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POLIVINILCLORURO (PVC)
H H
C C
n
H Cl
amorfo*
Tg = 80°C
Tβ = -30°C
POLIVINILCLORURO (PVC)
amorfo*
*i PVC commerciali possono avere
una piccola percentuale di
cristallinita' (5-10 %)
Tg = 80°C Tβ = -30°C
∆H
ENDO
TEMPERATURA (°C)
per il PVC la massa molecolare viene
generalmente determinata dalla viscosità relativa: correlazione tra K e massa molecolare
η soluzione
ηrel = = f(K, c)
η solvente
K÷M
H H H H
(gel point) C C C C + HCl
H Cl
H H H H H H
C C C C C C reticola
contenuto di carbonili
.6
.4 stabilizzante UV
+
accettore HCl
stabilizzante UV
.2 +
accettore HCl
+
0.3% antiossidante
1
εtal quale/εadditivato
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
0 200 400 600
1010
109
Modulo, E (Pa)
108
107
Tamb
106
-200 -100 0 100 200 60
Temperatura (°C) 50
sforzo, σ (MPa)
40
30
20 T = 25 oC
0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
deformazione, ε
PVC: sensibilità all’intaglio
45
W a
L B
PENDOLO
PROVINO
L B
U/B(W-a) (kJ/m 2 )
PROVINO
B
PENDOLO
Striking edge
W base
d'appoggio
tipo Charpy
PVC: frattura - effetto della temperatura
Ec = σ/ε(t)
1010
Pa
ε(t)
20 MPa
30 MPa
30 M
Pa
20 MPa
10 9
10 MPa
5 MPa
108
Ec = σ/ε(t)
1010
ε(t)
Pa
30 MPa 10 MPa
20 MPa 20 MPa
10 9
30 MPa
10 MPa
108
storia termica INVECCHIAMENTO FISICO
temperatura
20 min
T2 = 90°C
Tg = 80°C
PVC
T1= 20°C Tg = 80°C
tempo di invecchiamento, te
tempo
0.40
0.35
2.5 %
T1 = 20°C
0.30 2 4 6 8
10 10 10 10
tempo di creep, t(s)
da: L.C.E. Struik, "Physical aging in amorphous polymers and other materials", Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1978
INVECCHIAMENTO FISICO
Polivinilcloruro (PVC)
Tg = 80 °C
da: “Residual lietime assessment of PVC gas pipes” PhD Thesis by Roy Visser Twente Univ. (NL) 2009
PVC PLASTIFICATO
Tg (°C)
80
70
60 Tg = φ1 Tg1 + φ2 Tg2
Tg del plastificante
50
φ = frazione di volume del componente
40 nella miscela
30 Tg = temperatura di transizione vetrosa
20 DOP
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 % plastificante (peso)
PVC PLASTIFICATO
9
log shear modulus, G’ (Pa)
mechanical loss
7
0%
5%
10%
15%
6 20%
30% Tambiente
Tambiente
PVC PLASTIFICATO
ε' 60Hz
20 15 9 3 0%
ε''
20 0%
PVC - SETTORI INDUSTRIALI
walls
cladding
MEMBRANE PER
IMPERMEABILIZZAZIONI The ABCs of
RSI
ROOFING ▲ SIDING ▲ INSULATION
PVC roof membranes
PVC membranes VC (polyvinyl chloride) roof mem- Vinyl roof membranes are very user-
offer a wide
variety of features,
P branes have the longest track record
of any thermoplastic membrane,
with the first PVC-based systems
installed in Europe in the early 1960s.
Despite the dramatic growth of TPO
friendly and are installed by a variety of at-
tachment methods. Vinyl roof membranes
are aesthetically appealing and they provide
excellent visual feedback of workmanship for
the applicator during and after installation.
membranes, use of PVC roofs continues to
including heat grow in the U.S., according to RSI’s 2001 PVC: A history of performance
State of the Industry Report. More than 10% Specifically, vinyl is “polyvinyl chloride.”
weldability, of the average roofing contactor’s volume last PVC is a molecule comprised of carbon, hy-
year was PVC—up a significant 3% from drogen and chlorine (taken from salt).
reflectivity and 1999. As mentioned above, today’s reinforced
Reinforced PVC roof membranes have vinyl membranes have a long history of in-
fire resistance many important attributes that complement stallations worldwide; many that were in-
••• their proven track record and have spurred stalled over 20 years ago are still performing
additional growth. Besides the important today. Vinyl membranes for roof applica-
By the Thermoplastic feature of heat-welded seam technology, PVC tions were first developed in Germany and
Subcommittee of SPRI or vinyl roof membranes offer many other in- Switzerland in the 1960s and arrived in
herent features. North America in the 1970s. The use of
These additional features include: vinyl membranes in low-slope roofing has
a comprehensive history of product grown significantly and rapidly in North
testing, America ever since then.
an ability to be made in a spectrum of Vinyl membranes were the first single-
colors including reflective white, ply roof products to obtain a standard desig-
a high resistance to puncture and im- nation, D4434, from the American Society
pact, an excellent resistance to flame exposure for Testing and Materials (ASTM). ASTM
and subsequent fire propagation, D4434 was published in 1985 and has been
proven durability against rooftop soiling updated several times since then.
and contamination, and Vinyl is the best known thermoplastic
good low-temperature flexibility and roof membrane. “Thermoplastic” means that
high-temperature tolerance. when heated sufficiently, the material tem-
Thermoplastics Supplement
A PVC roof system being fully adhered. (Photo courtesy of Sarnafil Inc., Canton, MA.)
cavi elettrici tubi, grondaie strutture gonfiabili
coperture
porta oscillante
pannello espositore
SEDIE
VARIE ARREDAMENTO
poltrona blow
POLISTIRENE (PS)
H H
amorfo Tg = 100 oC Tamb < Tg
C C
n densita' ρ = 1.04 g/cm3
H
prezzo 1.25 € / kg
H H
C C
n
H 1010
109
Modulo, E (10s), (Pa)
semicristallino
108
107
106 reticolato
105
amorfo
4
10
PM
1010
50
109
40
sforzo, σ (MPa)
Modulo, E (Pa)
108
30
107
20
106
10
105 Tamb
0
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0
4
10
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 deformazione, ε (%)
Temperatura (°C)
POLISTIRENE
E t ( T ) (Pa)
1010
108
106 5s
10 s
100 s
4
10
1000 s
Temperatura (°C)
POLISTIRENE (PS)
H H H CH3 H H
C C C C C C
n n n
H COOR H COOR H CN
H H
acido acrilico C C
H COOH
POLIMETACRILATI
R Tg(°C)
H CH3
metil 105
C C etil 65
n
n-butil 20
H COOR n-decil -70
n-esadecil -9
Tg (°C) 120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0 5 10 15 20
atomi di carbonio in R
POLIMETILMETACRILATO (PMMA)
- ottima trasparenza
- ottima resistenza ai raggi UV ottimo per esterni
- In trazione a Tamb ( 23oC) snerva per crazing e' fragile
- la sua resistenza meccanica diminuisce in presenza di
alcune sostanze (p. es. alcool, olio di silicone)
Applicazioni:
- lampioni, lucernari, fanali posteriori
delle auto
- vasche, lavabi
- insegne luminose
- ......
PMMA ω = 3 Hz
confronto proprietà meccanico-dinamiche
con proprietà dielettriche
log [E'(Pa)]
log [tg δ]
ω = 100 Hz
tg δ
ε'
T(°C)
Degradazione termica Fotodegradazione
PMMA - confronto proprietà con quelle di
altri polimeri per applicazioni ottiche
POLIMETILMETACRILATO (PMMA)
10 10 80
T= 4 oC
70
9
sforzo, σ (MPa)
10
Modulo, E (Pa)
60
T= 20 oC
50
108
40
107 30
20
6
T= 60 oC
10 Tamb 10
0
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 deformazione, ε (%)
Temperatura ( C)
TRAZIONE
TAGLIO
COMPRESSIONE
UNIASSIALE
COMPRESSIONE
PIANA
PMMA - tipi
PMMA polimerizzato in sospensione PMMA polimerizzato in massa
M≈105 M≈106
-20°C
80°C
1000 cSt
sforzo (MPa)
2%
0
deformazione (%)
settore sanitari
trasporto
PMMA
arredamento
PMMA applications
ACRYLIC PAVILION, NEW YORK CITY
SIMPLY SPECTACULAR
The British Pavilion at World Expo 2010, Shanghai
C C
n
H COOR
POLIACRILATI
H H
rivestimenti
C C adesivi
n vernici
H COOR
CN CN H H
Tg = 155 oC
Tβ = -100 oC
1010
assorbimento d’acqua:
105
-200 -100 0 100 200 23°C - 50% RH 0,15%
Temperatura (°C) 100% RH 0,35%
100°C - 100% RH 0,58%
POLICARBONATO - transizioni
Tg
100 G 109 endo A
Modulo, G (Pa)
Tm
-1 ∆T B
10 108
tg δ
eso
tg δ
10-2 107
400 440 480 520 560
Temperatura (K)
-200 -100 0 100 200
A - Campione ottenuto da fuso
Temperatura (°C) B - Campione ottenuto per evaporazione lenta
del solvente
Tg = 155 oC
Tβ = -100 oC
POLICARBONATO - proprietà ottiche
POLICARBONATO (PC)
80
70
sforzo, σ (MPa)
60
50
40
30 T = 23 oC
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
deformazione, ε (%)
POLICARBONATO (PC)
τ oct = τ o - µ σ m
σ
1
100
POLICARBONATO
60
τ oct (MPa)
50 50
40 0
σ
30 2
-50
20
10 -100
POLICARBONATO
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 -150
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
σ m (MPa)
POLICARBONATO (PC)
100 100
80 80
60 temperatura = 23 oC 60
raggio intaglio: 0.25 mm spessore: 3.2 mm
40 40 raggio intaglio: 0.25 mm
20 20
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
spessore (mm) temperatura (oC)
INVECCHIAMENTO FISICO
T Tprova = 20°C
20 min
T2 = 165°C 1 10 100
Tg = 155°C
100
T1= 130°C
Tprova = 20°C 80
tempo
60
DUTTILE FRAGILE
0 te te
1 2 te 40
20 Tprova = 20°C
1 10 100
εr εr
tg δ tg δ
9
Hz
POLICARBONATO - SETTORI APPLICATIVI
38
altri
20
medicale
12
imballaggio elettrico
elettronico 10
auto
3
3
CD, CD-ROM, DVD
14
lastre
PC sheets From SABIC brochure
assembling
accelerated UV exposure
10 with coating
by coating plain
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
exposure time (hours)
light transmission (%)
90
80
with
70
additives
60 UV stabilized
Polycarbonate:
not stabilized
sunlight exposure
50
0 1 2 3 4 5
exposure time (years)
PC applications
Amsterdam Arena, The Netherlands is Europe’s
first stadium with a sliding roof, made from
transparent sheet.
20.000m2
greenhouses
skylights
facades
sound barriers
POLICARBONATO
lastre piene
lastre alveolari
designer: Ferruccio Laviani designer: Philippe Starck
Collana
1010
109
PC
108 PVC
Modulo, E (Pa)
107
6
PS
10
PMMA
105 Tamb
104
-200 -100 0 100 200 300
Temperatura ( C)
I materiali polimerici invecchiano significativamente per Tβ < T < Tg
µ PC
1
PS PMMA
polisolfone
0.5
PVC
SAN
PS
campi di temperatura in cui
PMMA
l'invecchiamento fisico è significativo
PET
PVC clor. ( µ > 0.6 )
PVC
PC
polisolfone