Seismic Improvement of Existing Reinforced Concrete

Seismic improvement of existing reinforced concrete structures:
36 analysis of some intervention techniques

- Miglioramento sismico di strutture esistenti in c.a.: analisi di alcune tecniche di intervento-
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Si vuole valutare il comportamento di una semplice struttura in c.a. sottoposta ad alcune tipiche tecniche di
miglioramento sismico.
Le caratteristiche geometriche della struttura esistente (Modello SDF) sono:
Geometria del Telaio – Vista 1
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Modello
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Modello
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Geometria Armatura del Telaio – Vista 1
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Modello
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Geometria Armatura del Telaio – Particolare 1 Geometria Armatura del Telaio – Particolare 2
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Modello
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Travi:
Sez. 0,3 m x 0,5m - Ferri Longitudinali: 3+3 Φ14 – Staffe Φ8/10”
Pilastri:
Sez. 0,3 m x 0,5m - Ferri Longitudinali: Φ14 – Staffe Φ8/10”
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Modello
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Si sono prese in considerazione le seguenti tecniche di intervento di miglioramento:
1 – Rinforzo dall'esterno di nodi trave-pilastro (Modello PRG_01);
2 - Incamiciatura in acciaio, attraverso angolari e calastrelli (Modello PRG_02);
3 - Controventi a croce di Sant’ Andrea (Modello PRG_03);
4 – Controventi a “V” rovescia (Modello PRG_04);
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Modello
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Le proprietà dei materiali:
Calcestruzzo - MODELLO ELASTOPLASTICO CON DANNO (CONCRETE DAMAGE PLASTICITY MODEL)
Il CDP è un modello di danno continuo, basato sol concetto della plasticizzazione del materiale. I meccanismi
di danneggiamento previsti sono la fessurazione per la trazione e lo schiacciamento per la compressione del
materiale. Il modello adotta come comportamento monoassiale del materiale i legami costitutivi sotto
riportati in figura:
Legame costitutivo della muratura a trazione e compressione
Nel caso di trazione uniassiale, la risposta tensodeformativa segue un legame lineare elastico fino a che il
valore di rottura σto non viene raggiunto. A questo sforzo corrisponde nella realtà la formazione di
microfratture che hanno l’effetto di ridurre la rigidezza e la resistenza del materiale. Una volta superato il
picco della curva sforzo-deformazione, si tiene conto della fessurazione (e quindi del danneggiamento)
attraverso una legge softening (ramo discendente del grafico).
Nel caso di compressione uniassiale, la risposta del materiale è lineare fino al raggiungimento del limite
elastico σco. Una volta superato, il materiale entra in campo plastico. La riposta è tipicamente caratterizzata
da un iniziale incrudimento del materiale seguito da un softening che inizia non appena superato lo sforzo
ultimo σcu.
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Modello
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I parametri utilizzati nell’analisi non lineare sono:
Parametri modello CDP:
Parametri generali:
Densità E ν Angolo di Eccentricità fb0/ fc0 K Parametro

dilatazione viscosità
2,30E+01 1,324E+07 0,18 35 0,10 1,16 0,667 0,007985
Valori dei parametri a compressione Valori dei parametri a trazione
Yield Stress Inelastic Strain Yield Stress Cracking Strain

1,0000E+04 0,0000E+00 2,4000E+03 0,0000E+00
1,1903E+04 1,8000E-05 1,3315E+03 2,6200E-04
1,3648E+04 4,8000E-05 9,4332E+02 4,7300E-04
1,5204E+04 9,2000E-05 7,3869E+02 6,7000E-04
1,6548E+04 1,5200E-04 6,1106E+02 8,6000E-04
1,7667E+04 2,2900E-04 5,2334E+02 1,0480E-03
1,8556E+04 3,2400E-04 4,5907E+02 1,2350E-03
1,9219E+04 4,3500E-04 4,0981E+02 1,4200E-03
1,9668E+04 5,6300E-04 3,7077E+02 1,6040E-03
1,9921E+04 7,0500E-04 3,3901E+02 1,7880E-03
2,0000E+04 8,6100E-04
1,9929E+04 1,0280E-03
1,9732E+04 1,2050E-03
1,9432E+04 1,3890E-03
1,9051E+04 1,5790E-03
1,8609E+04 1,7750E-03
1,8121E+04 1,9730E-03
1,7601E+04 2,1740E-03
1,7063E+04 2,3760E-03
1,6514E+04 2,5790E-03
1,5964E+04 2,7830E-03
1,5417E+04 2,9860E-03
1,4879E+04 3,1880E-03
1,4352E+04 3,3890E-03
1,3840E+04 3,5900E-03
1,3345E+04 3,7890E-03
1,2866E+04 3,9870E-03
1,2406E+04 4,1830E-03
1,1964E+04 4,3780E-03
1,1540E+04 4,5720E-03
1,1134E+04 4,7640E-03
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Modello
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1,0746E+04 4,9550E-03
1,0375E+04 5,1450E-03
1,0021E+04 5,3330E-03
9,6827E+03 5,5210E-03
9,3598E+03 5,7070E-03
9,0516E+03 5,8920E-03
8,7574E+03 6,0750E-03
8,4766E+03 6,2580E-03
8,2085E+03 6,4400E-03
7,9525E+03 6,6210E-03
7,7079E+03 6,8010E-03
7,4741E+03 6,9810E-03
7,2507E+03 7,1590E-03
7,0370E+03 7,3370E-03
6,8326E+03 7,5140E-03
6,6370E+03 7,6910E-03
6,4496E+03 7,8660E-03
6,2702E+03 8,0420E-03
6,0982E+03 8,2160E-03
6,0000E+03 8,3200E-03
Parametri di danno a compressione Parametri di danno a trazione
Damage Parameter Inelastic Strain Damage

0 0 Parameter Cracking Strain
0 1,80E-05 0,0000E+00 0,0000E+00
0 4,80E-05 4,4522E-01 2,6200E-04
0 9,20E-05 6,0695E-01 4,7300E-04
0 1,52E-04 6,9221E-01 6,7000E-04
0 0,000229 7,4539E-01 8,6000E-04
0 0,000324 7,8194E-01 1,0480E-03
0 0,000435 8,0872E-01 1,2350E-03
0 0,000563 8,2925E-01 1,4200E-03
0 0,000705 8,4551E-01 1,6040E-03
0 0,000861 8,5875E-01 1,7880E-03
0,003551 0,001028
0,013401 0,001205
0,028384 0,001389
0,047426 0,001579
0,069567 0,001775
0,093972 0,001973
0,119934 0,002174
0,146865 0,002376
0,174286 0,002579
0,201815 0,002783
0,229151 0,002986
0,256064 0,003188
0,282381 0,003389
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Modello
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0,307976 0,00359
0,332762 0,003789
0,356682 0,003987
0,379703 0,004183
0,40181 0,004378
0,423003 0,004572
0,443292 0,004764
0,462697 0,004955
0,481241 0,005145
0,498954 0,005333
0,515866 0,005521
0,53201 0,005707
0,547419 0,005892
0,562128 0,006075
0,576169 0,006258
0,589574 0,00644
0,602377 0,006621
0,614607 0,006801
0,626294 0,006981
0,637466 0,007159
0,648149 0,007337
0,65837 0,007514
0,668152 0,007691
0,677519 0,007866
0,686492 0,008042
0,695091 0,008216
0,7 0,00832
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Modello
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Modello
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Compressive Behavior
3.E+04
2.E+04
2.E+04
Yield Stress
1.E+04
5.E+03
0.E+00
0.E+00 1.E-03 2.E-03 3.E-03 4.E-03 5.E-03 6.E-03 7.E-03 8.E-03 9.E-03
Inelastic Strain
Damage Parameter
8.E-01
7.E-01
6.E-01
Damage Parameter
5.E-01
4.E-01
3.E-01
2.E-01
1.E-01
0.E+00
0.E+00 1.E-03 2.E-03 3.E-03 4.E-03 5.E-03 6.E-03 7.E-03 8.E-03 9.E-03
Inelastic Strain
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Modello
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Tensile Behavior
3.E+03
3.E+03
2.E+03
Yield Stress
2.E+03
1.E+03
5.E+02
0.E+00
0.E+00 2.E-04 4.E-04 6.E-04 8.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-03 1.E-03 2.E-03 2.E-03 2.E-03
Cracking Strain
Damage Parameter
1.E+00
9.E-01
8.E-01
7.E-01
Damage Parameter
6.E-01
5.E-01
4.E-01
3.E-01
2.E-01
1.E-01
0.E+00
0.E+00 2.E-04 4.E-04 6.E-04 8.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-03 1.E-03 2.E-03 2.E-03 2.E-03
Cracking Strain
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Modello
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Acciaio armatura FeB38k
Modello elasto - plastico:
Densità E ν
78 210.000.000 0,10
Strain Stress
0 375.000
0,675 450.000
Acciaio S275
Viene considerato modello elasto - plastico:
Densità E ν
78,49 210.000.000 0,30
Strain Stress
0 275000
0,015 275000
0,025556 316891
0,057222 395067
0,11 430000
0,14 423721
0,17 409477
0,189499 1000
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Modello
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Le strutture sono state modellata con il software ABAQUS.
Modello SDF
Armatura Platea Armatura Pilastri
Armatura Travi Armatua Completa

Modello – Armatura
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Modello
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Modello – Struttura CA
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Modello
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Modello – Struttura CA + Armatura
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Modello
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Modello Elemeti Finiti

Elelemti Calcetruzzo: Linear hexahedron, type C3D8RH
Elementi Armatura: Linear line, type T3D2H
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Modello
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Modello Elementi Finiti - Particolari
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Modello
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Modello Elementi Finiti - Particolari
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Modello
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Modello PRG_01
Modello
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Modello
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Modello
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Modello PRG_02
Modello
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Modello
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Modello
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Modello PRG_03
Modello
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Modello
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Modello
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Modello PRG_04
Modello
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Modello
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Modello
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Per i cinque modelli considerati:
0 – Modello nello stato di fatto (Modello SDF)
1 – Rinforzo dall'esterno di nodi trave-pilastro (Modello PRG_01);
2 - Incamiciatura in acciaio, attraverso angolari e calastrelli (Modello PRG_02);
3 - Controventi a croce di Sant’ Andrea (Modello PRG_03);
4 – Controventi a “V” rovescia (Modello PRG_04);
si sono svolte analisi statiche non lineari e analisi dinamiche non lineari, per poi metterne a confronto
alcuni risultati.
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Modello
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Per le analisi statiche si è considerata una distribuzione di forze orizzontali del tipo triangolare:
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Modello
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Si considera un'analisi di tipo Static, Riks, utilizzato per ottenere soluzioni non lineari di equilibrio statico per
problemi di instabilità in cui la risposta carico-spostamento è del tipo mostrato in Figura, cioè durante il
periodo dello step il carico e/o lo spostamento possono diminuire man mano che la soluzione evolve come
nel caso in questione.
Figura: Definizione della tecnica di risoluzione dello step
A differenza degli step di tipo Static General non si definisce un periodo temporale totale, ma l'essenza del
metodo Riks è trovare un singolo percorso di equilibrio in uno spazio definito dalle variabili nodali e il Load
Proportional Factor λ (LPF, fattore di proporzionalità del carico). Il metodo Riks utilizza, infatti, la magnitudo
del carico come un'incognita aggiuntiva e risolve simultaneamente carichi e spostamenti, utilizzando l'arc
lenght lungo il percorso di equilibrio statico nello spazio carico-spostamento per misurare il progresso della
soluzione. Questo approccio fornisce soluzioni indipendentemente se la risposta è stabile o instabile.
Si è considerata la tipologia di analisi:
- Controllo di carico - si applica un incremento di carico:
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Modello
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L’uso delle analisi dinamiche non lineari consente la valutazione della risposta sismica della struttura
mediante l’integrazione diretta delle equazioni del moto, applicando ai nodi della struttura vincolati
al terreno gli accelerogrammi scelti. Essa è la metodologia d’analisi più complessa
ma anche più completa, in quanto, permette di conoscere l’andamento nel tempo degli stati di sforzo
e di deformazione dei componenti della struttura, e quindi di verificare l’integrità degli elementi
strutturali nei confronti di possibili comportamenti fragili, nonché di valutare il comportamento
dinamico della struttura in campo non lineare.
Il tipo di analisi utilizzata è Dynamic implicit che applica una procedura di integrazione implicita nel
tempo. Nell’analisi dinamica implicita, offerta da Abaqus, la matrice degli operatori di integrazione
deve essere invertita e l’insieme di equazioni di equilibrio non lineari devono essere risolte per
ciascun incremento di tempo. Nell’analisi dinamica esplicita, la seconda modalità di analisi proposta
da Abaqus, invece, spostamenti e velocità sono calcolate come quantità note all’inizio di ogni
incremento. Per tale motivo la matrice di massa e rigidezza non hanno bisogno di essere costruite e
invertite, ciò comporta una differenza in termini di tempo di calcolo rispetto all’analisi implicita. La
grandezza degli incrementi di tempo, invece, è limitata perché l’operatore alle differenze finite è solo
condizionatamente stabile mentre l’operatore implicito disponibile in Abaqus è incondizionatamente
stabile e non ha limiti di ampiezza dell’incremento di tempo.
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Modello
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Per le analisi dinamiche si è considerata la seguente registrazione sismica:
The Friuli (Italy) earthquake of May 6, 1976.
Accellerogramma
6.00
4.00
2.00
Accelerazione [m/s2]
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time[s]
Accellerogramma
0.60
0.40
0.20
Accelerazione [g]
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time[s]
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Modello
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Unità di misura
Abaqus è un programma che non lavora esplicitamente con le unità di misura, ma spetta direttamente
all’utente scegliere un sistema su cui basarsi. In questo caso si adotta:
- Lunghezze [m]
- Forze [KN]
- Sforzi [KN]
- Tempo [sec]
Si riportano di seguito alcuni risultati delle elaborazioni sotto forma di diagrammi e grafici.
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Modello
- Adeguamento e miglioramento sismico di edifici esistenti in c.a.: analisi di alcune tecniche di intervento.-
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Analisi Statica - Direzione X
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Modello SDF Push X+ – Tension damage
Modello SDF Push X+ – Plastic strain
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Modello PRG_01 Push X+ – Tension damage
Modello PRG_01 Push X+ – Plastic strain
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Analisi Statica - Direzione Y
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Modello SDF Push Y+ – Tension damage
Modello SDF Push Y+ – Plastic strain
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Modello PRG_01 Push Y+ – Tension damage
Modello PRG_01 Push Y+ – Plastic strain

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Analisi Dinamica - Direzione X
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SDF VS PRG - Friuli X - Time History Plot - Drift Interpiano Liv_03-Liv_02

4.00E-03
3.00E-03
2.00E-03
1.00E-03
Drift Interpiano [m]
0.00E+00
-1.00E-03
-2.00E-03
-3.00E-03
-4.00E-03
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time [sec]
PRG_02
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Modello SDF – Tension damage
Modello PRG_01 – Tension damage
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Modello SDF – Plastic strain
Modello PRG_01 – Plastic strain
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Seismic Improvement of Existing Reinforced Concrete

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Seismic improvement of existing reinforced concrete structures:

36 analysis of some intervention techniques

Le caratteristiche geometriche della struttura esistente (Modello SDF) sono:

Geometria del Telaio – Vista 1

Geometria del Telaio – Vista 2

Geometria del Telaio – Vista 3

Geometria Armatura del Telaio – Vista 1

Geometria Armatura del Telaio – Vista 2

Geometria Armatura del Telaio – Vista 3

Sez. 0,3 m x 0,5m - Ferri Longitudinali: 3+3 Φ14 – Staffe Φ8/10”

Sez. 0,3 m x 0,5m - Ferri Longitudinali: Φ14 – Staffe Φ8/10”

Si sono prese in considerazione le seguenti tecniche di intervento di miglioramento:

1 – Rinforzo dall'esterno di nodi trave-pilastro (Modello PRG_01);

2 - Incamiciatura in acciaio, attraverso angolari e calastrelli (Modello PRG_02);

3 - Controventi a croce di Sant’ Andrea (Modello PRG_03);

4 – Controventi a “V” rovescia (Modello PRG_04);

Le proprietà dei materiali:

Calcestruzzo - MODELLO ELASTOPLASTICO CON DANNO (CONCRETE DAMAGE PLASTICITY MODEL)

Legame costitutivo della muratura a trazione e compressione

I parametri utilizzati nell’analisi non lineare sono:

Parametri modello CDP:

Densità E ν Angolo di Eccentricità fb0/ fc0 K Parametro

Valori dei parametri a compressione Valori dei parametri a trazione

Yield Stress Inelastic Strain Yield Stress Cracking Strain

Damage Parameter Inelastic Strain Damage

Acciaio armatura FeB38k

Modello elasto - plastico:

Viene considerato modello elasto - plastico:

Le strutture sono state modellata con il software ABAQUS.

Armatura Platea Armatura Pilastri

Armatura Travi Armatua Completa

Modello – Struttura CA + Armatura

Modello Elemeti Finiti

Modello Elementi Finiti - Particolari

Modello Elementi Finiti - Particolari

Modello Elemeti Finiti

Modello Elemeti Finiti

Modello Elemeti Finiti

Modello Elemeti Finiti

Per i cinque modelli considerati:

0 – Modello nello stato di fatto (Modello SDF)

1 – Rinforzo dall'esterno di nodi trave-pilastro (Modello PRG_01);

2 - Incamiciatura in acciaio, attraverso angolari e calastrelli (Modello PRG_02);

3 - Controventi a croce di Sant’ Andrea (Modello PRG_03);

4 – Controventi a “V” rovescia (Modello PRG_04);

Figura: Definizione della tecnica di risoluzione dello step

Si è considerata la tipologia di analisi:

- Controllo di carico - si applica un incremento di carico:

Per le analisi dinamiche si è considerata la seguente registrazione sismica:

The Friuli (Italy) earthquake of May 6, 1976.

all’utente scegliere un sistema su cui basarsi. In questo caso si adotta:

Modello SDF Push X+ – Tension damage

Modello SDF Push X+ – Plastic strain

Modello PRG_01 Push X+ – Tension damage

Modello PRG_01 Push X+ – Plastic strain

Modello PRG_02 Push X+ – Tension damage

Modello PRG_02 Push X+ – Plastic strain

Modello PRG_03 Push X+ – Tension damage

Modello PRG_03 Push X+ – Plastic strain

Modello PRG_04 Push X+ – Tension damage

Modello PRG_04 Push X+ – Plastic strain

Modello SDF Push Y+ – Tension damage

Modello SDF Push Y+ – Plastic strain