 990 or thereabouts~and tore key afer trate than before The dating for the mode of Vinalonase 1888 (636/962) suppor such ¢ teria ete um a 1) Te terminus pst quem non ‘The ageofthe oldest MS wimesses oof ther immediate modelsas- slotsinclecovering the lst dat the RG couldhava been comple. Thus, the Luca MS, Biblio. cept codes 607, probably the work of Lascean copyst (ince the German ssints are eliminated fom the Manis an St Mar, the patron of Lucca’ cathedral, lowes the ist ‘of conissors) working from a model erginsting at Maine (76: Vis senctar Mogotonl Eze, mb et ekcnsorbus mei ct) Was teangenbed batween th years 960-1000." ‘Rome, Biblio. Alessandr caer 173, copied in Hay (Rome?) froma Mana Ponte originating at Salabg (018 Vissanca eos i, ih et uc rl, et) dates fom erund the yrs 1005-10102 ‘Monte Cassino, Abbey Library coer 451 and the Velo D. 8, sare diet copes ofan RGP, end ere interpolated around 996-1002, ‘efor lng copia, a follows Grit ome homo as rept ees (Oo us impr (May 21,996 Jan 3, 1002) The intezpoltion mast Jnave oecrred onthe ocason of Oto I's 999 vst to Home, on Aug 15 fast to which the action of the Came in Asunpiane ete Marc refers" “Vienna, Neonabiblothek, cer ius 1817 i copy of the RGP executed ca. 1002-102, because in the aes ingens we Gin the fumes of Pope Syvester If (999-1008) end King Henry (1002- 1028: Stent soe poise veal papa, sal Hels a Dep toroat mag epic re, i All hese chronological indications, pls the fact tat none ofthese IMSS are ether the archetype or the original, when added #9 the tmtonshing lsominaton ofthe cone in qoeston, demand » date tlosr to 950 than to 100, ‘A crtain amount of xtional cross checking even allows ust get site closer tothe exact date. "The Caroline hndwing of Laci 67 pont tothe second balf ofthe X century; the codex was coped from a model originating at Mat. Itmay well have been tansebed at ices during one ofthe ini of Oto 1, March, 962 or July-Aug, 9642 Tn the description ofthe orinaionsreeived by Pope Lxo Vil Romano-Germane Ponti of the X Contry 238 (De 6,962) 0 se that e was ordbned over period of two days to the order of arias, Inorg abc, dana ‘rsbyir In the daseiption ofthe oedinations of Joa XI, drawn Up Between Oa. 1, 965 and Dec. 965, the same cists haar eappenrs: etary pati lector ein eubcanoam aco Bat auch» care sa Frankish or Galicen one, absolutely foreign to ‘he Roman documents Consequenty, we may suppac that these ‘ndinations were confered wit the help of & copy of the RGF, ‘xpoclyrncs Leo Vill war a creation of Oto {and was orined in his presence and that of his episcopal entourage who surely osstesed a book ike that of Maina” “The German ado for royal crenatons (On af regen beeen qua nous lr at opus ublinatr reg) appears inthe RCP {fives diferent versions" This Ono cannot be found outside the MSS of the RGP and seems 1 have ad no ober leary mode" ‘Thanks to Widokna’s account, we know the ceremonies sed a the royel coronation of Oo Tat Aachen, Aug 7, 986° But the Onl a repo benedict not comeapond with the information provided by Widukind™ although kt does agree perectiy with what ‘re know sbout the royal coronation of Oto Il st Anchen, May 26, 3612" At thir lter ceremony, the ofan! wos the archehaneelo of ‘he Empire, Archbishop William of Mainz the protacor of St [Allan's abbey" It not too far fetehed to soppose tht ths prelate asked the septorium of tht monastery to supply him with an aio forthe coronation" these bits of addtional Snformation ace va, the train post en non ofthe RGP enue between the years 961-69; that mes {Emmust have bean asembled between 950 and 961-96. 5 The Erie! Arangemet of the RCP. All the copies of the RGP that surive derive fom a common archetype but none of them an be considered the archetype a even ‘alt copy of och less the orignal eet ‘We must not think ofthis ‘xgina” too simplstcly. Given its hoor volume an its importance for worship, soveral redators must have worked on i Le, 1 was assembled by team of edtors rather than by a single person, We can be equally suze tate work tat concerned the very foundation of the Charis worship was nots tmowe priate projec some great eclesistie must have either ‘supervised oa leas stood guarantor of is execation This Would have buon Archbishop Wiliam of Mainz (954-968), brother ofthe236 ive: Groom te Garo Gracont Vl: Tas Powrincals engeror, protector ofS Albus nd primate of Germany prekably Sith tere encouragement of Oto who took suchen ineest in Rater turgiot as copes suceeeded one another, resins of ‘Shir green must Have appened a Se Altar elf host ‘coeunyrenranging the geneal mewors ofthe Forfa om ‘Boer ha the ns coc ofthe RCP most hve oblige the ten" af retacows to inceoe their pace of progucion. AS 8 ‘Stowgunncy etre recencloe of he dre bu work cul have ‘Sudtom the ae storia ech one bing ar ogi as he “rather hand its consnable tht ltr copies eppeared— su Minor esewhefe—e revised selcson or ees might aPpeaT {Res more als eting or move ache lee might appear ina Trove modem sving, When desing vhs compton a vor TEminous a the RGD he erry Rotory of ca etion or Hern 6 {he difret than he ovealaengerent of the colton sel. "Thesuning MSS prs he Mains Poni in several age oft evlulon or ive pee, they boar wines o Ue fans ‘Gemndon undexone Oy the prmive reason bs was copied. Depts the often impor’ diferencer among the MSS, cach ros nuthentc beens ech of hese boos ws nent or the day wo of Gen cc Av we det 8 tacit fat not inte ane agery a dane Heres texts "Tie over pan of te Forti in is erestsarvving form appens ihe MSS Cannone 451 and Vicars D5: these ESS the der online are more muerous than nthe oer MSS no trio appear lswhere bin dot ot Agure aed these vo tnt ne ge suber of dace and ual plese reed 8 ‘Sng conection wih carr coletons and ochre fem ‘hs eppenr move fequrty than ser vitesse" AI he Poin tear caracr of Cas 481i. D3. “he ac tht some es appat in thee fo witness in # mace snodein form dow 0! Hand i appostion to above condom: ‘ether does the ne tit ter MS reste preset the me its Inn older cecnson™® Eg, the conection of shops an the Coronation of Geman Kings sper im an acca recension fn the MS Bebesg 53 Luce 67, Ponaa 1 and cht tho ovis f ‘Goitar wle Monte Cassino 451 and Vall D.5 hare eved feces ofthe came ardnus™” Ar ve mantoned above, the ‘cension of puts i que diferent fom the reeoson of the ole “the tox and srangerent of Cs, ASL 5 must be Dison ofthe RP: Intraduction at Rome 27 completed by two addtional sets of Stugil ems: a seres of Bevin and e ere of ude Det which ae missing from group ‘A, bocause of @ fully and incomplete transcription, while they appear in all the witneies of group B= We know tat both series ‘were known a St Alber’sbecsse they figure in Vinfonose 1888 (Geneon) and 701 (ude De. (. DIFFUSION OF THE RGP AND ITS INTRODUCTION ‘AT ROME. The ining value lene of the RCP ie not enough to explain vapid disemiation and is immedite popanity in oer medieval hurehes*™ The seal reson for is success is that lt appeared at ‘ain as part and parcel ofthe Renna impei. The whe ental poston of the Empire belonged to the eaesatial province of Mainz’ (18 diocees) and the neighboring provinces (Betangon, Cologne, Ther, Salzburg, Hamburg-romen, and Magdeburg) sere ‘uch under i infuence™ Its no surpas, therfore, thatthe net ‘ook foal a warm welcome in these very trois From 954-568 the primate successor of St Boniface, Archbishop Willa, was an ‘utsaneing personage vith an eminent pli role inthe Emits There canbe litle doubt tat the pollcal and religous positon of this rot prlaeconabated to the succes ofa book that must have been under hls protection f# were not prodced a is command Moreover, the restoration of the Empire andthe potcosligons| intitves of the Otonian emperors would sem to ve spreed the new book fr and wide "Very so0n the RGP patted outside the boundaries ofthe Bape st lest one copy survives In Poland (Cracow, Jagellonan Lay, ‘vkex 20873 centay ck Andie, Ordis 1, 16). Probably a8 ely 34956, thanks to Bishop Berger, was at Carnra (Coleg BDO. Caple,cder 14; Xl centry Andie, 1, 108-11) ie lo found at Asien, a 1206-1108 (Landon, Betsh bray, cor adit 1700 XI century Andie, 1, 164154) at Bestngon inthe XI century (Wolfnbcte, Herzog- August Bib ade Ui 099 XI century, ch “Andreu, 1 Ad-451) and atthe sam period st Vendome (aire Chor) (Vesdéme, Bibi, muni, cats 14; XI century, Andrew 1, 51-36) at Sées (Slants cs) (Pris, Bio. Na cnr at $20; i contury ct Andre, 1, 382) nd at Chslonrearame (Vile ronal, Ble. mune, cde 36) XI entry, ck Andrew 1,362). Tn England, there were copie of the RGP tn eraltion from ihe238 Foe: Grecony mie Gua 30 Gescon VI Tht Ponicnss tine of Bava the Confessor (10821066) at Winchester (Cam- Fdge, Corpus Chit Calege odor 168; ch. Andrea 1, 96-99 and at Worcester (Combedge, Corpus Christ College, caler 265; < ‘Andsie 1 9-10). "Fae eatibishment of the RGP at Rome is x major event in the hisory of Chrntan worship The migration ofthe Mainz Ponti! {fom che valley of the Rhine tothe bane ofthe Tiber inaugurated the Second peat stage in the itegieat development ofthe Latin Church. ‘The ely minted book arved in Rome on the occasion of one of {he many sojourn of Oo in Ray (951, 982, 961-563, 966-972) The faut emperors concern for Itugy i a welletiested fct™® The onerons shops and abbots of is entourage cried wit them the ‘oots end uae! utenals they needed for worship, There can be ov doat ha he new Mainz Potifeal was the book they ase" *fentvoemary, Rome. wat suffering fom profound. Hrrgict dordence and had lost aay gup once had on its ov best tendons; consequently, the City was vulnerable to any oxside ‘gia iniaenes andre can note that happening even before fhe dhow Gesan Bosks were inodsced in the time ofthe Otto ‘Nevertheless the main reason the RGP was established at Rome was {he datermineton of O80 Ito remedy the scandalous decadence of {he Roman Church” We have abundant evidence forthe arival and establishment of the RGP mt Rome: the papal ordinations of 963 and 966 suppose @ Fomno-Crmanic ste that would be aiical to find except i the RGR" a copy of the RGP brought from Mainz (Cass 451 and ati DS being Beneventan copie of H) was in use in Rome Doneen the yous 996 and 10022" te Vndoinss 16 (st half of thedtcenty) wes copy of «modal ofthe RCP which left alzborg fee Rome and then, Rome for, Vendome witout signiiont ‘Bhanges™ the cdex Annis 173 (ect XL cntary) is copy of SRP modified st Rome or in some soburbcrian diocese in the {Scion on epeegpal concertina but erie very la ‘ionish movel> in 1020, Benedict Vl very probably hain hand the Bantegenso 59, which he comaldered 9 Roman book?™ When Goegory V (996-59) granted the privloge of munity to the abbey (rfcchenau he demanded in exchange regular supply of kur) ‘okt from is scrporam?™ without doubt these MSS would have ‘een Romano German n character, During the reign of Henry 1 (40011024), the same clase tos exited boteen him an the popes Sounder te Ottonian emperors. Then, beginning in Dec, 1046, the oman Soo wes ooipied by a series of Geman popor: Clement I Difasion of he RGB: itaducton t Rome 28 (eater ener 106 Denar oppo om 08, CTE ano of fod i HR Vor (Ccthard of Behe IES Shen Greek oni) nT On etn me espe cade e taye arg tls © iby thy Sue second in Geman We shee ae Trees noni eine of th pres fhe RG ame Smo ine af gay i rete) Tron 150 hs he Groen Ee Ltn cand ho RT, ced en Ore We coy et ‘Sig tney hon vel acme be to Seah ta inte he BGP toe cone a ude Rone, he RGF vas ro es esos fe cents come, Westen tps epee bak fox a dhe scot the We fo hee! Buope utes vere, Foren couin tobe pried fr te peed afer the 3 cay, Tr omy cop te dhe 701 Alba's fore 170, she ans it 708 cote Cus 099k nt @esmon M cone, th isp 29 Geen 12S er ‘any ops: he RGP preserved in the Cieyams $03 (Granconin, uty i ont, the Cayo 4 (Verde, ely Seren te thse SS ate Ane Ls Orns 4 9-58, ‘Ales pines ted 8G more or an opty bat ‘ey etzngyhe me one epee rte ‘toto purl res et ous pe sre “Siesta s canine mgt ha encode {nen unc pen pred Boe fe ROP we ested 0 Bcome te immed sot te Ren Pot eft and il een ant te uvagh iterate mano. Geranae Sok cheney vlc he sof be sf Poal of eee a ‘Norss 209 tn the same way, in theory, the mse pre ests combing ea the lana octel snd he senate I'he ae f the Mle Roman, ances ra ict 8 mt ev ‘Denedit ef Anne nk we vex an upped by Beret ef Anta240 Fie; Grscony mie Gra ro Greco VIL Tir Powrmcns 2, Joma orn pny As «(ie “ingot me one Con $222 Se Ene naomnteanirgen sc de eae ae turns: keke on sso shane Fes Seen Soom kev and leet Lice ove 199), site atm gop fon 1S) EPA kerr of ‘Rij hag mcs. ott an itn New Yor 7H ‘dit Olen ton myer 8a vr 880 SSE cocoate noel pp tas nein Sa Sno Fans ti Cine an Mle ‘rose ou mye aS 19, 99 Pome eb0H Vos OBE rts lc ew pea ogee SS Se ae a ln re dl wo Seniesa compe rrr eS Folie ti © Steen mts eae of nce TS panne aia ed Pre ‘rear re nt ago ie acer “tn ‘ech tnd ness Sys onVale ee ia rie ose onan oer octom pie bE sane spor inne tnd ance Spec” Coat ‘Ptlonsces 390980 330 nce te SS eed ‘Rates chun te nae! a Wine as ik ‘Meiiutr te carom we oe inann de emer op Pout ths ba ec pr Te flown buts ve ed TOSS ir cucaie Soeenaton xt topes Ft PONCE Mijas om mes nema 9 vob men 1 SSDS Ine nue Rs Hany ot Gy noe cr nso’ aay) Cm, ee mame Felgen tars Ge 7a tn Perel ete i andes" fhe 1) ane» rw eon wi ek SES‘ uneoy bom Guba eck oa Ga HO eay Westie apne toe eae ich Taine spperin ger sow Ear. °C Ma fan i Te: ote rv (Oro ye ‘ante A ay a oe cto 7 ic COED Seas eT ene ol see an or ro Ande tort ney Ber pe TEE gilsinoutt emule (eortst=Rctine Nebr Se Seed cals tron seep or ofeoror ‘Sis tts sors Fonangen ord Coen 2 oe Fate 19 Taha cnn hr sme cron hoe bi shot ee copies et eee peeing» a “eae Pee hse ee font nse dsr eu er een, Notes Chapter Foe 2 eM Ret 8 Se Va in Ma 1 997 "2, Rasen, Le Poa eens” Sa err 10=TH0 107 (oetn 1970) 41:18 “Unt Set es Potent iine e VL (EK sa” Linge Tage porte tng e Pep nee ‘nen Sat Sege 975 (ome 1979 98-410 oe et sper ge Ge eB oie sper ae "Ha is pont hn nen si ot ded taper oe lenge at Daauecges Se the caiog of Sorby Fhe Bent iipeny, asco foe 2, 3982 Wt 9 oth enone ton. (BESS Cie Sorin noe tt na: At inet armen farang. TL 10 (Rope ‘tng 579; on terrae vrs of Semantics pode Sct ‘an | Dats, "lnc de rns meee eS ‘Amand O77) 250237 ad “ncoe is cameras de Se ‘Anan RB 89 G97) 310312 Ie Larosa ents tat th the X cay the oredr clemerspreloninsed by 2/ rete exc oer and tt ero {he Pon wen rene Secon spec epee Dot te ose fer sensi Ls Pofntnrs (e 957) 217, One of he grat eccrine oe Preach gt Mel ‘Andres th eeton os aly of MS nea fo comon ‘hayge nhl had hued om efoto of My ond the ‘ideo he X century. The ie he sodeted pon th acon Be emano-Geane Poa deed he mel chcr {hr real conpton His et ses eppened a tanto ct errs 1800) 65 note 51S ond pith thy ‘Srovoloy whi eter rei Te ase try of te ROP conned Inbar Ons roe 1 ena 99)0508 ord seas 6 1, Ande imac was abet pa he ex he RCP Which vs Stine proce y Vogels fem Mette 2 Torben cosona wich ferent fr theo eft ection a oth ce ad people te Mile Agr ce Ane, i Ons rom, 476485 ad Vou, “er exces ‘ctl 3 epee clay” Ret dae cas 1AGOIOITE "9.0 wt aw sid peo heey ate trode Penta blr te RP, "The ite MSS ote in Anse er Ors rm 1457-88 dha eserigon nthe iabral ote ti ort th ‘othe sane vole. “AL Aco e Andri, 21 MSS come om Mis 1 fn Sab apes Cage in hei ely coc te ean ance Thi lonhp it» gies meropenem ‘Sieh ot by te ory compan mod snd fem conan ita poperaed’ bythe copyia.For empl inthe efor te242 Five: Gascony re Grea to Grecont VIE Tht Poxricals onsscraton of Vahops, when the conscating pret he mitropoln) {she the Baha Vics enn i exci maf ‘ati ee, he copy ten nes the ame of he gals Meponnae ae Megstcss l Le, Maia con be seen inal ‘rcch and Eri S.A te nor-German MSS ar ort Ma ‘ker dwar trough some otor Geran rtarmetiny ven the Ti MSS of Sabra nies yaaa any wall depend one way ‘Seana ay Anse Lx Onda roma pp 9850, {22 egertry Pod it ato! ke that of he RGP i desc ty Bogan Bena Pigmny porias Xsst (Gsezn, Pon, he hy co Fo) Ray Pia SST "2a Vogel proved the nt inveeoy fi conten “ka PRG sible lemons conte avec Paden Soe actors impeindesBSR Sag ibe et ciate Vopr mre Die Tha lt ar sted by Bourg, finde ot lr oartire rons 27 Rane 1958) 36236 5, Ancre cies!‘ediionof One L elctily spac that of Maco ior, Ded aaa et fi mer er {Celgene 156 repr Frboraugh 1968) 1360 snder he ger te ok rier Mec Hie oferta stot comesponding toa ype of RCP ot peer fund nan {he sarving MS wens Ose Ono apeas a lo ema ga gested te of e moni eta pots of 188, Bp. 18 lenge ites Fr 10 (Pra 1610) 2199~hne Sones [Rw 12, (yon 167) 6.712) Mig el not reproduce he toto ‘itor ine alg sna “Od nage an hen pa Si ‘ules gers ofthe BGP and nota lier ene epeodaced bye compar {Buc bu proved bythe at hat) ton igure ese tote [HGP end ony n hee MSS und) MS containing Od Lean befond na ‘he groapng of he RG. 926, Tyna can be oun aon Cie 4S, elects D5, Vado 701 an 1617, Cute! 50 an $09.1 as cmposed DF ‘Aot Haran of Se Gall (7925), ccording to Eider the abey® Fran Store in Ci Drerenc. Skene, Hyman i Anat you ms 0(Leipnig190725-256 GH, Pa lt aad €389)8-r1; PL 138, 1002-1088, 1227. Staphe Dio pis ue Row. Andre, Ces Ones rem! 820508. 1, fn adaton to St Alkan, Theodlus & veemted i two other ssheys ofthe locas of Maina, Fulda and Soin Wher of ese Tiionae Marae, Comin 43 and 78; MH, Toso int scl eld 29888}10 and 209), For he cl of Theodshan, see Mabilon, Ama 188 37393 Na Forcngen sr dear Care 208036. 129, Tose moditons coud of sure, hve eeued at Cage strate, Disbodenbeg or even Main ele 10, Video 195 fenton othe RP ba complon ed for ote Chapter Fie us ‘he RP y the eto of Alas nthe iy i 107 nd 88) Oot ied rr and ck ipo an te pn fh yr 936.962 For Assrpon of ts MS ene Ane, Le Ores, 408418 Tasch ot he cee we would hav a conse of wo eet ters of rt, odking a buen prs rou sine prod ‘who weal have produced the ue hind of wont Ae, Ls Ons, seatan ofthe RGP (oa Vile Vogtle 1, 8) hss neat heres hy ses eter oink of ee of ecto ho weed on the REP Iter than f sal or even! fears monks meted on ferent ‘clon ene to understand why there sri ferences fea 1258 Se, amare ches he Tere of Pope Lao VII to Arcishop rede a (97809). Jet Rage potion romeorn all 185] 363); of Marna H othe same aehisop in 56 Qa 360); of ‘apts Ltr of 85 Qa 3668) acl of Bene Vt Wigs in 973 ‘eae 7a, 723i, See Eom, Ker Oto der Grose, bbchor der dese Geschiete (Lapa 1876 psi enc, "Di Sung des Paster Nita in Gnge er deutse Geshu Ves fr aie (Gach wl Laden 49(1909)278518. 23, Andsnes Onis, 50505 (ite ater SSO the core is ‘eter ing the A eeu the test sts of he Romanos {9a1); T. Kiser, “Die Asstascberasangen” Hires ie S3189)187 (before 982/964) PE Schama, "Die Keseurg Deusen” Zan fr Rech Kan Abe 241955122 3 9817 962d, Figo pos. rah er ters (Sra 1951) 52 (he same cting ott propuned by Andee) eer on tna ha Fropseda dataround 1000 Vogel Pecione sor date et ordomance is PRG, HL 70 (186)308262 ren 980 an 61,963. 1, Forth sting of th wok see Ande“ One eases @t te ier dense de pa Alen” 592960265, 2p. Alte suse wed bs One Use cal ted by Andie, Lat ont 5, 83.85, 238 Ani Las Ot 1, 186-168, 29, Anew i. 282287 24, Carer: Sn Mor ul wo. Ane, Ls Otis 8, 858-62; ogee PRG dsl 21969)138-140(Goceson Wh the anos on ut on eaten 05 jron Amempon “Df For the redence of Otol a Rome an Aug 15,99 see W. vr Cioaeeche, Gai or desis air 1 (Sho, eps 188) B86 “hls pom athe alain to Oa I sult have ben need era omelet MS of wih te cds Canine 45 nS ‘teapot Mann the noel les ened pin Sly aw244 Five: Grecont nit Gens ro Ganory Vi: Tw Posmncas tena by the Beneretn see to wham we ont he tw eas in (feston Chena our consis would ee se "HD Andie Ls Ons 88097 24a The connec brn the rdacln of Lar 607 and Oto Te vat Lacs wa dicovered by Ads Ine Ors 1, 187, le 3 and produced ty 7 Kinsey "Dey Atsascberiangen Ht hack ‘Slassote, co unt ve bre copied from ha MS nce « rl soba copied Mogens Esa inthe vow of obedience the [poses nln native to ace andthe absence 0 ruc ne ‘gual German coctpae sales the vedacon of this MS at Lace ‘Postel coin. Os Oto Lan ate W Dime Fal Os 386357, 244 Sood ofthe Lateran Gi 960; Mens Canes 181902472. 12k Chorpntat 8, Duce 205927247 notes been OS 1 ed Dot 908 Tp of ter Hat conmanton of he LP. Propet ‘hich iad een cone er 891 veh Sapien V. "246, Fore orn sor of ae Roman lyse the bio ‘cts 145175 supe On he evan dspperance and rerio of Thema erat Romeo cea Las re nas dae Fanconi Forni: HORS (90)292-24 and "La care ceciiiqe des Popes et [or darumests Bungee du open Sige” BSR 2(197)90120-— For the rsh arcs th Sta Ea ie, 9038 - Manie, Pats 8b) 95 98-~Daing the Lawenan Seem (58505), there ape at tou the Councl of 279 Bahope (Ue pom ef Ducesne 1880) ‘Gecvt-cxy wh contin compote enumeration a ie stages a ie ‘Seah rower dnt tes en esertons ‘kth vel sumton 12. There, an dependant on ke Ol 000 (Andre ‘nts 43.402 Fh eon of nls 3080, col hve ee er tteae newstle orton, bat it mach sore Thay tha, for the ‘nde ef 948 and 965, the censoring hops employed» fscsie os Bathe RC. he sation on orion in the RCP SDC el Voge, 1336, "He REP, no LR np ra rep Benin gu osc csp aba go Vp ca, 246259)—Tns er othe ‘cfeson of Grom eng tse tb cone thar wah ois or \npeta coerton or wal hoe orth coonatons Pench rgish oF ‘Spansh Ung which have no terry connection wh he RCP 3H. Thin wow abr om tha wor of chan, Screen an Eda (eno 185198) nd eS on ot rh in Anns, es ris {eC tte ss covanng the Ono fgets 0 IGP. the syle Ineesen wore posed out by PL Sema. "Dig ‘ethane in Besachand ie mom Begin das Saleen Hawes 108) ‘atc fr Reshapcce an, Abe 24199923 aed 310822—When ‘rete Ona gon blu adn erry del we ‘Nols: Chapier Foe 8 ‘ot mano ay hath edactor ba nose mater sand he oud ave sed he rd fe Ssemmenny of Viarmand fen BL ep cet 6 ok 2-7] and he Ono ofthe Sevan Formule rsa oe 2007- 1287 rom Seo). Neer Ort a ge hn a no ‘mpoationpotare tS Alten, Main and fad no deans Ch ‘Specsly PE Shean, "Du Krung 25 3002 and Cra, ‘ger pices Meme yrs ain 8) $4, 250, Wn Ras Cte ene, 2,12 MH Spr IBS) 497. os 2. On hs pot se come “ie Kenang” 25 4451 22 forth Capanny ieee os centre On Hh 9, ost Son, pe 202 “so, Ruige Vinny cp. hn tate (Oto 1 wowed caper hae on R969 cc hrs Son) sana Spey ep cect serio One ego ps re schpiart ect of Colo) Mims ii, aio of Sit a Heian stg scree Det ge Sg pe (GH, Sop 870 pa ae Soc he tSnnetone of Arahap Wii of Mae wa St Als Abe, ne ‘Simmer Ee ser Got 28, 90253, 158; Ad es On Sonam Semin p20 25 epee al the Ohl af rg, fn he wen seacion fu orre ite eter st aon nwt ithe comecton wi Stn oh ut nod ee ed {enshrined ra oot {bd ro for pa eclosion ‘Eeman ngs were ove at Aches (ai 55). Te ange ame ‘iced int ft hl ot SU cy snd in EW, nat at Sec of he Ue One gon vento be da od Seis ths proven ore sci ni or Soca of aa {Ginger 268.6 che Schon Pn Rept bot Landon 17] ich wd bye ee of dd Stone esie 25a" Suthe cmpunt he pushed by gps int eon (of the RGP 1, soc ” 234 Th fat po a cetas hpoese tat Ou 451 andl DS sep eter hype ort ogo ts cope es Sih en typotans ly nee Seveal ross ewene ‘eran cep ann Me wit wh ap peed ray ‘Sc Goain nrc wo ely ane emp spon docstoc el be NP ised fon ic ioe nly pearing to he ober wines nt ws Sacer ere ‘ngioen’s pty tore ste 237, BG, ng U(r ey), ope 200226 no Lt pon a gon ron Vo 9 ok