GIAN[)'O'MENIICO TCUUOUJ

A",,~, ',','-N'·'"",,-T"I-, 0"",,1,' TECNI:,CA DELLE CO,STIRUZI,ONI

"P'-<I'P,~·"··'U, ,, , EI.EMEiNJI 9,T'f!:IlJITTUMU
~N ACCIAUJ

MASSON IlALIA

m1J

E.D:IJORI~ M~LANO ~ '1~r19

dlll'!iil ~ ,~r~ Utn PI-en s ~~ til. vel (lr~:f ncll coilto dall e ~ iJ rme. t.n P'Ii rUt a l,~ reo v~ n 'I.,,~ tnd i'~i1t~ cOIIR, c III~ h ~,t:l1 Mea~ ~ionE! oll1l11Is $1 bile". el;
!i

(2) .~1 mDdi fit:~"';~ in:

(3) A<, R

[1 metodo
!l1"i1l'1aOH.e

d{!Ul~

~Qn~~H~~i~!!U!:~~!~~!~~~!:!dlmqlJl! tll"~tf.<lV~
COmCl"

~nG[)I'\~ 1e

hi ~h)c;Q

i1f!t!!fp:]hlfHi.che

,e (oOOlpenall~i1 U~ h!c~'rtezze
d~ 5t~UrQ~~~.'" fCirfl.dUllr~o

di
Il ne-

'~~li!lt4!~'lol!I~ trl),mftl.!

~r~ "codf'hllmnt~

Tut tc nIl
no'tl!i"

~ t!'U

t~LJ~r~ d~~(1 ~ss Qr~ p ro~ ot ne

t~'~~,! ~'a~"h i

~lL

t~ in mCioo d~

e~ 5S,~ r 'I ~lIIerir.~ !).bbQ'~u~ rl.'~l:l.

~oJ'j~l"t
~!j

~.~ 1 rll

1 0 i~ll'illl'l ~ c,llil ~ i Ii !'C....il~'cnCl eli esse, I.~ ~~pae 1 U pOI"~ant!l inr~ 'i.r~' d O'l"r'~ ~...~rll Ijl1~ cOrl'~! 1 1 I) !1lOdo,t:he 1 i 'ii!lJ~g'U~.'t,~
ii ~

~ I"il ~Ill~ ~IIllc~ w~,t~ ", ~ 1"i.!l'~~,~~

nl ~'lte' durilU
Chj~ll'l<Ui!dlocon
1:0@

i C1U rllz<:~

pillrlllan9,"1 pe'rl'

1nt~.

l pr, ne 11l~11 d ifot t1 d 1 tal 0 m~t~do' ,ho ')~! PCT" tllnH ~nn 1 ~~ t~to fI~' sodd h f~ci 0 n temen t~, ~Pill i c~ to, :>ol)o:l" impil5 5 iIJ ~1 '1,~~ d t ql.J~.I1Hfi C:.~ re
I

i"~ vi t~, IIlrll","1 s t~ pe~r

Mn~

r:~~.9~~Df!h QQvr-J ~·u1nd l ~

(w.
fig_ ')'

1{I ~ ti'"u'!:.tu~~. .Al i~!19~~ d,~1, caHdli

5k~lrena

I!

Cl0~ d1 cl'ef1 rdre H! vrab.;to 111~!lchs h

(3)

~i~ Ilffcatti

(!st~mn~ 'e con ~ H

v~101"e limf'Y

r:'l~i.llU r'8. p~r tu ttall;j

H;~ ci:@ 1'1 a

~t~uttu~D

Non l!
" !,~ ~~

P'O rO

dd11!1 ~bH C Yr! \1'~1ora cs,~ tto

IlO'S~(lFliD ilS,S~re

n~ p~'r

1~, flC~ h

'~ofi <~,'

rl~

IJQ"

d1 d 1 ff erem:d <l.W'e,1e i nC,Qrtl!!z ze Ia s·1clJI're:<:'z·~ con 1 ~ cOliisegl!l~nza gi pena.11 Z.~~.f'~ .m~he i f~ t tori mene In(;~rti C:On ht n1TIsm'a r-ieM e,sta ail i piO 1ncert.i ~ 111.per-l CO],(lSi! "'t,~~ to ne'" ~i inter,pmt..a:I'1!! t,.,~~ pe r "buo111 (,~ i'" 'eio~ Re1'"esatt f) 1 v\~,l r'~ de11!l 9 rl.!llciC!zz,o 1, n g 1,0(:0 ~, {d i '~O~$!·' 0 d:~n I"(! ,01 Con 5egu,enz~. 11 t,;l~rri ci ~lIt'8 t QU~ 1 £I Q ffl;lt~ h ~ I!!'I $~N de 111:1 sieu rl!na, nO,n ~1~ 'q~ijl c necc ss ~r1 Q, pena·1 i H~ ~lll'~ do ~uto ~ rei:!1'~ ,m s· ~'11l11'~ "'(I f F'i'o r,[llf t~" s·'~ t t~fl'll .~• r'u
~~i'!e~l7Ite SQdcl'l s f,~tt~;

"1 I11rt)·5~·Hlna a
lnflu@'nzano

litel dllY@r~i

t'~U.Q>d~he

one.

Dilc.to,~ n~ 1nil{¥] lru , m-e VI)" itlist.Jr~.l ~0 n1 ed 1I1t81'~),"e t~zt on t , b:l

·~IiI~nUr1G~:tE!S()10 I.~ (') ~~ !DO(lCl ~pprosstm~d i 1nct,!rtlllZa. pe pt~'~to< !'iCn pu~ ~s ~~rll

dClttl!

!Jr~n(Ji!H8

La. con U\Fi. c~r'~og'rad~

a pp l1Jc,iIla d i :r~t t~me n'te-

AR .~I----_____:;-_:';"'---~--A-:",' R
fig.
1

lig.

Oil

Seccn,g" ~~, Cl),nc~dolla' tr~.gh1oMl,!l,

zirmQ, f'W Flr~c 'I~~.m~lrItll • h~d1cmrl(lCl .

1e

fnci!ir-'~I!l~~ vcnlv~nl1

~om~mn~~t~
doll" n(]'I '51 P~il" ~'t~b11 ire t~r!p!",o ta rei
~11 i:iOcllo

fillpo M(!od 0 ChQ 1 n orcs 1 ~ t!!'n ze fos Sil ~ ~Llrnc~ (In tt'I!\{Jn'l a" IIWl~Whwo

!"I~u'ros(l e

lJ<'lmi5ur~

,d{j'1 'I~. S~CUk'~,~~~ Ii~~o,oml. 1~~ q!!~.l~

con

4•

Rill

!;co~ff1d('lnto

! n li o!nm ~

1~

res 15t~'nl~

~ COIILCv~ r111.!)'ll 'I m1~.!Lti}I' ~1]. 5 ~

Cjj!,@,~~~·i.

p·or h

mY{!i"1

'ric~" 5i

pO!lri!~n~:

eons h:led ·I!.~ 1 @I!!fi'~~ te

F~ II'

~5,~!NP~0

d ~ r: ig. l c!lI! IlJ'~v~d~

"s ti"ijl t tu-

un s'@Oip·l f e'~ rt1 '5~

cl1t ~m<l t>o,a ~or'r-~gg;~r~ un 4~ d C0 (v'!)!' ~~} verU~

cal

't:!"

L~ !> i ttllni

ORe'

dii H g., lila

e'

dl.lnq!le]

a~tnJtWl"'iI

Min

,e:SerG i,~io~

pr()b~MU 'i t;~ d~

rC'l,l'i~a.. .'~~
.. j):l

de 1111 qU>!I] e ve-r'rannoreml e., tra.1]!'lte b

11:] J!le'tl!!~e'per

i2ziilH!1KIlw;p'11~d

eserqpl~ ri.,

IPel" 'll~ ~vllr~

n-

~,~)

p r ~ PU·d~ =

If(t)~~ ,= ~Pl'(1
~~$O

1 ~

ca~ !:i ,~~e911eda, L:r.n 'la'tD 'h ll1IiSlJriil sller~'m~rlt~l'~' dII!!T];1 re5istem~

(p,.

:p1"e~sa.liIi fi!l. 2b).

d~ll' aill 'tiro, 1,~ 111'1 ura s

clB,n' <I,Zhmil:

i! W\~ppl'\esenUt~

iin 'quest"

doll b

~'r;;:icl1e

tr,atbg~lilt;a

c'~l~l "~Jr,~a
~,p-

(p. e. de~ peso d1 "g. 2c).

,c iver's',: e~empl jl.1"'~ l,l e !fi~!:111"'te Illi!IiI H"e's't~no une d i~ P'Il1l';5,io,ne' d'; I"'i s,lJ'l tat, i dill yij, llll,te:rpretato:! $,t.aJt,~$ t1,~amelll!te. S'I (:(lSt1rllf~cl! CiQS' IlIn !~W~!::~I!Il!~,~~~H2_'g~!!~m_~~~!rr~~~~t~ ,d,~l 1l.ipo, di queno di f~g. J
cond\url'~

cD~:rt;a, d~ 11',~ c:urY~ de ~Drh

na

i!I~i'! ~ i ta d i Pf@b~lli H

ta

del h

vari,~M 11l illl!~-

,II'. ft (x)

,~ UIISI!NlJ

f!:!~.~ i!ll!)V.HA!!!: ~r!~!!~ iC]~.~

$1.11,1 ,.:;,>'€
"

cllera.PJll'esl!nt~

pUI~'t(Jh prnbabn~ U. cha

e. 'P!!l"lXIt~l"
s.~ ~clll8:lIIatil~l!.II
fi~ I;Ui"i,I'lI!canti

sUlClc,e:ss,i1,!'Mlimte dellll'

!!l<ibclroJidonl:

allllD!li'Hcni!'. dil! U'

l' idWJI"i1111111il! ~{I,m un iTIOdie'1:1Cl maoomat'J.c'iJ'

nlll\il (tUI'~at1Bn~

oosUtliito

~~t!H:!;~~~L~::t:OO!!~il'~i!J .

H!!)"

SeclIJf:loo

11 .mewdo

~~L:ru!!~.i~~~lL'~~!:r~.:!. ~ IlIOt1i:Z2,~1 .si

• i I!dii peiPIde:J1!f.1J i'!

ciproe~ dl!nt! dlll~'~',~rillbH1 ~l@~tll'de ,ej le:cull "'sbt~~til,clu~·fld =f F ml diElliluc{! ~a, ;p:r<lb~.bniU d~ ~villll! s~ n nUm<!1"'O 'cane prove i! s'~ffh,ie!lteme~~e Ii!'lll'~,~to e le !1\Odal di @se~!.i:~'~ i! ,!:Ii I!s~r~,;f.do slO~@ le stJSS$,ec1!le' per Ie "~,ttU1ttlll!"eM :spilr! 0 f11!
I1MlIltate.J t s't~t!l'1i ~ S.tjB'S~,a CUrv,~ d~ Ug.. J :pu~ eS,sere lIss~nW lin QU!8J t t!

... lld a. s:i c:!)~tl"\!!isco,,",qil'~"~ H!ll"'f'iI (IV. ''n!il. Sh d.aJll1e qua.li ~'~

n~

(5)
'C'OVI!

PI"

P ta>i",} ~P;(X)f~(X,)dll;
,;;~ .~

llY~~~~Hil'~ r.eJl~:t~va
Fg

tlI" «Il'D

a.l1e ~$tfiuttUi"~'"

moo ~perilileJntHe.

~'!i!!!~H~Ai COill do $~ pWIDJ

~:SS~nt.O

FlAx)
, ,il!~

= j'r(X)d.x
~Qi:l' ill

pel" 1,~ !!!l'SUI'\~,Z icm~ d:e:n~, s'~cUiFe~;ut n~eR!iin 1 di

a !~D~]~!!~~~] ~~rl~!!!!:2'~~ _~] dell

~:r.ol~bnt't:a..tenendc,
t~:nt

pl'le'se:ll,tE:: che tl mo!!lleno d:t f,o'rll ~re.

!D1!'toem:.aticD

nil

,de!.

1,~ ~.p~m(is,~1iIM~io:ni qu~ 1e. q,ull'l h SI is:Ubd1l'e

,uu;lhe p'er v~,l or'1

roono

10n

d:a qUIl1110l11e:dhh dien!!! 'p'rDbilM1'1itA tl1!Gl"lC1H!' nO:" IIUne,

tr'!!

iJ!l!I~S>OliiO

m~tod11 1:11 ,c1'1':!l:I',s;[I lh',e11 c' per e'ff@ttJ)lill'e h. p'r'Oba'bH 1U

(llnll "

nlts!it~

de 11a8'r:g;~~~jE!iL.~]_r2'K!!!!~,e c;~ol! liIelb 8UI.P€l'l,OI'@ iI'~llJJ I'\eS l' s tA!nz~. ~!9~~_~~~!M!

51 de,~@ oo<str'u:il"e

~z i,ol

ne 1"1s,ultl
Socon60 'to (=

rte ~int~.n.dilnlllo

COil r

~(!I

.~

t~, ~stilti~th:,~'i' deel r~,ppeT'~' va,l ()iI'l~~rtH;: per- l;,~, rit:!,sistJe:rn'~

z,~ I! P'€r 1; ,&1; illln~' dil11,!!! v~rl e~i

n9'o;]e clIl)pi ~ 61 "",OVE! (~"

H'm.

4).

La

S~'~@l1idO 11 mil todD '1'~(;1~r'OC~ dllU!!

~'j

~!lL ~~,[ B~!~~!!il pc th,z~, ~L ~\11,

MICQI'~ l' 1"~-I pe"'denz(!

Ul!!t' ~ s

ch~ s h C'inQgen~~!

l!

C'foIl

l:('.!!IIP'l f';)il i,,~, cGr) I~tl~ ~ z 1anI!! tl ~ i c~~

i(h 'l d~~! '1'1 c~.!!l

v~,

n ~~~

,t is t 'I'~~~(l~

Wi.rf~bn~ 1I'~lItOrie !' !O 1 ~'BF h11'1~ca110 due

V~" 01·1

~d <ii,

~l!nll

"earn

11~~1l dol ~~ rlSI1~l tic: I ", uno i\k

1n ec ~

t~

if I ITtf.IdD /11'tr!:ttl)nl.o
I)

tellipl esso,

ILl) ~(II'~norhti~hQ 1~r'Objl.bnbUchl:

notC\iO'

dll'tlo HQ d'~I' 'l.ei p rn ~u

1~'tI1~ITt~ 1"'1 ~ t ~ 1't'l':rro no

men l 0

-d1!1',~nl0

PIllf' 1:;,~d on~! p'F'~fh

~~,'~1t

u~o 11 po r' 'I~ ,C!S h, t,~ n,u, t~1' f d~, ecrr 1~~lO~der~ ad lHl<! k

prob<!tli 11'~JP dl iiCf! "'~ ~E!rQ ~up~r{l t ~ r' 'I s ps t e iV~P1ente

!!d no, ~~b"(! !ltmvo fonti eli ilr!'m ..t! 'I !'It~rven'!lori'o. s t~t 1s t f d V~ nao OPIlD r t,UII~m@n t~ .'de~ IJ~ t i .
,f(

P'ar q'~~"tD ~ tr"~ l,~1'1

cessa ~cl ~n, dlhtlto dan Q eo:rdSPQI!'!de:J1itl ~~r1Ifk~ dQvr'a i"l ~ulta 't~ (~. fi 9'.' (O}:

Ii~dabni ~le~tm·ie.

Per 1a

H~

~t;~ to

8 t tl1~.l1!!

1~ ri e (!rc,i s u 11~ ~,lter~ dD n i do 1'1 e [Car~ tnwl st tche p.!i$sagSi() dai nater+a
~,

probal).ll i:~,tidl(!B,l

1'1 ~l~lII(!nta.:ti

~1, ri?~l~ ~(IIT1~le~

d Ce'r(:il su-

$0 5tru t tura I!! I~ ~ i sl!!oO pdrni ~

pass 1. Cos l pulldi

0ll~rl!

rs 1 de Hfi

!Jl i (!!w)",od d 11 ssecu zi one de 11 e

d f ~ a pa dt<~ Ir~'s i s tente.

~Lll1 ~ " O'rQ iIllf1 uen~~ 111 ~el111i ni h ,'g,~mente

1Jlt'B~'pre ta ~1OIl;S t_!

Allch,@ 11 inJ~ g ~!li S IJ i cer iell fseno ~

iI,

in!;o!ll<~l et8
l'15 t1c11ll.

ad iIls!JHi c i.o fI ~;

t f II; i [I~ I hcor"~:e tte

n QCIi'$
~~

J tl C1UI!~~ $l~Y~ Z i@llI: C~ ~1 dllv!! ~

~1 tl,r.!OJ2!l

~1!1 ~

eeent ~n'~l!,"~ cl'l U'H !I~:

~Hr!;l!!i ~ 1l1~'110

~Q~Qo _~~[Il

[ll'g,~~11~~1:i~~~he 1n
d~lliilntr(lduzi(mQ

S1H I.~n l~

dt

U:n

co 'I!1~1 co n q ucl lo 9'gLn 19 rl de i.lTteri{)rc- lJ1~r~ilm cl, s'lcuri;ll~~.

s i IHi.S~:iJ i c,~ ~

[1<;), i V~lor f car-a Hed

sti cf den' <L2[olie e Je 11 iL 're5ht~n!,(I

ail! 'un c,o,~'f'f1d en te d l si Clllr~z,z",

P) 7) •

f= l\iA~:;..f (>1)
,~1 va 1..;1 e F

ch,e va appl!lll'~!D C,{Infr,g nt~t(l

f preofl
i del

~ 5<Lt(l dall eli

~ I\oi)'rme: (~.

fig.

L.a {7} hil aneora

tCnll~ Mis'~

(~~rl,i~11\l8I'1t(!»
(i!HI ntn

i 1 ~ar~U~'re

una vOI'1'ffi!:~ d~ t~po :d! coeH f ~ 1en til d 1

s ~Cjjr!1~·

he!

1n

11 ~ a 1Q I"~ H!!!I tt!

,~o noII

I'~

PI:~!,,~SQII! un~ prcd ~i1 I!! sill'~ d ~ ,proM hi l' ~U. t~ 1

~------------~~ a
Non ~ 1Q~e es,pr~
$ same

vc:r t 'r ic,~ s i PU~ porI) SCOHlJ)Q-rrC

e1~11 91'iHICl Ill!

r~w~ff f FifLll'Lll ~
d'j ~ilricD
~~50d~tl,

O!,S mgrl,(llldO S
~i2'~

~ ~ 'I 01"1 d 'Iv~'r~ 1 ~ ~~~()lW~

Q

~!~cort~7.~~ d~ I i'~t'tgd !1I

1H@nl~

n te'

aiel'

rn i u

i: n

QlJ'~~

t ' 01.

tei mo

'c81 SO

Ia ~i S,i.J'r~

(J!! 11,8

pro 011 il ; ta di r()~i ne, b

n
IH(

di

SC(lr'~O en n.mott,o,f

1n q!J \ can d ferimellto

illl a 50 t tur~ trw

i g.

2 Im~ ptdt es S.CI"B' d i~8t~~me:nti! iI,pp:1; eate

~n~ l'ElliIl~

e l eme"t~
stru

i"~

OwQ ~tQ 1n f ~U ~ rl('m ~ ~I.gol~os iJ~I"'1!!ieH'l~t ~ 1n ~ H,o, cll esse ~t 1 III,nor'III' 'i ol~i:loi1t~d d~ lm h~il ijI \ialigoM pro~htl i Cl!.'i'1:~hl
MM! ,~ '~nd~~in1 ~i.I sHLlI1'-'loii\~ ~nlll0'!lh(!

t. ture. ~ 1:111~Cln p ro'~:: 0

b.
!!

L.~ lI!or:mQa 't t!,l~ 1 i ')f\ecy'edo~~ rf

~rc U h'~!n-e!1tm

l' intro,dy~ 1o~~~ de 1 co affi

d1~1

C li!nti

0'11)

O!

tr

:peJ' 1~ res i ~ t~m~

Qc1 lI~n 1~ 11 o pllr t~T'

1 0 il2 i 011i. pi

{.<1)
IJ~

ill tel'iud ,eo(!'ff1e1 ~nt@ 5D( ~1) acempunsu

'Lrji ~'!/"ntu~l ~~!J~£! (1:1 '1

(j~"'1 '~l ~~O.[

rh1j'1'l:lIt~

~IH],i"II~

in(:~r la'~'~\'I,
POmi'l1~ M!ll ~

m~n t~'~1 ~ ~~II~D

Q,

ttrilvu

r'~,O lIlti cC!!Ip1 ~'~~oQc'!l.llrmhlil' "U i 11ell" p:I'e-tu 1(1n 1 t

dl

c~~col i pdDii. .ol gful1!lE!rl! a l1a ddfnh.ion~,.oi

Unll ,~all.aan,n, r\Iil~,i:st'~:rIt~

(n

fc

~m

)jf .8'""

S 1 'I ~

~a

S tc

u t'~~ ~{l eo n tfflol

F'(W

t n~,

C'DIIlll

(8-)

I~~ !~!!

hli; dF

d~. --> 1\

'
fJ

dljwnM t i ~~, 111 d~.yI):!'!I)~~I(! n 'I. (iii! Q '

,~

,~,u~ ~· ci@lh. f'es 51J!"aziol1e. d~l h n d~] 1~ vi b~'u.1.o n~~

Ii

Con R.d ~ r{kf Km( <Jt~) s ~ '~n~~n~el~ !:'~~i~~~Q~~·_~~_Hl~.Ql~he t1em~ ,;;c_Il c '~o d~ 1h ,~pp'ro~s i'ma t i V~ ~o rrf 5Pc'ndelilza.tr~ II !l1<1t~t""i ~ 1e de i ~l!"Ov illIi ~5 P'~

~ 1i:I ~!~~~_H[!g}!Un1IL~' P~"'~!l dlli ~~ll)ri dl eho' Ie ved ricl~e d!!il1<L s 1cu rllnil ~();t.rn 1 ~ rev f n.i1. l

~~'Ico'(j, ~~ fi!!l~

del-

rlfllE!wtatl
::=l\k ~ f

ql!'~] 10

~HI!! t t 1~~mente

"ea]i .zZ?J to nel Ia co~tn.rz.1 on:e ,. ton

1\1fon r 1f,er; ITlelilt(l ~f cl ,a&sici tip 1 d i' stru tttli'~ co'stttuit;e

(>!\~)'s l :~ nt~nde ]:~.~ j9'D~~9

L~~I \?Q!~

c h~ t U ~me tonto

dell iI. 3.p· <t:;ostnlz iOfll@.

pro s.~.iil11l iva. co:rd ~p-o!1de.nz;~. tril t

1e a.z i (m'j m i ~1:I:r'~ te con 1Q ~1'1E!~ ';!,n h~i.!! t

d<l @l,ementi
Vf! I'Hi

~!
Ca

{jag f 111 ~
'~I;!

Ii:

qlJlll] ~

,'1: he

eff.ett:i

V~ml!!ilt'l:! s 1 ver 1 'F f d~Qnlnntl

SI.i1h

1111'19.;;(, (fi.r-ilvi e pi 1 as t-ri t.i ,gena,

l,

~1

~O!1~

tr>e d1 vei"~ 1 i'ii~tO:l:li PQ r-l a.

l~

fllUI'~.·~er~Q Ka ~,i ccpranol

n ff!w 1 ,Q u h~d0 If' II ncer tez ee da'~l:Itli!s op,rattoor'1 dl!(1 ~Hl'Ce~s ~ t'l Q' I)~r c'D~~cli'l"!1l l' a na 1 h 1 U

sic.ur·Ql.~~. QUI!.!:'ti lIi!~lolH'l ~t tli ffe"'~~l1:"I'~no

one~

tn b~~e all a {jtv~r~1I

Il

ltc' <In ,a 1'I~~~rllrtlt~ dfml d~l ciIlmr I eng $ t I~Ut tun1 Q.

"1 oeCil: 11~,~o d

d ~ 1 cOIlFron to Fril 1iI I'~S ~ ~t""n

I'

!Uf,D ne

0.1 011 co, C! •

VIlrir leI] dO~~11 ~e!l~ian~
njj~

50 1<1 r'1e~i H~!l1:.1 'f'o~~!!l Mhl!l1n,z~t,~ d.~

la (8) 'Il!;:'rmettl!rE!b~ "~():bale ¥.
ITt>:')

1:111 uutce

~rlltt(jre ~ l'
e(idfkfent~'

~~iol1m

~l1l:b[!i

r-;-j, ~

Pl!iW'I

~oailnto caso

oi

!:Ieffnii'm. rnl basa

n
al

di ~h;lJirQ<n.~
che
~QIlI

~one'. l.a (s) '~!w'ece, v~ lntp'Sij i 1tell1 lei f,ilt~Qd ~"'1"rehti ¥m]'
co
fI

""i= arn~TOov.·•. ·. u y y_

p~T' ~~s(l

,~na re.shtffn.m
6f i '

IPiD ~n !len,@ra 1 ~ ne 1
fillt~od

'~1pQ iH itiilterble e di _ a
S';:~,SQ o~.nJ,JnCl

-:it! i

I'

I'

va r1:d0tN)

11 suo par-

\!erifica de!<lg'5fD~W r1eill~ serione

ticohr'~
il~e nt<lto'

~cl o~m~!\oQ dei 11\')1 Qp11d ~

~~

.~uO p,ur ti co 1,ara ~,trl.l:Uu~~I e,

F& UCI qll~'Hi),

cQri<"il ~tt 111l' ~~ione va ,~ttT'~ver 5,0 1 ~n.a·l j ~ '

i

~'I liIel cDmj]ll!!~~c

11(l]1 ~ '1J~'~f,dlll::l

I dh~r!O'1 f~H()1" I ~ngono

"s j ~ti!U,!~~,~t~~

Qj~o'io

~Ag

1){)~~1Il11
I}",

e II f I;mh;:Cllo R,d ~~ lit! d~ c10Cl "po'n(J~r~~'u" I' hilc~rt~~lij

t CIJj"~.

'~'lWrront~

r~ i ~I'm~i to' 1~ (f.I}, E' 1 Q s til

SIJI

(i'l O~r!1 s1ng.Dl0' 'f~ttOi<'~,

l_-",__ ~~ __ ,_~~ __ ~__

1I'r '"
I'X! I Jlll.ntQ

",C2W{l1)

VcfHI~~' d0! ,g~ rico

it

..

~Lllli

5~'ruttlJ'!I

iR~O_~_i~~~'!i~!i~#~I. .. -~-----tI

~o t~re GlUI 1 flg r~ n,d~Z~!l d i ~,~ t CI "\;1 sd R:,j lion r,~p",rescl1t~Il[l 1 co

~f~ ~ i Q

jll'Dib~ b 11 i!" d~ll ,~~tru

1f1~ tJiLl:l

~!~ ~l1l]JiH csrat ~~

teo!'i ~,a d l
'B~ ~!!I'"Q

Sfur;m

~lel~ ~~·IGK1i) C,Bri~O sullO) ~,1:nJ! tlJW

tel'''lz ~J tCi
.u

d.;t un~ su ff f,~'~ e'"tf.lm~n t€l 'P j,ec(l1 ,a P~QP~ bi 1 iW dY!'~nte~ l,~ vii t!i d'ell1 (! st rut, tura , Pi Q in g~m~:r,a te"
]a gt~·ut:tur~
<Jj

p~r~ tri" cl,~l'" In g~l'ie'~<llEl" ~~ lvo partiC{ll'ad

mcooGl i nensosc eo <!leip~oced1In!'!!Itt ~u'll a ~truttLir~
g] 'I.

~econda

d~l &i ver~ i fi!id d,~I ca 1colo ,r; iI na 1 is;

cit tre d!f~ersi

ti pt .01 HriUttUre In

e d1 !!llLt.eria11,

l tre
s fno t~'i-

pliO mka:r@

c.na definll.iolle

stHi;

equ i fD

nell ti"

n g"

~. ~ i"1p(,)rt:~ to ~no gch~

"" .],; . COli S . ..~

- 10 H~ Q iQ'_ ~ ~Q:~~~i! Cne pute ~\l_ ~" da 1 '!I a 1'0 r 1 pHi ~l["Ob~.bl i d:@ne 'gra!!_ i ~!!l ze (p" @. "I "'~ 1 jj 1'·1 me-d -DO! 110 'fa Fm~ .nQr!ltil1 t ~ oG.mls Sh!ll!~ d~ lle i
~en 5 ~ tA d1 pr()h~b

d 1~,~1 col e , C:on F~ s t intEmd0no~

'Cil'!" h i ag en U 'It. ~1 '1....nteJldolllc, e ~e

Il ~

(fClr.ze.
I:!ffit:!flt[

cO:il,;:;1'"oni,
(rDI"~~

dht(H'Sil'll.

1t.li). ~'~ r Illil

~(9

~,Qr ~~(SI!Pi0' i!I f !l~ IJ(I~~~rE!s,ul

C,CKI'Illm'-

1~ff.ot·~1 dei >ear-icI11 fn tOi'lfllfll1

hlrlgo

01 ~F{I!'~ 1 tras!l!es~1
~n

~t-tr~weF'5Ql cllrici'ii hI

t~lWil to lI,cll ~ r. t~'11tt ~ du rim I'~

rii'fich{lln

~1

t~,

1 [i

ill"~VIl

IH C~ri co,

!il I:ffillImqu8

po~'

~.£.

,don~

gl t III

~~'IIl" t1l91.1 ,

lI'I[mllHI't(lL~f!(::~!lie

!IIBntt fI ~tto!~H

tIJr! Til $1

rFI~Qiiido~i'" III ~ ~frct~1tie1

t~irni~:

_ 1Q ~~!!!g~!l!!l~}'?~.H~g~~'~!::j~lg:,.ehe- ID~dll did v~lori {;~I'\i!tt.el·i SHei d~l 1e gr~nd8tz'[! .• ~1 f1 fie d~lle v,orl;'f1ch,@ ~he ~'I)r! impl kano di"F(!tt.~it!~ln~E!

~Id f;! 1 ~~fl ~,11ln t rl 0 11 p\m~o

(t(!ns ion i ~r!!!aU O! t'l!iQlC nzf{lli ), 11i c;~~el'~ i!. c:cm 0 lr ~ i f 11 ten~el a !~:D~l~~~ 2ig~~!~ _r~ n ¥~Io rill HinH'D C 10i! dleodot t~ d~l ~
i

·20

1Q' prove;

COI'ISr

51, intBifld

1[1 ~!2r~~~rll'~i~!~'D~~'
ctoll

1(j slilto

11.111 aio~ til

~!H?~!iH~

dl:!l l ~ :. ez hm

C'; COli

Frs i i nt~nd'oi

~gt'E~!l~!U!'_B9!'!~!!~'!!).
Ill'li"'~!!! ~1 1 IrJlHe

n ,carico

1 ~~ d ~!U:'8 il,h ~g~~g che partll

(!)V~ 01'(1

n ~~colidu 1I1Q1:od'~ IlI'~~i!Y.aIl~. IJIn hto,• II p~rtti"~ d~ I c~rlch1

r'iso]uzicH1ii res lS'~ell't;e

~~cnti,

lu
'1\

1,~ 8~1'IIUur,n 0 un~ ~LJU

iilill 111 S'~rUlt'tiJrll dell e se1.:ionL

1I'II1L11111 ~ dllr'lnhiOIlI! $·Ozlone

dQ{J'IIi sF(lI'~ ~. dlll1 1~ dedlJlloM

1~

,doll n !"[Will1;I.

. o , a Imrt1r!! d~lh

I·(!ahti!iil.~ dcllllllti:!t'bl-i.

!len!) ,.feriQ it SIlD:

1 II

Il pr1m.o metodo preV'~e 1i! ~~(i!]SL!!~!L_~~~~!~E~.~~U~~n~Q. Si tl"atta e 1oi!. 11 p~rt h"e Qil i ce r ic hi ~!Jenti, d i ~ sol ~e rei! 1a s trytbJ r~. defi ~e!! I"i
do 1 ~ d'; ~ td bu z i 0 ne <d,~gli sfor zill!!l~'Jo sez icne 1 5 uef III ffil8nt.i, 5QJcce:~~'ivalW~.ntc , '1 a di stribm:ioA'le pHI scl Ieci-

pElr :o;e. ']OnB' :Sl 1!I;!;.@gUE!hi/fine

f~2!l~Q_ ~.r2~] 9 _ ~f~~.~~ D~~_2_g':!~l! _r~~i~t!J!JIE:~ • _ ~j9~ 9 tb nota rn ch~ ] ~ defi ni z ~IJone.d t s til'to 'lI'fltll tl.!! u 11t ~I1IQI d i , terni ni d 1 sforzQ vi
,eillt!!

1J'1'll~5,e'Z 1one

per S(1Z10Q~•. sf calccl tens+onf

eS~!IIell11fine ;'Ii

a" if I .basI! ,t'li1 0 '~forHl"

dE!n~ t.G!llsimll!l: (;O!! l a t Mfon,G!
1l~Ip.nl;ID fIt~ l

ce rndotta milter~al1.

<Inc h ''-!S sa ~1;tr"Yer-so

d~ 11 e!

iW:?~~'~!.A!
sui 1i

de,He

, In b:1l:S.eal va.'()i'~

fief punt]
~ ; 11

~}~~'~i~j~;~~i2!:l~_!gALr2'~!~[21A!H!~_~~;!~[]~, basate
mi t'i di defoT1l!ilIbH i U de;

sopraUutto

tat,

si

conrrcnto

r,es1$l:.eonte.
gener,e ([1.,
UII~ iJ
[I.

Da noU r.~ e he IJI"·~ Ild~n~

(I

s til to IIi tens 1one

plJ n til

n~. 6'x' ~"

t!IJIlMIr' In 1e ~~JWQ ~s~ {Ill tl h'm"".e· ~ Qmp(inL~.ITl-1 ~:cijh d

~~, 1"XY'" "(,Yol' 'C~x),

IiIrJl'i()~$~ '1.~lQ

1.1I t0l'l51onll r()s1 ~tonL' p,crciO si deve dedurre l.a

'te~LS 1OM

diilr1V~ hw~clJ dn , dal l IJ stato

rr'l)v~
PP.I' ~<1-

d IrJ dt

l:onslilgu, nz<i, Lin 'DrMd ~~~ ~Clilll'f

(p,c. 51)!).

pL!F~rc i1 Ciorlifroiito

y,enteo nel pu nte , mail

5]s tent€!
('S

~~~1Da,~g',~~s (...Fi 9 1"

-res
1S t~ma.
;t 11 0

di tcensio~11J'

ca lilL re}.

go. 9) eno D,[lIlOaCOII 'quell a J~ i d~iil ~ di conrro n to r i S1.Jl' t~ eq'l;Ji po 1'1 enS ta

te.

[lei r 1gUli:r"cl'[

d:~]I;!

to eli tens te ne ~iJl:!n tl!. se!co:!!

do IUII"oppot"bma

is-

il?\lt@~i_~LI:;1~rj;!~i~~~:t12~~_!Q_~1_!:'Q~.~~re.l_~~L!!1~~~ri~:
dt pl1!sth:;h';:'ll;l:iDl1l! sonti s:t~te el abol'"~b~ pe'i" i
5(1

t.e lU'J,erse ipc,tesi

11111

di vers i

te.rl ~11 o'lHr-ave:r

ind~ 9 itli s pul"illlilfl'cal i, e s U~C05,~

iv~ 1n ter-

p!",Qta z ~em'l te~r 1chc '

Irg,10 J\JtIl1c 10 !lfono 'P!'ontu p -ir·t~nto .5epilr~no ;1 nite ,t! 11'1(1\II" ,lIdezill 'r 011 tHver'S;C comlltlll!l!n'l:.i

r.ciJJ1'arl.

eon-

T~~
O'ya!
d",!lc provg' aI'l mat8rli~r.le dal !:<llcQI'Q de·lla str!Ll ttura

comlotLQ tid l rumdn,

1I1!1:!1: I., ~pn 1 coord~fi'lkl

dell III cl1-

1 rr~!lI£l~~ ~ ~ i~~:~;_ s, s, g un ~ f~ !~~~U~.L~H!~~~}ehe ~ 9m!liDiQ'_~U!~~~1~!~~i!~i'~'~I~_ig_~~~t~gly~} ~~~!~i~_1! ;:I~l ~.!~.Hi!~. ~a \fecr~fh;a. n pUln'tO cmTls~Qnd@llt(1 arTl! cecrd ine te def.!. P'!:1r
V~I'"~~ 'J;:~mp'mall1u,

d,ilHf! componi!!r1H delhI

sTorzo

<lg€!l'Ite dlev,1:!'r"isult.arE;!

1t'!terno

8111£1

Ing. j,j'
'J n Slen,er~l
t@illll,
B

fl"'ollti,e'r~ SOpNd(]!ett<l (I'" fi.g. ce,rrhp()nde,nt.i

W),

Quest'llH111l11 ii, dena ~s~iale)

1I.io.90 dei plint1

~9l.i' ~fi"lr2.1 r@~h'~~nt1

5010

5,~·d[lne. 50: 10 5,fQl"W Iha tlllI~ 1<1 'fron'~hl'ra jJ!lg~'n~rra

il

I"~09iungimorftcl
puO, 11

dell e m~&s1rne (.~p<wch~ 'tOcI1S1~m~ll in ~m 1 a ~1!~10!'!C SteS51l ~1 '1 Imito

lIDl(Nn~~-, 1.11 '01 rHicl!

:~oll compon~:nt [ (p. c,

1l1lMI~Dled t1 cGn"ProliLo

sforzo

ill 'Ull

t~untl]o di una S,QZ10i'lC !'iOI~ porta

$~

tliilll m SI1~ r_
t!:II!!

1.'1) :!i'fOIl!

o,'1!

delln

1011

111'1

s1

Qllllrll '. r~

:S1;1I'I'~,"I; sa' n- hll dllil cur,;,!! lld i 1 cnnrrento

S1) -n~ 1111

(p,

~ pre soOpOl"lIto

1;)&'

ioml

Ii'!ltt;l

'I ill fJr-iJ·nl·lcl""__

1111

vi ne

pi,mto

lJ~rt!lnt.(I ill mIll C rt~ iiiisu~~

"CO'IIS Ii"v\~'th'~~ I: tiO~

~ f~~ore

dtll-

1n ~hllt 1it.:t,

cOtnc hid [c nto t n f t ~. HI: o;~y,!~t<l) h r!"Dnt~~r~, 'e' iJn~. sl~perfiC'1l 1 a .5p~.~ 1'il m. "tte oj fmBd1S; Oil i ,
.00,

nel p1

tre (p. a, p,ros ~oHe as 'IQ'!1e

nel

ed "11 corlFrtin te v1i~nl! operllto

rn

gCIIIB'ri}" ~ ~1 r~

;zion

of

9~i Ul1Ig' flnBnw

d ~ll"

niil ss 1I!'JQc~n~c1't4 d:i ~ fO'~~1l ~1'1 Ufl ~~!

!it.!iS,ll

un eleJnol'l'tQ cr 1TIl :.ti"UU,Ur4 liOn pu tu 1.(1 H,'.uUurm

]'1

df
11

s1C;lII'O~.l:~ 91 oM'l o f ~m!'i 0 nou cOl'l'l ~Ptliilli! ~ 11" of'f!ltUvli

D'"l!.p~i'Or'tc tr'lI

m1 'Ce dc111l s u~ r.e$15tcn:u"

vel'Hh::,t!' d!!ll
il

I '~m'i e,1l1 p.a~ U,Of1l:l

sUili 1i U.

n~or'~ IliIi1!1Ct~re. n

Ane 1m 111

v~lorc

llmlL

~ltimD

~d 11 v~lnrQ

dj

"e$~rC121o"del

c~r!ch1

~t'&s1.

s,f'iirzo

II 1111 !;'1!!2Iolle ,t:! Iller'anto

iii una !:crtlll wi ~urll "eon-

!ii devo 1l1v~ce penal iun,TIJ la, r $1!;'tenz~ df!i lIi;1i.~eri~11 Il'd IIdollU'l'Irl! 1'1 irl. 1o'rcd~'!
Conc'lO

~ervO!l,1... '" a

Iii

dc~

a fa'llw'e della

~~ri"h'i

~'lfl~oh~lI!ente

e prill1~ tiel T~OillaT'hi d,~na

ne1 comtSiliPQ 1~ struttlll'a

~'Lruttllll"~.

La y,Qrf fka

p ~D pr'ec; sa d s l' ade ne 1 terzo in genere daJ lill ,cliJr~,dU r~sist~nti

to, a tt'Y<ll €to Ilreselilh

til oi d~durr-e.

nClt;£'Vol f dHfico1

meto;Q(l CIHl P!!r~ hrD. ta d'l eatcole.

:;i r-ispet.tann

1e Ci'lrattcri!>tiche

pr1)ll~bi115tlch{! d!!11e' singfJ'le ~n ,sibJiU' i(lJll

not'l!vlilmell'l::e cOwpl essa, fl.m-r i d~ 1 ~i!Jmp~e h~ tj.~o

all 0, S t~

9rarw:leU,e' in '9i (lGO., rna ~ i porta

5i tr",t-

"'estrer.J8"
!IQ!i1

pe'r 1 e qll~"'i 1 ",malls] per

~Il'l

d1 \!elltil: spesso 1" introdu1.iawi:

de,1 m~ter1111Ie" quell ~ ilI!!1le;,$! in ternd nl Iii Ull csr lco

iI~

IIn(I s tatCl ilttUiI]' e ~'~Tla 11 s;l It; g(lN,!>~ condotta Sf:mprl} ~ filU,1Ilil0. 1!i1hhH

.doni
"omoga

I!

Ida ql;!a~t<! 1 ~ Jlcwt<Lnza d~1'1 ~ stmttIJra

con qut! 110 lI~en'te.,

neo"

A qu e~,tD ptJlltD s i dhttJJ del til,rico

I"I!!lis'tel'l't 11.11 t imo d. ! lit ~'tJ'uW.ll'm ~ig'id{),~

1 CO'rlf ru n to!
't~r!!lh~1 (1'1 e~-

dlei

'E~!!l~L~~[ll~'C!:!Ei!~H!:

fl"~ 11) Nillt[ln~Ha," {still ~r1)

e d1 Qu,c1'10 ~\Ielltl3.
t~1

,~!J~L~D1L~r:~H ... HI!IH~j.lrocedl!

plHh;,~i'1v1 ~~cnZD ~1 uffjnBr~nJlo.

lm d"'F1nhiorvu r1w dtllcmle

di ~t~ta

l' 'I!'IIi t..-

!lr~dll~l!il~i1t,~" "Oil c~rU .,d~thmQnU !icrn= che \lIIIT~lIno ",1 ...10 !i.Upcriltf, 1fl~1'l m~nD llll! 11)' eene-

d,~l '~i,lllj (Ii rovinlll.

pel'

QU~$'tD I]YO dar 1vllrt! d~ ~

1 - IPONt t~ d, I!q,u~1bf'fo COIllil Icorpo ~

2' - I"IlUurii 10e,mll~H"t~

:3 - co 11 ,il; sse

azienl

n"tiche:,
I \i'~d percors]
iE!,

p8 F 'tr~sf~TrllI~,Z

iD-"(! 1 n mee.;a Il; ~1IXl ~

del c~l celo p"e'll~s'~~ 1n flg.

8 VC!)90no COii'dCltti

1I1~~1 Hi

~ - col h sse P~.It 1ns t<l.bi 11 t<'l : 5 -, roU.Yr'a Icca] liz za til per fatic~;

'Cdmente 51,!(Iii Uti

6 -dH.d

,01~s~~:t1 91eometricf

incOUlj:laUbil i can I' esel"dz;o d,eHa ~t:I'lJ! inCOIllpatitl"l h~ ICOn 1 'ill.erc'1 zig del '1001

~~!ln2_~L£:'!l1~2!2 che ioterpf'etaf,n pe rt~ n to e [In I1.Ilner to ~!radJCl d t app~~~ s imaz 10 nil" c
cijlcolo
l! costH!Jito aa:

modo ide3111U<J.to,

i'E!'iI.'

e ,~,S t'to s'tru! se

'twra~
f - d,eg!",aduioJle

tura,l e. 11 iiJoQdellQ di

'fi r.h:i1 0 cMIII'it1!

~tru S
flU

'ttw r;Ji.

'I~ "I n t(lr p,·[!'b!I.Z1on 1 ",cnl'llll"'()!J~ bill is ~1che

d 1.111

tlT'~ nd ·z lii ,',I l,re ,", •

~Odt ~Ofi!l Hmt'l 1.mplC'g~lt~

tn p;:io5n'CCI s~'I:tQ I n00i1rhpdttv~mll~'te

i!

di I!I~-

z-

1 ~ 1~IIDL~9gll!:!~~~~ mt!ilri ilH .eSpll'il!lS' I;Pl in tOi"lllhlt d 1 di ]~tBth:mt nul !Junto {po c. d1ngl'~mltII ll-f- }:,

di~~M

len I

Ii!

jl1g$g~l.g~!l'!!~~rj~~a
rf""l!'l 'mlo phnfl);,

I'i'f 'rH'

~11[] slH.ioni

19911 ~~l]!!~~,~~~ ~1!I~i~ ~~~i11~_~~1~g]!?_~_ ~!?!~~ 9~] ls .s rm'Q nj ~_~~1~Q~ ~~?!!1. re. lJt Q, .£oJ 1~_j.§1;t~,!!1[ ] ~_I]d,tt!J!~~ e'. dell e cerni CI"~ p 1~s t i che" ). ~,~ IIf!. ] (p"
rel"enza C~r1 chi fQlldam<!ntah stil lilo'1 fii~'ta
'II

qlu e 11 m d i B()I"nimll i che

soHo

1(: ~'I111 s~ryUu " 'P"" c6'r'l co 'I ~ se ~ 'j 0" i 't,,~ 1~ nO I:' ruohnc s

cl'le 1i1 va,hrtaz;one

d~gli eHetti dei aUravi;!r:w non. mec·~fl

3 - ~~fj ~J~~~~L9L~~~w_UI!IH~ ,t p,,~.

COlli

ne e clf rottilr"iI iliadel h

II • ta

del fIlilte:r;~le e della

Ie ipOb~$] di pl~u icfnazi]}~' scz ione c con 1e cause &i r()",!,

~he rOi PPr~sl!.!! loro
COl'lna ~"

ven iva co'n~"t ta poe!" 1 e la, n:!shtenza,

~",a'!lrj lfliiJlimt
II

va 1Or i m<ls,si'rr'l d ~ as e'tci:z i(I- d~1 c ar i chi (I.~i lIlate-riOili 50sti

Ll1timMfl!!nte
tlr'ill!Qi

struttur~ ~;

stess1, rattl!r'fitle

V!!.ili\i'!I dedottl! {~'olo

!ill 100 deifil'llU

tlriti till quel H

§~b~1!l~_~!~ !~~2_~~ nt'!!!W!'~' 9 rafi co mq U" ~~ tot; ~ iOill II~_ l' a ~settQ s tl'1Ut-t'LII"~ l~' ,~ol'l ,81 o:1lIQU'lt i" nod 'j, ~~ r'1chi B

I}", mentl'l! 1 e iJlc,er'tllzzl!

d1

C~ rl fr'o'n to

tl'~mt'u

LJin IIJ!li CQ

scontiltl! ~ol 0 tn fose final 1:oerr ic i en t,~,9 1ooa h ~ f~ f curoz z~ •

{I

s,fgni.

5h:coli!c no'!], 50no

'1 1f!9~fiIi 'lr<l tcn$iOI1l1, sror1. i

~n [lD"Cr',fI

;!IdcM.

!lCIHJ!lI!lUl,Zi\t~

111 'rtg.B"

b~,~!f19~~HU;~!n!J'dello d!!'1
d ~ 1 mode 11 0.,

IUpelld

iI~'1

roUurll)
11~

l1ml'~r1 ,( soprllttLlU,C) ~Or~O 10 s1 tu~~ion" 1 11111 1 (II t a c11:1~g'1 i 'ff1!t.U non ,'CliCOI1'O prl:lplH'Z loMlmcn'tc ,ai <11"[1:11 1
'tB, p(;il"t~,nt.1 ,~11'a re~ 1.~b!n
~II

o r-,fld0, d i

c:or'rispon(HlilM

fri:i t 1

Slm {;onlt:lOi"t~L'1]~'n~o (l qUl.lllo rll!{Lh: den~ struttur~" "H1C1,i'~bn~" fn '~I'to. Ifl, gl!i'ier'e l',:lff1d~,b11 f,U $1 mi91 Hi!";) con i'l r: ~5ccre d~l 'I ~ compl@n1ti1
(l

1e

Ci! pac-1

de f

i11 ~

te'r ia

11.

11 ~ De Hi

c ~ ~'ilteo

d i com; ~!iu DUiZill con l' a pp~~~nt imeiilw

d,E! 1' 1

O'ni!t,e Idi ~1I]

c~

11". E ss n d i IlCndo Ii.rl.c1~Q i!l~ C~ r t

~Q~Ut'l~d t,~ ~ fm~ilirst~tll~t

$ ttU<lJ,iI:~oJl'i,

S ~'rU, ti,)"~1:'1" pc r ~

COmpl'oss1one,
Q

I ri sul

s,CI~I}1 i~

tni

VI!IIg0liO 'tr~dotti

In ~1~~r~1T!ll16'-8. .1'11

t~. che

~lllilm~~1!l;0 'iOI illl IltQ~()

~~wt'J ~V(:rltw,~

$0

no' r ~po r 1;~,t 'I

~ 'I etln 1 tl ~~1e ~ ~Il ttur't ~ 'I~iC ~ rJ 'i

~,n'

n';J.

11

1 d lm!li'dl!i!~i. di

11 Ipot,rn1i CQJ11e ~.~

n fi M ~'T €!"

~empl t rkativ~.
detto,

11 d'~gl"~!II!ll~ rl1 'f'jll. nHtl.!t·~ frag11f!

'Ilit ~ c~rUl

'rbl,feo d'1 un mIlL ri~l!!! l;)'ll1sti,co ~Iln

quit] 1D if i f'I~" I'l II II! l:~r~Ue'r'h;tiOD d,uU.'Hl! (p.I!;!. con b~(ll't<i !:IppnJ,sSim;JJl io-

(rl.

11 v~tr!). 1:00 l"(jttU"'~

h~ incertez~e'
'0

d1~rlval'lt,i
C ompe

d,J.1gra,do'
tin

di 'i!fF;dabil1t~
RO

de1'
per

un I ' tl!!ri~l

e. 1!1:lstico

""od,ello d i cal co 10 '.'el!l!gono till e" cOl!!ffki'ente

io•

n sa te: d:~

co@Hic;,Qnte'

d1i s ; CU i"e,z:za
nne

Sa rebbe

ppo r eu rio .cihe

n ~,~ 1()i"e
divel'50

ne l!~~ct~io), q~elto di fig, l1c I c~r~tterist'co di un rn~teri~le el~· '3,ruopl~st ko ol;ln rotture fr,~g]l e' (p.,e. i1 <:<1 lces truzzo a tra;do'~e} ~ quel ~
10 dl ·fi g. 11d

ft s sa to' da 11 e ificO!z10n'e"

~'ar'lasse

C(l11 11 grild'o cU

"sEimpl

intr()(lot~-

carattQ-dst~~(l

elf u~ m~t-e:r'f<l'le etastcplas

t.tco con r-ott.!!_

to, '.l'l"ado('he puO risul tare! m ltIJ

rra dW t til e (p.

1Hil"

'I:: ,

i l cal C!:!struz zo ,~ cO!!1p~'est; 'i 011e, ane hI! S~ ] il. sua, "du tt j -

1;<1<50 per

case , sch~

ilssai' Hill; htIl).

T'r~1111 11 1l1>!ld'~lIQ d! ell 1col Q' 5~ rrnrc'm"rQ'no ~(! t1i~ d'] (1!l. (l eh soIl~ d i dliil ell te'llol' 'I,~ : 1 • !~g_l]g_~'!2!'~1:~. t!'E~!. ncrcurso
illlenl:; 1

QWnqul1 1 1e~~mi do'no

verse s imhtr ~ ci{l~ d~] C(1r1CIi'1 1l9'H $fOt'z.1 Ilrodott.I, (I ;i4!r~i11 Li Sib'ilI e c-tol!! da'l1lo t;(Ot'ZO rE. s1~t~nt~ al1a cdP~cJta porta"t~; 2 - 1~'2~_ ~,~~~ i2'D!: ~[~!:~j, !i~ reerse y,er~ 0 !:les t r~ ~ c h~e da 11 a tens '10nfl' r',e'~'1st~mte al cnrr l spcndente ~;~tQ're 1irni'~~ de'110 ~for2.u, y ~'el"· SI) S 11], ~l;r"1l, e G i I:l~ J~] 1 [I S.T'g r-zo "",[gentlE: a nat 1 !:!Il~ iOIl!;! prodo H~ _ Pel'1;'QT'Sl \,,~i"SO sinoi 5!i.r<l. 11 1 {!g~111e ~"d,r;hi~~fOI'Zl
- l,t~ ~truttura -I ~ ~ Lineare

i~~n~~~~. per cui

se:
~~I"d 1~<l11

(c:1

bastane

1 C! I!quilzl~ni

DG1'la ~t~ t,~c~; ~ti'.jtt,jl·", o'l jj)urW>t'!'Cll, HIli II 1n~'tei"'I,' 1

t: I?gCr::n~~gQ1~~~!QE;1.,;,,!

u 1]! i ~PQ~$~I!I':D~L~!~L~r~~!ll {(II flinF II11'lnti f1 1~g~111e s(!:IJ·,l!.l-tall~lmll it Hfi~ .re se:

J.;

~LA~l'OPb M1ICO- r.1'iI\~!lt

1a ~l hl'ij,l·l,o,n~ dieT1a
'Ill re d'('}t 1a '! eine tra't<J. SIJ se:;:ione ~h SiW03.ziiolle.
tam.en,tl! el"~5Hco.

~~,2

ionE;! ~ "Iscstat

tca",

1l!

e~Q~ t~lE: da non rtsen

can-

ng,n
L',el ~stofllOistidU rende, per- s'ituilziollf
t~tl~,ia,M

c~HtHuth~

omog8111eil.di

cleol iIIatel'~,~l ~ (p .e , f(l\'za ilssialll! Yin so11do all u,n9,)'tt:l); mil il materfalt!

Ipers tat.tche

, non. 1 i nNl"i l lenella sez io-

Qel1a s,j;!2i~)IIJ,J~e "ip!!r~t~tk~·.

-e

perf'et-

9<lmi cello di ro ttura

sc:h-~madi fig. B. La fragli 1i tA f<i co;,ncfdl!!rl!! 911 st3ti I!Iltiml cil1cGhlt; sul Ia nel punte, sull c sforzo
f"~ M'f 1ne hI! p.I!:rO ~ M(;he ii ~7D eff1 ~ ~!:!nt t di

Me 0 su 1 ca r~ co del] B. ~ t!'IIlt'tl.lr~.

Percol"s 1 verSO des tre ~IPotest.

t J e~,~I!I 'I

&OrW,~

I: ftilt1'

sene '11 n~~ d

In

~oU.o 1~

tl!~5(,

5cmp,Cl c:h.a +l 111111 Ql ~~'t1co t~

de'l

t!'!r1~ 1B c'!l1nctd~
e de

Carl 11 11·
~IlZ jml~

~'~e u I"Ci 1,11 c~ h;:tll~,U ~mlli!'

~Iite iJi r!llh!!"il (pel'fcttll fr'~!li 11~,~); P4!r !it i;Y>1Jl. iQII'II[Hl1's'l:a c1chol' "~l L I dll'H. ~ei"littur1i.
tlQ tt.il d:~11'~ ;nri'suraz '1Ori!O! tt,! r,Drz(;!

coi 11(;tlllllllJ" i
.1.119I1n-flll-

i'!

rI

!"~ PP[)I·tc 'fril. 't,QIl5 hmi, cesser I~ In riO 111, 1ir1~~ 1tA •

~:F!lz i D rr~ t~r t e h 1 r

11

'11 dhorMliii-'

re;

~P'PI'

C(liH' 1nd h;i5'lQ

in ' it]. 1211. C"~O ~ 1:,9,

~I'I

pe fiJ';;!' qu hid I d~11~1 c~me co'H ib rt -tv;:i d,ll 111<1ilr~;l ~~. QU,estll t

~ tll

nerma ~c
(j

B fli!!hli1'!M.~ f,c n 'I $IJ P~"DV~ a t-ra Z 1 olle

~L Itui 'to d~ Ullt!'~tto CH 01~Hi~~ firlo ~1 li~'H!rAL~l~~;iL!~ "di (0 p!'Dponi()tl~l i U"}; dij Ill'rl r.;raUo 1-2 1!]Il:!;t'DJlh~t,icD fi no ill UI!IH!l'.9!

sner ... Jlil1to'. dd un tr;\Uo 2~<l pl.lst1c,o f'lno 1 !!,!!ggK~L!:g~~!!!:~, III rt11'1 dolll:l \;, r'lf'lell 11 no r.tHo Hml'to ultimo (filII Uruttlll'l"! v'r nil liltl"OK
([Otto Sll!!'tttl 11

1!'!!J1!L~~~~~!!;ii!!.ln:AU2~~lJr~ 1 (pUilto
'-1 PQ d 1 fie\!'In
(dr-o rtllul o~ j

del d I~gramr..
dI

) , ri.nt i t~ t~

;:1111 to ~~:s

1 rrel"lw~ 11)1 11

II! d~ r lsulta r ~ inl:ompiI't1I:1il f tern 'I "eS8'l"C 1 ~iQ della Per' ~1 tY'1'l1 1M te'F' h l t, com.;!];' aec 1a.1QI ncrud i tv, 11 d ~~'I sest, i b,d 'to d~ lm t rat to [JU\o·v~r.lent.e 1i nee rea ta

cesrrua lone) • ~,ie iodo ph ~ 1 C'O 2 -~. r t

pe,l1d~n~a n:I~ nOt"18,

t, 4m" I}rJllc. M!lL~~o _g~c!~b~. (llJarldo !"U"\I !It 1 'I fill r !!Iolll1 siiJrellll., s I dl"'i'1: t IPI' conto ut'I uiJraft [) (Notol'tO" d,lllll [) $ell'lIi S t Hco, CD.nrtfur'lfOOli'~1:i 011 II struttlJrc dlll' ~ c()~,t.nl.lii;ird civil 1" ](! to" ~nn,m g Q()m~td ch e ~c 5 5 ono c s s~rll: d ii;r,Il.Cc i!iflj~fh to; cl ~ pc s ~ d on~lneli to, cl1 varUca I ita. di hlllg.i1l!zz!l. <11 r'QU1 linei ~~.• dl plil.I1~.l"ltio .• Per tenei" conto d'l esse 1emf Slft~ I1ctrlina 111, WI.n-.MGorrdte ,. su 11 o sc hena St~t 1ql. 'nel sense pia. sf~'~ol''e,,01e ~ m~nO! r.liSlJl'il. cm'rhpom~!!nt~ a'l l s toHe:ran.ze
I_~

stQS~El.

Le ;doni d'1J! C[jfi!>r(!'(!rlir~ n'li!'11 vel·Htch·j] clm"1v.!Hlo d ~ IlllgU 'nti 'I' ttol'i
d1 cllr'lcol

1----1-,,,,------1----1_
~~; . E',

1 - f~a~: C:~.r 11;111 pm'lIL nDIl ~ 1 G f p'iml Propr1 I) ri.1' :S.J:I~ I"~C~~ r IcJy1 perin il9!'l ti G;2h c.~r'1chl v~I"'i<!bdH Q (c~rktl1 di sarv1 z10. MV!!" V!!nl'c.o. s1 $;:]1 I.
~

- qll~.ndlO d:i nBilllich·e.

s'f~

1 ~ 't i C(liil

n "'~ stat 1 Co-·., tod:·Q

~,~l'1n ta d~ 1 ] atarrs,

fo r.m

.".•• ),

or,

2-

~~f~~~~!~~:L.w~r!l~'~!i' c<o<lzlcmi
s'to'r~i(ln1 per1ll~nenti
(p.e, le variazioFll
Cil," lifo' (

apposHe P I( p.e .. ~'l pT'ete~.$hmel, di P'.!!, 1] ri 1;.iro'1. di s tors icni ~(!,ri~bi' i Qf.
dl vtncolo , $.; smf -quando

ti;!ntrl'iche)., cedtment.t :
'I:

simu'illtl

f1 m~tod(J till IilUnico-, ••..

(ilJ

3 - ~8'~!)~~_~llgr~§~!:tl dt
sildI11C"
rl.l!rl~ ••• ,).

rnttcro

fis1co

~ ell lillico (ulllhil

i 'I

to, :;!!Il ~

'CDr;chi ~iln!lO'"~.!l p~e $eFJ,t~.ti ~ ttt"(lVIlI'SO

Hg.1~

i 'III1crt

cn~ Ul,lr'i s ti e i 'i n b~ se

~.gH dl S,CIJ SS 1 cd te'ri prob~b j H s tic 1'. In par-t 1co, are qu el l t perliJ<lJl~nt 1 i ~~n!lo c1u,@~,{1 o,d C<lra t tel>; ·~t c i. ,U:no r.JiU:~S irna G e Uno In 101100 G· ,. n S,Q--' i k k
CD i1do d~ uti

1 i Z za rS'i qua ndo 11 c a rico 91 (le~ a f~ ~ora d'erl a sta 1:11'1t~. ~

hanna 9'~~iiIDlent~
,~0il";! 'villOJ'@

I carich1 01(;(;0re r
mil

~'ariilblH

m'i1l111LQ 'I 0' zerc ,

j n 'fi fie pr<lIPorre

-iI t

eu n~ par t t co Iar1

con S 1d,eT'~ 11om e rrca

ha 1,j1!Sill!

III $Cli~
In p'r~t'It:[1 pero a!l@!:IiIIilte, ft!dol(lln1
il(!J1ti

stat.teo

dell

<1

~j;!"uttul'a.

Ognl 'hvoraz:iolle

~2U~C~~~~_2L~:

§~~Y~i~!L (0 d t "l'Ir()du:!:1ol1e~) ch~ rap'prescllItanQ 'i 1 CIiIl'lPO cll "'ilri1!l:IfUt_ dene e j·~tlartst"lcllill dt.orno I)t ~.li?~LD2t!!~~l.1 htdh:<lt1 I!! PI"O\'ll!tto. Oilll1 ~ ~~!lg,t'!li!):g_i)J~~'l!!1~~'9! 5'1 r'l Peri scono, ~ II~, 1'lUPcl"rath Ulli chI!
fc I'm~ ta de i nl>il ~r h H S'IA11 ~ s tmttllrm ~ e ~.l: 9r~(IO dl C[W T' I s poudom,~
~'t:t"~verc~,Q' ]1 girl COli

(Ile~i errOre',

de.:i jIIilterl

11

4!

~i sono 5voH@ so le sui c",dChi p!!rd ; prodl}-I;t.i) I! U sono d scolltr'!lte varhpotcrli

LI'lt~ ~t~tfstich~~s~ 1 m~dc,t~ t~nto d~

~I hi I
can
oJ

tratt~r • 5aOZ~
nhl1,
5U 1'1>8

~~M-

COm~ d@tGl"ml'l1i~ ~1ct.

I'cr

C,d!" Ic.h11 ,lIcchl

I'll 11l~11-

quell i d'e'!1~ IlrIJVe, 51 t tena eonte

~l taM ~Ildfflden-

D~H ri ~)o'rt~,t i SU11'B ~,j;lPM·jl! t

Z'I~J'fif") •

dt mll~,l to,

vet11.10no

as&l.IrLt1 COjj1le c~r{i~t~rh,t.lcl

~Qrllle

Qk "
'~II

~!~~L~~!:
~,cs trw-

t;; 1p'lltus 1

di

r h:o

'28

2!i

fI1t11emlcolD

~1 IJC~B cerceru

c01lit)1n~~ioll(!
I' ~

p~D sfofl'i/or~vole
I;~ ~U~

d~~ c~r1c:h1 Lil ~ I!OO1 tdl'lOO

lIl'LtIl!1.

~ sf p~~O t onol" con'~o d s 11 ~ P l'lll.~nb11 t U d1 1I'lil c,~t'icM.,

de t t,~ ~II I i!lo't'l.i

t.~ !11l'rmQ 'W(l~fHJ'mo pOol' 1~ ~CI"I (fell

l

uli!JH

HII'~'i

'II! 5egucl'!U

cQmbi'ii~z1olili +

- l~cali

~1 Gr" ~2~
2aove

j~Q,k
'1'

d'~b~t~ziDne

1ocel i pubb] iei ~. 1oeal i con af'fo11arrlent,o

!g,G1,+~:h
'Qh ~

+ ~fI{ '~fQ1k + ~2Q2t

~3 Q3l + .".,

- autorill1~~$e ~~Y'~ ~!:D'~~

fall

1:.-1 'Cil r ~chi

~Hi 91'<JV()SQ Ci1iricQ \1ilf'bbHe,. Q2~' Q'3k •• ". SOM g11 ,~l!:Ii IH ~ O'fS a od ~1nil' thiii ~On ,t r ~bow 1 sconG lir;! ilJ99r;'i:v~M 'l ' ~ z i onn •

I o~~mchmti !:i H~nl1io II r~I''Il'r(i~antmfil car1ch1. Ii i;HQlo

z 1001l1'i

to tf~~O~IJ~U'B'n
11'1r~doth ...1sto the le
ti,

~t~. cH;,otL 1 coeff1C'l'OilU. p~"{lIl~b11i t~ dell n contijji1jX)r~nila

i;',i!i';

~r

q~
cl'oi

0,2 Oil

0,,0

V I ur~ N~P1" '~Il'ritl'lno 111 fr~z'i.on(l de'l CIIriell'I dllli"i1'til m d iol il':l te'rmi III
pCl" .]Ii giorl11t

~v n'ti

como

hlhrrlliO

u-

i ndiciI'tivo!
non

e rmrmiltive
un

nez tonal i sd tflt~rM= de ff nH:i vo eeeordo,

s1

n~ 1J1',c(h;s,H;1

Ill: 'I'

11110,( PEl]" Qll4!l1lplo

IIal1110 i!HlbQ r~

r~g9'i linb;

<11ncno 30 !1 i Ol"td ~ '1'1• a fino

S'IJ] telllil

ri po!' t~no per qu:est i ccetf

i~']'ent

seglu

ent i

~'<ll 101"'1:

I cMffl ~ieli~i tf' ~ ~~ ~lji sa,p~a. tr~ tt~ t.l vOlfln!:l ~. b"'iw)re' ~.ppl icati sut carl r:M e d(l~ a I l ' origiflc d(;!'1 :pE'!rc{lr~i dlE!~ in fig •. .g., ~e"onoc ~1 ~
] a de teO-[iIIlnO! ione de'lll' azt ona, z Se i h\l~liri
SQI10'

1 qua 5 i piflrm~ n'(!flt I ) ,

1i nea r t

, e S 5 i,

POS5QI10

0,90 1.35 0.9'0

, .50

e!:ser:-e rasi'~r-iti o di tensiOR!!!,

e !lallie, !J1,I9.1ieffettl
l"~p,pOl·ti

ca1'colati
vll'rl f'ica

in t@rlll'inl, 01 sforzo

~~'n:..,\ che i

della

ri ~!ilI;1nCl a 1 terat~.
i s 0 h'l!!l' ~ '1,It P'rg.IJor1l!in~]! pi ,

C fi'l sernfll1f t COl h~ ge'llr:rE! l' ~M 11 s 1, 1,i1 qua n to p8 rm~ ~ t~ tHr

5 tru ~turll
U
I!

p1!i'

IIJ ~'l:n!l(ll ~ wnH,~ d I car'i(:1) tll)(ll1

C' 'F

e,

s'fNH~I'r.d()

,l

'I~ II

O~"!lIJIlOfl'lb 11I ~ on tic I 1 e SI.'!II11l1

~c •

,'1!:lm:arc
per

1n cCl(!lllil1ilzion'

gr,"J'

tc i

"!lOOJgjJ

Itnl1ri r<i.t"cn• I~ !'i,cerc~

!] 111

0,00

~ i I etlan I df, d i ca rkQ,

=

ig. 0 nun S~.JIIO 1il'leal"i,

PfQV~

d~lll1

c.oI!lhinil~iOlia'

r.sn

p 1(,1 9:raV'u,s~, 5 i devon 0

I"cl e ~1figO] ~ po 5 sib r 11 s 1 tll,] Z1on i 'comp 1 e~s he 'Uill t~ c e ~~; ~ten t i !lgrl'i volta
"Ver$il

~1 = 0,9
L{! ,eomblnU;,oni

~2 = (1,8 SDPj"~ riportate

13

coon ] e d f verse e

~orre'tte

tra,mit'l?

'r

r 'Is pa~

if4 = •• , : (1,7

t'iv i coeff ic lant}, dal

~i1

l'ip€tt'Q(€!

da [:ap.g 1 'anal i s i delhi des t!'iI '" rel!lti'iQ 1 ~ J~Finiz'ionc

strut.tu-

'r!!. 1:10 wl1 e encne per sono que11le

i1 percorso

<11101 'l'crifica dc'll ~ uortan1~ d 'I~ e r 5~

fQ~g~'!!I~~.~~U. 501'1.0prevtste

a llr-e~lim.bi

na.~ i c,n1 p~r 10 St~to 1 imi te ,ul t irro so U.O ~ ~ ~.~S'b.Ls~~~~ ~~~,~!~ ~

CarlcQ'
pretl!J~

u I t inn dB1 1<1 s trutture

,H Vi D c'~r'i(:v

,i n qUilnto

(ur4~~nf, ur~1. ~sp'o5i~ni. $is~f,.•. j

c1 ~i(). IPel' que:;'te
pOl"tilfltQ linch,
ell!,

P~F 91i ~l~t1 11mtt~ cl1eser11 vI;l110 till r1sch1o e d1

uI11 ~~

!!I 'I

d~ una s ttl! ~d Ol'le che "15PI) t. ~~ t I"~ PPOI'I:, i fr~ es i~ t,Ollt I COIlli:l "ilzfolll OJ 5y'11"l ~t!"u·~'hrr~. nto, p' S 'lin. (1'1,1 ii,'C "L' 111.1.(1'.11', f)
Illrlltk~
!Iil't

sHiJfuiI(mi

~1 acc,ctu

lin dtvcrso

un dhrllrsQ g!"4do <11 p:r'OiJlIb111 U d 11~ cOlilteJ!lj'lor4lF!ci,'tn

hi 1l1l1'lcr~ 'I, 1 dl c~lC()1g,

Ilr[)c~d'lml

'1'011 aile.''!
~~Qni!R;

i chi ~'",d ~1:i111. ch£! en

~"I

ti

Qk

~o n d C'l

y~I QrL'glJ~~L ~~rur~ i tf 2Qk D~D'~

tr<J.iiu

n(!11: (! COJ1lIJ'1lU 1on 1 con d'~t ~~!grLf~~g~!l!! f

taflitO thin

~1 a Ilt!tt , "in pl"im~ ppro~~,i effeUi <lei c~t"1ch1 ~Iiche per

,~ .~!lco~d~ de i fi Jll de'l-

rli oiIppl1c~rD
non 1,flfleM"'l.

i coerfh;J~llti'

S.fil!lli

le9~lIli

Co~ 1 f~c eQ1ldo d

IlO't,r&" co 11C~ 1 co t 'I 1111e~ri

e'l' C ntua ~lIIen'~8

cor reU t

.,ij

Cr'l 't~r fQ ", ,os~auh'~'

t feWil'!'ll 1 ~ comh1 m z iOn(l '1)"1 IIr,~yo,:>~, d mt c n r k ~J1 u ~

'I,~

fC'~

tsten

Z~ ~~ r'~t '~~.., ~,t C~. 1

cl1c 'hi 'I, a rt

~U!!!~V~

10 ri.' G~lil h~ !lrgL~ b~1 i~~ Ii

solo
rcsa ,

S'U qu~~t~

l'DiWiaU5i
d'~]l

f10~~ HI'I~iIIr~ 'VolIJt~

dallll

~or'if lell r'ig£_

~ Pr'o'p>!lr'rp,

dt ~~i~rij ~~par~to 1~ dirQtto. vnlc

rM

!'IotaI'D' cnn 1 ~~ Iltt!Lidl"1

QOrme 50~O tnt'l:~

(I

,od(lni;,Hl)

in

in.odo pr~Flilrl!n2.~~l til 1;~ ~el"'I:fic,~ ~crl2:iurd $tr1 tte

~r[)rz{)

~~Qll,~ ~Q'zionll! (sc~on~o, metO·

do <oi 'f1,g,. S}. f'er t~l,e ~"eri.fio;:;~ iuhtt'[ ilbbo:nd~no 1:11 dut~gT"I~tc
+

predove.
1

Le COOIDiMz1ClI'Il pr"ima, dp(lT'Ut~ termlllli'

i n Que~:~Q~a~(i ilndr-~nno, r tnel la se~]one"

puO enche

p!!l::ril' ~ 0,05, (~~l), si h~ ~=

€lei: ~i)!effh;i .ellt,1 = Trkl

t .G"1~"
per Qttenere . ti po d'i rnator f ~l 1~ ~esi5~e!l~~ di e e d~ 1'l e tecl'lOJ-

in

dli ~~frorzCl S, MHo

sf,o,r,~O

1,1'~ 1ori

so.tto neare tilta

1 'OttlC<I

clG'll a, v!,!r-iHca

11'~n~ lis i 1 l~ essere accet-

C~1,~)10- (Tlrd

:r mL

v_" Om

~"'e servcno

di pe'ndCltl;CIda 1 ii1idka.t'hlO

,~p,p'rOs~~'ffiat<lde11 a ~trut'tlJra

PI'IQntatlciI,)

1'1lgli<l d '1mp; e9lo. j\ tiwlo - ~cch1()

1~!!! 11nn.t

si rlpClr'ta,IIOi

s@~'uentii

val-cwol:

111m
1n

COI!!~ d,ef~n'l U~,~, ~~m;pr~ d!,~ ::h sodt!fs'rau~ d~ll (!sez1Ilni~r~~iil:III~. 1.1i giust1 ric~z1cm~

la

~~~~!E~,9'~~_~L~~~~!:
p!"ClC@d~fil~!1tO Yn~ jj h~r
1"01'110'

qjUilll to

~Cl,lu~.

Coi1

d1 't~h: ~,~ 0 ~hs~ 1CD s i pc r~lllnc M 1c,01

!!!o!! riO!"!

~t~

M'~ ~ !;Ill

11 t bF~ 't.~ d i 5f~rl i,

d;£:, nlated·~] 1 0.

(;on9

nj(m~ 0 W' tr,.pq

'Ltc' m,lhi

U~U i0z eln ~ todif,~j d ~ !~t:i~ltJe~

1 r~1F co~ t~~z '1Cirri

n!(.lt~ 1 ] i ch~

b~rrQ

rill... c:.<\, centrol 1 ~tU'

Iu stlltl111~Ql1tO

~)h s~ ~c. f U
tel 'iJj'j~

So Del" tille' ~uQl (lire

d 11 ~ r ~I:loIl~ 10fle d i sfor,l i 1<! ~ ~r if1~ che h strwtturlj.

tt.iI,f'I·~ !lQ'r C .<1. Imn con'~~o'11u'lr!

chri! t'isul til 00 50did.1sUtte, S i til~z i on[l !!Iqu

n ]It>rat~ a ttra
IlIon

~ers,O-

r Hi

p!IAOti"'(I~.~r'~
"/.I

0 100M ~en$' hi Ii <!:G~ ttalll81l1t;

U" Ill,~St,1 d

df!llQ~ S,Q2 i pi l1l. so 11 sc H;~te. i,o,n vi@n~ "'~II'''fic;~t~~

Bl5o'Jn~ per~ che ~n~ rottur<1

pl~ 5,t1 e t. Ta-

- c.:(!'I~e$ti"U~~eI

ptQ-coce, (>:iii t.i IlClf'rag He)

(!

1mp~di ~'«i! (j'Btti

pe,t" o<p,~ re tr~dilj lP~ef~pbrk<lt'l

ona 1i

C()ildi~i(lnB

impcin~rtdo lin

g~~1gAL~~~!nit( suH1

in stabt l l'me<ntD

c'i e !ib~m~!1't~ el! eva to.

'IIt~Blld,endc

reF t~1,@ t l :r~ PIlO<l'"to til·~ l.il deifDm,]Z lone

nl~ l'Iot~!"e che , can 1"'; f~ri];;!1~t()

a 1 if i'lIlite d 1 ro ttl.lra e Ql.le] 1~ III UmHc d i snerv ~!!!en'tt:! del fila te r 1~ •e ' U'n~ ormai l u ng~El-Sr~!"! ~r1 ~~ IIpP 1 'h:.~t ~ COJlf,c 11:1~ 1 '!lIlD 1 ~e ~Ml ft~,d i t~1~ v~ P po,cllIatl~jJn'~o.

~i rn~'t,er'fil H da cenente ~T11l~t..o ({"!ell .1~~4 s1 otttll'rCllbo un co~ffidutQ d1 ~i~u~

1, ~O)! con
j"~

6r"1 ,j5~~ ,~(I I! ~o"1.

~z ~ (~1 ~!J~11l} ~'~'!,"I e Ill,t;ro ~l;ill

1 ~1l11H

'I'm' ~W~Jl'~{j r1'91J1i!,d~, ~,~ r~~hlmlzll ye myid'~'n~hno de' lill {!htritlw~~'crd

dol

rn~'~el'fl! 11 ,1

r~~'I~l t:lIt~ d,~11 n PI1:)~

$t~ tHH~lll!

COJI bU',il'n~ '~Jlpr1)~~iitlll.!j,(jr di tel1si'Qnentre

ne r~ Ilrr"~sen,t<lM 11 1n !g'~ID~_ D~~l:i Chf~,man:do con td1, 'i f-esimCl risu1t1lw

M ,8 con
Iii

{[} GilU~S

1a n Q) • 'le
W~C'Chi~ nOl'fltl!

d~111~ p'tO'V~ in tefl'll!lii ,grande)

p"e<"crhO-!ll{)

~M"fi,ablilm'~lIlt,e.

~er

b v8riifi~~
ri spet-

11 rnlJrn~rG(~~ufficient.{Jm@nte
~ ,d~f1 nrto

delle

provs

5t@<5~e.r1

(dotenllini

sti;,c~), a ro'ttura,.

t= '~" 5. 7
.O,~ '.

'i,i'a.1or r.!edhll del 1~ !"es~~t~nz~

(!a:

P~., 1 e to a.1

cClstrllzi,gni
~O)fI'",iI'CC~~

in ilc~~aio.

£td
-111-'

. F!ll .'

t=:

r~-. ~
q,U<l~I"~ ti

r ielli

(gtn~'

Kr= 1 ,50" if o.."1 ~. G-

;1'1 ClUj n

pe$() p1r'Gpr10 'e ii'kwlo

st [)H~HTe'bte:

hl'5,C ~ t""to II!

co
)2

!l!C'd i (I

dQ f i wi

to

d,~:

II!IHltrll

~(~

I.~

I'~

-T

1~ ~~'Ch~Y nOr"lll!~ pilll'lM~O di ~1 Con'frml~'D comunqum non j} prl!~i'5,o dhrilllc'nti ~h~ 1

rill

po ~<I'ri ~, 'tfl

Fin iJ'oma~o

1 ,,5!:!, 1 n q,iJ~,nto SuFiQ ~~l!It!'1~'t,t n'~' eO'rlt~'!II1e v~rH 1~Il'~.

n-1:

~lr(llhll"ilI

stOSS.!l

B !lUG an{:.Ii(!

1m; idcrt!
lito

fltiga'thiilll"lii'
1\

su11
n

rUII

l'o[l~' 1Ul
(!

(I.th Il Ili ~t.;w~g f'I11

cl~ I,I~, cO$tf'1t:llione COl!)tlll11PTdl"G t!!J He

&O:l;I,rulionc.

Por n

'11:1

l'1iRil'l<i ... i

'1,!'In!'!

prObl,I)llItl

11.0

'f!~ il'r.li.z10nfJ. ell,

[jyi 5'111 UPp~bl

D~·.(lV 1st... ud !'!1l'Il1[]!;~ii rmt dl! 11 ~ 0 perri!,

ealcol
ill!!!!

t , purcM
P<)'I"l;.1Itid

d I nl,t 1 t
1m~

$1 rHarisce

a nil 1l1"'lJ1c'lp~H ~~1'ifiche

amfll ia

o~llort(ln~mefjt gy,a tZi du rB tiHl

1 'IIIIHil t~,. Un' ~ce~ss1 ~o fl!s~ur\l::t

liI~!lI!-

'Iii n 5~'rv1 711:1 ". E~so va ull t.e~ IO'l"iftenite

1~ 'fa.s f de 1 prnc e:~~.oco:~. t r'U U i'1'0
~I;!

to

JWI"

t~

pl1!:rtlh~ eS pnne ] e

~,r;;n~

tur - inet~111 ~'h@!. 1n-

n III

r~ Tat. h e ~ s ~._

!Jlllb~'Le fiE!l eal cests-uzzo,

n~ d~ll'dGd~·i()}_.

ad iJ;fl~i".!ipid~ !I~icne

111 c~rros1 one (u~~ i dalif!_

g:en.~~ Ii] s 1 CUj"P, zza '.

I.'es,~ ttn In prima ser'~h hi

c!:!stru:tI'Dne t,"II,1I '~yogll nail
I!!~. C'On

,e suff

i E1en'~!! l' ~n~'lisi

del' a

~trllttlJra

G{lnl[,lld~
11

in

pl

tci

f,~tto'!"i (gr~d()

cldi 11 b hlne d{;!ll a dura b~1'i 't ri d'1 una ~tril rtu t'a d i peode da JI;.Q' t~ o:Ii ~ggress~vfU dell ~mMent(!., prl:lpdeU ehfmfco'!

rHer~mento

aUe

prev i 5,te fa's 1 0;1 a'''~n~~mp''ntQ della

lirE! 'tutt,e Ie foH:!la~10I1i fJ rzt

fiis;,che del Imrteriill t, ,e\"ntlJilili

'la ,"1(; ·rCil '~u1
'te!!l.il.

pNlieziOP'i, [.1-1

••• ) ~

~ 110 state

e t tua 1il'
a r1.!.u11

, () II'ces:;;ar'fo

... r'iFi c

e
, 11

'11 cui
.Im

1 nteresse
ill

(} tlllf!I'Ot,/\,d ~!!m l11.e . ~1 i tQ~ll

IIl!r1!Ill

U.Ilrl,

COCI!llres'll l1! CV'~nt!J 1'1 opor ~ pJ"o" ...L.loll"ll dO~r

ptll' til 11to CIl~l II[!HZl,:U'Q

cti :.ost,o(J'i'I

Wi,l tl1 III s'eglJi to tH il' z lunl qLJJ1it.1tl

1z;lJivc

BJ;ll'r !Jol n

h:Il!:"

~.2.

P!'ogc'tc'ist
1 hvtlri

cheml HHiI:,j.
~"1 evolvar'51

!:~rtdl'l
fie'

11 prOIIJ"I:_

$'trL!Z~gii1i, tl ~1 ~,uot s rd I, fj IJ11 , ~e di ,onfl'(J'oto

r!!!,l't~IH.[f

si pull f,~rll,. ~C'lIon

pro~'rt(!t,\ dD"

'!~ 1 uta-

t~ del II!H 'i"1~! 1

'G()m~ pn Tanno

vh

i;.eI!lPO

dur·~fit.

illl b"'!i,~

"n Ii:

cllvur5i

!llUC-

d'i 'C:t;i5tru.z1,t)rl.E!. in p'arCicQhre

per

!i11 ~'l@!'1iL~IlH j:lrl?f~bbl"lc~ ti'

r'~li 1I11p1cg~ti.
~on ~ill' n'filrle a CCClI1In" to a g·ue p~ r-t i CQ1~~'1 t ~ d i eel hs.~o Ml'~ p'; o.

'I~ veb"Hid,e 5egoUil"~n~o i pezzf fino dal 'I.~ tore ·~fDrm~ tura" i~1 st~bil i me!;!o" ,~tt~.tv,e~'so 1,E! mo'~tmen tez rOn il, 1Q stncc ~(lg i (.I ,. ~"l COl l' ~O, i'~ tr-a _t r S.portel ed montag9lTii 'final i!; ~n ()flerOi.

l'

struttura
rtD'fltl!r~i

che richiedo,no

aplPr-opriaw

~e·r]ficne

.. 51 t~u:ta de' ~91!~~2Q

!i)~r~~!)Hl~ e
nell ~ -Fils'f trans'l tori,E: 1'19L1ardilllil d'(!-gl i e l ement l s;i:l"uttlir
50prattut'l;,Q, @stl'!ml'EWIl 011:1'1:1 all ~

l.e "'-i1r~f~cne rlecQs;~arl,i"'t~gr'Hi\ 11COr,jl t " 'l'dlntu,

del ~~H~~22.~_~~!~D~' ;[, pr~r..:J sI m~nif~sU qlJdilW n 01 ~ve~lt'f !Ii car ten, seccndo ci!::H r1.nno~'~tt n·el ti;!lllPO" porb
tf'l dt!fonna

11., 101 ~~CLli"ell ' d'i 1::111 01'1 SU

Iflt'l" dlt 1 !i~1~1n(!)I'I:uil'ls'Lfch' ~r,llj1da ill taa~
~,E!

4l.11'ac,clIlfil:Il-o
!>i.ruUI.lN 1 isi ehn slI'l]a

10nl1 plil!it1dlfr

jrr!!vers,itlil1.
111)111 fI,t dol

tllni:O the

h
, L'lIflll~ S,~

Il,th:d. 11 jJl"ogenht d vr& p·l"'ti'lnt.o ,!~el son 0 d'i Pi'ovC't!arll 11) ~J:W"11 Lllll'lOd~lf'C.
'S per
Sillliflio

v'lll! ... ll st i

!!vvfchiil

lid ilfl assettn

0

qui librHO

111 (j.lj~"tO

C~sO dUlle $Q91.1'rll 1', vohi!r~i

fC'IlIlIllIlOO

' 1 . ~ i"H •
lliI!W!lC'!>

d ,I 1 voro.
$\J()~

O.

!iOn

"tt~ LIr!~ tr~ve ill 5,1 puu p're 5 cl mle:r'll d~ 1 n c: DII!~ QUles t-ili t ra
s I pro~
,i

III prill 1t~ IlGn{lOUO un 111m1tc ~ H

~trwltu!"~.
~\'8

cl,oI'D rmu i 0 rii p 1 ,ft ~t~c h ~

S~(lpr

Y'!;!rr~

r ua 1i

z ~~ t;l.

Il ~oe(mdQ ~ 1 m~ni rii!:H~ q~i~n£lo ~.~ rottur~ 'liceiclanhle

S i !do~r~. pel·t~ i1 to' p rev ~J!!r~ g,'l1 o ppo r tu ri 1 fJ'M't 1co 1~ r] IN'! rl 'upp J ~ C~l iQ _ !le' rJ~11e ~ppa.r;@c:chiatui"~ ~Ult·i!lfot'tun·istk.he. v(!r1 ffc~r-1 i nell ~ loro filin
Z 1OM. e ~(ln tm\i4~re COfilunql.le sug l~ el emen.ti i .~1 tr<l.nsHo
@

[c ~U:S,~ t!i d~ un
",II~ .~trU1 ttU'rll cle'l ] ~ ~ tru thiN

n t~, ,m~ 0 Z ~ 0 n~"le qy~ 1~ yne C

<I

i (I l

iN

'U111'el

~mer1t(l d1

~;Qm~~ 1 e.ss·~ ~ 1 pro pa~~

c,,·ten ~ ~ iJ d';

uonll D1IIi-'t,e~o' pa r tIl ~

Hru ttiJirg 11 tut te 1e Pi!r t li (lp-el"~tod.,

(:!l

cola.ri'

<lzion'i

cQrl"fSp(Hlrlenti

d~H

dei

m1lterliilli

do
dl

1m!)

~te5~a _ l ", nlPOr-La [I~<J ,d,~ pf'cb 1 e,!i'I~ ~ i e edd 8nz Ia u q u~!!. 1 copp 1 0 {hal to ~'-l! u n<!-fugr~ d 1 g,~.~ h,a ~r'O"QC a t'ol 0' '5 fQnd.ime'fj LQ ill pel~t~nte e,

e d~ i me.zz i d i p.rc clIJ.zf one" O(1r9imml't'j ilperat Ivi.

pre-scI" iVlln~,

S'e de 1

SI!).

9 H e".entlJa 1 f <If..

IJn pallfl,ell0
tii'l3

eli

&e~lJitO

a ,catena.

i 1 ,cro1'1Q a tut

IOJ1·teH.~

par'tQ (jolla
~ I.ru

ton-e

!:Ii Ronan rofnt

a 1.0ndra.

Con.tra
M1h

11 col1gso'
conLin

u.tl2i1i!iS

r'l'~ ~[jpri!ttlltto i.:lu .. ~,1Ii,

!

IUli) c:orrct1;olI c:oDi::ezlone

lOeeltil deHo

Pm' q~i3!1tu rf!lu~l'd~

4'Jtnil

,,1'il slH1
\/1Ir'1ftchtl

1 tml 'ta dt B~~n-cht[!. gill c1l.1tl

~'I rt

ncllo po1.l!)r~I"I1I~lIl

:'ChQl!!i1

prcc~denl'I,

l iii

h'hcono

sOllr tt.~tto'
~IJ~

II ~

troll
qy~

~rll

I'~ jlfiHi

d,,' 1 ~d1f1'c10. CQII in p1c, ill ~1J1l(! v'!:"1 f'lclw PI' I}U 'iL~ cl1s0,S'I.~rI'I:.~",~rito tl~l c!i~O Ii 'I !!1~r'!C~rlU de: I

l' 1 l~, de'l,-

$'tl-uU.urll.

Ur1~ C(;ca~s i~~ d~lrorm~b'll i t.!\

o~~eJ'~ jJl'e.g-tUtll-" dlall ~

I ,;,!U s]n~Ql c e'WIIIOl'lto,

zie~o'l e per- ]' int~gr1

U, d'wn ~ rlp~~'a' (11 caitlpl ~t-am'~n'Coportate

Ilr il1c'lPIlII menU

[)" tr1i~I'z'll'! !:Iella!l

lone r "ttll.

C'OO l 11 n:;e
~ ill

Il ,I·lcefl'~r·lco

d~11~ !!!!~j1ibrlitur _. ~O'n fi. l' ~r,t:~ dell ~ 'sezjafi'il

~ ~o~,~~, con

J'

!~

J,

11'1 fierziOl r'lspett1~~"I~nL~ .lId 1 'iI~ri

I!!
u

~t'tomQ

ill 1 ; ~5$~ peT' i vari

~tt()r~1} 1 n fig.

.!fl{'

~S$';

ifij)

:/. con kl

m01l1111 res is tent f " 'flE!ss,iQnali. cas"

l!!! dhitribyzio 26.

~t d:E!llle t8n~toni

sono :t~ppre5ent~.t!!!,

I n riD.

25
III

r~,p~ri!5!llIUHIl. h
~OIllPDnil" t 1 ~,

~ll~loll(: dt

!Jlllt

'Ci:~ ·r1 ~ mci11br,[j.tur~

0 S(GI·ZO.,

On
c,cmll

Ind 1~1Ite

lI'x, Ty" r ~t. r'l:N," M.y dllH

co~,

elll c,ClHI;t[l ~ttl'O!""~i"Sil

'1"unlL11~ 1 dc'l "''tehiO

sf,f.n.~1!i1 e!l ~ cu f '1a fllembr<lper cuf,

0'

't:uril ,H~!!.~
~e eh'stica,

lI,pp~rti.elle.

l'ilIeci!litl

~ un l!I~tel·;<i.1e gO:lgeneo. ii~o,trQPo.

Q' ~,

cOI'l e911~le 't;~mJlC'fU~nt.g

~,t1'\~~:ioni!

,e:ompreni(!ne.

'tn f'a-

:S,1

app] ic'~nO 1 e f{Jnr.ule

dBdotu

i~ Sciel'lz<l dell ~ Cost'FY!i,rid

dC'ni

per

11 "sol ~do di de Sa.lot: Vef1.ime ed in P<!I"tlcQli1l"'e <lncilE l a deg 1 ]8 ff eU i: oili aglsce

(!ogtrl

~O'''TlJ:pv.lJ 5 iz iene

1 s,1'.ngo1 iI conpenen te quando,

ch~ isglat~mente.

in contemp[]ra~e1t~ con ~1tre.

jI"

fig,2g

f:'

'm
t!.

- ceso

",-:u: tr·.niO>l1oB

ii)

eamprllls.~1,o!le t:;::11tf'!!te

to

f1l «. ~-. ~eO'$ t. Ii.

rill

'mri
(!

1i::ll!>1

,[It

s-f()rtCl,

Ie ten~iOfl1

Mrnl

'11 ~i c~ll:ohM

con

h!' IiiOt

IIttcrrl!)

fcrnt\J1

qu1 :g,otto

ripcrt~'te,

dO~"1l ~en :i:"lI' ~i ~O:~O iml,c~ t1 g11 ~$~"i

~=

<li

+ -~-

~,
)!

(;1

foI ) x
N;

-J

d"

.~.-."I~

H"j{

~ C~50

Ii

C": f1 ~'5Sh:mu
d ".
Y

T'IJ'tt{l

~ UOl'no

~ :/

(t ~I:y)
II

Nflil e ~ 5t1 1)'h.l~o, ~llw n(j,we h,

't'Bn~

t Qlne nOfr!!~1~ 21} ~

e , ~d

U'fl n

(Ii s t~m:~ d: d~1] ",~~~0

D~riccflt!"1co.
'~'.. 'I.L

~ cl,~~~ d~ (~.fig.
.;. !:L_ dl

M. ;;. .L
. W' ':1

11 + J__ di~
-J

~. 1\

Pm" QtJI~'n to r19i~<lT'd,~.1Ie 'tlms' on 1 te r!':Iend ~ H

1: d(l~lJIte

a,1 t~9' i!l. 'e:S~~ d

calco (2'S)
~'o\!,1!!

1 ~ no

c,o'n In

!i,;)Uf

()rlTIu'H

d i J'Oul'"~\'Is!t i :

t = ..J!..
·Jb

'I' ~ 10 ~fol'"ZO d t t~.glfo ,. S ~ 11 nl(!re/~I'l'toStat 'Ico d ~rmtto

al l ' a S 51l

b~!" 1Q~Mrf-CQ d,o1 HI Il~'r tiC d 1 s,~~ t a ~(l ,e 1m s; t~ 111 d'i sop ~~ !:II!l ] ~ CO'!'(l,D con,· d!illlt~ t~. J II 11 mOOiDi1I to ~.' h Q'rz h r1~pI)UO~ 'Il.'~Q' llm.r1 ~~nt~ ~(I d~'1l' 1'1 j
1rI tora 51lz.i ani!, b ~ I~. h j'\g'I~l!u~ d'il1l,~ c ord~ ct}i'L~1d,~r.!lt~. 'ifL b~s!! d,~ T e' J ~D no 'iI~ ~

\Mr-1ant1. til pu~ v~riart!

Q1!l't 1 ,eaIll8nt!! .a] d,eC{liil - ~a.~IO~ flO: te~so ~. iPl"',",s.s.o.fje5~d,(jn~
\
I

~~.d ~re

a~CON~.,

alla rorm~ del b

~l!l.iOllji!;

5 ~,~rj~ .sIH~-

ed ti! 11!~ 5S imO q!ll~ndo 1 ~ c.CI"d~ ~o i IlCt-

1 asse ba r icenitdco.

rl8tta

~,UOnnCl a y

fig

2H

N
rer

li M~ez

,"A4-l~. ~'M-i~ "

'~atll]r!

1ojlll:; "!'~u~ h r ~ 1,~"t ~~'1'1 Il!lO ,~J'io ~IJ!li h:g gf:! p~ r~.b(ll c,~ cllml'l ~n'~! ~ fig. ~:El~ 'I, ~~,'Ilril!!!~~~~m[l .~i iiiafi1 ff!:st4 in (;orrBP9fiidefiMI d~ll' ,I
~GO::

nss e Ilal'ken't~

r~r h
M_

~Drl"r1c~ d!lll,~

'~,~n~1on1 Mt punt'l idll~H di ~onrr()i1tQ

p1'fJ $01'1 ~c1.t~t1 ~11i!

\I~l"'i~

dal1 ~ ~D,lHmr,. quat!.' (v.

l
0

~1 c~,lcQl~[llo ~~},
SuB
Il

'I~ liln5~Dni
(!S,t

f1!).

nIllr~'

rl'ir~ (~uf;l~ I' ~o'r,~ ed

1nfllr l (W~} ~ i (I:I~111es f

taJIO

rn~'5$1I1]e

:5"1 nDt~ che z-,h!J

ri~lll
~'U to

,~,]l !!t:i!~~i'>!.'lI1::UL,~~h"iDterl]~" h diH411Z~ !:'io~tr~ tan tie del 'I e c0I1wr@5~10n1 Il qUQT1ad@lllli! trazlQlnicii un dh~gr~f1!'j1!1, Idst,
ess i OM ('i. 'fi.g, 2&1). La teas i one bngen z i ~l e rnas ~fma:

tens i on 1 '10 rlil~ H d ~ ~,rlLz,i!Jill!! 0 tI i comP~'~:5 on e. S'Enz{! l~ compo ~Ient.e' ,t~.n· $i

g~r.zi~le;

~ ~el11pH~en

E! cli~ ta ~e'rl~!lt,Qo da:

"l:

- rllrl~ bz

=_1'_'_
ro!l~ ~ ~.:. tn

re r Iln~, S~~ 1 O~e' ~ Jopp f 0 T ", COllie ~Or1,O '! n g'~lfIllr~ quell a do~ let ,ch '! Q. ll~ tens 1 ofio'1 '1;
'I!'~

d ~ fI 0,

h~ eon~!!gu~m~

;:i

n~1l1'U ~c~

!I.ll~' l1l ~ :[ilnil

dill-

l~ ne

~O!"~'1 ~PD

nd!!n

~oIl

d(lll'

~ U{l

b~ i' 11~!!rv~!"i D e

1 m~n U~ ~ l~ 1~

I!I~~,

,111!o!it~'!1~, 12
C~~!J

h h~~!t~.lld b. ~OIl1[lim:lIc~'LCI~'~ f ~~ ,2t1/h. Sel' ~~fF.4\~' ~ic,ol ~ r'f~pll~~ ta illl: Il' dl m~Fi~ ~o nl dcl l iJ ~ H, f~ V'~ 1 O<r,e de 1'1 <lten~~ O!l~ 't,mg,[iilld n l e ~ cl ~,tel d';!

l~fl"~fl~ ~
(l

i ~ 1i!~CQ()I~D~ I'i!q~ t ~ ~'~ n c !lIllJj~ rim" ~~ no rill~ lll~' 1'1 ,~,., ,.

l~r11!550 fHl5 S i(In D- i tI ~ sol a nl!l C~,~ 0 d'i

tl ~ 't.e!f!~'D

n~~hm~ s

!!I11,

d"~ ~Vl\ ~~~ 1

s'~ilipl'f Q~ n~l

ql!~l,~ l' a~,~,~ilI8IJJtl'O

coinGid!!

con que'llo

L~r"~c~:ntd~o:

1:: ... ---L

1:1

j Am

WI!~C}/2J

A [{I1,-c}12J 2
i!

.--T

,~1: tn{:."lr~~ l'

i:G.mnu't~to

C'Q5UFlt~

pad

~1 ~'~lor" mM~Q r.le11l!Hfetti h,~ pElrt~il~O

a nCQ!,,1l

v ~ (lJi5tl'fbud,Dne

O}

~u 1 ~<L ~'D1~ ~ n ~ m~ ,5,1

1:

IIAX~ --

T
I:!~ l.m ioen$ioni

{II. fig. 2U}.

r5 ~ 1;: IElil col

o~vi~~rJb~

~Dt:! sul 1 a ~e~ 'i,cni,;: COiT1~ effo!!L'~1)

do~ c~r'i~hi

si

intcndono
t~VT

gU aff~tt(! a ~e'do!'le

deall

oppDrtun~

wE!fffclend 2'Sb).

~mpl i f'~c.! :piO, con l'

~f.
a, dOP'PlO T (~, flg.
qual le

In p1l'rti col ere , perl soHQci:uto prE!ssil!!'1 e l a" t n Iqua nt~

~U punta

d~n<l 5ezi(llil~ dSIJH~

<Ill '~tt~cC'Q ~ell·,nnflf.a

q u ~,~i 1r. ~Qmrt'!n~nt i 6',~ hanno (!n.t.r~mbe' "'81 od t

!ll~~'s1mi:

~ ril:O r~

~, q,u~lU

G1il.J~A~ .\l",l:2111~x
Uo"'~~'rO

(i!5 r(ll

Ill]

t n t~~~ o,,~ t~!i'!lQ !~.d~ i 1~

IIIU S ~m~ jlC r'O.

pel"

1~ tl'"~V'~

1\

do:pp 'Iill T., no n pu~

nOf~ '~~Fi ~Q

ifi.~ r~~~1 i !irl1ll!l'!13!1tc r I ,~h ",lit. 'I,. Il~~'ctl~ I' fslU 1ta ~

H!QH~'t:l,

dalr
!'

11;1ri~sh·'t~n~a
b%\1 glare
ill~t~'bnl! di que1b

<I

i'QLClfi"~ dQI

~1!~t~l'i~

18,
to

'Qu~ntCi

d<l1 ~"Jorll cr l 'ti~o >!If co'!

LII sua

di!~ I' ~n'ic:m (~" 6~ (;~pU:o'o)"

;pg.;!eS t.~.t~n

'I nflu,@nz,~ ~1l!11 te:_!! ~

(11 poco ll1a'1l~

5 i0 nci deal ~ ~. p@ rt~nt~

c he Clues t~ r tsu 1M

e Ii 1,~ sti co , ill I pe.ndill10

mo!d~1"1 rces h L~n t 11'" W~. Wd e Wp' '1"'1p~,nl ~~mer1te ala s U co d f ~oli 1 col ,0 s de l le C~ ratt~d s U.:.h e' ~8Qrnlltrlc l1~d ~ t 1~ ~~~i Orne_
i

no~mll'e"

.....

...."..---.

~.~

_.-

-,

-._

--

-._

._

...

o,;l

!
! II

I I

Con d for'll!!llnto
mOll\i!!nto

III C!l.SO d'1

rl ~ss 1Oll(l

~C1!lP '~cC' {ret t~ ), ~1 1

1,n f·I!l.
~ch!!Dlll

tl"ll

scere

dill
r.1
(!

~
I
II
~j

1it tails hlM 1 ~ \i~ rcu no COIlWl 111(1 h;:llto c:G~1 ~oml!

30. I d:11I1!i'.:Liiywl

il

II

_:-~.-!:---l~t"'.

dl~ot!uc(lno i:I~.l 1~9~me e o~,t Hu c htl.

t ~ aa ~D Z

'in.

f ~g!ir'~;

.n. ~~

·~t'

_~--~I--------_~
,~'"

,;

d.~] l ' f pe MS.'i cl·t ElcrnQu 1 11., f hi E ili;! 'I V~ 1(,l:r f iM.S s hlii

sQlle' con te!1:u U

e!;itrc<

hl!i~ t~ ~]~$U~().
I}:

Ie t~:m.~16i1,1v~d~n{)

sul1.~ s·edone
snervanen

(nsll

~], r1i991 w'ng ]m;Q~~{l

de']: ,~ m~tel df

to

rs

Con le~!,g!l 1 i nll~r~

con'; s.poml~ 11

[lgl!!~t)~vfL1.i[lH~.~],~~·~,g~ Wrer~b] d'etoo]]~it.e.l:1l :M~; par-t1 (!st:r~me d~111·~ s,Q~ch,i1r1Je! s j p U a~'~ tc 1 ZH no , cene 1 nil ica to, Il~i' 1 a fa s €! 11;. Qu,mdo le d i 1~ taz 1 c·n 1 e~trem@ d ell a s e z i one r.~m!iOUl:!f.lonQ ~1 Hili 1t~ ·cOm.~.eIii~Iomll e

valor!! 1,~1Ilft~ Eli c~] ~o 1o. g 1 tre t~. 1eI1Q1~ t~ 1{l s·~~fOIl~ pu~ .~nl:ol"~ i'IJO t~r~ '! 'f ~no ,~ rag!l iui1~er\~. .~g'1 Q< st}'om1, II!' n~t{wo'l ~ ~ 11.~t~dCln i c~rM~O'rl:s~ IchCl' dl!~ I 1l~I'(lt~,lv~ ro,~,~unl di.J~·~fh!1111111 'IICC101l fo ~ Coli' n!~.~~'~Q lt01'1 t~ a con byol'l~ ~[lpf'oss'iilT~~ ~ono ~~R pi'~ ~Illlt~ to· d u 1 "mQi;on to d'i c O!II,!) 1ij;'t~, il,l il5 t! cd ull.dofi,e d·~·I·1 ~~~ i~n a" 0 .• ~ P HI br~'y'!!IlI~nte ,. IJ.!glJ.~~'~!l_ r;!!~gg!:! che car I' i s p(;md~ ll(l un1i r(lt~;;: lO nil 111fj_ ni h da11.a set] one, In q:uest '1111 tma pal't.e de 1 d i ~'~Qr$Q s i ~ ~CIj1j'"iI to t tre 1 n ] ncru([,jlll~n to d@111 "~(;c.i<l iDo all e ~1,eva.'~~ d! i14ta zi (Jill" n mor.ento reS h.tent@ ~l a~.t teo ,.i 1 jjjCiJ1~ tel res i 5 t~r1'I;,Q d; ea 1cole ~ quel
TI
IilOIlI~ii

[~td il'\o

ttu r~ .~

tg M,s

um~
ii

]'1)

re515tlln~@ pl ~~tico
'(;<llcO' 1and,o

.~·~va.l utima

~fi

bas~, ~1 ri sp@ttt~lQ dltag,,~nI<M del~· !m~~ez ion 0 retI1

1 e ~.

t~lmg{j1~re,.

~1

n<l (~. Fi~" 31},

fl mgmen tndel l a

S2'~'~H i!!~~~i!2~" Per _

IF'i rno 0 dil to.

~ome5' iii 9 i.ll dJ~t to,

I;!li.l memen to ,d"i n,erzi <! 1"j Spe~to

~l ~

, 'i!SSQ ~~r1~{!f!tr'lcodt

~'I ~o p~r 10l distlln~il

cl~~l ll~ric~nti'"oO di!ll~

Ftlbr~

p1~ 1OIl'! ~nil; 1] t,~I'~'Q l! dH,ll dl~~ d'i f r~rll!l~~ t h

~ 1~~bl"i(:~ i [IIoi;)ml!n'~tS~! till

th:t
r,DJ

rhre~~o

ad

un <I&S~' ~,U,fi h1115,'1 d~]

~9iJl~ 1'0 ~~ 1 ~~(:()il!lC!

1~ ~l.t(l p~1FL:1de], 1~5~~hml). >Iii ~.~ d ipQfldti! ~~~che da 11 i 1111~ CO~'i'o' t 8~zi ona l~ (1'1. roU!.i~
'.I co·n tl!!IlJ to nel.ln

F~ ~.58 iJ'tlto.,

d~1 qu~ 1e gleT"ivOl i1 pa r~filcen tro

fa,nnll"~,.

Come- ~'~ d!~!;~,g.H Hm'tlioe cnn~!mz ~~m~"Ii: d i r~ t'W ra. ~, d~'f1 n +te ~n .base illHm1 te i~!pos,t[! II I] a d,~f OI'II!!lZ icne no~ rlW~ I'S 'I btl e, r~r ~~ Iu ~a Fe, t~1,~ ddl)rrn~llonll l
',II!:dl1~'o i

Es5en.i:lO

(v.
~ '!/

n".

3J ,e l~

PO))o:

iinl~~t1!J~" ,BI1 al~c~r"lco"

~,j O~5,ar~~

che' h di'll;l~don,~ dal ~ r.~h ,ol~:l.Ut11~i:lC!r-v~iIi'I~i'i'to

-8~ ~ ~m
~O·,~!M:~ ~1 ott'[Qini!
1 (1- j_ t~,) 2. 3 11
da ,Cll~., pcnen,gQ'~
=

~1 d11~1mdJ"Q d(!n~
(I

'~~;ndOfli!

chI:! 1~ Ila prod(l'tt~;

r,a~i(lLr~

C~lIIlmt!! ,~i!C h~ Se s ~ m~

1trep~

~~~t-o

n1 i!11ii '~~

f ~ "f 19.
(I

32).

finQ s,c~rt,~o

'f"tm~'Hl una dlil,~,Ul]{ln!l

ti

ch,e f~,pp'r~sel'!t<I! h

nlla\l'~ "()~]~i"e"

per '1~ilc,c'Q'ssiYi

@'~c~U dl c~rkQ

(pcsitivi

nei;l'~tivi).

!. ( h/Z
J:l
y/'h;

_~)
I

a,
f
I

------------r~~':----------------~
/1
I

I
, It

I
II
Q

~~O,~ c;1ilii!'
'!Pf OA

I
.r(lrta,~l1(l

(32) {v. ,Ill

h liI (28,))

i1

1:1 ~ g'C{IrSo. in

ternli tli1 !!U 1r~lhen fl ett~tl 't~ ;;1,l lla s ez f {liD" to

da ori
" 33),~. t

i 1 m0m~~ta, l'eS 1 ~teIl!1;o@'0 i c~l (:0 lo (v, ~ nf" s" bh

,~

rtsu 1 U

fl9· to

33)0 ISTI lIa cl1le al diagr"JI'rn~ e1.(~s,t()ph$ti~Q

Hrcl S]

dl'l ~~riico, ~Cltto f1 mOO1e.!!

2
(I

i:I!!t~ae~
i:!
IUif1l~

nQ

SC~ r1CiO

i1 dIe 9 rJ,nJrl~ b "!ito)

as t 1co'

d!NU to

a - t\(f
in

'1<>7 ,",

rblJlti1ta.

d@ror'tn~;tiGne ,~U

:resid!u,~

D rMI!I1~

(j,t

~II to,ttl~,~ "~fI1

(!~

to~q u ill

ei

ill TIll q,(j~l Q' O:::(lrr'i~po!1de un cl1a"'

C11Il

d t ~II rll!ll1 ~o,tty...".

t(::rjd.

] 'I ~~ 1c1!,Q ~ ~

d ,1:111.5~ cl j ~]u(!lllll1 1!'~st~Cil) rJ[)ftr!'1'5,~~ ill 7

Ilatfl

Ct I Ss~

r{l'rm~ nil:' II,~~ho dl!fo rfii~~i

IJ .1:I7~( dh9r~n!lli'l

on 0

ij ~'5,~'l1l~

!l·l.[!~sumend© d~mqu(i. pe,r uro~ SQ~ lone retr::i1ngCll!!l"fl 11111 eSSll, f In1t~ ,ohsUCQ rgul'1;~

~i G: !:.iii J i (ol:8), c.ln!

r~ ~'I dij~m Po!

dilito d{llll1

(27).

un 11!1l'ite' pl!li~~ll;o

d~t,D d~nl!

f!il1te COi)'I{!n;l~",n~lll

e~di

ella t trlltU

I~"~~tkl del

~'ill f ,~~ COr I'i: 5 p()rrd~n

tltr~

ttl de i d i ~,grdITr.li del Ue

r,.

de1h d}.~ono
11 ,"~~porto

p'ro'P'llfzi,2 puc. ~~

dQ n~l1l1 pl'1lM
'C(lSUilltB Il

ra:. Et v~rl~WI~..,1 posto cdi ~~, ~. 1!1~'n~~~,ctmcl<l S~~[ ~~ y., ~~lf, Hlln) v~r1l\bi 10, tOM (l • f/(hl2) (~. fi~'. J~}: i
M

ili'Jj
I I

...
(37} ril ~E~

------!-I..."..----~--------*". a~'fl;!t
J

u·

.L....
Q"~

12

.1... = [J
tin

Ii

(311 .)

M ~~ 2

E_bh'3 fs (1- ! '2 hi! 3

10 d~tCl aa11~ (33),

"•• 1, S VQ'lte slJpe'r'l (!I"e ~lpr\eced~;ntll; che I"hul t~

i

I.m 1 il1lite .:;;'*"'~i:l;Zi cf]a1e

d! t

eatee

da,~'~ ~,i

po,s to

e'~ • £,~!11/2 )., ,(

'j~s(;iilte

,,",8

curv ~ 0.'1 f1!l, 34 ~ Y~ll

t,;!~ ~

~~ng. d t e

v~nt~~H

t~ c !!:! i pro Ilor: 1On~ l'i U s1 ~.pcsto., I n p~r·tj coh re 1~ '11 illite eon v,~:!uloill~ {l d1 roU!)lI'1~ ~II': 1 (i: .. " 0,,7.137 W)lM p'1i1 p1cc{)1~D d'iqu,oTllo phsUco d~
ql~e']] {) ~ bst

wtQten~~cni

d\;l IB'Ventt r'!"e~ed:ent1. ~nriqjentl

I:U rViI

i:l 1 fllli
~1

tu f'(I 9:

,~,1 ,,13

~o'til

[1111 9r~,jjcl'il

~cc.

I "~dw 1 i

i"~~

1. s tlln ti" ~On@ d~'t ~ pcrt~ rrto aB,:

( ~d= 1 .18) ,t ~Ilt 1.W)

~(l\i'1!
.c_

h. ~to't~ 11 , d,~,11 ~Ild e ~ R1m.ll~Q r~le n~lh

{j~

rd

e rp

SOa1lt:! Co(!rfkiellU i
(I~ ~ •

d1~d~U~il'!~~!~~~!~~~~~.~. .. _~.__..------------------_

ct'ln~el'l~1QIl~~

d~'riflr1 rc t 1: l~a~iWO

~I - Il(@} monwmt1 II e HI

5i co~~1dar1 ar~ 1~ SQlio~c ~ dop~10 T d1 '19, 1S, ~o~t1~r1t~ d~ dUll

CU!''''~'IJ~ri,!

t!lll1~,

50.~~O'!1C,

d f $P~S so !"~
"efHcile~~~

P 1ceol

(:I

rh Il~t to

,111', '!,~H.c i,l~

01 h'

~1'
oi

~~ ,(ld~

~jill"

m"l1111~~o't t 11,~: d f
dhgi"~h!l11~

le!l~1t'IP- d~d!JIC().all a~ s1 fa.s@ I (chd:ica~

(27) e d~11a (2!l}, v~l1de d$!l~t~h'~menI;Q (1l1~$to~1~niche}. ponen-

:~r'~$b~'I'~b.i1'Q r~sp~tt(j

all £t~'~.~(,!.11 prf~

e tl<B1.1~fas~

fi9,(jr~ NppJ"'~~mlt~ 11
5'~C(l~

I~ dbtdbu~1ol!~

~(l11 Q tens1on1
tN
~

d in fM8

al ~5'tt~~., II[jf 1 [! r1;)~11 ~ij~icni

g~~.I!~j del rilnorta!1lCli dis fles&~o.ne

D{l dhi]

r.~fi!'ll!l ~'i

po r h

~1 g'irodo uo

'I~ 't QIIS 1OMQ r! s,to~~,~e 1~

j

h I1lh dUll

dlili'l1l1: COr r i tilmn.:il!n tiD co li'd~ i pbi::ola

IOO's:tril a PPt!1r!tQ 'CO!l!~1 t"rH c,~c.I,~

~ dO'rlJ~D T dei
qu@il
I)

p't'o'l'i 1ijt i C{)ffi!!I@r~1~1 s'~ h~~mo Jl~· i ~~nUeggi(}

p!<lstlco tn f'9< J~"

,dl!~1 ",~A 'Imli, Sh

til.! ClO'P'P nterna. i o.j 11 'teFzo d·i ~9r~lIun~ im.'I'~ e t~.!l.::;t~r;:! i 1 ~a~ tr1 bu to dE!l] , ~11I'~~~ e mn~tre come 1CI st.a,l;o i!!el1 a 5! n
t@'fiiliitll

'h~

thm df

~nd1c~~o

!IIMlutl

11

cocH1dr;!iiti

!iii M~U~!J1entiJ

del pill dlfflg,l

i ndtca till'

tiPl ass e

:Zh)il~ ~'! " ;!1lHe

'~~iI:stico JWfer'l sea d~.quen i in fas,e. di I"iIr~~~'lle tn que's t f 0 I~I!}. S@l o

~e~·lolle.
5 pes

Il

com-

ez: i orie (i~ f prof 'Il ~t f ctirm1""n;; Hili! h

~cch~ con 0,

cli

P 1 e U. Iilhs.t Icizze z.io ne' so H~ln to llc,au~a. d i,agl"aJrf~d@n

{! ~

d i djJI!' pi ccol i tr ]ijll,<!Oli (n e1.

a ~ut st dferl~.'.QflQ.
M

ecre
E!

de n e aH

~ Il f ceCIl 0 ri~
un s·ensfbll

~PQttol!

~.1 t~Z.!i~ dena

Mn 's'li '~OI1llI@ttll per tanto

j ~gIlNdJ~

e e!_ e n~~

re rl! 1'IiI! 1 traS~yr!LF~

l td~ n'9" 1[n

t.tl

IM!l pn r re d 1 conse~u

Par 111 sell. hm~ ,n d(.lrpi;~ T ~lJ~.~le~

t@,j

I'

s~nz i ~n~m~.

con

',0

~U "concentra-

~J
(!

lJil~ d

is t.:lnZ~ rec i proc<1

n, ;

!11(WU re'~ f s t@~~t f ~:l <JS~.'!co" d it (,a 1C(}1'1 P. p~r i ~

1D

1l111~t teo

~OnO dlJlIlq!.!~ t,u t ti

Il'~U<l']

(40}
~ ~)oodri(:i'eqt~!OIi
adilUi~m~mt.'!l

pla~.tic()

~d ;e

~'p Flm~n~o~o

p~d ;)11'

Ull1~

~a"< Lli c:olJildde!l~~ t~,~lQ ~t~to l' ~!1I'l ill ~~~1~o ~ qtJ,~llo 1 'if[i'~~e a rottul'~ ee
d tr-o (,~mprorr hlli~I'tQ) cl'{l , 111 s U'~Iun.:i ~ 'lop!, ~f' 11' I d~\ 1(I !l ~I ~()~tIL t IC~~

r~
Lon f'11'(!r'1r~l1J!tlo ~11d, SfarjCl (lS~ t~ 10: c~!;h'~t~,
(I~,

(11~! !"lgu~rJl
nel
~ ~ [In,!!

~!!1 lI!o!ll\'nt~ rlllt~Qnt,~).

p~r ~u1 'I ~ V()ri r'<lc'!\ -d,~11 tC'I1~,llln!! ~ dl!111l ~ fiJr~o ncl la sez tcne.
Q

IM1~(;I i;;o,im.cicle ~Qn la ~'DrliFic~ T de f profn

Perl

aso

tIlt-til'

1~ '~uion~

j'ii ~~ch10

re tt,m~(]'l ~"I'~ 1nv@,::@ ~w~ ~<ne~ 'II~r 1mQnt'~. l. fi i!ffll ~ c11

®

ri!~ 1'~ 5!1z.1 o

tlilun 0 COOlp.l) tMl{!Flto ~ i >G~ tHJc r

50 tte

j I! t i pa, q 1 sfgr

ZQ tnfH.;

1, ~~ e

ni ~®rpi st~Ud
~ 1, 12.

1I.~i

ca;;;j",~ri;~a" 1 ha.nn() di <Id~ttal11e,nt[)

UTI !i10 dl1!~to

~'Jra.cl.o tlf iper-

t~i' cml ca~ff'k:ient.;

pbstico<

C~I.~V~ri~Jl.g J~ 1.,O~5

<: 10"1 tra s·h,liIt1 ~!l'nH rillg til t~ i! UIl'~ tl1 oro ptlln t1 s ltrQ~ ~ 11(1 I1IEn a$ tes ~a Si tu.~ z i Ofl,e' (t COS'~. '). ~, 1 hd t!l' d l sr:;I:'i"ij'dIfi~nto ~ rag'g lU FIto con te:nr(m,~E

neili11~n~e

11 da

ill ~ a'Q'!'1ll1llllanmmen tic

urva tu re , per

Iv.

1 a.

sez f01i!1l a dop P 1"0 T 1dea 1 e.

d~ to

to

Sill

tu

tt~
cd~h

'la ~ezi o!!!o~ {~ !1Ie-no d i e-~'1l!ntll~ll a utoten S1 on ~ pree~ l s tle~

a qU'E!sta ~el·t..ilnto
1'8sis~Qfl2a

It~. 36):
E

La.

non h<l IiIltedoT'i dana Id suttarrte

si
hi!;

ae'n

r'borse di 1"8shte<n.2a" e bms;{)ni 5, che S~lIliC (ostanti

'(~l )

r~

bch2
2

e
h/2

sul La

~e~ hm!!!

PQ!,

elll'~

E,lg

(~, ') r1: " EJtlll - ICOSt

1L~J)tre 'la c:ur~",~tur!i;!Ii, r

per
~1 Hmitll cOIMlnzionatcdi

El~' 9 (, ..... rotWra .... ·~'Ie

een II CDI.I~'~ 1111 M·D~, ~'Dll~ !!.~li!1mE.

j

I ~!J.crrichnt,

I d1 :~d~U~m~'n'LO III ~~tl-

to' $01)0 ~j;'Jlipri!! pn r

1 ~ 1~ "WI' U .

(~~)

r>I.

fAt
[rI"

( 44 ,!) ~. ~

'f,~ ~co~t

pt!r
p~r

oH." ~ ~'&.?-

l~

UH1J..

~~HtI~

p.er qua1si;~s~tl
I'Q

PI) d1

sml ~Qnl!, {j,mnn'~CI!!

Oi

n~l

p'I~.IID N. !'I'

{v.ft

g. 311J h
IJ

U~ 1uQgo d~1 pu 11, t i cord ~p(md ~f!t i

nc

stat-oil

mHill

81 as treo. (·.·.45,\~~ ~ l,;1f"

=

rat't,~ di f "in terMi

·o,ne ff, M". T~1'@ ret til torn ts C ~l ~

ml~ ~e'~h:me tense
Q

1 ~ 0?5 _' .~s -

f1 ~2~.i~:f2."d~~!;..i9~aTI d ~i2'D~~9j_~]~~,!,!~1.!~ p'8'rtal1tCl" jl@.r' e

(;ft@~~pa'f"i~

H1!'~~l~1:~ 1l!Q.Wl!)f:g~~j_I;!!~~W~l~~~·~~~~~·.LII ~'Qo<Jlpr-@~s1Jirln~~sa:

(~'5') L'I' H
S

.s, ~-iI
~I
Il

LII ~ !:lft ni ~'IO~~ (.UrF'Clrl~ ~crill d 1 ro~tl;lr~ ~ i p~rl de h~~ an n u, P,~:r 'I! s n! On~ ~

!I~1

t; ~

po d 1

S!l~ 1o~

re t '~~~?Q~~r~

'tOIl'S tl1 n f1 mn III Ca edl tn

'f1!" 3~~,

d'i :~iJl"~!!~!!~ ptlll

,g,e llcl!!

cOI'~d~'POf~cl~!~ te ~ 111(I s till. to 1 ~11I1~ d i CO!!lP~~ttl t i111Una patte

S flrmetri

p' ~st I G 'I~M [[I on,Q

8S~ e r'!(! 5GOrnpO'sto lila" 'fo'rrl'i'~ ~e

1I1'L~ ~n t 'is'ilttl1le'Cr f~:I ~ 1.~pri_

1 <l

,co",pon ~n t.e ~s 5 ] a 1 p.

QlJ~ Mo Sf.O'HO a ~.S i al,~ e! mglT.enOO ~g ls,c>OI1IOcont,@mpo r.a M;"rt1:~rtt>e su 1'1,~ s.@2:i,on,e,

s@ que'st<l ,ei n h~ee

1: 5tica. .~i ~

~ 11.1:111a sov F~ppo $, i. zl On'@ d8~11 pp

~'ffM t i ~

~pre~ ~~ 'iI~11~ (24). n lllll1 t~ 1f!T~ e ~CO~ 1 ,ott i en e :pO'M!ldD. p.er 1a. npr~ ~ jiiii li1Gl ~,~ta,e.. cl~, per cut $'1 h.~~

~O,
fI,"
N

!:!.. • ~
W . ,m
S

~ompo'nCcn t·! ClIO, !lg~ ndo, C(l~,'~il'I1l~l'Q r~n~l1m~i1 b::., 'POf"t ~110 ,~ppu n to 110 ~a c:.om,p11;!'~~ 1 plI'1HkllZ~l1()i'!.e '~s.ozhmQ, S1 ha (v,la (:29} B1~ {~S) con ,\~bh):

DOM'!NiIO
FlLASHC

Dl

12Z"'ZliONI~

2!.1
h

rt
N1

s
i.i,~ s t' III1 ~'1

,~,~ ees H tue nd OQ

m~,

i'ie 11 ~ SIl'C'Of~d'~:

P~r'

t,irl~

Se'~'j(mi;! ~ do pp 'I D' T 1d~~ 1e (~.

1;$ !;!;)j"r'i

fi ~. 3" b h op 8 rando

1~ s ~QS ~<l seem

pes h icne de'] d f ~:!l 31!~!1,J,de 11e r p~ ~t" plO!stic. fz.~,~.::~Dn'e. ~t Iltti

s PQl1rlen te ~11 c ~ta.t.o '11111 ite

d t eeu-

ene

!L.1-l!.
Lill

(.m

def;1l1~c.c. per rlllPpr' s l~fl"O'nthwil

"ii

[n f iii. ~o co rlfl"Vrib)'.

'fit,'!

il"tt llE)olllr!l, 1il !rQ~!:!~~!~~L~~HYr~· U qu ~ l<l ClJr1f~ ,~ tr~U~'fJ(J![!. p'r l '(w~rtuFiQ

sc;!iOF!"

N~

~ pr1m~:

da eut , 50~'t1 uiendc 1~ l;ccQmlil Ml h

(/lB}

!:'l~,~t:k~. Lm (rQ'o~L[~A.l!_~~,lbgl~i' cm'r'l ~Ilonde ~.1 1illlH~e cQ~wenzlon~l a do] 7 .§,'~ 1fnposto al le defQ'rm~Z'fm'l 'if"~·e.~er~1bfl 1 ; ill riI ppre'&en'~a,t~ d~ lli~lO (:!Jl!tIi'B inte'r'n!~t1 ia 1'1S p@'tt.o ~11!! dliJl! preceden t i. cQ
Ine indfcato

s , n.,
Ns ~11l

con traUo

e plln~o nell ~ medesilna

fig.

40. La S2~gl~i'Q~~~_.~'i_

!:~~~ ~~~~:~~ Herm~ che 1'1 pu nto N. I rapp resen tOJ.!lr.e1" az i Me deY!! e SS,er!'! ~ in t'erno <L 1 !JOi:iIi n'j I) 00'l'Jo8rtO d~1'1 ~ "cu rva d i inte raz i(me" (a rQ t tlfra) ;

LII (~7' ') m ~tr~, ~h(l 1,11~' ~H1~~

n e 'Ii' n eO!re: dl!'Q Ilff~U~. H

tI~no stllto

11mH;~ u1 t1!!IO ,ill l"ottur~

del-

'I II $(lZ 1one reH~ ~~ol ~r~ I'm11 !lila. ass C'r'll cQflle per

po 5,t~ "I n

t~rili i ~\I d1' ~O~ r~,I)p!)~ t liE

l~ ve'r 1 fi ~a in f,~ e ,~liI s t i~i1• I

LlI (411) fila~t'~ i

rottllr~

COI[l~.

r1er 11'! nz t(lIle ~ de pp 1,0 11' t d(!~ 1a , 't!lii!2'O COt nc:fd~ CO!!!i1i~I'(: 11 1~'

111

front 1m'~ d'1

~, ~ncQrt

l~ i'llU!I

'I.~ I'~

I~tlndh ionll

d ~ ~~. h

s!:z i oid It dop~1 0

d r f 1~. ~U. es s(lnr:!O pM tob"!l ~D~'I OI1i~Mp - i~u' IlD'rtMI to COli 11.1 (~W}. p~ r 1 Q Ir~~

~1 d 15~ono

e ~1qu~ 11to

11'~ 51! 1:1 i ~~arm~s,t t ien ~ C(lillto de 11" adilt tame;ntg, l~ ~ e~ ~Qlle ~ nel contempo ~!)Vi",aIlP"Os,i ~ hlli!!l (v.

Ilhst

icll, f'~Q~s1On~l ed,~ 1 $.'tenza. ,~

d iv~T

~,(I.

r~r

s i ass wme. nell a cQ.nd1 z illne- d ires'i

d ~g11 E:!ffeui

4-·-·-·pl__ .

t
I I

._~

. _ _._._- -~ _ ._. -~.

H n@,~fe

che corr 1. spDndle e.l l a ~ ret1;.~ fj~~." • frol1lt ier,~ 1"1 ~11Iit"'~J

r,;.Qde5.t~e a. fa ~\l)i'!! d~ 11~ s t~b'i 1 i t~. de' 1 '~Hetti".~

fig, 41);

L~ (~,9}, CO.m~ HI (~i").

non L1i!!['II! CO'Fi~O d,~11'1I1nuenz~

dc'l te i!~Qntu~l'~

tCriSioij;li t~ugl~FI.~'~~Hsu:Hi! lr'esh~~nZ!l d~ll;]

'S,!!zJOII!:!. T~l,~ j:nfltlj!~!lit~,~

~3

iII 9~n-B re <lbllas t~jj~ ~ mode~t~. di r'i~ 1 I' al'goo:.'!!n"~Q.

S~ tr,~ bsc i~, i!1 ques

s~de d'j ~ p,p I'g.fojj~

r n nil. 42!~ ,~ r~ p pr!l~QIm t~~,~ ~rcI~

un C~l' 100

T1 d h ~'''iimm~ de i JilIJ(n~i!ti (~. fIg.~ ~Il) '. PC'!' "lu e'~~~ ~... vc 1~ M)~.t:IIt 1'Q(!., neu 1;1 1~)Ilnd,~ t1~1 C,001~XIrtMmll'to- d~'l Ol~CI~cr h l~: '11~>I\"Il re !nI!$S 1~
D)

r.

t rlw~fn

~emp'l f CQ

O.pp.D'!l~i Q so t.to;pElS t~ M

~,------~~=-"-'~~~EE -_.._!
~hi)

1n

1tI~~z~i"i m s i em1co'J.~ t'r~m 1t,~ 1 rn' so 1 c I!~'u~ Z iO~ ~ I~ardi na 1i .Jlln~~ t~·

l;iGi~ ~ ~~le

i~

(~O)

.Pt

-1-

I}

5~ 0 ~tl eM tO~"

III

'J

v@nzjoll~]1!

df

poort~n.zlL" P , lI" e

1itn f~i! ~'h.st ico, I'rd ~,'

11rn1t1! con

n}ttllr'~ Ii

re

II'~

111!!HIl di (;Joll ~~~(I.

p'~!' c~lcol
~i ~

~r{j 1'~ dof'ort!i[l~lont IJ~, til

"j, nti;l!rr~ rii"

d~llll

~r~,~D. per ~$Cf1IiJ)'I'Q 1~

t'otn1()nc'~
I:()~

~l

PJll:l!i~ iill"

0 1lP'!l!' tijin(!i:I~iiI'~ " ~ eu rll~ '~!!Ir~ B

I:m!1il

d 11~

I------~~~-----J

,t r~ bu 1'tm (51)~.

1~~~~}
Idx

~\lIn~, Y 119 h,ez~~ del l a t rave (~. 1'19"

1

'~l};

'* --,-I

~I

~ do~

'I,~ I"Qta~hl~I~. ,~ lIlI~flC d~l'l ~ 1:~~'~o'iil'~lll

A. ~ d~U

d'l'~ I',~re~ trnt-

tllg~~~t~ d~11~ fto~.

13b·d.

In F~s~ e'~5ticd (~. fl~. 53bl 51 r.'I

(~: ~2)J \D = ' ,,21if

J. ~
'-, -, t"J
..;1

d,M

Ht -,~,
4EJ

(love a,l HfiiHe

PUQ

p0'rsi ill = !te .( ~=

IJII

fe:)'
i.H trav,~ eOI!.'lncl~
11

Supe~a,t.9 i 11 I imi t1!! el ~st,ico>

si g,Il.rd~'lm((lnt~ ('i. f19, 4Zc).

tret.te

pl{1s,~'!.c~~~ar~
'11

]\1 11111H~GIlI!~Qn~ [un~l ~ til

r(!ttlJll"~

)\ll'~u~flU~'1Q
1'~S~~r,~ .~l

cl~' "~1"ico,

le p1[l~,t1~17,'zil,~i'on~ ~1 p1.)sUdzz~~io'"Q 1"11], 4?d)

=

~st~lid~

i'fno ild illt,~" ~ I ~ so11!!.

tr~tto pl~~t~clz~ato 0 d~rlnito ~~

I fl!lit~ d-j ~om,1l1u ~

cl~1I~ <;cdone

c 1tata, un tr~HD

~!'rrl ~p!'.!I'If.!{·rlLIJ ,~ (,v,

75

Ii [I ues to, punto

nell ~ ~e,~fQno: d1 !fl(l~z()r1iL

~i ~ rorrm~ta

Uf1~~~r!]12~~.~!~: eoll~ 5. ~O
50-

Hi ~~ ~h,~
P~~'~Q'Iu !1~Q
fl!l, 42c}.

pu,~ T"UQ U'rW per

'~nde1 iI!~ t~1f!O!ltQ- ~~n~~ '0 !Hl n f

One

1I10flliif~ ,I'CS 15 tcntc t.o

U'11 "lIloc:c ~ n15.lIIo~

,I~p !H.!!~C'n 'I; ~ nCOM" t

IL~ 'l:1'~ \I~ '0 1o~ Ii! (JII ~~rl ~I\ t~ llJ.bll

il C4 H

tr.!ld"rm~zi

dull fitr1! ~ 0' ~t~5 ~,~ in

{~.
1
i

P',~ va 1u~ re 1~ d~roriM z 'I,llnl!! lit1 f,~~s p'~ i" e ,~Ui'~ l.tz~ t~ s i de've
e~,pr>e~ ~i ol7le df p10 (~. 9=
(!

'~Q

not~e~e
'@

fI {H).

~he dj peng'e
!'Ui~

0,)11h

9ui r~ 1"; nt,e91ra'l

(5 ~, ) + Per

sez i one

form" de 11 ~SilZ i OTI(!, r'etta ngo1,~re s i hi! , per

@d @se ~(;-m-

Ie {l1} e (J7')):

P',~'rn

~ ~!Iif!' 51

h<l

(~~'} ~

B= '~ ~'
y
( = -'~~) ],5I±:J

8,J@r.

i,

p,er' cui h

(54) ,col nc~,d'Q

COn h

(53)

~.,t.ll~,,+ j :: ,_",",,H'}'
~ %.
'Zt4 l2EJ

(5,5)"
PI~r 1'1" ~ M1"d.~i

rp
,'i s, '~.1.,5
e 9i.l'8e~ 1.26" PQr ,~y'l ~'I hI!

ha '~::::"

!O_r1~ ~ {Je(;I!!tE! rm 1i'l1!

M(!o)j. JI ~iV~1) ~ ('n; • l'Ie) (i1p- R~,}'• dEl .

r

(55')

dD~i! t

pl'i!ilD

,~ fl'~ ilia reFi t~s '1, ",~1~,t h'g ,~'I~ Ullt

{con r'<lpptI8SQ'nta

'

'r d;:: ~r
c

11,1B!Hr.r:
~Il - 1"5,,
QIl!8IF'~

t,{f

ill iI S'ti
i'l
i

C'D

d~ 11

p(!'I"

r1[;l.,~,1 'Ii~ ~'"

tr'~"e,

rlillpre,$I!Ii'~~

termi;n~ r~,ppre5enta

1" 0 rl!3 OAGOd t 'f1 g. 4~ 1 ;i!r€'~ cA.EfM. riter~o

E3 ~ t1r;!,f::JI}: e

,!I:f!C(ln1:io

are"

flEI{Il.~.

~Uil r~o 1" .:tl'ea ,SWEll sC-!1Ipr@' d '] f l g. q,~.

Come ~i "ot~ dal1a (55 "}. 'he rilllllre~~ntil 1 m '!'ot~d0 ne dovu h ad U fl .;~ rtco p,r~! ., ts p'1;1' fl no ~1 HfI)1 te eonven z ]On.~ 10 d1 COIl cole i1 compo ~t!!. ~'1 ro~~La .1 $~osta d~ poco oil qiH::n() 1 h~Q~r,~. 1\11 limite d1 ~Q] 1USo 1~ T'£ tlt1;'lune" da'~ut;[ ~!l un ~~dco p l'l ,5 I)~ "~ par'l 112/1 t .3~ ~-a'l'~il
j,~ ~

qUill b deduc illih

T COfli1l~r-c ~~ l~'

een 1·1Il(.lt~si i:lilll 1!1I1HI!:H~, ~i!r'

i

~'U'ijNj

iI

dopp~o

lo'~cc!>tam@n

t;o ~a 1'1 ",~r!J~~nto

l'I@.i1rl! Il mhllO re.

I'er 'il

'.

do'pp10 T id(}~t~, ; 1 e,ornpo r t~il'!~l'!t[) II ~1M t1 ~O" cen d~fQ rmu i[)I'li eh~ cre~ ~~'M'

tr"oO

cO 1'1 ~uo

'I !'ICi"'Qnlllnt;~], e ;,~'~

plln~ 1 'I z ~

'!II'F hU:l '11 liJil)ml!F1'to

r h s t ~co
(I t

pi'(IPOl"Z hln,~l mtli1 'till ~.~ ~II ri c n 1,

nM' ~,'1 trn1 '~C Icl1 c,o"l]u

~O.

h"MnHo fllQndo

un CDu'~H~ ~ n t.!! t<l. f

1,'~Z.

!!~ ttl;)

lOr ~ t~or~ l!I~d~,g dl Florll!~",

ti.l~

11

l,~ ~1tY010l.1o~8 limit!!

s u 1H dll'ftit'lllilrz 1{ili'!icl
E!

di cD,l1<!~~Ci

qu,~l or!J, ",on n~Cl!~~1ttnQ tnfgrrr.~:do~11

~~~~~~~Q'1~2~!s2AL,;;HS!11g':

n!!

'~,r,~ve. PII~ e ~5'e!'e dd i ii H~ !InC n'e o'p-cril ndo

:rQH~rlt>e~t~ sun 0
p~;n~

$~ h ~n111

(1~hil ~.) d~ ff!J"

s p05 U!il>entll

!:Ii ~ q 2e'. ~'e~u n ii briCl~ s is ten te <IE

iil t.emf n i d i
l!Wa,fO

t~pd" () EssetlJdo Uta

_1_

G rd \~eT
II ~~~

0r

m' irn~ de] limi te'

8 rnzi Q,etto

'Pl!J1o. ss S'Qre scr-i tto

Vl rtU<l: 1 e , as seg n,mdo

uno

; i neff n i t@·~]mo C P'DnenJo :

ri sul ta ] ,08 '<I~p 1.1 G. sl nota com'!! rr c a v~lod pr05s.inli

cal co 10 1 i11~iM to

itmi

diti

p~ do.p'p i(I

T, per l e
(I

qUill

1. i

mOO1~iltio

d i cal col

~oln9llL ri po!,

~1 1,1I11it@cl ast.tee

pITJJI[[[[[[JIlIDITll i.DlTIIDIrmI[rO]
I] cOl1!fr®llto

'~ra (jlues,t(l ear tee t~~htefclte

e 'qu!!l][) ~gelltQ cost) nnsce ~U8 st~ ve'ri'f f ~a pe<t"(li10fil oTtrE:

JJ; ""-

;;:;;
"

II

W, '.

J.ifJ11

1 ~ verlf
!IT>Jzfonf

f ca. ,!IT ~Ql1 as 50 dle-ll

~Hruttura.

PliO'
ltmi-

'eS:~ef'iB @s,wriente te@l~$'~ko.

11'1

ql,J\~nt{) non offr~

a lc,unlL gwran2:la t:Mtro dQi dC'1 i Q] c~r'ko

Ie d,eror-'

trr..ev@ps1hill.

'rIJ:letel'si

~1

~~e-nti
1"111,1 1 Z

su ~illl s trettura

ho~uttca

eha

!lCm ,pone
~

1im]t" ncrool:llnt!
... 1~

~!

ilCC~U"!i.llil rs i [I ~ 11 e d(!f[l!"!Tl~zi ~<ld~ fa

(In i r!!!~ hrull.

po n~~ CClH il~ sol 1

10,

[In 0

I"(:S.~

{IU~ ~ 1] Q~,~~,rfC(l

d t ~g~~ I: k~ {j i

5,or.rn~

". f ~ It

q~~l!~. P ree ~d~llt'"

co.
Q

iI

~nlF~u ~ h

~ven~(J~ 11 'fc!lio!!l~rl1 d:1 f~ t t G~ •

l ~ '!IOOllle'~r h
~.1'tern~ ver ifi ca t1
nlQ

de-11 ~ '~r<;i;Vo

~u ~~ ~ ~Qoll n fQJnd Ofi ~ ~ !IIent.a ~Jlrmis s ~b i 1.8"

~ce p'rogf\ij ~si v~mCIll ~Il' d~ 1 1 '[," i te d'811,~ eon f 1. (! d ~ nQnt~n~ f1 1.(1 ~,l pun to tl ~ e' 1l(lr't.JJrlo a ~~tu;:llioni
j nOi:!

Io ~cj)(!fjk~ H~ticCi
JI T

p'iii stabH'i.
!:"~

L~

coll assc

pul:l d,uflquQ ess 8H~ 9 i Ust l'fica U per s ia n~ es t r,e.l1~m<!11 te

r'l chi

C'D

~t~!!

ltemp.o

o p~r IlVerrt i eccezi (Ina n 1e cu

p'r(lb~bi1 i r i p'!Z!tt Z l on i nel

I)

1 a ~ H:;~ de 11 ~5 tru tLura

r 1d(.lUe ,di nUIIl8I'O'_ co lla ss 0 ba sa~Q su 1

Pel" t]Julls,te I'~'!l ten i 18 lI(1t[1!1~ 0!1ITi!I18tt~noll n ~ ~l~® 1 a e~~Q~~U g~ ~~!'!}~r!u~!!~.t] sb~,f nt:rol!luc eJ'ld(l pel"D ~1l i { !ilit1 c,~·utll·hlHvi. T~l~ c~·'c,a'lo ~iol! .~. IfIllH~~o

~1 t'lp!

d~g Ii 0 plllOrtun 'I 11· [1·1 ~lNltlir~

('triwi5,a!1i!,~ '~f 0 c.nnt.1ulJ'i:!, tilll1i !IIg~() u bip,hrio. fIjJ~lt1nh"o ~ nO'11 fi 5s1 )111 cut Sl~n!) ~.$~(.'tIH n I:r~sr.lil·~bt 11 !I~'i I!'ffett 1 hl~t~~'1 Hl~~~ti
I'l~'r ,~~ rh:.n 1 ~ s s I~ 1 i do ~I~ ti ~ tilrmt i n f ~OOlile'tr 1liOi: del seco n(~ i 'Drd i

11~' s 'I
!}

rf~Ml]dec.giii

pM~.fbnll ~cci!rt~~eJlt,c ,ont!'(1 1 f~ilom~mi {Ii r~uc<l

con

7ifl

I1 (01 cOil 0 ~ col] ro Uu

1I5,50

M,n pOr t~

IP!:lr'~M! 'tiO ~ (I

al c u n

ii If"

h p~ ~i 0 ii. 'ri sr~tto

~I ~~leol0~11~~~CDcon .erl'~~~ dc~lo rl~to lirn1tc canv~nti~n~le dH ro dill 14 Se~ t on,e. ~e nOll! p,~ ~ tru t tu r 0 een 10 1 e'/,~ t(lD r4do Ill: ip~'!'r
U., idill'i or-a U'IlS Qrn;p ~ [I d i tra"',~l
PCil"S CQrI$

z •. 2~~-'2 ~ 0 0.. t
~)I)~

S1 c,H i @!l h (;fj11,~5$(j :

h i1J11I~ ,~c g'ij 1'1e c ~f~l.i

!:ir~

co r rhrpoTldell t~ ~,1

I:~ d C,Q

ell

~t~tici

Si

t<lH

~<i (~

~ez i on Ii!
e b~,tk9

~'g~ t~f1t~) i.i quello

di
1"1·'

fi g. q 5~", III d1agi",~rrlffl~ d~1 mootf!nt 1 '!fino porta t\l)~ nHg '. ~5h. ,dove M~IOlL:p , 126 ~2

<111

11~ite

(c

IIl~X}

t,12 - -~ p,t;-~2 ~G

(57'! )

":::, Mi - : 'pd
Il,~

''''-T

fI M

i~a

.1 p ~:2
El

{- 1II1n.)

d~ 'Il~

c ui

~1

d!!tlU~lli

d~ 1

~C)FIf

ro!lto con

'h

(5'0) ~d

Iii ~'~D

ndo r'1(:o-.:: tl[H:!1' lth~ d 1 III ilV~rl! 11

11
C~

La sez tonI! c;d U c~ a 1 1 hn'it~ e h Hicci

re

t'li,N~

~ull:! ~ Plla g'lJ i D'

i nt!!!r1ltQcU[l.

IPllir

curfi

ta ~i co

1F",~,do !ili 1IHlr~tl),t'i C i t~ d~l h t ra VI! in Q 5,~I!l~ pcrmc Ue C() oi '1 ,~,G volte oh;r'~ 1,~11 imi t~ Ill,~s.,tlcCl:

r!

~ d:!ito dO!

S.~co~cl~o il l1!oe'todo st,l.tko.

si illMi:l:za

un di~.gr~!M!a . .(lei, mament.i.

~qlJrl! fa g-

Peril

e ~11::(11 0

co n~

~S,Ol5~

pul'l

5cgui

re fl e~2~!g1f!!~~~QQ ~[1~~~~IQ _S~

c;

11

1~!:2!::~~j [!irl~1~ _~~~ ;!~~ 0 ndo 11 primQ ~1 ipot.1 ZL~ 1~ ft:!n!l\l!Z lime dl ~ir! ~1!:!!. .Sec ~wro tdt cer'F!1ere phs'~1c,M suff1 ch.'!'!tl) .F!'DrtrildornliM'1! 111.5trunurl! '11i! Winfll~c~rihmo {~. 'ftg. ~5,~} ill' ~'~ ~i)pHr.~ su eues w l.h ~lllild1 zionQ Hntte

Dra'to (:on t en; chi, c~e ~i~ i).~iJrJ!llU CD!fil)i"O'~O cntrf.l i 1 im-i-t.:! e _ '1"1 '" <., Tr 1)11'- Ponnn"oi'i "~ .. e ctln.:h zi 1J!1iI{! 111 P1 <I~.~;d z ~a:~.iil!'le '1:< ..:·1 ",u0I1 pd''''' ..~ ~~ " ". , :J~ 1!!llmt'llo unu
~)~r

'~iiI'~ 'I ~!J!1~

do 11~ ~,~d!;ln'I p~(I s'o nIlc.l t~'te

t'I[1'd (~.

,.

del

H mH~ ~)d'
do~ I""""onti
=

ijl5~J:lI!!~~(I eQn

MJ~'

cl,

Ilql~

il!

,~!,

10, COil

f~~. ·~!>d ~l (lh~r.!l"""~ h

Iji~codo dl111 ~ 'o'od

",d r't;,y~.'l~·~il!!ndo

c.o n to dell' ~ ~1!!!

sunll

~.~I~p~ d·! ~ 111'Us 'tr~' (~~~11 UN t~ '~

nBtr1a si ~~ dunque:

I,' ;: ( ~-

T 1.'( ~ P./
tL2

II s i!fr;'ii~ tl"1 Co.} l! d·a'tll' d~

{.m j~,Ll!L_ H I~ t x( ,t-x) pd

Srt}~t~ndo 1~ e ~m ~~ro d t
1!IL9j!}~[IH1!:ig. llHllfl1l4! chi! ~~lTip~ t~.i
I ~.~ I

on

del

CIi'!'

,~,~oP ~1I'r1~ .11.

~!!~'~I~:

d1 \:(ln~~so dl!ducll:1'~ 1·~ dU 111 ecnd f z Hmo 1 ;'!1il te III 8qij"111 bd·c ~

11 ~~dco

fj .~~ I!!>hl1morr~

qu.~l'l

d~ t po ss 1 b f11 'mlCC~i1! 1~

Simi dli (:Q1 10!:~s~.

p~,!" cut , .eql1~!Jl hndo

II z.el'D ],~

dQrh~t.!i.

del 1~ (57):

BO

z_

'[NSli\lHL.llA'

IJElL.

ASTE II ,'I!IIEf-

!l'1

rUt

~i

nota

CQIII@

Que:~t;()

~~d

a,l var'iarQ
@ il

ch~ 11 cadc(l ponendo

di eel Iesso M

di ~a~' 1'1 !'~Qr~L~.!=~~g~ ~t'fem'" massiatD 'rrta qual l 'i detludbi 1 i da 11,~ ~Qnd.!

zione (U pl ~~tkh,l~zicme al 1ilTli te anche

d~l h~ puss tlrtl 1 :~H!J~zi()~d equiUIlI>~te,

IffilK

per'

CLI

f,

=11 _', s~ ottien,e p" . S,fji;iJndo n 'ElQl~~!? fi~1!. .1..c!' Ii ~L _~! r~,I dllf1111l lane d :1: car f! i:l'"i ticiJ un' ~~tli 500[If!ttll ~ r'01'~ ,)~ 1 ~ 1 Q t1f r::ompi"~~s1C1J1 si Ofllpi!:-. n.'L' j'. vQrs,1') l'lpOhls1 d1 01 Hi~I,t~ fll01 (";'ii]i, ~-hle. illlrM~lldD ehc 1 'nt~ p~I"111Oing~ ~QUl
iI

di a

~i

'r~~mhm~1l "dal

Ms,$U!i

1(1 ~te5,s()1 illlH!l

V;'l,

oapresse

d1~11.!!(57')

• r~~~

g~unto Si
,rIC

"d.iI,ll '~I t(l~ tram 'I b! h

dnaO!dt1ca.
ii,

1 i breta to
int'lFl

aneha

pel" cOl!ln!il"r~~loJli
$~ r'i ve

~1 i!lv~m~nt'l!-

fnfl ~~s~ fuol'"

~1TlO"

d~l1:'
5~
I;)

~~~E!tI:!D

reU fl in(!.o tlel'~' ~s S,~_ t:i

mlo 1; 'eg1l8~ li ~ tt n, ~ 1 IllQIllcn e~ te rn e Pi n~~ 1;0 cl ~~tiw hg'j d~h1 [JJ'Il, it'ien.e ,

c he

a rTti!S ta,!l'do 'i l ct;!ntr;l'le,

COl

1co b(}

ques te

PUii

,~i h~ ~ 'J clma

n 'r'or-

(~. fi g., ~6i!1,} e quell(l +nterno

pre~ 'i,~ ,

maz~Il,ne sul Ie (f"f(ln:tl1LziQlli na su] 1 ',~p~g'Jio etas t'icll d~1 sa r ,,~ Il<1'rridlh'trllm
vI1101'"0

p'iastic,he

ra:g;,)liJiite

0111 111Meri,a 1e nl!~Ia s,e,~1:£!.

"i

mposta Z 10ne' !;Ii;' ~ 1e cond i zi OJ'i al con to nlO pe~ t

iIds

pet to de i

nel la quaIl! p'er pdrm d lid subHo

supcrate

t l ]'l"ii ~El

e chc da tlll ~ , tmtte

P

lre a I troVj)

11! deformazl0il] pl:astiche naces'I lTIolltCri,ti "url"l te 'I" eresctta d@11 c~r'1~1(J
fi:e:>ti1 imlBfinltd
pe'!'tllflCO

~iIlCQH all E! est~emi tii de l l 'asn. H vaIor-e del la filr~i1 P per II qu~ledatto Ilq~fl1brig puc suss is tere "{n modo indifhl"enle" freed.!! f II'"~-

nil

:;t1! 1I'1d(l'tl!'r'ilIillilr;tel.

Com' ~

nOW.

'formul ~ ct 1

EII'J I"!)

['111 v lQre

1.~o Pc'

LI01..i1

I.l"'r£

~()r'!;'IDl1~ dlll)l

'" ·fa,rilL:i11or1· " 111:S11Lln~ PI" 'I'h~Qn

fli.iO e~sc ... ·ff ·tLlI~t ~

sut 'I' ~V()FI'ty~' 1t

del coil U~,Q rMcremeii'C~' a,

r~
""-.l

f~
Jrn.
[o]

Ittl'l6

~b)

~~ l

~d)

BO

z_

'[NSli\lHL.llA'

IJElL.

ASTE II ,'I!IIEf-

!l'1

rUt

~i

nota

CQIII@

Que:~t;()

~~d

a,l var'iarQ
@ il

ch~ 11 cadc(l ponendo

di eel Iesso M

di ~a~' 1'1 !'~Qr~L~.!=~~g~ ~t'fem'" massiatD 'rrta qual l 'i detludbi 1 i da 11,~ ~Qnd.!

zione (U pl ~~tkh,l~zicme al 1ilTli te anche

d~l h~ puss tlrtl 1 :~H!J~zi()~d equiUIlI>~te,

IffilK

per'

CLI

f,

=11 _', s~ ottien,e p" . S,fji;iJndo n 'ElQl~~!? fi~1!. .1..c!' Ii ~L _~! r~,I dllf1111l lane d :1: car f! i:l'"i ticiJ un' ~~tli 500[If!ttll ~ r'01'~ ,)~ 1 ~ 1 Q t1f r::ompi"~~s1C1J1 si Ofllpi!:-. n.'L' j'. vQrs,1') l'lpOhls1 d1 01 Hi~I,t~ fll01 (";'ii]i, ~-hle. illlrM~lldD ehc 1 'nt~ p~I"111Oing~ ~QUl
iI

di a

~i

'r~~mhm~1l "dal

Ms,$U!i

1(1 ~te5,s()1 illlH!l

V;'l,

oapresse

d1~11.!!(57')

• r~~~

g~unto Si
,rIC

"d.iI,ll '~I t(l~ tram 'I b! h

dnaO!dt1ca.
ii,

1 i breta to
int'lFl

aneha

pel" cOl!ln!il"r~~loJli
$~ r'i ve

~1 i!lv~m~nt'l!-

fnfl ~~s~ fuol'"

~1TlO"

d~l1:'
5~
I;)

~~~E!tI:!D

reU fl in(!.o tlel'~' ~s S,~_ t:i

mlo 1; 'eg1l8~ li ~ tt n, ~ 1 IllQIllcn e~ te rn e Pi n~~ 1;0 cl ~~tiw hg'j d~h1 [JJ'Il, it'ien.e ,

c he

a rTti!S ta,!l'do 'i l ct;!ntr;l'le,

COl

1co b(}

ques te

PUii

,~i h~ ~ 'J clma

n 'r'or-

(~. fi g., ~6i!1,} e quell(l +nterno

pre~ 'i,~ ,

maz~Il,ne sul Ie (f"f(ln:tl1LziQlli na su] 1 ',~p~g'Jio etas t'icll d~1 sa r ,,~ Il<1'rridlh'trllm
vI1101'"0

p'iastic,he

ra:g;,)liJiite

0111 111Meri,a 1e nl!~Ia s,e,~1:£!.

"i

mposta Z 10ne' !;Ii;' ~ 1e cond i zi OJ'i al con to nlO pe~ t

iIds

pet to de i

nel la quaIl! p'er pdrm d lid subHo

supcrate

t l ]'l"ii ~El

e chc da tlll ~ , tmtte

P

lre a I troVj)

11! deformazl0il] pl:astiche naces'I lTIolltCri,ti "url"l te 'I" eresctta d@11 c~r'1~1(J
fi:e:>ti1 imlBfinltd
pe'!'tllflCO

~iIlCQH all E! est~emi tii de l l 'asn. H vaIor-e del la filr~i1 P per II qu~ledatto Ilq~fl1brig puc suss is tere "{n modo indifhl"enle" freed.!! f II'"~-

nil

:;t1! 1I'1d(l'tl!'r'ilIillilr;tel.

Com' ~

nOW.

'formul ~ ct 1

EII'J I"!)

['111 v lQre

1.~o Pc'

LI01..i1

I.l"'r£

~()r'!;'IDl1~ dlll)l

'" ·fa,rilL:i11or1· " 111:S11Lln~ PI" 'I'h~Qn

fli.iO e~sc ... ·ff ·tLlI~t ~

sut 'I' ~V()FI'ty~' 1t

del coil U~,Q rMcremeii'C~' a,

r~
""-.l

f~
Jrn.
[o]

Ittl'l6

~b)

~~ l

~d)

~ lij $neneU~ "d 11 raggio stone er+ttca r~pp're~en'ta.t;J fO rfli &ee· questa va 10 reo d@' c~ 1"1co , '~h~~ d,e t to "c d t tce", 'e che corr-tspe
_I!

dl;!'H "·~~ta. r~pp()rto 91r~tora in fig'.

fl"ij

h. h.m~h,en~ d1 11 berD. della $cziol'l (11l1• 48b.

hl~ le~$wn.e

(minim())
(GO), ~8~,

d"

inlll"z1

J/.t\) "

Lllte:!!,
(;}-i

dlrta d~lla

clw t(jol"r~sp()nd~ alll1 loml(l <::oHHuttv~ da 1h Cur'/a di fig.

l!: espresS~

d!e all 0' ~H!'Q~!i'!'H~_1U~H~'2HgL~l~~~.i~~asta, dell' P',Qr vi nco l i d~~ers], 1~ (59) S1 p!)lle (:Oflle fr2 EJ
P,E =

.t---z--o

I I
4000

do~e

tot ~

jj.

1~ ]ungheHa

d'~ lib-era

~n,'fl ess tone deH ~5ttl ,"' cllQ 0or'r1I

Silondc a.lh 'H~'t(lnza tra dl!.!ll1l' punt! to ea:r'lco c,r'i tko (~. F'i!l. 47).

d~ fl sso della

teor1ca

dofo'irlllHa

sot-

l
,:1
I ,r

t
I'

~
i
j

+
~~
I I
\

!
~ -r ~
t.a prifl'i~ '1imhazione se s i pe:rns·a che , elasth::1Ita nOll
(I

100 den' app,11;(Ibn i U g,e'"1 i'I l~ljl) <I:;J:p3.reslIbHo h

'€!'iI'id@ll.t..e
I

J
j

j
I

I
II
I

I i

I'
I' I

,
\

,
1

l tre

n ,'i l11ite
scs terrib t l e:

d ii 5ner~ilm!!n to d ~1U• aCC.i.a i 0<. 1 i potesi iii d~a9ramM

tocorlle

(I

,e

pill

cost itl.!t iVQ

ff~1i. non e

inde~ 1"1

\ \, I
\

:~
I

~ ~

j ,1

'fi ~1to cone in fi g. 41l~. m~

eS!I't'to qlJe!it'uHhilO

e , i mita

~n 't'i g. 49<1.

Se s i assume PQ'r f'lncM

d.lagrarnma,

Iii 'for"my1;:t dl Eylero

va ilpp"I'Ciltii

sul ti:

fig 41

w;,771

"!fli :y.;

7iiW
£<;),,:,,0,.5£

Lo-l

l..~2 o

10=0.7£

(60)

IS _ 1ft E- -.·.2-

'l tmt te sot·to 11 qlJah! t l coHasso

~a me 11 to, del mat·e rf ~1e. La CoU rva

lion!!
6• c

11
0'
II!

<{JA)
dall~
dill

p,iLl ·instab11B.
S i iOOdtf1c~

rna avvlenE!' pel" siler

pe!"t~ n to cam~ 1nd 1ca:-

),.-

,t i

to lin 'f~!J. 'l9b. e ~lene a df pendera

dbgr~ll1lla re a qyeH C50

qU{!1iU

d@H'!lcdalo.
~

S'lccome l l

dedotto

51.11 pro~inl

m'at~r1!l' dad u rrac

il5s~1

Ipro55illliD ~ qUQ1,· d 1 f 1g. 49 b

110di 'P19. 49a. 1l~1den;:i"l),do U'n 1fml te d1i pr-"'!lpOl"Zl()n di ~nenr~n:mnto' ,. s i po trebbfJ

1 H"~ di poco infe tc-

he h, curva

2(H)(1

r~ppresmlt~ tUI'O

con b!.ion~ <l.pprQSSi!!!£tl10~le 11 COII!port~liIe['j~

dell ~ r~~ 1~ rnBmi:lrlJ.-

In ~Cd~~9 5,OHD,ottCl a ear teo

~i .punt~,
"Moolo_nda," 1 r1suhatl del te p,ro~~, $'i er~ 9]unti ad !.mdiag:r~iTU1la delUp-o

d i quell ~ dH fig _ 50, UiJ!le, ~e 1 c~m;po,'e1~ s tQlll~ lJln' hnp~rt~

nte 5 @-r~ d!i pro ~e c,ol1doH~, <la Tetmafer ,8

5 t i (;(1 Yiln f ~a assun aa una iI'"~ t

n)

h~ mos tr-atc> per

v ia

ta del

t1 po

s peri menta ~e ch 8' 11 c u~"a tI i flg ,.4 9b no n cerr-i s pon.de a1 raal e c'oill,portalffi@-!i. a to de 1 m~ter i a.l e. e {Ii dh'Qrse Ese\:lueneo jlrO,~,e a.comp~e~5 i (me 5~ ~~ te J 1 eglJal
if!

~~zi one

llmoh~z.z~

Soi nots

che

~u 1~)"Q~ P~0 1 ontij no eli qiJe 1111" A ot te'!1uto n~1 pr~c~d<:f1~o

t~ in fl m
11

1~

11, Hr.liiw

d~ val idiU

dell a fW!1'luh p.~r~'9 r~ fo.

J~
~OO()..

sin£:
toz ~
tl
m

\ \

C !1C ;!i,otto

U l,~ 1i!!!lite
III~

ill co II ~5S0 ~ 5'~,~. 11 sol

tl!v~'1e l1e~IWO r~ per

'8CC Q

1HStabn H~
mO

dol:

con sba nd,~rr>'!l~tCI lll1to ral C' dell!

n1 f@st!l~ranliite ya vi

et.to

e 111':p.er ,~s te

ho

ze per 1e q~{(11 s i I n d,efliniti

s n ~rVal11QlltD , 1e qll'aH ~ tera

uri p,rirno campo

cli

snell 1~~~e mol to basse per

g'CI1lZ.)

2000
I

ca'r i co u1 t 1ml) d (1,111~ pn;lva.

~ i ~~ ~ denz ia

sen s ~bi Ie sba nda lCIlWl

(?~.~ ~~~~ ~ S2-

1e de 11 • ,!I~t,t {~,fl ~" 4Gb),

giu1n,ge ~r

" ~ 'ro~tI.J'r,~ ~~ene d e,H iii t,~

lIIa~~dal'8,

,e si rag'in CU1

I:

~12Hil;:j~~~~!2D~del

Vie

tig.51
60

UI1I campo intenlledio

,a11 col l a sse s i e ~ hlen ~1a uno s band emento 'l a tel'"~ 1e, c he perti nllltn ~ iene COI~pl ~Ulment1i! r'~$U t~n(l a 110 scar-ico

.__----li---il-F---_+___~

N"

('0'. fig'-

d6'~) ~ 1lI il'"ottura. vien,Q denn,i-

~b),

1100

I;~ l'~Hil~H~ fa.~~ gl~~~QI?1~2~~~i!' V'I j1. ~llIfi ne i 1 c~m!lo del]~ ~~1(!11QHQ :n '01Cl~na in cu1 .~~ not<l ~l COn{l~£(! U'n0 ~h~i1dl~IlM1tO' 1~tor~lc ,~!1!:' viene ~l1tf!. r~me~te restituito ~llo .~Grioo (¥. fig. 46d); que~to ~ 11 c~mpD d~'lilD:

T~1~

com,po r tallleni:.Q

I! do~'uto' a 1 f IlUO Che. s per fma'lr~~. to su 1 profn IIt f Cor.'l~

r'N;lv~~I"1di lIIilterhle,. dall<L pres~n2a di

!!!e~bH ~ 1iii Ulri' fi9· 5Ta).

a nOn $'ui p1ccoH

t l d1>i:9NII'JI!I1

~-t

ev~de".
to {v, 5ull~

11m He ~11 LIst co <i

Q~~sto der1va

no tlilVo1mentil 1()fit~ no d~] 11'111t 0 d f ~fler"'<tmen i

~utotl1'ns'oni

di5trlbu1t~

~llllQ ne dei

prof i]a ti carne eff etto

r1esidu(l

d 81 1~. hmi ria z 1on" { "'v"

f· l'J,S2:)"

66

d II
II

[
to el l ~ rot~~io!~e n,Qssi
to 1inf'ltl.
5" ~Om ~~ziOIl!!
1"i!l!~ nendo

'..d'E t r:

rc:
I

t
(

o'n~l'Q

dot 1~ ~eziiCln8

l1 per-tento

quel 10 r,wpr~s,Q~t~rl~ot~ i1tW1"nO ~d n-t1

L~ iHs~r~bu~1on~
QU!~rNllo,i~tend~lIe rna

d,~11,~ ~1~tt,;lt"QIIlSl0Ilf d1 p.e1Ide' dllJ t11l0 1:11prn(j;l11tO" h

parte

54,. So (1

f: 1a curv~tlJr~t

81 h~ {' 4 51lzionc

forz~~S$1I:11e pr~c5i;5ter'lt.L

!!It 'compr<e'~'s,1o'ne. '1lI Far-te de l l ~ s,!lcdone

~UD

(l'H{!tM

pi lin<!. )0 : ~1

<Ji"

e dut(lten~'iol'rf ]llcH~ta.,

'1'1~!,il '~er~ ~lQrtilnt(l

pius,ol

meno 50" lec'1 t~.tll,

Ulimi

te elJ!stjco d,elil ~

·n:'1
den' ~sse

[11,:e
EthZ81

verT.! r-a",gi!l~to 'qu,mdo

62 =Et~2

~yen(lo i!ltd k~ to, con lEt. i 1 IWgy! g~ ~~t!'~,~tI~~ .

L<t pos izf,one a ,,~ndo 11ldiicHo CQi~ cl'fe5 1. ~ m~$s hna ~u tetsn s hme dIi cOl11p!'e~s; olliep,,g 11 (!ffet't i den~ res is~QWlZ~ de11~ ~~z1one le ~IU totsn 50io'n~ g1oc~ M lotr~,sc!.it~b~l c i 0 torM
Qllne Hbr>e Re'n pdm~ n~ z]
SI1~ i one

neutro

d l pende

d a ] 1a fonm~ de'l l ~ sez i one.

Pe'r uM

ret ta n901 are s i PUD po rre

~m 'r'il£!,
1] til h,~ .;11 {I]

e,

1n

qUnllIM

~,l l1111ite (]1 Go:rnpl,et~, Ilhs~1c~ZZll1.1()n~ set i o,nc.

~1 1~ PM·~. .Ag1 i~'f'fctt'i gioc~

IjJII rUiolo IT.olto

dl~ 1 , "1n sU b111 i t~ 111~eGe IdoVI1 d 0 c~~~ co,!!

W ~'" 111 'g ra do dl1 III <lS,tl d ~ "d{!ll,~

1 ~.II~Ii"'y'amento p'rem~ tu ~ '0

SQIIiISlOil e.

di, Tetmajer ~ d@'l1e lrnd~9inl sune ~ut(rten~~on,i re5id:lJe dI~ hnrio,n,e fl prob 1'emO teori co dell! 1n~h'b i"1 t!i d~ stop b~·'t'ica. @ra, s ta't!o anaun. ,;Ii~9'r.~I1Ml~~~

t,
u
~I
~I

1 1. z.za.to d~ [~![JIlSser {l)"

Con 'rHe'rilruln;to~d
i nd efClr1llH~

~I

Mll ti po d'1 quello

di ftg.

53,

seconfig,:54

do, una pl'frua 1potQ~i

~i; S~IPi>OM die i 1 car-ice

,~n~ pic co h

~ume:llt1 sul] "~st~

~e't~l,Hnlla

n I! ~, - _. __ . - -It"" ~-.I

Ii no ~ 9 hJln9~re sul pu~to

or-a s U beliltr~

L. Su111a s ez lOne' agl1 ~c~ 1a te.liIS10 n~

d ~'Forrn~ z 1OIW f 1es 5 iOn~ 11 1a s,e.~,,M'~ e. i 1I'I~'1J~ to rfll~f1tQ, 5 u r~ue ~t 'IJ lt i!M
I~_b ..

do,~~/A. S~
n.mta
p>!L't'tQ

c~

r__11_-,
I

p~r te 'S'C~ 1C<ll~d,o L pa rt~c{lj·1 r s 1Q

c~ndos 1

tent, on i ~J!!l'lieil!~~o d~ e ~ e,' S'!l9IM~nol ~ to),ng e,i'! t~ d~ 1 III Cu rva n d Surl ~ prr1ma.parte 1e tens'j,[ll~i; regr'8dUwno dil C ~ C~ secondo l 'hI"' c'i~~zione el~stic~ in1~~~1~ del1~ curv~. Il dia'1Jr~~nG delle t~n&~onl do~!
\\f _

r'~"

'b

t.

che r~ppre5~nt~
11,~doq:

1'cqu111br10

all~ tr~51~~~on~

1ungo I!~~~. dsll'~st~.

S1

(e.n
dealQ,

t-,

Z E Et
t

E+E

,', ' 2 ,cib

He
Z

ITJ

:2 '

= [J8 r del

.'

dov@ IE\" j!; 10. nuova

espressrene

mod:u1.o dJ(ltto 'valida

(Ie' c~r'l (0 v~rs d 8 11 1 o~J,or~o

per H

dCl~f:li(l T :I..

S,~co'ndo, lln~ second ~ i pote~ t , ~ 11 i a umen tilre t,t co

co ~r 1 s ~b"d e p.onellte (l ettem,te,

n,Q a 5 s f,~l a,

l' ~ n C r~m

to ~ i muHillnoo
d~]l
@

il d~cr~JI!I~to
SIlZ 1 01'18

tensiorl1
nOn ... i

0' il ".~ re ,Cr 1:10 ~$ s 1~ c m d~ n~,COtf!1 d~1 1~ p~rte' GOnVIl'SSIi del l '

as.ta ~~rebb>l:!dunquc cQmpe!fj$~to d~,l c(l~t,ef[iporlJjlleo ~'Um~nt(l del 1~ GO:l11r~~~ssio,-

Su ttl t t~, I,~

qu ind i

$~,re-:tJIl~ "sea 1'1co"

pel" 1 0 p~,rt(t
m.er'lQ

eo n
oOG1-'

'~O:fIi-

pm'Mm~n tCl del mater i a1~ ~(!gui rebbe twuln(~U'e h

t~,nge:nt~ a'l l a eurva

~ - y; « d~

(6l}

~ ,~ C'

re,r' 'la paf't~

p,~ cOi\pre'5Sa, Q

do. C ~ C III

pre5saj. Per lO f~~ss,o~e si avrebb~ p@rt~ITto]'eq~i'ibrio.

(63)
E r r·l '" £t.J9

~~~ndo 1nd1cato con [, i1 mo~u'o t~ngente.

Ques.w seco,nda

lQQg:~1A~L'W~~!Q_HD9~O~~,

devuta

~ ~1n~e5~er·ShMl~:t.

p1i:!c>J!ut,e'1 ~UV~. d~~ 1~, pr1i1:1!1, t'll:,O;j;.~1 ~

tiD''')'' do ~uta II EnjJes ~el"-:~~rlO~n , p~rc h~

I!~P!l'j~~'!!.1$.! [o del "rncdul Ol'1d(ll con~j dera 1'1 1]'5 i Orl ~1tnQlltC I) t'D f1 e s~
~1 II!1~J!:!.

~~r una se~lo~e. dopp~o 1 1d~alQ ,•. sempr8 fl~, 54) per l'equ11~brio
p~:i)

sl

s1 befl ~'1 ~SeZlmlQ So'st i 'tuendo"

PQrr1e~

(E ,( Erl t ne11 "·l1qu il i tH

'
(I

prop'r ii 0' de l m~tod() ~ta t.i co diE u 1~ro,

(l

1'0' el ast i ,CC! E qu@Ho, te n~Qinte' lEt ( o quell

0.110. 'fOrj;01.~la 2 _ 'Ii £t (63) Ge =

r-i dol;to Er}' s ~ pe rvi

E!ln~

dunque

---:rr
see h (GO) IIQ1 compo dell 1 i l!lS,t~lb~l ;

Eh11 ~ Eth
COil

che sostHlJi

t~

,Q1 ~~tophst i c~, C' 'bloc

n•

h1 'I' 112'

p.er

Sji ri C~Nii! PQr"'~nt(),

'91

$1 $""rp(l1l9~ che lla wnsioi'lG"

1·1 COil 1 egge paraoo H ca:

6, ~@H'inter~<lno

Ce{t tG~

(v. ii'g.

51.l).

~<t

{"i ""'\' ::{"'",l _

I nf 1ig" 51 b
per

l·<c'1.4',(

'Q'V

ti',e

=, .6.

:r .,il1·
iii
CIJ

V (l)
(I

r~ iPm·ta~<lh

eu rva e:spr,es,s~ dol'll

(6,6) 'Per S'5= 360

Si

K91!cni~ e

I!. t r~,tl;e91~io 5. f not~ 1a

rva chI!

0 tt~'r"rei:lb~ CQ~ ,. ~pu ~ no n v 'II ,~ <11{66} ,

tes i -d'Dl do,pDf Q l!lo,d!:.il0. S,CcOndo 1a tra

ii

t~~z 1on~

(Qi,.l1presen tH~ r-QUa

H1 ilz1 one' '~~~ c~mpo p,'1 t 1C'D" d 1 I'O't ~Ui"~ pr 1s!l!~,Hcli: e "C~!!!PO il1l! stop 1Mt! as
G'O" di ch,e per tilndo CQll<lssO

A-+O

fn~t~bi (~E--j.""

1e,
5] on Q

e5s,endo per
!Jill'

1<1 I"CHihtc,ll,zll

SQnJll'r'@ d~ll.[

pO~'b a ~c= c;'"s'

L~ v(wWi

C~ Je,ll~

ten

a s ta COfnpressa s i es e'gue ~ert~ nto

~<I

1U·

da un bto< It'·

1~

tens i one- a,gl!n~e'

!!
1\ h'lfllllllZ tone dell
iI

e c!~111'~1 U().

~.n,e11ez za

~ , h tens tone

res ~s t~ntQ

!PI!i"

ca rico 0" • [_
2

(H pu'n,t~. espt'e asa d~ 1 l a (66) 0 da 11~ (GO 1,

1:;,

.,

(,I

Eo -

J,e;

(r._~}
e a (61) diveri'M:: d'i G" t'f'~mHel

!!.If/f.\'1 \ A. -I' C

2'(et's' G"jj}

e' po nen{!o ,c~,~ Ia pir'1!I!~, 5 i a m~nore

d~ 1111 s e-~onJa.

che, ,I!Sp'r'es~o<in funzlml@

poetuna

1in t:t()dw zi (me eli c()e-ff id en t i

¥r

till:

I)'r'e~i a

()v~i

~Jmo te 1 n

ep-

ilrn;!lCi'!.e rldiun'e, va tener h

r~~$()

cOon cf,

0,)

TIa t.ensiol1le

resi

stente,

~i puO ~n via

e.l terMtl

i] "termins

di co'nfnll'lto",

t~n.s1 One <lg'Q,nte- pl!l"

W ()J

1N

(l) =

f5/

~ s ed amp11 Hcare

Ii ttfziilm~nte

6'",d) :

~ • W (fi..) _; (~
It

,1

.\.

1\1

,C~

i] che ~ eqtJi po·' lC!nt~ ai fi f'l1 del h v~'rHfclI. Qiue5to e~'~2~~~'!lIJ!!!'D-1l di 'led fi~ rlJ100 ()~ ~ i~11Ij!ne e5~@l'le ~ PP' icaw '[f1Chei n tllrlt1h~ 1 t sforza ~s s ~O!L l ~ (0 d ~

.0,

r-;3

"i-r-"ii'"""F:;'<;.''T"T~~--.rI'''''''''I'' \2:lI>;ll-.'I\r-r-r "r-r-rF-Y"I", .---T"'u-rl--'-'-~

oi)~'

,..

1-1I-~+"+' +=+4+-+14,1-+-!--I-4-HIPod\~~+t-+'t- ++++'"1H1;-H-I "I II I ~,~I I I

I

I
I

,I

- -I
I ,
I

'"
e-

~
~I-

0;),

~I\

,~

r i\ I
I

-I
I

'"
I

...
I
,

'"

f\IN

i\

+1- I I -- -I- I

11-1----I

--~ ~ -- --,

--

I
I :

- ~~~

I,

I I

-- 'I~
I
,

~r\

V ~V17

III

\~ '~\

I -11

I
I

- - II
----

I
,

-<=-==-=-

II I

1.I[;t,.1
, l/[; V

~-

l7rJ --

, I~1\ 1\0'III
_I ["lL-I

1\

~ I
VV

1-,

-I

I -- 1--1-- VVII

-=- --

l.-

!t,

_f"!vl--t'
1

--'

~--I

--

--

't

-f-

-I

1---

I, I
Q

I
I

I,
'e,'"

C'l'r1·co} :

,"Dm~nto flett@t-e

non ~ coshnte.

,come vorrcbbo

la teorfa

del

pr~i!I! ot'd~

tI()o[), • Py{~ 1 L,e no r"i1i~ '1"1 pO'r'U no 1 d iv~ r s ivaI t.ipo di acci,do L 3· ;

~-W

ill

-EJ yll (x)

=11 ~iil~)(

od de i co!!'H 1dent

i rJ = ,W (1) in fLmz ione de 1 di pt'ofila:ti (r!55!

1si ndo. (~~ x) $ino(.,t

~,n, '!I~'od ,

{e's ~ Z~O(l contro,n

!.

360(1 ~Q!e~h e de~ t tpi

c;r@~

at1

~n b~ 5~ ,~1 ]"·f 5~ lta ti spar imefmta11 e c.. rret t i O v~ ~

secenco !p ilO 0 meno s pi rite prec i Sij,;;: hlln ide']' 1e formU'l e teo r i·ehe. una d'i ~,Q "s,a ra pp~es en ta:!; one del (n~9Nrrma;- - l,., con 0:;0 ~e9t1e'n til d i~ n arsa

00 5 ~'~1 anche p(!r' l <I 't,~olJ"i a. de l ~eCO ndl 'ord ine , 1,0' 5il'Clr-;;o;o <1:5,$ ~e' i1 1"1 IT"me ] nv,ec~ cos tan M ;

E5s'end))

1Iu'ta..zl'one del modulo bicll. del UllO QYles..to model 1 0

ll!

«,

taI'l9,elltl!,

i!f.b

t~,,t!;

~ per esemp io quafl a bas<lta d(,3 defi niU nell! 1ntero

l!li!!

sul h

parebnl a cu Of t.. f,~.

t.e
'!I, ).
!; !

N(x) ..P • cost,

z~one piO

lnter'l<l110
0 Hl!vi

temllUco

nOll ev1d1cfl1.hl pii)

's·liel1 e7;:a 11I:1Ue a sep~rillt.!!. o port;)

son e!:1tU~

il· quoll a ell ml!zll!ria

dove il mOnlf!1'Lto 'fl,ettente

ne dol "campo i:tlM.ton1Iut1co"

do)l ~camfJo ehl>tico"

(un

ronL~

del co!!l"ico crH1 co Ulche ,:I'Dr a~te mol to ~lIiene. ] n fi g, 55 sene rf po rtate 11 c!.lr~1! propos te da ne no r"ifileCtl~-'UNI 10011-73. @
CUlrve ~a
iI

5]

rifed

SCOIllO

<:L

prof111i

COOlpOS ti,

(IU,e1l~, "b"

a. ~ez;

(lI'Ii ~ gOP!}lO
U ,co!l'rfi ei eitt~, 1/(:0$« f htt t~nte dovu eta chi)< ,per

li. quel le lie" ,~i tubi.

tn

r~.ppre5en

ta dll!lOJU'B l' am!)H ncaz i one

die _n 1

to

ta .~ 11~ presenza

de] 1~ f orze

a ss f ~'1~ d i co.mpres s i (me. Sino-

cosQ(t.n~o
S1 Gon!>;'d9r1. 1 'as'!:.!! dl, fig .. 56 !;ogge'l::ta
i!

pres:;.Cl'fler.sione,,,
!lipDst~1l1eil1t1

RholU

con Ia Q:.

tcod~ de'l s.~c.ofld' o'rdiil~, ohe

r~tta d '!'i.Z1Oll!e' dell a forz~

11.011 tr~,SCIl]"a

p~ t' ~stllil>~

ddorjji~

y .. 1 spettc .nil sec.o,ndo ],~ "1 i ne~ eh~Uc~"

2·

t _(11=1 ):l!. 2
2 ~~dChi ,t w eo P) di ~nti U
til

i1 morr!elllt.o n~~'teE!:~t!~ V~ a.ll' il'rf1 mto plllr soUo fi n H.a.

Q ues

to e' ~n

equ 1 po 1'1~Ii'te

as pet

to (I,@'l ca r teo c r] t teo, per

is';

It'i

ca ~'a aneo I"Q. (COil '~='1);

jig.56

",~1orQ dl~,l C~r ie,g err j (". ,f1g, ten til.

t.lco

du nqu1e, ne 11'1 no:n s,~r~l:Ibo

ta el ~Hklt.[ rnOl!betlt@

~Il!l},

d 1 De...f!l't ta ~d i ndd ~ ~ n1 ~nf1 uQnz,~to d~l h pr'llSDI'iLol !.Ii un

1 q.ga, 1!l

petes

net

fIer - un comport<lmE!~~Qe l~st tee 1 irl1r1 tlto

de 1 ti pe d ~ que1Io J 1 HIl'

ve,dfi ca sfs·c f~he imponendo

tr>!)

c he 10 s forz.o, ~ ia f1111 ,(j {G'~~) e cornp'reso en H

::

i'1 TItml 't~ de'~ 1.0 sne rvarJlenw

fi
1
ill
I

termini

d~ sfQ~zQ

i:l1~ii.rico"
(l ss

S i:

tlo,ta

che- pe'r W={I~i

t09l1 ie nell e (7,,)1) e, Pl). del

ieme ali;,8'nni

ne

es S l ~

n~]e,

~ndl(!l·,eHettoirn'S~lb]Hn.al~b~

car ico a~~1a.TI8, Oe~te

fO'~'fIlu1 va!!. e-

no q,ui nd 1 IIi.Qd:Hi ca te form~

~Os{.i.tn~
'V
o~'~'~r'O

brrevHc.a

'!f.

P/t~s e ,

11men t(! COme qll; d is.l[!gu HQ l' nd i:ta to" Pes '~O pe r ~wme' ~i r.)J)lt i p1 iCilliiO alli1bo i membri d,~l1a Ul i) IPN"

005gI" /2 'Ior <c,o~(;i,~(2

.

/"'(1-'11
$] po~@

)oo~ d,

t/2
J/Aiii2):
fig.57

POl (con

In nil, 57 sono rfport.He

le frcntl'cr

' 01 stllb11ita

10 IIC11~ (72). per dtver-st 'I lort dcl l e Sn!]llil,~';ii e con ri~edr;:I!:lllto, ~~1" ~CClllio ti po II (G' s -zeoo t::g/~2), Pe'r 0 <.A. <. 11l curve Inter-secane 1 as'se dell e asc l sse no] !Junto V .. 1;, ~~'r )_.Y"lli , ease i sse Il@'l pun to V .~; pel" ),,'lo!] e 'C!!r~e

,x

dedotte

IPOl'lIlOOO l'c,)!J.!!,

sccano

l'

~so d,11e

sc+sse

in punt1' '\)'.. Ci. (A) • Pc/IN~

,(1,
510.

co'rr'1sponcll:l'Oi;1

ill

1 Ordifl.!lt

M11l!i1lllsionillitnat,

del di

~1'i'l1'l1llil

d1f,g,

\7

curva ~, t~ngefl~!e a l T'assc d~]·' ill ter M~C~IIO l' ~ Sse dle,11 e <J,S,C'1 s-

se' n,ei punt i

V= o;i,';(~}

• IPE/~~ ,( "" 1),

de i prof i lat.i
'6'~

em} dfel"1me'n'w

~1 mllJ]e ,~ompOrtamen.tQ ,e,lilstQP1astico I'Illl

cOllline!_

cia H" l'IaHsi

per esemp to qu,eT I (I sehenat.taaato v,~ im'postat~ tenende

'COlito

dfa~waflilil~
E

t Ji fig"

Sh"

I'!
plll'1ltO

della

r1ghleZl1i Ungente

fle5s1on~le
t var i or-ebb

EJ vari,abil(!

C'On 10 51'01'2:0. In qu,es,tD case

11 modulo

ar!el!

pc r pUll to nel rnater'i <1.1 1f! l'IU'il!1 to, ~ pres all til r ~ 1 pr inla [l, 1n;5 I;,tibille, win m.oii1~f'ito flilttllOtc
Se si ~ccetta

den 0

:;bililld i'i!l1ClltO

~arhbt
eth@r41

1e 1Un'iJO ,'a:;,u.
fhle Jii '1~lt!Ure

l' ~ppr;flS5il7lilz:l{)l1e
f1,~ tten'ite
@

l'<!.I11p,lific~z1()ne a 5 s h T@" h
$(1]

d@l mnmento . d:~]

l1l<I, IT)J)o:;!U

J(I~U ta

an~ ~)r'e~~ nza e

dena,

forza
COIii

'r i9 ide! (qqjen.~

za H ~5,S onal ~

,Ml'h

sez i one- s 1',~ :r~ prre sen ta t l c~~C!)10 pui.l essere

ta

suH ic i en ~e ,pre' h 1Ollie 1e G Ha ta

cia ~wel10 ell~5hco !'I1'1-

1 (I e l <I.~ t icliJ ta,nlgei'lt~ de,l! a fi bora, "mad 1 aJn8il ~e"

d~dotw

COn 60= H/i\), allcre,

preseatato.

intr()d,ucen.do,
COil

ill peste di EJ= co~t.,

1l00n

dgidezza

tangente modo 1il

IEt,J, \'ariaIl11 e' (72) dhri@n,e

'10 ~fo'r.i[o N Ina

co,n 1 'l1Scts:;.;'I, x. In que~w

rigdi8

ESSCrl;do

re r.muh Pi>l tca bil~' IP~r ~'o\''I't '0 oi! Pe~ '0 <'1" 'Il~1~ ~,~COI"II h Pi). '
Elabol"at~

G() ).
-

COli lJ ,.

r; / ~
e

il

r5()1 G ~ .pIN," •
a ~

V.

per't".O',M

pe'~

~$

= 24()(I

rgi!cm',

1~ (74)

fOr~iSC\ Ie fronti!!l:
ililtr:!!:,

r~ ~H 5UIbi~ 1 U rappr,8$entat~

h~ fig'. SB. !utte

1e curve , per 11.;'0"

file1 c'~] C!J '0'. t~hm'j 1 n i del

S!.iO

pr~r,~ r i s cOM

nSUiliOeril

p er

co sene 1 pr'1 fil,i

t t , Qte~nerldo:

,dUll

tern! ~~

3 - HlS,';f\BIUliA 'DULE

f\Sn: ~IH!\T~

sv f1 u PIlO 1111s,er'i e ollno:rtun~!!tt:li'i'tel:!JrTct

dov~
Per IiJr'I

Pc ~ 1!"5f1/I!J(A).
G~ 1 co 10

{Illhi 5U.l!Ol

~D1M

C!)IlI~!ln:z: ~0 n a III

11 ro't i

ty'l',~

,bu ttl SO&t'j t!!li'r'e M'I'o·' ~d Me • O,!

nel III PO} e (71).

t~nendlo

~l !lost!)' d.l '!<Iced

1'1'0' Wh'd • ~J ~re~(.!

pel' e~~111 0 : p
t(s

(77")

'" _1_' __
H'/Pc

__IH_ <:: 1

~\-d'

~Ie'l. rrecedeln te capitol rj~~ seztone

pe'f' i1 ca 1co 1I) dQ11 C~ r; co crt t.i C(I s 1 ~, tenuta, . ~cll a

CClrlto

die11iI s~ ta deform~ ~ i one f1.e5s 1onel e QO'll'U ta ~1 room.e~to fl ettente .;Ii ~s~1~s~ x c1ell~ '~'r~~e cljf~8.

ge~!

$~'",~
sta
poIl'l"

~·C
'e
S,Qgllllt ta,
Q

-v«

>601~ 'Cl!:r~~ttlr~ fie. Qltr>(: ~ 1 lilo.rnel'lt,D 'f~a ~te n til 5llco,i1d 0 qU1~:no des,e r it'to irlng" U~. t ~ dO\iIU t~ lillie he ~ 1

tag' ~(lS~CO'MQ qlUllIiII)O de'scritto in figl. 6" b. II' pr11no cont:ri buto ~ p,rop-ort i,~ 1'I~,l~ <11:r~o.ntCl 'Pl~~N~lte Htr~v(lrso TI,~n e's~~hi l:i t~, f1e'5sioln<Ll~' 1/.EJ d~lla s,e~ il0 ne., ] TI ~~GO ndo contr &~STIa 1 @- d:l oont;p:re"ss,i i bu to ~ prQ~o'r',;::i',anal
(l

,~,TI]II V~ r'i az ci Olle de" ollie 5 tes sa:

ta,g 11 0

11,re, cN~ a 11 af'on~ t d i~~,h):!"e' cliv~rs.o, DorU

,one.,

1'1.

(lu e ft'l2.

a~ t:r.(iVerSCl

1 a fl ess ib f11 t~ t~11lgen.z TI TI@,WG/\. de'l Iasezi a

me-'nt i t_e'niI,1ina H

Z 't~ 11mrm~ lcra ana I ~g~ a ll,~ n

W,

,eW

{11. H g. 5'9}.
ar.co:r~ ~,I I e

, ~ era t tazi;on'8~

...o-l

pi"lec edl~lf'Ite

on,

m~r-cl~~ 51 POl'Igl~

It,I'n

m~gg ore in '",all ore i

~sscl

uto tra

'~~, W2 Il t-l(x) ., Py H>:) ~ P

sin

,-,/zP
Idx

m::_

,q, -

COL LfGAMENTI

D,EGL r [L E...£NTI .

,I N

i'\cn!'l I 0

fhiamanoo '1~le:

A1 1 'ijjrea del slngoH em'renti ~ d 111 lON df stanze r-ec~rroca, ] a, ten s l:,orn~ 51.111~.sez 1OI1@ d1 milZ zer-i a del ccrren t{! rn~9g10 rman t,e eempres so

4. 1 Bu 111
Impo Mnd(l
0( ~ • Q r~

'm~ ture

norma H

che

tlll

Q'

te,m~; one COO sponda r'r-1

~ 1 11m1 'Ce de 11o s ne rV~rDel!lto

;i5'~} ~1 Ot~hH'Ie lln modo per- if'~al i;::zare

i C()neQ1,)m!!n'~i frli.

1 dliver!>~ "pezz i" !lli ('.ui Sl

S'f ~ coos' quantinc~to

11 valera

d~11,~ fnl,c:d~ che corrlspond@

~1 l'irnHe

coepone U1M 5 tru t h.1'l'a in ace i a 1Q $ i b~ ~~ $~ II • ilnp ~e'go de; !?tll de] t,; po d i Q u,e1lll rallPt"lQsen tate in f11l1' 68,. ] ntrodo U. i I!I~~H a ppD s 1t i f 0 0 d pl'edi spest t ne'lltl r~rti cia !Jlli re,. i bul 1om fumioOnano ,di norma "a'
ta91 to",

~~n

d~l'lil
tal.e sulle

ir'e5istenza, ~,HU'azlone.

d!:!i correnti.

E,', posslbHe

di conseglf(!I1Za .... ~'lLital"e, massirno

per

10. sfc;n"1;O d,'i Ulgllio.

estr~m~ dell!~st~:

11 SIlIO '/illor-e

s i m<l!'Iifesta

9r~de

lmlled~Ul(lo doe 10 '~cor:timento r'edp'roco delle par-t i ~'H!'SS'(! all a r'e:;~stenza del gilmbo e l tagHo,_ E"ssii possone esse e chian~

$e~IQni

t i <! so rr~gge i"e ~nche for ze d i traz i one ne'll ~ d i red ollie de 1 g'ilmoo.

1 -d/2
fiq.61l TESTA IFlllilzl0nilm.eIllW <Jlla]ogo, I'1IUJl !50

quindi

e(J'I.J~'''iiptinciipl

<11catcote,

~annO

(13,9) dcranl

r" =

~~]'Q~j da carpenter P r' p{A}

=

ia [v,

11'1 . 69). g

11 1.0r() ll!1piega. su d'i e$~l"

c~l

0991 ~bl:lilli!don~t{)

e ~uindi a 'fr~Z'io,n'Q dirtl c~ricocdtiC(i r c da 'GO'nS!.

-dQl.. !lulloll;j

neil si 1"; t iene

SOIlO prodott1

d1 $c.ff~mn~h·~i

e5seI'Jdo p{ ,\)

err I A H IJ.JtAJ'~-Il'l
Jetltia

emile t.:Igllo

riel dll:{jllsi()name!1ito, degl'l e l iimlei'l'~i eli colleg~l!Iento

IIIll1 e 's,eglJent1 Clil'SSl.

corr1 spondona

1,Q

lG ~ste ccmposte.

n to!g11Q l~ ~
Di!.

f!Hi.;i2
1

pel'cl;~ non

cord

spon(!e

~,1 re~lii

~ta.1:IOd,; sfor

~,~;~di-;d-~~;-~;;~;i
de,ll
El'

t--IIS1(lIIi1 i)ifillIis~1b1l1

iil.-dica~!! ill tllbBlliL c~, d~tiJrmilili stfc~sot.to

Tali 'ten!'.~onli :.1 r1ferU;,eoM i ~~ car-~,tWistic1 lori

!:Q';

ra ppras anti! un val 0 re ] 1ml te' c.~!J 1,~t tvo te

I~O;iii S

PCi" i1 qUli.'~' 911 e1ementi

a,~1ont ,

di

co 1'1e.game;nto

sm~rva no

DI' 1ilia de i to rren t 1 -

l'Ni

SecO nd1D 1l lite eodo ~ pprro 5S,j mat{) :

bu],1()~Q

t:<I!m

C1ILSS:1l

(K9/Cmq)

~~C1

- S1tr<l'5t - s 1 trasc

u roll

1 ~ f 1 ass.l

onQ n~l

gOil'lilO~ ~ 11 e pr~s s ion; s u 1 ] <lte~t~

( Kg/elf"'!) 1~0(1 1800

u r1l. Ia ti"<L~;fo ne !leo 9~rnbo dowt.tli 1

Qsul
4[1

d:a(iot

11050

5D

15-00

60 8(; 10K

mw
1900
2200

2QOO
2:000 3900

r._-i
1n a$~en~ij
dlf ILppr'0zz~til
11

] ~~.lo'!"l ~fI1Iqui
Nel
CiJ.SQ

Ii i nes~hn'l~

r1pDrUH

...~1'1l0M

~~ ~ __ ~~~~ __ ~~. f

p~I"Msh~ '. (11 f~nom~i1i !:Ii fH.i.::~.

d~ S,o,1]~c 1 udo nc CiOI~pOS ta !:I i t<l!~ 1,1'0 e tr~ ~ ione , dovir"~ ri 51.1la t

(00)

S]

'ipott;;:;;;::a

una dhtribtlll0ne' IlIU'1I d.1~tdbu.ziQne

COStaii'lt8 de,11 e te~s1(mi

t~ngenz].~l

Zb

suIT a. ~e~'1 ne del 'gambo [v, 0

g

fi g"

Th); dell
Q

s.i ipothz.J: ~ (5 rff

CO$t~nte

Ilr~S$iOlili

di

rlf9!.1~1l]~'Da

,Cpe ~appre'5elllt.i:l una

COI1ld:i.ll(l~e

~H re~h:i;,en~1;l. Sgff'identemfilntecomprov~-

scamti1aNtra,

'galflbo e hlmi,em

(v.

f~gl, 71 a-b)"

tl d~ll. ~~pcr1en~e.

le

te'nsl ()mii

ttl

G"b rapp're~.imtanD

ii

V~] or]

m:edli" 011 q!je'1 1 e' eff,e ~U v~

Y(JJ Qj"'

Cm,e sol 1eci tano oo·ndlo ] 1 ne todo

1 ~ S(!z i one d~ ~ gai!/bo a{! l bull one. a.p,p:rOSS ffltil to 'qlJli SO t to pr,~se,nta to.

C~1~o 1~t i $e~ a tr~ si iii P1 \'1.70

IlfiulmZTI (}~<lrnen,to di un 00 11eg ~m.en.W 1Tt'a d~e l {i!l" ~ !!r.t!, eM anato

1
,

m@tt@r~ iJml fo r~~ f g,l

!!!~

ulm1)l p~ rte~

1'1 ',j: ltra,

e rappres,ewta'!;JO,

lo' ~ CQl"r~!f!ellto, red proeo ~ contra s tate t nd kH.O

qu,~11 Hat 1vamen til 1 nf1gYI"'{I, tr'(ISIr'~t'~er~ PrQ"IO'CD. ~nche'

d,~1 1ill pres ~icm~ d ts ~;'~by 1'~ec2.

IL" ec c ~n tr'l d U d,~1h 'for'zll: da tm~ f 1cs s ~1Jne de 1 9 ~n!bo {l del l ecc n 5!1:gu~m,'~ i IPitess i (In i eecen trl ch~ de n IIt~~ t~. ,e d,e 1 dildo ~~ 11hml1 h Qre. tllr'D rn F v I'D n~ troll !>m~$ d~n! i.!inil an' J ltra. p~irte del co H eg~,"ei'i!io 9 ra~ '1 e ~] sa t~9110 c~~ in$or~e nella scz~a-ne~Qdfan~ del glimbD.

1;:, • _F_~l; b 2tJ - am

'ill

Sf nota COrne tl ilU'llI (me. che i iii ques to ca so hyr)~·<1 S u due sez i o rn, ~fficacr~ doppia rispetto a~ caso d1 f~g, 70mill:

ha

I)er a'illr'e

un (llHlclro p10 0::011'1)1 del nto

J'ir'oblellli' dt c 1co lo eOi1iitssi te,

con 'r'1.

fun 'fonllmc'flto

delle,

l.IJ1icm1 hullo'n
r~,p'pr'e'senot.J,ti

s ~ 't:olls1der1

10 fi9_

73 in eu 1

so no qua H tH hame n te

it 1 pi d 1 1'0 t eu .';)"

n
i!1

case

! s1

feri 5ce 111 t.r<mcl amen to de 1 bull on'Q dO"il~ to. iIId una in SlJJl'f'f1d e'n te s e ~ iO'n~ del
QUlest" u 1ti lII'a ~,@ri vi ce 9i~ rant hoe cont ro 1" ov,~'li zzaai one del fo ro ,dOVl.lt~

suo 9~mbo;i

1 ell SO
dovu 'M ad

,k

all ' o~a ~~~:~ zi One di3~ foro

'su,~ s pessere

lPer d f,ol 1amen to

ra p por-to
i il

de na lam i era

l!~

aHa

ph,$'Uchza,z\ot1e

elena

di <lJm!!t ro de I' bu 1'1one '; i 1 case

.(I

no,

'i n ~~'ff~c{ en te
oil] bordQ

a1 ca SCI

'str-a p!paC'le,n de 1 1<l 1 allll era to

dovu to ~ qlJe}

II~iITI'iera, soUo '~Olltro di

le pr~s5io'ni

d~ ~OIlWttO.

L~

ad

!.IfHl.

eccess 1 ~ k i nanza del by l lIlI1Il va

l"OttLJr<!

de 1'l a 1ami ara

pril!'l!l. gL~r~nthCI1!

ovvtamente

'i 1 tl"~nd{!JIlell'to

dl!ll bul lene. del le

!!. all
't.ellsl:2_

delila

sez'1Qne' dell1~ nche

1:iIlh11era 'indebo l ita, due C;)!~i

r'1spettQ

COli dfEwimcnto

II.n '!..!ntot1~

Ia corrente,
fig,
72 lie m;ed,!}l;hne verif'1ehe

galla pr'@'senz1! del 'f.oro.

ne9l11 u1t1m,l
51 cOI1~ld(id
,I

Per' is tlti.d re lu v~l'tfcjle

o
,

, ______;.-

..-'
fig.72

172,

-.
~ ~
-_

:5

5t

~-!IO-

...,_ i
'172

==.' -~-~

·IJJ,O··· l]_
w,

i~
,-~
n

11'~

1HI

l~fig.
~>O'

74. Lo ~tT'~ppMe'n~O
£pms 5,0
I!

de-lh
p!'~mlltD

lamie-ra

{C~S\l

n pu,~

essere

'COi"re'h~

{l,llo'

sc t),e!!!~ s>e!!!pl1 f ~ c,~to chi!: preved,~ lUi pez zO te1"l1l1!'I!~,le' Ia rllo ~.,

, u rlgo (,,:!~1/4) ~a 'f!)nam~nto

S,

IIIl u nJ, pjj,i"'~,~d1~]1 pres 5 ione ~ pezzo

G'df'

trattenuto

d~'1 lilJ.tf !lr~de del

d'1 r1<11' e ten~ ~o,n1 t~n~ler'lZlil-

1'1 t co~tan'~i,

Pe'r

1 ',Qqllfll itldo

ri sul t<l

-+-_I--_lD G"rU
21;:

m~

;to

i
4

'1 r
~1h ~11 htO ~1 foro' (v, t lied fl co.

"I~":-tI~;..--il,---~--l-~j~
D
r
~~,~J

,(+-\

.(,

\.,1 ./

,~+~\.
~

.,

',---

S 8,d (me ] I1debo li ta da 1 fo,m.

Su ques t~ Sell Qf!e h J 11 t'l' i biJIZ $ 1om

Ofi~

den e tens 10111 i 1'1011 (! cos tan te IIl1I m~ln]fes ta U nJC(llilcei1l~r~,~,l

d'i sf orz ii

fi '9. 7~) '. I enendo co rrto c he ,~] H nIl te dell a ,cmop 1et~.
5i

pl~~ 11:i C] 2.Z,~Zl,o,ne1e tens i on i

1"'1 i stri blli scooo~ n modo un ifOrn1~,l a d

p~o
:= __

essere
F_~

peata cOn r i for tmento ~n e tens icme

l11eJta

ri

s{b-m,) 61509n~ porG r1cord~re chc le punt~ G1 tcnslo~e ~s~~ten'1 ~'t~rno re po ss O'FIO I'!S $i!i'Q C,~I11~~ J~111 ilI~~~'::O d 1 rot tUT'() frtl!9 n i , '1
[mp(meii,do eM 1] '1ic:li t(! de ll.cl s.'tit~ ppsmento soprlllgg i ul'lga co.nt'¥flpOT'~~(\~rfl@:nte ,~ qll@11o g,e' 1'1{,or1 a[ite!i1,1;o,
S i h~

81 '0

~ ${)17I0 .tltr.e i

1i ill iltlL~'i O~ i IPOS te d~n

e norma aHa

d hlt;~I7IZ,~

fr~. i bu l'kll1l 1 ,

III

«;::: 'Zlilllll)
ill ---

,1"
~,-

= 4

1,,73

0,25-:2
fOorO !!-d n bordo

,;,.

o]l;t:~ a que l b 1a 1am f 8 ra, d,~~' ~ l~r.ll! Ilcr

m~, 2 J11h,ur~t~ ne,l' ~ G11"ezlone

i teri 0 COli
OW

dello

sforzc

dal

lloniio diel

l:(~• .lf3) ,om ra s;~ Il caM

1110 ~ 1

i vcngo'no

de fi ~ He taH

'li filltaz iolli

pu.1 e~

Impnneillido C:h~ 1~ ~1,st'II1!Z~ 1tra ~l ,celr'!'trOo del ~ll1LcM !l~d

ill

$,ere

de-scr1t to GOII r Hm' inumto~ 111 f i gI. 7:5, a

2 vo aet 1 d t ~met!'o' ~" 1 aver

1f i c~ a 1 r no 111 ilment,Q

SllIPpooen(!(I uno scMma $lIcl:es~ivi l~tive n~ medic

hldd

1:niW .t~f!J sv~r-~i11 ~ <1110 s terzo ,COn, 111 primo

'91:1 r~,I'U sc~ dllnq~~

{I nche

con'tfo
;lrTif1ne

1.0 :s:tl",~P~l~jjI;Qllt.o,

bul lic:mmpeste ~d uMdhUmll

!11'0 dn1 bordo

si

l~ter{ll ~ del h ~~sieffiel

hm~er~

ed 1 t~nsio

d s~ 'r1 'Pcdscl!

all i'1I11Cl'em.(mto

elm l,~ e~r1'5'1'on~

e'

:~U'b1 see-

<1.:1 un 1 nt!!rl1~~e 1 .. 2 lII'fl,

!!!cttonO

'forrn~1~' 1"C-

r~ ~a",giod<lol H $

se~ io,necorten

te d~ 11l a 1 ~itlieril (G': Fl~bc cost.)<

~l~apres5io~e
sujl a ~ezione

di r1fo11l1m~nto (c~~o b dl lnd(lbollt~ d~~ f,ori (c~so

fig, 73) e ~lle

d dl H£I. 73);

121

~11 • ..!...
in qllanto
1a S'Ql lofl~ li.t'tr'~~,er"s'o 1~ (W~ 1e 5i 5cambhno lill tensioni

t~n'Jl!fi

.--3<ddf
~,G"

zi<ll e l1b

non CQimddle

mei con 1a of; hH.tatur~,

[rr\pol1{'nda- che 11 1.i IlIHe

g<l con t8fnporan eament-e

den II

1'0 t~w'a

die n a s a ~]0 ne i l1d.ebol Ita ilmenta,

sopr'(!9Qll u!!

a 'q'l,je1 lode

1 ri foll

s i ha:

m' •

3 (2'li)"
~I!!

),

1S
• •

" (G' a~)

Con m'» 1.5. la vl}ri"Fk~ ~l 11"1 [amento 91a~~ntl sea anclte centro 1a rott!:!, fol ra d!!n a 5Cl ione i ndebo li"U cI~ 1 f,o r 1,( 1~ va.l e o~v hlneIH,~ sol 0 per ]' LJ h i nlQ" 'FHa La stessa d1 bul l on] 'l imttaz pro55im~ icrre a 1 b(lrl'io d' e'stre!JIH~ (lena Ianl e-ra. t$o 3 ~, (~. fig. 7'5,) e P05't~ .nc!;Je per l' i nte~<J.sSE!'

d,€!i bu 11 on i [Ie Had 1rez i ollie den o SfoT';w" a. c eute 1. COllltro TI s traj:lr~me n0 to d,e 1,1a 1ami e ra di' e tro oglli bu I] (ll'Ie e pe-r' pe~m.Htere 1a e ss a r i a d ii ~

nee

1
\!'i~ono
tr

stri buzhme de'll"i sforz'-j

1\ H;1'!l H mitill ion i rigulird z1oo1 "tecnolO'9iche"

sul Ie fi 1e sycces~he'. no 11 d htll !u;e nla 5'S,1me 1!i e

J2F
;,;er~t1cne

I"ii

ppo r-to ill 1 0 SPe s,s0'-

va r i al tr i probl1l1111 l"elilt1"';
~j}gge't't~

aH~

clel "'~ larrr'll'f'e

UtlHor
r

:r'B dono(l lII~I'!!lre. per (Jal"~i1ti re [lIliani

(iii

51.!ricl efntel!i.l,jiI'te , goomlltrh

1"1!;1ido. te limit!
C~

m1U: bul Ient

,a 'tr,~z'10fle. per

qM(lste

$t

dO'!lr,~CIUO fi ,'I" Cb1l0 lI

1lniJo..':Ibro e cH rrL()nt~9!Jio V~n!!(1 ovv1~mef1'~e vtstc

S'O per C4SQ d~~ prOgie'ttiHll

1n bHe a 1h

dell' ~I'i'iom<!.

n 11zzlIre 111 difrYS~o,n(l den 'unl one,

d <ill sforzi

e !lef!ni

re cos 1

"fun .. lon~~c"tQ"

Se lnfin.e p.flne cOme':

il bul Iune

~ SO:3l9~U.a- a traziOne

t".

1:'1g. 76)

>

lia. vlll'ifJ.Ga

$1

(;:() l"ifreril11e nto (11.1 'llilli one 1b1!l111on<ltad f fig. n

to", che

tftnga

cento

dell e deforrMbiHU
U1nfi

n> un cal co l' 0 "teor i co eS<l_! ehst.ica ~]l! delle 1ami~re siil
non

F ,,_

de i bull cnt , p()rterl~bbr! ad sui rHvelts'i buHoni. cone q~ill itati!;'m!ient!l dol nuc leo '0 c1M 'qtl(lll a de'l ';p~bo dQ~ul"atu. d l1a 'P11Ie!
1iI va r 1f'Q'r i ta ~1, ~ 1

dis,tidbuzione

costanl'te

die] 1e I'()rz~ 51

bullol!i
lildic~tQ port
II(!'

pH!1 esternf risuHerebbero riel dhgr'!Jrma dl f'1gura,

,

pill

sQBec,lUt1

essendl,l

flrl l' ~re~

Illi l"allH~

t~'i!' calcotc

rebbe ,~d 'Uil'iH!,:5~ttc,lZ~m,lllulsorU., Ll e sed 1 de i bu 1'11m [ de~'~ forza

111 qu~nt() ~on e~-

t,a tu ret. Se 1II trn i,e n~ !'ie'~ g~m:bo, 11'1 ce 1:00ntempo ra ncme~ te ~ 1 t~91 i0, ~s

d h' er 51i 9 iech '1 es+s.te nt'l d1 8~ecuz1()~~, f~n~o

do Vlil"t ~ all cte II eren ~e

b~Ii1'S ~One oor~ 1e nel D~,mI:lQ, d~ lRlP i(lg'~ rs i n e' 11~ (9!il).
tru<:l ~'e;ri 0110 tota 1e :

~1 che, ~1 crescere

r.

i bullo~i

trMo~

II f~n z fone

tl~tU

COn t~I!!PQr~ nc~molntc'. !.u tI '1'str11Ililu:

10 ne delI e fOirZ 8 lI~l~ C~irt<l prQV~ 1 e!!, di ~l CUi11 bullc-

's~ 'u

80 ~tILIiZ talnen te 'Gil ~U'~] il, ~ neVI a S(i! pu 0 m~n iros,

t~r'ill
,

ed uoo CQ!I!nonente "to'rc~r~'te

~ll ~iS~1lfI'Illt1(:et de~ III Forl.~ !ld bul1o~l1

Tm1JQlldQecnto dl c10 ~ d~lf~tto 1Qcitati n1 er~~Fltu.~lrn~ntq~ so"rr~~O]

pl;D esternt

M • Fd
!.iII pr ima cempa neM~ pr'!)Voc~ !!Jil~ tril.5]
Q

che h fl~<I'~'~iclz.zaz tone

<11

farebh~ ridls~,r1bull t'8 ~ujjJti ~1 t'r'ii 1 flU£. ,~5:5umere' Una d! 1s t r ~OUz i orle cos t<tliite

f 0 Fie

ve,r t iC~18' della

1i1'1 Gra con as ehe ,~

~ iimC"~tnlwt, 1 d ~ t'o r'.~~.,. Oippa~e 1'QCito i de] 1e torze

sui

ddo rrna.~ 1e n ~ tuttQ

,P~ r~i <I
.[11.

·~g~.lll i dell

mas $le e 1 .Jis.t] c he punt 1 fO~lTIJi (i bu l l orri } ; to ta 11 de'll a s@z10M,8, e

bas t~ QUnque d i~ 1de".e ] a 'fo'!"!a 11 p'er' l' area

!\

bul Ion]

(S"'IF/5

~ cost.

TIllfiH,
(l iocil;

5)" hU a aSSIJl~ZlOne ,eor'rl de'l

bUill 011t

s.pol1lcl a I'l e ~'@jJU e eil~tt di;

~potes i sempl ii fi cat h'@:

s i tr~seu ra. h. 'Iar1 alll H U c~~ ua 1e del n,~ll 'fntlorf~O r ~91 de ,tr~ d,e']b
SGul!'",ndo

n,811 @ ll,oro s~
j

bul1QiI~tur.l
fO!'I!!~I).i

51 tOnS 1J~ril1l;O 1~ lalTIi ere

.Q{: 11 i U'~~i Qlneitl

nfi~,1 tatnentc bu 11 o iii 1 ;

1~ 1orQ d~forrrmM 11 ta r is DcttQ ~.qI.JGl l~ del

~ s i "eoneon U"il" de ~ bun en 1.

1a do

1'1 t~ e l ~'Sttea

corr ts po ndcm~ d

3
i~

F
io-...-"~'

Apr HC.l~do ra.'e h

qeeste

l pCltoesi
QO!1'.€

al c a S.CI P Hl gem,era.l e .01 Hg. 7fl.5l

UI(;l~

p'UO cOII~sl (J~

punti form; , I,

001lo~tu!"<):

!I$e.zio~~e,m

co,stH.uiU

da iJl~sse

dell a qua.1!! ~] de~,~rmi, nano ] n' ~dmlJ

1 u,o.go
a.

ba.irioe!1lt"o
~ btl

e 911i ass i pr111(;i

p<lli dI' i rle i'~~ 1L He ~ case poe'l'tiln't~tu ttl(! 1'e trClgeometr kOd
~~$$

d.i H

~iU

ra

tU1pp0rlei1ldo

I 1,(l1lI;tu t ti ~tial i e
5t~

e' ~ 1as tic ha" pari ~dl.

e 9H

fl bar i cen tro

nel

C'~I1I-

"l.., -, _. _ ..-La s,~co nd!~ car.nPQfle'n te provaea

ten tre

_"_._

,_. ~. __
d~ l 'l a !pi,a s t r~. ~t tO~IfI(! ,~1 bar!.

i s.i mmetrh

~s s i pr i nc i p~ 1 ic,o hv; h:lQilIO con que 1 H

tm r1 e e n t!'Q.
QV

x, y di
Z~

~lmm~tl'l~.

Un{l 1'0 ta1 1'0ne

5,1 trM PQ:rto!l ~i,iif~q~e l ~ fO"~~~

r
{l

ilI~l

i d~n z 11l~do d i '(l!'!s,e'1J!.l~n

dell ~

ou]l !)!'m~uril:.
r" i

cOllidoforffl(lZ

~en t c.h'l'j

ow 1 1an1

jli"OPQ'I'Z1Oil~ 1 i ii III sense

{I, 11

Yn~

cQITIpO!liJn

to verth:~]

Il

U1i1go ]I

j.

r b Pilt.H ~~ J 1s t~r1 Z!l

III

Jll'1 Ibu"l centro

~I;,r]~:so e' dl reUe dien", tonfmll!

Jl

~o rma 11 ~
~l

"I'~!:miojj"

:S~COi1J!!

110), Rota 'Pormuh "

c1rcJo,h:l'e, si Je~,e

1 u tOiW'e tl momenltQ d:' i rul!r~1 il'O l<i.~e J" d@l 'l a $,e.~1Qlme: ~

COiilta 1e for~(J: :51 IIPP 1 ~c nm',a ni1lQ, ,e formlll ~ d ~ vcr1 1'1C~ i I'l proc,~derl~.ij pr:£ 1 ~1!n t~tQ

re'!"

t 1 t~i"l 1 1'0 d~ 1 gambo cd

:r 1fol hmento

d c] l a 1~il'I1etlL

* s. ,,- I'l
'1

,J~"
P

I"i

ad M 1e cornpollen t.i

VQ11 i ns,el'i tine tao i fad. veng'OilO ~,e'f'r<~t] '"ad@glf~t<ln1erit'e irnpedl rne 10 :sv~tamento ,J.al Q perez i (me met te in traz10llie il' g~mbo d'@l t.ul1Q.ni e-d it"l ,compt'oCss~ciie tr~l oro l e, l'~mi'en;\ d~n' untone. Sf TIIIstalJlriL qu]n,di. ~1 5(1l'g~:rQ dell ~ fon,~ F di scor'rt~n'tQ, un ~ttrHc.O t~~ l' ~ lam i Q'f@ s ees 58, a t ~'r'1 to chEl s ~ 0 ppone, an,che. s,enZ<l co ntu~ s'u] 1! o!i re~1st~~~a al Ctg1io del g~~bO de1 bul10n1, ij]lo scorr1m~nto. [ OU110 n i > ~Ila

pel'

ii

r-

F.
fo

~'(M/J;)b
~,t ..

- !J'/5'i(M/J~)a

\ . 'P'

rvJ'~j\b

- \l'/HM/~){l
V/G.t
rM/J~4 ~ p.

e
o

V!6-(M/.t;){l
In f1.g" .7Y<I, @' rapp~
un i(me Stra
ZQ

-~F

m
{oj

It

s·~n t~te, a ti tel

(0

CI

-fiVJ:}b
-(WJ;)!l

~ 1I/6-f(r-tlJp,)a

COl'!

un solo, hlill1 O~,@,

T c resc !l're del l a f(wza

d" e$,e!!l~Jio, ii l comportamen tcdel l '

F TI gra.'fTIco 1
1l'IO-

]! ~ nd~l11en to dell

QSCO:rr'; men to

6.

Vi ,i;j Ulna prfllt1l. fa se ~i1I Cill11 e fo~

~ VI'6-(M/J~OJ.

v~ngg no tra smes se

e'schJ:5i".~

men til p@r~

ttH

to

e I' Ul~i Ol1e' 11I0,n!presellt<l d i pend

@ ()~-

~p prezza b i 11 $co~ri ment]. L' e~t@ ns io'n.~ d i qu:estJ: pr i m~ rase ~<LmQIi'I~e' i

Slili bu ]10 n i 2 ~ D, ehe seno 1 'P ~ D sc nee· HI! t 1. 1a 1'1~,~ t~,nte cl!ln~ fClr<~~ 11 d1 ~~gl fo v~l,~;

d~11a VI)rza. d 1 ser~agg 10 e dil 1 ,eoeff1c i ~n'te d' ~Ur H.o den e
S'UP!1/r'llW
'! ~

$~

R - ~S~t'

s; .. (J'.pI~

by + (~ • ~'~

p.

~r

p~'l'f1 1 a co nta tt-o. c

1~ 50(111iI dle,11 t'~crho ~J'I prll1!o d,h, eaceo, ~ 'U'~it;me subtsce un r'Oljl@i1t1 no '''>I!S5,!1/n,st~!lmntCl'i II C~US~ del '!I1iO~O d~l bw.! ] OfIe' nell,~ sua sede .(v. f~"SQ [~.), (!S,ij~i"1toi 1 q!J~"e li1 bul l enn r lsul ta
premu to co'n t ro svcces s iva fa~e

1 e' Iparoot 1 de,ll P,o ro ed ini z ia ,~ 1 !iNllrare ~.l t~.g 11 0, La

III

wlcie' lin. cooport~n~il'tQ

1 i nil<~:re dell"

lln i on@fili\{l

al

limite'

etast f eo , o l tre

11 qLlll10 ~1s,vl1uppano'

i f'illilomeni d~ snervaaenro

che IPI~1udol)o {Ill ~ to ttu r' d 11' un! Oil!! s tes sill. Per un'UII~Oii'!e 'COil pHi buHoni (v. 'F1!l,79b). 111 cllrv~ sml)r"U le sue sin gohriU INl i Hmiti fi'~ Ie hsi non r tsu'l teno pUi CDS' evidenU. Ques 00 i'l dovu to S'Dpre ttu tto a11'1a d her~ H~ C8_511~ de i 9 i oeh 1 d~1 bu 11 (m, h~
ne ne 101'",0 ~~dI;, eel a I'l a ,carns.~gwmte' d i f'f@l'enz.J! f~a 'i r@lat t ~; ~u t.i d 1

so 11,ec'l ta.~.iO[l~. ~ene bull O'nU_Un~

'trovar:s.'

IIOriililH

l ' ~,ttr; to non

Ut.ili.H~to

si$.telll>iLUCamente ;

ne HB v@ri1"1che dis Ui b f11t.il.

1o s i tra~ cure e. di; fig"

supponsndo senz' aHr"Q d1

79a~b·, s i c5,egue f1 ell 1cQ

ne'l Ia 1'ase I H de1 di~gral!l:n'l

fbi

"0 '5, condo 11' metodo scmp' 1ftcato c1escdHo nel IlreGedClnte p"l!r~'gra'l"o. Secondo UI1Il tecoollogh Illternt1Y{I $1 imp1eg~lIlIoInvece 1 ~~!l2!)L~2_~1-' t1l :reslstenz{l, de~tin~'~i .;, l{i\i'ol",~rll $c·lu5h·~rnei'1te II t 1"<1 z,1, 0 Fie glriitllJ' ~ del ;cl"ramri Q per t~te S 1 s tC'ITI~ tic amente <Ii 1 11 m 1 to de 111a I"es 1s tel~ZIl

cee f'f1 e ~e nte d' ilttrl

delle

to

Iii 'fril
superHcl

1~ 1Mn'1 ere pull va rh.re'

II CQl'ltatto,

not'ljVD 1men te 1n b;')

se ~11e condh:1oil1

N~ll.!i 'cllbelh

ehe

~e!lIUC SO

1~-;~;.;~~d1dl'i,~v'i

no ri porto.t1 ~ tHolo
- $~pedici • super+tci
5P~iZQ' ate o~5fd~te

ind~cll,ti vo ~lcu'n1 v~1ori

e ri go r(l~<lmel'lte '~1l11 tro'111Lte

; n -f~se esecu t h,~ ~ ril": , e ~ I II .; 'limp i eITo ee n IF;!

eli niJ,mOO'le·~r1cl1c., ilmionicm' f<lUe hmziO!'l~no ,~d ~tt"ril'lt.o c'Orne d,! U scr-1 tta, ii n .f i9', 8C1.~~nz.~ man; f'e:st~r>e 911 ass e'~hme""t i propr i ~H que 11e , che 'ut]] izz~no, bYlloni ~o'rf1lal 'li.

,~

1'-= J'=

•. super-He.; s.~bbiate
- con scag.H ~ da 1ailli naz i one - superf f c i gl~1 Yiliili z ~a.tle

1'=

0 ~51 0.48 OA6

0> 26

superf t ci ~'er"i'Iklate

}h =

I' =

= 0 > 3.1),

O.lot
1ntl!res!l~te IE~ Iud c d~ 111e ndo 0"~,'~!l

51 compren(le

come lc p~rt 1 d "{ll1 el !!leoti 1In ilcch10 d~l'h "rI.r9Ilhl~~,

I,mi QIl1 ~ d at tr ito

debba no esse e 0 ppo rtu"(l!!I.:n te Pi!" p~r~ te. pu 1 U,Q

~1amcn,t(! la prcscnzlI
0' COon ~~ bbh 'tu't{l:, tri'to d(;!cade- a tu r~, c.h e

pOT"avere 11 coeff~c1C1l'tDf~
c.CI'n

Jwcv'1s to dal l o nont:le, 1e ~up'c'rH c 1 <I,~vo e~ S'Qft;! no.

s paz z,o] ~turn

hj~ s $e'n;t~ =0.30'.

dl1' ea 11'1 era t tarneilt

i 11 cO~'f'r1 cf cln te ~ I", t· tu re., pill b~s s L

:l; 1nLt;.!L

i',lon ~O'nO~mmes se

portereb bero a co,effi c ~ent ~

unt 0 ne ad
il ttr+tos

l'ancore

ri~

'ne 1a verni Cj i:

ca 1 I;() 11 den; 0

i e 5e'gue per-ta n to secondo 1a for~llll a

rel~tiva ~d un bu110nc 5~rr&to cOn un~ forza Nb ~d Irito (~ ~ 2 n~~ c~so d1 fig. 80); Q ~ 11 eo~ff1elente slittamento che vale 1,25 ,10.

superftcl

di

~!

+,

d~ $ic~rezz~

~110

129

Per hhdllrNl

lungo 1; <I.~5e del samba 113 fOl"l~

dl '~ruione

pl1ell!"" lI~1l topp1~ di sllr-r~9~10 r~sch , p~'I" ]11. ~om~l e fli 1au~ti,.irw se gr09l!lO dill bul lont d C-i-p-ntcria, pu;) eS$er~ vallltat-coill

tib,

si de ...e ap·
{l

pal

P'ei' -1@ lInio~i

stenza

a1 ~ttrl to

pr@vi~'to

1!' illpie~o de] bill Ioni ad a 1 te f'e-$ii1

ad tllilOi tensione III

de!H@ c lass i 8G e 10,1( c.a"'Tlspa'nde'i1tt

p<l't'i ~

di sn~r-vame~
norme aJiil:nettoP,er quento ri(lu<lrda 1(! 0.1tr~

to 6'.~ r' i s pet-t

IlQ

1Vdme·n t(! d i 6500, K9! CI1I:2 e d 1 9000 Kg! c'll,

~er-ifich!'! da'l l ~ unia.ni st modjfie~no

1Y~1101'i~tE! (.~~ dfo]

1!

una fa ~ra d 1 s.en·a.g'g ioQ

mente , a ao~tr'app~lrienl boHtl!! d~1 fori)

l.(lo IWi"'!lI,(l i bulla!)!

t~)den a hm i er~ e ~11~ rot tur,il dell e sez iOlll i nde~ d,ell'<!llrl!lisj p~r ~ttrHo. e p~t'eti del sellsibiilPl.ente,

i termini unlenl

e So tendooo
ancho a11e
ii(lIoo1ri

CQI'lIo_mque 11 eli

m 1!,ij z i m ...l

's u 1110 dis te n ltl

d~ i bord ;

'fra

d inltr"OChJlC.~M() lincorill UflIi ver+fl(lrt~l'1do i 1 ~~ lore fQro ~ 2 ,S

G'ililn

~S5Cfida A~ 1'are~ dol ~~t1eodel bullon~.

l~ presen!ll d~ forl.e
dt traz ione
]<1

'fka d1 qua l'l a r~ppre5cnt.at~,

a'l lo SCOl'Timento

·ca.nvl!nz1on~ le"

rt'l rilfo1.brrr~r'it.o.

iifi'lfl1iS$1 1Ii d!!l ~ M " i1f"1Ir CO:ti~

del

tilM

tn

fi g, 76, dlrrrinlJisce o1vianrente

"1@cQr::1p'l"'lme" 1" un1 ollie, ~",iHt,rh!o frra le hmi,ere;-.

resis'te,nli:i

sea r'~ can~o

1e pres 5 i o,n, d

r eo n te tto

percM
c he; i n(iluc u no

1 a pl'"e~s'ionep~r" i bu 111Olii

m~l e sul IU)t'ma 11}.

(~n~f'r:M

QUCindio Ta for,;::a (I] tra::!.iolle' jche

Qui o:IiremO N, r isul ta total

~a,g91unge 11 v,a]()r-~ dt'!Ha for-za <Ii serrragglo mellte decemp reS sa E' no n Pill~ pHI eO[lt<ln~ s u II

Nb, 1 'urrione
i~

Identich'e dnwm9Q!lO iJl~,ec.e' 1e moda 1 it~ d i enal i s.i ~e1l~. ,OlstriU,uzio'r.e d'el 1e forz e S'U i di vel's i bu 11Oil f d i un ' uni 0 ne, c.oore 100~tr-iJ,o, ne 1.1 . u H 1mo punt to ,del preceden te p<r. ra fe, rag

Ud tc , Da nota re che,

'fQllclll! soh N4 N[). h t~ (v. f~9, a2[.

truiOM nI!l qamllo del Im'l tone non '~aria s~msnn iLllell

Pel'"

re~ 1 i Z ZIl re 1 e un I, 0 nIi ~~ 1 d~t'D a.

fl"~ i

r)e~.~, d ~ lied- 1,0 ecce rru por t~re 1.::, 1

(:0110 sMz~ <lppm"to d i ri'uo

c~, ment'lll a filS 1one 11 Il!iet-il" 10, Ci 0 puO ~v ~en ire d~ -. .--~ .(() rn~terial

L~

iO<lMatUlI"'E!

~~_~r~Q.
che

50nO

Ie

pill

im,pi'~ate

nall

(,o5truzio,ni

ill

acci

10, uti]izz~no d' apporco,

de~li

e1ettrod1

di ~cciaio:
D'

tra q~estl
base, Vi
50AO

e le p~rl1 d~ unir~

s i i nnes ca un arco proced 1rrr(!~ tid

51 ID~ 1nF<lttl cne , I 're~cer~ dl N., d1mlnulscOnO +n 9iJal m1.5IJ,;: III

vo 1ta i CD che fonde ~d a b"GO

~

l' e l et tmdo.

for,nendo

mater i a ~e

e Ioca 1m~nt@anche i 1 ~eta'll i ~~ tur~ 1d~ m~nl[ji11 con e l eUrod e

sostanz ta lrrr~nte tre

• pro.; -dime.!to

1 r ives t it t ;

pr-e$siQI1!1 sCDmb'1~.t~ suHe

QU"'MO I' u,ll11)lnee ~olllldtaU

l anl ere.

f~l!r N, ~b $1 hll. 1 n~ece ,6'b • ~Vf\n' di SCOlr"r1m;a!!,

- proc ed ~mOllIto IIUtO~ t 1co ~ do

l l pr fma vim'rc

Iirc 0 SOIlJ!!i:rSO;

~ proce-d i Ili~ii to ~~mi1i1iCOma i co so t tOD ~s , t

e,ontel!lporraneamen·t - da una f'erza ~. si tii@TI~ conto della

impi,egato per le

5",ld~bm~

in ,oper", 0

per tnli,cC'IU
'r~-gol~ri ,.

1"I}9101~

'til) F e ~~ una foQr'~ol d1 'tr~zlione;

dim1 nuita

re~is:te'!l

I"i ~ 1 sewmH per produzi oni d' Dffidn~

su tnedati

L~t§?~1 QtJg 1110n u ,t i H H~ I!lil ~ tlllr1 ~Jed' a pparto: '1 pez Z1 ~ m'l~_q_ no pre!!I!j'ei tina, eentrc l' ~1 tro e 1~ 'i'iushiM '111 sno Gt't~ntJt~ per 11 r'lSClL ldu· IrIeIl'to "eFfe~'to Joule" pra!lotto d(ll]a (;()rrerl~8 ehtl:.r1ca che p<l~S~ fr~ 10 due par t i, Tah~ P't'oc'edim.~nto viene u'tillz,~<ltjj per p.u-t'ico1ari I.mloni.
I.e s~ 1 (fl~ 'turc

'ta re o nlllros tl.ll'li cr1 tel";

e- 1!I. vGrllll

(I n ~

di"

r~,(]d r

Z<I!!Iento ",

5er~OIllO s,g.l'Ir~,u~ e tel 0 PP01"" e re901 ~r1' trofwciOlt'j

I.Il'Ii

,d~'
II

pmgQttU.:ll

i, b!ls~'~1

so
j Q'

lIimHIlt1
PlIlttt

dl' sal

d;)'Cw'r~" su aclegi,l~te t'igl1dez;:e, del

Ili'"eferi b1l'men.'te 5]lrifl~triche_

d·a

re e su dts ~r~buzioni

cone 1Q,

P'I,rnt.tl ra" tu

pa 1(;~to tn acetate
~al dature

'-Ii

del Ie 1(I,m; ere 9 r-ecate s U1 pr>ofi 1~ t 1 por ta,t'1 t.i diu n l1nCQII1~ I a saldatura d i te $'U d,e] p i'0 11 d ~ CQ 111 eg,~mento fr,~ 'tra ~1
II II

'e so1.et.te;

coHaooranti

i:n cQmento~rma,'tQ

(v, c.apHol-o

7'}- Le

L" ~na H ~1 de ten s 1on i ne j co 11 eg~lilell't'i sal da t ~ s i presents a 5S a i CO!!! P1 essa , SO'f.lt'<I ttutto ?e' ~'i' t ~ €one cOI'lW d@111 ,~l!Jti)te;ns iOil i, Nl!!i cas 1 00 r~ e r@nti ralid(l ,c'to

ne

a pre ss ione' non '118 nl!\.O t.r.!l,Uar,e in qua nto .sesu e. rra

~iQ~~l§' che

probl em~ vtene 1'.; scs tanaa h 'pr~$enza delle,

sempl ificato

attrav!)'rso
COI'I

un ~C~~~~~i!i~'~!Qo_~2~~~~: Ie f'orze

:oa,l 'NIl!

eq,uil i br~o

esterne
'delle

treseugiillStlfl-

~ytotells1ollL e'

Tale pro,eedlmelltQ
"OI'1llil~

da 1 :r1$~l tat;l

de-He prove

dan

lul'l9l~ esper tunza

apr'

'leB tifr~ ~

v~. sempre che s ~ es 5f:r~ tno 1eooppo r'tuln ~ glll() e CO'ntrIJ h r~t1c~ ('If. § A.4).

C~u'l;e1e

con~,ro h, re t tu r~

le ~~] d!~ tu re ~,d aroo sone d i due ti pi. ~_~qf.!1~,~ ~~t!~!r~ _ ~ _~ _ ~qrgQ~l ! H_ ~ ol2~~ i IH~!:'~li.11 pr'illlotipo S] r@ilHzz:~ "smu!$salldQ" pre'len.tivalilerrl;e i lE!fI1bi a,~ ccs tat i delle pll:rti da unire !! ri£i1llpiendo, 11' 1,FI'C1l.VO cos j otten!.ltg, cor) H m~. terhle
po

d; ~PPQ.. tf;l pr;o~e!ih!11te dan;

~a 1d,~tlJ1Ni
j 011 i,

e\eUrodo

('I"

per esenp io fig.

ri

S3).

DQ-

h -(U 5 i one 1<1, s t~to d1 au to tens,

P'r'Iii~~i'itoli'toq~ji di

$1

rdfrefdd

a f nd~cendo gU

e1

PQZ,Z] Ill'! CA)!!Iil e 5'S 0'

eh e

~,e!lDQII.Ql':l1l0r'ate ne 1 ell 1 co 10 COllie s: dono.

"'ccmv 811L Ol'l~[e" 1

henno gr;,nde 1n-

~eglu1to, mil eM,

'fhu~n~~ su 1 fllnOPIllni cl1. j':r~91H t.li e (it t.!l.tlca.

fig,1l4

oar' 1'1 q~esti s1.bi 1 f eUe'tt~

cHOU!

"s't.!l,tic1." d1 resist.no: g,eoF.l~tI"1d do... ~ti seiiipt"~ ,an a , 1in 'Pi91. 3~. 'Per' '1imiitare

10

COII1'tradoi11l

s~ldHl,Jr'B aanno sendel lI!a'teri~l Q

COiIIlQ

dl~ s 1 ra f frQdd~,. Iw'l ienec i o~ c he i pezz 1 's1. d 1 stc rcono

qu ~1H~ t i etl Il~i

"'~~Iit~ es~rrnp 11'1 H~~to

que:~te, distors,;'O!'li

tielle

f1'l19. !:IS 1)~1l seno rallpre'sentllt1

per U'IlB ~ahl<I,tur\i

~,;

sch~m1 delle

tens10111 che P~!

con 11 mJ),te'rial
cato'

if!'

d' ~nporto

1 ;ill1go10 ~1 conta.UQ

fl"~ le

p~rt',

cone

iIiW,"'

s~nO ~ttr~'vllrS() 11~s~,'l ~'tur~ dil 'una parte d

t1v~fIl.entll

~ll' ~~tr~ d~l' ; untone,

rhpo!:

'In f11;i' SG.

~'!,!!!!9'Q19 e per ufm s~ldatllll'~ ~L~!lH-1l' Lil 'tJefis ~one G'.l, 01''1:09011<11ee l l 0 S ",n uppo' de I,1a sa'l da tu I'll tel1ld(! ad ,(l 11QnUna re roc i prccanente
TI scorrere e red

1 e du e' part ide 111 i one 'un

01 tre

j,

1iI tens i one 't tend e a h rtem ~; one 0'11,

:5~ ldatl.rra

i 1 t:lcCll0 convenz tona Ie s 1 1'1f!1lr1is,ce ul l a 2!l!1~,~~~~,L'5IQ1~ tr~'tt!l9giilt" in flguril. "a_ cui largillieUii> a corrispoonQi} an ';11 tezlil del I;ri<ln'ijol0 tnscr+tto ne]la sezi'one tra~v@'r~,al~ del cordons &, mentre ~ 1~ 1ung h ezza ~ wG D._ , ." ~ ~ vdlout~ta a 1 netto ddotte deg]

pr()c~n;;el'lte.

;;. (Ill ~:S,1LQ' vi PUI(I es s,e:re' une

5e~; on!;!' 'tra

i eveuH"LJ",11"1" cr a+'" < C ~crl. ... - t raUi " t~~;nal'i "Ill.

dM

(iI]

(v" fi qg. fl5 c-d) tl.!in

f1gllll"ilI)_

ehe iIi!tei'~,~Sa 1 a

sversa 1,e d,el1 a

(j'imensi,oni

e"hTlE!gohr-i.

'[n Quanti) appal't!!n!;!llt@

all ~ se!ion@ 9"l)b~1,e dell a mea!br~turB dl1 !JJ.e

(tr,~tteggl~
s dena

Nella 'Jall1tazion,e

C'

quale "spesscre" ~l ed s2 dene

d~ p'l~stkhza!tonll

sal dI~tllr~

s,j aSs.Ll!11e il nllli1(H'B fr~ g11. spes50d

~f IIS8unWl l~ stcsse ipotes'l

par-t i aniche per

t~.
Per ,1,~ ver1'f'1ca il

matJe,!,'j·nles_e_:_-----00 ... "__ 6id = _J 2 +SII - C'5~ ·2 (92) rG'J. J,

II~'

__ 2r; ··t- (;~m 3,

d 1~enb

L~ norne ~H t i",gui)no sa] dil ty re .d i I e ]I c,HISs e,,1 n ba se ~opr.fi ttu t to .:11 s I~

cuat H! ~ per Ie sa 1da tow re eli I L c1as se 11 term i iie d~ confroll't(l (I.SS

r:5 am'
11 (a)
{b) tQ Wnil s~lilatu,"
nOli

~,q, ~ Sal clature ~ corc{lonl latera tc ~l!.1 da tUI'Q a co rdon t 1 ~ter~ H thr,~ per
S!l'lUSSIH'C

r1cM edo no ~1tu'n,~ hv'o d~

UII'l

rll~

f.one p'rll~'B!!.

t Ibord1

delle

p,iI'r't'!

ri:)" 51 tr"tt~

di ri,ernp1r

N~11,~ 'f1gg'.
$,t.:l

Bl

11-0 sene r~ppreSeln dell '11111 M, O d ~1 cord'one'

d!~t1go'o

e una <11 til da unarae i.

con indi elite

1.0 tons 10ni che p"a$S, no :l't.h" verse @te!'l~ion~ e danne

13 s -, d,llturtl tano

pa..rtt;! a 11 t a hr~
P"()C'~lllent~
5 P(;!'Cto

L~ tens 1i 'ne 'C~ te mle a f iI r scerrerc D

1 e; d!.H:! parti;l

a 11a

go' a

4,

e ~ 2 i"isul

'illCl iWiate ri-

per-tan '~O
i

sun

a s t;!~ ione ~ i ca 1 co,l 0

fig,SG

s 1a 'hi, compenen t~ norma 11!6".L s].~ qll@l Ia taf1ji1enz ia I' e Z' , COme indic~te Flell e fl""1 "" <1-,,_ c 1 IJ"Ui""l 1 @ 2 S0l10 orto.golr1alj 00 ._ s .L " "'" se "b rra Icrc , Sl h~ d:unque
de 113. sa lGlIwra

G"~ ----.1

~'1 ~.~

ff

r.~~( ~1
.L

f2

11 ~,~ k;Q 1() de n ~ 't~nsi on i ~ I.m! ulll 0 ne s.nd<1t~ II dhnQ!"!t 1 seel t1 ~ c~§t) PQ'r , ejJ1Jman to. tratU tr~s[li~twre Per' ~mlfi!r-~

va

~'ret '~U'~to f
c~ ~l

con 1l!"C'C£_ col ~

c~~o in

blis~ ~ 1 ti"~CC'illto,
i

Upo.o1

~lli es el!!pl o, ~~ 'CO,] $ i ded

11 un 1o,n~ d 1 f~'!i. 900, h>e i n r..o~o d~

d'] 5~,1d,~tw r~ ~ co rdo n l h una forz:a F dal1'lJn~

ter'o li

CQ" Q-gano du!'! p i~ ~tl'le

~n"aHra

pa.i'"tf! a(!H

'un+one.

-j
r
(b)

Le nomm i nvero i)(I~ti!l.no

a formw 1e al qU<I.!ilto ,~ cordonl

~H rSQ- Il d i 1'f,~cr~nzh ~~

til "jn

baSf! .ill tl po .(1 0 2') die]l '!,~cd~io.

kruche $u]l e: s~lda1[Jure p,]et~ renet~~:·iO[le,.

Il III

l~,te,r,~1.i pos5.0no' agir~ ten$](ll'll

ell

de']
I1ICIill

t 1po di que 111 e rappresen t~,to~~ne11 e nQrme

fi 9'J" @5 c~d

p~r' 1. (! sa 1Q<J bi'l'e: a com

p~r-alltf'o' prev~doM

veln'i!~no 'COliS ider'~t~ rlll'~ cal '~Q1{ d l veri

C~ 1col 0 CQlnven:;: ~ O'ila 1 Q- COllnu!Tiqu'@ jl, 8.1 qutlWitCl ilIPPro:s.S im~ to. e nO!l!ent'l"~

f, ca.

c!i.e ta.l i ten$iOfl1

fl~ 11 [mo ~to· de 111 • ';'In~ 1h1 r

(~. p~r e~ernp1oF1j1. 09).

dell

cU'e1;U"~

cd is.trlllln

~0118 de']" e ren ~~on t

51

~s~llJm@

l' iipON'~i
$<}

che lie 1amiere, r-i '" i de

@

l'II~lla zena ~ntere~$~ta

i

ea ~ CO i

~'Y.!I-

mente , s i alnCl p~rf,ethme.nte

s i: (:om,ceM r~ 11 e l ~s tid t~ su 1

t rae-

eta to

de,H ~

1 da ture, (;,on~i d!!r-afldo 1a. l$otrOj;l~ e c fOe d i eg~l.la1 dfl

oj ~ re.zion~,

ca-

C'i~ 1n tuUe

1e

La s~'lda tu ~a ~'iene s c h6lKJt i zz ~t~ t1"~mite

9 II

s f:lTI'!l?'1 i d ic(mta tto ~ ~ s ue t.r~ cc i~ vi cellft W~ 1 ra ppresen taw d ~ i tre 1 t.Q s,e'1lmeni i'"@tti 11~,~ indica t i ,~ t i tr-atto 9IrD~SQ i nf l<;lllra" Di qU'~H~ trae,c i a 't/o' s i C~ 11',0 hno , e cl:lr~ tte r ~s ti CI1'B 9 ~onlet
i' 1 cl\~"

SWJlDoOi1IendC/ che' ,tu t ~1 s1 h~ ~e!"tM~to:

,e t~
1\ •

cordon;

~bllf~l'Io '~,~ st~S~{l ll1r9lflQ~~~ ~ d~ !)ol,n.

:2 ~c '" ~b

(~r~~

t.o t~1'e

d i cal co TI de 111 ~~~ 0

1 datu ra)

hll"d Ia tensiont;!

& dl rct~~

O'r'l>Q90~1~1I!!ente ~1 raa9~O

die 10 uli'l see ~1 baUmH~.lIido,s1 ~11 ;

=

5~2 ~,c (cl2} {mm1ljQJI;to ~t..t1 co

r1 ce!!'t'r'o e d1 i nte,!q~,1 Pr'OIlCli'"zio~~1e 111 r~Dgio stessc. U

r', ~PQHO ~11! ~&se

O~'O}

'DS reno t
00. ~

5upad 0 re dC5 tI-o d~1h s ~, d~'t-tml c he. 11 p10 SD]] Qcf'ta'to,. !:i hi!<:

us 18m!! ~1 pu n to s ~Ifrnllt r j

"0 ~ S/A
(DO s 1 z~one c:I~ 1 b~ r k,entro J ;.; = 2 ac tb!2)2T . (momento de] h
$.!'I

Ida tu r<l)

~b3/~2 atto,rnO
i

d I i,netz.ia
2.

all' asse

;;;';0;)

Jy ~ 2 ac [. c; /1,2
(mo!ri!l:nto

(en ~ ~.Q)JUt. (c=x·o)

tI

Soorn~111101e eomponen ti verti

ca

11 .

e·
1

ell;;

~1

de] fa te ns ione

~n que]

r~llto.,

d' tn~.'~h I1ttornO ,~1 '~~se y-y), "

+ J".
J

P'

(II'.;()mel~·t,o d

"i nerzi ~ P<I·' ,are -" to r~ , Oil<I;] a" - )

Ia forz·~ F su] baric,@ntrO de'l Ia s~ldatura ottenendo una cam

(c=o
"

.. tH}

Sftr<l~porta
ponelil'te

...e r t iiea 1 e ,

v•

F'

~Hi"Qn@ C,Oiiil! iindk~t() in Hgut~ .. L~ camponmltQ

vor·tic;alle

d"- wn;(l rJi st'dbu orfzzontal

i

~io,ne ,co:stant~

di tensioni

~ertic~.11 p~ri

II

~'/ti, Su.1 t·ratti

'tali ten$iOlll sono: ~'1 = 'lilA

su'
t!"<I!UO

'Ie't"ti~~le:

;.~. cocpone n te tOI"$ i(lna·]!;1 erccova

stant i
P(!I"

una. d iHr'HlU Z i ()rle d 1 ten ~ ~on 1 ilion co ~ In 09n1 punto dll'l tracciat{l

dll"@~~Qne ed ~iAten~~~.

eli $a~d~.·