Scribd Logo
Carica

Benvenuto in Scribd!

  • Chimica Analitica

    Caricato da

    Anonymous Zavvdjihno
    3K visualizzazioni276 pagine
    Chimica Analitica Tutorial

    Titolo originale

    ChimicaAnalitica

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formati disponibili

    PDF, TXT o leggi online da Scribd

    Hai trovato utile questo documento?

    Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

    Segnala questo documento
    Chimica Analitica Tutorial

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    3K visualizzazioni276 pagine

    Chimica Analitica

    Caricato da

    Anonymous Zavvdjihno
    Chimica Analitica Tutorial

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 276

    aAPt \plo

    6, r.E'ffi rZ.'o

    r-n

    nrorJ tt

    S*ar

    t-vr

    s"L)Erb,-r. 1ov,,a ssleu^^ ot"^^>yzt<^ o['z "-^hn p-.,,* lve- tt g'i


    e8 r-( -nyo*^F,'
    r\^ vr^o "k I L' .Cs(*nx',o* **(!-&r4 >
    s.s!grl. **r*bk
    aa.;zlowi - ("

    t1,r^ lt<v.,"lovo

    , U fy..l-;

    ei

    W-

    ?r",l,k-

    -,,.

    aL-

    L,rint^o

    J; St fM /,o t
    f
    l@ *l
    o /, vaurt/vor.uhc -+ v( .C Et f
    o 2/, fesy'"u,trre -r>

    '/^oo.-w!'(s/' * *.p-k *' t

    ho+t'

    rLL
    f u,-

    ,lL ru*Ein'A' 'ln^k

    s",Lw ;tp*fu

    s{ttarra / esP>z--sso- i'n :


    e Z ruro/euro _o 6.ou^v"J, J; tl,lt

    ^n

    tU

    4'o "l;
    "{; S";

    6al^tv'',"*'

    /''

    o "-?n-k'

    J; Sz)

    /" S***'"'('* ("e) A * t

    A' r.oL; [,** .*.lo- c"- (^c- i"*g'*k*) ;


    (,
    52 (vr.^r. c^ k ,);
    "{;
    ht A st tru 1o@ t t Sv (*^ vunv (5&'i b
    ');
    (' /i 52 ('-"t
    l* U);
    St
    ^^
    6^.tvL*,e'l;*/t^A "U

    kk/"
    , tao,Lanlso' (-") --- ,Jc fi 5]
    t^ul-t,,o

    tno!,41-ro'
    e

    (y)*

    rvolrrrz.\+' (n)

    St p
    5,.^*]o,^,ln- /;

    rpo*-n'.ri*. (rJ -r

    il;--?aazr\.we
    \..1''

    Cl,nPoSY.-| .b"1(,c:-r,Pp

    fi

    D-ss<26,

    i*,ove e i"-34=*q

    (ur,) -.

    aVYftiz.N\t ?otar-r

    ( !^' Sz ("*r" o^ /^ t);

    3o,^.o *,rLL{',\^

    t/*^i f'(d (nn),

    I
    I
    o (4>r\,/ t- <Fal Covelg{n

    ':-2^)

    edeWe a.,?;-Ff,z-t

    "Bico

    t4

    srLnL;t L; tlte*l 7/'*";;


    (inP.,sY1 covoln

    *^

    g"{o

    pclae^

    4{

    ln-.pt *) _*
    ['l'o

    -'

    /,**"*

    DrSSaeio ?"
    "wE

    ,AU'-*Ll"

    (-)

    d,-'t",

    Cl, "b*b J;
    -

    Nplur-A

    o;i l"-^{r.^k ,,$bt^" ru,r' ,,(nnh

    (U"*-l .

    rw,'l^a4 oBsoai\aalo-e ,bwi <)


    )*

    5sra,o

    oEL

    SoLUYu^

    o{.o

    i.Ly4 ,\cr.,i?au*,r"'-'6

    r.o"/k

    "C

    trr-lo-

    A r**h*L- /;

    l"r:y,rll^^"a.lP.
    ,hssoct\L s,^s

    (x.ou>

    s,,

    D'EL 'otL,En\6
    ^JA-h/r'-A
    -\W/z*YU {2L ;

    '

    - o\ ar,i 3.iorv6 t| ouuq^ln-

    t(, '

    (. t

    L"..1

    *rtru*,t*.x- /r1/r-

    Etrr+lrol,,"\ Plxt

    6,,rw

    d+" /;srcL-

    rclno u.'ri

    xa,'9

    (o*

    4-1

    ol o04

    fut<alwctt o oit:roai*

    s&a-&t;;htr

    g"
    ,6

    *<)o cwl'oeto
    6ra.;'6o ,' ra; cO
    LoA)ee Joohp

    sLb*t;h

    33,+
    61
    3$

    Lul;

    ko\oo kta<P
    gt'vr-i./i*<l

    TABf

    '

    - h'*oa.*,\* /; ol"^; /"l$;k -

    Elrrn-ru;v

    ,t.(

    .14

    ,,La 2-3 -.-r[p.t" oL /.oc.Wz.'^r. ,L' "ld

    a-cl

    Lu"c

    PK*

    eK.
    (ru"r"ot.*..'o.;

    Ae,,

    /.20

    (ru-rs*l
    ,tu =or:L

    Hreo,

    3,23

    3,1

    Rr@z

    ,r

    6,J

    tla;

    2ncroo-

    &

    ,\

    -{o, )Z

    H1Cro4

    o,b

    4q'l
    ota

    KCroi

    6,fo

    6,L

    ctroT

    +rtzo

    1,

    ,4F

    1,4 6

    N(4*

    3,zr

    HJ?04

    2,13

    HrPol

    Keo|'
    ,t'o trra'dLo
    &at\oo ll<Evca

    4,f

    64

    724
    'l t,?z
    ),+r
    4,?6

    j,ol
    3, l?
    2,o
    6,3
    4

    @nc|

    i,. sl.r:.w,^'

    pivlkto ,-n@^t*k.

    /"stc.&l , e ,\^ "r(r*rn *^"h n-rl.k AQ"r'k

    y J;tto anu,,si a^/ti"nuFt

    "f"n6.L$

    .otrt-n

    1,,:'%;2,v.*)

    4,n

    6'
    4, (5
    3t

    (APi)'lq.Lo L

    l'e ryrv?,rub

    c''t44'n:c/'

    Lr- qnut*. L v*/,o Ji,xn .o 4a


    Vi 3o*o *Lor,r,* $u-v'n^ olo *Lr**
    (
    yr,Ub o|, "i 1,,L fLe f*\to.1-t- a- p* ,,\lu,- - l+J e*bpo , nyvJn t
    *L,*lo eoi)uo (^l.rcor) *J "Fr 'o(n**t "l; ,Lr"'o oL' B'"'w L L?
    e- !ovv.*-zrv,u- A *,L.*b ,t; *q'v (e*coS 'L pv-c-fila7Ne-(2 + @'Co, I
    eo/z + NorCP3
    ->
    ('
    ft^ .o61;wk *; J, /e- *L-,-.r-* (a") , .b rh e.1* "b &-E^
    /

    '

    "h

    *1.

    J4

    c-sr-Lo>u (Wrcor\

    SeTo*o-+x"<-

    l"l. ,n l-" *l* A

    g*u.^k * o*,^\v'J, CO;^.


    A--lrf*o*k- vv-o ,'r(u z,v* l; ;F"k I 'r.,6"^b (fu'or) JL >,u,* f*- .C
    F-r/-k B*.oL* (t". H ? 04) (*so.u g*c,p,L*a- v*r* LV l-l**b /-,/-k k

    ,y,t- (U,?ro) vulh,

    lbVo, + z

    --p 3 NoNc, -r No l.l ?aO r

    Nor\ 9o,

    yS"r*[* ,{i *."b &*-'*


    ,-L*n ,,.-Y.J;,,b -

    (ntero) tM

    t^^^q- Ll

    LE

    6EE

    1ve

    (t-ovi,a k /.***o-,

    /;

    '

    )-zo5ve

    r, sQui t-klrxt -

    I
    pe-&v*
    SLcWbK
    U

    .sisku^'

    (*l)

    ob

    t?E*o^Je

    - A [r:*,""

    d'st-,.*

    e q-tr.,.be''

    oeqri e-Q'i con^

    * Vg;a<-rm'

    loi

    l,

    Cr^\t-vr.,i

    ;.\
    - /J ts(4a

    sQ-

    oe

    r?o+

    LU L J*

    Q.*st, @(o,rl,,,,^t
    - h

    4S

    *rA + r,0

    k& {vt ^rrgnrkr..r.G /"-,k


    ,"

    av

    f*f"r*'*lt Jl"

    (*

    1-"f,

    k L

    ,,^*(*z.b^i

    : fc

    *ib

    (* ,"!o uh i;

    b-1)
    Lzaz.v,^t- @rzc

    ,k L &tu, *l|'ua& L' Lnro


    d/r) &lL s-h,,bc t>L (9- tz<rytV,
    [;"
    I
    5crshu624-

    J* ^th^h ir' trrofLx*l-k' K ?n*i, {

    't,.t

    hrh^{.

    l;

    co6.MMrE

    \a'r.oet>\

    Ef

    r-z,

    yrlll^.

    FiatE.xs Pl

    !oa'\q

    e c-oS\A^,\E at\re-vt'c+ cJ .4,-',-* {k^.' tli, tr I


    b"A sff;w^Lo(.*)k , A /,a*v* vewdw-.,,t,'*r-

    - k.,;,*L{"
    Lr*^fu , '.&k

    Le*.?;ahr.

    /-lA ls*r^-.,^- l*,**k


    N)l
    L ,,rt *
    1 *ok
    e lrth ,,-k* h* voXe-l e J-' f*Lk ct* s /."t-,-u,^ .
    I
    h*l,r.** & 4n l>'* L* p i/'.t-.,- i n-yl;
    e*H fLth Ln*,n L
    .l I
    (urrv-,*oau,'F)
    ,l
    u^a.
    *."ato
    l*r*
    ,U,
    4't
    hrf
    r<-a.zv*
    r^ kt, Wb
    "(r/uh
    t
    o*rLu A

    e'.,\ (tu)tu"(\*

    ,,"{r;*r /r!/, *n(n,.,*,"iv* (") ; fA".*.\,.o4 .fub

    ,-nrz^[*>io.,z

    P/<h
    b greh.t x. C e l'w,','^a l*,t*r(" ce.^c-e,4,,Lt>rl^. l,'rb P A
    Q*b
    (^ ,u^[r-*er\o,^r- g**h ,l/." vt-/t-*it*. "*L r1o' (wt dr,. sf* V''*-/t* L
    k**
    ur^ ey-{Lnv /^''-ot-i'n
    rtu>,^2 h ,4 t, g t li

    Li I

    ,1*\^/'',

    [d'

    fo]1

    T4t*u = urourn

    I,Al" [eJ^

    ol.

    cgn

    be h

    _Ka,

    t<,

    $Jl&

    L ,"kb l^' 1-()L't''


    tr*

    uil'o'

    "sl,,,.bt

    = 7{

    6-9sa^rse

    o,f*'kL^'

    t^.ovt

    L*k""

    oK=
    lo

    ("

    @-r\

    /)t^^';

    G.)

    ou,S,*i

    s,

    , ,uk?" vezvg{* ,*k?v*,

    o,sk^k
    sf-<sso

    LeK

    (r-t)

    - *?P kqr"sE ,, EG

    ^ \,. sislcro ob.o Bet4'o , ti'5{"u'*h rv Y* tN eLl* {'1t A- Bt , &


    h so(unkzt\"r
    t-v-o,yt*, t; k*o a.v?tv,.- 4*s*r-ilo & v*{"r'& t;
    ,
    "1^

    -5.

    A,*Br+ -"* *rb' t2-7)

    Jrr,+ Z t

    ?-

    5orr^c

    (t "*)* '

    B"r)_" y'=7^
    [n-gJ

    Q"*l'; i
    7

    K.

    nv

    e_sl

    '

    I
    T

    o, e-,/rt''w'v

    ,Vlk* il^ yrr.^l- k*fo

    S; ,ur,v;,o , tv,.u- i K , l'\

    f-"1.1

    "1"[;

    W'cy{;L,v "; L .

    I
    I

    dvr&

    ,/*U''*A

    t* ,^

    ful,/.

    qnu,lrl>*}rL^t

    ,h/vur G^

    5.5;

    t* ,

    ' f"'

    S(/a-'\^^l

    /c " /,c
    f:

    P-U

    (.* G1{e

    F,i

    l*a-e,lv-t,

    AB

    ,(-

    <Du

    , /u l(.

    Dsrrvao.

    yn-rl*

    "L'

    e%^ ru^

    e-sFlesto,*

    = (^r/r)

    eft)

    S-t Ji>;o^
    f wL

    (r-sJ

    4-4

    sr.uilr\,rrs i

    ,.\a

    12c

    c (-t - l\

    ol.L

    c-

    u *t^'1

    'f,.ir-r*r;.r,,^

    , L {"

    kt

    nv+r'z-'t

    K" p; L'"Ahel" Z "k''r"hvb&' ,.


    Vr1,;o L t* arq.n,*a-vto uro'u"w;(, t'"t-'t U '(", ^d '"*"*(*/riL l;t ;71yv4 offun *L Lu,^\;* kln **e^{ln-?*rz.
    P,u-

    L',

    ,( ""!.,s L'
    E*J"

    lbt,rn'.

    bw ('*'**lnn

    -n\pr oi ca$e^rr' i e-e*zrL'aa'^p - o+^'*\ - \re,'asi

    a'T,-*\ drk' ,/" l-',*u r\^ J-.'.ou, s"t6.o,*


    ,6lh
    hss,
    fr
    , (**k
    ,/4.w tru ,,'',^o*-l d"" 4. r,^h\r-u1 *^x^h
    \^\<*J,^r.^y u-t^p,,,L-< *
    ,u^;

    cr^i,L oprrsk
    _ / lah fu-- J;
    .rl
    **r4{fr^2.\e^r

    (r- a.g-c^'h)

    *uh

    ah,".-w*;

    ,r,g,,,.\o c-o^

    va44\o-.A

    {r{.U

    / P.!^ ,L ,'(r?.\e-* , rtt^**'L Jvr&i


    ;oJ - E- c-orq s..- &
    -k o.-r.

    led L dt;

    e*

    ,f

    rc,o?.l-.u-

    1rat,-o ta.a* soo,o

    lvrl[

    X"*[;li

    ry

    ,e,\r; rp^o{z",tH ,/L

    tg k-*

    c*'.rnolrozD*'

    L^ti r-rnp-r.-dn* & *,.rn",l*2,b.^ dr;r*..s2 ,k sotuo


    f*!!, ,ffrt"n*r^k
    ,It!!* a-ex--?a* r oM t soh tvlz ,"fu! Q-s('essb,* ,{rl0'7u;,
    -&rw ; l^
    hA"V
    *yXnso^lo"- coaat(t"r**h ( 6/k ,^?4- ,C' ,* o,* o /^'
    ,
    "k,),n
    rL .-^.,^F"s a'o,r,n - k,* p^*[.,*

    r\'d^'

    r*

    ,Md"0* :6co\,

    <-ov, E

    Loa

    ('

    '{-

    n
    &.=rf,.

    /(, rrol,"{ J;
    fr.,n;

    6u-o

    b^ I

    -rfi)

    (p^
    uu.*tt

    (z-rc)

    .--.=_4_-1

    lkV-,^r-a'l

    l,

    av\

    c-o-^dr,oz,

    o{-'o, ,

    s.

    La.

    o-.e lrJk

    frr,{!."

    sP*sso-

    Kw

    anJ,s-

    &u,"

    '

    foJ

    InuJ

    Q-r1

    .'L* P s'\ *uL'wh L"^ L/^rt*rk


    A
    f*b

    ("* u^.& su(,,ub* a


    5[or

    ,/=l

    ovvcnn yo*^J.,

    ry

    Jr&.,loV,- .r{n^

    o'=

    y',vh
    @U?,c-iea,r=r

    uorrrnV>,\-t

    ** k* ,lrk'* Ut

    *4huwl vt\vt*o 0, /-"2.


    t!- oLi\p ,lrk N

    e-

    "^g--f"r-^rr^L

    l"^+r,<I

    b p*k,*,Uu. lrruV(k

    Far-z bvza

    Ae*

    /'1!'' *n*l:,-u\o"r."

    ^ l*o'^

    teb\ ;"b-/us''"'

    >/"*2,

    k. (r'rt)
    c4,^ (L.(* ,

    ('u*

    oi e's'\n\a'

    &; ,BWr-,(; l| .k^'h- (P,1 k ***lr*


    .,oL.,v* I fr ,J",L* ,t t"L* L kl'''
    uLq- - v@ t) tura lu-l|' ,v,k^",h-,

    io,-,+ I

    ry

    ,b;

    grcx*h. ,V "u(rz^v'n,

    ./= +> w; .zi' (z-t e)


    Jon W= ,^^"{".L't; o#'*{, /tl!, ^r. E; E = at+-ac' tU- ,u* E.
    urudtlri cn*LQ)o['o-z..ut"-

    ub* h

    floL,crri

    tA'

    W ,J*e"* /,'!!* {-^

    la,ora ,!".r"h

    h"o!^ :,

    J x,rh itll*
    ,!*;r.a

    *^wn#<

    t
    on*\dq-

    eyro)-Q

    Yrot'4 Lr ..Q^.

    i( ^/fr,^,* rt

    o#n'lo'

    ,''

    /;

    u'o

    /" kr*L

    a.,XX'ozJt'-ak- '

    ?"*A {^t"-

    A,

    o{"

    ) orl

    o,f

    ,^-(-r-(*.*

    e- f*
    ;(-

    so%z,vi

    ,e/ft*u-k

    o,s-o!, Z;'l/l
    { + o,t) u$7

    a E ='ro-8,'o
    fTJh"

    {5o,t4o

    ^"[*,
    or?3

    . zl7

    /+,lV
    Pa" s,rG*x'^

    kz*
    ot

    ,y' +

    o,

    ro3-

    t>,

    lb"z:

    l'*[ok'
    4' - g 2/

    (z

    -t o)
    ts

    us4,

    g,t evD

    z,,o-r*fr

    /rr

    + 92=;'l

    |tr//

    s2-

    rt ub't''I.,c- "L u^

    ..o'-).,'- h^Dtt'ze', h'

    5{l 2;'lF

    f vox-

    rsrc;f < /4

    i''*
    /r/L
    ffufr.,,

    'lv,*tp

    $-

    lr* @= ,-sh,^h cnp'it+ '


    ,#''lo- L'p/" /"lt* o,*,h* c '&^% l'l/"
    Qu,alu' ,Y *{/;rv^k "b
    b* , /e*

    ,n*k,o

    'o(*k, /*!l*

    tl

    kryn,,nfu*

    e ,("lb- /-rr*

    ttl!* t"L""""*
    A ,*-lr.* (,tn'- v,"*vu'o ' lftu*L' h ah'*'*'- ry

    ire'n''ao.

    r\z'-'

    'h^2xb^.

    pt 1uRA?l
    ; ,.r{r; sa' ,h YABELU ,-rlt1
    /rlh. /-"*" '\zwr'c'o si gvoa'd'; k
    ',
    vs(u; /e;, -</ft^wl: 1r' *k'b' / ^^ sr(^tz,\* s-7uosa- & t'zld , P* N
    *'c-*L ('e1'oes"n 0-'l ,
    t''"'$^U ;-,tuo J'*t
    h^o^,o t.tb; , b:"'oh'^l'- e

    ,rrlri k' abn*"

    Cr\ *

    rV,a,t'a41

    ooo e

    o,

    loo

    11 -

    gp,*o lo-,)^, ,{ *ilA'uu*b l"t "fr'"il.o


    prk /}r;*itu r fe P uA t^-"t-w e F"; ow,,^r^k Yr,r/*# u.^sut'onlq^auwnro,
    N, refi*u* t^' nl{rr'lo' o *l l &rn bu)o *ryu; l; ru,esso

    s *lt q2^ |tur,*lo^t


    G*
    _

    ,ot 1*si l'r*

    [r,(/r.

    c- ,r,,*k'cou",rnl. ng.f,.',Lte r*-aa,.**t *& r*v*k l, *, ,^f?r;/*


    _
    so(-zir*

    r,rsvr!-r"r*k

    cb,^r J^

    'i i'--ple6'or^' i ^{;aeun| t' a(h'id w<'Jt tnL'rh$w0;lo,

    C.,".

    o,ror,rlE
    o
    so3 'zL' \/e

    ffit

    kf,=

    - Arrr-r

    *olY -t^k

    f, '

    7
    J

    \lll.U

    -If

    Zi?.

    el,
    F-rd
    -,r*''v

    *ft.;hc'

    ?rlutu 2-4

    1r0

    0r9
    <)
    F.

    0r8
    o17

    L'

    0,6
    I

    fl fe:*

    0,5
    0,4

    0r3
    itJ

    o,2
    0,1

    0,01 0,02 o,03 0,M or05 0,06 0107 0,og 0,09 0,10

    lL

    fi in f unzione di Jr

    Q'a\ ,A> o,{


    TABELU

    Il,2 -Aetllclentl

    lonc
    +

    lk 2+ Be 2+
    Alcrl '+ (l)
    8'- (l)
    lt*

    Forza

    :o'

    0,950 o,

    0,9?5 0, 964

    0,9{5 I o,

    0.906 0, 872

    o at?

    0, 904 c,8d3

    0,80?

    0, 9?5 0,

    atri r*,8-(t)

    l)

    t;

    dl, stliitl det

    0,000s 0,001 0,0025 0,

    s93
    _o'

    0,802

    l-*t

    610g011 .tonl

    lmlca,

    cstronc

    8t- ' rniooa


    (l) relorl oc-d!

    ln

    acque a 25 oC

    l{

    0,02s

    @6 0,010

    , 050

    0.880 0,

    '..
    i',,,,]
    e2s 0.899 0,850

    0,

    ,100 0,500 1,0m

    E60 n, 830
    8,05

    0, ?55

    u, /55 I o,6eol 0, s95 0,520

    0, {50

    ll
    I

    i0,673l 0,53 0,

    0, 805 0,142

    ':'

    l:'"'

    c,632 0,540 rc,++sl 0.3 2s

    1,8{l

    0 ,990

    n ain

    4?5

    0,5 50 0, {55 0, 3?0

    l tt'

    o,n^,-''l,-.,oV $ueto

    q,190

    -.. ..:

    irL.*l

    LD^

    asi -;61;

    "L *fr)-u"^L. L'

    @-r')

    klt vr\ <&,N.'l* t'L^'v (- (z-n)

    .[",*-*to-,

    ztz- tF_
    47f*=- ltms
    l4ot3) o-{V @-rn)
    r^-."L

    @-rr)

    l*h,

    Lytu=-

    orfoJ 7*? - G

    L+'/V

    4f
    1ilL'
    Qeq.

    ,lrwt* e
    ,r\"ar;

    wl"J"

    tl

    o/ro3 =t ?- o,,zv

    @-rr)

    K'4 !-rt)

    u* -r-(rk',*0,t*.

    &,*

    I^J'rsro\'le

    si

    N.,c4

    r{

    /t,. a- W
    *nsi

    ,{ a{*"v*k /"

    k r""" t"*Lt-

    d,u

    eh,h' ell"

    -LqAuVa

    ffi*zi>-"oi

    eprz-o Dr

    .,eo.e

    ./'ooJn e- s\.@ *"lo, :a

    , ,.u^t

    ossi4n(e

    ArzrZt<er"S

    . e*

    bs.g-

    ob, ,uvLk '\^ O-c-ott&


    &- rb- .J.*
    -t / Jo.t or.g*Vrt
    {:
    Jc "l.l* a- rV,-,.
    F.rl- ,n^y"aL J\ "
    U

    *.f*

    Jo-2"bil
    ,J e<wgh ab<
    7
    Qnsl- l.-,o p*.t"-,|- r".Lt, h.,;
    rV, .zv. s!-*nk luv*-s, /rfutoy-n ,

    Ltvt o.,*p',s!

    *^:rrk

    leppr'q oi 6r-^, sse-u a l.o,oar -

    @
    @

    ui&o- 'as[o-.>+ ("*UJ- ' *J ok , ov- /rr,*-**


    I4,o{sr..'
    v.v a,.sl*-az-.* (,A,U o ,*) "k F,D- *@
    7,".k,*,'.
    /
    Q*h an*(lo a "(& JIQ o,nJ"* & *rLrcnh ,r/O{- *r+-oSi
    toQ
    t
    etgrr.L

    't-'-

    e-Sb.4o

    Cola--e- |

    HB= H+ t

    B-

    vw- "oygie -oLJ-s.

    I'aro?bvrr- t:-4

    ,-r*'uEo)o

    7-;

    F-r)
    J essa ..^,Ud^Jt ; HB. B-

    y*wk llg e- ()-o,L ,,**,k B- ; (- L-*,


    ,-.r1, k', su",vn

    "

    @* I*gg*se^k vv\.o- */'au* ,qk.o ,W

    lovo-

    ,r(.t-,^k a>v\ A c-'*A'z&r<. -L. ,."(/". ,rn(,iz,\,* s.L ,*u-L o ,ntJll*


    na*irr" j&
    o*Hi :e Tr,,kv<- ( * %, u*|)w6a v?.?so
    "4rl*) o un'rlk "p..;voo"
    t pr,,l-* (*ro',,,n ve*o t,urb*) ) .,",[L - Jak:
    -L L;
    ..,vvc,,")x

    t{ {l k++ q-

    0t+ ltr + kq
    Hrr+ 63.$ BJ + /fBJ
    b.

    &1

    (, -r)

    Lz

    ofg.,tie

    pn

    B, r.k'*

    HB,

    6, +n$

    bz
    Q"*k

    nz.,c=,r\cx,t

    -q

    ,4S

    o{

    {r* *uk

    l',8"

    t 6rf

    e")

    \\
    o

    b*z', -l*

    co,,gr.lv-o

    {" {*+;,,^k J^ g;b,a

    j*

    sy.<tY

    !h.L

    Q*"L a

    ,J,*;.*

    ,J.r-(. t"l-

    "2['

    rlt

    ?'zx>Ytu tt-t c-rt


    .L-e.n.>V c-EA,?io t
    kno,* es*^a- u gv,-,d- L ac<tfi-u o l /-t^-',t-

    bo

    ,r/*^t.

    .<,,,.i...@

    ,{- ,l,n e t" uLrro / & ,rG^k /ix<- of-+<- 1r.1.-tYfoi, *L'/'k o 6-si-tt '
    Prcl-''cob5"e :
    &bL].
    y,ruL;
    ?,*th,,
    "'"^,
    ,1,- u*({ro-o z /-r.*ol*, 1r--k,-' (Ur") ;
    o.ryrcsEal
    l- s&n^u @
    *a; o 6& - "ln ,L' e2k*zo o.a-l$^o r,*k; (nn, q.) )
    2^ sr8-,w1 f
    (XU
    3^5.r{"-l t*.*1*, o @ - oL'"' L' p*/'*^z,.' J-nn+'' .wk*i
    ''r') )
    .\.or1 ,zcr--lto''u' *- ln-,'*
    iwe,-t-i F''ot"ni (Ut^"t'*) "ln{ .5"(.*l "@o
    *'7* , ck (ro- ootv^f1-'$.-s i c'evz- w*L l* , t -* (-'(u
    Escnolo'. - 'e.
    iore rbaossotta ("*ozL -'-u6*k'l
    c*g-u L occz'lln*< rva p*kn l'r*r/-r,*,*Lsi ,'\^
    c

    ,l*k

    Q-'*k' vw o-".1,sb
    HB+
    o4

    D"

    N'L

    51

    ,{30+ P'a)
    Hto + H+
    =
    He (u{ ,,*r*Lsl.-rz t, su's 'o'nku"h\o
    tbo + B- + t$o+ (rd

    a-o{'a'

    brqez
    ,aL^t*

    coh

    ,*'{-'/*

    5 k

    ke+s

    =
    Hs+ (f-U,* t&*t*t-)

    /^"'* s'{c"e^lt L'-si'a

    B- +HS+ F-n)

    , a^a-llt^,-s,1- r\4 f,4 s,r(*te / ; /-tk


    iure a*r a ', *9 c-st-so /",t(.' o1u* <-- *pp *b Hto* ) f Ut*L uu-H 'n

    /o"< 0,

    ,\ar.r-

    5a,,; ctti coeuf ) "u / 'o7*


    fo- ,+*ort*si
    prkro i.

    urh/.'

    -l- Lrtr

    (u4 *tib , /
    ,i^' .,,\o t\"r
    "/k /orn*ar,,-e
    HLO tt* + oH- b-=J

    v^ "o^1."Lo g

    e*J*

    e 'h E*t

    /'' "[o'*'- 't^


    os*i 4ln'Q " Lr-r- *^.gok"
    [
    )

    *r-k*u 'ht[u- L"+i,,lv' ,


    + Hro
    = Hs+ + oH- (r-e)
    caw-r

    \ooe.-L,

    D^/;rn^L av1 H S k

    t"-o-?,e.

    ,*L&

    b+lls

    L * L iony 5- sr sso

    b-L J". ( ' * 1*o e *t

    sctziv<,tt A'
    "A' t,^ ,o(u.nk *al* , ai fvo'

    ke*

    rS-

    (=_u)

    oAo,.+"q.G iovs li*l'a

    g*k

    gb>*a-t* zr.r.,,rr"-rt-

    v-o-ziou.t

    '

    (; -r";
    Z ilP .+ otr + Hto+
    oL
    e.1L,
    ' Lr
    l-r* %* r v{.o. cow o.^L
    ao,asov..o ,*FY
    (*cJ-r-(," l; *1*
    "t,*
    Vv\e@uL br*. Ut* ar,a>b'< l; y,*th k'f" si "br-, *u\oP"aoso ui;6r
    e
    -

    Aa.t"" epcr.aciU

    .fu,*f, tVli*

    in *T"o

    ,.

    ,L st(rzvu

    o[.r

    , de b 1*k
    ;

    sov,-o

    HU + HrO + Aet

    at+e<b*

    {'*L

    <",r$"Jrou.*h

    c.,.-r\,,5ok

    ("-) d &u

    J*

    &czrtto '.

    .\^.

    Sr&)?rVrn

    t^,,yl vi

    trro)

    pr-*L q,u"f\rk*rrk t9rso d*th*' U^


    h ",oiL
    s,ri (*6; *J v,.,.- k

    o7^

    6o,,r/r,

    I
    La =

    JX

    c{,1"&

    s,z fr^. \

    oinJ
    -l

    v.*,^

    'p,skb d

    oLrc,cf +frto'+

    ,Jrl

    o*\@ott

    (vc,-clz ,-r"h6r*k

    Qvnw,fi

    ,,,-t,0h J-

    ii,o- t"+"

    c-*;vgo,La-

    uQ,rs-

    ".Lt--

    ,U

    trnl

    Lsk,

    u?;

    esh-y"*t'.r^^h

    ;s"{,k' k ('7*Ahu

    a-iclo

    ("'hk

    oLL-"s{.>&

    A=c-flo-B}ss

    /rrb

    (, >oL-e^k <*,lro (ob-a- *-*(-,* 5; okr *


    'ynnL*
    g"(*'L
    *9
    '(
    t ok
    '"f*
    ^'to LL

    ,1r,o-?o;

    "L

    v^ *iJ* ; $th , k
    /tLt" o x vn o"l-o *l-t- /rU'L,

    sp- rh vh.d- nt-L-tuv.1

    l* 5.4 L*t'' c.,vs'6 E


    Q*&- **z.bwi. " ^;
    l" Wj
    *.o*vi ,U -"

    luok

    :\ust* - Q,,uL' ('kroa 5 ..\*k

    v?4o

    *,k

    "(,- Lr,.o
    eGivt

    tb"-, ;

    aiLr\&"
    ^14?1..r{

    oo'lo

    ,4fl , ",^Ll'o.+,

    CkrboK + Kzo qi

    y*SL

    ,ur,3fi,*

    Lou
    ,4t

    Hro+

    LL

    o^lulto"-l".

    io,.^,

    ^4
    +

    (.=,,, fl ,

    nr^c.?rbnr

    "^'k
    h'ot-'' L

    i-

    -r$n1b,^. , {

    bssi ,h sc{rzrvt* (uo


    *ryo.Lb*^le W ,l; e
    sluenfe
    ovr k ,^ofu^ A
    D, cvt946tuva?* b &,rn
    VDt^\4r. *[e"rL*k
    vr(,*rk Af"b
    L uh L^J- o /; u^.- Lt** rh un It;ak
    "K&
    (t*
    o & h<a- e (. f{oenl'e
    lnU'Ii,bn" ol* 5i ,lrt.r., lr*

    ^dn

    '2*k

    /.'*

    fe ,^o(,*

    voa-

    L.e

    f,oL,Lrri'*n

    (t'ra"x ) , s f uo-

    TABELLA

    6tl

    oI

    .:
    =*
    +

    Hro

    'il'
    '
    I.'*0.

    .11:.I-9i-

    coon + llao

    re
    ;il:

    . i;

    oII

    Po^- '
    HPol' +

    H"

    0'

    ( J.l

    H:

    o'

    H:

    o'

    (4)
    (5t

    ;o:-' *

    (5)
    (7)
    (e)

    + H3 PO.
    + H2P0:
    + ttpoi

    OHoHoH-

    =:

    9l{-r-c-o-o--+

    =+

    xpol-

    H'

    1 Pol'
    cxs

    proolltlc lD tcc"l -

    fff,J --' Alctffire..zio;t

    r!

    oH- +NHl
    H' o
    II:

    :'

    (l't)

    (it)

    rL. p,,rl,)^ / e so4)sivor,*.-k , /*l/n


    J,'* oL 0'"^h(+' /d1". 1za-2.btl- ryb
    so(uc'le
    * lr,rlon o ^. t@ l,';/o L *Jr^, p,'-k; c G su'e
    &'* (U f'ol-

    * i*1A.- tn*rqe /;

    avr<LL< *- /.-SS" svl,lo ,h vh snl'*'lz

    ft'''t4P

    f,"UL "1,*
    *. sc^vry^Vu*

    l'o.. rrn*r,0.r> (n o"o) , ('o. - L,-,; J"^>'


    - /eL"U L/*t6
    (rU) ,t nof^ , aaprt(o,'e /A- o-*Li /"k ,
    'o.'*
    ,2,
    0
    (WUr\
    _
    "
    kro c- pi; /""1t /"1&
    a.vonl,o yr*hr^-ru^,L 0* "h"ro f.rx , .z*.,li t* L-s'
    - b-ri ezo; gr- . uL /"''* /*" {" ouL'4^'
    tiveutnt
    ,h

    d*b
    t
    / "J.
    [aw<- st';o/'i'c't*'

    "

    "J"sl' "''th'

    'h

    u*s 6o-:r- "bL'l'ts'@ t @A


    Pocff
    fao*o1,vo J*

    olo t* v{1 'n"*k'* d;

    ( 'uob o-o*h ( nr"..*i

    '

    ,oL' /tL,l,; e s,r'(,|,a- ,k l'o, . p-.Ln'* c- L


    { "Q*^fe t'* g"'k;?'to
    tlc(, .
    c
    x/.*
    kLr
    f'*'Ji
    vrkz^t
    ?i; ]rrte / for
    fn^l( / e^h h- /r!/" nl^o-?b*t- "l"k
    g,ahas in- ,tI*. .u&,,"1- /^' 5o(.r-!^^u', e rrvL;
    e6s

    i s o*prrt

    c-ot*\-L

    ('* (/"-tla
    /o*n',t (* pt-?t,,r-u a*p'\'}*
    L ( *(*^Q - Vn,,..ro * fl sstw,.la f ,..*,b* &rk,*k fE@ (L'*

    0" b*s.c c\resox {*pp LL'L P

    P..,ih-,

    prrr) Giso e- o*tt- ,nla /^

    yk; e

    no;t(i t rt;"
    ,- rV or1,u , si *^pr(-* k
    (" cl-ssi/\ -?iol.& ,n ooln

    :Q"-1,

    "L

    $16 {

    ook 1

    Stw

    /-'k k

    l"b'L'

    W ,\, &rk / /"LrL o ,r*% &-Lt

    noa,o\- cot^

    (,*

    kL

    b,.trr*

    l-"*

    ssL*^,k'

    U^ *crl. f'f *ve*rV w* b.*c 5c "i .-l-tt\ 'Q' sv(ue*L - AI cy t"f tb ;(


    Lwv* un *dilo 'h Hro "
    C\coo6 I kro CnrLof + firo*
    b<rl

    &trCooV

    L
    k* M hrfuq ,n**^hob I tor.-"t
    fnrl- -r;.Jn
    o- a)n,- p-A** .tnl("' urr*on r y',vL,
    CtN{-ooH + K$o4 Cnr".rLr* n hsoT G-t=)
    h"{- e

    ov.4-

    "

    un t'{"nuk *Pbib @ , ,,i soLro lisl lL{- t-vgLr,*lo L esso v^


    \/vtz
    -n2a "k
    ftsobo "*t*
    -"i1, ^alev.*- cot? vy{- 4
    f*h
    "L d ,t\c
    lo.Uf eal'o b./p' V,elo'a Lo>rol<-Lttl 0" * **
    o-e-,\orc {rL ilur*k. }r. ffh
    Ad ascv.ple tL \" uvr *(,,*^b opwHa "&i a"o :
    cl3a*{ + M\ + On3coc + "r4r F-.f4)
    LL
    bz
    b<
    re1
    [n

    t\^ *7*
    lu'o' avnvv<' M 6b-f(i7'v'*s["rs- ,'vn";,n o'w-rV.^t o'-tL
    /
    D-"1* i s"3"'h "1-t;b"gi
    r-,,>io*- )'; "t('t-; co'* 'Y "o&'^f' '
    ",,t^fu*(,

    L1^&

    on>c-ool4

    KzO

    J,ve s ,"*k M ev.lqnea. tKeC@-

    lu*

    3i u,*&e

    i>r

    AW.

    Lt*(t';l-t

    t l-L

    ,*(-r-1.
    K"

    + c?tr@o- + Hro* lr-rr)

    (,*

    nL-L>;

    ry' ey*LLn' r.L\^^L ot*y'.t


    /b K* J-L

    co sL.-'lL

    arl*

    Larr,*o- '

    --

    ltt1*-

    aplto

    &nro*

    ,\^ oa* -

    eok@oK

    t' * Q unnL' a''sil'wuuu

    (,unt)

    /*

    l|@^k

    ' &oN-

    cK3Coo'

    (,-,

    L*ia*
    ay.\itlt*
    ,\^ *7"*. l2
    -slr^k

    kL

    Lir^ ;r(-o^t,

    LH.o

    &P*ttr"

    Hlo*

    si f'o-

    ,Sl4dr-

    "l

    p.,*L,6r'

    ,{rga

    K".Vb = *\*' Lox- (3-{4


    PolE ('o.7*

    u'.r'l<-

    &a\caoH

    kL=
    Loaan-

    J"k*

    ob.

    o-orl"*

    Lk

    &,4' oo. o*lri* ; e


    cnrcoo. + ok- (r-r4

    ,e.-ohsi

    Hro

    evt lunza.

    0*

    g- ,o"r(. rc.a.uvvi

    -t

    cc^

    st

    titrt

    * o,{- (r-04

    tl

    l,<

    c.os(aanh'

    kw= Ko-

    Kb

    a,q' s; mt,,-u,,-t^o: ko= Kq,r

    /*

    Klo

    kb=L*-

    lda-

    (Zun)
    L

    " uv,A r*glo, &a.roo -AsE (* .-sl.r. [e *r;J^ Snar,es1,'rr-k pt-g".>"wlz


    "/L
    ('z.,k*cr*
    (r;Je
    [t]/*
    iulr',-
    ieLra;2o
    e
    R
    ,ln'
    sn-rr<v1'.
    a*r^k
    -lbt
    1--,,e. IL wr &,.to o *W' o,lt* , L ,,wtk e-lo L /-"* ltfut o.),1". . lolU*- Lse.
    - Yerrro oi /etrr. - y,^ gr{" vv*L yJ"leJ s,s(*z* ol<-' o-"*(l+- *,f(V A e/-W tM
    t/t^ *n,.,,r{o J'; aT l'^n'?iov*- L

    - /rrn*o
    o,(/.'

    ,,o'L, s; ["/^st*

    ba-se

    s,,sha2a

    '1"

    L'-o 7L'
    '1'U;

    '

    (" (r- b,,4 *,,,*L gr,,n "t J 6,ot,* p-. oln L*" i s"-'J- L"'''s ,
    *^* l^' &';^skJ ' 7'/-t'-'
    u"'*('" ais'J^a .,b'sh\"i,'*n t'* *tL l"' /n't"\ e
    ,

    uvr

    +,

    o^ln li

    L,or\

    7v;

    ttvt ocL

    "ol,^(*^t"

    H+fb-Hg+

    Jt;

    ulun{

    Sc*o i

    ou

    r Hro

    HEo+

    =:
    Sol t Hro + l.trsoo
    C"'* + 6czo

    i-

    ,:

    uva

    ou-b l;

    l'trsot

    /+^-;, .; <,r
    /"r14 /*

    : l*$rp* lrlrL** ,l
    o[* e- o^ a-"iL d Arrol./-

    /)/

    rr1ro

    c-e;o

    L-d tn'

    - cr(rri

    5or+Hro +
    x

    -*r*

    "zx
    14+

    (Q*uA

    aL' t3'o'sbl , qb4 i

    tt o,6o y,*hhl",

    o*'sg.*lnnk

    f bk

    *,**

    rnorcC^*o,$

    ,,,v1

    <APi>,orp

    e-Q'auiyu.

    - f,*""F"

    "tt qry, tN

    &Cgva

    I"rl-

    A.?t

    DErr

    catw -p''f

    - *c,1

    E.gyst

    Nrl so(w^l< n.f,-, {'.1,i?;Lnv kl u,&e^b pvyo ; , tzcon,.L L rcou*<


    * a<-rrope-ror<sr >eral;/lr^-L* :
    zhzo ; Hro+ t oN- (r-r4
    L ngp*onLa l- //;sso-ban\rq- Je.&' or(,o. D*[ yol.,ll\o o*ro /,-tl'y,.*1
    Kw =

    *rr*.

    or- = fqu [trr*J-Er-

    t""-3 (116)
    l* \,,,\ ,,"1-," J; @Ir;'o) , e>ff'r*^L &. ana^l,.-o,*'
    oo5 - ,(ot4

    oL o @
    i. ft"(r,;,{ . D*1, l^
    Lfir*=En- = 4 "
    nu.Le-

    rJJ'

    G*i:

    6*ssissih.e- Jssouv e-bxu

    , y;*L A

    u#'ntr, L H*+

    ,10r" n'sp.k-r< ,o^ce^{>o?r\-'^

    Kw =

    fn orJ l*

    lnlt' *f*
    e-

    "i p,i

    oN- si

    6*5i/l.,t-o.tt

    y-rs,,,o

    '*ih,

    @"

    U-I)

    Jo*<-: |rronJ "*J= (t,)- Au)

    le *l-,L L' W*\ vo&.\a- * (- b^p*b^ , ,vl*fu'o 4- Fml ;c. *1"..


    b*,- 4-l) - C^ t, v.s,4\h.L J"lh k,*r*-k* vte-/1.'b'1^a &
    b otvoo W
    " (wL'
    L'L*
    '
    ovlA^
    Hlo*
    o
    a'
    rV,
    [eXeL'
    o^r,^('*e,v-;J
    oi* lu.' (
    "*0'o7-o
    1''
    .TABELL

    Iy,1- Prooocto ronrco delll':cqur a diverse tenperacurc


    oC

    (o

    o
    ro

    I o'113s' 1o'"
    I o,z'zo'lo'r'
    I o.saos' lo-"
    | ,.oot 'ro'"'-"
    I l.{69 ' lo

    :o

    ,t
    30
    -l-k
    {O

    so
    60

    I 2,s19 ' l0

    I s'*zl
    | s,crr

    to'l'
    1o-''

    N'rlL ,Qruoi '?* /; aciLi,b*ri o '&, L*


    +* k ,./.,-2i'vh{, (t ,r"") ,
    l*

    sstat *ry t< ,tf"#'.*

    t4-,

    uvvt

    oflrp*'-,-,1;ta
    oy(

    ow-

    l.'(o-14
    a.
    *r{.
    o+
    5

    (o-o)

    v\

    'e"

    q *rr,,+ + L$ oo,- = &g


    <,o,-ti,rl,.,

    "k

    .\

    nd*

    Lve-(o, - Lt &tiro* _ eT

    Qr,"l, oi ?{ s.,n\/e/e; gll + f

    ,"1^*
    Q

    I e

    on
    l.l = t44+- gon
    e

    lefr

    *th gun [1n,,.- t

    OH =

    (a

    s' &a,u^i

    \wo,r'-

    cwzuabt

    \$eLul 4-2.

    co

    "(.si

    n
    - bt

    Krot

    l<rxt

    = L4

    -pK
    -1

    -s)

    G-')

    aOll

    ttc{la
    d

    L (*,ut'.* l't'

    J^Lit<

    *
    v. 4!"r^2",n tll
    M si .,l(**

    e , [.-h [t\l*

    [<-*)

    o,r - aa (4
    lfpott{ = 4l-(

    k" oi4 urr* A *sk le ,

    (K* = L4

    &on- =

    a,elr-* v\D- s,t.(*

    *N),-LY, *Ll-^k E
    5z u (*h'o*

    (q-r)

    Kvs = -4-4

    lC

    ,Y

    4%d
    t*U

    lrl!*

    PsJu;e ?,bY-g

    e/'

    ,(,

    P'a"x-o' 4-L,

    fig /

    C.p ru--

    ,fr=a
    log

    o.

    tos

    log

    lrro*

    oor-

    io

    o
    t-

    E.

    6
    t-

    -7
    o

    a5
    t

    Q
    J

    L]

    U
    I

    - .t0

    -'l

    LJ
    C)

    l1

    .t

    -12

    (o-t

    13

    I
    I

    _14

    01234

    10 1l

    fs. aPll=t7 ,

    h*.n'' 4o-z e

    onru,

    't3

    12

    PH

    = 4o'lz

    Prodollo ionico dett'acqua a 25 oC ( X*= 1,oo.1o-to)


    Tlntl.l.A lY,2 - o1"or . oort- , pll o

    hol

    l?tot
    dl

    qil-

    Solt r ion i

    Solrrrioni . ocirlc

    Ii

    rg-t ro-3 io-, I o.3t q.rl o-a


    -l -2 -t -t -6 -c

    P
    pt?l

    '

    16'!! 1o-r',to't' 1-tl lo'ro1g-! to''


    -tt -tt -12 -lt -r0 -0 -0

    ?q

    rl
    f{ .13'12

    nall

    Itc

    0-'

    lf

    ,t

    t09!

    &iluir'oni olcoliac

    l0-t lo't lo'ro lo-rr t0-lt 1g-rr ro-rr

    -'l
    ,|

    f0
    I

    '?,'rt-

    polt

    1-'

    -7
    7

    l0

    -r I

    -12

    -13

    lt

    t2

    fq

    lo- to-t lo't lo'o lo-t


    -3

    lo-r

    -rl

    14

    t'

    ('o11";ln- /rru'",*c1vr- ,; v1,"!-.tf


    "Lt* so.,(an?< ,
    e 1^V"ln L Kw lto*- s't ()u; , * t;Xaz., Grs',ieu,r*,.-tknl'e. Co*.ny*,*t0^
    '*ttr* 1uf" l.i ,,.-si L prga,\?\,u t; Krry n.,vt i ,,'*k,&- " fta,- sc s; sawt4-,,n
    iu,,.:a, e- yr,\rLi \,/4r-!^o; ,-t#"c.r.E.h L'
    t^t-L(, o"f* eflr&;h , v*b' t'' h"*

    5- e; t,xLy*"n

    t*-!-|-'aclv

    bi fuo' F; Coyr s i li*,^- Kw = (r*). . G*"-y* PL


    p,({-*(; , rl*^L
    ""
    Lr-tot< t * Si
    S"L,ot"; ei- tr.,tLvu ,.rica r'L S oroo 1t*D^ si t>ot*+-ek t*
    &
    fl'* Kw = (n*). L f -vl i c.,nci f,sa,a *ltro* = |trlo'J e- o* -= [*7 , ^*
    t?-so

    /rtt'-'y^

    eue Es pot-Sup(a,..,.ua cl<- ,Pno/Lrl r bw,*l/*-

    4 Lso.
    uu"lu-

    frr,*)

    ),

    D.,nJ =

    s&*,V'.

    &c?era.

    9lt1 "L' N{of

    (d-,

    W*)"= 4d1\'8."

    *qr< ""1"{n:

    <

    *lrr*

    @ox- = fr,o- Dnr*J fon- D*] = kq, = 4d11'"o

    fi=,|ffi,

    e po*L.

    : fr' ['r"-3 t*J

    '

    oq* -

    ,-ou-

    dse :

    Kw =

    r| (v-*)-

    si

    l'a'

    ( o-r4

    b-r"J
    [7,oo
    ) lffi'"

    %9

    psol.,

    (u:

    ,(3,8o 7

    q orrrr (-g f* f,torJ


    q flTo*J. - b2 Ft -PIt
    =

    a n&"* rb

    ,oto:

    p * i,*

    ."*i

    i"e:

    fr=

    Lrrol =
    J^'

    (r ri

    %b"f = Ll#

    Jo*, qfox-]=- 01 ft
    ",t,^-sLo

    l,n

    o,

    LSft

    -a"o * 6,3o = -

    o/LO

    (a-t)
    ,,)

    to -

    pH

    /-&

    &-...-

    (arc)

    oN-= L1
    I

    ft t"*'J A ,4

    : -0.i & -pk* * /

    -i4,oo

    *ftl

    Q'ru)

    ez-so; Ltrt"n-) = ot'!-o' lq,oo n pl4

    -4\,3o

    + pl4 [r-r.)

    l^

    ,1U.
    ,br.,

    L''rr-

    zir*. ry
    \ow,<

    co

    ll

    T.4,ESLLA

    -rr)

    esti>rr;ts a; li*"ti
    Lr"Z / \aE Lta 1-3 .

    o-

    IY,3 - Uot krotJ c to3 forJ lo ,uD!toac rrct


    Crl fi t 35 oc.
    oct |t
    t

    9H

    l.

    00

    2,

    OO

    3, 00
    00
    5, 00

    {,

    f .00
    ?. 00

    8,00
    9.00
    10.00
    11.00

    t2.00
    13.00

    1'

    fvawL

    pH

    . t2.90
    - 11. 90
    - :0,90
    - 9.90
    - 8,90
    - ?.90
    - 4.90
    - 5.90
    - {.90
    - 3,90
    - 2.90
    . 1,90
    - 0,90

    HEurR.o

    ?,90
    8,90
    9,90

    - :0. 90
    - 11.90

    (- Jb,*-

    toc [orJ

    oc [flro-J

    - 0,90
    - 1. 90
    - 2,90
    ' 3.90
    - {,90
    - 5,90
    - 6.90

    la *^"un*nn-

    po>souo

    ionngS."rrb

    7u; qt

    e-

    (A-nd e-

    e-^va-?rb;

    On

    fr-:oi YPo kr.B


    l{^b
    \

    l^

    zrilo ,k

    vq

    *a*"'

    ,^.o^

    k a4"k

    b* =4

    y"*Lo

    w"=Z

    AUO,rr-O

    V'a

    (trciL

    e-

    t'-oo*(*(',*

    ('o-.[-

    )l

    z &r*fu

    \0.e-;-v4- G -n s)
    rzE*LE

    );

    /rfu "ru'/n . REveJ

    Lssoc^v*'b"q'

    J; 4n "' oi aasisat'
    n* U g"rr, b,{^ |.o- J;
    VT
    l- 6l"ss.s

    rq
    ,r(.."

    e'G

    '

    pc-loso- orr+15-

    (a*ulr,(,oz.r'^{'

    l*r*'*

    L/^ '* illo+ , 'b s i


    af,sfoc,-eonr bfi'' *ub t (e^k ,g '"-2' k

    u-rr)

    hg*h'o / o((\rl< rh yr*'("

    -,4;D:\&'

    (^b""-

    H^E+*rK2O + *illo* +Btn-

    Qro^/o

    /^

    "!"k-,'"Lt

    qr-'biep?rr,r'*

    ,\t sJuznr c x6u;lo lel!0*


    &r"\'ha- R.wLE a a}ru'or{ uf('n4

    lorrrto

    /; /,,,r. ,q;k'

    "r,

    t4

    U- e ct\*^)

    loltl *r;L @ {<abi lt- >o\^<:.


    L ht' Uo^r A' uv\ e-r;b QA u'\^- .,'tz a L' *(^E 1'*'k

    c-

    d,,,,*0^h,o

    "&tioi

    *.

    rt

    o\e

    "

    4'6r;sise'

    ,.^"-.1-

    o Wn}';,nVz

    'fl'

    kwv*ue

    i' :

    ,zlhY'e t*'ho^fe ''+LL '')su'n L M

    ""!,rtU.

    ACzoi nDrJD PutTt

    c-t

    -.^'rlo [",(" htp" ilg ,\^ t f^ , ,*(o b <-ca-?tv*'


    (q-")
    HB*ttzO uro+ +-B
    rzutrsgonl-o* L .-s{-c-[, h' e|^'L'bl;" "
    L*

    Uu.

    \ rru
    i9-

    o*-

    "

    Rg

    tu,"rJ

    =B

    La-l

    tnel

    ?nr"

    [e

    tn

    (a-r4

    c;sse+,ss- 6i

    @*\.

    Q-rr\

    crssa-t -

    'ft;l

    a-")

    ()- S.^p(;^lo' ca*siit ,t ..t.t^,o sebaY*:


    o ,*"^-'rl * ,r.-b l* f.k* e-b>vd,1l-'

    { ,[-z: Luro[t"r) = k,4


    o

    (fR ,

    *-r-av<.t"a
    &r4

    lu*t*-a

    c,;*d

    iil(.

    n,(),"ro

    _-(4.oo

    /n t

    e<

    co,PC-altoA

    ;; (z

    (^).

    = (r-)

    &1,r^

    Zlor"

    6w<'rra4!1hsg

    ",(r-L.

    k (r= o,oerl

    @'o)

    dz ?roL

    c.sh^k e p-o/t-c'

    rbw,'a^o

    /'ru-

    '.-Ssa^^f i

    Pan

    1o

    {,oo

    s,

    C:S\./fr.*E r1.lEi-6

    /-rZ*

    Ka

    eeju\a-o

    " o /;,!L

    e-

    Lsoa^,-'

    njiss " .

    no,e'-H

    zr,t t *'v*e aot'/..-','$ fillotJ ,.,."tn


    q* si k ^ c,-,-,7& k,.,^r-k
    l'ur^*{,o tlg / , .oL*io"- su//l'uv-k*""k J't''k, "'
    a,fvol,- santt Fn*th'
    ';bv,
    /rs',.vto : y,bk *l[^ u,b>pu
    t* ,*cQ*tl'o*b* 'k/' &10' ou>L rh &ft :
    n s't ,\';,\s ev\ 6

    N,E"@

    (3lL/l.r

    r{,

    1,4- n*SSE

    ,,".-{*

    (= frl

    ) ,,, flh

    q^un(>o-?ty'*

    C* = fBJ

    /^'@

    (l-r

    e ,j"& & Y'u^

    yrc*,*Y-l< /",k

    1*

    (=

    po

    ne,-vk

    t^^0(,' oo''lo

    f"'f ) 1 f'hk:

    .>gi,* ,-*,k b conl) v\* { '-('{*''o"l'--Uk ovw'A'o fl


    ,glliu*ro
    1t*k
    L;r|nnuo /r!!t, ,-u>k tll" sr(,rz,o*- t<$,rq"o, e -^ IeJ e ffi: a^ fon-J -

    r*

    6or,^o

    fr,*L
    0r

    [ur"\
    ,l- L,ra:

    ,,*-sl-oI

    fn "*l M /*a"u
    L*
    --G * In*3
    (!-r*)

    l"t

    i,a.@,s-

    Fr*J= G+r[ffi*
    L

    sans G-rq

    L s/r*rrr^r ewp. "'L;t-L ru ,*ll*%-* L !rr.1 e y^L

    tt W iil!- or(ror* a*ss, l; r./vr acrbo rbltr?b\1zo


    Si (o5s",*n tr {0** &-** k?9tto*'r'*>ic,,t .

    l Pa

    (a-zr)

    7-,VL

    ?H=

    oln

    k G-rr) t,i,*

    Dul >7 Don-_

    Q""^J

    q^\,&hvo a.pf-sl-,^*L"

    sln*,v,-; ,({"ik t;
    M /^'
    bn{ e1;0;b*v l'(/' u1'* .

    ,L

    ,^bl* f*b

    j,*ile a^lzr,i

    e,a

    f*

    uo* *rf"

    6 >'t'" ["'f

    "r,(-*(,"-,, fnrorJ e y-vk


    w--.,^,- p-ho 5,b?o- h,u-,o *^k

    fnro+f = $

    L"l!*

    .{o-8 n

    C- + tt 4-L* ak'r

    I "*lg

    i^* G=
    i:,"

    (eu

    {T;,,

    r) .

    G-rs\ *LLi,,^.*

    (o + 2-'lo'
    u-1

    ?_

    lo y*tl. s *L

    '6->rr,

    f o\4 (r*b

    tfu^ Gz / 4eo Kq, z 4oz -,(;rt > l;iz


    c "i ,"^^.1;r- 1u*ln C" > i; 11
    <qy,,* t ;L oL<. t" sl.ts, *L
    fut"! v66
    f
    Gs

    [el

    Q-zs)

    Q*.[.-

    [nr*]=

    f ,r"nJ = (o-

    -Qa

    e- L /**k

    Poc-se.

    @-r"\

    oln'.

    z--t{1 n

    , frr

    S--r.Atfr-11

    il:prt+- q @

    ffi

    /-

    c*to
    auiwA)
    -"--- M t'rx-l.o
    t'
    I

    fn r"'-J

    -t

    4o

    i fl

    W!

    (l)*ssur-r"oo - ,resi r-sg,eLt* 4-4 - ?U. '>


    --G >,(fb
    > ,@'61 >i ,.rss. b :"&au,r *(prosstt--o-[t

    LnrorJ = e

    -W

    lm
    -)
    (.t

    > 4o*3

    tr'

    _a
    {'to ''

    TA1FILA

    0.,o&z'*.

    vtsL

    -S+lr.t-4

    Q-zs);
    (a

    -za; ;

    ?U *W* .d-!- o- ?.

    di solluzlooe acquoar d1 acldo


    force a divarsr cooceatrszlooe

    gH calcolrto

    ,I'

    3i.;;;'f.o
    (rv.

    con

    rr

    lv' rol

    trv. :sl

    |
    {,o>; {;-*., I| ar. <;r.vlrr-,
    >a, t ,
    1,oo' ,
    r.oo . roJ
    1.oo .
    1.oo '
    1.oo .

    ro4
    to't
    io-3

    N.E. I'vrlorl

    2A)

    5. 00
    5, 00

    6, ?9

    L98

    ?, o0

    ,.nt;tflr6?t-sonodr scsrtarG

    ig-1 r,v w**ou-$L Pil t.


    - b)

    &!!. "r(r*,uu lrlt{ 'o{o jL'l-t fb


    r lypsgtLo -r,l-.*,(^r- , &- ancp,'l>p-z'!.e

    (bv, c.w{>v:.;c^Pd- /rU'

    t fr$:*

    *oL

    43'-{

    '

    sb

    , ,roz't i,l,t-.<,t ,'f W


    oil, ,, h L' ur' *l'Lo s- o'L e lr' '
    f'U* yoft t\,-ra-o- g (*nott" ..t"e'
    Yt

    sso -

    #A^ 4_Z _

    e*

    hreL.

    /^iU* n*?f*-kau*

    t^/^^ /;

    h <oL,>&* ( "v; ('ey 'N^' bnb /nll.'*?* e f*lb


    fi
    u{ ") ,t *- l" /.* ?'6 otlra-vvt-Q- It yDlt.'- gr,b"< h l-k" 6 tg.u'e
    (rcsr^h ( *ro* oN- e,b-) (h a/-vuw* ldl
    lruk

    ey[Q^bn

    *&e'u-

    NdlL* 7iryae
    i(, puru+o l4

    4-L

    ;,t

    r*'p*[*L f,. gtr^ l*

    k-t*roL)L

    f^^r,-k

    r\^-,.|,,a

    b a)rve- J*t-

    -,et

    "

    Lwro*)

    = 4d?fr

    ?Et-

    cnno,-l.,a-"bx*

    -U-

    Cop
    tva

    sac.r?+r

    o H. ,t;l t! i,

    A @^

    t.or'oP':oYt'a

    Utkr'-)'-

    *"n)

    %kl

    -1
    roq

    [Hrol

    r,s

    E]-]
    C^r- Q

    -3

    (J

    F
    J

    -4

    z.
    c)

    -5

    C)

    -6
    _

    (L!

    z,

    7t,4

    al
    0a
    o

    (5

    -8

    -9

    J
    ln
    t,

    r,
    c:

    -10

    11

    g,,i"f,+ %[nro*J.4tu'J
    Lr fr"J = 4,'tl
    (t **.

    -12

    ffi

    -13
    -14

    Hce

    ovna--

    fls 2

    (etio<:

    llzO * ,r'a

    ,(:

    log

    o Drf , 4o-Poil .

    +( ,Ltr'
    (P*

    t"x7 - 4o-11 .k

    1"4

    1.t; /L.6r.* te,,o-u- r-.*b /rlV*

    ?"*

    s-L>"t* 'b \11 L

    p,,G inv< bp[n"-J = Lt [4-J , tuJ,tut- h*y l*

    {-r*il.**X s

    tl,,t^

    vv.a.

    .t 7

    e,b1

    9 10 11

    b6 Loo+J.
    PH= 3

    1?

    pH

    Ac. ctoridr ico 10-3 M in acqua a 250 C

    &; [u7,o

    -*,

    &-O,
    Pa-

    !1o.w fr*Yr

    <a ltaZL'

    'p*unli '\'t s&2,v4-

    *P

    ,;t-<,[.la Hg

    u1^

    LT

    ,r

    z;oJ t"/ft1-v-lc""t"k lt";l<'


    Lnt8 [u7 LK-)' k*
    =

    c,b'4- ?u

    (.

    e5z

    b!-

    ll,-

    '(. y",^'Lh't rbr*'- '(tk!o-c1-a


    [nr{D,of = (x*1.= Kuv

    *nctnfo--z,b'+

    ttlL

    ewtl4-

    W,@,

    E-4. ec-

    U-+)

    o5ry

    ry

    (t-r)

    u--eL ,i l'o:

    frr*J=fu:*t"r]
    (*

    4- sg..ae

    sr Lc-;

    r(,

    ['sJ

    ,-s

    6L?u-Dio

    G-r,)

    t r -rLoP u :v?,6<,1:r4'

    +'k!" LA/'o-u"L L @, nsk .s-,-,-- q-& "A*


    ok@ eL r"*e% zL'ssrc.\=
    /r,l/' n'i/o LL ss., ^wL'

    t'

    "".^*,^$,*2,u,'J

    6=frErte-l
    A >Jn*,v,-' L /.."2*

    rb,^

    c-nc.

    /
    & ,-"1*H'

    * ,ggr(.; "&; P

    > oroo

    s'uu".*t e ut'*o-o ) ftlt! n,e.uu


    furfi c,l'- 5;o,.^-o @, E "

    t^!!^ Ar4:

    f,,dJ = te

    e l,t!*

    fs-3 = furor3 - [oNa

    (-rt) =

    G-rr)

    / fl

    .. nesc E

    LvWhvq

    |iQ-1Jz-

    i l*uY "Q, evtie^o,,.lo ci

    (d-*) (rUt'f

    k-'

    -".

    lr.rL

    -Le.

    lt-'

    sz*w1

    Lq

    (l-,W'.r" t; "L k"r"h."I^L)

    . J.,l!^,Q-tr), fuuJ = G- te1 Q'o) (i,U'uy. ["lL ,,^o")


    (o''4
    e p- Lo (i,tl , 4= G- fu*\* D*7
    L fi sosituist,- U U-r e 6 0-,,) ,*//* @-")
    k
    f uriJ = k*

    .Lo

    b*b
    It .o*] =

    C_

    Ltt

    ",

    fourJ

    (t-t e)

    ta6j[on;J
    ,*LrAr r\^ funz,o.t ltllt un*^(*,* L @
    G

    V,,u

    ,i l*;

    - Lxro*\- #,
    'o*J-y
    Lho')

    G-r")

    ,,o;

    'G

    Lnr*J*+

    K.

    co.r,o. t'" r(*n,\*

    S,+b,6

    tnfl'-'' (^^*x*)

    UrdJ - koK* >o

    spl-a

    ?nf* -rL,)* (b *LJ"* Lnq


    Q**k u- (
    J; r1^^- snL z,o* L oa$ y.-.9,-Fr.olrL ,t"lrr(- rh a-ct,a
    rey--vrva

    [+-, u )

    L y,inL' ,Y-

    &*k

    si

    F"i

    (ob5,,rv

    of(vor^-o-o^j.

    "L*tn

    'sJ .<

    *-v**a-oker&*

    (*

    Lo-rn\ fr,,,,*k:

    Q*tb

    or

    ltt

    orr 7,0,^do. Lg^l

    f,NJ = 4;+

    <+

    4on'

    JU*"

    d-"tn

    r'1,

    ;* > 4oo [u7

    g-u,--L

    ,^lvsvva--

    J=

    &rt

    ls:

    G-r

    4'-3

    *6*$ Lur"t = ,{i7 n


    gvnwL' ?t'{=? A-^.) .
    U ('ruL JL,k y*sl- r ve.nfi'^."* pv,- G-z,p)n . l^
    oi L

    b*o

    so't

    ,rUL

    (,V ,r"{;l-

    e.'L.ora

    i,ss.uvk T*r^r pluLb


    cor*ln1.,"->)or-{

    {*"k

    f-"b m
    te7 <<

    r5?4t -[4-

    I"l*h' s,- ,', t vw o.;L


    si t" e4p,rS i r*s Af^-,^"^r[e

    - u"^7Tk^**[4
    A-o fl 0,\;h t;

    ^.,,v1

    L -

    Lr^b r*e,b J^/t^ B

    mrL tr

    ''(

    1*rk

    c,^ b

    el- *rd- Q = 4o '11

    4/l

    Lea = f4oal"ot- = ft "4

    Wa
    b.7

    Lurr+J,

    *"

    N'e!,b Q- tu) ,

    *?k Ld,

    D"n-J

    P;

    I-r*s*ro-r*

    lnurn[r'^

    L"

    aw. Lhr*J=rE

    {/o

    >4oor&J

    L*7

    --

    lr-' n

    fJ,L'

    W,

    , lvtv/i: furr+)>.'t;( rI . W

    ;rk ,hfn,,*)e &Lnr&J

    fir.,oJ = lG
    (a-a',)

    L.
    Ikrrn)

    pil=-*eAk - 4LaG = *ro" - p.sc (lrr\


    +
    ti k-'*tu
    si *lo|* Ji)*^k
    y,rrsL c- t s!-ro.r<. -yp*ts,^,--lt' 'l'*
    Jy
    t<& ,i l>^t- *n(o drk'o't*ab'a "{'fu
    Q
    kkL,
    *t{*tl
    uZgz{'o
    lssorLh
    b ee

    6
    EreJ
    /^ @-d , prr *ggL.;*,u u,b rr^J- l* /.r*"

    lr,(Ltuo"t-o

    e&

    'e-c-

    (t'*rJ" t*l)
    'J'- L "{n>* n\"ili *ftou'*k oal^*

    c.*cr-,{>*'o.a f,oh.o tl

    L 16ol =fAt]h s gosso t*n'u'p'

    vityu(to o

    IA ( ar>ft rr-J) -

    il u^ Q *^ e',--ssiv\

    Duro*)<G1'{oo[nrorJ
    t Otzt<-crt'Otf'rrr|
    Nefu*

    (o-t s'i

    [rrrJ=Ea.

    f,,o-.

    l- ,; f,k"l'=

    [xtorJ

    ,,

    /'^& 'o?',o

    "{rhk @ro) ";

    ,a

    L]ro,J

    [^rorJ,

    -Ko

    r
    C, > aoo (fnrrnl r

    f u;

    l.*s*nn r*
    r,

    6
    [tUrr1

    -Y

    ^.n

    sr 4""^r,

    Q-r4

    L>L yo , trh*J ,.to*?-,

    furo+), lG

    <-

    Nrfu^ [a-rr)
    ^dF ri

    Q-rn)

    A-a')

    G- [nor1

    ej

    L...ve

    (e - t r"rJ)

    Lq*l te7
    Dt

    Y'a

    w't*b "& 'aoAn l-h/"

    5. s) A>* ,.-^k lrJU. f*J. L\r,r*k


    "

    t-1,

    t*r-"* to'1 Fsg-(k ", [rrorJ e

    G.[rtor]

    c.-^[n /r,(/'ef -r{L';

    z,'b*6

    (-Ovr

    LK*tJ

    S;r"ft-

    Lo*1

    &-

    L .^r^

    n\p&" a-

    LiprJ

    A,

    1*rL'

    bro'J "

    Vob + Kq

    [*]

    r tu si p,r

    G-o*)

    '1o'> rorJ>4;:
    Ko'Kw 3

    (bb1

    W:q

    yiwl,t

    *A

    < 40,

    (Cnr"rJr1".,l

    1o-z!^

    rl pu l*r*,^,* D"*f Yk 4- f'nr"'J


    lurl!* Q. -r.)
    af*- @ @, t*a. *)l^ G-rt) ai (* {-*,*',*.o @
    A G-,n) ,l'*to, fnro*Jz t kfnzo'J- (tu,*+knr)'-o

    h'c-

    ([n," *J u fr*-])

    '\o,/,.

    L ,;

    .tnrL'

    G"q(ka
    ru|rs)
    Urr*)=-k'*'l

    iaot.,,o;

    Il',5 - Conctatrrzion. IdroEcniolicl di roluzloni


    rli rcidt deboli

    TABELLA

    l! t.
    dl dlslt

    r. ?{.

    l0

    lEo?

    s, 9.

    {2) | rIv,ul
    tt

    (IY,

    Jta
    ,.*. ro{ l0'
    I rtal
    .,oJ lr0 '
    .

    to

    o-]

    sEo,rdo

    El/t

    ti,oa?

    olec@H

    [x,

    c-

    co3

    tctdo

    ro't

    .,0{

    l0
    t0
    I

    l0'

    t,r-,.l
    10

    5e

    -5,

    16

    (rY.

    {?)

    I\'. iE)

    4-ea

    _,ll

    .r

    rol"'t"l

    .ro{
    .

    lr

    l(Iv.{3)

    ro{

    t{.!. : r.lorl lBttrtlt

    at

    Eo dl tlrlrrt'

    c f'B] ;x F'" oo'n o'" F7/in g,-,:k (p-Eo s; fffirrn I E (.^,

    t) feJ

    &'sur^q-

    ;ltu,r E, @"@Lg7 e Dr s'i

    Tersova

    @-,rJ e- (r-,1 :

    rnt'ouo-tz ui :,Vth t'a-at*t<'

    I G-3i)
    Dtl: c-: finror) - Lyl A-")

    [e-] =pro+J-LouJ

    5z fG "

    ye<."\o

    E ^.bu p*q *t

    hl. @

    "L -1"0k

    fL

    "8-1..-

    o!i.,

    l<a-Norr,)

    ;rl

    l't'on

    a*Ubnw

    L,^ a-oL,

    l",k

    (nn)

    p,k

    -k

    A^-,

    Hb + llrO
    sg,skk

    Ay'*

    +L- A'*)

    r v{/t5o

    sir"",lLo.

    Y"/.|i Lf"

    (',*,,.*,t-

    cW fnrd] , * ro',,,,, El si ,lr,-,'o .o- t,u-"e- c-o. @ g- "r*r- @


    coarzsa
    [ot,u- 'u**-L'
    -'(;L' o *"-L 'V ""Lu- /"/4- c-sla-^k :
    ,
    L
    ,"Gli'
    l
    ,

    /!^

    tz

    a,u.wr

    Q J;

    1wvae,.

    t^'2-

    e.

    [n

    <-rl v@ [;;

    wu

    L'

    tA-)

    =ab".t'
    rvo.or

    "

    si %tr*y* I-^j I6E| (-^


    ), ti ''* e' t<-a-?io"'t')
    H ur* + o u- .+ z HLO (l -as)

    l*6o,,,- n!.!'ey-.0iLn'o /r.!1.' ep;l-o e , (% "^rkL;Lk


    *,;
    "ol6^ltl
    (r* 1zoz"d* (A-zo), l"e f ec*tr-o-t '('k*'w+ A'nt, UU-, uo{-h l*fu^ "rrl-r*l" ,
    y-uk vr-tro b;-* / *n t;"**<-3'-tzu,k L;nz;,bnr t; [t"] 'cl ourc^b t; td '

    e %*

    x- ,-onk-,*** D *sL-^k h^*h un'eAk-r.e;k 'Wk (*'Y,


    zJ N' M
    u-rh L ^tu*1lt,,z'v,*- t"(l'itl- A, & t';t.,,-b ';sL @
    ;( "1'lzr""
    - of *r,r) '. L !,* ,^*X',-k Btl .-fe7 ri b"* n\'('*-'{o
    l=

    ?*^fr^t"

    ( or,L'Le7 = @)^ e-rr\


    I t^4

    \^=
    .l'a- !*r"^l-

    [us3*LeJ

    vva fo- L- *lJ

    *nr* * (t )^

    g:
    L

    f',1
    ruti

    LEG * Lt
    ur^ =

    (.- (u)*
    =

    t[r,o*

    lu3te-

    t;=;4p+bu'=G-W

    a,z.u

    "i3n^ro

    l>o'o"'

    fuq=(n-[e'J

    f ",t'U'

    g)t

    U-r4

    si

    .(. i;.7'

    * (ul,-

    %B-J = L3

    &ttror

    - ['--

    t3o'

    A-,4
    - q Dr,** (^)*]

    A-s

    Q-rr)

    {-+ ay$^ - %["r,A

    [a

    -tr)

    eLe

    d4- L.,,,-o &- /-rr,,*0- *s"Lh"e EsA-e * ""A,J*& A, EreT


    tt4* (" ,\nL,-J)-wo 6.y^
    $";u ,.^,Hl Y hk'*
    E,

    !-+

    6+

    *.-lr-

    l*k-*
    l,.r;*',* lrfu"

    t.

    0-

    t*n

    '

    ot

    rn V

    (, ,L/,J,-]u,a (,,v1 E

    r (b)^f
    "*

    effo5si'r,-e-:*u'-l

    u\

    loo (o) *

    **&**nL '( hfun l'


    [

    sz.

    - ('y
    ph

    oss,*
    tta.

    oV
    I

    < ek)b -2-

    rr*

    [a-ra)

    L*s** mn\puk L @

    Lt %,! la-sr\
    p*U-l- e" A-r,\ I (d-rl J**g.wo
    v!^L ''-(t-*
    O-rL'u)=
    . ,{
    Ibt)
    t4,
    Q-'n) i
    e

    yt'vli

    byo =

    5gt <-"t .,Ln TnLu'*\*'

    @s.

    (L^

    z t*

    *,,

    oori

    Q t^r|. 4G
    PEr.iOe,*;Z,Q

    fut,-

    rr**

    >

    Gn f@

    dtdlsoc'rosu/.

    (rt,s,

    @-,,\

    s-c

    - %. *n,or z -Ly (k* t toy't-o


    easu s.e-

    5t (u,

    en, s(d^
    [wu**n*

    Lgs =
    ^

    &

    (Eo

    n' G'r)

    *rro

    aWb

    (r,.),-

    e-

    (" G'n\ e &-r)

    byDt\= LyG (+-rl Gt U


    sg-or,Y

    "l-Q- fnb^.^\*

    ,7",WLi

    -rsl
    el^'"e^g"*

    G-t

    /;

    (o)-

    -.

    ") uh e,

    P,r$ENil

    ?apaelze = -l

    = .d-

    (/oy,,b* ,Ltsoc"v(o EI

    [bes'J

    g
    du** ,I&,>r* P- jbr'*,(' ;'"L
    A

    f&uL.*u. 1.*sL *U' "l'L

    l-*- 'b*r'- A=
    fur.-.^,J- L Pi*'Na

    (bvt

    (!rL

    o,4v

    vSivt.o

    tr

    vs\e-6'o

    2 6,

    *l zt 6r

    '

    eso-(k-

    a
    efr {r'r

    uD,.

    6c. &c-eyr.e- to.rr u*ifAlo-

    *((''

    '*uJ, @=

    c..cstw,e

    "rlfi'",-k

    ?b=

    161i",t'zr

    (" &-4 e (+-rl

    rlt -7*

    t* dfr L @= {,ou 't,:' 4e

    4,7

    ,*.\-;r,.-

    d ,v*u (%

    L (a-n) '

    (a-tz)

    a-g"i t ,Lt;

    a-cottYa-lLz?'a' eg/L :

    sL L't7r si *,b^r
    I

    si

    *sobi|a aprcssi"<-k t" 7'*

    **(,

    4,

    plt ,

    a-gy'->s''l-k

    4,oo

    W,,,

    t*':Yl

    o--

    .?<.2,

    .,l,n
    vSvtt-

    ltu W-A"

    ov-1,zso

    ',:

    f lt 4 2('
    l'l
    _

    hre

    P,:Ee,r.o a*^r)*

    L4-t-o

    so-@
    uSYu-

    ,s l+^'"L'L

    l*
    ?H

    TtBElLl lY,6'

    '(rL"

    I c'"prs*'(Ko)^

    DH
    -l!'

    piK)n
    P(K)n * t

    3.oo-l. ". I
    ,.{.oo iI
    {,65 i

    r,oo i
    r c< iI

    J,vw

    6,00 i

    r.o2-'-io''
    :.+s lo-'
    t,':^. -' to-i
    r'{8 ' lo-"

    PH

    - 6'

    a . oo-

    3.61

    -.

    01

    1o:"

    {. {9

    lo-"
    :,34' to-"

    {.61

    3.2{'
    :.{E

    .l

    l.l acldo rce!1co !n

    alDedlorDPer
    .ltrlott ."ir"".
    ]'u-l-0, I ,{ dt Pit ' : '
    rcqut

    o(K).'t

    (eu* ,,r)
    (- /-n,^,4" u\t2'hV
    ?r<-E,<'Si

    {,

    63

    eerri

    NulU

    ?-

    J,

    fcurr-o-r<l

    [.ka,

    <,""- 4d'Y(

    T"/

    ,t

    -G

    soy\-o

    fcrruoJ

    Jn'

    ,/\

    Co
    Los D

    1.00

    -roo

    - 3,9r
    - {.35

    4.00

    - {,49
    '{,63
    - +;65
    :. {.

    Vedno*

    r'pvbh t"1"

    co .

    o,oroo i/

    65

    .
    -

    - 5,65
    - (.65
    - 3,66
    - 2.14
    - 2,30
    - 2.16
    - 2.02
    - 2.00

    2,00
    2.00
    2,01

    2,09
    2,30
    2.51

    {.65
    4,65

    {.55
    {.65

    L J*

    *!*-'

    dLut' s7-^&.r,,h'

    L"ow+ cor"c-h-z,t*

    (a-t)

    3,01

    - ;1.66
    - 3.?{

    5,63
    - < :

    3.09
    3,30

    - 1 1n
    - 1 r(

    3,5i
    4,37
    5,35

    - 3.02
    - 3.00

    a 1q..--.

    -..3;00*-

    - 3,00
    - 3.00
    - 3.0c
    --X*oo
    - 3,00

    r iq

    Ic".oo'.

    - - ,35

    lior

    3.00
    3,00

    9.35
    10.35

    "
    .

    {r-- ', "&* lrlle oo^"r-(^z,b"*i -(ku,.l; r^pk,


    oplurc W, Uprvlor^^o ,*,(!^ boeera U-8) ; u"l'-; o[kn'h'

    k Lff ^^r*

    *^rr^lroz-'u' ,frtk tJ"r-U


    b.oloo r1

    (,

    Q*h
    ]*& Ie

    tv.l>so

    'uuh o t({.o
    (.* ryD7\14,

    1.tVu- \,4rLso L^t

    ,tk^;

    o,ooloo il

    c,o a*V),u<- (- "JA.r, (,'


    c. kG12

    9*d'-o

    tos [c.ircDox]

    lrorictrro

    - .1. 3
    - 5.35-2, 00
    - 6.3s-. -..2.00 - 2,00
    - ?.35
    - 8,35
    - 2.00
    - 9.35
    - 2,00
    -2,00
    - 10,

    {,65

    .--.t'@

    oo ,4o

    tog[cq@xl

    1,00
    2,00

    2, 00
    3, 00

    c-r(

    v", i." ioo.- d. I' I og I ci, coonJ . a r r * i cr'. coo -]


    ln funzion del pH la soluzlonl " acquose di ac.
    acetlco 1 25 oC e a P'0,1 Jr..

    ,{-fr;\14'

    pH

    boyo n p,-. .,1; M

    G-r)

    /r1/.

    o'vk (

    fX =

    n/

    a'ro-&'

    fl ,

    Q*sso

    (av\

    *L; ,f&

    E
    ,

    e@

    r,

    sot^.o

    ,*6t^'-

    J;

    "{^

    ,{,oo

    J,, M

    o_ 4,oo

    loo

    ?*!L ,.b"{-t;

    u,^t*-,4

    4k4

    "Li

    r*^t* ,olr, o,bv,o oLo

    "uA; ."L^Uk (bb\ @

    A pdld L'
    *uu^l*z.b'c [r-0,{, J"r-(" rU.s, uul<
    k
    W
    *81'.r A /.r,r* r\,.us @ *,'-rr lo Q",t"f Lor'{ "i *-, [*l!^ y/r/$LL G -) 'l ; ,r.(..;

    te\

    i;

    l-+l) ' ,ir"L$-h' oL'aL,^- )

    H&+KtO Hzo* +ts(,' ./fl" t*


    J-rtL' s, ,*,',"{ro /;t

    c"wu,al>+zr\- lav-o /n*nsi

    ,,so

    @-

    c".

    5crrlo

    1"o

    t,

    k *l-"u -ln
    srUu' b ,-j*_ (*^,{n/-

    oto,t,,*,*(n^rU

    Q'eokz
    Q.,.,,{..

    eU

    c,.v,

    r,

    (aA p,

    1re-t

    i^.r

    L'o->G t

    i's',o,.<

    (u)^

    It
    (9

    .5>

    "l-

    zl-

    Oil,

    U{rui

    -f,a-J

    [reJ

    .l*

    ,*-.1-. (av'r B

    f;

    pizct'to-.

    ou"n - o'-

    k --

    t_

    KB

    c' at Icttrcoott] to
    vrrlrzioo.-d.l ror [crFJ
    r^Xl,^rt',t/ \
    fuozioor d:l pH r 25 oC usrldo o:t cetcoll f,a
    (t );r

    "

    Icn, cootti

    Ioc t :x, coott]

    1.00
    2. 00

    3,00

    {.

    00

    5, 0

    5.00
    7. 00

    .\ t(**srv\A

    da

    dr

    K
    tq

    (K)n

    Ka

    2,O0

    - 2.00
    - 2,00
    - 2,01
    - 2.09
    - 2,31
    - 3.37
    - {.35

    dr

    pH

    *1o*

    2.00
    2,0L
    2,01
    2.11
    3.26
    1,21

    a , pu=i t+

    or

    VnJ;",n E sisbr,a"('-

    cc'+cr-vc-o

    q'

    lar

    rr.,.

    l.o.1o-' r !.0 .10-'


    l.o.to-' r 1,0 .10't
    9,8 .lo-" i s,a .to''
    8,5 . r0-' | 8,1 .lo-5
    3. .lo-t ) 3,1 .l0r
    5.s .to-' > {.3 .10..
    s.B .to'' > {.t .lo-t

    ui ez'.bi ru'voPun ct'

    '

    afA, t'i

    - iowc A<'esr+to )ra *.We (t 2'or' ' @

    uoqPot'nn

    r"2""^ up"-l-L^ M kbrilh , .-zr,to /-l'6u*-'"-'i-' " ltauru (!-3) , ilzr-e olt''.U,.
    fro fxt"*\ . lo*-J ,%"U$ ,l^L 1,'-L(k tL-"-o
    1,{tL*v gnn^|" 7 <,.\ f"^t!"
    (ros**L&.
    t"k
    J'1irc'n'"c-o<-c.^b
    {t1b..
    {<.**A,"
    '@t't
    ir-W' fluo- 1
    &,u
    a.4.-(voso Aor:-,
    )(- [o3,uun e,l!^ vqa'uo (4-3) "w//rtSvt^t' ca'wg\'tL'*t''1" t Ssl{.r!"4I

    kz-rsizo-

    iqe nt-4rq

    ,6;
    .f

    "ok

    .ol-u- l^
    rcft. rz'-71<'

    .?lr) ] prr,['i /^'

    li

    L5Lnr"\

    (bqttrt$**

    w
    U

    t!'.o'^[',o

    *^*[n*b; ..U.
    fostib,V n{
    v-"L,-er^; rn^l<-*gu',-^,.** F., 1rn*"1' "l/'7*AL i oe

    EEE

    wP?*:P,.For^o

    L a-L.

    1"^l-,

    /,1-t"

    Lutv<,

    T""!;

    foL*r*4

    r"*f '-lcuY'o'J

    (bt^ L

    P,

    Uorwtg

    o6r,- ,.loFo

    ,.

    C-err@ilrb^, Dr

    - t!- trq
    9 P--

    e-u)'o

    <'>z"'rer\

    fnrol

    %1'*Vu*

    - (pA *gntr,un(u J; @'

    a @'

    - (tw %f^k

    /rlk

    FEll-M
    =Ds-|
    H

    LA-

    lGzonJ

    f'ro"J

    sfluv** W:

    r['n] A*4

    '

    AJo-

    sX s I

    Ao'* I

    ils7 + [ouf + LceT

    G-")

    * f"'.1 = fe-J *f*J G*')

    so'|^' &lseah' fu1 " geJ'q


    = IeI
    Lt"'En"o+J
    :
    ?"o^J'
    Qvi,.I
    ri ve/l''?0' c:rvt so%zyt'q- ItL
    +>*s'u'nl''L
    Q'Jn7'vs
    "J'
    ;
    P*-]
    f*b
    t{- *o/-. o-l' rA @

    S; ^-k o,n"L+ -k "p- pu^f,e E . N / h ["uJ e


    L"1*
    ,!!*. f.^r*4 , l,r k Lnr"l gw*"-"o.k drJtk ktro6"[2io^r- l''tl'
    [" N!'r uula
    p^*^nt,
    [rr""]
    wsPfu
    '1/*
    (rt,& *lb *J ) a L*',^&:e'
    L d*1" ,ll* fcnrc'oo-f '
    -tot'' n (*'* c) , s' o'Jt' l'lL
    e'se*gio,
    J
    n,
    W k*
    kr;
    ,.J^t ,
    '\ fn*k *r- / l* Dto*J /'l!'*t.un G t*,
    po>'i?b,A [rL Tonr' M

    p-t"""-t't" ;w&h

    t\,o*

    f*^b

    I-* r*

    i ?tl- "lk |lz'o*J &!Lt oo{n (= t<;^tt""J ) =


    ^t'tPo
    Lnrol kl-b" ttfu^ s,&z.u* lrfu'*u* k s,l^ d I

    fnrd)=f.qt,,o{+ [""-J
    e v^L *{r/.1-

    D+

    L V*,k

    f,"-b [rl- , h-

    "iko*-*
    s s*61,rc. t

    t" d* 0- [ut*J=f'*i*-J , ''

    t"4" Ac- pcsxa rv\ o7-* , e't&- l,*/""^1"


    < t* l^ shu\,o r^'h Qf AL''k d'"U) '*'* fr-["7c.o)
    1,,"1.+* ,-L p,*G E [^ g = ,(dz Yl e
    *^ry^ s{k^\,

    c,u\L^

    to'A /ru / e I"MJ,


    J n5,,y*a pwroo] ,;t*fu o@ ,

    f.ry*oJ -

    ygsst^-e.ra<

    ,rt y'-

    *41* k JL"*.{^ ql,r("l rr-

    ,J.,-U*

    ogfrotsrr*-k

    yrl,r.^r-o <ov ut\a.- ,u-L

    ex",n
    y-,w,[,i g.l,-LL,-_

    d v,ugr-

    t W [t!!-. ,l',*'* t L "oL o-;L-

    [urorl=

    \E

    *Aa;z

    b-rr)

    Lnr*J=

    log

    @-rrl

    ros

    ''oEhl

    [cHrcoor!

    tos

    ,on

    [xrcoo]

    FH

    rPva, O, friSsenc

    l-

    -1

    !_*

    -2

    -*r'[ffi^

    t)o

    I
    I

    -5

    5,62 .-. . .-

    -6

    /------- ---;

    c)

    \l

    -7

    (J
    I

    -8

    H
    'it

    -9

    r)

    o
    c
    o
    rA

    -10

    9r-

    (:,

    -1t
    -12

    EJ

    0 1.

    B: 9

    dbor'-.,J\r4\

    8:2

    &(4;%G)
    B=(s,'-*; %

    12 13

    lo

    rryoW,7

    C. = 10-2 M
    b.C. = l0-3-M
    c. C, = 10{': M

    a.

    *)

    Coppia ac.acellco

    - ione acet-aho in acqua a 25 "C e

    p=91

    4,65; n(x*;.=13,80 i pK,

    [e(K.),"=

    14

    pH

    14]

    E A,<- a= -1o-r9n , "i *.G- -L t.'o-;ln .- F,-nr- _


    ,"-" k tk /*-or[, ,
    "!- f,*L m I f. o.6ktr-.J t @ . euJ., "i
    (ro [o*^,,u,- L D.\*"'J ttpello oz @ ^.-- e ["n J sp(t, &* &r"*J t
    sl&'A Q-',
    ru|,^k (u Y ,,JLk, *Ue- /,!. E L* ,ff0 * (L,.'uvn
    4,k
    g"g) L'*r* ldl" ip,.o A @rurrtE
    @ s,,-({* firsoa*7i-n
    ut-:1*,!"-ti ^/^d 4_ *
    ,r_
    J"!!^ Q,y,ur^[r.n=;o,.o k @
    f,
    t't'!''
    o'. *JLfr- p,"H E " @ fa ct'us'^'"na- a^u'-ka?.,\,<
    9n.

    av va-

    rL^-,,

    1u^t-r

    -V)t

    W
    5< &

    l; u*,k B,W "@

    ,{r-Ur cttvv

    fitur.-rJ e b*^"J, -

    sl.so ",,'.o,rl-o?u^< t \F<<nL* ; ?u^6 ,e;

    vn&-

    a5g-dhor..o C'*"gn5x

    o^t i"l!*.. *sbk L'

    nnron'kn'*of-

    i ,nk -[,<.
    *** = (K4,^ ,

    fuPnl =fusrn"fi'

    1uf,'bwb:

    = Ul^ ,

    [-'r*nJ
    U s l, e-u.n- Jr' ,

    y'r[..1

    L"qt-"n}'- fc^r,n''J

    , ''' L'

    (K*)^

    pil= f
    lut$'
    Vr!. & J^U , f ,&^f* ").' L ooauut&.-z-.\"* , &- *W;' ln'
    c.

    LfL.A*.

    rSl**.)

    /t @
    L*

    ,hco*l,o

    q^;v*ete si

    curv('

    A t;

    tvco!,1..,'.'s ivr vh (vnlo

    *.k- -y*

    E*l;t*''*'-t,- ell,o-7.1"*L, /*

    , 8- *(k wty*x^kk t /!t

    Qv&aa l=,rzuaw A'l?rz"tt.^

    ti

    (0,d-

    *e

    b-",tj

    e Aur,r\ - Nrl!* pivna Ai) 'yn'b ; shb /"k n"L ru k a^'t*$,,e'v<


    t f^lo g - Yt'L r,^tu lLg" Pur-to 0r ri:ssnaL-,*L
    W
    e L''k- )L 6*l^' b l'n g*li'
    L G ?e *"-J,\*k @
    ["rg
    "
    /"
    ,!1* sv s,,rrsl-u,r- g*Lu^"o (,'xtL
    | *f"
    /^h* g*lau-,t* ( ',rr.^1,4. (^*" l,l "ri>k^z+ Jtk'o*t*

    le
    l"/*k',

    p",,t[o
    n,sso

    et',

    sku?u
    @

    {'lL

    /il/tctln)

    "l

    ,/h

    b-*)

    B , h.u, & @ y^w "L L' ."&.. L(. y^to H

    c-ow

    ,o--la.k @

    5vr-

    q e"y[cn*o= fut**o"]

    *-

    s',

    ,n

    l*:

    f,-!,

    1u-h

    G,

    e:

    -**nlro?'rb^d- l-l"la

    E ;

    kn*"nJ+

    fculcn,-)

    P*"nJ= fz4u,l

    G -- , f.orru.nJ

    off

    Q = zPos*.-J

    "nu

    (? G.- o,to
    &.(!to.&*k J"!- Tunk HF=
    ?w"x-wgo , (tr,*Lo
    'pk=

    /,'"^-(-<

    a*)
    =

    gd\

    le-

    QrD*r*rxJ= {-y

    #")^ = 4,

    ?o ul.r.ll,t'

    p.r-.- W /"o

    otot

    -D,!o

    p)v- ,*S*huu-

    c.oL-q-. @or=

    =Fi4

    e Y) * /r&e 6- ,o*tit"*='7b,.. /"k< 5'i l'/uu '[n v^ 6,*^


    a's\;!nv L'
    l*f^*,^(-" : f-{ .-r^ ,.c Gt^ ';(
    @ e J"'
    "*(.

    ti /-

    fdstt.-,- uv\u-

    Ot

    *-{u

    lo u*k-

    ,L

    M,

    - i vl*. ( p".,l,o tr (U yk) br);


    - t; Hr,* b ,.it<- Wf, e W;

    - dl p,^k tr

    p*."l&k

    sok-

    {,.t^*

    lrZL

    w" W4
    "/!"

    ;(. g,nb H;

    *k*
    sierro sf-c-& iv,pLo- o
    $-u L rp<
    ^,LrA
    ^!A-..(t* o,*rn^k(o /*wrso !- f^lo B
    e /o @
    gnh*/*
    @
    ,
    "r(l*

    - t;

    p,c.*4!,,'^.o

    C^ U

    -r@

    ebsso

    ,-t<*,v si /u{

    J; rroLrWi ac;Lo
    I

    "irLb r\n 7\/t

    r^,...^.o

    yk;;

    ,,,s'wi

    r1

    fl-

    iro^' Foe

    /7,*,*^* L' q*Abnv


    (*,*

    (laudp c"v;/*>-)

    7o_

    t- ,^' u!-ko r.-in ,C ^ggnr,^l-,- f4

    *
    A- sgt,e isr,,z[.t e- ,-t(r-,Jd,
    L u\^ -r;b I t^ e1r&b-v aA v\4 /"k*dvLk ffi , &o* 7t* ca#->-ir<
    a- guo, hW "r-bhu+ /r!/r. &u<,*- sf.ue ,r^ ey^'tbi"v w-y\1o"1^) e,feste- Gh<-

    /e//^. co,n u-aL,l ?:iln* o^*l; h,- o l.L& /,L /,h s, Jler,+ *atL-bost.
    F.*"*a bkl
    (* eseu,pio bk [* conu-[--u* o^^!il\' z{"fu'oub = [ngJ+LB-] , e
    ,
    (s. "6p*2^b*a " il
    @ g**^k .-n\e- H b' (nrt e

    l-,,=
    "ng
    .raoo o

    /nur"oV *ot*

    A 'i B*ziore " ln W

    ry Q-")

    Foarur

    pras5er-,

    a'u*a

    o--"lc-

    "Aznso noruoPaos;ta 4. 5uc i"-i)

    > <,,t''-F b- ' (a *) e-

    lB-=
    . bc:*oLo

    oor'c

    e-,,)

    Dissoc'taz.,,,q- oot+laiw'

    1'r?noo o\

    si (osro,* vitotro,-e. N "r-0,* [rk^


    I ,"Q-; L' W e ); U
    k" bo*i "'l'; oi-' f"'zoasin*k /; eg;};b* e- [' 1e ["L m

    6
    .i (rtr /* uso rl; B, i^fl'o'n[' L ?o^und>o-uv^ coh dUS
    ,,to @ o /) @ 4 [t; 'i'Jo'
    r.Lh'*^L: si
    "b
    Fo-ui*w ^ e5o lapio -)., 7t r ,^L. 0, ,-sk^k rr,ilsr! I ca-wa--",,e,'
    ru e
    ;e-.

    fn/ /+ G*') &'


    t"r1

    *r'r

    [u,,J=

    k:
    ,-.,t'"

    o,rrn)

    q-\*[; i

    , ui

    fo5sot

    t(1

    (",

    *rr*

    *t-i k

    Ur4^

    c lr*
    FD

    Q-rr)

    "(u)n

    #-,
    (r,")*

    oord

    * (wl^

    k@"){.@

    P*;t" b 0 J-;
    i t,zro-

    b-J=

    Krd

    *rro*,,

    L *; ry=

    W* t,t-'.)

    ?' *

    ,*L"(-*

    "e^; /;'

    (*- -qor,n t to (;

    We!"'G

    e J*; El
    o-k
    {rr', z4lxx^1n,,,-o L /nY"t- "L' rv-& "*L l^ a-u{- kl-" (n * ^) f
    rrsglt-wt*rh- , ot* ocib e @aL L*o , lvth^h
    @u *)

    ?i,rrr&-.

    {=k{- . L p.-,Jry*

    /"i, ,&*.' +%

    "r{-'ouLo

    ,- sl-**,il

    cr- 2" /

    ttr"; = 2, L '4 o

    <a4f1

    e /,1t, A-r*)
    I
    t{

    <-

    21

    cKScoo'

    ,rr*

    T^ b'<. "U 0-")


    TAsELu (-q-S) ,

    TISEU

    ot{ron +

    {
    <'

    2,2

    -4;'

    Q-*)
    .(L

    r.00

    l,

    @-'$

    "t'-e

    = {-

    /*r--,

    Q-*)

    y'>;ia*'o

    *l-kA

    ; 'U ,"',^*.tk

    oB- pcr

    2. 00

    3,00

    12

    -tr) , L '

    2' .{o-f,

    IY,g' o,,.
    pH-.

    I' rc, rcrtl,co ,-zs oc r tr '

    oG-

    6,00.

    ?,00
    8.00

    t. 00
    t.oo

    2.2. ro''
    2.2 . lot'

    0. 98:

    0. 022

    lI.'

    0,18

    0,82
    0;31 .
    0,043:
    {. 5 ro.-'-

    69
    0r g6

    , 0'.

    1, 00

    {,s.10-'

    1, 00

    ri4u,ea(dr; 5o,...owg*t*Li '|.^ d*

    ruLWJ '" /"a"r^'- lA

    0.

    @e

    Si o#u,f* &" *si,lluW

    too,""t'*
    " cuou '

    r\ /,*un,- lr!- m , oQ *l
    ^*Bu?r\,.,t'
    'tA'@eL
    *t-* [ " L r'-r l'"'l') t
    "J^* l^' W t i ,['n* [, /*o'u

    ,tcsri.c

    *r!/c,

    --- -- .c - cHr c0o -

    cH, cooH

    5. 00

    N,ll*

    Hto*

    )-

    D,Jtl.* fu"')

    "F-,

    ("nroox z r&& i^Jirt"a'ft) c,w ,4)L o ry.

    (*rrrr',

    "Jtu\r

    *c.'eao

    io* **1,u).

    5o"'o l"<' v* f, f
    f,*. E*'
    @ u"t O** svy".soae(',!,(* el i p,rl'' ,'r(b ,rsp*r*

    esP/\the/14-:

    4=fkw).

    ruLW5s'o
    L^,. /)wk*"-k

    !l**L"^
    c

    .^p.,

    ok

    Jo^ku,-"^

    ; ""(,d L

    uvve

    n, l.^,,c0\^

    dop.-U - frg.4
    %
    90

    ,t / [cnrco{=dp_

    /,re

    0r8

    ot7

    80

    70

    \i,-

    0r6

    0ri

    60

    50

    0r4

    40

    0r3

    0r2

    rk"=

    30

    (,ti

    20

    0rt

    10

    PH-+

    11,

    lro

    0
    13

    o(

    0rg

    r4
    100
    %

    90

    i. cHrc00--

    0r8

    80

    '-

    o,7

    70

    0r6

    or.oi

    100

    Or.t

    0,5

    k(

    q=f(0,

    Lr.rl-t;tt\-t-

    r .J,,J(ffs\

    lr0

    ^/- E^

    0,9

    t, t?' l' to

    60
    50

    /tL
    o,i,
    /

    40

    0,3
    d,2

    it

    0rl

    .t

    .l

    30

    ,l
    .I
    .t
    rl
    .lrl

    20

    :l.t

    .l.t
    :l

    10

    curve di dislribuzione defla coppia ac.acetico acetato in acqua a 25 oC e Jr = 0rl M

    ione

    'sn L
    e

    W;&*nM
    @ ld E** l"/"^^v"*, ol ot;- W , ,
    r tczr51vo.r^^.^k
    a- ro,
    @
    @ o?(*
    ? u- eserrro

    'J "3;

    re u&* k

    VisezH-,vo
    'tl

    <b*VL",*L d'- E

    r po t

    k ,-t . ul(o 6ksso o.Lt*ln

    @'eo;

    son- .l,Jp..,k[-,

    ,uQA' n.L\,+ln- ,

    e.-

    Wc-";Y"^'1a-k

    nvsu.,,r

    sveq-ssv*r***k,

    -r2"*

    L' ru e ,Y

    (u Jk , 4,-k- ?o^/4
    ^
    i s,,i ,,,1"- b H
    %yu
    ,lL- @ ; (/,Lt^ L &rt"- (,^ ,rro L#* T,,tt l,ta .*") p.u*il" t',
    It- g*lr- u\u|l* Lnro ,\^ L,'e. e*-h' i u'-a- &
    orn",*oo) g--.,-.tt h i'ova-,t /n* (= l-r(-*)

    n*uo"t

    Da-

    bWL /* A

    hrtb
    f "*b

    e ct;"rro .1.* f

    a_

    "10"-

    siv-'s

    o(-tYvL.

    /h pilrttc,t (*t),
    p*p",t- t /, f ub E ttl. ,J **
    - {""1" "(
    cn'uusPonL"k orHg= "LB =95

    ; /r\{,o'rz"u^< }rzs4 .lo,n,,o & "on*lrn?r^,t J {tl<


    fl, ',offb-J.o i!^ .;
    g** h' , ,vv.- pr--*[+.r-" )^' 'ovonz suL't k
    a'"( L'lv\ Lk
    6@L 3'-se c-^A'6o'.Le' 'l'.' 7''(Lt
    h. ('voin e,- 6
    f,l; ff^t^[<-*o^[, l"M covlq*\ loz"^* kLl" '
    L B*,se c.o^,<^i \aa. 2iqn r'.
    1"4
    8 en, Lte-t^a yru'> fu'
    0+l
    Ja a,trw

    Si /,r^* ku,rn (**k


    Uu"J*) a-vv"su'r ;" fi;

    Puo dawo*

    o{*

    k&

    fo, (/oob

    Lqs

    + HLo

    Its-

    Roo

    lLs *2-ktzo

    =
    ii

    lt"k

    &
    oi

    sfLdY

    l^r

    g*l-L's'i (ru, c-;a?o.,'-u J''L


    (-*;
    ('"-l*
    a- *-r--rJa-- /Ll Ypr'twa't'e A' g*
    "lonr-aarb,..r-

    tr(fr'[,"-^
    fllor

    -f

    L^

    HzS ,

    fi5-

    ktor f 52Lfiro+ + 5z-

    "

    srooi o

    @-rr)

    oo <s.aoo
    t--:!)-:-

    Q-",)

    ,/

    12917ortA .rolwtE

    G-rl

    osl*(. l;

    sklio oav.sp,^-k v\,o sl-!. l; o7-QLnv , ,o"*-[ki a a+ k d"


    t|ssoc^V2,ol^L 6v<@srire, {r,C(' "-d-{" ,
    e1',{.ibn , c[-aw*k' *s(un'h' /''

    Do* f

    HtS,

    ,4

    <-"\os<^t^o

    c/y1&-

    = kort

    'n",

    oilrr* * o5'-

    Ke,

    L.

    <-ss'rerr6 tul"A'ea'

    U--

    C-assa"ne SZca,un*

    [f-+s1

    HS-

    [^

    nz-ozt'o^j

    Tnsk

    L s*-^k E

    14

    /rlL.

    esltao

    lh^,".

    /n'

    Jn\s."Y- z *q

    ,.-'tv'o

    *"^'[.-o

    \*1

    (, /.-*.

    g'(.
    e-

    tArt ) bt)
    Ns^

    i .*lu"o 'k

    *r^*!-,*'-*k

    rr'^t.po e5kSs
    Co<

    p*

    c-'r^;7-^L^k

    ,tllr?"A

    y*h,-

    h/^\ 'srb {-^ l'

    "("o

    (P'<- vn
    **?-tln
    si
    /'o.!,,
    cura
    hl'
    t
    c,*si /t,'-'t- ,-^fn-k : tr^
    Lvq
    /''
    kK
    ,-,
    !'7''9'Lno
    . .L' esso si ,Larrr,-.
    F"u Pon'''tP
    '

    f:btr
    ,4<Jso

    6eas

    c,q*& T"'ll" 'fue'


    v^

    E@.WlEu-.ssfue-

    't^'

    so(uz"v"'e

    o7^o 'w

    (. J"n .-"s LrnH

    /,,t'

    4-

    q^{b"o

    Lo,,

    nrr, - *r^
    =

    ,(,4.'ti? G-rr)

    ,(,o

    -t;'t| (r-n)

    k ';

    %r5

    Ko,'

    a- 252 e

    o-.^J, trU;An,o

    okrot '
    =

    \t-

    ulls^

    W-gk,4

    Jo ,,;

    ,22ll,oo

    (!-rt)

    bd{'b

    (/ ,;L
    p,a-u ss'ao o
    ,,' /,r'55"t^V
    J'-r h d l,d;o,'dtsecnil..y hrs. a;.-tb.q. -rU- w,,t^a r1,"o t%- gvit-+- .
    J,
    U
    e
    P"*
    k sc' "Ln )i"'o.
    Q.,.ur' pors o-r'-o /-*" f ""1-L -p*xiu"oz"v* a-ttro[Le-r'J,o "k
    ,-'4'
    *'s !ie'-'*Lt L *^,.^l-azt ^; ,L s, o[A:.^X-,*
    a.b-ronr hr^ ttU;
    "Glk r,n

    i;sr.r;*zr^l-. Q',u Lff?",,*l- {^ ts-oi


    nck rtoo Paun^t^
    ls

    <-or.i

    {evt-aq

    2oli

    ,"iuGr

    t-

    EBor.i

    coraoe,^,vi coe

    a&E

    px-i,rirot

    W',!=J,),&^ P'L
    Lo*LQ,r'r

    d-'a *'"^t

    da*.

    11

    "-Q-nok

    7res,trr"^bih

    orrSrett loo

    6'ss,rr *.o-

    conc-p,nl>*?.,b-'e

    Brd)=

    t[G

    f ; , ('n-L
    .\"") c- :

    si lo;

    ir-r

    ry

    = 4,or.i;a

    ,\''J.:,s.

    ,:,.,lo olu' vior'ut- /'1' A,

    l,o - ti1

    4,

    os - {o-4

    e 7*k,un-1. e* kk!;l-

    Ls,'l

    , os..t

    Q-ta)
    ( a- ei; s7,t-lo-

    (,.'rva- LYsoo'Lzt'-t

    {,o lf'r11

    4.

    i4 " [su]

    ,-sta.^Le-

    a kq,

    'l'o'"t;4

    U-85)

    (*^r,l,*r*t ,L

    = 4,o-iilA

    hrrJ

    ,ff"W ruo- (u" ,.1-fi"-," y,o^b .ulQL /"^(,[".. (n^


    b o- ,y'o^h e sf'sb s' &d " *
    e-{(t s;i r,,-z{\; lop Aab'
    ,\^

    se,n^/.*

    *"L^k @

    e-

    " I*l),

    (l-uo)

    w'*(-l* [*-3 = k'r.


    J" ; [.t*3 = 1,o -.(o'1d t"% A'rr)
    A' seo,^aG
    A^rL ,z ;(- ."8-,J- of f*rri **-(', , .L-.u', "k

    l)

    0L

    {-*1. *l!* *-,*la-

    Inl*d,rr-,Jo "ril;

    fu*J

    = [n'-J

    t-t-Z

    "{)"r.

    2{r'sso cnv

    o.dz,'w-

    v*+&

    (p ;

    ,Jt W* "!k p;* @ , on^ '(o ;a'';

    "lk di i;<-{'z;
    ,- *luot.o*, "L si
    Zt) L
    frrol u g*h**,,,*L "6& .0!*
    du'

    J^!/. Fv,}L /\soo,';,""L )

    rtt,,vr

    Lr4 ,- 1'*h' o*u'k 2"'(" '!/^ L"4 ;


    r
    *'l*te L' L\soc"uaw* m
    *"*l^
    /JA*
    J
    i
    pF*'*Lt
    'd'J' 'o'L'*
    4) l.* E.-J
    f) k D'l cnYr* to ;U\"*J; J; ,lh Pi 6'''^X l'1/" Lt'1)
    ))

    {) l(. s.,-*[n

    sLo{^v hpra i]t-"^zo,

    y^l^^ ('oorl,

    si ( ro'

    - 1Lr,(**,* t-

    c'*s

    &- ttk*J e [nt-J

    f,i'*<z (na*'

    <-osse,,s. ro{

    elA-

    ' l,o'fo -16


    olrrt

    L
    5,

    (il

    rr

    oK

    ltll

    ,-(*.-e-

    4, o

    o,t = Zo,9 '

    .Lz

    rwvoQppa.5

    4o"1

    "b,.^h" /"11" fubo

    u,,-zkt**/

    .tra?,o-r

    +'1"!r:

    4,4 "fio-zL
    1,o - 'to-1

    k7s +

    zttro zltrot

    l,t . -t i2

    r st-

    (o_u)

    (a-w)

    ,o>k^[e

    "-

    ,t

    f"-l^fu

    /rlL l,*, ,-sk^h / l^f--k;

    o,MeL *.n- c-o-to J>JU*-

    >,&

    a.u'< l"!- ,t-

    o-lo

    I U

    "Lr.n^,rc

    Es

    teo

    '

    2-'-@

    ('oo* ,*rLo**

    5,i su"S'be *'0/'"1u*

    o;

    ry

    .s,"le .!!^ s["{'" AU'"" / @

    ('o,.))*'1, "-,L,;r,v

    !,'.^L
    & svdt- -/,o , ***b
    l( -^7;h @
    fir@l + ilzo
    p*k; *.u'o7*:
    14

    h-on

    "

    io'^zk e '"tLo'L';

    /'A- s',.!z 'f*


    prn*.ke "t ,J.-L-' /" c.-a^tv+'*
    &. 1*AL,,

    &LE

    sl

    ail

    ,w
    /"t-*'

    (*tl- t' L-) ; or'J W+ Vz@l '

    L 5\'4 "n'ok'ishuLt o";{o cU^"^le i s"'i

    4or r Hco{ l*u)

    r ho +

    Kto*

    t co\^

    U-t

    6'ub'v-l'e c e- PY
    k^**fu*
    *
    u'T*
    ,
    \Jk 'Lafl,L; t.U. @ r\^
    et 'uV''* Wn
    r;c-o*a ok L s:eLu*---Y
    . [*, llb;,L ey-tL,v
    d;p,-h' f.M-d; t* /* '-'l*h
    A,"rL
    ,

    SuzCe-gt'v{

    @a

    C'{ g<r,-- /*

    ogst'vvYzt

    -rk-h yira"'\- 's"'(''*'lt

    a''P'* /' -^ol* ( "'&J" L'


    l)
    7k"t'E r

    h"*L

    t;@,u/--Pi

    bg'X*lt

    trcv s.(o

    ot<ro*-*hrq-

    >

    a,ttoses

    lu"

    /o.* J^' @
    a, ,.,,y+ @

    l' "*{'J" L @
    ',t W.e
    (rk",-(",^
    .L
    /rll,t^l-k-,
    '"o- ;y,{.(.*
    osrik

    )*

    , l^4' 6 f"nlib'

    '
    st **5i/o:,.o*o */

    5( k ,-,'l*k
    a[p-r'o,n,n,,a-Eze

    .{,.U'v^i/^:/t- '*^L*>L l"hk

    .
    za-tot

    ',1

    lG,,t = 6,

    -*@A ' ro' W b*@

    *rL-^h *'<*cG*w

    **th- )" 1*rL"

    css>'\'L gvL-"k n'("o-k

    ,/t" r.,_h

    o^J'*

    War+= 4rz'4o

    @ '(k ",U, "A*I-

    ^ 4,z.ti"
    Kjr= ncr, o
    ' t{rc',
    i^{- !* ,-tlo-|, efu^ nrU '<aub'4 G-sl) a o"'* @
    h @

    r------------=\

    -tl col

    Lk "t*- l* k k,2,\."r v\,!

    e- ,"J't"

    VMl*

    oh

    *00'

    1*ALnv'.

    (! - rr)
    . t^

    i*h

    Kar{ 22 lLc,t

    e (otcla

    4t -C*

    f"orJ = fn..;J

    [co i-J= ka, z-

    &-ru)-

    b,t Z 1o

    (ru)

    pLv ('o-,J,

    Esrnrto ? -lM

    e-

    d l^o^u'u 3 ,,,rk,-k'

    /+n*

    J; Lrr.r-b-?ru{ J",&'oo.g- L *1-*:


    Ko,

    Kqr=

    sL(c<zsst

    \L

    L = 2,'tt

    Y',alz = ],24
    42-1o-B @
    ,3

    o. o'7

    *LL,\ow- .k

    Ko,

    a-s{

    -tz,3Z

    oo fl'

    e Tr,
    K., r f,,vt 6
    ''tra

    [nn > 4o4 Ko,z


    {^ a L* e,n @

    't

    Jr,(l'ey"a?r\"F-e Qrt\
    Dnro! ^ seuviovvq
    fx'e"aJ'
    *L-a,
    furo,i1 L

    k,o^da-

    no"/n' t'av*7') "LL"&' rt'u

    e*

    (+

    -163

    Lnr*) = fn.eoq-J =

    L [r,.^]
    Dr(lln .e*^L

    -- o, hoo

    usk-k

    fueol-J

    r
    =

    z
    Froil

    o/oo7 = orooQ\

    r (,'l*-

    frrotj

    --

    'e/e

    Q-n"l

    fnL'o-l '

    (o,z = 6,L-'ti$ tt'ru, l*-t"t1

    4"

    -t*)

    l;t li2

    *qe

    Lr"t)
    At

    Ssu

    ushn k:

    b^-z--

    = fi,0'to

    fuprS

    Or,U*-

    A/e ,!->.'o,( t a-ulo

    ,rtrz
    / t' **'
    :t fr''/c
    [nre";J = 5r?-4o

    ccssoaYzro'q

    Lnr*
    xa'^'b-

    7) "91* lr*z*

    s) lo

    /)ssoc's'^t
    "

    6,

    D,r{a= [ue"-J=

    L'

    4fs r\%

    J^'ssoc)v?t'o't-:

    [r,r*Jd Le"tf

    = e,L-lo

    -.1

    r\*t

    l"'#^"^Zo S'''&o' fn'wa- /


    dr\Soc;n*rt,n :lt)(:.-5tv- l.4v1 fosso"'o avcz1l

    Qa*rt^, l.

    t9ezt*'L""^'k /'/l*

    p^*-*

    6-t*)

    ne^'Yl

    t) "lI^. (*

    Z)

    rz-.to4o r%
    =
    E"- {;)

    *4?

    fu e"rz-l

    Ka,t
    =

    0".L'

    e k cna u-ul><'z,v-,- .Q'


    o'
    fn'u* L\so o,.v'1
    { <s;"'*+w'^h p;"-(t '
    ,

    ir'i

    WJ

    ,nb>i.'* s-1@ss E4
    W
    yle- (r*L lr- urk^k' su.coss)w seAD piu ,)tz.uz , /' .('(ib; vo'hr\o ,.nnlt*h
    &"b"o &"4 c'o-sicG"aTnvJ f i y*"*("' '
    trp," -nbr*y,tnno*.r^fc " fu
    ir.

    vv._

    o'*'u"*o "o""o*'t
    )'
    & (' * *- *:* s iqb
    d't^t2'h ' v- th
    cl'
    P.t{^e.- 'd{/"
    llrg * Wu lbo+ + HB- Qt'r)
    k se-o^rb- J;rroa"r2abv*t klb- * Kto ! frzd + 82' 0-rc6|
    Lnrd)

    traw

    **

    "shro

    @, I

    **L

    ,@

    1n'rn^-, (''uk

    ('r,("il**urr-{u

    g*L&-

    t*

    '-

    5., (*w^l^' *

    ''"^"''

    e @ e ,^ ,n(nv,**. s,/f,,-u^lew*t'e /":(^k /'/ "'('

    (* ^ ru) , fu
    e- *"lo

    ,L utf*

    -4k-

    fnro*.J

    e,"c,<

    n:6c.;k (|y-aLnv

    [nr"\ Lrl
    *J
    Lrr,I
    =

    e ,t bik^a" l'Uo ,"ss. '.

    l"-]

    Ko, z

    = Kw

    ['"'J + z fo'-]

    [a'r"*1

    (g-t )
    [.o4J

    L -- &.J + [s'J

    (t-roe\

    &-r"r)

    -o"Q

    c'o,i

    5i irarou.o

    Lur4

    l,t'

    , l'*

    a
    e_

    "L

    /,,0A.. &'n-s-

    "rnunlrzrb

    [re7

    [a'-J

    5alu e
    {

    G - [nro1
    [xrd) + rez
    C-

    - Kq,

    rvt

    /u^o"* JrlL

    @+r\

    Qt)

    [rr*J t K)L

    G-"') , s) t-'

    ,osh'lr;t'

    +( b,, - c) [uroj'- z k,L . G + k*) fkrr*J - Ko,z Kuc, =


    oL [ /'eq,a?tY,' ffil
    f- U-J' (. (a,a (-Pa6-oz,v'* L' @
    ,,^,(n sr eL-'k '
    L
    S'z*
    "L

    o_

    Snr'n)'

    foa.-oo-- *Q-^l,-

    r.1prosttvt*-a'ot-t

    ('oo'L k1*hl- &rk

    '- (r,'st f,nn'Vuo

    fkrrliTk" r-G) f

    U-'o

    ,rL 't'

    eo

    e- concu,,lv.-e+r<

    L z 1s-6 t< . & .o1o k [u7 s (rd {r,*sroruu fi tp'#' "/^


    k 6'rc) a)ue-[*: [nrsJ = fne-l t ,[u'f Q -ur)
    s" ln':
    L a-; ,--/^\a^k l* \-nn e c* (a-uz) ,

    (ett

    ,*t1..-^k

    [no.J

    e.

    @-ttt)
    (a-, ur)

    "{'*ou

    M-(-.o.
    D)

    tz

    Ya,z

    A[i,ql (w,t= 4tz( 4;2) "i L'


    .
    = 4, b "t'-3 t'"% --->
    f'r*J
    @-tt+\
    "l"l/*

    ,
    ,ilk (o-r,d ,

    fsolJ "

    )lorb ry

    l-l- Lss.^*[o

    ,t"lk

    *oLtn

    -1;A
    Atoq-J = 4,7

    @-ru)

    /)

    frro*J

    L, *q-J

    (r,,,,",)

    r''n

    8,2'-rtrq *"')
    t!^

    i|rrr

    sa4'^

    [',fJ { k1:

    [ur,lr}"thB'zJ

    u'o ig*fr* J* k x-r*,.L Lrso.,ua.u* L C- sve- ,'^y,-k^a* te ury


    |***^L{o

    'n)

    G 7' '1oo k'L

    fnrrrJ't

    /- aA'.

    luroo

    )'

    -trtS

    (a

    2 l/'o,z'

    G =o

    l"l!*

    -ue)

    Q'us)

    l-

    @-m),
    Q-to')

    Wt;i al ,\(k
    ,

    (*
    ".u*
    fuo' a*"L

    (;

    Ne *udn ck'; U,4=


    @ '

    e JJk
    e

    (4

    e rl (r{ /L',.^tb'-k vt'b- J* si


    &-

    J*i"n' '

    -tr-)

    'f =L

    ' [u*J^ K)L

    .L

    Lu'7

    (o
    =

    f,

    /u "GI, W ,.
    *);

    La-

    (-

    7z tvo

    Q'tu)

    si ,o,"y"-k

    /n

    -QL-v

    =o

    P-u

    9-eanG

    f,wV,-e:

    (urz 73"+J - 2k,zG=o


    ,[nrfz +

    fo

    'nu)
    (a-az')

    J- ..
    s "tL
    owuJ ,h y.'l- /2'o

    Q*t" r'h

    irrb.L E'
    e siX*J.* -\

    Lnt.iJ ovr'J

    v\^

    Oh^&""*A ok sftso
    al

    rru,[.," J;

    okuu-+ v,t

    ,r8,* L*sso, lu^l'"

    {,rr^^t^r. [!t"J" 'i f"o- l*t^^* , f.*L.

    ko,rfn

    '{^.t

    *J*

    2'k9z -G

    [r,o-J = z G

    (AV<-

    Ul" o ,\< J" (',,yrd- {-""f- Lh;l '\f&1" "l- *l'"


    hsg" aok o "l'
    (o",r> {* 4 ,k ese 'L f*E qr. *u^/rkv"'-k
    ulol^lo. b

    io f*ol,

    "

    J!* P-m)

    ,, L-.

    l"lL 0-"1

    ri l.r,

    tnSo

    ''l'!ok"

    l"]L

    fusl-'- J

    Kg"

    [*'-J --G
    *.^/^"

    /*t* 6,Y7i o,*

    r.-css,

    no.

    a'J

    D*l (

    [s'1

    ?ole^rL ik-l..f .o'* ("


    f

    ,--uN2:rbrvt EL

    if

    ,t J.-{-* tut!

    tv*c2. U /-"zo

    D,.(!, Q-ar)

    con <r^A,a.2rtru' (rn

    o#-."b , /,/11

    4,

    [g*J J*^ h'*,v ,*k h*J

    (=

    U-4 c Q-ori

    6i

    n,n) ,@ " [Ki4 | 4

    Z n&-.*"k , L)s"1''o vsue /* c-sh-k n,;rlo"


    l"SLneT= Ld6 *7H-9: 8-,rq\
    (a-',n') ,i L,

    io*)-o-

    b-

    "*'.

    ,tz, -tn

    g;i

    ,k

    1) r

    ?il. (r'r.. -4,4

    6i

    e*\

    8'*

    htG

    BUJ -

    Q-

    ('ooil-

    @'ot)

    w-ru,.o7*l'"'- &LoL

    Lt o=

    A.o

    rz

    kr,L

    -+

    l(' o-t

    -?A

    '

    1-'hL'

    ffia,

    r)

    t-

    '?b)EJB.

    Cl

    21

    '

    =4

    o"- pxL^*W @
    I

    ett>(eo,,t+r,c)

    , e

    bgo

    v -? b,,
    Q-rzs)

    [*,J =
    c^bf p*"/.r"-\o

    E@-u
    si ,J*h

    "A
    [Wb,+\^-

    &n [o

    rcuoetzl = -1

    1e

    Q-r*)

    (^^ f4, ={;o) o zfo< " [/r,.*,---n\'

    I @

    uMi- aot^'+.o$ @77

    {',4n2'{,s3
    @o,r)^

    = L,( .,to-z

    u-r.*L ; kt; rh kk/l.

    ?ir! e @ C'@& ;*'-.*L

    ?'{ftLd. ff,1*

    (*!.tan',n'lz fuS' /tsot"vk *"lt

    shl,,

    a/ l*,

    N'd'!* A<* U-4 E r^Y"k L'


    un;tg.^Lk *i ,,!-d ,\^ kt*ilt

    g4"
    r\^trcr* oli 8*y\-

    [ol1'

    :*rlusc,]
    t-00

    -i, l.3t
    '--4.

    a-Ivs-, 8 , rh.

    oo

    -"r"
    at
    *{, 0

    s,s"

    " l** lxs*i] I tor {e*]-l tn fuaslart drl eH


    p*r e- " t,*10* lI ,. rstu:.
    :':o' '.:::-.:"tt,
    - p.t0
    - 2"16
    ... ?,Etrj_t3_
    _-''l'*r
    - {. {l

    :q*{pcl*l

    .tr*-

    ESuzlorr

    g.

    3'3c
    El"l1::.

    - -":.3.*tr
    - I,0
    : ;ea

    *.

    {}f, r3{} .
    {tyitt}; -";
    {IY.

    12}

    {Iy" 13s}

    G\u E

    ),lt^

    Lr,,o*]

    \tu
    o &. rwl"

    ,
    e-

    y'4

    1.rtWL

    I k

    'r

    '4

    t,

    *{,o"1-*;

    a-c-'ln 5r nco-*-

    rr,+7 t t

    fs.o-)

    Dsso cln

    ?ror- l"t*

    L'"t-J Q'm )

    G+

    G-r,r)

    coy,

    (!-r".y)

    .k

    futorl
    va'<^ba,,-

    lr'r;-

    &@,

    w'&\c<'{-

    log

    ,,.u-Lk ,f J'
    [t"o-)
    ,
    "ob&h

    ),oo

    vs44b.r /^,

    fr

    l^ @

    4ooo-'ldz

    & Lm

    Wi;6E ,z ?u^l^\*o

    "fuk" ,L A
    Ya^Li

    &

    2,oo-4oL
    co.s,o (

    t^Y(

    /-otr) , I

    n24 pn , e L t't9>qV Vrzh)a,-6^tlg-. f/l\o

    rog

    fHrol roqFo;J

    O3soa.iev /br1*18 YgL

    anoo

    vS

    04 z 7,L.to'L -z

    -1.,

    ltzo,tn)

    -3

    -4
    rE J

    i 'on

    [t 0;.

    i,,,

    -61

    :22
    ;ssI
    :

    1,

    456
    pH

    Ac. sot forico '110- 2Min acqua a 25oC e


    0.1 M.
    ); (K*).= 13,80, p Kr= 14,00]
    m= 1159 p

    [r(KJ

    t6"r:4

    ?ilua(4-d

    --

    , ,Q ,*( ,*rln

    t*A't

    pu"l*.1-*^

    (ws**brL

    -t6" , "qt -

    ?V'[n,ll+\

    ,.^ff"L

    [a -rar)

    l.tn J*, -'4^" [toa''] **bh


    L^to*)= C = l,eo- tiL t''"'%

    Q*uL .u'(- L*
    c*v L6 [nr*3

    .|.r=

    ,(-"-

    DiSSac.6?(\N

    Lho*\, t6. ^

    N yo

    L^t o*J =

    l,'

    JtP tr%

    \rnQ.

    "(" ?.

    ^ f*rk ,v!r*,,Jh'" l; fl , t; tle, /."L d*h* "Ll vw^t'@ b-uk ,V


    ( ,ynJ' {- W t/!*
    ss- G [trso;) o[-" a [s"tJ , . .[o t Lkto'J ,

    c+ta-stf,ta6fusa-1-

    \o_ur^o

    t\pt^

    lA

    cor

    tt

    il^.

    ve

    L'"

    @.
    = ,{,| 6 -4;-z ,
    Kto+

    otOo

    Lt*

    D{,ot"t

    ftt(ptt &

    ,*U^ su'a /n * ahoub*a&'


    o"tlo "{"L& *"k
    ^/n' o" sovrc '
    on"k {r. ,A,4- L .r-d. in/;ss,c,vL 1-/ f

    ,-nnF

    -ht- {.

    /C",'k/ So*

    a tt"l-

    l"rr*
    (a

    L /,-o*t^n e\<,f^L +rs1*(kk

    Ko,a

    vo,'

    fk=(,83

    ='lt1-1;L

    YrY'o gzs.^h

    sJo */

    A-^=) , vs,*l, 0" ^rk k W Y*-'ot*,*e,J*L L. G''o-r) (-. &4.= ),2',")

    sgatcrVso -

    soLu?rle

    U"ul- Lg^k',
    ,"Lx"*

    sl*..6

    - &*{"*t" u

    l-r*r"rr"L{,

    D I PeoY'

    r\ fn,ot1

    r-Lv*t< 0* &r*,k

    , !-*f,

    "Lu,u

    trr*J tnol

    ti ;/r^ff'w"'' ?" N

    aonl"?'.,n'1

    1a-t ss\

    Iu..eJ

    [xrn.]

    io*)-- /

    fe*J

    U'nrr)

    Lnul

    l{*= LN:"-Jfo,J At)


    fxr*\= [re]+

    z[e"J

    [ox'J @-roe)

    L = [nr[ t[reJ + 18"1


    $on* o,4l- M
    1i,|nb,]o

    d*J.

    ,\^ ^
    /

    L'

    z**

    vt

    .l,vtt- Ia

    ,t"L&- ,-sknh'

    [*_]

    =ffi

    L.o*

    (4-',")
    ceul'o*'t*' .G-!./. /nVrtz

    , /^' @ e /"A^
    G

    [rho*J

    s1r.

    uY ,t

    4) pil < ( ?Y',,t -t,r)

    L'fr

    -o

    > = - 'Pt4
    @-

    k",, *

    sf;",.[^.o ynL"-V^'
    a + 't,;) < pll

    tn)

    L'{iss'a's

    - a.,^'ln

    :-4

    NtuTa

    Q -rsz)

    12

    ?etoa.'ze

    @,

    {i {'*^'u
    +t,") -----, Lto , - (

    k syo'e "L'

    ,o"zJ-n,'t'

    = *4

    ".^2L'1^h'u

    (4 -/t-I)

    Q- u.\
    (,

    LuuJ = Ld

    C&

    -ru)

    o -

    D = _EH

    Q-tx)
    [ueJ = %t

    7a =*

    a -154

    plt*,2

    l(a,t

    <

    eA +4

    f9Na*l1*

    ?gttOo,rAa

    putor ,Jze =

    -3

    , -7

    i
    (t-*)
    f uY ct'e ('*"(n'*\'^ e l'nuo*
    o vsg4.L .&1-""*L ,^tr{'hn g
    a*-g ,L' m tV k*P*/'i 'i J'un'

    Ner*

    - \,/^a- "(**"'- ln' W"A

    t\e[*= -4;" /ilw4^= 6,7

    Lo^

    B'4o'tt
    S(ut4 =
    Tottct/t'+ A'11

    $r*

    l,rt

    A"n;f

    ,['V,,Y

    *l"1*

    ^". elb

    5(.a\ fn*fL
    ,'r{" *'*

    &,r

    fl41^z

    f,{t{.Iy,J.l . Yr?trElone" ls fssnlone


    1c ctcrntn:,l*&! {el l*
    cclrri Xl use iurln*
    bal*r 0.{lo0 {, t ! g
    l

    pi,

    '{o,'l

    scp 1r-l'-h'

    Ii.:
    t' un!'*i

    i
    i

    i,fl
    :,0
    .00

    - s,se

    o*cn-[-*z,u* lr,!/t-

    o ""1r,("" Po^h
    "L'n"*;

    m.

    .: f"

    tas

    - *,oo
    " r,nu f

    -l(

    u'

    *s *

    'l .oO

    ; r0.00 i
    i ,r,oo I

    drl nfl,del lo{riI$ d?i


    s9sin lst!trhe t *,iNlsEuet* di a*ldrli* crr-

    $l, i

    ir

    ,;

    3.0s

    3,00

    i*cj'l

    - l,;
    . l; J
    - l*,;

    3- 0s
    ",1

    Al

    Vln ,4,4-,(;7
    Kqz

    . {,"' <.;14 ,/

    Pk , =

    Es

    p WLz' ly',eo

    dt} 1o;ar'i
    Ilffil,{ .ff,J2 - Yrrta1sn.r 1o lutslort d*! - l{:
    dt:lt tgte.rE'(2!,1 dt l{t, ll't "18 unl
    .I00 { r
    laluElone rc{tuaa dl ri'*el(t{ilc
    ae on
    isc

    1*s {tirl

    lt

    r,

    80

    t.

    40

    s, 9s

    t.

    oo

    1.

    O0

    t,96

    3, 0

    t,

    00

    {.

    {"

    1, S0

    .09

    8,00

    i;xs"

    ss*

    , 00

    ,,

    - 1r,1tr
    "*..I,30.
    - l-0t
    3,0{

    14.08
    t t.*00

    rt"

    '-'"

    l. {

    -' ."0{" '


    .

    I er

    1,0E

    t. u0* - -& * --a*3*.**

    [s''J

    1.9
    1?, 6

    15.8S

    ?,

    - tt

    l, ra

    - 1l,t

    2, 0

    :.3.;..

    I,30

    1,0't

    l0"oo

    -".. '
    ?.

    - l.00'" *
    . l,0G
    l,00 -:t^*- I'00 ,^..'
    ."

    6. 0{

    00

    13. 0

    ' l" 0{
    - 1,3 - .*

    0,a

    -="Jt-6" cn

    '"

    5' 00

    :* *.. *.

    *f'ug

    1.0{

    r.3

    /; *|-r.L" kl.O- i;vt*sz s?LoJY io^k e- p' |p*-{p-r e


    lv
    ..Ln- Jr* est?,\t- Vtsfl.ld'o-.o v^ q^Lbno yli '
    si^^^togn-r--&^h ( ss|
    "11,
    G^.',J"^^^L (.' ,.-r-- l{l B t [4 ossvw'ta/) b *,* 1or'a- "/fr*kr^*t'
    t(-

    yrsc<-o,v.>n^.,

    brrro'-

    Ko,t=W

    kp= [n*J[^4
    B,rl

    Ko

    e
    1zt

    Lo-or

    Q<c)

    P'"!i,L:*'f Q
    \ -tea\
    Lnu'f

    k*= [rr'.J [:nf (o-'\

    Ut I=

    fr.u J 1 zfne' J

    + rLu'-l 1 l"r-J (4-.t6r)

    6 = r4 + f r'^e] * fae! *F,J

    Q,-e)

    l( ,'.t* ,l; [n".J


    *dJo e ,--r,'8--l-

    0'a;-G

    rvo* *'

    a,rr^w-[k- q va^tg

    ,t-

    c^o*lo'4

    pr.*

    d*<o

    pQ^,,Ii

    Ko,r (( Kort

    .L(

    rL 11L gH hl,l* "'(,.ur* {r ?voss( kL


    L' z
    L r-A"*Q I h,-&- sL
    r..lxu* n^ sL,l+ J; J *

    e-

    nhe*.n-

    oL*-

    "&.,'

    Ko,t-

    ((vrc *-

    c*t".vn

    *
    -

    ('oo>lo

    Korl-

    *Jt

    ,hlo t fn

    7t5 - 7;3

    --,

    pK",t =

    plQp=

    2t

    , ["rJ" ?lt- fK*

    a kror fuf'{l

    [ntt'A
    *rr.r4

    t^'"1

    *n.o*

    f/"-]

    6 = [r,r
    i

    nllJ-',*L

    yf*ue-,u^;,

    sotntv&

    r [a,o,al

    ,,f,,v,*

    zS oa

    "(r)/.

    cnn..*f,i',--

    l'"n' '"-,^L

    G-')

    : (ret)^ Q-tc*)
    = Ao,")

    a_

    atz4

    ^ (q - 4(,)

    Irr'-J

    chr

    c-*s,Jgn

    "i

    1l

    s't .o**n csas'tdy+z-t- ,oinot*-^h' ^^ &, *k''''il*-

    **u-^l-oZ.ro-

    r";L

    ,kofi;42,32

    l" o-.,-k-,^, kt,l, /*.0(.'oulu "J& -U^


    ,V*itk - k
    zrrn* L lr)lk &- sge-'uY *J"J.t" e
    " n.1* '
    si
    5; L

    (/

    &tk-* e i ,,,,i '; ,\4 ..f^

    Kr,, = 6,2.(o-8 -*
    l(a,l = 4,o.ro'13->

    "^'Pt

    )Jl*

    io^i id*6zw pr^ff

    - 1(ctt 2> (t,s

    \v<

    sr'

    0"p. -gH

    /;v6vo--.-=;--

    sstr,c - Wr

    obL,u*

    Frd t-o-rsizG.r.a"-c- @l-<- Wotr,og^h'a g non

    (bN- .L;gr-hcn , f^ {-g- i *"


    LSo,u^n^t {

    s''8.

    "^

    r [u*f! nf@J U',"')

    F"t J.

    6.,,aa V1'e-

    l*.2 :

    /"z:lE=

    Q ^ irro*

    C-

    (a-r*r)

    lFl

    kqt

    *'rrrt

    6- - (nrt

    6_ttz\

    -r-,

    6 - 4,

    F,r7=

    42

    .kqz

    9 4, kg.

    ef

    (q - ot)

    T>

    k,q1 'kj2'kp

    .)F

    &t.,n

    H,,,

    '

    -IEJ

    6--ru)

    Ao*

    k,* kq,.

    krt

    kgrz

    k,t

    U,,

    Q,

    frro,

    E -- ;nr,* r t"krrn k,a t


    , k /.-"*

    *rr* Kc,t k,q,z + far(n kn,, k,,

    p,--a- *.s,L&.

    t,,)

    Q-n'
    1tr*1'sll t'

    (-*tvtYt,z */.oglr,.nnz A ..tl*tA'

    Q'en)
    [rreoiJ

    /"SG -pk,.r -zpLl -17

    fr,r",i-l

    % 6" -(f^,,

    Ly Ler|\

    = [-r G -

    (7b,n

    ?kui -

    -nz)

    (u -Llo

    r fk,' + /c"S) - L o

    Q-r*a)
    Q-t+s1

    *{^l|"<' E}x..E , * 5 f '; l-- !r5''


    /o-b ; a0,,ft51-o /, tre c4 pc<\o'Bklt' "lq |'*n"-o
    f
    l^' so{a:-.',x,- tgltwssiw*-k
    *kw"^t"
    T- @f('u 1
    ubo io^r '\ (ph,qunc ) St & ..sl-r-h s\)..lstq 0- *^tn^k* f
    *-!;l'
    a-trwwelkat ,L & tn!.zn^n "4,zrin*h " :ont*!L su,- .-sfr- k ,

    Q-tte,ia"t,(+g " ,13)

    w*rt*w*^l<

    Sc..a $r^"(.

    ru;
    Pfr. (rh -4,i

    "r

    PH

    > (fu

    *a's)

    e ,\^

    .',

    k' ;

    ie,l^e*.h^n

    ro#)" s,*'$t h^-?,uA J- s"kZ"u^ e-f,4s\i t^A'k y- (*'o.,/n


    l.
    ('ou,h ,Lyr.b* o,vt-vo-be \ a^L,\,aZ"v- e- L p^

    l*'l,oh't- , 4

    -(/-uA* ,-*f*h]'

    Lu

    r)r

    pLr < (eqn - 4,f,

    31

    nr
    I^

    #,

    lt < (rq" - ltt-

    (Pb,n r 4,4

    z) r,,

    gr*,' a 1,r)

    Ml fv, (eb,, r,,')


    y urh

    *,

    Y /^

    to-",-

    Etr r---

    iL"b4 . 6^, )L;i*n' ( ' o''>G '\" s'&a't-'e /;kt"

    F4. *

    4) (h < (Pr"rt -t,s) 'o"


    f il <@
    bdo= -tplt 614
    D Y oror -4
    e (. s.lr*lo* "5nUL 5; kJuror,.o
    (..r
    Q-re't)
    la3roal = LA

    @oil= bt h't-:!Lnp,q-J

    (,\

    --

    rtea = O

    Q-rez\

    -kroo +gb,z) -

    feutOOtZo

    y!

    or)

    [o,i-] . Lt6 - (fw. (",n


    Ln

    @tG

    U. oq)

    *'/.y*Lv*\'+ ,ogornok {.'nrfo4 ' 5o6'o

    Vtr0.:sro

    = t4

    c'e+\/oo

    = +Z

    PJvoOGl = +

    /; es)rl'*:o '0)-L'oo{'

    "k"

    A GbLr',4

    <

    pl'(

    < (pk.,

    = ror vg, --*


    0" s.&e,ia' efl*ss'*^a'{<-

    '{,s)

    7h coh7"so

    (ryr= -r(-'pY'+,4

    J-,^

    Q-te')

    Sc-1,19-t[t/'D

    Q-tee1

    Pgtorata = -J-

    P^/O^/B,eij

    Q-re

    ?orvo&sza =

    Q-t et J
    .t;-

    L*

    y.rlrovw.-

    6&&,-h^*[

    e L io* Wq

    *4
    -(o"rt,Uza

    =I

    (o,z

    D= ,or* * 9t'kr.
    L

    '& >d

    .1grcssit*k
    'lgpssit'n-k

    i-ou ?U

    -7,r,

    " =

    -pl,t

    Pk".,r)

    C-r?(Fo

    - (f^,4

    Ne-<}

    pk,4

    Q-rx.)

    sQ"{,o-{4'! :

    %u\rr"il : 0y C* + (?It"*,t "

    Q-tst\

    PC.2.Jera.A

    ^-

    ?rcl7.c= -f

    G-ts.)
    G-,*

    PetoeNze

    =O

    (-rso)

    (- i.* fP;r1

    gle- g><cGt'* 'us,*"*k

    l') ,n '

    (/r','"t') , ,.a;

    D-, V",r'b;'Kr,

    eil

    >@

    t?b:/ -(fq4*fb,'+fo')

    @<xsJ

    /" so&or,^ *p1r'*it'-+k t*l-*'t^t'\o "

    (*+

    [r\t

    ,,2*

    gkn,t) -3At(

    d -ts)

    6-ot ?J

    Q-nr)
    a

    =#?

    z -Z

    >-

    fgvoer.raf z O

    @-rsr)

    LorinJ

    PG/oE^ro

    &;t?-b

    fxOyZ+

    vnkov,*k L rb"s w
    Fil = ((u,t + a,5) rLr'*'n*(*- f^b^t*
    l*^r* co,*tLF &';*.ot- k

    NA

    e L n{k

    r,^o {, Lazbfi 1*- ("uL 4 e-1prctei'"ozr'"*t';


    '() A pfi=o,f 4 &kro+= j,4 1o-1 +D 7o,o31 to,oooa!+(tr.\o-lotL3 '[o-27:
    Verl^

    ..

    Z) "

    ?W

    = E,o

    -r

    orror = ,{,o..(o-,'

    -1,0

    t -.(o-"n

    -t-,f

    -.t;tt

    o,o)z-no

    i f uo- at|-'.rc ,t &,v6 ro-t^** Lf l'-.o


    svoi ,'o-'. Nel[& e,<o'u @,-e) ,eu'<
    !!. SJ*&-\ acy,ms' J; nuln /"tt.r^- e !-r)
    o ?ro e [/"=q4n1 (; ^^' 'ol*; "
    Ur*r dl" f L sluz"n" tr;'-q
    ?

    Cr" 4- tlrr*;

    FsJ4-\

    &r/rl; ,-,

    0* *'rl,*h h,k

    !ns> r.esq

    '

    rsdtu

    ?b4*= z,o) &",4*= 95 1,r0ro,')*='t1ft


    5,,* n^p-[oh *l/- I'462'l] La.-'tl)'

    bJL* qu,,* (!- ) i '{ou' 'k

    7o- t(.

    {,

    6. 00

    6,9

    ?,ss
    cc-

    9,0c
    "!s. tt '

    -'Llo'n *J

    4,-U-

    {"

    .- e .d

    trrl
    - r*'3

    ,I'r ltr.tr.

    fro

    .{.}
    r * ""'*'t
    :;
    l
    I

    lral'I
    - ts,6

    lHrrl-; ros
    8.3
    "?,t
    3"

    - r6.
    - r{,

    {,

    - :2,6
    - t 8. fi

    3,3

    .o
    .-

    :.1

    ri*pq,:

    r"0

    'r.[S
    :1.*

    .* 0

    I -

    '

    d.!
    Y.

    [*ff;,$.*.

    e- "^ J*' '-onk-*(o '\A-v4-'w^4tu l

    spte w*LJt

    3"0

    lt*?
    rt, $

    ,J,^^ pl'l" i^- ".^o^f'aa't^' 'L' /' lJ< &

    * 3,0
    * ,,"3
    - t",
    - ?.f

    t,o*

    2.3

    . LI
    :i*f.

    rtr.

    "L'

    s6

    , S0

    '

    (*nk

    g*

    :
    .-

    3,00,

    ct"- i(. /"b-6r*,^*'* c.^sisk L' k ^Fffe


    n';!'L;
    l; orv<' -n"'Y*'l'^Li oi ht
    W',o{n hil^6*'
    'o-*'vb'{
    2" - L 4yvt L*- P&-"
    tl
    "{t-L ,

    1., 00

    t* s [N, rc, ]

    otl8rru..l

    pH

    ::kf**I
    u-o'l'll

    ? 6 e

    dl rc"'ronioilio'o'rot r

    2. 0s

    :n-r-*[.*

    'r'I

    ':

    ,1

    --

    *6'

    x,^

    5.8-

    . 1.0

    1..
    , -,*

    :" * -?;0.'

    -,.

    I
    I

    -tt

    - 1.8

    'L:3"
    aa

    M uy,()b-v <L f*-!- fn-

    tr , Ln I','tJ=Lnr"rf (qc=-Lrts) L- 'Q' pH l'!t^


    lnlsoo?,o-a

    s,tnlo

    6Lht
    sr&z,v*t {,' "*";Lo (u*', , zsx*L l,,osrn,obt&- Drr""J r'(-(t

    A h!,

    p14

    z,ru\ 0*

    (=

    UzPqJ

    o'Y<'v

    a"t;z yYe 'J

    ctvua 3 - l." XYe '' ('' f "*

    d; Kr?oU oL, z
    f^^^*65q Nrpe[' ,lh-

    , ("

    soL,eb.<-

    l-'t-a1'*t

    kt*

    [-o lUte"; )

    o*{-" "ss"l' " F"i7;


    )'a,-ce 'lu i9"tVl ti

    ,.'o..

    e-

    JuU''

    *":{o t*Llu

    tr|

    )r11^ .o0u*"r* /rl

    J''usnoo

    wtr.'vu- 'L'
    f"'!lL

    cnVca

    L< .Q

    pL/

    cc( t 4- l"/' Ptr' J'L

    **W '*
    U /^sso^\q-?b*e a aYr-a- ,{ fYzt 1""* e<ur<a G-A) ; ^'t ["'Ptl
    (
    ,il
    *6t1 ,
    U rtr;] , , **'nl vv, {-'-'*'t{' ' I l1Dre"{' e

    eshc.

    &"""
    "5o-

    *n,,r-k bo.s-o- (nno''3 t^u/e) O 0t sn!n*'* ia <!-.,v'- Wfr

    b^^eq-

    l-[*

    I p,,A m,E "E

    1a;4 = [0rct1
    co,*

    &soisss

    @,W

    h{..t

    T*/^'

    -1

    Lrori J=

    e @

    rr"erh.ur^*-le.

    "!(-

    6"-I poa.' A,A e E oki t .-ik^6o*


    { flk-. r- pn/t^r* fr , J,tL,,- { 6*/,* ,,
    s

    giv,^o g*l-v.+

    *,-^J-*

    ,,e91^o

    @t

    @iilb

    ".bn1,-

    *k. o ?tn,/"^e* P
    (l* si;rh^- & t""t*) t^"ltL

    %A-

    **,

    W
    ,*z* Wr'A ,'-lt"

    {,"*k

    Ttq u.

    E{P0'.']

    F,toJ

    /St

    xx--_ - 7.*,

    ,ln 6

    los,[o

    ejl

    ros

    pH

    1
    \

    tr.r/
    ../

    \r

    t1\

    ffi

    ,I
    I

    21 3
    I

    lrlt

    s 6 7I

    or.rtryr.

    Ac. fosforico 10-eM

    (x"r)r=Z,o,

    ojg

    r0 rr !1' 13
    I

    rr,!l

    14

    pH

    il acqua a 25 oC e rr = Orl M

    (K.,r)r=6,9; p (K",r),n 41,7 (K-]=1g,eo


    ;p.

    , p K..=

    14.ool

    A,

    fl. pK tt

    *-U.^,

    l* 6""tt'!"

    os*tratv

    ef, *- 6rtL"rL dru,*lo /'!'4!-' b'*- "l

    /'-,1-.,e-,u^r ,lolt'

    ,lo

    P*/-u'no''le

    e-Eto aowi"y'ok,'

    [". pu^ H tr , Frnc'^'e,* L *{" & f^"G^zo A c @'


    -ail'Jrr,n ' p,,k E (
    ) @),

    - l;

    - , i^-cco"zJ.r* -l{ror*, ts L wk< /'(/*


    Pryo

    d^-

    4f

    h!

    L^^e *L;co-*N,<-

    sste,* ,\^ "1'N;b^v

    A'so sfu<' ^'*L*6'* t i"^t*

    !,'' & 7%.t ' -')

    g';"Ln'

    te 'lL'il*hi {- h*a si "'d; t\ *6*k'


    (-o
    lo
    p'*
    i
    -lnssr,*
    ,,in
    obeot^'.,1ui,lf"rk-k
    yr^V
    J'- s'o X"'L'k 'Jk
    \ t; ?*[" E '-I;"1" f"^'l'L" a*"-h svzu-ssiw
    ,","*[* (.L
    r 7G'4)

    g'- l'y(^r*

    lrl

    /in6,<*,-*-

    s,o,r.o

    stfi,u**,hu.*-,k- J,)*,se,

    r r*

    Q",i.r(r o"l

    Lt l'" L* - y^/-#' ,

    Q=

    Lnr*l

    pq-

    e3e^\f

    rt f,o<-s+'^J"

    , fu

    t''|vt

    ";{'

    t [n,e]+ fa*] * [*=J


    pft = plta, t

    '-o

    firreJ = frre-J

    s& &
    [orrJ
    fl {
    ,r&
    trt
    (. Lru-J . LB'J so,* $*n**t" Q"'tl- '' f'; ,"-"* \e4o "0" *'
    bla,*o. /r-0!r 6-a-ts,( ^. C-=zpru]=.

    h^

    e g,,t^Ji % l*.-- L*oaual"vt 5-,^a v-&k L.rsa tgk ,W* f*?' , .i fwt- eszX<
    ,{rL
    A-,*0"6,o-""-k ["
    ,
    funlo
    M'*f;/a
    ".rt,r?.vv.c
    (* y^L

    (b^ L-r.- op7*asir*3rr^r- f^L

    A**.

    l"

    -,sro^Fi

    sve {rss, t

    soan ,'/f'oou

    hr-*k

    Esez-r.: :

    tln-*

    5 rt b,lo

    uv.o-

    a; *sl--h

    so-".o :

    't,oo

    Ko,4

    - 1t__Y1.

    = ),oo

    L u^ o^'lo {-fr"grhL @ i k

    ffu,"=

    j'ro

    Ej s : 'l,oo

    u[iGc{A;

    k!!" /,n,sr- ifGn rh 1-t{bno "i L^^o


    c"l.J.* ,*-Lv-(e L oLrwL *(rhw ur*k e si olln^f* ; ,^1"", "-(k
    I^ hL *r" &-

    un,r,.r,.;?"-"n

    gaota

    A+),

    4'14 e-

    l *h-

    ,,e.,t

    ; o$S*-wa .

    Jrllr.

    n,,.^it

    fELLt

    !.

    6l-

    il

    WU* w

    |
    |

    rrt*scua$LE

    [."Ls^-J= -y'o,Ba
    u
    ------ ._\

    .-r.

    Do,

    r'3'50
    {,oo
    ,i, to
    6-00

    ." r-rpl *c,os *


    >{;..9,0O- lo.00 1I,00 *
    r:. oc rt, 00 II i

    |
    |
    I

    vt/ . ?il=Pk,t

    Urs''J

    ,'0*
    ,04
    d

    r{

    ( tt

    I n(r,3-1t;00

    aasge+alc

    iltr"]

    * 3.0
    - 1.0{
    * *.f,?
    - , g
    {"s}

    1,oo
    oo

    : rr

    t cs Is"J

    :.
    Jpx--,'i.oo

    er L*ruJ= eT"1

    [r*tsl

    fua.zloac rlat pa d"tte cooc:_


    trel,{oBl dcllt rprctr !s csrlllhrlo
    axlle
    roi!rlanr.cquotr, i,oO.tg"? # *t un *ej,da
    tl(" pir tl {tlr !{c.r'. 3,00 , }(o. , l, S.
    I
    rtr(o,, ' , o0 * dn. * - 9, .'

    qLrr4-

    hR^r\=

    IY, 14 - yrrrtrln ln

    '5*

    ::i

    -l

    tt.3ll
    t{*t{ &e
    tt,lal * rt 80
    :l.lr i -. l{ 5{lI
    :.t0 * l?, r0
    :r,rs I - t*, 0 II
    rr,ro I -. 33, 5l
    I

    ill

    6{T1

    lwneJ =

    Fl

    Uu'-L s*{1

    Frynr

    7--

    l-

    r.s

    roe[Fr,J toe

    F:,]

    IlgJl

    ros[#J

    -2
    -3

    /:\

    ,i

    -5

    la

    :.ti
    .j:
    .t

    t:

    t::
    t::

    -b

    '.:

    -8

    10

    11

    1? 13
    PH]

    Soluzione acquosa 0,0100 M di un acido HoB con


    plql= qOO pK.,z= q50 pK.= 5,OO p(ro= gr00

    16.; o

    * I't, {
    {.? - lq,8?
    - 1, ?- I- r;E?
    i:
    -" ql?'
    - :,16 | - s. ts '* r,16
    * 2"1 I * .S "- ?, 1u
    l"; ri.lr * "t

    3"4

    3.t{

    t. {

    {, r
    - t-t * . 1.!r
    .* *, O+, ;*. !"fi: * - 5,{
    ; e.lo *:'- 23A "- ?.J0l
    * E.0.r * 3"0{
    2. O,1
    * ro.oo : {. ' --- 3,ool
    - 13.00 * ,00 - :,0
    - l{.oo * .0s - :.goi
    l

    I
    I

    tu
    a,R

    ggailzaB ilE

    wma
    Ta.eauzalgtw

    -1

    -7

    -*'

    \e*sc.qraB|tE

    -4

    "-;*?3 I -" t0;50


    * {,{ l* 1, j1

    l-+scurursioe-

    2134

    bsEBl

    h:]

    tn*(x8'-i t*ei*-l

    wt
    Cop.TT-

    log c

    or F.,-)

    W*eaa+tlrl

    ra*'suueaaits

    WEE

    'ur-tl.;.

    b-.

    . J-;

    /r,(!'nc,.\b l-th*ut

    wgp*s^hlo (o^ &

    utYvc

    L' Lul^b"*'\'-(

    su-i

    o,.1*

    \r^. ih

    5!&4- *"h

    (;

    '

    J.,W elvo-ar, ^ (a -no / tar t 4a1 ,1o4 e4t I r 1,,,\,o,v.,o L /''*"1"'"


    "I
    wJt^; , +ir\k- ,ll,t- .o^.t,.lro-2.\-o kh&, /:ulL' o.ru"d, i L' h t+" {, 3 K-c^e rh
    srLruv,q ^ 6pnzrv* tt, b^'*; '-'A e fu[
    - e t*vLub,.- /r,ll ul*ti

    ?q,,lo^-L

    /{

    I:teot) := L
    F
    L-

    ,t^s* df I sii"

    Q-r-")

    .t rort

    0-r"r)

    f,lrP"ol

    C"

    Kql

    = okror'F

    '

    i,*

    s,s

    ,s

    ,3

    ;, 00
    t,fl*
    t, ss

    $,t
    {, 0l

    T, &s

    *:.

    11oL

    q.I
    0,
    Sr

    ,'{t'

    q' q1
    0r1

    oi'r
    $r!

    '" {.{.

    0-
    0, *

    , 6

    ..0:F**

    10:04
    l!" 0*

    "

    E'

    oror'

    0,,

    ,i.

    0,4'

    &lt3ot -

    k,n-h'

    'k,t

    s, r

    , '

    _ Lrr;J ^ ys,, .V^,t. Kq,l

    **i *
    o, -

    x3,i

    Ko,t 'lQ,t
    oro* 'F

    * oa?

    1.8

    3" fi

    Q-,",\

    xroi- ] et]'
    .. -L-

    [, Sr

    , fr$

    dxro+ 'AGrt

    v.-po:
    1

    *-F0'?' iI

    pH

    drll ... f""t,lc dcl *r's!


    i;;i t" asqut. !t ! r s ' ,J trf' ls'fra'

    U{"-?"rbu"fnoo

    rALLA TY,T5

    G-r"t\

    (!-,'E\

    'ke,t

    .n Jo^L "l*-'-

    ,(,.
    '[tPo4+ d kr,oa- t Lur,i- t lrrr- : 4
    ,

    llo(,H?b,"*L n

    N'dL^

    F08E

    f A

    u* (4-tr)

    sovt'o

    a o&,v".o
    *

    *fu^

    lt "'l'";
    A-rl
    ";il@

    Atrw

    /; "C\t;tuzrvxt

    sv\-o

    ac"/^o

    <,o*Q,"t"A--2'rro"^

    ,J-,

    ) ""1*- ,rL,-(-.; L 29'<

    p"*loA'

    iwp*y*L Z" *sL-o-,| "r''*sl" " /nk


    ,(o!-'!-'

    A-2o')

    - 1r-l-d'

    #tfr-'-

    /ai

    "

    *h ,
    *o i

    rbt",.'

    'ld^r^
    .

    1,4@5cud,tt.

    Tu",

    Ffi4,

    Jo c-sl

    ,co P.

    r- Fis.8

    1r0

    ct

    qe

    \l
    \

    0rg

    or7

    0,6 (

    gs

    r/
    t,

    ,\

    ->5uroi ----'

    l-o('
    I

    Hfol

    Hfor

    or4

    I :l

    or3

    0r1

    po-

    n
    ;:t

    :.r

    l:t

    i:\
    !ir

    o12

    \
    \
    \

    /:\
    /:\

    2 1s 14

    pH+O 1
    lrO
    0c

    0rg
    0r8

    ru

    O'7

    0r6

    qs
    q4

    Lpor*

    *rr-

    .l-\\

    HPO;

    \\

    013

    0,2

    orl
    0

    Curve di distribuzione dell'ac. fosforico in ac'Qua


    25 oC e p= oJ M
    .."........!-

    11

    ,4cr1 fottQaoya

    6^ ,t,
    h,/J"

    5s

    D'/4.

    J; '!/-(. gnv'_- ,talo s ,aossu^'a 'rn-t+vv<'- & bnuzr[^*v^. L'


    ,*"(rr-( e brl-{. /r' u/v\ y*-!-ssi aa-{n LL"&- , cko so,*

    len-o-

    U 5f

    co.kr1r"r-oa-u*h-

    g^*'":2

    DEBoLT

    rh .y."(;L*v L i fo$so,o lt,Vl; *'Lo

    K,-,,=ffi5

    f r,*l=+= +

    rcLhr,'

    /e=Ir^oJt[n^-.,rJ+ *b,-J,

    fl.ELE "l-

    B<.ioi

    - kt iOo pee.

    E /futo

    De'Bot-E Vrprno?tat1 cr *

    l'oo:l* kk "C,2/4 *yr,* ,.'tl* /soc*var',* J,!.t(.'raL "bL/z 9*^.


    Lb . upgry*\o-r'o "t; a^/r^& ,@ sot z"v,< o-4Fusso, l; Jr< *uli @ a

    '{ x,"L a J"L"L


    a
    e
    {
    g*
    h,k
    T,",{^'

    @ ,h
    tl-E

    co^,s*l>*'ei\o"^a

    LkL

    /n'U\'oc^d'a

    @ e G| Ytl* k @

    u Kurn 0*- *rhk J; d,iluln: l"fl' au*o "Gb'L tl*av; f * 6o-sst /"2*
    Dcro''- estl'aL to't;'/u ?* A*-ht
    e-

    '

    Ko,*

    Kw =
    furo+\=

    Cr=

    0,4 [r;1

    -rrl

    @a')

    tr+J

    Lnr"l b"l @-t)

    &;l *f.;l . [*J


    fn;]

    (a+zt

    Q-z,t)

    Cv= [nr"J*

    b'Zl,o"

    ^">*) I

    ["oJ

    (a-zrz)

    si ico,vt i

    (!-rrl)
    o;L l-,,k l^- vvq- c-.,,'(2-,^l"o-=.v*"
    ln*rar*.* e f"VL J"l!* Q-zzt)
    'l')

    {,'

    4 ), 4o-6 t1 fox-J

    '.

    [.nr"n}=

    fn;J

    t+]

    @_rrd

    c,iee

    ./

    vi[-

    Cv k art
    [r,lo*] l

    lz

    ky

    -zze)

    c^^;;

    fnyc+J"

    (k.,l. Cr) fur,,J - Ka,E (.,* G) -_o

    @-zzt)

    >l

    DoD
    I

    5" k &",*

    io^'t"r-

    J;.*,/tcl.'s3\rr.r"

    ur!-.z

    l..*

    vol;^

    d.-

    {-,*r.-,^

    vst-r-a'-

    (* ,-,bk-k

    ional.o-.

    f "".(!* JL""*

    ao(',z.v*

    Vv,.0-

    voLi$ si

    ,l,oo

    1;\ f1 /; t{c( (rg)

    4,oo"z 11 J; w3c@n (l^q;\ Ko,T = 4,?4'105'


    l{a,a
    (An Luo'nJyoilv+z'w*
    ,U^-l"g A ar orool Yl e, TurVl', fo*siot^.- vt'.ll-

    L *rn

    ft*nl''* (^,-o'4;' - apo.t;t) Lnr*) -

    L ;
    C'r =

    Drr*J--

    4t'(5

    [e;J

    .{,}4-'t"-'(,(,oo..(it + t,oo-r;')

    "{;) s-'"* --

    La-] =

    4, oo

    ' 4'3

    - 2,34

    ptt

    E;"/c

    (y f u**\
    fcwjcoot)=

    [urol I

    =o

    Cr

    kot

    Ka,

    l,4s.roa

    t',re"l * K*,r

    8""ru

    - ,(Co o51g'1- tUr'e?apYot v,'lzvv"su, (*

    M' "r('no"o J'e *-c;Jn' LL"0'


    6 ro'p.(f*e a,.o..tn[-ovnb^ hk-a; e- @ e @

    Supgou*

    &

    &,vvq-

    ko,o

    [*= [r,'r] F,J (^'t


    ',,{;*- (t

    = ['qJ n [r;]

    e
    Q-.1o

    @c@

    Ca

    lob'{n's'

    - [n,al tG]

    iuu'4

    lrt]

    [*J

    -- Drt"l +Is;]

    Q-zs,)
    (+

    -rtr)

    1-.Lr

    k,,r

    '/[ox-d1=[qnJ

    (t

    lqJ=
    !
    u

    k".'t

    D""rl+ko,r

    (+or)
    (t

    Lr;J

    =
    Dtl

    ko,*.

    orJ t Ka,le

    c't"o

    tnA"

    4- .-"to^H l^' o(-'u'Lt--

    3e) . [ui],[u;J
    e

    uA' si

    :i

    [t

    Cx

    r"f =

    CE Kort

    K.,x

    firr"'tJ + k,r

    [rr*J

    Kw
    I npn)

    4--

    + x",E

    @-z.,)

    k;
    CE l(a.rr

    fittc;lL =

    t4-

    l(",r fi'e'J

    Lxrr] * K-*,"

    [nro+J >>

    fnro+Jz

    K* k

    (L'zt

    q\ ,L,,e*

    AaD-

    g-zs)

    + Kw

    ,*o*^t{'

    r!' y*

    si

    t^

    : f',*l D:-] : fh.,rJ'


    Lr,
    G

    ( D

    r*J'=

    Irr*l:

    d, f\otJr. 6

    v.ll'W',x svitL

    C-y

    ton-l

    cAczqlr-.2,u^.

    vn Wrn

    [ilrr,J t k",r

    v^

    <-f.*ziv,'r- L

    ;,/,

    , L

    t\o1
    lo

    Qeeoo

    1tt4

    L @

    62t"<t-l>*zlv,w,

    (D b,

    frrro+l =

    [,

    ,b-l!t-

    .*ll.- (a-rt

    ka,t

    tt*

    trr"rl|

    drx ,Lt 'i{ y"rJ,*L- "(rLl*-

    *- s\ (u; #os*^^r

    @!(r*,;1i*-L

    l,/if. X

    ujs^utrG''lL-kvna-cLyoL*us''t*ot(t'oo'nk'"lnL'"b*v*'

    -r k e- u5"olo Jk sorn,-*_ /- q^rol-i


    s. *qaLbo-,o t*!L tr(-z,n^ ,Lk "r^h L
    ^ol
    t

    ft

    oo s i

    l4-zz*) W_qar"

    "l.h

    S4F4

    /l

    C, K"r + C=

    <- y i,.G Kw

    Ka

    Lxg) + Kc,t

    si P"; szu$/^a'

    sFzsso

    Sz

    .1.)

    frr*]

    @-n*)

    /,1,/"

    t,Lxo*
    .lrl-

    Irrro*] @^ k

    Q-r,

    f;

    .'5 A't'' 5.o

    i{

    't
    ."sf
    svcesivc afTr-<..iw. +,u , ,-l.r
    [rl"r3 p
    e
    t
    Q-rrl\
    L co*c,.a},oz,,* /rlb *Lt* sf t c a ,-t*0"* Llla- s"l^lz (1va-z:,v'J / ,* -,LL
    ,- k ,{ "*{'n L' Llr"! '

    \,o-0r*

    *tl*

    '"ht- o*"1. Lz * ,yu'L rh u;"rr-(* s-l-o Fi h f,* , ,l koo*


    e?'L?1,,M , I
    slr.ss, st'
    7.0'7,^t;.^' /
    * o-ul. *t*
    TE\*tr-. L 'pp...l'o

    Q*tk *fl.r*-*-L

    W-

    (ossonl cawsihz.oo,

    f1, Lfu

    a,ncot,.-

    a- v-'v\-ob^h'^ ,

    (Lc&ea.' "W tl'l;

    l^l!"

    ,^

    ai

    "*"*n

    t*

    :q.;oy4vrt-

    u[*- L

    bE

    *"t"1r(,{;r^.t*'-

    "

    t'ecz,ss"e

    **f'*

    nu"L'

    bot- B (*- o*^l'L b';L[' uAW"k ai"*)

    ur^^.

    e-cfv-

    Jiss".U?r^i

    b + lbo

    BH+ +

    or

    @-z:,c)

    ri f r,. o^rilu.oAt- 0*- A(in /rL f u*L f,' ,Lq /r-Q 'ou'{- z-n'yo[-e , k**L

    ru

    yro^fo
    Be s

    cc,t

    ,fU

    ''slo (ru

    oo{) kL'L

    "

    po'r.
    trcaSsis:o nE\'e-44(,

    ln^Jr,-.,-o
    c'o?rv.*

    {."--r" f"nJ

    Q-p--

    sl-

    13o o r,..o-

    rl

    (rna

    1t^*'*

    & /rA' : PH a. .,.,"'F!.u- 'L"o',(


    o7-or* L{.
    Xuv"L
    W &U- ',(uz,o*
    (t *,L"av;
    ".!;lo * L /-.r* L,',*
    @ ,

    kn, = fur"r3

    t,LL;re,

    t r-]

    Tonl= ro+J+fnt7
    CL =

    .te

    (O-r)

    . Q-z:s)

    fn*l 0-rr.\

    ;
    r-

    loru J=

    L+

    la-r+t)

    ?run

    luz ,
    t-lox-\.
    " f ,troi1

    go(oneb.Ls-

    CgL
    F SAITA

    er^=t i*t-+"rr* :

    4),

    ,6 >'t 66 n

    *r,r-^t&

    L*1
    a

    =-

    [n*] 2 CL

    s<

    ,r

    0*-

    .-

    Q-zat)

    PK*

    to(rzro*

    J; w, t**

    J^"k

    eY(*rr,','o L

    e
    l"

    fw rotJ

    *h

    *{'*

    uU,-

    fxro+J

    kv-r*rk

    bo(c-

    [*,,"-*

    cb

    <.

    @"'
    Q-ro ,,k

    6_td+)

    (q-zar)

    A PP*ax

    & m /JL ,,[-v",u "?**

    (P^t , rt* )

    CLt

    2-

    to

    z
    CL

    + z"t;a

    Q-'d*)

    |= (r,,t,,,,))
    W

    /
    vJ

    u,-l*\,6& U

    hu* tl*- b** aooL v*,*,L[".> L*


    ,

    m
    K

    (^4""t,,* (e^ (n ,"))

    A-'4 6 )

    .L

    La*

    Ier"s)

    44 < 62cL

    @-zaz)

    ,r<-'
    _t,

    fox-J

    "tff^

    + Lrct

    1,kv

    t-"1!" Q-zt*)

    l,tt;

    JL",- rU^^Z- ;

    fl=
    -r-l-

    "nJ

    &-

    sge

    4{s

    ?/

    L"r7

    Jk"-a

    [.

    unf*

    vett

    &-

    sin-

    v^-L"-h

    {-'

    y'^(,

    ,,'tl*

    tV

    "lk
    L'

    ,!^ru-'o
    v\4

    AU,{n

    BAJ

    Beui Y{ Po B
    0^ boy .lrb"U @ .Lo M *.j,*

    5i L
    nn"<nil

    bfr

    g * H2o

    \/"{- .-76-

    .t^.a (*

    /-- ?-.5o ',?4. 4LL?..*z 1*kL'f


    bx4 + ott- (a -z zej

    ,4aio.,'l'se

    k*- V'' ku
    A4.[.'

    ica

    aa{ri^o .LJt!^

    qa-o-?1w<

    -"\

    Q -zlv) si

    L-*.

    / lr- Ls,. /-.t"

    i,,.-'.-.5. '

    LsnrJ f"nJ
    Dsl

    k*

    - ["r-] Lnr"") Q-t \

    F*l
    CL

    [nr"*) * [rn.J Q'zaz)

    = ftl + lun.J

    "L "i

    Q-z )

    ohv,*'-

    !-"= = kb
    forr-) = n,
    LerlJ

    [on7

    L"n7 _

    [r'atJ

    ft ro!

    (a\

    zs r )

    oer ule :

    [o*-J

    - Lk"")

    A-r,4

    Cb-[r,,7*fr,xJ
    Do
    ,'

    f""rla

    e1razb,,,a

    si

    }'
    "o,vs- {'q-2ab..e E-s4F ,L'

    (,aao

    nYW -

    l'ro*J,

    l*pg"ossr n"ozr\c,j'.

    <);

    fqo*J

    . t "J

    ( ,'

    '-')

    54

    Ck> L"*J

    , tk-

    iL [,

    tr(rza"*

    [ar*J a',-L & P*J


    ([e*-] = frx]) . tL ,, (un fi*r.,*eat o^ok k f*-Q c;tr"^*Fe. (--gn*)
    si o{heo-:
    rrsgr,k, ,!!- L"-s ,t*{o ( f-l = CL) J^!!- Q-zrl
    *k*[c,

    b^Jt

    ".L*AV- s /;

    > k;-cb

    ?,

    {vos,uvp-r.e-

    -zst) J- ,-;: Y-

    fn'o*)'

    kL'cb

    c'+v"-

    V*''
    F .rl
    lltro+l
    L. ' ' =---

    @-"4)

    K;"CL

    ((un ..^sirG-no*L

    G-ro)

    6 - zer)
    A,,!t Q-z;n)

    '

    Q-,n)

    "

    i '(--t'^a
    (+ -zre )

    o?("*

    @-z'*)

    uL* srs*o /. &" *'8- "(f**r, u-*k 7^' d'-"'*


    L* i LL'U / {,o*nro.^lu k P'*b L-ssouv(z

    t"Ue C ey{) b;. /n!-lt *1* '


    z7 1; @
    (ts,t, =f,,-l\

    f m Jrl!" 'oLu'*'
    sgzl"+, "/k

    dn'

    Qwttmd>'*'"'*

    e. Lq

    i^ *

    "i (uo-

    t-,*tr,urn.-

    puo {r*r*r*.-z twr*J s6,2*o


    ,,o-k Lr,r.-cf* (= ent) itg-N* Jl*

    si

    FrJ =

    kL

    cs- t

    l.* J^l!-

    Q1-zn)

    ,l
    @z.*)

    ["17

    clo forJ'+ fr f"xJ = KL'C; =o @-"1) (ur'*"-^ @-40\)


    o u,sb*^[o k ur[-'i" o-.;L , CL [upr" - k* [:rro*J -Ko k* =o @-ze")
    gi*
    ;6r*/^ /. ,o*,",,I.u'-; L' @ u W i^ 4!v z'u'< ltl W ['-'
    4

    y\r-. /o,^"e-

    vr

    f,"^L

    cb
    LsJ

    C6KL

    q-zet\

    l+
    --

    KL

    Do,)

    [aI

    [orJ

    Frh)

    q-zn)

    "dL 1-"4

    5.,5l-l."o)o L"n-J-- kw

    Dlrol

    Ct'x"
    Le)=

    U -rt)

    frro+J+ta

    -@ e W-orc .t @^
    11e

    -l{ao

    (=Arq)

    k;.''-

    S,zsl

    cb hotJ

    [Bnt]

    6Lcr)roj- L

    [uro-*J +

    cr 25uc
    *"L

    > 4,?

    (*)- = 4,1 "r;1

    '

    g-ua) (=*-*)

    k*-

    6Ltut^.*uc-& @Yl)

    4;'

    K[, = 4,ze-

    a {r*iol,'*" ,

    KrL

    r)^.cl- tr(,,"ov-.

    Eseruo,o

    ld-=

    KL= K*t

    (k4* =

    a6

    st 3?

    Li'e'vyf-u '1A -tf^ e-' J''*


    <i
    4
    L lIE| o' p'zssirzr-e- *L'if"""' '
    uvr- t",[,nou "oL*2. "Lt ''^hv,n fl' W?l
    l<^rr,,--k"r- e-r*bv-k ltu.vrn-,,^'oc-a f1.o-ssose

    Nil,L

    sr(-*,

    )o^^' &'*orua /.ro"ah' /"!!^ rc'*zio^t'

    &c1\/os* v t torw 7..h

    r,n re^

    Nilg

    ttLO

    N[f

    oH^

    ''

    Q-zo)

    L; so,- focL; rb,-r o's;Ju^&, e .; u^rn k de b.u d4-qa-. hr*- .


    'uul(r,oln
    tr.L,
    ? r'o,. /^' J*stlo
    "ioaaso
    si
    etvrnntVca'
    vr1
    ,Lc.ez.,"* suvrv,.t {-rr,*[
    ,\^ ,rlu*Uz f o* l"A '
    -[.e- st .-L* tA esb-a
    h ,nwowry tllr,rl
    &Htrt
    -.A o*'
    L ork*L &*e'* W Scra"- lvu'|vt:

    kL

    /*- *"1'.^k *.,1*

    El

    &!!* "'ff'

    k-- -

    IL

    (a-z te)

    NHI

    nkrr, ' oNrrt


    - o"r/

    -rt

    6 ,-h*h L' ,.-q6 f*3u*r uJ \,v ,-r{r.u"-k /.' uh\ k- frr" "f*- ,W
    t
    g; ,S-e^r tnt"r) - ),o ',,-'1 9-;"%
    ,"'vL
    Usr*l-

    -l"t
    =
    W-%*'n,*
    (.v\

    L- srLou*

    (r*\.
    loxl=
    sl

    (u

    k*ur*r^

    t*r,, *Ll*

    pi,L':

    *-#"*"^k

    4,53'1o'4

    lrrro*l

    1o'

    f,ro*J

    ,'tf.U- d-

    fk &-

    ogg*si*-,k Q-"")

    Cb (= ,,oo

    5/).

    1o'r1
    Dou-)

    ^*

    ,'-t n) p**
    ,

    4;te tr'*/e
    t,n7i

    t.ril)

    a,*I.L

    utvtt

    h^d-

    t*-1

    ('7," ur"n

    h-ui

    l!, 1u^k

    21

    W",n L zsz

    J-l!- s&*,0^* L, m
    1( on<-

    LrLrurJ = Lt
    s i /rr-

    TABELLA

    Iy,t6, - vartrzlooa dl lo8 [xnf] . loc [!iH.] 1o fuozlooc dcl pH u 25 oc.a .' o,l l{ pr una soIuzlooc lcquosr r. 0,0100 l, df asloailct-

    i*&ir,* U

    f'rfl

    pH

    1.00
    2, 00
    3, 00

    1-t^ l'" f"rr] =frtxa*l -

    ?tvr{

    ^ .1.-sk lrue"^o"t , J*U^


    e1i (.L"" t '' Ao '
    "k
    = (w)^
    Nlor
    sl

    {.

    00

    5, 00
    6, 00

    c-s1",6

    ?. o0

    '

    8,00
    9,00
    9,3?
    I 0.00
    11.00
    12,00
    13.00

    F=1TA1

    ro:

    [xnlJ

    ' -

    2,00
    2.00
    2,04

    ior [rur"]
    - t0,37
    - e ,37
    - 8.3?'

    2,00
    2,00

    2,00

    -a nu
    - 2,l6
    - 2,30

    - )

    o,J

    - 5,3?
    - 1.31
    - 3,39
    - 2,53
    - 2,30
    - 2.09
    - 2.01
    - 2,00
    - 2,00

    z,Qo

    1A

    - 3,6{
    - {,63
    - 5,63

    c."\A-

    ?W=

    ((K4^ =9/3?

    31 &*l*, L

    pW

    ); @ , k

    ,4o,6

    y'a,'.u{-

    r/,nz;".-

    41 at

    l*6rcr,-* ai
    tl-ln .aa

    fillll^

    l,-+.

    toltl'u, L.,'"-,L JrtL. eEka kt WLq-

    h L"rJ

    foseov@

    a-"rL'-

    ,[)rso ct'u?Lv^t-

    ("//* ^-0,!*k {r,A

    ry&r*" (.

    J;
    /.; onuL,br
    lt
    rA
    0

    @f ,!!- s'L**

    L:t;*';'t-, .,o '('t7-'4;b-

    l^ I,*\r?.'ons

    tnLL{ ar,*vn^lo

    A"*

    e spriw...

    io,.,"

    Kto Nx4+

    "tr.tl.,r

    h-!- pu^lo E

    , uv W,^y*b

    }; )i M

    Ar\r
    t

    6-si

    tov!-

    r\^

    ,.,,ntl.a*?r\o*a'
    s

    l.sl'^

    b*"o Jl

    **,*).

    &a. y # *-;L.

    sz,fivo',,o ,ry",,-n**\

    <!-r,t

    "!-3 l^

    A0 1r"-1, A
    oL p"nl, t,

    :
    t

    D',-J ? 4o-3'ta
    &[,ot =

    (f")*

    Lr,

    -,)

    ..,(u-

    ('''

    --+ ptt -7@*)* =

    !r" 7it =,1o,, Cap.

    E - Fig, 9

    9.3

    log c
    to

    s[ruurl

    ,o g

    -1

    -2
    -3,28Y'

    -4
    -5.64-

    -o

    -7
    -8
    _od

    -10
    -

    1q52 '

    -1

    ra

    7 8

    234

    Coppia ammoniaca

    9_;-J0 :11
    @D 1#2

    12 13

    14

    pH.

    - ione ammonio in acqua a 25 oC

    e F=0,1 M
    9,37; p(K*).=13,80; PK*=u]
    [n(G)r=

    t o'L '!-#'e k l"L'(' e sz ''-'* '*L c4a4


    --J ese.vrnp\o J; sn/,,znv,.^ /^' ac,l'i e di bo-si I '* f'&' * @
    @ Jn-LL'y,* sov\, {,,o-r",*v\{r' rssxk &- f,rr,U^ ,for;h' J,'!l"
    5" k tr(,,*,n-o

    6,r^t-'w-e

    o";L , lnlh- tcs. I L

    (encua"o*u^,i .{e^'

    l re oo-' Son"o \&i

    ()br;,

    s[.

    5<

    rso L

    voz.e\-zr\,r^r-

    lr-01-.

    &r*

    A'*11n"^lo

    /otl\t

    Cl.ttu,p.C- yWA

    \,"

    PtoVO

    hl, J" l* c.sf-n*rk J^' ,o^o^f'oz-rbh{- 4'ss!'}'e'


    sz A rt-c (otev^-L tn 6.y s LL oL ,^^;t-* '**k

    o,.ais.

    '- e-/;-:ve,h o
    ("t- -"-eL-t.) - U s,li6l,,c,.Vl-rro.< d-p-rz esr?,,-s- ^t-Eer-$s5.. fJ^4^ "io

    ,rl.rl *&f-

    C^CL vu^a-

    rpat+*+o

    *l-*
    @,
    e

    oXy*lx .; W o k E, e k a*ut^t>s-"(tuWW /".1!" Io^t n (*wr,v.ttt.


    Ziv.^{ t"!1.- ,^*!-J. L.J"'s.o u-k ntr"--lo, C7*, F" ".

    k[,* veuo s'l;rLo- f'


    "p,t

    vu'

    i"r.{, L,oYvtw\t- i
    )' ;^tlrr,^r.* /r/o' - 6*^;
    vai<u* /lru' ,/-{* 1ou4 rh &^o""t A' t"& ry'^l'o '

    fro-

    ,n-lo.r* \*L

    %T*lo-b *,lk s,& *.-* i,,^, En <odh /""*


    HCL.) oFfl'^ ,* *nk' .-(o
    h"^ h vh =^L

    re

    - o?PvuE

    Ltt*ooN , tlrco.*'O) i

    ,kL' o-t-r*"io-r-o o tttrn Y-*

    rr,*^ ot'tr*v.,o

    oel^f)o A-

    Joy,",,,x
    e

    ,\;

    ussifn"(a

    J)"E"uuzae^1'

    k .b rrs o+\'br! 0q)s' ,-., &sto


    9 U t .,^. . cw.twt- o2.3,.r^ [" 4"*
    SSo t
    lr-(lt ,!r-t{*ht- /-'b"b" / &- **(r-/, V;s"ot^vb "t 1*sh (c
    i-wstJt,r.on(,
    ,n^**r*zrb'.'r- kl''-(." lo'Al uL#*{|t* lrb"$
    -o purr.lu'
    (

    r!*." <-.,tevt'.-

    bt^/pl-,a?rbr^c lrlL
    co^cpttl-'a-21--c

    lu-tl'

    ldllt

    (Lll,-L+-

    W**

    / ;^ ("^^1o

    1'*k'o**h "6'''L tl/^

    {*s*'*bfle ('"e?*

    uLA*; fi"rA L* ou^ firs"un>'* tLk fe f '^t" o'^;*'ilo

    - A,?io,"e e19 hrui @1

    suu,+ issota*2,'r*e >eutpc^\o

    '

    xtetq -

    6, , o.*ra^a M pt-e-u-^za l; wu- sv(n*"vs- d-clwoss1."^"*" /* (.,^. *r;/*


    rd
    iub{., ilB (onr*") o ,l-& vvt vo ,*b ,-Lr*[^v fkr*.rN,) , -L- c.,,v,=ihnnw'o

    si L,',* @ , B [g^*^^k lofr)*L G;) Jt ,,!* (*;[ , M, @ ,@ ; "b p,," b"-rso f-,r* ,b*^Ls s, L,:
    +,

    t{-

    1.so

    c^v,lo

    Quv)^

    I"

    sJ',znv-'

    t(o= [rrl-J

    U-3 G
    \ -ro\
    [,re]

    k*-frr"i] D"rJ 6-, \

    &"f:

    frro*l = l*-l + [ox-] (!-

    G+c, =

    ruoJ+

    ze

    el

    [-;] - &;l = [HeJ *te7 14-zaJ

    Q= &'*J @nd
    e St

    11

    rl .e-v\y

    frro*J =

    3- @"tr

    *t0-,*

    sov,.o

    G - frro.] * ["n J

    (*t

    [onf

    ,*k.Wb^ t; (Br*lrh,4)
    fr-l = G

    [a] = cs

    [x*+J -

    1a- z+r)

    ptAc-&- k

    6-ru) l,,o-t-

    pil= pko + bS

    Q'rrr)

    .l*- e t, &.*L ,4prtsossirras,e pe-? ,J./"* ( pu /rA srhz,v*, J' ,n


    adL LbrO , r^<-s,^N. k' ,AA srLo tnL- M* 0 L' yh-e- ,,*;s*/a- ,L'
    vv\ d-u'L JtL{e z L; L/v\ Lcu-sso tlL

    s-o-

    Lnt- .-,;',6'-6*)-

    Esrr h'- Se. Q=Cs--4,oo-<;'fl

    e (^).=.(,oo.4o*t lr-(A
    h*. &ro*] = l,oo - ro- t.-;"iz e 0'ogp*u',,,-az,v"e ,rhli -

    Z) S*

    = (,oo --r

    A tr

    o-3 (* (-rr") ,k

    bova

    ,^.(,(.^-rt"*

    [aorJ = k-

    (: -

    ,orJ z 4,oa.ri}

    /," D*J

    .,-{- tb4

    [uzo.)

    (s + [utn11 0-'*o)

    Q_ztz)

    , (Lsg*r g

    ,i

    a *fu.

    L' [nrc+J k A*AL*^6,

    7")

    @ " A *' *,0r" "W^

    drr*,lu^.

    [trr*J
    h.SLru>ro

    J^

    s,,t^,tJ4

    Grb"f

    SrL.+--. *

    -', olrUtr-

    Luror)=

    (s + f"rJ

    ,uLY{o'*k

    oqof,,,

    -^4n

    pl{=

    J; LA*J .o r.pra k lrrl L @=z+11


    (|-ztr)

    Lnr*J= 0r-),

    ,b(A.

    o7ool1 (* l-** r-)o- u 1/L ,-nL)

    [,+n

    G"). = 7,1-10

    t l^lk

    @-ztt)

    : z,b.i;r.o,o{oo

    E*iru

    W p(4^r % *=

    4,rr %r. =lv,ta

    t
    orloo =?,g_4;6

    louL; Lr,"*J, foesu{z


    , c( ,{.
    ?tl /* 1l3
    &-

    5.

    ,rLL A;h^l
    "*rr;r,*

    (-_ ( yf *l* ct' ttrcoo u ) ,L 44 ' t';A 2, b "(o-6


    /oyty*ssltr,-oav*t
    C>>([xrorj -&'1) .- u'h{o
    5r6, e (
    'o

    t-oa()ntl,**,u*
    5vl.r-A oisS, /

    - 4 2.o*,8 >E1U

    Nill* s.,;z*e- "olr^ ,C

    qvwlo

    ,0

    ckroo-

    *,'e

    qvvebvw'o oXS'^v-.to

    DPLI/ Pobo

    a^'1, (Er, n) k

    ,""i*u L

    f"L

    lr

    )*

    *nY"*

    ].

    a,resls
    I

    d,,rco

    "

    rrn

    'b^
    P-*
    L/h,tr

    ,,,o*rL >^o*.

    ttr (UA),

    sorriOarlo -

    co ncQ-nh',

    avu+

    tLf

    r\er-t

    g'= & @
    t/e
    r*Il-. ",r4' *,oi4(Le \-rw ub- F* k (n*'kz"v'*. /'" hI';
    t
    @
    L"^r"
    /ug,*,o h, ,,*,tik- Jd' A ' Wf @
    pto+J
    =- 9zo rt
    al(nstiu+k,ovr*h (,uprc7'^h /, .-.o*A t; ,&i'k- ) "b

    @ e fffi-i-tu ' "


    Yr,lL

    p<r.-h+.-

    3,33 (*ir,r^ O")

    CS

    @-z+t )

    tr* /*

    fir^ h- co-a^Lo-e+v'r ItL Lfi3ooNL A


    s ,"" k**J* gur'-k ot't ?(K^). = 4,$
    e g(u)n- 4,66 (*,b (t-)*= 2,2'0"-')

    .vt 7=or4- fl

    o ol-oo f1

    4.ro
    o,1o =

    3,7.,{o4

    t-Y(

    Ls'J= qq
    -,4

    '

    &o.lle 4u
    frb6,

    Lu,sJ

    Y'*,1

    = 7,'l - 1;'4

    f,,,*)'

    = 4, z- 1;24 L-t'/e

    SvUUa SSorJue2'ope Et4'Ar'o- e-q

    rv"ri

    &QJ2SA

    Arlk L-se l,Lb"&- @ M p>< sct^z'a' /) (4 ecc'eto


    , .b ,tp' besso /'"n 'Lr^"':"g :

    o-,* f ,,tnJh vv\a s,[o z,o.t-

    J"/1 'ouJ, *^u7*la

    Kb=

    I":'l !"' I

    K*= [nr*J L*7 U4)

    4,6-266)

    &rrl

    Briln[kt{=0"*-Jr[el 0-'*4
    CL+C5 * [uxr)

    (s = [trJ

    @-zrt)

    funa+J

    Q-z+a)

    ,;

    [*

    &n,l

    ["*-J= kV

    Cb

    &'*t

    - [ox-J + fx

    ro+J

    {5+ [orJ - [n'orJ

    L1a-z,al
    tre4k x
    --D

    'n- (.'zw)
    1"4 = kb 7;

    ,?tiJ

    L*',

    =kb

    Lxi,r)

    pil=

    't4-?Y1'

    sv'o

    C5

    es:npN
    Lovt

    (L

    n&

    Zs

    /-r r*,("
    -hox i", Pn*nz-e L

    "l*

    Itrro+)= k"*

    "-..->

    6'w)

    ,,/vr 6vo t*0"

    SoL*n*- *c>fvoss l;

    cb

    eu=r" *

    Q-x:l

    o(yu-ssibrs.k

    Q-zez)

    ,J.J"*

    PH J'

    Co4 vt^ aca{}rte

    s.wo.o,ie

    Ll*

    -v'o. 'aA'tztv'<

    e /l

    o,

    V@

    I^ L"(- Lo-Eo ,p
    &")*=

    5P+

    Cs = orloo f,l

    --

    U\)^ , 4,

    3 e

    J' "*

    / 11 (*crr*Q-S))

    l"no*) = for.J = ,(o*3''9 =

    Aly*y*rG

    A-'uq)

    c^ g o loo fl

    ,, l.toa t-""2 (u-r,1,*1" +.b, /,rs"uvk) 1*n

    It lavtVbo ;

    p?ra). = 4,s 3

    t^fu*

    t*t

    U-*)
    4,oo

    bn1 = (*),

    ' 1;7

    41 oo

    2,

    - 'lo-1

    t'Y(

    35 . li

    P L ; / p,*.*"GL v4 $L"',-k A o{'l"-poyl = - L& oon- = - 0T (r,a, .t{L


    plt=

    t\

    p?rro^r-

    Q*k

    7",vvuv&

    - 11 3=

    p-yv1rw17wtv

    ',,^'L'!

    (^

    rrr-d

    vrvtl

    ,L (/u

    *r#.k
    ossiln(r

    s)

    lu

    '.

    = / 63

    ")

    Q-zerJ

    /a!/t pt-*-r-b-r-.^,{^

    w,no v,-4-

    si

    lrk

    ft

    )u,^e ,h

    c,,v\(p,1^$r*-o* L*-g5.

    f u- y, r-rulo

    l.,ssz

    f"",-k Prv
    slcsso, (/rz,'*
    L
    ,k
    ekLt,,
    P*('
    t ll'nAa,J';
    tl
    c.oYqlnL

    Ir^,'(

    cowvv* ,r\ow*

    L^t

    ,'u-'*

    UU",k

    unub ,rir- ^UrP

    a A'eryAU

    s-t't..-'

    VE*iup"

    oosc-

    o-c,*"\e 7-"^lo

    g*si
    Lut\,'o-

    su""g!^vno

    fu,, sr!; fo(sono g''c*c^lv* Le'*<ov-L b,


    L^*
    vvtw
    sov[,,ru,-l,," N^ o'c+\/
    t,
    t

    *{v

    6wv-we--

    ('
    o I* 6ps i *V"^L @L *'1-o
    ,\^ nr!-L*' s- /w- 6*'*tl- f*t l;l+
    vh,

    .,.- frro-4

    I E rtscs.r oi aarbi i

    'or

    ((a*

    7t"*L

    , ( "'/4"W

    d\$o,.Ya-o.r

    ,{nl,l-" -c

    /.f;,**k sulk krsot uzzb^r,-

    ,,{-t(*k l; b;

    9,11

    r\

    L,

    vn t'k

    ,/""Uu*

    o ,u,lrrn

    o r;

    ck

    /^ r-*k

    "-t**

    *i,ut^^r^k
    f

    c.,ov\

    ('Y*

    ;* (,'ru, L A

    L6--

    "{^
    ** 'L*
    rca-zr'vnq L iJ*!-lt '

    '

    sJ^tt*v"n /

    '/A

    .*^bfu
    ,,t*t

    t\-o,,\

    $r*,;

    ,,

    b2n **Vs'"'o

    l"!" t"l, e'

    ,* yuo^hLt e'yt;v;!n^U' , 'L


    j^*V+u^r-i,< /^!!' er-r-z-sse l; c,cuL (, k b'*) /*
    Lo-<,

    'o0.'

    *'L'

    ' to*1t-k-*

    Lo'_ uslTl.p*ru*k /tL/^\4"k

    t '1"'u"J^'

    a'cywL<

    ,/'-;

    - I{,-h

    bi /* rh 1vs t'
    "rL t^ oq,{* ^- lu
    -g:"k'-

    ,trf"|fruo-*-k "l^ ou:- e

    ,-k*''^'t

    ,utffl'.

    U t

    r-rce qrvo-,.rlr'srt' E Qvi va,-s-rvs o vn o 4a Fo


    - SpLg- gF^eJwu\o sA4,{-a R2.r-*
    oi vrr Aiso D.EDer--E fe \ a nlf.gtE D vry 6 Ferz\ ca}J vnJ -<'oo o.L,Bct' - s
    b'<o,L
    "t^8' tt--o
    '^
    /t''t<
    Q 5 r;7\r^1. or aclwe' vn ,-1.
    L'Ak^uk
    e,'u'clf)nno ct* so *"f;^-(a=t)"
    b'^
    o+nyl

    y,*hv^"

    ry
    m;A

    /*lr!-@/ b

    uts"*J* [t'alo

    @ (

    i/'^kli

    / ',b'l,- rtpa f,e'Le' (s *"Fn

    'o^i'E-U Jt-

    k \ru 6'iuXalo 'l)u^ nc'!'- 'Gb,U e- ( L"zt

    lrh;,^.[* /^; *l'; J'/1" '-'l-*"1; l; a'*{'bio'


    Q*'^J^

    r t&

    &-

    u'^ G sJtz'v'z h

    "k !'-*

    al*. b*a)l* I *lrsSo M ,r{,2"n" tt

    btuvllo e

    (*^":,l,-nlo

    &-*l.lzo+ Hg+oU- @-zet)

    l;s'o-vk)

    lt

    ovt^k

    t^

    /\2v'.t(-

    L/v\'o

    vr-o- *-'u^t}4ro*<-

    *^&'t**t'

    trq

    "L

    ",L o-

    to(rrou*

    -l"t* o[,o 0*
    .

    K$

    @-

    @
    ot-

    0-

    "Wk

    Kb =

    B-

    I^

    ,o/-.o,n
    Y-,

    --

    >v\r,

    Lof(v EB: B'l

    K*

    (=

    lda

    Lnel

    (s = [rs\*l'-]

    6-289), '*^

    [rr*J= [s-J r[onJ

    Q+e*)

    Cs = LnlJ

    ?- f'^W*bbosbn

    L*J

    b-o

    *.lL

    v so

    L ?@ ,J*1"* f$ot) , )"1*h

    p*.,,*,,L{*r-l&

    t{
    bf"

    5ov..o

    M&
    S e,

    rg,

    yr-u*Ji

    @-zSl
    o>,yto,a\--o

    'oA'"y";hbnV

    c*wceufvo-3\ra,c

    ry

    "$ io- ,rr J* (" r

    i\"

    ,b^^

    1*vL

    a,u

    U-rr")

    c,!.,^l-"-

    [ne} + frrrot3 -[on']

    Lsst'

    Q-rr

    k [nronJ /^ll4 G-ru) f.i {r- [n, '


    n'rr0lro 'f.,.rf ,/,,,k - A,Lt",- /"fu* U-rnl) e /"JU" @-zt"),i

    Vr"*

    .0""lrv*.

    o,) Q',e ')

    fr4,W,@,Ffl " @
    K-= tn.'11
    Q-zer)

    F7*

    t*b

    "Q,0-

    y,"se^h

    &,r.1 luJ

    yxlk

    uaywl{e,^'sh_

    lrd,w+1<tu

    ,11-Lt1\'"-L

    '

    't

    *L

    ?ror

    Fuo-

    L{"

    fuaw,",l*

    feso'<

    [g)

    fi@YYq

    o-rar)

    (-o4cti"-z'\i^t /'!-1, 5fx'qY

    .-l't-

    g"onhi-o.- r.^^l*rr,' .

    t'l*6u,..- s p,

    B*=&nJ

    c--r

    si

    l"r"^*

    f*sut"-

    L x/.>,u* U-r*)
    ,*L*"n
    'I^ r\
    afla

    v".gpnu,-k

    [* ,**llsfio

    S?pr1

    c^u M su{,ro"^^ ,lk^-L< *u"XL errLn 5os, k' a< furl


    ,
    "lc,-^i ".t"fLU
    cl* L*r^, guihli trw "uG bnfor*.-l< N s\sl.**- o-r:/.r-Ln*, rY vtv-t-,to
    l-. g,.o lo,* iw e cct-sse k* er9(-'7'.,- t6-''l* r'L nw>,a t- g*k'i '\4
    JkA* o y*t-n le v\n J.-l- "tsrqro i p.l'Fr.i rGlnro " " - k *nLltro?'3

    p*k;r*

    l) 3i
    oo

    s ?ud i.-*',*''z w,-"la c{* z


    t*xL" G- "t-l- l^ al. '.,J-

    /* - b ssz J.tobh ess-at- /ek

    l) s't su)w ('rf"*be"q

    {"*

    J"l!"

    L W

    L
    grok^;zk

    kll"

    s,pc..aY

    "

    s{*-utY
    t__

    fi'l-;w*tv

    g *Jr*A

    ^*

    <optp'tv

    u'^h' -0L
    h h,-*r*-

    So{,un--

    r\rur

    .b sor"o

    3ov+1,--e

    e-

    a(^- "G,^v"*"

    P' T*

    h\wl,b ry-

    u^ro-l'r*Ziu,^n

    /"/!, " >l"b L-

    o' (n)

    "-)

    A"LL- ?34'o '


    cr^ltil**
    zJ

    p-k,,*-z,o:

    h,"/L

    aze"." i

    ;lqtria.:

    6.n/u;1,,t g*lo^;^

    :) *'ur.a ,utacrt

    r^**

    Ann.a,tv

    I &rrl!- ?8,7.o

    co*L7v*

    [",'J

    Kzc

    [yrr)+ furo+):frr| (r**)

    @
    ,vV4+

    tbO

    1r"h*1o

    h-lL
    6,"L'a,.,w

    fu^, *lrrotl=
    N(S t

    a;,,%
    Lo,t/"il.we- ltrvh-;a_

    a)

    cur(-oo- <- !(zO

    z,oa

    ,.^l-^,

    F{.oo' , NYA* (

    &r"-]

    taz o

    EVor = Frr]

    Er1

    Lt t,-r**.-r\u &!-

    ) su'i e1-tLi

    --,*ffi

    lk,,+l

    @-zszJ

    sek @

    J"t

    oc{vos6,-

    "r(rz.:ru,t

    e- ,JUii l"o ,

    e- zs3)
    "U.l&- @-ze+,zs"r

    eluLz; o-r ok

    ---D [urxl-- to &nJ - furorT


    tt-[or]+ [urotl

    frr^--tLom@*tr)

    Fo*,,)

    ,!l-* flrr*J e Lr**brlu


    ,, L ,u!*o,u "L,-.Q"t^ covt L/\^ @
    h\fr[D a. lr*J e ><. C, >> [ou) ,f i po^ l*r*r",1, U f*h Asac't$r
    n,pnk, ,!!^ {-UUra &L ,*& (ilr6i (ob 'r}rfi"; b A-^t) ,L'w-to
    fNrol = tLe t"y1

    d,

    Cs

    f^

    or1

    (u n

    fwrorJz
    4

    'k-'-

    Kw

    L3

    @-2.s4 )

    Lesso;.

    ?H=*t*.*pK*++ &t"
    ,Ln A U ,P"*rLu" ,,*\r7rhoo.
    J*U* { pl,t drIA- tn(r**
    \eu.?w dr* rt^&- l"*

    oyp,.ssir^o-lo

    ui^

    *yyy*b{;k, L.^ ['!,',*t*{o JJ/.

    urv

    =oQz

    ttsur!.0,.t*k

    @ n{l.*b JJL

    o*lJ* /abuT Lv^'e- "h l"*

    &-ssu,1?

    ;-"-,'

    rw

    vvL

    (eryo L

    /ofua (glrr.O e 4>>[of1)

    ,"L"t* Dre] ,{&* @-z4 , Jnt(o A'r*l


    il ^?r."[ I7T] k- ,L sen.o r sss,civca\--ee.,:l , ,Q *L
    v.oyr[-*

    r4 , ,i

    "L. si cG

    o--lv,,'a- ,L"

    &rk "l

    (y o-rr)

    @-zss)

    f,o-

    e)-

    @o /t0- "*b

    ,rV*

    o*1(,,r,-- cl,uajr,<,lo (aso

    4iI =:Lt,sf
    Cs

    ;iL

    Pl{za

    (A-zgg\
    \_t

    oi ioa-r^ s i

    sarl;s

    Lr=

    ["']

    K* t

    4 KLcs

    ,U-0&.

    A-rt4

    -235)

    E]

    4r,*oo ot sisso cia at^rr e+s/qo

    au,VLr'

    -Kb

    4ra"b

    si

    tt'oa-vrvwa

    LxsJ

    ..=-

    '

    ur {r^t

    ku,

    lLbL

    . ub

    zcs
    -a

    4Q

    cs

    }rry,*o-u(

    fl'- tru;L* e- {-

    (r,* ;,t"

    **Zf,uE,dk-t-

    (4-z-.)

    ('i1,,,"1,\;

    f >1;*Fo
    ('o,.f,o ,C

    Y*lh. h^b Flo /tL/"


    e,; g',r,-l- E le 'L* {; @),
    lr^l'"
    s,,u k 0'; J*h'i
    piuF",il,

    ,;

    s*Uv"*f,

    k^L

    lo.-,'"

    .t , '& ( "A t"^t"

    **ttr* <, WQru) ",


    .1

    t-tut-

    '

    & 2ru<

    t(raoL

    /;

    U\-tL gr(rr

    W,S*fu ,L-

    )*

    u^,LzN^L

    7,ou*-

    S\fFo"'i-ta-o

    /=4
    o,olooYl

    *{f nu,-l-< C* <p((iv

    'A 0'v'e^2 uh-o- So(nz.v"<- @-

    , \o&. .'.,&*u**

    Bosa

    Y)oot4

    W;;1

    7-u& ry
    ,

    , rv iq*u

    slfE

    *,t

    (q-=).

    p,.k;..* (r-, t'r*h[o /; ,.r4

    fou".",4 + [n,ro*J = &rJ Q-rr, )


    1
    F .Lt-w, oQ.. L"4 > Lnro+J
    ,(,
    sc&av*- ,; ,Zfr\a.r L' n
    LP*
    pl4
    X,,w/i
    m
    -=l
    .L k ourv' ,C
    Ue,Low /-L
    =erol 11

    (**

    u,,.,a-

    QL.rrc"*l

    @
    *(*./ e^"!lr!," ,,00* ,.tl-o k' &6[tr"*J L {- WT.l'
    al

    L*yttm,.:
    $Lon,,-,tl

    -- \VLur,,) + \F,

    --+ { :::o

    r%

    ': ':)

    *J

    un

    .tJ
    d = jso fu"'j

    I torca,tJ y ,too furo+1

    J'nv,uQr'fi Lqu"l e- 6*"*^tS* isg.l*o &. Dq-on| e @-z'l) J'nv"

    Lr,,tceuJ= fouJ

    Ln

    *-L

    ,,u/;
    .1^

    E+* e- gi l*^au{o ,A- f '""k Are

    (K J; .y",{,L*\ [.rL "s[u- 1 o,.\ {

    Zltyao Nu

    Ptt

    /Y d(
    frlA.

    ori 4-

    'o(n*i",*

    /r^k

    oo -lo-7^

    A
    ,*/h
    T*^l- ?vl (, U) t* (nnao,ttn.,znv.< /; @"a1 , sUr*ki
    J; ',l&z; W,4 d/, ,l ,- l>-s**b{o ,r's4.k' "lh- kn -"-J
    f erJ** {. d4 tsopo b sl'o"-' "ff*"i'"*h" LLug

    nz-c(\r,'L

    ("r);

    l*U

    ?w= 1r*

    . 1 ?b - * &tc,

    fl- :,c ;e *[.,* rr2- l-"*

    r\*.-^c.

    fyr*Jt=

    @*)'

    **

    ,Gl&- Q-zy) r,t.

    t*e t

    fi,

    '(a)'

    C5

    ilc

    ("

    (4,

    _Kw
    (b).= FT

    / ltro+ '/on-

    =i

    (k4^

    k" - f*s

    Jc Kro+

    f,,n 'fe-

    t,
    V*)'@4^
    f4r"tJ

    fr"r-

    frr 'cs

    " >; *rret- e-

    0";[ad)=
    ywvL

    ;(

    -t**

    ?r( e-

    (uu'

    -t e@)*-$.%r, -Lsf,,., _ I &y.r*_

    *,oc

    (k")^

    on,n
    4t

    + 2,), - .{,oo -

    iuh-

    r!d)^ t *u,',

    -%l.r"nJ
    _/*

    8r

    l'flku l.ilL &* 'h


    n"^l.,-.[J^,

    !er* + *

    pN=

    7ll--*%

    Qr,r",tn (%

    ?V=

    *rl-,^l< ,*t h '

    '1

    (t-*z)
    {7,e,- @-t

    bf,i

    k7o'f = tor^ >'

    o/ e'o

    si

    l-.

    go, -- ErBl
    cDo,,a,v\-L

    D*t*"7

    o,t**^,k tL

    os\-2,*Lfr

    4r,l

    & .Gl',- /,!. f *k

    A,

    A)

    S^"Un"* M *1n

    ,&

    v.,L

    ffiB-"=l (-*

    d)xo

    o6 J'*

    U
    J; u^a' s/^tl'tw-t

    G- *e "J'a** /;%t* L

    MelPo4

    < M"2s).

    s,a*^o 1x"'v- h

    at^"-6)ttt ovr {'o1'*'-

    aL
    (*x,t *<t

    Nnzco),

    Lr> /.;,-Q""k

    N*zb)

    si

    l",":

    o;-

    + tgo

    !- llr; + ot'

    + frro h@tloY{'
    s vl"ob kk t'a c"d-o pr**^k n,.h f*ll' -:
    l4co{

    dr* ,^ @
    ,mt
    CO;f'l/'o'v".4
    (il*{;t''
    t
    U*4'
    '6o-trL
    )
    /,. sl-t^ *fiu^fr,- k 2ln\suonaTu'
    (t;U* ttlt ,,-'k)
    ,!rU-*'!*l;L
    t;
    L o*l?t',"t
    Lur"r] + f,v,J = P-J + fnc"y] *, ["*]
    '

    btAou,a

    lt!!,

    -'e-tt,-

    w.r,-[*

    zfx,.oJ

    +,tLu,^-.
    (t

    l0 u,-o

    ',L-r-*

    A *'[*h f'
    "o .La- A

    s'zl-evvow

    [**;\ L""l =W=U=


    t---/ --r Vg,
    f-i-l
    St"*tJ ["n1
    [t

    *;J

    S',.**
    crl,.n[

    tt *"L W-rr--".h^k

    p{

    [*rr-Jr Ard + tnr*r)

    2s= [u{J

    l*
    F'( uA l^'*'fu' "a
    lH;o-'C'rl =
    p,*LL oc,Zb- '?- (tes\tav*

    /,"

    ll,,t-

    C.

    FJ;7

    a,i

    [=

    =-1o-3

    1,oo"{o'1.4.ETd
    4 ,fl- t;ti

    ; /"r; baL fnr+J "

    !f Ky r !

    (oitl+ *
    @
    6.p^ si

    cs =

    =E=#r=#ffi

    W>kv

    ?W=a,oo+

    'oA*

    '

    @"@

    * U.";J + fhoJ =Dn^J U-z.a\

    Lavwo

    * f

    c--,J)>'*'' gb=a-

    I"rL k

    ('o*u.*

    UUO

    -()

    (.t;'**"-;) , *;
    o^"k t)sw. A

    '

    [\"nJ [,nJ = k*

    C-L,0x*. ,(" (aK h b,sa a @-tsr)

    zr@ qr,.t6-1,ro

    A'l{ ," (u; t>"<'ntr*'u k La**J, ^


    C?rrull *.!-"-l,.vu* [,*:
    [',n * ,u,. Do-] v, tg-bto - @.
    c

    [r'n-] =

    ,1,!14-

    @-z*)
    *0,

    fqdJ=

    @'sc

    LWA:

    U""*

    n)

    tpY=ao,5

    . (a+r7 s L,

    Rr*tJ =

    ('*>>', nn-*rv^;

    - ?t( L

    Le*l-;* (wr,
    {^,4=

    f,,38

    Lv,r*) *

    LL,,,o*3 =

    :) t.-.

    6+

    D,ll- Q-r.
    cot^ L5txr*rl

    vs,-L

    0S

    rLt 'A"!**

    + Lho*J =

    2,

    to-'n

    t"Ye J- n r*E
    F"iJ = Qt.r;a

    - lo-u,

    [coi'J = - ?, ry

    e"

    AQP*-, ve'uu,e J

    oLo6Le}vtt^av'"Lo-otz*' **"k J'l


    {' 7K
    ",' fost?-!o
    gos>\L@ vse{.L L ur[o^H A' o k-vk- :

    z - 3 ,o4 ,
    (q, = 4g 32 .

    lxeoyJ

    \nr

    44,'7kb-v A

    eawvu ;rw' vrd e-

    ao,^,oz'u^re

    [*J @-tro) L d

    tv

    L'c*

    k ,lrr** t""- r<^ozo*+ ,1r^t^'^L ,i"'/*ta' to'J' [n".J ;


    "L*
    ckr .|r"l > fircolJ '

    1)

    3) v,,- |rt) > tfr,*t) ^


    Ii l,*l^- yt ?q,vt-4 4-io ,"tolr*.lz f*tl,

    .nnl^'7nv so,'[-D J..,(e

    s"lhs/'k

    q-

    ?*'F,u /,L gK c,-uV,^&^t' .P g,^tJ E (PN=,o,r) , ne fv L ?k= B,Y


    flrot{ e z[rrarf 5,^n fvo,t'"'bre,' ']pe[F" "- fwr";3 , vf,*k, lr- 1*rto 8o k
    Cap.II-Fi

    A%Ec>2,

    s. { o

    log c

    lq.d

    a=

    0,3 = Qlz

    I'sh{-l

    rostrtcor} tos[Hco*]'on

    -r
    -?

    -11e
    '-344

    -4

    -7

    -8fr

    '-7,S2

    10

    :11

    12

    Soluzione acquosa lOO.t M di N1CO.

    a 25 oC (nK{r= q38; pKqz= 1Q32; pK*=p0)

    ,fAb*v )

    <- G contL7 $'-Q- pwt'-^-za ,l^


    { U {flr':srt^ czr"^^ So"P "4-k '

    4va2

    pl{ )'W" s"e''r z'r'^t o/f vost+u


    t L p,rv,l-.o J'< 6, Mc.-" l-t'"-t (" d)Yve l'l'
    e- s.tb*k f,uco;7=.|,,n] ) l"!' ,--['

    ,L

    5"L

    d-: fucoyJ= lrrl

    ,/,oo "

    ,{ft

    e- k\,o^ ss'.p

    l*'^'-Ot itfk

    ,s,lh.

    mr^Y(

    Aefu

    py","^-*k

    A")

    r1

    b6tox7 L "lot (rgD,'*r1 , b*


    A ,,l).aoL (ba k Lk" @ e

    lr1" 14 l"
    f
    * esso co,asl,nL X' PU J; V;iA . ,(

    /-/k
    ifbk.
    @"k[yq
    "(;

    [4_t"a

    ao* zuolt*>"r;

    1*k!''i"- I "* (*- * W4'Y,


    Q = 4o'''"" 11 . A cov'@nl *.'oo*
    ,so2<\-z

    /^'@

    eylLk

    fcttov"o

    /'*

    r& k'

    c\coou (vn '*^-)


    ^ oulo lrk'k ( 'a o tnr ) " 5< g*^Lu'*o
    frro + Ct{3cooOW-+ C\cooL
    =
    *il-' '-b 'bL.4
    ( s ,l,v* h 5'!'u7'v- h b** (o'r^'') -'-''5'k
    4spv*',,-c v,,oa

    t&

    i. c^4!tLt '4

    v1/Lso

    ht

    /'sL*

    5- g,u^.La-o *'i f'" '-1"*J :

    vr',to g'v-lL&

    w"

    + Nw3

    ^'x4{
    L'
    cova& t'lr\'a- "(*'
    a^s'b'*L4
    e"2'\''
    *byw+
    t,
    Pu;
    o,(l'' er;trll',^>*

    \/@ b*s. drL'&

    (o) '

    ,,'*l-r*br.g

    &uuv-owvt-<x'

    )) S*"1rr^* M

    '6v't'

    ow^

    ' L

    o-L\vL

    /L

    u*o- L,+<

    oN- +

    "^rZ t"l-*

    2cc@o

    c- Ks= G Kzo +

    **"Lt+^ @:1

    d,- cnnu^l>*A^.-

    /,,t

    (rt)

    Gg-

    *svk et( L/v\ o-'/o

    * (cu-c-)or-

    *^k,*^h k bo-c,r- /""k t *


    (- L*u c-^rr6 o-{-l /r-tl' *-*i L J*L,&

    It f H , [^'.- car\ ^P-"(- *4^ kR- f* k

    ,*ise,l+ /; *cli

    CLon^raot(g

    e v^+ "'(uv'*t -- b"**k

    .*tL,nu 1r"&
    e-

    coacl'J.,o 2r,*

    si-v- *L

    CLtto +CL8'

    ( '*c^l- ,6L1"

    [Cl "

    &

    ,eEL
    n: ,i,#W
    .pxsenz.* l;
    Wc.-A tutr [FZU),

    c.o.SD

    m^e o6^^rrc

    Ol'tA

    *o,"tr!)u,,--

    lN

    c,a*

    .\^

    vtn

    ,*["

    A<-i

    yo

    Do

    Fozi

    c.o-r

    gH*

    g;

    olenu|n

    J^L"L

    h^!*r

    lhou-, ok' t"!t 1ri.$sr.<- s,t u^gQ.ln


    g;

    /'o,^tu

    eJ vn *db

    h'on

    l-"1<

    lr.^/un*o L uyn

    k, Coo l,Y

    ln

    6*aE ,&gaz'

    L/4 t*L

    UNA

    ePsE

    4rrL&bh( l'r*

    H&r: g +Hgt

    t'*

    "dryYisa- egjueLe_ntv

    1.8421\!JE 7nA

    O, uN Fcioo naz:c e

    Lo l/v-rP{-

    r..-

    * 8i

    \r-.
    fotLt-t

    < *ua-

    s- BH+

    (gL= l) ,

    (aea t'"7..

    LoS-

    H4,
    n*."

    gH+ e- ('o;b

    '*''uYf,o I;

    gtt+ + Kro i

    S<u*b'"

    'zr*

    g+

    LYs'e

    'GL& ' '

    Wto*

    7'^Li

    a -t"t)

    .'olorlr" L' -yt'Lrv


    "sf<nso,.ri/u.,l<r'-L*kU-rl; lt 0!.
    .ufu( U "'&="o" t^ yr"L '*4- ^'o^ e "!t* "[n' L '&-* "L'

    0^;

    ..ug."k L 4J- / f "l' 't^ ",('uo* L'n' 6- = s , o


    avr- *,4lrl*,rr-k "Ls<'tn'v-,L*. L ,'lno.,'o .''vL' roys<o *-b '
    tl<- ,

    ,-rV*k

    &lt+

    - &t

    "C
    uw-

    ey8;1,.*
    t

    bAL @-r"')

    olrro* o6

    = Kq =

    'Br*

    f n*h

    614+

    lror*, &r'Jtt)
    > K51
    Q-t")
    [ur-)

    ,B

    A .il|.-

    l*a

    -- k;

    KL
    lL

    B*

    ,Hrf
    Lkr*J

    ,"oy<

    i fr;

    ,14

    -"

    .
    Ka

    --

    Kut

    ,-o

    t'roA"

    .-*s,&la-kr

    J'lfr- -pr,\

    Kt'

    G-t"4t Ol,1-

    e f

    bo| = k,r,

    '!["*k'"

    (a, )

    f[tot) = |sf n F.J

    b"fu,

    {*,J-z-,"u,n,-Li-ra (*

    = Lur.J u [uJ &-r"s)


    ;LL'"k o fe
    u.^Ja-o^i L
    1-f;t;"
    *^ri A .":r&r^r* bL alk*c- L i

    **

    g*n

    kro)

    "

    Cs

    .-^,^.e-lr^-au.,.^

    (*

    ,t

    fK

    foaso",,o

    ,c'b

    uor.ogwlr

    fur- J';i*[c<

    ;fu*hf:w

    aca

    ,Lf*{ -^ Q-ut,

    'v r^^o'-'Vl *'*'tr'^Yo'

    L -#-VAi v\"L ,'lu,u*- gwss'uh-

    ezta.r

    pt*IoK= -L
    L'

    ur 4

    L s,L t<
    [*"^*Lol, -\f,k
    I-w r,( (vso

    vrl*

    I r^ [*rlc

    si

    hh-^

    Un"4 :)

    (K= trkw -

    "ln t* *;l-0t

    A p{<e e 'z h fh

    ,fl.

    k uar

    yn&^h-

    "u ,A.

    !ru *hn U-v4

    " 6's.n.,p". J; =

    l"

    ,*titr{-

    5-*n

    [e]
    C5

    (o,r (lu,+* d

    "kse.

    u^sil'an"a4

    Ka.* [m*
    - ,rt { 4rt'* A

    a ss-, sr.O.t &' ry.tib cor^ avtoq) h fo (2- / l%rrn,


    lou*. otafit*e- *4o rt ic{2a7nt- / '{ f'oL
    *L"!*;
    cL,t- l* n f
    fr..;

    *.k.-r;,

    ,p("n', ,./^ L

    rt (r'")i
    .tr--L
    fl*
    ;t*LL
    :
    eseupo
    *-Lo
    al
    b,
    u/so
    11 (uo)rou+ + frto+
    n(r,\i. + ttzo
    =
    ecc.
    n(x,,)rox*+Hro n(^4rQr), iN3o'*

    *ulL'

    ,nvf l'oa-.ir E4tt io- ,res*uie.r ok 5ftrso 7,*k "ll" /"'t''o!lw< {"
    a*4
    ,,h bo-yz^ e .U \l,-ss,l^ f ,- ,,Lbt , L rt,.r- d h-Abu lr*l-k '' '\-ja
    rrn o,L yL,l*l;* .

    6zruar,*

    I(. 6*!^w f*11- l*lb

    L u*L?:rb,'t pu'ka^\'' (4-,tt)

    hlurzt

    f^

    (a-s) tr'

    .{ o(n*''

    fkro*J = fNxt\ +

    lu rit
    io -

    Sog,vv- ynnlr.n ,\^ ..o-siJo,ra-+,b.-

    k fo4J sp,t- L L"n -

    l?o^av-

    dis<t'sso '

    /"Lh^-o*r'

    [oxJ

    <"

    Q-rrr)

    e" 1.r< FrtJ, futo+j e ["x-) ;

    Q,-t4)

    "L'rre,e

    Br"r)

    = Lo,oJ

    G-zrt

    L;s)

    4''' ?vs h .-,. l,n^" s.tLs!*t{o ",e 1ub l4 ;


    r- ,lt-4 t;(, W c-d14^,('>4/u-.k *l 7" lo E E lrll"
    d; NNqQ *11, c.o,,t"L'*,v sdLtk; e r""ZAs -1""1* q- 4a4 ;
    6'-

    lo

    car(A,a[*=--'

    ;r(nzo,*

    o,o4

    t1

    L' N\ .f,rw'ob,, (. 'ro'-|ca Aft) ; krt,*Lk ,]4.f-

    = [rnqr) (l A"t . = \,
    .,.T-* vy\ ,u/- f-rt< th ,,.^Lt" .y-irnl^k f,n/& ,L' vt*
    b) A s,--f,,r.w
    "
    ""'
    Hror*N\+ Hzo+NH4*
    h,, kL& (o o 8) , Gr-q Nnt :
    i; ,hu^r vv.& "o{n*o,* o**/^S.n -l!- ,o(,o** /rlll.'ou"lu *wY6olo lull,n L-x

    "lk

    q) .

    Cs

    I"L.U , fC

    c>o-'"1"'n

    @t^^L CGlcoo-

    k.

    c6ycorsrVu

    J*iL"/' a4;Lc_-. Wrd +

    -M u-.vr-la

    , "7.*l*

    cL' u

    c :i

    g- Hro + lG

    n u;L ,1.* "


    .,

    o,>J*

    e Wro+ + CLg + (L ftzo * (L-CL) ftr"+ +


    *

    (."

    Lox
    ,

    [oL'&

    in

    (u)

    os'c 'l.o' [''o.

    ttg .

    c-oh

    *'o'4

    cnni,yrk ttlL L*w .GLu& Q- c*au.al'oao< CL'

    -CL L ,t.ll.t*it-

    ,g,0*.

    v^

    5o-9q

    &u,^, LL-rL L6U

    /-"t<' (a)ffi"*"
    4
    , CL !- ,"&*n,-. .7,"o-l^ & f *fr* !"-(i' n-L /rk
    Se ,*5Q;*,^-. r\^, .'cfv.

    ,^'c-

    CL ea+

    r...es.)

    k P , ;"oL L' a';L


    - l) * 5,i,Slu'o ,h o,.f* v,\ ,.c/n /-rte rt trtU ur(k & vv\'- bs* LL-&:
    T{

    ,rr si sr-.-c c.,a

    e.

    Gnro* +cLg

    srs'

    '*b tr;

    G-Kro

    '

    'is

    + L6x+ + (rt-r*)e

    s 'h.^t v!^d Sf^''L'o-t c fvrv 'lt"k' &- f rr"JA. .Qil - u;rQ


    '

    L
    -

    co,.cryl

    6 , th f\rn?tx .t"l,k bu*. .14roL *

    |o*Ar*

    c-u i

    (>A Q<CL
    l,rio /.114 bur" "GLk

    co,"cnnlyc-o.,.t CL-G^

    C-V-\e',

    frror
    bP (V*

    Lhor

    -+

    z NKs +

    ?h.o

    + Ntti +

    Nns

    Cc,tr^.L

    .r 2- curLoo-

    oar-o

    .+

    Ct\ Loo14

    1 C(tcoo-

    - 5/l{. oN;vuFo D/}tL A

    r< scc

    iJ o cais i

    eE.A"ont T/{.e vrr/ Ac'iua bE-.6or-6 D vNtd ${+ffr

    Sosq

    eFB{2L(

    - (aots<>.;t- ).-

    o.f'* w,9 o!r- BrH" 6 r:k,,, F., J"!k .r4x2?,o^q {-,^


    t"v"eo k B= ; o '- LJ* 1os5ou'o *Y"
    u^4- t.'s< l"L!* gI *4 v^ qiL
    co ('*tu*t u, or* + Hro
    + Klor
    = &r
    H% + Dtt*-.( (' (^-< x
    0; + trio
    =
    6is5ou^.o 6ptLi* .-^.*-Lro ?rb'. tl't{. 'J ,J "r- ('"lk J'! ''l* @; [:,;iTJ
    s,,*/)uva ^

    1*

    (* fu

    Ljl-

    ?u; c"rlln^"

    r*-r?ro^.

    .-sFo*i"

    .-s

    [*k

    ,U'

    *srl'uo-

    , oaL"- o Ls-tit ^ , [k &f t* N *l*

    {r1!" l.r<-

    1"{lL*

    reo*,o"*l

    .1*:!^L;. cL' l- do(, ,{

    't"

    og" 'nna

    K;=

    *%^*

    =-

    'uui

    f,'wta-rro

    K*
    kL,, "(e*

    7,'vl

    U-tre)

    L' r^
    (,,
    .-, Lb J; u y.& L.o ( t" l''{;;) /"1,1" , l*'o* a
    ,
    Twose
    v*r,. fo* &[& gL e J; {vl
    ,lIe*, k ,/--*^L eoSaV
    l,o.^Ak -!;rlr^k t;
    aL l*U& ll(= i t,rb & y"L k ,b,.t, "{0..(!' o.y"o L'r'ro ,{ f*Lfu
    5*rl"* {'11" lro -sh-l /,'ey-i!)L,o a',!-a' e

    su,Lc

    \(- ,t

    ..Aq t\^
    '''&>'o* l'w
    fl( ,o(plw'o

    '59'r& 'nl:"to (U,

    L41 b''J = t'i-*

    frs'J r ,4

    l* so".,i?io/E pe'sowr'ra

    fs = lB, n.) + [s] Q-,, ")


    /*

    oni 2rb..r- rD ,t,-

    a,o-

    / 5\

    e(*

    Ur"\ = &,] u I"*l * fus")

    t, = [s;J '
    s

    c\,rcrr,

    : Kn, e- ve)

    a KE, (t-rr+) e W
    =r'-:
    ferJ

    F"-_J

    [t"] * bn'J

    L-rr*

    (*-,'9

    [rrq1

    , f!

    "L*/L u-*'
    t\rtr*/

    G "no

    Q-rro)
    ,(

    d,l-

    lt

    l-

    Pk

    <- n,o-r,^Ao ,!*Ll- 'Jlt-* /"*'-(' * u-tl-" l+*r*t^ 5( ln- :


    k*' Ko,, ' lf t,. * |ern*J) r k* 'kr,, l kn,r k "- ft, lJ
    Ar*Jt p",r,1
    Ktr , (ro,o

    J o"e

    fqu")

    r tfil)

    kop + [u;J

    c''Dqfl
    =

    [t,) r Y
    Kb"

    L LU;J

    @-ns)

    C5 - k.,t
    =

    r6*J + k*rr

    r,.L3-^rr Yf*k')"u ' t&i '->ilk'(l- "&"ni" ( ,rc^"H


    A**
    @
    "furro

    ,!!" fAJl" a.r@ r? ?i''ry\r. J; rzva o u'G 7U 7"' k(^t^A.. N-r rtco; , Nor Hs' A/J LqpiJ

    L.,"

    "

    wv'-&'

    L-u ,p,h,

    o i
    ..-.)
    F"r)rueof,

    "

    oot^

    " ( cFv-t- tl(ro)r-, o|(t)-r Uo4,r.y ,)

    '*^orle l^

    s"&'

    l^' yr,*"h s"!n' (** uhrco{) ,u


    ,W 4s{vc^{- (\ (1u.1,, a co\* s s s'*sfi t,,v& >1,-r;*- J^ HCo r L
    fr*

    S^/"F,

    !ro^

    ,rn!tr- so J* ac^b "k


    fr@i + Hzo * @ikcoy + t(ro

    - .f

    tt*o

    dz /*x:

    rot

    + li@t + ou

    (K,,,

    (-alr

    , ko,t) A=

    32r)

    K",r) Q-tzc)

    t'jovf"
    Q*rt e { (eso L' vr'e- sfuz;',-t A; v,rc "iorv ArFor.\n , AP' ,r.,o
    Lo* l,( co; 1n frclea ?e L ,,to "lo^8" -oY., H @t' - f^ ,r(a5up LV,il,a. :

    fr,rt] Cn.q-J
    J Ka,t @""\'zt)
    .,.,. \
    L' o*J L*t-J Kat, (44"8)
    Ln
    ..
    e
    e
    lrn.,rl
    =
    =Ka,t@-v=)
    Bn,
    p^l-

    l*,

    fcov^,ar"

    ,^/k

    Nr..'.o LIlt *.t

    [rr"r)

    Dn-J =

    fu, t

    k,,, G-, J I L 'L^ti**re

    f^ k*tL z eno ct; ccl e i,(1o : r*J r frToa) = tro'J * .|rr|


    s= Ur*,)* furo;l + [ufl Qarc) i ?r.^t*L
    ( fK r
    , ff
    l,t

    [t"J = Lrrr- J + L"r-) - ,*4


    lou, Ln*l =

    /s f,^,"')
    fu,ot

    s, fi--. tnr.l'= k* - Kn,n * Yo,, "Kg z Lrql ld-sr


    k"r, + [nc.;J

    Ka,t

    )t ', tr r".j

    {,4,1 4 kn,,

    Kq,

    @-ztz)

    r,^",,o

    fL JA tJ&- t'tg*NJ si
    W . Ko,.( t Kat, Kgt [ne-J

    b+**

    l^.o-

    G-ei|)
    {gr * Pa3
    l{ c.,-po.ktr^fo t*; L,< t*(^ .L;s.,, ssl r^ ( Q- eZ 1- ti^^{o g* '"-;
    ;i ,Lt,o L^" Ls\eb-( i d* c-r tl. <,ew.o p,srt Lt' *LU n(a^tti u'l?'tr^'"
    l',,*'"' e"
    4) Sc Vbp*l&4rn LL,e rctrrowr 6"-k&1">k- (g+l+lc@-lts\
    fx3"*J'=

    ,-[.s.. ask.riu.r ,

    ,t[;

    fornuJ =

    eri.,r-L,-,, LrrotlT>Kw z
    r,*^

    c.,r.

    .r{ ,{

    fr'J

    e- [un! . [u;)

    &rr*J' =
    ?N=
    ,-tu

    t( A

    y^.crFr*

    n*

    ?o

    Kb,r

    pfr=

    f^b

    t(*o,, !rLo,n ?-ttt


    tr'"

    fi*

    (t\u,.,,h4-a'lb'-r-

    u;'

    /1L

    S*&

    J)ne^r"*

    Q-rr J' ;

    Li)

    e{(*rriu-Lo

    f;J >.',^/r;u r* %:_*

    fH '(n'u^

    * s"' "-n' L sSsua?nwq /'l{*!)


    (t""
    '1"
    'o^'"1'-?'"o"'r
    sru* 4 t s k7} z L sats 3 '
    e{c\or .nC ?'^L 21

    t^ l*l^ s*h A 'hY I-*L /.ll*


    \1""hu-u,o

    e-

    8-"':h)
    (a-lr<1 ( L s'l'^'z;'"n

    ('' Q-t' Q' (+-"'

    Ko,t . ko,v

    ^^r"t

    \fr*=l,eo

    ft ^k 4*tt^.

    I L *",A

    tU] ; -o* e. Q-"")

    gftc4-

    9:

    t'txt+

    ((rr,")"'-

    i 6-= rf*'i

    A,rt

    po,t"r"t,*a o, o-( t1 r 2f'<-

    &bbuL v! 4-

    (*"r* =

    lZttrcoorlnnl

    ,/

    h^

    J',^x.,,

    fn,,, = fo,-

    *V&

    - y^

    gkw +

    f*o}'

    r, L :

    &hrr*= $i--li'

    br'l - ltlg
    /t}o U J*

    p, =
    2t

    gr,^t *ho

    ,*'s7i'''*

    r{'a.

    y (a,,)^

    (-*+ As)

    - rk*)* (-mb)
    I
    f ';* J

    32 = !,o4.

    Lrrr-3- I ,2, ' '( o-t -YJ

    f*ro1 = ,(;z 1 l.ur*,-) ,oo-t

    '

    "-.n

    ot-='(,o?'1'-a

    "

    -lo-7

    gk= t,oo + ztsj -

    -r_b

    oreo) ,

    /or**

    ! g(u"),* ! e kr,,)^ @-tt)n

    (a*3,o

    li,,r^Lo ,.J'=
    {Uf^b,4^
    la

    pit=

    t=orn,1

    ehr)^=3,3-? -----' f (ro,rL= q,3 i &*p|*= 4,er

    "' p k"F).= 4 ttr p*

    @-tr f

    <fr+' 51 *nt

    4,;

    t"^rl= 4,4"ti'; [,n,.ot<)24,4' ,.'

    (.- f,UL , ,,'*lln &

    .-.s-r^

    l; L

    un,t^6nz6-

    h{ "lL ,u{r*J, rx ,*-lk @-zzz) eu..o L,rr,-r-L&' nsy,zilo "l-l^. 6^ 0"3"' f.*g"-J
    s

    -2'oo

    =4O'

    'sl"r

    AIL
    hl,
    ^

    r,*rl^,"
    s "[e.,.a-

    (*i*^

    f.4co"nJ

    Q,iwtr"

    7x^

    4-'ptJ

    lvo'

    fl
    f^( L =got 7

    [rt"*J

    'h

    t'a*cld

    s f o'>\o'wc n@vY1t

    it

    (u

    r-

    i"*f

    . L

    .=,.'f^

    ?W "W'*

    qr {-o {',"

    ds+t^..rr^.o^^&

    ao*

    prc

    k 'u"-a-

    {.

    14-

    *'.^t'tJa/L.2itne

    ^"

    {" Ldre "G' 0y P,:r*nJ c

    frl!,, L Q*.) e 0?t d


    piaurze &-t) e Gt-3)
    ;
    "L

    l^'o1,,rt-t-+ &d{-,*,

    = [nr,J * b'J @*2rc)

    '- s\ kr,,n'

    /"

    tl

    'o'*"

    dLvv,t^' wl

    c .G-,- etsz,r.

    cowyte.s.2

    hyDrrr)

    o- 2roc .

    t* f"rlL

    /=el

    /e-tt

    Hi

    tar"rL

    ,r!* ( fn ,!- f"rb 4J e f,,rlt- lr-fu'o**r-ric^q I,o ,oe* (eu -tr',t' &u)
    s"L ( rh ,L pt*l Cu) " 7*-LL l; c R\(oo- ,k s,4,
    e, h (11- l; fo p^f
    "{o
    ( rn ,l ."nb );
    c-.ih,o l^y

    - t"o t<-sh ?H , EVo) 6i (oo [r*t'-''n'u rispet+' 4-

    fcesc.,ox) t

    tclx? n'a,iJ.

    L U4q4 s dlua e:
    L's)
    f"r3roonJ= l,'x) Q-tt,o
    k k (+-tqn,Lis) ;
    cL,*
    5isk'-*
    k
    ,(
    "<-'' !-'*
    &L
    p,.
    E
    a- [*,]

    (" %. 'r,r) ;

    T-'L"-I

    I t,,^ln
    t*

    ocehpL
    P, o*t eu..11,..*k {- pl'l 7io/ , ok t ,t gH J*11- .',y'-*o* "C
    L qp.t^-or^av *-tL <-* tre.'u*: u*'(.k;
    ,({4't' ,,*ek , fnnr,'n^[& rtp.[h" u l*r*"$ -- 1.^tsL ?U , l"U.trnJ= lrnr3 =L"r-3 drpt$" - 4 = 4;t fl : fuxfl = fcur'""-] ;
    "
    (t r,r) < f"n*l e <-hq fca,co"J : Dt"no:J ,

    Cop.N-Tig.il
    log

    ros

    's[tol

    [cx3coo:l

    i,o* [.

    *rso o

    {,,,

    [--r]

    -t
    -2
    -3
    - 4, 36 .:.1

    -5

    :$
    -7
    2

    iB

    r0 lt

    12

    pH

    Sotuzione acquosa 1,00'10-2M di c H3c 00 ht H4


    a25 oC0 -0,1 M

    '-/*Z

    U*l gr(^:e,o* o-T,osq ,il

    a,t\qrtura

    ! /nv-*,,.^o

    E Br. cN-; p[*.,r)*


    g b<u,T). = 4, E3 - e [Ko,T)" , g 2J

    [-q-r-=NU4

    oro 'fo

    -4163 o

    o t'( 2',t'

    L i&efrt

    f(u,E)*=s,s;J

    I"' L""* '!l^ (q-.rr) ai ,,rn!.;


    lo o)t

    o6ro* : 4,7 - 4;"

    5,33

    &o*- = 2,4 '1;

    5t o!-uL,*.
    Ll,tror) . stil -no4

    (fi=?,oo+4,6r-z/32 a

    -i';/g

    ; [.x)

    -- 2,] -.to

    -t"Y(

    : f.*c_t l-"^/(
    [rl-J' ,'rr - 4o-? ! ,.4;\ d)"*ft
    &rr]= 4,4'(;' = r-4;t b"lk
    funorJ= rtz\ -,(.o-t

    [urpJ= Atxf

    5i

    <>tttztw.

    -4o4

    v f, -4o-) bJk

    oll L lo<. rcoo-^ f,-khtf,k

    srr^.o

    .-Llo"fu,ne*

    s7,Vl<

    (-di

    Q*h/t r (u; vrvl4 k

    ,,&eo*. aggrosssa-k @ -lr9 , b^rk -^k o .k t-0!"


    l** laxz-}tsr* c,,^ a^' ; .G-k k .-rL * HCtt.
    TA- &o,1*rnt^* Lprl^^^r- "t
    f*rL a)sleuq ; nr-'.,J ,*tk Fy- <-{2.
    L u,,Ji.z.* /-I'*>q r ytLw/- J.L u^ (;rrrlU ,,*?-t-t, LL L ar-,
    NH4r

    t Hzo e-r [nrnJ + [Hro*) = [rnrJ + [axJ (E-ro 7-LL,.

    _ (" ayv?.
    "[q

    L;rc#ov--k

    ,\r.{&r{- 6s",^o

    f. *!-r*(- E{- t t

    ; !-6^,,;l; J; E.uJ e k NrtJ (*


    eL [u,o[ AF*:) 2fz
    " ,/.r/t H ;
    ,-Ll+*

    Jt!-

    Arturu.J

    y\-?1 6'^4

    viy-rl-l<

    cca p,,.t-lt L!- LTLN.J

    (*t l;

    trll" hr^ f-b

    <,..'*t. ', po; o ,1"t*r<)

    &- atrv!
    Jsa^o

    l"L

    %Eu-J .

    F* ut,u.!,r,*,k

    sphua*h;

    % trq
    ,L^-,I.,o (-v, b r,,ko t
    1,1"

    !4^-

    (K ,o.- f,*k

    cotuv,,,,1u< rcvuo

    Ls-[k*I (r"^b A. )

    Con

    +tLo

    (- rcfr* A %L"4 (r*t- Au);


    { l"n

    assa"-a.

    c-.,ry,-eso

    4 FruJ , [*rJ )
    - L,*.uJ c- vo2yvu J; F,r)

    t,,a f*.lL- cpmV^/"-h .^l A^ (n*

    t\^ 4r\fa a-L;Jo L

    g.t

    fi*e

    Lr.,{-)

    pH *nV" J"'k

    P; J& Ao o- P , [on7 lr*tu,^L& ay,l{- a- F"rJ


    b%t=2,\ "L 7"lo P)' r*,t*k L k-s+4b) /.',)r,^.:
    [n.uJ = [rq| U''nn U)
    /- t'o)
    o -l
    c-"';?-/*"k
    {'
    P
    .t
    t!cpu*lo
    ,.JL''klt*
    ?l(
    lb)
    -e" (a-roo
    a- zrc
    " v'ln'l
    A 'r4 /,( Jrlk ",%oo* Zz.f trot\ d- o, o-r oo H !) ,**,n /tu*o.-L
    +@*,iL tl [trc^t) = Lrnrl 2 [ru'J =[,tnqrJ = -(i2'3'
    z.
    tl-

    1u^L

    Cop.IT -Fis. t 2

    L)<r

    logc

    E
    o

    [Hc

    trs[HHr] ros[o

    =
    ,o

    GI

    -t

    -ot
    o
    o-

    I u,r,

    rr

    - 2,i'?'

    :1

    -t

    ft
    l,l
    o

    -et

    =
    trr (J
    L'

    '46"-

    ' -7

    o,

    -5

    c,
    N

    23L567

    10 1r

    @pH

    12

    o,

    2o

    rn
    f0

    -EAte

    Vr* s.b*v,q
    han n -nlog

    3-lNrfleo-J

    5-l.b cro1ootl s- 22 e 7u*ttrt

    J; Llo,-L-,.nL l;

    eclvosc-

    cot/t (non;o

    - ?uo e4.*.\z

    c.,-r.ztr-+^

    t+

    c,,lr,a-

    "'-4u

    *o'* /'' ,"'n.']*

    t A un "d. z J,*- kw /LL,2,.' : H*; {:',^


    e .GLL@-"":'
    ?t- 0 @llo 1-:srn-t* v\rzur &-,os[,*l,i ilrk fu

    u*hh*"

    bb"!, el

    lrrl,J;

    tt ) i uleLk ,
    e J"!k (f -a rr) ,i ta
    yt fW , fucor- J - S, r
    (a-urr

    5t

    f,n1*r-

    oL

    *t'.Lz[.u<

    pK=

    ry

    = B,?

    ca-. <tt^[,o*
    -

    c!

    '(

    3i""/(

    -,- l"

    Cor- \n**k

    ,\^. ,-?-zn

    ,*

    .a

    4" Poz,.,"j 5-'o ?-,b y.Lk

    (-V,-

    zz .{: Ho; f*"^yk)

    *!!* Q-rro) ((*)" ' (r,,r), =!,r'4;2n (*,o no'o.e -16') e ,*s"". ,*Lt& ,yk o
    c.o^l-a ,!,fi'rp1^r.*-u . {l!" -.h*{'. dsJe.
    ko, ), (r-,,). fnrc.r-J , ,i;13 {",^rL o,n,L.
    $ F*- o^.[" t*trn,*,- (W,4, , ('l,* i>p1, & trrq] e r 1,o- ,'sc',r k [<-lr* hj.
    C" ,!- *l* A pl'l ""2.*LL = gtz s', of co.Jov
    .-e
    *UrS=6,)-70t; Luil-=111"(;6 ) frro*J= 7/3't;r ; L"n1'=2,o'f;6
    P.ifu

    Cq.N-Fie'13

    ('*r)

    f'4o-7

    ^=
    PU*I* = 6t3

    tog

    (f",^=B-4{1r

    r(k,4u= '(s't

    .l'r[Sol

    ' r oe

    [xrc

    oe

    od

    [xc
    ros

    oil

    [c

    o!-]

    ro e

    [o

    -l
    -2

    {ur*-otBc)

    ,"'Bl

    -3

    (ron). = 6.to-7
    -

    fu,4.

    3r3--C

    = 4'1'dlo

    -5
    _

    ,"i

    s.Z-

    -7
    2.

    i0

    Eqt T

    8i

    rt

    r dq'
    pH

    tz

    Sotuzione acquosa lrOO'10'M di NaHCO, a


    I.0.1

    25 oC

    I*a. l'!!"
    olk

    1,.n

    [t,*;J

    '
    '(4
    (4 -rra
    -aa

    "o/-,^ *S*r
    EB

    4;t

    ^r

    Jz (a-r,+

    h , .k

    E-W.

    Lrt)

    soll;,

    Q-t.r;L.'

    r/"r* h

    c-e,, *tr,o,

    fuc?:tu^*

    " & 04^

    5t

    d-h:

    [rri)=o,z-{;d
    iihr^-o-

    ,irilo\gon

    e paolo^+ rq

    litrl[

    vt,

    Ur*r\+ lnol = kIJ

    rt

    3.,,aal

    ,J-k l^

    ["xJ 1a-za")

    @; o Hro

    y,vL'

    e'

    lt!" Ar[uro;l , uk& p" h^-". k ,-,oun]r.nu- *


    L[teri
    f"l!.
    b*i
    he ,n0.'u7,,1^L* /; fL
    - [ t { bll" *'sr* ir,n e'teu'Q'
    o,Sl;k co.,Lr*l-c- gol 11 (Or^,
    l-,t,",01- J; fil ,
    ,o,
    *r)
    c
    (f,,u
    N.i(@z
    qolH il
    ifH=
    &
    nLi.*
    [oc"r7 (o or. , r-) e 60-t+ s', -,q$a
    ['-\,*'
    e
    Ur{
    '\Pk'
    trlsr.<-

    c2,^

    r\^

    ri g,s- {.,^r.-ur,* /,\rrk. & p<to;) , e, h'*"b ci-ll-o 6-slfl "L'nv''n k


    ,"&o.-."*r*rri,".,.k" G-tsr) e ,'' (* Y;U\'*'L |-*zL*) f t(' *0''L il f'

    3) gg.^&,^L ,u

    zse-l<

    & ,"k f.a.",V

    ,h1, ,-h,^* e Jrl'oa^b^,t ,oa


    yv6 e-w,v*-(lul-

    e-

    @-lrrt,,J

    .Ln

    'll'uy,,;(;Lnv

    , u &

    =ro,L'k

    uel-^h L

    a4'. 1,oo - ,(;1

    (; i
    "(-

    &rgx

    a- zroz " /-

    H - &^

    t;s)
    ^

    i*e-e'h-" , (Dt'<-

    c.q@*:n;ffirr. -

    (X*).- 4,il - 1;14

    [++s

    Torsov-o fu "ll* Yf*"si


    [+*a:1 " P-lt] A)
    &t
    r,,L I KL,. < Cs e Ko,o < 't , i -.1;[

    N'llt-

    (ov,

    l" (+-*")

    ^u*.^yo'' :

    La,l'=ffitu-u{.
    &

    Pl"hhk
    s*LEt), ti

    rc.r-?<sr'rr

    (^* ,"!. s.0ue.1 c


    [+orJ= IGJ r Cs, f,^ f"( *-t^te

    sot^-o

    dk

    gLk+B;

    t,-r 11

    /
    *
    f

    l"\f; 'L
    "((*i,h4eu".c.

    4,oo -

    V,,r).=

    -
    4O

    - Q-vl,

    srOuu* "*pp*s,n)*'t G-

    & @-rt / Q-4) e (g-ttt


    Ln* -- z, s s . .ro3 J/e
    [ra1 - s,ao- 4o-? N/e

    sento

    hs)

    "

    ,i Lo,

    "4

    rt yrtta'vL

    '

    [*-J. 2,81 ' /os e '"/e


    ItJt* , [oxf = trc -,r;at S'Y(
    {rs6 lvo-L F*.h ,ol *,(/" <-*aCau^+ ,r,-L,^^r^ ,
    i,aL.,t.4 + 2,38 -{o-3

    fl'r"*JrrgJ

    [g'J

    r['rJ

    = qsg-fio-e +91o-.u-r| -Z 7,7c-3 /

    1prosri,."n-a,u^^

    -fh;k ,r",*lo 6 Q-lir)

    f*rb

    (aso

    s)h;

    2.st-ln;7-

    ef r$"*,

    ot* (- **-*'^ f*&kJ. .U tlg- str-Lne-J * Cs - }-- **t .r-so J^ltL (a -.1+ 3 t

    {-r*hhu- J&* ,., 1*uC, p.uiot*o

    [lrdJ=W

    1,8 -'rrt) r (l,oo'tia

    '7,oo 'to$-4too {o1)

    ,(-oo.,(dz + 4,e.ts1

    ,tLk.k Kqn 'ko,t L Ko,'r = Kur' '


    Gr"<. i v..Q ,.e p;* L;u, /tL n,*l-*

    h.ov\

    s frt

    u^7('/;,o*

    t^d U
    l( a,

    F"r|ts;l-cs
    t4,,

    <Ql e ,k-

    1z

    (a-lrrtt:s)

    r - krw.
    Koo +

    .l t *AX- "&

    ?il.o sgr,tk
    i wr.LL

    {r- l*

    C5

    ,*

    ,t .Qp 6j,*Loa

    t_

    sr ("o *(*t ir"e.ez*

    o-

    @- sd a)

    (3

    r.e-.ea\a^a

    d'oo.rr^A&

    y*L|;{-J* ,or,a sofituvn kw^l. f*

    offlr<

    e .L
    Kn,n

    sptnl<

    tt,h

    ; l*"or*L{, nsf"k r 4

    {".^*f- ; ,-.LJ; L;or'- /"ll*

    (a-la

    ) "l*

    '.

    (t-*r)

    ,-

    5; ,-1"-L.* y^v,h' t
    [ure) .

    ?,a4 -4o\

    co-so k
    f*lL

    t*(k ,' fre). lqz-t,4 l-";/( ; [s'],t,tt-'t;!/% ;

    *^I^'t,t''t prck^.\^c

    t"'LCt/*tJ-

    t"'J,

    r,2

    ritt

    t^[- ont,' 4'; L' , ori

    l'W,

    .,o r"^e

    Qr;".h' q- e-pf,r,se;b,,.*; /-k


    sisJ'uc'
    /'L
    u'okt
    e1'-z+i
    J'h'
    s.llrfnk ,&
    t fuo- ,"lr-!'* "(olh g - *a) ;
    5or"o
    vrb^t!. e "tq , ,!. y*it .n-t , t"t
    St4? "L fW ,*if- (+-.f l )
    t;
    ,n/o,th t tushiur^L n,o,=
    Lnr-J
    ^lo..
    f o.-o

    h'}t -'k i 6t'yloh


    , o{<wL4 LttrorJ>3,o('ai| 7-iY( J' pr'oli*rr-t<
    , ("n,1. (a^ i{ *l*a J; }roa t-i"/C ,

    Cg= {,oo

    ,t^k

    a *o-[er..rlq

    tfii L

    - 't;t H

    ; vecJ,u,k

    h,r-- '-''*' A

    vd

    oly..Hrr,.o

    "!"*r'bk

    ,uLfrz

    ort H -

    p. (4-str) i &ilu,+ ,,wf,z [uEo+J ' 3t1 - l;4 t ''';/e .,l- *n


    "
    *te;b ,.l,- b ,-*La"'. &k"-"euh'/l,. ^- f"'ll!" ,.'L*-o 'n- .
    $^t**,^l-e td- sr&a,'..<- ".so!*', (4-sf 31 e y,,r,r,as1;o cL* -L t* rc.oa.iv; ,.-,keh4b

    r[1. s,&r+*q

    ,tf

    l-u.o+J =
    L-

    U<",4. &n'). fue-J

    @ql.+[ueJ

    (o,*',b DsJ=c, o.ll,* {./a


    d-

    *1*l- . [uro+). m

    s,r.t*t

    c-;

    [r.eJ=gu-t; 4e ; [r*7= lo .61

    (a - sa a) 5

    l";* i [s,7-t4.r{') [* J- 4$.{;1' tj* )

    9-L.*^. fnro! + [ilrq ? [ur-J * foxJ a,q.tit = s,d --ro-r


    h,"r i s.lL{-k r."" prsl' t;4.
    <-*kav^+

    y"!*k; Lnr) e- oqLoo (,; Cq,so t* (s *\gzk ,l ooso lc**/n"J<' , ' &' l<'
    /t+&+L
    leozr\nn^'
    f*khl;.t* sorno f;, s7)^11 & aa^rs,.- Jr//- /;{niav*. Qrl'l) '''^'

    ,L

    aprt

    ^* {,rl-.L fr

    egwssito*b*i
    .2

    svccz ss"t

    *JW @-rrr] gd, lA;

    Lr'-

    d,r^'

    t' [n J.

    (i'

    ?r*t- "s1., L it'L[n-.k .


    - r!-. frr^L b,E = Kb pH (=o) e
    D.o-

    Lovr-<,t

    L*ztr'"* {'!-

    - s i 1"t

    -r*"p(r:/,^.ra

    "frr-hue-,"'^l<

    ,Vl\pr-,t

    *k I^!!&

    t"'('

    L *!rl.

    sVr"r&r^.rr^h

    7'o,,-,Io

    /e1..(.'0.L soqo ""{f,-*-kv'o-[t 'L''t'r'c l**nL


    prr/-l,^t"^^l g>*sota {''rsi elLL o lrc

    /" ,*tb^H

    frcxak "k 0-

    sv cc'sri r<

    ,<-o-z'bJ

    tbw- @"r)r.l,'' ,u a,*r (ru- + ha + 82- + la.o+ (r"'x ' K*'t)


    d,,e rco*-,v-^ Esr^-.o: ll
    ll nr'- + H.o = l("ts- + di' (ro" = Ko,z)
    f-.*. &
    L- t-.o* aa-o-2t'u-<- ilrB- * lQo +- Hr& + tl- ,t" fr*h ks{ d
    fr"r**Lr{*. t\a

    b** "!k

    s'!.-a-

    eil=

    Kr,

    qu,t''L

    7w

    esrz,L

    *2;e, q G-rre lX)

    t(k,, r tf*o,, (,v .ss)

    P"-

    b-6r .*L..4-v F; *"fl--tsi


    S

    u>ot"o

    ti

    +Lr,

    ,o*),

    5-

    , Ao1t*t^.-) &prr\;1)

    Hgr:

    H L 25-L e /L=94 t( ) Gq L "'[*"t]"';sl"'


    lr.0,(*;L, (fo,|*= 4,oo-,to-1 / (V*rr)*=4,oo'4ia e- (nqr) ^=3,41'16'z )
    (frrr)*= ,,oo
    e ?(E"rl^ : ,{.{, fo .
    / .p(k",.)*= ],oo
    7*vL', ,
    - L co,nl)3.r\or 1rcku>a f, qA ,,(;,nlb er-tn, /rk l^ HBr' H7O J:
    "
    z[u5eJt [n.r-J + [rr"! - [u') * PnJ G-tar)
    .,o-

    >.:{re;u* --f,-ro

    oroloo

    A"5''* ,.un"6* ,\. c*'sidu,,qo,<t ,*(tJ"


    6,*/.* ("q 4<l)
    (" ** l"!- L6 7rrrJ , et[6'7 L1tur'3 ) Lf brJ el !^^^- u,tr.,a y,* ("
    t
    o,otooft,
    spoe HrB (f*Wr*t*) ck hr*a f*e/^ ,", s,.ler,o a. c-nu.^h.,zbv* 2*
    7,w/,' f2u

    c-rEi

    -',(

    "{-

    eg*;z i, a,"--L

    a,w.fo J^

    a>Yr

    0^

    <-"'z('?,r'u'a

    y*k;t*

    ?t'( Lw { *or*\p 7 <*\l-,-o- J'lk 4d Fu{ esr&z W&

    "tlt ,oh^r.-e- [g''Jr br-J "- l-* 0,t e 40


    l^ f"*"L a-che z [k$3+ p.) {>os,,*b& dy,l h . [An1 fd; U
    A-r+ 4".r.r- , [rrs / [*,J r bn)
    (q- t^' L'')
    - 1*\"( r\^ ,*ob \"k*,*/L ,h' pt(
    k'J e rJ s.,,o *o([o tzr'z+h<
    f
    e Ls'1 ,.-J) ,"^k e ,tte
    .

    ^%.=o,4o

    1,",Ls"J

    J-ute*
    f,-'v e* Q-larA;'J
    [nrel= ,tf + 44o tt"J

    - t/ brl., o/eo

    IJ ( -. o, f*)
    essur. u,ri {-^'h &' *nhz,.|""*- /j "frh l"!. crh',^e. , ofu sQ
    y;
    l*k
    k /ot"t A ctrv' /,L 0,60,"J (p a,c,,,,"-)f&* ; s-JLsl-(Le ih vh f*
    &'J o 'h c-'lt- U cuvv. ld q [6tJ f
    N.c.l,* 0o- L.,ft' t'!. %
    ''no

    4,4o

    /r4- <,er*.n,.4^ Loz.b* ( = ,{, 40 Y o ,o'too fl


    - fr"U" . p.rrk s"L

    f/o;

    ( q'

    I f *$ l',h".,,k P J^' y"ul<- d'* <orw '- tr pll /'g- sl*u"'t


    ,-0* $,.rltT ,^ll" .-,.I'au^ ' y'"e e! c' "ry ""lt & 3t lg ,
    o,o4oo H lrl *.L
    ,-sste,,- o*J4 ,.eJo,,l -k ,! H lil
    - (,'h (,/ o vl /-l f*
    f
    fu^b P t ["tgJ
    I
    i ln*,,-r"f& ,
    , t;'6t^v^l-o ^ *f* { t"'Lo- o ','qyt^L ?'ufihb' ,

    -i(.

    pH ,n.,;sp^!*nk

    I^d

    ry,^atM*,. p>elr,,'-',^o*A

    ,-*l-

    lle2* r ho +
    ll ,u'- . wro 4

    g3' + ft, o4

    (K*,taKo't)

    on-

    (,t*,o= W.)

    t(r6- +

    p! , pr use-c- L

    i*r{,k [!a'-J =C, =4@-r;2 Y7 / p^vL {k ^!eA


    b,s) , $lrr/u.,y,L.

    ,J'-t.

    fe

    ,rrlo^L; J; ^^*[*t"a-.(,r*'( t') , ' '-A.

    o,p"-k)t^ -J'.-. lrl!-

    U.,4. -'(,r,,"(K-,414 e @*,.,) <'

    (,

    1"v,.Q

    $lall;t)

    Cao.E-Fig.l4
    Crp.E-Fig.l4
    r rn

    o [trshotJ

    ['ogff,t]

    t"glpl

    tl.-u'l

    l'o!l

    @ryJ)bs[?']

    I
    bsE

    '

    P'-

    Q(Ptoss;brr-1

    @,s,4
    @t^"

    oakl* pH
    ,lUi.,o ,tn orQ"a *''"k
    (, klr'$W,a^' (to'/-t." tl

    }*f1, .04t)

    -l

    4,4.'lo-t+
    4,31,1

    d.

    x, -

    t /lxKf

    -4

    -el- /
    _T

    \./i

    : l\

    16r i-4,t2

    ls-a-t l-4,t

    io,'t- l,-z,oi)
    -4EE 4r,
    1, o, 1(.t
    k{,2'c;l
    l--}E
    eLs, 1tu.
    , ?r*.- ri et, ltir!*hs't c-

    .i

    Ll

    .^-l

    P"..,p,^k-(={{1)

    -8

    f^

    frrrn = o,e

    o ' Lt

    -t0
    -11

    1 Z 3_ 1. 5 6 7 8 T9: 10 11 12 Il
    Uq,r" =4,2F- 40-'.
    pH___:itr
    ?Y*=\,.y\.-t-,f4tzl't,5-o-' ri'r@
    =J$r. ,o-'L
    r_LLq{,
    rl
    It
    Soluzione BCQUosa, di NEHB 1,oo'10:t M a 25'o C*{ / '
    l,:0I M.
    L

    skle e-Wl
    [s*,s, 6c,\o ct o\re.Sr U;V; )
    l/"^ -l-Tr-* of *r* ,2U L.,..Lo,t^6-o-e,rr^{, / s = 4oo o "l'''z f{ J^ f"""L "*-to k
    u()rnlln *,,na l*t',- l^q
    , Nx4r e tlto :
    ".&*ir,< fy-L,-\.o- P vvt
    "

    u[HreJ* fn,e)

    *RroJ = [s*J

    + f^rx,J +

    '{gt-

    [ov)

    Q-'q=)

    L akw
    - )e /,t 3*-.., e"S-^^|,*L co4*olu.*', "LL- ,!!, *1* 7o' -llt Pi* , *"1u.
    lr! 0%t rrl ,1"!. % L*o! * t*,A- **u,^I*a.\e*s 'k{. " f* o fr!!"- L '"1" fu +r4" g,, '{, s;s}cr..o. Nltat*Nt\ h!. a,v M lnertx @at)
    f.i]r.4.'

    L csre

    ,fr,{

    * [il,eJ + FPrJ =

    u.,"k T'qL M{4'- .l^,r- 7.rr


    ..(. plt loill slrs.',o,." bz H i 6,1.r-1lxal{B >.4n l/r^r^gr.<
    teo-ywr*, lrr.yun:
    1^r^&.
    os*'Lvo' dL t &- Pfl -' S,z0 , 'io [g'7 (tWc"l&)
    d,.' 3,lg l^L
    t4* s''
    (OO, 1= 21- *r,r) sov.@ l,os.^r^ti ,rf"k & f^rl r *lo^k A Q*4
    sr.
    cnna;s1o^[u'k

    t;

    xlvr[Ib

    yr-sr-,l"

    fortJ

    turl

    U-u',u)
    de ; s dod'.- ,J'l- tr.tltr] , [nre) ; .-k si vt'*a- f '^ fV *tto*'[' 8,2 i
    *frr'oj]) ,- or,^^!,t
    - f^ pk * 8,2 u ft(- lrtl "is,0[e J^.L t4* .l*- {,&reJ
    *rs,[.t,o & [UruJ ; 7e, *ll'ry,,(^6,, U (+-t+br) ,""- eseue. a.u,e.s's a,.'lofir
    5\ gv{ c-6rrssii^vre &

    pro[co-r'<-le

    o:

    F,*J = IrnJ (t-sa*{*)

    ,asy^lo^k */- O*1" ,t rLo,,o


    NIE HB
    f,r"l-{"
    fX ,{rl!- s.&e.v*t J^ NL
    bA[rrBJ = tZ Lrul e, y'tiatt,*
    An
    ["1
    *fttJ
    c
    LS'Luro)
    /,L
    t
    ? &ru c,jrvt
    g,ts
    I
    topl*.*^k k siko*"r^r 'L*k ,t"tt* ("-w*h) ; l-!' fk ry o

    -{

    y** arl,l. oh , "A" /4 *,,*1.^b,k e{*"-r^-b,& w.S" - fral , o- i,t*J "/ * C^*rJ
    - t"!-

    p*L;o*.l i

    so^n,

    Il

    ,U

    H{ + ltrO

    ll l;e' + tLe
    in.'{,!x r"r"reh. oh*,

    p,wlo
    .

    P,fe'). trtJ

    7*ot-

    *,(.

    tn .l* 6

    NX: + KrO{

    (Ko,,

    = K o,*)

    t1g' + oil-

    (K"ro

    " K*,')

    [n6{ * NnlJ - Cs

    E'.,e
    zr,loerb*^

    -p-.{-*t *. il &r{* 1; prot possuh-e ur*.44- Q-nzL;s) csu ; *4..'


    J^ t*nc,lul>t-"'+,,'e (@o, *r).= *o'^") i, t*oh l.",,o ri
    "gp"-,.frr* lrtt, -sh,^h

    nsp"ko c (b,r), (*,"). tu'-I e (q").r^\a,k *


    Fur h,qs.*,* G*[ (r.,=).
    aQ) 6 Q-nz) s fr- {f,serr"o.ri o-: [rprJ" =@qrt (r",o). Jo ";,

    . : ,(r",r),

    [rt']

    (il= 7@,*)^" tf @,,1^.


    l't7.;?'.o
    esse,^l^o ko*J* = s,3? e ((K",.)*= 1& >2 Ph =
    =
    ?

    ?fr, tf(,,",il,- pL

    . Dr I.o{" 'oL* Jrl. pt{ e p,,*,L l,*=f r- = g8o , si o&1,-I *{r"i , M o-,Lu-. ,^-r,o*k (,U ktAu u 6orr.) ; ,& J Oy,u /"L bsto

    ?W=0,'ft,

    t'rlb -; ,o0'J }yo'r! t,th/,*


    vel$o

    (,

    ,{l*rsv"oa+,i

    eora

    l-k

    U
    1*?o*'\ "-[q

    {'*k &

    "'"ht'

    rlsle.^o

    </ f^&'

    '

    Cap&Flg.l5
    -log

    ue[rqeJ

    -t
    -2

    bek l(zpz
    c &lt
    ItB Q,o -.trs
    .-2rcl
    H bL-f o-s
    '-ir2l (x- 4,3t"1c-6
    g^ 4,6'{o-r

    -!-'

    ,:zEir..

    .3

    * -1
    -5

    Itzo-

    -6
    -7
    -8
    -9

    -lo
    -tt

    2*3

    Soluzlone acquosa
    e
    0,1 M,

    ,r.

    579:9tOll12t3

    (DPH

    di

    NaNHTHB 1,00.10-i

    M a 25 oc

    ,',r *[ff]ridrllilfib]it*,i:,

    { t -'to-A

    -9,&o

    -0 os
    '9,v4
    -5t
    ),21

    '-13a Nvt 6t1-4;q


    '-5171

    -0,t't

    l.{e-

    3,4-4rl

    -'Lro3

    Nrr'

    3,4 .

    ta\

    -L,ol

    SqLE

    urla

    ssZrz"u'<-

    -L

    LJ'.,t a-

    ?-

    Hfl:

    Hsz-

    <-.^,..c,t"r.uab,^r,

    "!1*.

    = 4,*

    6L n serfc- 2rz u 7,9'n'

    "q;,,rlL *-to' /&1.., ,1, tr*"j


    ,rr-t^l.o p^ ln
    z[rb| * ,sJ* fir,o{ = [e*J . [*'J * &r J (+-ras)

    #ffi*

    Nrt4r

    e ttro ;

    ,-*1r4.

    J; il* , r J*
    zC,

    [r,.

    Cr,r--a) ,

    - 0* f *s.e,t"..*
    1,.^,*ar

    d,L

    {r- c^tvt.

    lnfri

    tttll-

    M - UUt eu v^^' c-r,,e.,,Lr,.-t"u^. Lt*

    p^,t-<. @|.{,rnle

    D,;-L

    [r! fll l; (rc

    rnpp\a

    M[an

    .->

    L c-.nL:-l,h{

    p^

    s"Lvwn d,; (Uuo)rre

    *&a>.,. "{) NarHB (f n= |,lg

    o- f t4 < 3,,tg (Lr'-J r [nJ\

    g*h*

    a_

    z NW+r + H82- a.uc (*r=2.,e'<i'tl,

    h si -k { ?tl t"ll.

    c-v?.1)\?v,Jt^k

    OAta
    I

    r&4

    "l'v

    ria

    o*t;^*}*

    a {'*r.-^t(, dr.'lA' r Nq , sx*ro,d.o

    l.^.- fuo' csr? Yfr-sriuok

    c"

    ?"k
    M eso-L,- ' '(''r'n'pre f-II' ,-r*ty^/t^k
    k
    .
    h^,,L P lill" c^trvl .W l* [u's) c l''l' %t*'J , /"u<- "**'")'"
    o,oz
    Q-:au-lu) ; h/. { is,tk Ue*:-*
    o,ozfl) *?N
    -,o(h"^[ o- 7l( r-.76^\^r U f* f;o A It L,"r] (*C*,

    :Y;ffi

    (f^ Crr" = ?,rtl ) (,,e'L s'('kn' 6Aq l'"!k [+-taeU') , tz^. plt I e 3si
    ,,"L .hio-a.qr^.-,k .l.. ('p,*l + [nrol) ." [t"rJ ) 7 1,,v'L U
    st
    Q=ror\) f\

    d;

    rr-3

    L(yrosS

    lti'/t4

    o- l

    [^,4 = [tr G-rrt

    . +--

    *)

    {o i4t^c2*1**o-- 'J'll'"
    - JrL g*h- s "l^o^,o^,c ;fr,,{r'*h , l-,w,_ d!- u"4 t- ,
    ,th" rp,ao.Y ^ '1''46'J " nL Pn aull-'lk '
    F.,xo f*r',' '"Lt ;rp"F" e- &B'J , . [urr] eJ n
    - p..,-L[ /l{,gJ
    ("

    "[7

    rcc.aror,.

    f L*,o^L

    [rn,J

    5.fuo

    llt,f
    {[

    *Hf

    # N[,

    [s" + flro *

    + Hror

    ilr9- t Ott'

    (t*''*Ka,4

    (^,, = & 4

    ,*A 6"- ,( ?rt /-ssql*o ,-^"'vct J"lk


    Cr% = C5 ,
    [ore)
    *

    -f
    e

    ,ror

    LKu,)n

    i vuteT'tz&a, { Lo toL

    .-i

    *trror -

    ,rrt (*,*r)^ - z (^,r)* (u,*)*'-

    .f f^ (^,r)^= 4,,o-4,-7 e

    [r",

    fu

    z(t [r**,1*
    'rd

    &firrt

    crrst cs

    "L<

    Fn,l=

    orron(or')^([",r)^

    i "(f+'*
    o

    Q-rqgt^), n'r-t"[qr&

    * (k,*)n

    *l-, it:] -to-to L-

    uk

    or

    s,46-aJs

    - Jo F*,tL ,rr,P* J^ q kp, e tu frrn , f"o- e 98o / s; ulla^5.'* ; tJr; *,0* W


    -; .rfu lrl[ l-*Ulk oJJ^{tn- e,l>o i 4,,',rl A,^h !-- e1vu2<haar es-ke /"1'
    f,sJ"r-o t lu ci & apy*sr"o-*uJ /-lt so'r.o
    "t!;[o.
    Cap.M-Fig,16

    -0i

    {-

    1t3? - 4o-{

    ^ r,ga

    0)-

    3tof ''ri6

    '452

    f$-

    b,c4-'ti4

    \o(

    ry

    8,64'6<

    \,o

    Hsc*

    be[H.pJ

    tog F

    ?rJ

    toe[B

    -l
    '-1,72

    -2

    '-

    -3

    '-5,0G Fg2'

    -4

    fl1r

    -5

    2,04

    \..
    .\.

    -7
    -8

    .-?.s2
    ._eloe

    -9

    -10

    -ll I

    z 3 4 5
    2
    E 6 t

    Soluzione. acquose
    e F = 0r1 M.

    lo lt 12
    It_s9 lo
    It_

    E9

    t3

    pH

    di (NH4)eHg l,o0.lo-t Ma25oC

    Qc

    0,t'lo-9
    '(,'(g -dg

    th,

    log c

    ,'/.k

    4(

    ''ti'

    4,34-fo-L

    oS

    -7r 32

    '2,o

    4,

    -772

    c-,,so , bPo 1*"li tre*g , e 6r'rp4ds-t' l; ,."*.il+^o ,L r'&au*<


    &
    L',g*J^gu,
    i/y\ L.r* I"L,U 8e ., yn *;&^ JtL,& H\o , oulxve h.on.o pio I'L, n
    ttl.olr,&"
    &lt'aoil-, l{L e CL 4o a^*"ln*tqe.fvrrrlr^l; ) sru- L k c/t(&{,rlre ,*.
    ^b^
    1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,r0".lila'

    o[of,.(,

    kfu" L-*. gt - .Ir. "o(,gzin,- sl


    [un+J to*J (n,,,).Q-us)
    =

    -vnLh,

    ,'f
    g
    ;

    ht

    .(k*\.(qr*);

    [ua)

    rd)f*1,&d.G-rJ;

    d. "!r*_,^,^rL.0J1...__, fr**J r EirUI= f6J rb Q_lrr) ;


    IL = tu,3 r [r,o! (q-u i
    b= tt,%J . [r;J p-rz) .

    arJlz"^.

    D"L @-zez) e (1-nt,s)

    [nrdJ

    rk

    .i l-(;.u

    (rt,r).

    t*f r(tEl.

    Jn

    (u*),

    r'rJ r @*),

    s-^o

    ,i* 0r ,.*k Pq LlC6) ,

    r o&*\,

    W G-''4

    Frd)

    sfa.-ti"o
    4o 4o iw furr3 - f"{g t*el"*
    "; (r
    o,bhoss".t t; E,i,l. t *n nl-**- *$;rh.,n Zlr,^,t . Vu&a^-o .{* .o<i t
    - fl S,;'yL,'- i* .-f,o d!\&- b"* &JL"&. g" (fr,r=.tpo o') ,k,.o*{o

    vaQ yua-\o-r

    l;

    uns sr&a',o^q oroof se 11 Crt) <- uvt Lrt- t"g"(,

    r^.orb

    t-

    ok

    ,*4

    svr-

    tt,.,

    W*o.* o,^f&r.k:

    t\., cc.-rs,o,

    errfe; G-rrtr

    H *l t& qnr gl , c.a+t.,t-....,*r1 *


    oloof,ll ,h c.^1,. lfi&u AiLr"^ ,!. <u-so: fs., ..,v'0r,,rl(o,;' Bnj_

    Jiso.,ufi ,

    B; z

    , h

    ilO

    sr&au* gofu. tl (r^) )l /-.;k

    Br * IfBo =:

    v r"' a^/e/It' vvto' &ao*

    HB,- (rcr,o = {t*'l"-t)

    .o./.naio*

    gooyoo

    7*k,^ ,-,oLkt

    fu3dj+BU)=fcrJ*

    [*J+

    qno-.tii

    u^ qL4U oil*sg;&.a,k Gnirlrr@^L b


    44w.t-QaAoa,u* &A s"8 p*; 0- Oroalaa
    r
    u,
    , 'L6;J: o,-,ros f'* e [nu"j: ?o.,r'o '*"0k t '; e.r / ossuu.q.do

    qe

    fW'

    ,t o,F''; k aV*

    aelf awh

    U'd) fr;l

    ''".

    L*

    '

    ft{'o+\^o'ooroo

    Korrr

    oloooa

    4,oo..(o- :)

    [urol - q*Hru'

    tnk J

    { ?n lrlh ,&n*u 5",..-' I'"'.' a- '


    Q,vL *!!^ Q-re) tor) r .(is F* el

    cbe

    s,o

    rrrpho

    a- @o,r) =fdt

    ,p*tr

    I'rnb^r

    d*.*rL&

    abp"fo e'

    [rrn*J:

    ti'fZ

    t3ra )

    y,l-*LL< f,,un d>ur*,n<

    4r4 e I -Std
    t
    '[.e
    e
    [urrrJ= r,*.rJ s;y(
    t"e-k ,,.1!"

    l.'1,

    (a-*4,) <. @'ur)


    G [uro*)
    z

    rr' l.* t

    [ut$ iy-#' o- ,L)

    ,^,**k*{- &*)r.

    tr;efioo.r;t |,\u

    kw = f,oo -to-r\

    1v*,f' I"W.

    si /*;

    Luu"J

    frro!

    + Ko,E

    au 6 tc,o?&A

    e+rt)

    - Z) Sugp;wt* l;
    k L-* gt

    ,[0.
    aw,

    r^"[ler& .

    F,n

    esseit-

    h^L

    [on ;

    *yLfu *'4, (* /*"*W l"'

    ,^,(!" okrs" c-,.I,),b^; Ll

    ,,*tk p lrt,&

    ,41r.ssi"*2io' r-

    6il't+g;

    -----==_

    sio.-

    arrrrLk anust&- &ro*J


    Qv,w/,' ,,rfu*

    pro:h,ai,*^k

    {,oo",(o-5

    po[r--k \r*
    c-on v^er- Kr,, = ,{,o-t;3. L AZ

    -oz

    ( 'J* tie- ^tY!'k U


    S-;*

    (Lr.'

    4.Lo?;,,,,..

    @-*r) , ri

    U-rr4 [roJ: tos d*% d

    tr-"t*,*&(- ip.k"

    ca-s,o

    ,{,oo-4o7

    rl"s*^5 rk, e- Lh,orJ


    ,

    i *o-t

    l" G-rd JivN,*;

    [q""J

    cL k,,

    G-.tx)

    f"-J t KL,,e Rrd) + Ko,,-

    (o,.uv.

    gttg

    f"" 1".- ,",t'l*

    opy*ts),tuozn\<

    t p f*bt

    [n*L g,.r.,k l*
    e "k k

    s.

    Set,,^L^u-l*o

    ,L

    lfu-*'su^t^Y
    a

    @*sr)pl" 4,

    &-au<

    Prc^|c:t* i,^ eso-[.r

    &

    ota,
    o.Irb<

    t-o'{4

    lL(,

    Lon

    lB

    L6*hb,,.- l^'

    f+ CL-= fir,o -4o-2 n ("u* r.o'-rr;1el'J


    lg;J pu Co = (,oo .<r-'n Qu'c*e t*)
    fgrnrJ

    Lrrr*J

    &rJ

    fu,dJ + Lu,rrJ
    ?"Wl

    &;J

    [u;) Qty t;) -- A- 3ryJ

    IBIHI ; f* ,; 0t ,'&zt* ,.&n


    }- Truln
    l"/r^^v* s
    ?,,r% a>vm>(o*/".,1" J p'^h P.
    "' 2,L e o f n *ttrvn AL;' el;nun'< z,a

    ,\.o,^ (uo- ess,a- ,^^*L..,-t

    f; oy*,+< yh {
    p*Lo %8,r3 - %Dnrot
    Q",\^{ (-w buo'^q
    @-lrt

    e{f*"sir.*-er\,.q

    l;r) s\ 1uo- *.g1*rri,^n^- o ,

    pe-t*U

    ,t

    pV

    , n! s pc'

    ,Ixrseane

    Yfr- a- kt I e L

    &rrJ = [e;J Q_ln l-)

    J; hlL s"&:+ux- e

    frril*
    ,ff,<

    Qt+ul=qt,i;J =,IW;
    f*^L J.!l& 6-,", b) . tL KL,r

    b',{J * Kb,n

    <y'14A tp.n

    eyto

    (,

    dn.k

    "l p,^k P

    Jov<

    i ({

    rc,'t^wtt J"L

    *!,J-

    kss

    b,!*ho

    Q-rrr)

    l'q vvJefvo"r\"* "Q 2' Erbo

    ilrO{ -? : Zroo'4;t t-'0-/

    '

    [nr*J. s olynt t

    l'"4

    Ld

    <-

    .. -4,7o h "i,

    lr;tT a,7"\

    a\sf i,a luuh (zso k

    r-+-oe&,^t

    (<*tl

    .84e
    bn-

    5- (o-t o

    1/ 6.1.

    (_'

    *3,)o

    {dl - zft?.

    o*t 1

    ),3'1o-l

    "-

    6D

    1,1.<"'l

    -41&

    tt%

    ,t'&-l

    2A8

    \,tg'

    a ca$rte w$o /*,r*?.(b^\

    v.u.

    B; , ,.t0'eyrrCbnv i\,0\ d,\ ta *f L caVt* N 6" i( /" g


    ) *e-, L-c"r' s-lLsJni* *; t"'h" &l';R & ,.,.,st-"h "l ; 6;%* /'k' '"^"J+
    , lnllL ,u.o-r( "rofri, ,"^ln^L usT o.r*l(*,L;Q A- a.ypt-ssiaa-a-: hk
    C, ,c,tu"o v^r,*h * 6l; si f*c.^o &^L* .ek s-(rabi dn' o*rd^' e
    oL' Lrs t h.Ls(; t^ yvo.-l'i t ^ol^ "f ^ 'o!.,k '
    ,t"

    Szltr

    cap.U,-rig.tz
    lo9

    to 9

    ros[a,x'l

    -l

    lrt r]

    to g

    to 9,

    [a;]

    I|.e

    [t,l
    ros[oH]

    [tt.o'

    - 2,00(log c" I

    -zl{..2..

    - 2.4s" '' '


    - z,z gt'j ' '

    -2,3o(log cs )

    'fr',;

    -4
    -5
    -6
    -7
    -B
    -9 .'

    - 9.30'

    _10

    -f7

    910

    67

    11

    12

    pH

    Soluzione ecquosa
    HBu

    1,OO' 10-z

    .1 O'5; Krr=

    diBl

    5,00.10 M +

    (Ko,r= 1,OO' Og K.,n= 1,OO'

    t00'1O-14

    30 Ltj?;losvt \

    AnPr"rlJe

    l.;tq- A;b,--,,[ * un B-ttfp


    - laua*ti r*' - oto s-0r2.,u,.1. J"' ,Ler- tk
    b*Lt f,.J. A vo,to-?:lar{ /t-0- pH o{/*'b J
    :; 'ti""l" "e 1''*'lilo'

    t'o^

    aace-

    vvL Lo+'e' , ewth 5c

    55ivo J,; Jr\ oe.b

    OL'H

    / a t"t" k 'U eti{-

    tik- J; .'n oppo*(v'< stsleno 'uL-kt"'


    A,J r"W& , ,."7rLt ^k ,\^ u.f* r,\A *L )-b!, Hg e 6- ,,o L*n ,-^^U6*k
    g' ( U co,.^"e^h,oi'o''* irl,tyei^r"r")^r r fa Lnr* *"*" io'.r,-o. , si ,J*q L'.

    p.co^k u* c**lo

    7-o"

    fxyol = ko

    ryfej

    Jr* (6 . C5

    s:svo

    ;(t"UJ L

    :2 Lfuron) -- (s+ -tw""J -[:')- (4-ztr)


    \'
    * Lnr8- &rJ

    bae.tt

    a,-* L( L;%^-*v /.1!. h,{-9" L

    at, Z

    [r-r""; t*(r;'

    W' ouL . /"il*

    cow(Lslra*,t^t

    '-

    S. *.11(nO) '\^

    MJ ,

    b,-,sz

    odrtr-

    ,-{-

    .-erU

    ot'^t-t-*a

    ^rfI-rlo

    fnro*J =
    su"{l^,--[r--

    a-) , L**

    k* L

    wG*

    0UB'l

    nn

    e$*^L dr1'"ft-'tc

    1,,:1!'J .Ko Q-zal

    a4

    C5

    s,Cre'"* l

    coxct,^lto*;.or^s

    "[/1* L

    gi
    @'*
    e

    ft g

    + B* #tu lnx-k o^"L !^ o.id.o JL"k


    (* t,(r*"* s*VLr* 1nn,h' , l-7*r, a4-/ H8, gt
    !. nr*h .-,;[, at ^i :
    furor)

    ["r)= kn, Q-r)

    [*" Cr; t 4* [r7


    =

    ab'.. 1"0 t"l,

    e-zzz)

    [*"t*[ur*3 = [uJ + k-) * ["nJ


    (s

    ,L\soa'k

    kkl" lrfu^ * p1r. H& -g- -

    S. lo r> Wd' - L,.f) e- zs >> (pr,"*J - f""f)


    nJ""

    5,,,c

    lrr"J G-r(4)

    A-)h\

    (".) U4u) ;

    {*u ? [cu7 G-,rr) ,


    )o

    q",J
    ',

    G+ cro [t,ot.PxJ[ur"!=k* cs - ru *
    @+te).
    \
    _["rf
    fk,eJ
    {"

    or,<-ss

    b,o

    ur^.e-

    p[= 7(4^

    ".{uu

    o*

    4,

    @' lo-2

    H A *o+L --- A\- e lroo -tol H

    * = 4,6; r &t #

    .b

    = i.

    1*0h Qt'4
    ft<r--h ,^rln ,{,*- 4d' '^*e/ J^" o;L 6filu"a ,
    S) oqV* , un @-4. e f,rn f
    ,/'-orzll e t*s*rr-.L ["rJ , * fl(
    s L'^ l" l*L s--a ,;*
    ,,*le .o- qo , f nsl- f"k

    Sc /.ro-,-

    (n-Xe)
    0ril"/1

    {.'o.:L

    !,

    e9,L

    7w

    olA'e1*t;Lnv

    ,L

    "n

    fipt

    a':

    *
    Q
    J(s.
    [o,rrJ=

    4-

    l-,k ?J-k

    s.''"L L u*zto*:
    vwl

    oyr-ss,r"s<-

    nntL.

    n,trL

    B^ t'

    Hg +

    r-'^<a.L'oab'<

    u&t-u^q^k *^

    ?u
    (rce

    bos,z

    g-

    H2o Q-tc*)

    l*Lr. Jr,l.l'oub LLr& LL'ssoc.vfa

    = Q r Cru e f*/k /r/l- L"4" -,^.,Vg-k t,,*LL" E)"Cs -Cnr")


    A- au"t^[,aart'c l-/-,& Jr]tla .-6\s ile -B- it*,u
    e.- & C= (-+(5 =

    X^pbLz BeJ

    = [oE*16-J,

    Vr.l.

    o hV, 6

    frc*,n?-a.

    l;

    z,L4.t;6 t7 (fA= Et1y' cressl*

    4,oo

    .,r;t *(/t J^'

    t-tce

    L &g-

    vna^vtt ,(

    uylw^k .rF,^b 4,oo ' *a >'(fu Ji "/{*

    l{Q-,

    h-

    l"tJ. f,-ofi'auVo
    r-*e-[r*au^. ilr*yi.,u,,nIo swb
    "l-ol* "Je & oow4*rL.-*'o*"
    '/,r1"" el { pk so.n$,. ,\,rl,l.iln ,J*1, o- Z,oo (Ol = 116,) -. 'vJ; k

    _
    - sl*"^. l; a.;l- *r-kv + ,,r-Lrf, d; *Jr'o L /r^ur*ol- L
    L,^*(.t

    - <

    a*-r:,

    lr*

    u)^{. Sr?^rerV.^.

    ok*L suiy{rYr^/n {"

    ,,vnr,&re,, t
    Sz

    lvvnh

    2,oo

    la--

    -<;' r.!ft ,J; o"i'l*

    |urra^1"

    (e *c,

    le-J"g*

    "6ur1'-

    ,l4o'0ci -2- n)

    0.

    fK= 4,(r

    ; ,;
    f

    C te *rk

    fo

    3,o

    3,o -4o-z

    qe

    d .-l*k

    ln'

    s,iv

    ,(. pH so,r&'

    \io'0o-L
    2,O'1o'?

    %f;*X*sr^< "{,oo.to''

    ?K= 4,$r bt

    u"r-h\p

    = gt<t

    rl "U 'uL'

    r'/u';J*'^

    a'va<bb

    ,UL A-tt-

    --liL - 4, ,o . t;7. _
    g
    lrz
    '

    Z,Oo.

    io-Z + ,Qoo-to-l

    [rl- ftt ."oW 4; otoz ''b, e f,ttv,"k, 0"g!r-uv-+ Lo, +d-hf',^&L o,btz'tt'L ('o6X:"^6 fTU h; iJ*2'''"t t"2l"v "; uL ato
    u^.6- sl'au'^r L''l*'J;N
    p.e.J,,4^te- Qr,nt Totitclh^, p.Jv*< ull- |'i/.ac.rn"U
    -il
    (cUPQ-J'e' sL l"tLt *-k*
    /o.)a-zrro,^
    *L
    lc-l.p.,*.*
    fril
    -ado-L-n
    obb'''"* u'>b "Ah"tt ' 'b 6rc Jrl!^ co,'ce^I,.gr*^a J-f^ eltV$tf sbss\ tl'
    c4";l*;; P*bta
    ,'t r'N* -)A'' - o'nJb so- ,"'l!t A c';f'
    s',a- e* *'&ou*.
    tto*n7't't"
    /t!' ?K '
    s'l'a;
    /*
    !u^y*
    -r!! tr l-/g s Lor- i aup\ &i ***[u*.a+r't, ^r^ (""h u^4 /-le t"hzo'*

    esc,.,** k 'uq a?r\T''t {an7"-.' (en


    Ci'M:pig'ls ,*rlrc ,.-t .L^ bt u .,-o,)j.o "-gV"nn)1 *
    n 1*^t .so

    0-

    voz,"h-e"t,.e

    5\h-Jvu otu. k

    13
    lH

    l,*L **"Fffi-)

    12

    }-^to.

    l1

    gl^'

    4-"\{{roa^r

    -.!--B=

    Y-Z

    10

    t6't'

    I
    I

    '

    7
    6

    -o

    5
    /'l*

    --J-.--''

    ..-

    --.:':

    ()

    o
    =

    2A,

    o
    :tr
    o

    acg-f9rte

    _j

    ,.1

    100

    150
    'titotato

    2@ o,ak {- s*,

    ,&

    Gi,h&

    &r\

    c,\,a- lar1a,*.

    ttrs<.e tA!.rPo

    ''<4*o
    ^/E

    lotp*

    Ah^.,s\rh[ &fl'a**

    A'

    untou (a*l-^i'

    ur.-g-

    srl.renb*r

    lrffi

    aog*t-

    *y2,*t* "t vv,,L "l-t u"* f,+"le {

    t^,e

    F.^r,"A*-

    Cg

    L*-

    i"&t-e- c,t. F , "l e.0^L; f Lub,

    /-/k B / ^ l,o-r*1;,
    -rrt r^*Fi

    J;

    vvg

    ,,r^"'o.-,

    (4 -s rs1

    /=

    A hL*u" u"L-L*se
    [an^U /s 6,**& ; /3 , bk
    (; #^*r A fl' l+,'y*.

    el

    Marzr-r,rt
    l^s

    JrU" p*b*

    T'ln--*rlo

    Gvr%ue

    *6J*

    & A

    oA

    'k

    /r11" akw

    U (* JCL),;*,'^

    '[/^a- t)w'rn't>$t-

    A f'( (-t\fi)

    e- -hf 6"aihv" -

    Aabo b Beae ) *"* ho'\,o ff2oto


    60r*(fu* o,n B p ,./1,\o- srLt>io* ,-c-r,t/os$ J ,n e,c,,:*a /./k t,'o..,.of,'pl'1-o l1&,
    - (u^s,t,rob ,-w,yLt-**,.b 4\."oU-k) . (nr,tcz^L*-at^r- Cy 4l / u,gL r& t *
    f
    .

    uvw-b"iz

    n*^.p*k

    /-k

    f*ln t-kl" q7iv"k , ,*bAt

    ,k ;

    e ?,1-e4

    k a\. CL t*r/t . &ssur".'o,r-o tal-t ,oLo* lrl{. sv(ttztu* w^ *^+ y*e^Ltk*'t"


    pL ('ry,*L Jill^ L*te.. L o*1n2'1"^* L' Zg.'*,6 Ah- "*,

    fh"! t fear) -_ [qJ


    P'lJ^'t

    ?'il;

    l"^k ('oat* 7,*k b

    {* G-t*) r'"t"s

    J"')

    cL

    (u +f"xl

    b,J

    Lv;,,-

    Q_ru)

    s?zh.o

    ft r*J + cL - ce

    - f'ro*) -)

    l"/H B{J = (t

    t,n)

    cL=

    atr

    L-,

    Kw=

    f)r* "k*).

    CL=

    olr- :oslihe-L

    G.+
    ' frr,,'*,ro,

    ^lk

    ok'ot

    c.sh.*k e Bfi!=cL,

    ,'*J (+ -nz)

    -rn)

    *W

    f"L- fu= *rrn* %, ^ =r* Lnr*J6n-br) e

    o_ssu

    ,^r^L

    l,*,

    1Q-t+z) cll,v
    ,
    (+-:+r)

    '

    frn_

    ,4t,*-

    ylk

    NaL /:

    "H*,u\
    P",,

    a),"l.*t*-\

    JCb

    k,x

    J onror

    t@?8"
    'Hrot \d

    'frld

    z(t-:

    Pt=
    Jn c,

    -Lt

    lril

    _4

    =-#

    Q-nn)

    A o\rr

    . _t

    oI nnr*

    d4
    -\to tqa

    onr"r

    .-zr \o o\*

    e6*L

    Ovt,-

    Q-t*)

    Jeh

    frro

    J?tt

    fr,*

    fi"
    n"

    &=z3ol
    J

    rk

    f q*

    (+- rru)

    'r 3'"

    'k,,,

    uY\e

    Lr* /""t. ["

    \'(-nsJ

    f ,ror I

    Q-

    r*s

    ri,-)

    )Z

    f - 4eo (n'-: + Ln;*J


    ^ ,J*L L ,"!-,J.* k

    L il,\ ";L kk

    ,,' t,o:

    4\

    / =,,to (#,#

    -tr)

    (4

    Kw

    ,B=

    Cz(,roSs

    Q-t*r)

    k(t 4 -"?) *l!^ Q-r*q)

    ,.*;'

    Sir*

    5r

    rrcf

    e ,".h l"<,'-L

    "(-

    Lnro+

    2,go

    ;:

    e 7*l-Il

    "

    opP/A& u /-ru rst..'q- .-slo-k ,


    f^ cr.l frr* = r-s*lk n r!^
    u-!*,-[- uu"l*' 'h Cy e Kq selio c-s1.,rli , t^fr" U-*)

    ,'*v*ph^
    'it "*-sc )r

    ^p""k
    O._

    IbA.lno

    kf* ell". s'&z."^^


    B-

    t.{r"o

    ov'L

    TtrT**

    4 fi^

    l,l'opyu^Lu JrJt!*

    *r*l'^?,.\x.r. yA*

    t'""-

    /.,k ui L

    sJ.z^ t"Lt*^L .;,k

    ,\,.

    .1

    CX

    4 W*N. U L.*. /*L rrn h/.(4- (4.. C; , si ,l,va I^ *,6au'r ,,^a


    ?t [,.\" ^u, l'r,n" *('- Cr -Cf ) "
    r,*i,r*/o li c-,".L l-1, hon *r
    .Le- tuD t l, f" c-,-^(e,,A.-au.. wL,uCL) J* s ,A!* f e{&"r\^,. cotr 0.
    i,,o.0.'=

    M;

    L"r*

    , ,fu'nf; '&r* t l.,o*Jo I = Cl , , ,.x 0" s,,/,rar^r l"L s{, t,,A


    f" <-r^r,[u.s-zro^r .*!r* C) i lrL k *L,.* 4 ,b^: [''! sJ.- ,t Ptl

    e'

    f', T\

    of "tt.W L L"* /nk t

    4 *^f *,0,-l-

    oq\* {o(/Z$^L *

    s,

    IA "J" f"

    - 4 1.l++o sL (.^Lu\- .t,L f- L'4^ d; yLu

    g.c,"*

    ".,'s.lu

    (on(tz,(o.eh^.

    q),

    *rA', e- f/(, (, frrr!

    ?*E*-v,*A TA ,!k u*r*l.ao^^g lofr' ",L e+tt*+ ,1rr |vvkaA\ze.L l*0["


    Lro, <-s c.ol.^r. L pltrg b*-J cao,'sp* ,lL y'"^^tih- dn' Lve %Xi^k [,
    (;,czsso .r;l1k &L'o-c;L
    .

    fl - uu

    _
    uv{-

    "t{r-,-*-o-

    Ktr, =

    *o1*** L tlT-

    4,* -rrro
    ;

    - L ,&r.*

    W
    d; p

    cov\ o6Xi'^L+

    fnr* =Er^ c

    l;

    ore{oo

    deor(

    X,

    vtuano[

    Ztu

    e tr7,( n (k*,f"

    ""rlo-lc ^.r/"b&h),

    ; kr). = 4,r8 - br'


    A ,-L o-;.G 4roo - t;L 11 Lo_
    o,8o

    ^Lt'%,{ = 'Ly fa"- [.n,otJ = -b

    [,.[!* ft-lr* [i.) e

    o,Bo.,loo.46?

    =-Lf Eo-tot =@
    ro6yu^li ")

    n7.,to-k

    ,",JU+

    TDt-

    L**.-

    ,rtl.A

    4-at e ,*.4- t4*

    l^ ^ff;6 le-r{r"-q J";^-rcr- u. fl /,.-^L'e


    tttb. r*.e,vth.oer\^x lelU'o^t- (" t!!ll* L*) lA " *fi'V ( ,^{"rc *L!p
    o p{--l ; ^\ee' *L p"'1" U 1"i*'4at2s '
    rudlca ttagorr-dl unr' soluzlo!c'gcquosr"dlua
    Iy,J7 - -icldor'!Etl-.onotrrot1co.-&
    '''
    *l-.-q F & fil=* coz+|Vn"
    ?s-..9c".' p' o, I- ' L')'L
    , M fe

    (rr,.* si r"e&

    c^{'4

    TABELLA

    ^a

    tn'(q[zloEa. dcl. 9Il'-.-."[r"o*J- ';':

    -'HcLto't lr: -. HCI I NrCl

    '{

    ..:- 31.0O

    {.

    001

    i'n
    -- :'

    1-26.- 1o -r

    .- -?-0G:

    + HrOII

    2;9-10:-

    ?;9-10-a'

    '2.9'10-'

    3;8.10:'

    to"

    1..26.10-''

    2. d-

    2..9.10-E'

    0. 00:

    I. 26.- tO--.''
    1,26-10-ro

    lr'.00-

    1,26. 1o'11

    2, g -lo'.'
    2,9-lO-t

    1,26-

    2,9- lO-lt

    8, 00-

    9:ooNaCl

    1',28-10:'l'= ."--

    I , 2{i' l0

    6; oo-

    HsC! 10.:1 tti

    .-----*...
    rlzs:ro:*. 4i2;9-lo:-'':
    '''
    l,'26rlo-''

    ' 5,00:'

    ..'-.

    l2-3- lo-t'

    I*00-lG:t

    2-10.'

    Jt-

    F-

    2, 00,

    lo'r2

    ".(-

    ,o25

    t ,Lra.ro^. a-?nso-

    A - ft=g4 oJ 2roz ,
    P"t-t v** q sa..a ,<a-?.il ftDUlfLc
    M a.['" , lrlu ""!-," c-n V',,J* o,*"k
    /t &frt*1r- Lr',,,o, I^ ["4 -*/'tao'{
    ",0-

    ,L

    1""'-lv'^*
    ^\-r- e $ 1.,'
    I
    Cap, N-Fig. ,g
    I ,nl"l" {zer"e uLl_

    hr*

    b,

    7.,L(. r\ vte s!,rh.*\ _


    &z?S.\ r^r,0,L r,,*J2.-r'

    !
    I

    &k

    6'r.7,)r.le

    '

    J* n

    s\

    c,^ril,aza. t/v4 sll"irlxL*

    )p20

    'tE^r"tr*
    NaOH + NAC

    + NaCl

    t(

    ,\ "lt l"rl.

    gr,-r"*^L

    "\"eLh

    ),o15

    ,Lrs
    ),o10

    IrOO5

    ct
    0ro00

    e-

    !
    I
    I

    _t

    Z,l to

    "u

    Non s/(

    t,o3o

    J"!-02.

    1 s 6 7 I s 10 11 r1rr.

    hdice tanpone deLta sotuzione acquosa di un cido f orte


    in funione det pH,variato per aggiunta

    fortr a 25 'C e

    /.=0,1

    * (pK"r:ldoo;

    11

    di una baqe
    p[K,).-f3,Bo).

    sr,.-.

    c)

    /.i

    /1.-o, [o
    o

    Base
    BASe

    S16

    r.&roh< uofuos,.-

    h.p

    Lefp+^q

    r8ots.

    Y1o,-6P,2^rh eC

    Hgrp+B

    ,i *t"y

    e.,\

    fua g

    -r**lrl2,tL{. J"q

    a,-

    ,-or,.Lte<

    C6.

    fnrrJ+ fen"j I [ua)* fon)

    d.nro- oi t3*:/.c,'t6Y.

    ?,irLo Du-)=cL
    [rx-J=.

    In;l

    irc*to^k

    ri

    9
    =?bl
    I p4

    (k*,o)^

    &ilro,

    r (Kr,r)n

    roS;ov,-o-u.<.-l*

    d/o-

    /-k

    ,"r!-

    ,h><,

    r"

    l!r,,+

    z z,3o p,,

    t+)

    R.a

    "U,r**L L

    f04

    [uu"J . [*;J

    k" -- n"I

    ci

    rr) n (k,v)"

    C+-: r" J

    c=

    (!*). , n*
    fnroJ hy *r,o,
    G (x",o).

    er4- L""-

    &npi

    fr,u

    (on,ott

    Cs (Ko,r l,

    fu,otJ

    tu,,!

    @ l
    r(.rrL)'

    Q-wL;s)

    - @r*Afr*h t^ uh-'. ,'LtannL urra L.* /"L& .,^' s, ntF*j, .* nof,-. rbk.)
    NillL. owue. k i" l.r&.2,r,'< t; vrr uuyn l.a& (Drr vho- L".- k/" (''8 a-re) s'i *lo;iJro 2o\4. Lr** ' v,^q /; ofe li S,-*a. V^ra- lrl f*b L; e7V"["^*"
    *.0!* s,%o.v* 6onp gnx-^l', ('a;to J.L/" ul ,{ "ro to.lo (rbu+t),
    1*b
    "{
    *!!- t&,
    Lp
    L
    .(o
    ui
    k
    se"-.
    - ua*t-,<
    f.-k Jn' ,7;t.lan*,

    fr^L

    ( /.'r.rro
    .
    ar;t
    (
    /rA"
    W
    *;"yi-)
    iL
    ,*4l".lL'
    h
    ?to,{. sh, pns.^
    "
    A*J. Dn f*uh u!.li**- zsv*-- s t^ !'"^dtokt tzrbvE
    r
    e;
    (Stl*
    Lr4,
    /."k

    6-&e
    Iorw},re ou-o

    -Wp^*

    Fo^E.

    ?o'.,-

    to-v,^go^.

    (n*+@rf {"

    7"o,,,,1n

    '*l!-

    ",%,.ou-

    o-T\,ersr-

    l>"r*,obiT on,k (r"h" 6L Cs = torv + (srv, "/r. +4;i3) *hA 6 (q-nz),

    e L* Q-w-Lo)

    t f '

    l^t Yt<-

    F=

    @.-:

    (a-s ez)

    ?,tc

    (A+e"bi)
    p'i"l^e-

    frr*J e &"J

    spr,,.a

    ,J'!.t" G -t un -L,)" Q*.u b s)


    .r,;L l"L& e & Jn 5\'D t"0*

    ,o* 4rtp\* & gfi

    Dzq,;r*^^L

    "; ".g.Lunl* Blo

    k Q-tye) t si ,l*.,*,t n^*sl i r^o htr^v d.h^'o

    "b A l,^.ossii^"o f-',^L [arr*J= (la" ,o). I .rd


    p4 uha- l*k c--a(i*lr-n-e,t- l- k&r- N sisfr,h^&- g.,6 *bo-,l,/- ",' l*
    ?l(= p $^

    (,*,*Lo
    -r

    ( ,n ,^*).p ,"(.,...* J; (*,,tc2inn L? .


    1"r"J.

    ,,!!- Q-*r) t

    Ur

    '&b;,a"

    vo

    cc-1o.*t*'

    dtqr-* ,i;

    ^ (1"r. **"d*k
    t"
    )

    lrl.

    o";l*-Lvse

    Z
    /7

    /5

    "i.{"u*r,e:"t"r^i lill' ou-do e


    "l*,llo,-

    6UA-

    r1

    5.

    r:p"r-

    t*-[

    rdJ -- 0r",o),
    (
    or?r

    G,o=fr,=.

    Ct

    "ruu^l-.
    t*

    or. LLQ +Lox -"yJ_


    =

    lrn &U-orrr_

    (+ -tesJ

    u-,w,k /*' ,,. er;te ,tLL"& e lrL


    ,6f..uu--[. h!U* a^cn-t -a7-., " 1o l,,.0-" (o
    uv,e

    e o-.J* 1!u^z-r,,n bL ^P(t /',!!" c*,ncQoy


    l"* ^^iudo(u , *1g,-b -[* Lb^'^^s'" l- pH '
    s L ,k F*, ? o/or4,

    oroof."
    e c-5 I (/'Q .
    (E=o,o'(H ti k
    ft*,
    =
    ,.o,^d,
    I
    b*L lr* pe*J e [e;] &tn 4o .ff"* %o , ,i wuLL" fr,

    *,nJn

    ?il =

    (u),-

    -t

    (X -- p (a)^ -

    I"--^1. ,"!k 6u-.*") ,o\,zfrw*-,l^ [\"tJ= Qn)r,b

    bl, a-,*r)

    fentr

    --

    ffi

    off,R

    cv = o, / cs (+-tw)

    [,\")=%,

    :i L,

    k ..f,-d[- h,f* ai e- **,4\ L u,r& L t* fk- ,1" *l* r',*,a',t^"o5i g; J^U 'l^r f y,Lz*; i^,oy1 laf J"L;k , b qr.un'- JrL fouF.rn t L,.-,,.on ll' l"lu,,"!l. J;
    pll au\pt<.,p l* p (rc.)^ -t
    . g Ul^ h* -t A
    cnq,-

    fu^ J; T*U 0""''*h .ste- uo* p;; ui.Q f


    Wl "*d- Lb,k K%: + ,oln ",li*

    c-

    I*g* "tek

    TABELLA

    r*-1"*rk' k "p* n^csil'{d- i,rlL ,olu*t'u oTuZ


    a3)
    tlEpone ln fuoztone dcl pH dellc so- se- f,il(,'oo{* L{& (.8*,, tre-= *

    'L"ok

    FY

    ["4!*

    It',18 - lndlce
    uo ac ido dahola o,o1oo
    luzlone
    (K)n' "cqui'al
    l,oo. lo-" I 25 oc e lr.' 0,1 lr.

    ,l
    ^r

    3', 00

    2,9- lO-'
    3,1. 10-'

    3,56

    l,6. Lo-'

    2, 00
    (

    xErr

    4, 00

    {,50

    HB
    II

    Nr:8;,
    r_

    . 5, 00

    5,50
    6; 00

    7, 00.
    __

    xe+81,

    _8..-00

    8,

    {5

    ll-con

    . p ((o),

    J,(l'*r* f,t ,( u'n,,,*o


    ,"U* & A r,'l.,- 7r*dn hYhi*<
    i fnu^k ,& {- ,tlo ,,-n-k ,r4- "**
    l,.cn,,o /* *^"'^',
    &Uf *,tn
    "QL& r
    NeL a-1o

    pH

    r,-yi g*h'u.

    a1n.

    .2,2.lO-"
    {, s,.to - 3'
    u,,-"
    5, ?a'lo-t na:.
    { . 2.' 10,

    1,9-10

    2,3- 10-'

    z.e .

    r'"

    t n.tn-6 uln-.

    3,1-10-"
    2 -,

    2-

    9.-

    10.:'

    9' t0 -'

    - --2;9-10:2: - --

    ,q,l,L. srLao*

    '"Lk *!!*

    s,!, *o,u &a

    P&'*tL hh , p

    srL

    Nr{.

    GR"

    3rrll

    ,& ,.(gx -- a,+r) -

    a.ut^ta-l-t

    k ,J

    ar*r^)<,

    (- f,.n- o* nnl^AV ,wq tV


    , ?ntl.,
    ,,
    Lso Aaozl- ItL"Q1 pol;

    c-wctv,l>ttbnc

    To*L

    A-

    "fol-(u Z'r,tu,*"two *U*

    ,l L fq

    ?K=?@^r;r

    vsu+^.,-t,-*; ; fi$o . B; [** AL< L* A'h-*) soro

    k *r0 (rO.2,@
    ns. 4^{\ c pt{<\,re frq. 4-D r ,,*rc k{.pS^e) * .tf*tr,,"(2"--1. /-/k;
    ^ao
    fi!!*t* {"L1, (h,,"*^b '*f't- ,L' } J- fW=),4o L*b ur*+-*\r*uh ol)'*rt*^'r[
    ttfu" -*r*-t^,^"2,*..r- to!!,' ,r'L {-rl< . SLrro .ose f* e,v<*< s*& i.; 7tv- l-st.kL ,L+n* JrL J- ,rt" LL-& [^ ui^- l"L.""h ^f,,- ky"^ A=1!"@)
    4"*";

    P.uri,q-,^- o^,e,!q

    fN

    oo,/o- h

    (*

    t-Lre'no*lo

    ,,,Q-

    r^^.rrha

    #k

    /7 zlg'

    *"*"

    ,,n

    u.,Lo

    ,; rfi

    ,\"

    l*" *.ooL

    JtL tl+ l- t"!- t"{- vl ,Vl,J- lo.1r"{ *r(}-'h-.L^..r


    Cap.

    IV-Fig,2O

    o,o3o
    d
    H

    ^ 1&

    lrl ptl r,!- ,,(-

    o,02o

    i.-/

    Bi+ 0H-

    BdHro+

    t".dz

    __

    HBo+

    uor,*l,- -

    ,!;;n,-k

    ffi'uov-

    B!

    q;

    'J/
    \.

    z s4,*1 $.6 z alg


    to'r
    e$
    P(*",n)'

    lndice tartrpone detta so[uzione acquosa

    bote HB, in funzione

    del

    12 13

    t4

    pH

    di un acido de-

    variato per aggiunta di uha base forte (o di un acido forte), a 25 "C e A= q1 M

    (f(xJ"=

    e- t^rh.o ck

    lr!!". ,n(uoou
    ('";,t;t ,*L*;a
    i ,?o

    o,0oo;-

    l\

    t+r. L yrfu.-

    v@vr

    _1

    pir-

    0rolo

    -t

    /""_ *,r&,n

    (J lo'
    or005

    ,&

    le"ua

    t/
    |/'

    o,o15

    t,L io

    le.-;'-o,

    ,"u*k [,n ,*\-ta-

    o,o25

    Sroo

    pH,

    i P K",= 14,oo ; p(Kr).= 13,80 ' C=Loo'lorM).

    t(

    ,'.-

    u_

    (-

    C-,

    .k L*o E *,4"-. L: p ,!!-. f<e^24


    NvA

    cps-e

    L *o|

    *uo.n h*Qu"*k t,n?S1txss,b'\


    *r&t',* .l f i; *((Y rz.\b*["*

    ir+rro'{l'r^'z-L s' f 't'


    0,

    ,k".,

    ih

    n.o*-o7^ A,.-

    ,.

    Lo,) *

    c4tt").'fk"l

    ([rr"! * tr.L)

    [,,or]
    ,(*

    e" ^rlo*,1 ac,k ,GrU" l)rcr*z o/fr- acL 1'*

    cot'ge,io,.-o

    hd[a- s!..*rt,* ,h

    f t<*^h'

    <pa Ltvl,-rrzs^r

    r!,.L.i
    ,Glh s-l,t>'u,<
    G-zw) i\^.L.* "t* Mi
    a U .!or^a,"s. ; b"l; lerru^V i uV*qaa .b, f-&' "J */*'rr* ".( q.o
    Lu" t-owf.,w.nk Jilk s"&tuw"
    P".""r-.G

    oro

    fr no = 2,)c

    (ry)r_[r,d]

    @,"!

    i^L'
    [o
    "l

    t"d)

    (fud+

    2,3o

    = r.o * fixer

    [^").)'

    @-rcr\ h,.^ ; .,0,1r- J* Ate.srzzsp*


    e
    G o*4
    f oo.

    /rr.*

    , (*

    > 2,)o [nr"!

    G-rrl

    Q.rd

    r+ * oa+ ...

    p"k

    Q -see)

    /; p f

    (4gg)

    Lh&. ,.,(,r*,.^

    l;

    ou2k

    f ,*_ = z,)o ["^J k-rs")

    o(rn

    e f^\A L Q-lee) i suv<:


    /3--.Brronr

    @u

    /,r-

    + Aas,

    * An% r

    fr**

    @-'xl

    9 - S.&-=** a-eft,ola- &' 3 -Ff,\ a-,>.G --b*te


    ("t;l; f* ki)
    ^.ou*1*[rLk
    (a,-).
    (r,,,*)"
    ,oc
    =
    e h,). =1* ; I
    o ?f"C e
    = $"o
    p

    P* lrfl. e $- 6 capty ]\-

    lzgtt'l;

    o/ o.(

    oo

    ll"Lrr^k U (+-, ee 1 4-isa e +-ew) ,il"*-* ; v.l'd J" f3 M T.L {4d /


    l,11,rt *n^I*""l"*i il*yn,b^&. \^,J
    p*so,*k -Q fnr.r = fon- = or8o
    yt- c^sr p (.*)-:'t),b ) eU",4^ = ),,(o ; I k*l*: f,,b ; ?(ry*)* = 3,i" NrlL t L*,* ta,* [ g*n*L -;J;/L *-Li* t;s^neh .

    t *b, J"!k 'taL 4-{s 5dh, ^\r'^.kh r!. t4- "//" }

    4-"1

    ,&

    f'^l*

    l" c^,yv< kllzSpk


    wgpv.'^l-,^n # i.A; Lhp,r* 4"-lr\v0t . 1- t\ p*t- l^ pfl= z,.to e- <,,t^e.
    o ,nl-l- ',&*o,t &to y.-^h *k vh *i, &rk "Lk o- A. a-c.'J.l (t I
    fi y,q- 5z ot,.( 17 J; tk Hor e coVza. 2, li f",wl ,-ll, t"(,,*r,< ,*6$4t.
    y\^ o,i.. frrlc / ,\ a* /,' ,,*-Lu /**
    ( no ^,nrt ) , ah ood "6A<
    frcx.-R
    (r,."^'6') el /^' "*Ll' /'LL (u-'"'t),
    k

    s,2yve.

    o-

    t*k

    penp *p1"r--nk

    I e( onny^lui
    ^eH fi f^&'

    F =f [,lr) ) *-k

    vi uv r.--ssit"^o o vn

    ikU"no^r. t lL. ,^^.r",.(


    fr" fl'( ut*,?*dr^U ; h. c. i-i;
    ?r,\;i i

    lL

    u)rva. il

    u,^,,Vi"'o

    nLt"t*

    *JllL'

    g''&'4

    tl ."li; ,-!L tl.t* o*l*i


    J; F

    r-'rrt)-^daa^o,ru*o

    J;
    "A- fu*$

    crt.,3p,*"G*k curvt' l) likL++"* JtlU


    Wr* lr; ,,,U; Ji pt( f^h *.0!Jd, t,< *o{r' iL 7*tAu'^q '
    ,^;,,rnb. J; a-c;{{-rk c
    osv*r,Mv,,--o -k
    ,g ,^*-.s r.,p /r,(!,' ' ";{o t B' ; u+sclv*h J*IA' "L'q
    [or?.o* Jnfi',e-ctee- o^ ""!; pv A*rr J; fft t /.k- {-r,(- oo,L l.a . o c-sh^lt
    t; z6lsor-\o*\,^r hin ,uflfruu^k^e^k fZ*U e / y''t^'Li , 0' ,\J^l* h'-f< /'!l^

    L'^ct^ko2ilt-i

    Sirr- s'(.;.zbo< e-?u\rla- P

    !r e t!? coep,.c "*too-ii"" ;;;?r;i"

    ilj:l1t;tll:;:31
    z;to

    | :. oo
    I r, to
    :..rs. ro'' I r,co
    r-oo: ro-' I r-10..
    ':-rs-{o'"-l
    r, r s- ro.'t
    r,oo.

    ro'"

    r.so

    r. oo. ro-"'
    r s- ro-o-

    :,

    r,oo. ro-"

    I
    |

    s. to
    s. oo

    I o, io
    r.oo'ro-'!r,ro
    -r. co. ro'' i a. ro
    r,oo. ro'o I g. ro
    t; oo-to-rof ro;ro

    r.oo-ro't'ltr.
    . ^^-.^-r:1,.

    r*Lt'b

    k" otL' c /^ bayz

    --ifi:-:::ilHi:":Hfiii: ::1.{.11.::',::: <.-,^v.pok l-h


    i)

    TABEILA-IV;te

    r.oo'ro'2'l

    @Xvt

    ro

    ,^

    :1:'9t
    '"

    ;q;l?;"':91;]3i:

    2.3-lo:z I r. s-t o-t'. ?-,r-to-c f-::to:" i-s'10'''


    1;2'10'e t,r3'1o'2
    r. l- to'' I r. :' to''-

    :-:' ro -' I s. l' ro''

    z,2'ro-'|+.:'ro'"

    :-:' ,0."'ir-s'ro-"--

    :' ro-o o. s' to


    z.:'ro-tl2-3'lo'''
    z.:'rol?]i-:-ro-"o
    :-r' lo'",i I z,:- ro5.9-ro-'|:.:'to -

    r.

    J,6'to''lz.:'ro-'
    r, o. ro-ti ?.:' to-"
    -'
    r; o' ro j z- :' ro-!
    -'o
    :- c-

    ro

    '' I l- 3' Lo
    ro'rl

    n- lo''1-2- 3-

    8.2'lo''
    :.3' r0
    T:2't0 - 3. 6' -'
    "0''
    't
    {. c' to
    1. 9' io
    .: 5 10 -!tC7:2t0
    {.:'
    -0-'
    5,i. l0'' 2.3' 10 " 6. o' t
    -3 :.
    l'
    r.3'.10-"
    to
    :'
    1-2- 1o
    1.3- 10-'
    l. g. to't
    .l. o ".o
    2.3'to-'' :.;l-10
    :.3'to - !,9'to-' l, ?'l0''
    ''
    5.',. l0 ' 5-?. l0
    ?. I' l0
    -' l, 3. lo -a 2.1'to-'
    -:-3--lo
    1.3' ,0 -l
    2,:' to-' :.3'l0
    3, G'l0-'
    '?.1'10''
    3. 8'

    .L,i2ao eer+e-

    *;

    ao,*v* /'tl&
    (q-lu L;t) ( o,Ye' Lr*rJ \,ow\ ; l-'o,t.,.tr.LtQ **il, p
    /<au,i,*.
    1,..r1.,
    furorl

    ,tot- re**o

    <-

    10

    .lk

    %y"T:sl r.,- ,!A:' A,,e- oo4.t


    ,^-.\.i/*d ; pU4^ ["i gu.C

    1""* ,f"*L, "^ 7K avresSr..-ln*K .i


    ngr\,
    fr,,i. & ur;,., p ,g,LL (*r* "

    ,!rt*rt ( O,*';J,
    Z u,k *k .k r,/.' t,, -'n.n^. [a"tkLb.* e2*t - f"!,-'*ll
    ,1"","^)* r--9 L'ULw (-o.ry,* lrll- sr(n i',r^* J vh A\,r/!" .(* si gvo-uht^,tA ^f{;-Ul.",t^,1" *rl.^*k o cot^v^yu- ,ht- *+ /t f*bi *,ll'l,Lteao

    @wf l; 1lt .
    iu y-r+y, g*V.<,i.pro {, pnp*^. ,
    oG C=or4h

    , ,-^J;,

    byt -s1,. .l;.(J:roc-klio,4

    W ptt' z

    g,L*.wu l.,''.i-'* Jt,

    M. t"-

    " Aor+po,r,t ,'u*r,&'!

    {o'', l{',

    '/v.'L

    <o-1 ,'t^J3

    ;14/- '{;

    ?'(;On /;

    u4-a-

    g- 3+''ti J"a'-:
    o,o(?(,'*1

    @ig.d

    a, o41

    0,o30

    Pt

    o,o25f I

    7,...t

    (;")

    ,-,;""&"rLk

    'o.t!,**l.^,.'"(

    a;t'
    t"A"t. f4n

    l),^

    s"?-

    (a\resc.nl'a

    pK. + or48 "


    0,o20

    0,o15

    0,o10

    .I

    0rooo

    24
    P(lt

    il'

    p(rqiln

    10

    11

    P(k",r)t

    13

    1?
    pH

    acquosa
    lndhc tampone in funzione det PH di una eoluzione
    4S119 o baEe f orte e tre coPPie acido-base
    contenente

    p[K.), rispettivamente

    11

    eti

    l,to-s,to-frc14

    (pKr.l4,ooi P[Kwt'$,so i C=
    i-i,rH
    'r

    +rl

    25.' c

    1,00'lo'r M)'

    i i i i + , ' ' '

    Curve di distribuzione delta coppia ac.acetico - ione


    acetato in acqua a 25 oC e.p = 011 M

    5'Jna,,- k*y,* h"-k d'l!- Lven< \xtv J; u^ a.;J@ g!-p*Ll* fsto.^o ecst1-e,
    r-,,,+["-ak (pbt (o. u.--ar--!- J;" "-;*i vwv.oyt, ,!l-" t* ss k ,z-rl-r^,.J-, tb
    Wffib ,!,,ar* du' At.n\o FrrsFo , b -^i 'osA,r*[., .lvccc-rsN(
    fzgr,to J; vc-o- nO' , pu; g55..r. "'*s,Vo,.r-hr 4w* U ,rrLau.-- J;
    G*

    1.,o,^.og',-liri

    <-w

    .c-,^f,,o

    ?ro.^r kl-,L tdrr"!* e Q

    fu" s*1t- a,Q--Utn (e\A Aro,^,n

    F--)urot A*rr.^+ )nr*i


    =

    ,,r.

    [[nrd)

    O,r"c-,^*^h () e-V*s.:b

    h0l--

    c-.^/.'e.\^.

    ,^,;

    b^

    CL =

    !4^o-

    L*
    /-

    , A-J

    uUgr-^.rt ^,C tt

    L.

    . kn,e. [r."J

    l-

    llar"*l K",A,)
    .-

    @-to
    a5

    l;

    . v\

    L/\^

    C. k..-;: ftrr4

    (trya, ko,) @+t)

    i'. 7$y*h'u i, i,,^^.

    o'r,.l

    d/* /^'*t;z-.

    a-

    [neJ +zfe,)

    L*r- /r.*- rt*a^ , ,w- ksL, z

    C' Ko.,t'Cn"*J
    [!-,8)' * [uro+1.Ka,4

    roLu?eFt Es.{&..ll

    ')--

    Kt,t-Kt,z

    oor*

    [u"-1)

    l\^l'l

    J*uu'

    /3 =,ln o +fxre

    ',^n:

    b*L n&'*

    [,rrd]t

    - K",1 ' Kn,L

    t furo!"Kq + k,r -Kt t

    ,e<"{--

    = L,lo (["r1+!.rr&)* z,to

    t ?* Lt^^'t A

    5. (taof,o

    J; A J

    '/A = +J rta

    f(pu)

    *Pueo|

    (trr"'J t r.,tr)l

    6,s.o.o-

    A=

    f"n) [ur*) t [nu| . , Br) :

    r#, - B"')

    ,.nLf.i A

    t*

    f7s L";l;

    cau-r5S+w&,^k curw.t

    .-p1rr*:iu,n-4a^.t

    . k"i [t\"i

    t cg r)"

    lZ.',1

    ,l-

    d^'

    [,rJ ,

    ,ho '"r1.,

    ,c"Kti I Hzot

    [rr'-*Jt

    , 4lo(rd) ko,L t:.,,t

    8:r"

    '' )- ) ([,,r"!t 1[\)La/ td\4.orr)'


    I

    ^ .Buru n-h< r{ yr*^.* (st

    -A

    nro ,

    G4e+)

    @-r-<.or-fMf,^h*)os

    *Je

    (- c,svtrsp*r{"*k co^Jiavr." dl

    (./v\ r*V\v,o:t*A
    olok'r*,,*r+r",1;U-.,

    O-r!r;n,

    zssz*
    1fo*\\,-')-> &--rSr\ (vr

    Mw.e, ,-r^b L "-eio,,rfi tu.rzss;w

    I
    +^,g,.a{- IL(t

    AA Lse-\)w
    A

    cnbo

    \Ans4,r-,

    &ao 5rr..ui

    r.c

    /'\>.

    *o\ei

    ea

    A{Aao

    a\,t

    <.c

    r\,\ L^.^o-

    "d;*k

    5o-r.to

    agTns>t-z.,.*

    ("* ('A,n 14o*!i t",'

    tnu h

    orrn--G.

    p*

    c-,t.^!-

    ?fu,4
    4.

    7o
    4,,t

    *1r,r-rLi

    f k,,

    o-o;L;

    (K-,t

    4,lT

    18

    4,

    4z

    ,t

    2,3

    4,4

    l gZ

    S(EL\A

    E;

    '-AlJ<:^r

    U^ "Lt* l-U. J* .--.s[,v,*tz p L, ,r".(,L d"A- "rra--< , ,J- L ?"


    l( k -fr* yosszte *'-A'\< &^ (t e,Lfr- sf-k
    rVnltk e ,^,-Q",-?s.i J^" ku*r*
    \ ,Lz) "* . b yn"b ab!t,"'o \a c*t'-po ,f- ?P (ruPtu tl''i
    f*l
    *ffr*k, si 'rvq- ,- ku7*
    io,F."wi ,1 . arier-Fiarl ltfrlor,,eh*; r,rhLt.*r. L* ,
    or,.,.v,'.Jr-en-ltfuJ

    ;d*tal, lt

    w. "!!"

    utaw,

    ff-?t, tt c<-sr't;t
    e445eo d; '\^;

    X"#* rl
    frnr-^.

    M l*

    ,r*

    ,lrr*

    M
    k,**

    ow-

    6..1,h

    "#-,t* Lr"*
    cl,* 5\

    ,l"Y"l'J< 6 y-";7i'l'te**

    ^t**t.t *l"b!i G

    rh s"{o.;a* f

    e" ,o-

    h.,a

    Trulo

    <-

    t^-'"-)

    ff*; - hv;
    qvwwce-a(4 ?- c'-,,

    fott<

    cs-al**r^ ['!' b?*


    "ulk h-0!*. 6on
    .,,v, 0l "u,u.*l* fit0" .o,-ren(,o2-{o'{' /'P' l"'^{t^ )
    { trr,f"* L' plf 1,.orl 17 e dL
    sr\to

    (,'o,(kn

    o*,

    ",P-lo.

    4; l-r*."* {; f"*

    5i f,otlove P>ufry "^'L


    t*L
    ,b;z-e r'ot n- c-sL"'-k f

    cu^+r*"rr.,\

    , (rr-

    fA ^ o.'^hu'k
    grco\}r.kL[""P , rbr* ln*id,i'

    L^r",""'

    fi""*

    ec.,cL'tlo

    c.ot@ o.t

    ,*Lrn.u

    k-p- , a

    ,u1r",r,*h

    14

    rw /r","*^ ts

    ,,k

    sb"* hrrp

    [,r^

    l/vl;*

    ('n*r,^,ornJp-ro ^

    lb*f- utm*auV ,

    rb"-)-c -

    s'L'a.; [**r.* ,*,(!- 7'"8^' A,


    )

    l(- nil"rb W

    ve-14u

    c,,Y,

    Jtlt' o-";{o e /'lU" b-.'- f v%.rLa, ;( pl( Cv- ,l


    ," stl-h,* b^[<*,1 adL (t*) w.,,^ny,-k'l a,s d"L'c

    f*-s*,*r L e"*

    o ,tU*.

    khg
    A-l us.^(b P4 f. thlc,^^o. oln si "l{+"^. "(o '*' *a{o LL&
    v.^rh-pr- {-',-a
    r (un n,"U b grcsr,r)\,^t ,U.,/.i,--l-,0- *^0k GnS 4-z-)
    r^;t\

    TABELLA

    co*6,^ 6,

    /*-

    (y,20 - Preparaztone dl tsogonl e (orza lonlca


    s ian t

    E-. Sls !eoa

    ll9-B-

    Fo

    rzr

    lon I

    cE-

    Ma8'l
    -il..It/

    -1,

    _0..05,'
    o, ro..

    0,t5.
    -0.2

    0*

    0,25

    Soluzlone d1 acldo
    forle d&888luotera

    60luztoo dl psrtenza

    0.05

    os-

    '

    KCl
    *-0,

    05._

    0,05.

    o,to.

    0,05

    0-, 15

    0 ,.0 5_

    0.20

    'ilcl
    ,N

    --

    xcr
    ,r

    0.2

    0,05

    0.2-

    0, 10

    0,2:

    - 0.2:
    : 0;2

    ..

    0, l5
    0, r0o,.25

    lu,-.\.c-

    tlC,a+t*re &r4* I.prt6 rhr Soq"r'

    (-ar\;sy^

    l""h L

    lu.*,, o

    L
    )<nv

    "rJ^V*6

    lr*,*

    fg 6p62alra<0 svr-'

    ('r,,ln,,**Lo
    "r[rr^*

    es

    LL

    g p*

    LVe

    d;

    50rq

    Pr-rn*ln
    /
    <:-ol*L vOlyc\* ,t^

    .s.,,..io

    wl,x*l.

    /r/h

    o *-\Ll "lt*

    (t1rn>;r"u-

    =#

    bt;vt

    4e-@?b^L.

    1l,.

    C*

    egsl*-.

    k,^1*l,,,ra , a- pte*h,<

    /; l/o.-'f lt"fr

    G-u',)

    \ n* *Y*l*h 6 <u>l'o-,ti / L\s' av*ia"< t k


    ,'^)*k o- hU",tL l.,r^trrr^f"v< f
    o-"d| t'p. {nB
    "!^r;

    G*
    t

    ar-o-oxt

    lrlle. "dilk L; lvrVi^v L

    (tf#)
    *tI*

    vrtu{l-

    Q",* u' ["f^l--k

    t-6ts.r rV. v^

    ^k / 6't es(tuw

    lrh!!*

    ev'ulenl

    J.JL fu.,ry*-t* (- u**h J; 7&L,v /o- r"rfi /*

    yp-r,\a,u^q

    *5L,,

    i\^; ",c -

    L efhL*o uei

    ,n),. l,-L

    t*,nlvla- lr.0l'

    r*Uo {--r-

    Dr-LLA

    ^slu"^h

    +-e,,^f,"^'{""*

    4-,4)

    L'r-+,,^

    \r,.q *-1" e

    O ,*l"rw ,t" l*
    r"jy*r,-l-V l* gyaz

    q,&

    y[*-

    rL*\- [rlt'*y,u.

    ,J[, .L4-hh kL,0 L /"'*uu


    c4r\a-

    c,y\

    o-

    ?Ke,rs

    =f6)

    dnu"<A okn *i ,,,-"h,^r,*h


    y*"J^lrV -

    q^ u ,,;r,-r(. f^rA

    w- tr-oa>lva

    L ^s 4-r 4) ,oo6b.lrfrl"-* o*-l.-o (,1* c

    c[w-,

    &- 6o' 4tf4L'


    lr; Lroa t

    1o -f

    sElwkT viavertL t e

    b ,,,r

    o- 2rZ

    U* O" q {o'a .
    ,- s l..*L & .Is o c"h-e'w'r.
    '(,2r4 ,o-t, w**l-.

    t,-oxrt-,1 a. 22r( "c ) ;


    I
    urt^<r^k

    lovc(
    4'['l,.

    *L 0^ h,rr"***,- ,!' 'L' sofli^r'

    dtp.' ooda o-.,hlo Gyt ('r-7<

    f*b

    L<roe,o^r

    &' .,^A)

    (- c-si//zg.s- ",Yr'h\i " f,rl6

    .n"'t'rf,Qyro1o

    o"e

    ?.L

    ttu4-to

    b^e .t-(o,k.I

    -Ks-*S

    ,-t!",-h

    ",tho,^,- J.

    c- 2l'1?

    kL

    1,oo8.'(o-f4

    "(;tr1.to",

    = fr?r-'(o-lo

    :,

    kL=

    .5,,(14'(o*44 :- 6,2! -b-9


    4r r4L' 4o*9

    a\; , *t,,*kn/.^ k
    rub,,,LybLo
    flf"a

    e)^!t^ ,ol^.{o

    (e,^^fr-*lr^
    c-

    ,,"0*2.

    nurn

    (yL

    out.,c F,L ,n^

    (molellt'
    TABELU 1V,21 I Cosls'nr1 d1 dl'ssoc!ezlone
    ln

    l{u

    (o,

    1,65?

    l,?00

    10

    l,

    .11.
    20
    25
    3.0

    0,

    35

    ''1:',

    {0

    2,919

    '{5

    1, ?53

    809

    I .008

    ?{5

    l,
    .

    1';St,L

    ,,t o'

    o;?5-

    I o;rl
    I

    e pL L"i!*,Lt" &./2(o

    1,3?{

    ,-st

    1,5?0

    5, 55
    ?.516

    {0

    6,,056

    5-.

    6,226

    e. t8

    6.5 31.,

    '6; {30.;

    5. {9S

    6, {?l
    6. {?5'
    6. {39

    .1,92._

    k l.trt^-(tt* ,,*(l- tyf /^' 7"*^ b


    6_ lc"_ . t{ KLry
    r^,oh
    "r.r^.,-/Liuo,,l- o {r/?!, a-s i d.&' , ('L(x,
    led^ J,v...' conv6a.h au)Sp"^ l",/rH
    a*r**Lt ,n,

    5. 8z

    0, 56
    I

    r-lo'

    5, ?0

    6,'3{9

    '

    Ko,

    8,39{

    1: ?03

    Ko,
    I

    8,968

    ?50

    t,6?0
    l. 634
    5,{7{
    50'
    '-:
    :- I . 589i
    5t.
    9;6 t{=

    l.0l

    t,128

    -*-A;fu .

    ,b,,^r-

    acqus

    Q0.

    5.9r

    -*1:3t-.

    1,7{.

    rr1o.'

    1, 80

    1,729

    0,29?0

    l'o^,*^,.taa.q

    /rlt

    come

    scala d1 concencrzlone) olsurate


    o e 60 oc'

    0, l l3s

    Atrl,^.&li

    T" ffr*^"!L/ eAl K*

    ^k

    t,?101. ?74

    1. 820

    {, 6?I
    1.852
    4;4L
    {;os--1

    (,

    t<-r^yr-,++vvv-

    1,-nt; &

    ll" *n Jn$; ,h^ s"h "


    "

    8*r",-L _
    ('*rnyr^"o*^ls o,.Lx-{-q
    , ,L(n o0- ce,^,

    |.rfr, lrM^

    t"Y"

    A'*r-*.^Lu*

    i*,r,r ,

    [tlL

    '*Jn

    c.n

    Y% pr*l'vr.c.

    .892

    FtNE

    itil-i
    t I
    i

    -i l-ao't^q'o';
    -i
    -lertpeart,o',
    I
    'l-':'Yr
    i tL ,^/os.4.o

    $on1l-ess' s-euatul

    1><<:l?o 6'
    *1"
    '-

    I
    O,l
    o,l

    , '

    -l ] | I

    '

    *',.,'* rr

    r_qq4 _ ,s,4 r o=1*


    U^{',_q1o
    u|.|
    sjeirc ,i"t.,T,r,rl"
    f"s<,$,e.in4,
    ,:,0,1
    .rr,-o*-r,
    '(l
    l'l
    i .SFr?-yFar16
    .sFa-yra46 + iI e,,"i
    c4,;niaa
    <-ntts S1e_zl,
    Frrrt t;rieci.reta,vs|
    ;teLi./etA,vi7 t ,,
    ?-,'Y -p-
    i c4,,n.aj
    _tr_! q-nfte|t^-=yr"rr,
    f A
    Aa*i
    jj
    i,)or't
    ncor+aanerrJ
    i)ori l serl
    ci,t
    ci,t *ru*
    rza6ua'z,*'ro 't{L-t
    se-,; t]Aare+"
    ?Azxlbraor*oe
    sit_ lpeil
    -, Q:\t_ttEl
    Qutte
    Qui.rc .4__4a.W?_
    tL; lrey,
    t+;
    114!44 ___lf_,_e
    1;14s.i.a"
    i?44lgeq4l!tr+/4l
    t,
    ""

    i,

    ey"t*l

    /aqevrs;'E

    ;',rr,l-iili

    f*oR<
    f*oR<
    kx
    t v
    ?SA
    Qv rS

    /
    /

    RE<ot,tnro
    Rl <ot,*ro

    Ln
    Lrt

    tr
    tr

    5'.*64,-i/!\
    5'.*/)4,-i4\

    c{,'!1
    c{,':1

    Pl,:St>, .:'.:,rsii
    PLE;st>,
    .:'.:,:gii

    .- "*
    iv .bl-d,&bl..r6
    ;v

    ,.

    ,,!,u*1,."
    , 'fLu-i
    ,u
    r&ra . ,t,'
    o, "Y
    o'l
    fLrl_-i *'T-"7
    ,o^rp, or;
    nE
    ,,\co{q4w
    b re^.rf
    *rT-"7
    t ,'\co{q4w
    Y'o,*
    "",u
    =l"t
    "Y
    ''
    'o'F
    '\co{q4w
    i"*1""
    ,I
    lu:
    ]"
    lu
    o-1

    fft
    t-airer,^S ]rry
    lo."
    DFL socivC^ts
    DFL
    O
    o
    ! o
    '-.i,*-l ].,o

    l=-"

    nryg iF\?4tJ,/$
    nry9
    FsZ-ls -^/ tc-C|+ry
    s.rz-ra{)
    U;/fory 6-$
    1g$ 6S5o
    [r*ei,S.ri-ra.oJ;
    ":r. (,rnoi
    "r^"
    -.1
    t,r,e*,,i nrUuf,tn
    ce n gipcz"sq sD h-9 | .'f*
    rl r:+qyo--+ei
    rc ejos"a y,a , 6e
    a'* Or
    ,@t:f^
    f cLa?&S
    .iv 5,
    ^r_,D42.+9 Yh- |
    - F"r"^l,.l rtA
    O,, 5onrr:ss.azfqryF - tEi.tatt iot o, ,t,v rrtrA&r.o ir,t,
    ,
    L

    I
    I

    ,*Or*
    ,,'!.jiprirs &cqves4 i E4ket:l

    r ilro
    +L
    U,,")^+L
    =
    =
    n (u,o)^-t L * L
    fr (rru),-, L, + tlr
    =:

    u n.. \
    11 (xr")^
    f1

    r1

    \--

    lr..: -

    I
    j
    ii

    I i I r I
    tt l, -
    U .'\
    L/ r ilrO
    H(*ro).*n
    H(*,o).*nL

    --s

    (rro)Ln_tnL

    ll*',.*,.,
    iT*"'#.ji:.'"
    LA

    I .n,2utr

    ^.r1.

    lffi:f :,:;

    l::il,,

    rHro

    =fi(-,

    nf

    "

    11

    .,,t.r.;i

    '"ttt"
    ,o",.
    lt>

    rlr

    l'.--,-:-,,:-1,r3

    iLl

    i"^ i

    r,]ere.4al
    l
    ., rLA i-c
    ,f.4\rL4

    fLE\Vt-tt4 d^"
    rLE\\A{,t4
    d^3

    ''1E,-<e'
    fg

    I l_i
    ri nJrrvA,
    S[/y''t' ri
    t'tAt oez- S[/ty'.t.ri

    ..,,-

    *r-i

    ll

    -,4"LE

    JoS'r'iJE^r\o

    ,f,;,,;

    ,', v,4-irl--:
    rl

    ,S

    ,s L
    l

    i,+ L^";l .*i',, +rA**i


    f"toL-oLJ- D1

    4-QJ1t t crttnrta*c

    <onPl*sso4l\/ C'.'t*44,o"..

    gyqc-A.o f1*ti'r t.g'


    rllr

    Dt

    .:uqt-taUe

    r\i

    rj.r,.Jr

    c,9sr !)

    to

    tt Nullrtao , <oo 4a, ,u6e

    o,r4

    ,"

    F,JJhtlJALt

    lr\rg

    EsnaP, p6no
    y6no 5ou{ .aeeiA O,
    aoon, pq
    o, : Etf aoazr,
    69
    65 EsnD-P,
    ,
    rL

    Llt!2 t;-t

    t*

    N E\,*+.t

    so

    l-rv;'

    rJlv? kLcc

    clrlo t i'ig.,"t bs a

    trA

    t/

    tlfulrr\ro

    Onn*u* ) ut

    io,J,E

    nu.Lto

    J'irtoirr,!r.4t!.r" '' (urq


    l ioiao4a
    4- tE'ortgl-t '4rsn--- tiLla.rcr,!,.4tra:',
    d1l , '4i
    eNi---/ <t
    "+o^zrqcrtnvrl(flrQ , A(t
    '4 - n
    loiaa",p "rlp^zpc^nvrlt eNi---/,
    i--i"', -e1l {,-@t!frrss-l i sr,lfr.;t't
    t^c b"r yy
    ,,Lea,
    - o4nrtlo : +Uoio
    I
    --i
    ^rci ou&.r,r'
    ;
    '
    -' .
    '1

    -.,

    i"./P$r/odry\r^rM Ltn,,o
    q,e{--q 4t-,.e I,i tu:^
    4 Jt*/.
    /
    +'/'|{ li <t" ior"i (r,*u,n),
    'Neirpva^4,\.Y 'i' ,T -e*L-r
    '
    i^
    l-{i
    I

    lirliit,ril
    lir]iil,ril

    i,.r

    t,v

    iuraayooJ
    {rlYf*t "rfa*
    i
    -p
    I

    c,be'
    6,
    PoSS.>,.ra i-\1yf, op<4 t,JL

    4 rilA4st'

    S/?4./E-1,|/?f

    ry

    -,,

    *v

    pl^J,CLa

    :t

    iti

    C=lrFuESo

    ^/'iv\:l.-ri

    ,.^l

    fr

    n'cn?:C A;V6r"f^/6t c-cd r-e,OlrrafiL/t-:to5s'rDA (rrAn+.

    + 2il+
    l-U

    otr,.aa-7

    L .er.. J
    VtJ ci)nAJ S\-9
    5, \0;4

    ruoulr2 PoA-> S,oLt,eL)i-e

    PEA-,1

    JN

    Cuc?.Jrsz2-r4,M\-o l;,

    yrwf+ 5 gst

    f:5s,,r9 i E';tVE

    qott,ryi.l e

    Acgtro54

    &nruorn,f+t*te

    ..t

    ,rriene,
    A1r-/\* ' 6.7e,4a/\:

    4t-t ,6$nl

    d5; ,r\r/!ni,aJ.I D,vEe.s,4


    / Fo4+$AN[r,.) LDSa

    41v,;(

    Plj

    ;13r.rrpo:a-r

    Nllrt)

    j : =raf oij erctarl j


    u-il nrpkqsdrvq
    i
    I
    i-l
    I
    I i "e i il , I
    6 i4ltsDt i(*ae er'rfr]oio-g),.oi

    <r}lree"il oi4ee-+-i--oye"rer"o,,

    u"n*),

    \'i..raa n

    no'yr1pp,

    tW S-rr3.lcvrE

    ll

    t_+
    tt

    lt
    L-J

    tt
    ti

    jr'l:::

    tL Qvcrc 6

    E{*DElrrft 11 (iAr"V.," f'g^te0i ,-wssiuioi

    lCor.Ii ils+rtu,b

    F A/n>+o d-rc laVqr'

    rj

    I"#

    I r4rAr\AF'
    i t* lorry r <+4eorlrrJ\ d, cangrte ic,rr,i,q I *r"trgiUl rrP-o
    CqvOfp,a;

    1q

    \E]ui/tr.

    prr- i t44*+4i i -A iOi,- ,oi


    - I Q,y+nrqar ,L , t(^,r'cr1
    :;i:::

    ;i;i.i:li:
    c/r4-.1'-ai Dii

    e""fi FaA -6SF,' , iS; tlta 4

    ;i

    ,+t

    (*) ,

    Fe

    (*:) , :

    <,; (w)'

    ivruo

    Foi2n4?o.rul ,

    qr.ot

    {Jr

    / \i RE/.'
    l

    .-'', Jl "

    -i

    tt40,

    ,/or'',

    --

    o_

    )o"r{

    : -iiir --i
    r -i- f--i
    1 i--i
    istitrq't Pt4 epJ*-\E\E L -nnid L?4|eg\-tf"^^n'

    ossqqrr,,rE

    n\ALa,r ,

    \ !rt

    .?Ul

    :t;lr

    \J

    tlw ;ese4a;e E';

    i", $ -7" pJe5 v-*

    bisl
    I

    1,. u
    I! r \\,
    \

    Int"
    'l ' *

    ,-'l--

    _r

    Nfrz
    L
    - \\\
    u) i i

    ./--/,/

    y'- Nilt
    l-''
    ""-5 l3+
    .zNiltl3*
    .: -',

    i.,','J.l

    -,1.r,/\..),r{.''"\'.i'

    ;lliLrlllill
    . C(d)
    .C(d)r'

    ,1

    q,t'{-otai ffitty
    r{FLt+:
    ?,l-:sr;^m| rFL-tA
    ?*.5"'^A
    SuA rwt+fau,i
    I su,+
    A<8,\1 1 on?*.-t""i
    On?*-r""i
    ffixE . ArE.i1

    .rii.,,o'J ,,
    avas,+ l"*norssoi
    i'1r'lii-i--1

    C+u- go.^ro g\.c -zpar.rssr

    oi felwq
    dotvna

    I zr *+.1r,.o i o*,

    .,
    Ir cp,r.rra.;
    '

    ,ts

    lir

    vrl

    noc-or-a

    tirll

    D:48

    :r

    si i e.-q.e/,, b

    o-

    ";"*, Q

    , , *d-l
    ?;
    ' i
    -r'-

    u
    I

    fow forrfr enra$ S^""1 a.,,Ln'L ",i ++.,.h., r^ r[.r..[ .+.iroz,,1<c E*.-lf
    **.JroJ,,,^i, .!*,J ,\, 1".,+*., 4e"+ a h* ?*e-*r-|.,
    f*-*i".

    '?4,

    t'1*,: ,

    trL-

    w...a,,

    ,**-,,*r,rol

    (lftUl 6-wea.acle..{E{ 3j
    1,illl].illltl
    :">2-l I I i
    rr-

    y *-

    At

    s{

    +L"/ fo iEtt^ =( *1, rf

    A.:.tdg32e pztsgca ' to'-f.Wa,Sife - fOi 4N

    rE4nf Eq i

    .'

    eOn-as;,

    i I rLi
    .
    r
    s,i.psaa1' /6 =,e{:to f* srlerL'pi
    "wol*d^ t,
    r

    --i
    ',.-*i'rt.,.-*..-**
    - '*ro^o{n), *i
    ,1't"-*-*
    i si ,**u* : i{o..erb
    I',I,'l"',--,
    ------l
    An8ls,ry +na^qq\tesLa- / t{e2as@ r$-44 *b" ;Daw-ryr..4o^e--o-i.e-,Este-

    i&*.,v14'YJ2-

    ^itr^,

    -,4Jrerr,ca1-e-li )rrea4sl +44i4,

    t-<&

    I,t.ri.^u,,---.+ -!-4..r,"e

    o*i"*-l- -"! ,p '+*apl-'

    *'-i

    [J

    -/d^,e

    urrdt-

    i--

    " t".f-"| "'|-J*l"'i*f l*'f'- f.""i-" i-

    ,<er+.o1rv4t"rtq 94,
    {trjr^ra 1e) ji.re;+"" Qrao.-o}
    F-e 1,
    I
    i . i
    I
    ,. I
    ] cru
    ,
    I /,. . : *1; , , *4,,2-.*
    , .,
    i
    i
    lar.r+'r7e"par)y
    ,s:'
    ;5.4
    rs4 -aP1LIG- flY:?f!.{S /ae". i
    .F 1t tr:?4-n4.O
    it- I Ca./dt rtr. "5.a4,4.t+", E- l*=1tno rkc, </4+\e1<s$ qzr4 i\e41+.ivuf"
    ?"tn.oi

    .(ci4E c Sr!t:.-l"Vl z t\x"4-4. . ,L (^.J(-x)

    , t*

    : 1';'yc4?i] te'

    L'r,'n':to &r ui,tOt

    tr,

    11-lg, LA

    'Ltlcilat'
    lt

    taylit i\ct.

    c'

    1r

    /-f14N

    q.a*

    Or;reYi<a,

    .1

    - @-rLtlLrLi

    ,?e.-

    ,t:,qs)e?-: I

    :!

    *,^fitsi
    Di

    I
    flh Lh

    ,5Ar bUc<.eSSlVt
    ., a9l

    ./,

    ,4o- E-s ,npiel , *r,

    , <*i.

    '

    VA

    lt

    .''tElqo t

    PoLtfrcvici-

    i sigtsni

    4aioo.-gAsc. -.

    see

    eiE ,! Eevr9ruto, AL vennsq4

    ut)B6r*tt,

    .. i 'i
    r. . i,
    ,' wG
    st I E g"iivr 64i

    r
    ^,,6

    .Ua:
    i

    corr&,f ss

    r *l - -+----l
    I
    I .I r-- - +--I . ;--t.- |----tl_ _I
    - !,--"1--

    lillrlrll

    rl.Lt.\+L
    lYt- ,/
    '1

    /'

    , oe

    ,,tarti

    L4\

    i-l
    i-l

    j .'i-*.,i

    (t,

    fez*

    ,D wr.J (.zonP,L45;9- ,v soLLr.bnn., i{FEesSa s6p&g,:

    c+u <-epr-va4\)ir Der.E

    FL

    li [:r coet*Z.o^te)
    c,q1-.q ("
    rt-\/(i1,t.

    ito ,PQ, LE JoLr/?ip,rl

    Q"e

    (-e:;!,cbJVAa?:.-lop ,

    Cto

    cene r A.c-@F ?

    oirne ea,ud,a ,b

    o /**

    o,,

    paai SS?-

    4 ,, rL

    slarr.o

    it.{"i'

    sia.*J,vu

    =flL^

    f" ipe+4,p-fi "; t^-i-+

    tttttttttttitit

    ttl

    | i; ,:lo*;,,J'*' J-r-"J "


    t

    li'

    /uij

    K4

    irl
    Lntrl
    - ---

    fn]

    ,.
    : l/L

    D3

    btf

    frtr-.]

    = Kn

    [xt^-,) [tJ
    S'<,ts.ne"twl':^

    t'}',rtR.z,,'i i-ylE
    C-^cyt

    <.e.+\cryt 5.rccf SS i\e

    tE

    +ta4

    Pci?-Anvo

    ft 9l:,.A k

    poylS-i

    S't <zhE^/roAl\) l @+'o;v1

    Fo4--r.+e1.o,v,

    ee" b&at-41

    5p c,r

    D,

    Srtpu

    OC"ti siwg<;rro

    SF'6crlE

    H L:

    rt

    l'(r L *t1L

    r( +zL
    11

    flLz

    n^,r-E=- flL^

    ls-.a*r\ i .q,/rLi1e-,o I ?.8 1-a-r-tv. t*u-,f r?e4B'o.^/ 6 SareraS"' /


    lsi c-(tvitr,-t,v| 6 ra-,e P-6 '6 LonPLE SS & p&-'lfiAl b4 t1 L . s,
    /*

    cwi

    e-a

    -f

    <-s,s*a^E to s.&r* ("

    N*

    i
    f,a=D>

    Qvt

    LtA

    br>

    x=

    .J'>/ ?e4

    -un114+rl

    ,a\

    Vie^reV, g,..re. A-NL.\E


    ^NLr\-
    I
    i

    ,'

    tro.(

    rL,+

    s^eiv [ , D,
    t

    ,i.^ J
    r)t*' /

    S\,&c,

    r.i
    sar4 P4Doln
    Peoolil r S::,+g.
    /pnter,ll,J'
    "i 5'+se
    :1
    i'
    i.on P{f, sso ( S, ,., U) d. q", 5.,:71-x. ; <-->r..Pi-tsb , r,L. (r,." *o n ur) s S;

    5P<-aE

    tiNAt

    <,a-*ta t-l

    =ry+
    hJ
    [tJ

    sE^/o
    E^/O

    l-sn'e2,,+ $:

    =Kt =Fr
    .

    lFr
    #.=KtKt_-62
    "l

    e\r^

    INJ LL)'

    --

    fnr-^J

    fi'rl Lt)"-

    -_f'4 Wl,.---tt|KL'"'

    lC vkt;,ul af:t^E ttsr,agr-, O,

    nlu^.lS\.+a;ui

    i'

    o'

    5o.r.ro ,q u,*i

    ftt,t,i*ra-fo st{,

    " pvi^.lo r ,- ?vnwsa E';, 6i-eay*\o Et /L


    tts\Og"
    Et ,L
    <-sSt-4^.,5g Dt ?or& ?,U^/E K
    Pi;
    A^./l.
    ,

    qzM..sPcJD-n-,-l 'la.,5*olrli

    V1o,4 6iAA

    Kn -l>n
    Kn
    ='

    ol

    FoP-1,*Z\il6

    tt
    C-ov1?l-9>..t

    vlc-o

    t\

    br'^iF.O

    aLlw'

    .iLA

    \44

    L,I

    l1

    tt
    I ,__j
    ii
    II
    t!
    tt

    ii
    L qvt\'rs

    oLt

    rJ8,

    I
    I

    Frl

    i-x

    ,
    I
    I

    tnJ

    trl

    2 ,

    _l

    _t

    I
    I

    I
    {

    r)

    I
    I

    I
    {

    -- +
    I

    Lr.J

    l],
    '
    turJf'J"
    =

    I
    .-l
    I

    C'il ? [n]

    nf

    l+

    ll

    :.1,tj

    nl
    .(

    1J

    Ir.
    L

    F,

    J*i [n
    tl [. l+

    t'

    (u

    l'

    ,,

    , *t ^ttJt_rln , =
    ^

    [rJ')

    DA Ev:

    Qvlltb'^-r '

    s-*crur\p!^- D6,,r

    li

    ti

    ?tri:

    ,&1,
    l-l

    ^ @{i
    rl

    "
    iIn]=.+i'tr*|p:-4+Bl['nfi"E|,}*).-n4:[LJ:n

    riill -,-'

    {n *'LL")
    ,[t"11

    rn, LH
    f.-t
    !.-t
    [nr,J.
    [nrr}.
    =t--

    cn
    Lt
    ,[r)
    ..
    D4 cu.i
    DA
    *#-(s:-tLJ*
    LL.r' F'J=
    FrJ=

    F
    FEJF,
    /'
    G
    '^-^r
    ,*
    A Fri =
    r._.)
    E ,o;i- v'i,r
    '\
    -?

    :I

    n rL* ,h*ecc p-

    /7
    R^

    lr th
    [tJ'

    [s
    F

    *l.J*^"
    CL s ,-rs4:
    llrft)-zBr['Jt*----t'tB^Lt]:
    4 * fr, [tJ , $.lr]'n . .- + A^ [rJ"

    ./ = i, ] r

    Qvs.:o e.wa?r\c;l E' D, l.la1r;1. y1-t4 4e-a- g{tNc-ct4^"irzl tLl , f 4'r}'


    ,irirli
    :,11L,. frLZ,
    (oN
    vr
    sjS+e-na,
    Dk
    PESor. . <-MSpl
    '; ,-,a ,?-+"io^.e
    r

    ilir^ililli,'l

    Jo f na-Dc ., t4 *<L{d, Sc,t-Ueiori

    4,*&"-

    I vd. Le-*h I e.^1rr,.'.1o-

    eW),

    ,htr trrJi,. A*F::tr'

    Ir.r

    \1l L

    nsOe

    .t.J

    --S - 4u. -a;r,A{a4

    1i4-

    zyn^eqe- , "-*r-,rotn'. b..tub

    6/r*,n-

    ngc^U-fc-se

    rsar,.ro-

    /A!!i ?Nq4sara..r- -

    ,]

    r.srfe

    i P^- "W er".i UWrr.+t-* Cai


    1_

    *.,.*ir--o-1*,,'6-

    seciz

    p,#A^*f *i
    ,-eenue
    t--"-,]
    ,

    av.r -iseeS gr*:ei;c.,1,r=v ; -;::rabF4i elr.o'ra'


    "tt
    1
    -io*nlatop.rXufl -01i* s ci,la-v, . i "11.r* i oospiaiuira. U
    '
    .i i uop- I
    +"" | ryol,uq,rcya

    loli
    I

    bit &1,;, i

    -G ** ?r", oap ip,-*', -.i a-'u


    -:*,-* pi W i r *
    ,

    Ss rr ,

    i*o}*[+.*4

    -**

    I ; ,-

    r ,_ I r ; I i i , --r- r-

    ,*rry ^.1 sr(j{al.r'qi vf r F{ l't u ;,ll^,-p *+rrr, l, *r*ferpvaaye


    1\?\-c 41,= ottoirog H I Fp *f fiuq t* 4 a,f*r1z. *+ ,f* | 1+r9;ltro
    ri ,,%o1oo . if1 Lt ?o+s.\
    .i^,*
    r*lLo I roi-D,i

    **l*

    +iy

    ^q *

    rcnr.s:s
    r- - ,HL, e ; tt-L* l-l 6,r.u, "qs^.{rit 6-l.ssgivs ; o, tu4e"+. lLtp

    tK-t't,1o't{

    i:lt,tlrl;lilltl,l

    i(7=a,w-\}

    V1o.vn4e

    "*

    (iJ(8r",4i.="JI *ut,reQ-tk&4

    filLriirilil ffifffi
    filHIFTltTlllrrffi
    Lf r+l

    lillfill

    '1,;;-;

    J.,1.;f

    .'.r,;;,r.),;,1:'r..,..i..'.

    ':,;.'j'.'.:
    t:t
    :-t,l; ,:; .rI ',:-'. t
    'i. ,!

    ,:,:

    :
    :

    . "."

    .;

    -ltfo
    .
    t:
    . .,,

    ,|

    -2,rri'r; "t": E

    'I

    l:lr

    il-i;;

    Illrl

    .
    'I
    ,,:
    ,,. .

    toe

    _.,ryHn
    -Rrrr.r,
    -'l{oo t"'

    I! t

    ri\
    ! I

    -t.

    II

    o
    -4po -Noo -'ego ,:}oo

    '
    r

    j;

    Gb*$[u] -" &":,,*rod


    ''tt,ilt,ti.,-*'6Sr'
    pr,
    onc
    u
    log

    ' Cn O,ot

    [MJ
    M

    lo9

    ['lLJ,logfi,fi i n

    , Fr.t,o,Ft

    nzi

    di log [L] p. t

    Fr'1,0o10'.,' ,t' ,, '

    iil
    r - -' -l
    I

    rt

    :6c

    i,L-F

    \-/'

    i,

    .lO,lvtl

    ,t

    j Te't4

    fl, L, f,t ftLt)


    ,

    p,.\" ft:s,b-1e *7** I )iv4+oj|4 rr t,


    ,Dlt,s r<o\+
    1*.* r t- i "'
    /
    '.
    . f E,s4oo I
    I vttto, ; eraiiv*$ ol [rJ , *i V*r-ni *rr'
    lor
    t
    ti
    un*,torl
    ,e-.,..yf i^l VC4e.{,1-a I
    f "i i(z isr^-

    '

    .o.o*rSerrlr,.
    i

    ti

    t:.,l c, z-'-e 11 I l

    TASELLl

    y,1 -'ttLcrl dl Cr corrlspoodeatl a ",.1,or1 ar1.


    :trr1. r!- ,t-i c2, --r/ ' 0,ClOO Y,3, ' :,OO'tO'
    : j, ' l,"o'lo'.

    it)
    r,

    co.

    o''
    -a

    i. 00. 10
    3, 00- 10

    nI
    I

    io8

    lJt

    3,00-10

    -Ji

    I
    (=

    -5

    {,

    1;to'to-'

    3, 00

    r J 5U I

    c0

    2, {9.

    *.8.

    0-'

    ,0

    2, 09

    i.50.10

    :,

    5.2.-{O''
    8. 1' l0

    .:
    :.00. i0
    go-

    .L

    io''

    :n

    .l

    ,32

    j ,60

    2, 00

    1o-o

    llri

    r\

    Ye-,

    ;''e

    1t/1

    .*r-c'e 4utt"rq*p

    5>

    t'qtunn

    wl-

    r. oo_Lq-- 5.0. I0

    WLL

    to''

    8:3'r0

    r, oo-t ot' 2.5.r0


    1.OO-rO:' 5 o'ro'o
    s;oero'i 8-3'lo-o

    Af",*l
    P'*
    %

    , i"'r,r,

    ,) r s

    Q C. = -

    ,a)ara
    2,

    (tga;-

    :tgl-

    ,o

    r.roc-an^\ .

    i i i

    *u,- i

    o-r
    I 1. 0

    o-r

    .:

    5. 0- 0.

    c6E

    t>o t

    pa

    :r:i

    .-

    2,3t

    2;30

    a ,.li'

    a <t

    2,6(

    ;r ll

    -. 3, 66

    8,3-10'

    3,00

    2*08

    t0'

    a-a-16

    5.0'10'

    2.00

    '3;6( -- , tl
    - .1,3( - 2.30

    5-10'

    5,0r '- 2,60

    Lo < ll7|l h^ .-.o

    vq

    .1, 00

    d' 'r

    rosIJ ror0/t! os(ltL\ to: [r[..]-

    * . *qR !.i.r'r|

    Ul = - 3, t-o (-rr- [rJ

    \Y.o,AcjJo 5t4.

    c+9zo4a9 ;t-e p"trA^r'n+Prbaal

    J "*-.i*,' j,'*

    5.0-

    5. 0. 0

    {,00-l0lr 2,5'ro'"
    t . oo-

    5i

    l1 - valorr ar [,y] , ftlL) e luL.l !o..funzlooe ci


    ltl 9crCy 'o-orooy,1..1:co. lo' 6:
    P: ' 1' Oo'l0-'

    .trl,t

    V.

    IiI

    LLJ

    , H, rtL E fiL,
    TABELI,/.,

    (*, ,.

    Li

    {,30.

    I
    {
    I

    3,08

    -- 2; r3{.
    - ,

    1n

    -,

    1r'

    {r,lto+-t

    LolLi Dr,; , (1 -

    c>5

    1,oo -

    pr

    (n , 4,oo.- ,on fl,


    tn/r,
    i e,bs'
    '5-q,vt,;,e'-rc <4$
    = 6, 3 -'ro|n) t D ';tJ

    ,-

    <-,+L

    o L4-\

    4;' Yl , 4o\
    +4

    '41,

    i". ] '*,*q

    AS&l= -2,3o

    -D bJ=1,2t-1;3M
    {", [nrJ - 2,oS --D b4= Q,4 -ti\ H
    =

    It

    t__.---J

    l_l

    it

    t/

    L "t \-naou o^*


    .An = 4,oz - 4"4 |

    s;

    i &SPo..roo^ro ft-L

    (n*riot

    oEtrl

    Ne.,
    -i

    &ir*rrt

    ilil

    L4

    ?oagLE, r

    -4

    I r

    i s ;-i./'.t i,;-, r..


    .,t'E

    )"-i .

    t LVt" :="["[ -2,


    I

    Le.o :

    Df,L

    /,r'*-?
    -'

    ,* --

    *L4t-e)-

    Ly

    f,tJ =

    - 2,14 +

    (.5fi). -

    4top

    .)1'
    l-t

    [tJ =

    ti

    -: [n].

    ,I
    )

    ' tlr-l

    '1

    "
    I:"1 1n,'r
    ,'^
    r-it

    i'{\

    4,n

    =--9

    lHl

    r,]
    cn

    [n

    r'
    L:;^ }5r'cr\E

    t9.Ln1Lr3'
    C"l ,r

    B, [tJ

    E_

    lii

    Inl

    ft)"

    lt

    Fl

    L]

    fr,.

    lil

    '{3^EJI,rl^

    tl Ln

    ,'l:i;al r'13 "/

    l--,)
    ,vlt

    ,4

    Cn

    -uf
    [n]
    tt,
    Frl
    J'rrl - cn =
    F
    [nJ
    4n,,

    r):., r

    t,',': .
    3, :,r'''x.-

    ' yvue^ise l?*j dn-t

    (3^

    4.i*

    !--1--

    [r]'
    E
    I

    d"nr,l+--|y,.{rrq]

    -=

    a
    ',,;j, i;
    ii -; J
    ..

    -rj'i /. 1-O I
    ',-2"i'/ri

    Or

    la ., ''
    ,,,r
    ,* ',;'t,i3rb6;

    rtttittrlttittttitt
    iiiiiiijiljijliiii

    *i'..4'.+.i"+i*j*iiitiiiiiiii

    i.iiiiitiitilrliiiir
    . I
    i

    .1

    _ i.

    lil"-

    _1

    Nt^e

    NL

    , crf

    fif-LLE S>,uuz,r.v :ca ,

    conl<rss-, s, q/a vsc ttst

    i/p;;
    op(. /(r4J
    [< -- / (t7 tr:S ofr,* / b4J -

    uoTntinyici Li
    [er.=/(tfrJ)
    0
    ,cu.e-^/

    Dls\r.a

    Bv?'v_r{

    - S-e nlrb 2
    5i $gttl vM\O io Li./2-tlr.re ft Qvogg Zfl
    G c,E(, nL,
    p r \eAs

    rnJ ,vt .Q*ne.,J (r;.)

    1 .I

    rl'r,tl(7zsh)u

    rrr:,e,,;\st-t-

    ,N wi\r-ago 5'r

    ,'-,t'a, uo rEctt

    s6,

    4h,no^zrb

    (UrOUr)

    uill,.vr : n

    u-

    fL,A VO,'
    5, ft1<iv^t1tt ,N qv'3rv\r\'"t- qr sr<^z, '\J^l'tr
    .) ;
    Ser,i?&ue cqwszl ' ur A.h2r.o AWa Ncrt{ e*t O:Yl tJ vrrx+r.o orl enaO-r, j

    tr

    p-ate

    ;**

    v-sld,

    'l

    r! "i^r/e]
    u^-i.r-:-- j. - -'j-

    l,

    t7oL,r"

    '-'

    1t*6yiy',^l

    fu^

    eiul

    5q

    Aa,a r

    'u,'**ra^,e

    r-

    ^-r ]-rr-.'r*

    ,i^u-{ ,i, ,,)i o,i

    o,irn*,

    eeu!nl,r.-+*.-, ''r'ro-u|," ,i
    ltit

    ffi--t--J

    r/r sio

    "*o.i.; i *,k il*^\

    Dssvze

    b'rdti

    LlA4,n1t-i*.r\o,-

    <:48 '

    *i ***J**L

    rnJ

    ltt

    n/z-Fllar{e^

    rlii

    i--1 1

    i D4 i ?4tsr ,o

    N]qva, io-rro*c-c^P(fE! ,,,l nro)

    (i-"

    ; ud pU svnfi^t\c.,t.sj"e-sp B+t,sp

    .i

    Or

    Fcssf 1

    116

    i** +re '{ 'ry,*' ',q^n^i^-'


    i**
    'iau
    pnq>A
    ,j
    ,rj
    | - ,i-

    irV.J

    ,*,.j n''j ui*r,-J


    i .i
    rlef*sT .i, ,,^^,,,.' i ,*.* E- v"..,q w
    oi. *.1r,*' *i
    it
    ,\i+,^i .rj*.^,^* ,i .+"* L' $"; ;f*r.a*.
    ""'j-^ ]
    i*,.+*i,"* i o;
    j,,** j, . B'*ss. i .^**^*J-,' i", ic'", N,,i,
    N+/tr*M% ) *#-"
    "i
    i!, 'f
    j
    c.'rt "i'. "r*o' ,**
    j
    ;e,i
    oL-*
    i
    ",
    {-*;r"-1,
    i "" F1t,
    i
    iii
    ja"pa".,i^,u*ir^^u

    ,4

    ,*
    i

    2Aie.oa.a""4,r

    iePolsa;vo
    i

    i.

    rrs..rir!?
    F-a.4

    :lt*Clrir

    ibr-srh&^f*sli osr, **1+.J


    ,*-o,,'^*j sra ,Y'
    ,A

    a^E

    ^*o*l+

    -1.eScre.,rrf I Lcflfafsl.

    t,
    ,.

    {eLcf-

    LuNfr\'* ,
    .\

    2.,(*nr,)ln

    tonp.Esi.

    i j , i i j i
    mirrrra

    i**r", + * i
    :.

    . D.q'rt*oM

    tiJ

    q,^t<-E,.,y4-4}rb.vr ustL4L rlE S

    e(NA)o'r
    \ l?r tbuwt

    jc.^,o

    ,,-e

    r\.oLrr ELE^,./!s- O,
    [{} *tt.f-,,:1y.,,!?4t'M

    n/i{i

    +s-i -+

    dEfwSr *-q"e",

    rrrreif<aSg ,lvLltAn"f*wr\i -.,

    (*/rnJrt-

    {u

    t-,u-4tl

    (*rlr'
    AZ?,.tf>J,q

    i,11,124(\"

    ,unu^

    r,nr6,r.\,-r

    Frr',$r

    ,o r'r-f, t,(rUll)'),

    i Q,,^,

    -4,u'*|ori&rp

    + c,-(uw)-l !,.4 i=-t;-, -i ,- .- i-

    ,, .el-s*"'rtt 6E(+$,Ve --l


    S, icorg -Slg,rvq PA.r, $oae
    . -,
    - :
    i
    ' gi , *tuw-?r
    |
    i
    ,
    i - i --a - | -i

    I iryq.^l
    tq.^ i zfl -.,ra-,4tf
    =f*ff,-em-a1'- i." ffA'*l -,rrp
    =' a-p4ef i e" t{ =r*?r*r...+3
    i

    t>

    r (uzr

    fut^E e (4frs)f

    r ,

    i,/(Ert)

    ,LSt,Ba i=

    t-4,1

    3e4a oi N(l

    41,22 :-r-Hlln =',,(lpz--t,lroz-i2rie r-

    ff

    -ir.nFei *i.*;ru,?'.-*. /,f(qL)-/(e,l-)

    'i

    i i r-

    '1 | ilrz'i

    se

    dr.

    'r''ti4ro- I ,W t

    ;;pr"^".1'
    - l;*p^,*t
    ri
    Aa-pfqr
    i
    il

    'y.LuE rc&r

    r,,1^

    1 I'I.

    i
    i

    ;L

    Fur pe'a4
    e,"
    ?r**

    ,Jrr+ t _flara V,i,? i"-ve

    I --?ur- i

    L&Lrtr
    LgLrtn

    d ; ,,ruoo-,

    - {!"ff -ul dNIz ',, =h lff'l=- f


    t=-

    Dqrro +oge,kz
    t gei<ta ,ia)
    ,rri-qto I sr4)w zk -rDLe fv4^g
    leil?l*i
    i* i q/upi?--l.-'i
    ,,:|l
    t-A In+r*] 'lI cr*^
    uq
    ,f<oprui../l - C-Lur)]rn br*.ry-W*,'l
    cr*^ : t- L- 4rn
    y , ,p,,"op*,'h
    4,-n tN
    ?1aetua-|+*,v,

    -itll

    v-i

    Lra U.4b

    A+**n f

    {q _.4o*[
    1l

    i *9:"u1
    I

    11

    il^l
    .u + .1.;
    I."^l [*,+.,u J,r"-f =4*
    i*l .,lu
    Ii,llll..l
    -, !* *"+ --]**],
    t |" fld,
    r-,{
    ;r,*
    i
    tflLu, uy"
    ^,q,., fotr.4-., ,
    l*i
    "i"
    ^+ ']r.^n| -.+-4aca^Fl- "nt-[*]"* ll,lltrtllritll,lltl
    i,,r18

    'l*u'^'[

    '1 ^r*
    tat

    i ,,OoT\
    1aa+eF+sr,l

    ntt *"
    *
    ^
    e#
    "':'
    fT*
    l*'n
    T
    i
    I
    I
    To*r
    'l
    nln'* <e),.+r 6u1u
    *f^
    i, 1-

    ; -r+r.-", ;

    oJ',-i ru

    r s, t

    ,,oo-pee

    F-ol

    '1ry f* f &tfYnro- | lty


    -a-,4*
    l.b
    H v'
    oby,,
    y'r_,rv_i*y{ ir-. ..
    t r*u *
    - I =-r
    -'i
    ('i^,rr*.u1o,) ,*,i ,^^p,-+i
    i.T iI

    Irliiiii

    1va

    lsu,

    Irill

    oo;o
    0q
    uq

    oq

    HHr'\FIy'\.N
    /\
    a;

    bd
    a)

    P
    n

    gq

    crq

    ry{

    r=-1

    i,^

    //<

    i<

    tlj

    r-J

    .rttttrttlltr

    9.
    N

    5'

    aN

    o S j- 5 J" -- -- S _u.'-*
    ()
    ut o Ln
    ur ()

    u o
    N

    o
    O o

    O o

    o. ouJ
    , -] c)P

    S"

    Ln o
    O o

    Fl

    il
    d

    l-rl

    zH

    t'

    F.r
    L

    fd

    ie
    o
    t-

    a'o

    o.
    a

    fsq
    (t
    ,:.

    <1
    o-,

    ;<

    F'

    p,

    N6'

    5'o

    R
    lx.

    \?

    'H
    H
    o.
    N,:
    R3

    qr

    s-,
    s

    \
    .$
    u

    t-rr

    O
    N

    -l
    ul

    f!

    Iv
    ().

    N
    i.

    6
    .O

    \O
    uJ

    (f,
    OFF{urtrNFooo-oo
    O
    O
    O

    N
    L
    N

    O
    @

    f!
    tsN
    O

    C)

    OO

    .Y

    >-f

    CH,

    T
    \

    @
    (,
    .o

    O
    O
    -lUA

    N o :J J .. + +- ur N \o
    o rwl'l @ .o
    Aien N
    if*+++F.HF.t
    i i i I t f i
    oaoooovoo

    l'irtrt'r
    oooo
    ll lJ
    i: l"l ll l;
    lu
    iH lo

    17

    Ft-

    Fi'

    '"tr

    |i'

    l*

    ++.ourl'
    o

    u) o o

    ','i'i'l'--l"I't
    q-) O. @ O
    i

    i;

    il

    - ()

    grq cr
    'ti.

    o lo lo

    u) lh. l
    O
    A ur N lc'l-

    ""- \o,I
    'ft Fl+
    oaa
    I lr
    l+

    o oLn ,l'J
    O O Ln O. +
    'o
    N
    cnp +t +i
    ur

    '' w

    lr
    [u

    lr
    15

    L,)

    NN

    F-/a(U

    o I'r
    -oq
    i'J

    -*&
    o

    +
    ir

    !+

    il(;
    (-
    -.,. o

    ffi
    "

    FJ

    t:'rD

    .i?

    UN

    \ u'i
    t.l'

    ilF.

    i,i lr lJ lJ

    --

    c,

    ,,1 l"J

    tu

    -,,u

    t\

    c.n i.'

    o !o o o o o o ro o ,h,l 't J ,t
    't'-l--l-t-l-i-t
    p rl-. rll -+l 6
    N l(rt -l \O \O @ q. l
    (n lo { o .p o. Ln lcn O
    d _3 +00j Jo Jo ,I(D

    ffi

    t:-.
    -. t,^
    l('

    4
    H
    tl
    lu

    11r

    UT
    L-J
    t- ..-

    {.brb
    o o -btbt

    ffi

    ri,

    1f.r

    rl

    "J

    r-1
    ,5 -t
    +
    ooooo
    ll
    lt
    l
    l

    lJ ll

    t'-<
    ooo

    Irlrlr

    Iii'Ncol-louro
    ;t ; : : t; i;
    lo\

    oo

    -J

    O..uO

    Li,'I
    f,!&,
    lrl

    YFTFT
    (DOO
    r6
    l{

    \o

    rl
    'F. , ur o o lo lo

    -i-i-t

    H:

    [
    p n.r I.

    (, ; lo op o o o
    ur
    o l+ cnls
    c) o
    O. N
    ' \o lO O Ln
    o

    ':.

    .,i

    .o

    rtllll
    ru-+.rNtbrU.
    ';'i't'l't1-l
    rtr LiJ r o q.

    .l

    P2a
    O rr.

    rq$ru
    \?T
    u (.)

    ,| ,| J, + (r o 'i'olo o o
    'i+ -{, '- 'ii 'l 'l ilI

    lJ iJ
    lo. r,,t.
    ") lliN l:ro lJ ii u

    l"r

    O
    N

    ;.
    (r-,

    zH
    H

    ffi

    ur
    r,t

    ;..
    C.

    ,--

    .l

    |{

    ffi

    ffi

    r-, o
    OF

    ,tsN

    -0:
    .;5

    p,

    p ^:'

    ffi

    rr 5
    HiJ

    :-(

    t,

    _.

    r!O

    o ro o o c, oo J, J.-i. [/f
    'l-"t'l"l"l"l'l"l'l
    -J l(Il (v o o rv \o \b |. . ur r rb .
    (rr lo

    ur @ N
    o^'""

    1 1 i t
    ; ur Eur Eilr El'itru 3Iltr{.;8ts
    3 't
    ir lr lt lt
    l

    l;

    I;

    N)

    5lr
    l;

    o
    L.

    ffi

    l\) i.'a

    ry
    H

    ffi
    lffi'

    utJ

    +:-

    t
    "'--.-H
    'li t
    .i Lr-'

    it .\/
    i

    /.

    --

    Fg.V2

    pkl,

    ltI

    ?
    to
    aa

    :::f

    c,0 nr)i

    9
    ts
    E
    H
    I

    l:ll
    or,

    l:iI

    I'

    'fl

    -,
    5

    nt'o
    or,

    ..

    ffi

    e
    F
    i,a

    ()

    I
    I
    I
    I

    I
    I
    I

    1", [NHrJ

    -1

    2{

    0 -lr-pNH,
    ,1

    x.r+ cnut* olrrtrt otill

    1 o(xrr + 0rilLr+ Ctt,r

    ore

    o,

    * drr.t tua

    orr
    ,

    * nrr*

    o16l

    oit
    ,a

    A: pNlir- lo9K1
    E: ptllls*logKl
    C : pilllr= lo9K1
    D : pllllr= log K1

    orl
    orI

    : pt{Hr= logl(g

    Or{

    oro

    Dist ribuzione del complessl rme$ l)(=M)

    nella soluzlonb acquosa

    di NH.N o, 2

    - ammoniaca Fu)
    M a 18 oc .

    l.

    ._,, L __

    '

    )=/r
    e4

    -U - *yz4hn&a,t-nre -

    $E.c

    4, o.e - 1g

    rreiSci.r,-

    -)-

    ).!
    'u
    rl

    l,

    5i +t* t

    -- -+
    i

    CnZr{n4 )

    ttr; Cn
    $os
    1--

    .4+^'1

    srei,is

    crt*i

    o.*,,
    ./
    :

    i,ti

    i ,oi.ooJ* 1(nlnc;i nl-uly ; ,{.) + ier\@ '1rtu+n; ,


    rr

    Qvcvrr

    }r+i

    LiF
    ttttl.^:
    gece
    ,
    .

    '
    S.ts, E,s

    ,t

    s'"rto e{3Asenet,{
    Al2.soni"aoi,rn'r
    ,
    t. 1
    ,
    ,

    '

    (= o 6)

    4,3o

    r,,azv+\

    ygvrt4 s46cr'i l,rr


    ,

    tt

    l_l
    it
    tt
    tl

    ka(

    i
    J
    {
    I

    lr

    ].

    _l

    !l

    _- _r

    ii --

    +--

    .J

    :i:'t!'
    !

    '1

    '=

    {u

    t
    I

    (, * ['7

    ,r.ta.l' l
    i

    F-

    lnL"
    h

    r.r-i

    -+

    [,1

    o i; 86 ranvn

    ,- ---+-.
    {
    I

    .*

    ,:;::

    /tii,
    \.r

    ;.ri:-

    i/a
    f vtrelrqg
    ii1

    ,v_ iear,

    {-*1t*,
    rl
    4{NlY
    $cr

    it

    "i"*Tn_

    o*.1*

    ll

    1p4s" i
    li

    ii

    'ir*J
    t!

    it_

    I
    I

    _t--I

    _J_

    I
    I

    +
    i
    1.

    tt

    r-1
    t___
    tt
    II

    isi**i

    1P,

    iii;il
    liiilt

    tt

    414'i

    j--L ',,*J,*] .o{*


    ,,J.I

    ri,P

    [,1,

    i
    I
    I
    .

    ry

    ..:r ;.:..t.;..t,;,.
    I:;]-:E-:
    :;:: l:::.: !::::l:.::: l:: .:l:i:

    ::-.r : [: :: ]
    r,,:li.r

    +.---i.--l

    ::tit,i:.ll;

    -:t:::

    :::

    :i

    '"':-l

    '-:1;:

    ::;

    ,'-i":1 ".

    l'l

    :l: ::l.:: l.::rl.-i:l::::lt;:


    r".
    '' .r....1....1....L.1...-l--,,..F,:tp.$.9, b:: i:: :: ] : : i : :
    : : ::l: : : : l:::. Iil: :l: :::i ::1:i::::l : : ::

    ::.-'l ::::
    :: ::

    :,

    .-, ...1-...1
    ...J.,..
    ..1...r...1.-.-,-.,-1
    . 1..-.1.-..i-:..
    '':'-r1.

    r:'1-

    :;

    ::::i::: I :: i::::l: "I::i:l::-::

    it:::

    l--.t-..-

    ::l;l :l:
    J::::l.a'
    :'J.t-.+ ).tt
    i.Q.: ::l::.. l: :::1.':::l :::

    t.,..1-.-i:

    l::::l::t:

    -r:l ---r.:. )r: ;::::::l::::i


    :i::

    l:r::

    -L:Gr.UA- kt
    - i i:i:-] :-: : --.-L:::
    ,;,1,,,,1j,,:i :.i.::.1;-,1,,11,,,
    ::: l::i:i:i::1, :.: l:::-l l-, L::r.ir, i,
    :

    :::,J:;::l :: :: :.1.:::: -.

    l::::f

    :-: -1': -QQ. tt{ Ot


    ::..l:;-n::1:-=:
    ::l::.::i:...l -:::.L::
    l:..:,.-

    :::

    :-

    .. 1..

    .. .r.. .1
    ...1...1....1
    ...
    r.,..1. : :.,1-...
    :....1....t........t...
    :::l::::l:::--l:::l:;: -1::::l
    : l: : :

    ::::f

    .:f

    ::::I

    :j,-.I:._ftJL<|

    .,.

    ir=

    i....;.---1.

    l. ,.i.-

    /Y-P,

    .r.

    ::{i'1.{/11 i
    I

    4|= "

    .u

    i3 :' .:":l:.:::: i ::l::.


    i
    1 ..'.. .1-.
    . 1- r' -,..1 -__ _t _.. r.--_r-._.
    . i ::i: 1. : :, l::=l :'./ I',,.,,::
    .rl : 1,,.- l::- ;,_._t
    : I i :r: i : ; : : I : : I : I ::. :: I i : : :V-':,it( i
    : : I : : :"i I -:: I l.: : :l : :: rl
    :,'.r/.'t;
    _-4L--.
    ' ,r...

    -..1 .. l,-...r.-,-1,,,.r.
    I .,-r.-..r,.-.-l
    -..1.-.
    : -:: i:
    t::::-1::. : t ::::
    -..-1.:,-1,,..r....1..-.i..;....r...-l
    -. .l-...1..,..--r.

    ,.

    :j::1,.:-l::.,1:.::1,...i-:,1. ],,-:1,.-,1,:,.1,

    :::.1:.: l::::t:. :l :. I .:-ii.:l

    l-

    . .',-

    j
    ::::
    t:: l::::!. l::::
    l: r: l;-...
    i::,-.ii:l.
    , !'-t.,.-.1
    1., t --..1-,

    ;'-.

    I,,', I:,,

    '

    l,

    j;;,:

    ',,

    l:

    i:: j: r::l

    }\

    NCOO
    NI-.N
    Cr. \O \f

    ro

    ol.

    cr.

    \o
    \o

    rn

    o.

    --

    (>

    .+

    cf

    cO

    Bl^

    i'rtt

    o()F-t-t\ Ir- I--

    .fl
    t'OOO
    .{NNNN
    O.

    C{

    @\Ot(l.flc

    ^lo

    H\t

    \o
    N

    llrtt

    o.r'

    sa

    O-\O@cO
    c)ra)oNtoo
    o\l-\o$coc
    tlrttl

    rn

    cr..flrOcaNNl
    -fl @ c.t @ \tr
    NNcco\d{torn

    ra
    H

    A)

    H ffi_s

    -'
    bn

    af\ c^

    r1

    OJ

    coroOO\tr

    OOC).O
    \Otn1

    @.f@C^\O@OO
    C) tn -il c.l c .il
    c1 cO \t tr) \.o t'-

    coN

    \O
    cO

    tl

    E\

    cO

    O.

    .1'\
    .!

    b0

    O
    -

    I_.

    c/

    c.)

    lo.lN\oao.
    o .fl N
    l.ot
    I .t

    co \fl ro
    l-l
    tr t r r r

    ro

    \o
    r

    c-

    ca co \o

    ulUlc/'l
    otrl@\o

    do:-^<i

    4
    o

    C>

    ONr{rtcoolm!1

    ..t r \o.r.-

    o.

    tt

    qtr
    iod
    )"{
    hn
    b,0 6',
    .r
    .t

    JN

    \o

    LO

    rr)

    co

    \tt

    cd

    or

    --H
    (J

    Lr.

    r1

    cdE
    r9

    =:::9

    ,ltttitllt

    (J

    o
    o .ij

    lttrr

    \o
    o. \o t-- .a o
    I'-@

    co

    r-.{

    LI.)N

    hn
    cd

    r.s

    Ot'-\ttc)C)OO()ONC)
    O\OC)rflotr)Orr)Otr)O
    $cocNNOOC)
    tttllttt

    o
    N
    O

    0)

    a
    N
    t,/

    ul

    )Jr

    bo

    I.r

    6.+

    MM

    b0

    b!

    r-{

    r4

    h,0

    oo 11

    \,{

    frl

    tsIr

    b!
    ri
    I

    t.F'
    :.i.

    L.

    --,-,.---

    /'l

    ,!

    -cLl.t eq,

    F:>4:1^':q'--/c

    I i
    ,)a, rL 'rlrtta/:-.1
    4O

    -a-

    tl

    1,:.r-r: t./!

    i.r...:rs:.ul

    <,

    ,L

    11 ,..!:a\.1,;,-..r ,_

    P'7'' 'rxr,

    /,,

    (t::

    ll', =

    \,:i-ir Srrri'

    \.
    -J,-

    :.
    .. t'/

    F.,

    ri:i,'

    ..,}r.\,r'

    a*

    il,

    ,rJr{}

    - j, { ,

    &,fia:

    '",y:arvr,t
    ('.'-,,

    yit,*t-{
    ,-.,*

    /t

    ,_+.,.4-x',-:'

    [*,r',,..;Lt"ar=.ll!t1

    I COf.

    it..,.r,-t11tav. l-:-..,,,L*,,

    !,n+.}r,/i,.1,i.

    Kl -- '

    .?4.

    ,l

    .,'+r-st^-.3-r i\.

    ,..'; i.,;,.t.t

    L+,"'/-..:r,

    ;:4:-,,')

    f:...

    v
    }=al.

    1.".
    LLr(l*1.\,!4

    1..,

    i
    L,u,,

    r'!-/t1a't\ 5Crz::1,,,.., t ;

    .r!r-.-.,- r.\r il. -:-r:,.,..;-";.r.:

    lli,y',.-::.,t

    ",.11:s..,.>-.-

    i-o1rru:'

    --.-:)

    +.1..,__

    L9,:.ir.i4,1; t+

    -,-,.t,r','i '

    ;:}7. t'-s;-u'1 rd'rr:r,.-/"} t.P.)- . "'-.*i-' ,.1.

    !:-r',-iy,,!-),'-.,r;, ,',\,

    ESgHl.,:-, -

    ''-'.1

    -,4tsn.),..4{',t'

    u''-..^-'.'. {rr-

    *.4 ''/.i 6 ,+f,

    i,f{u=tr-l) =/(rt)

    ", . f 6= 1- ,;-?i
    t

    /V;tO V,-,--

    ,i!

    'il

    ,t , t:, 4=
    4.

    ":

    7fl.

    f1

    ,r,

    )JoL

    /t u t{

    ,t

    ,, s...J

    ^!l
    ')

    l' :,' {,.: s ;ui;L: ,..), /V


    f,
    {2,
    1;r
    i
    i,,,r)' .,
    ^'I
    r
    .- qr/-,r-;' t,I
    .-i)..{ '.1::);..,r- r ..-r.n { .,,r.,., .ri 4n, ,) .r, (-,1 irri .r.-.-l
    (,irii*,r.l
    J
    ttsli/,xi,L

    ;-,r1.

    Frt:

    '?.'1t:,, :.-r.

    u;..,i

    it

    ir;

    ,:,;rrsl*:-,....tj- L-:

    L,,:t:\:--

    .,:.t.t-i

    ."'.

    ,t\,-\:!./-

    ,t

    \
    ) ,

    l.,rl

    .j

    r'li

    l.'i

    i.t

    i:
    :: i-

    .!!

    l.

    :.1.,

    i:lliir

    l..ii

    .-:il

    t.t.
    i-."
    l:.:.
    t. ...

    l.'

    ..:r

    i::::

    .ilri
    , . t, -. t,..,

    i:l:...1:::
    .rl ' -l
    ;I,i.;
    i:.

    .:l

    ilirir::llii::ll,':l'i
    r' t'r "r'
    ,.,'r,...1

    Fl
    |),

    .,:

    B)
    trl

    rr'

    lp
    L.)
    I

    B' *1.
    tn; (:
    rJ)

    I
    I

    f,]

    F,

    a
    o
    lt
    o

    ooo
    0r.r 0q Uq
    l'li
    iiri
    t7{
    vr
    rl-

    Uq

    lli

    l!

    'lto

    ffq

    o
    fD P:
    oo

    -l

    )l
    Fu{

    'llllltllllll

    r"t

    l,d

    ul o
    o (n C:'
    c) N () o o

    OO

    0Q -t

    u1 o
    5

    ('

    f"

    uJ P
    '

    Cn'

    rl'

    Ln

    Ut

    O\ o
    -'l o

    L'

    o
    o

    Ln (-)
    o c

    L'

    f(u
    l_ Fj
    O1(

    lH
    I y'r

    tw

    tsJ

    ,.o

    l!

    -!.

    UtH(J
    oJ
    ' tcr
    F. rU
    i_r iJ

    t-)

    IE

    t. t fir
    Z,t
    HO

    l-

    iJ

    (^)'
    ''c,
    Flu

    .a

    trt

    il

    ,[

    (r)

    iT

    _-_t_-_.

    t-t

    OF.

    :1,

    I.l i=
    n)

    m
    a. ;-.
    u!

    u3
    *\l

    -----

    i<
    Af,

    >'{

    5t

    (9

    /-r

    Fr

    'ur

    rE

    Ul

    c)

    r
    rJ
    ;{t

    ,lr
    o
    -J

    (, uJ L!
    .o @ o\
    co cD ur

    ('l c'J
    u-l O
    uJ,E
    il!
    .o ur

    o a
    (}t
    -l'o

    O
    c)
    3

    o
    o
    B

    zv(l
    \J

    Fr'

    n -,
    l-'i

    lr.2 -..

    li-r

    (J
    P'

    n:n)

    \..\\

    *Fj

    s\.\'

    o(l,":

    ("-)'

    ()
    p)

    'fI

    atLtstl.ai.n.l4*l

    . rHs'.

    ' r'

    -',,|

    ' ' :ilir":'


    ,.,.t $" {, i

    i,'

    1:..

    I.

    ,r,"rf.d|.iJ!?

    :{',".4

    1'

    t1

    .:l;::

    .,.:
    rlil

    43t,
    . ..

    :
    I

    ---

    iil

    -t

    :li;

    :;i-'1

    ll.-

    Iai

    r:+!

    :t::

    1;l t.;"

    rlI.l

    [:

    ;:l

    ri lt

    ili

    i1

    . .... - -t

    iLjj

    I
    i
    I

    i: :lt.l

    lr rt l1l

    t.t

    ITJ rl

    l'

    ,11

    I
    I

    !l-l

    uil
    lril

    ;l
    '-'-.-":' r.i i-r
    1r'1

    lr'.
    ll+

    ll

    ll ri
    ti,-

    ir'

    ri

    ltr

    -.

    ,r:.:l

    itlr

    ',:

    l.lri
    jrl

    I t:n:

    11

    ll-rl

    it!

    lrlil

    rr;
    l,l l

    :I:

    :I

    ir :l
    :r:

    :ii

    l'o'. ii

    .rLi

    il

    lii :l

    ri ti

    l#
    ;ltl
    l;iir :ltl

    ,ii ;;T
    J I, l!lr.
    .i.t

    l1
    I

    11li

    li
    '-u

    tal:

    .t

    r.:ll

    I;=;

    il!l ,#

    l
    t".r

    lj

    il: ::i1

    l1

    tsHl

    iH
    r-J{ to--t
    tlti l;-lt

    i-1

    iI
    r

    t'ili

    iH

    .:

    It!r

    iij l
    li11

    rlr

    t1

    iiil

    lr; ltir

    il
    1l

    lli

    ,11.i:
    tr. l

    t.

    l:I]

    ti ri
    i

    I
    I

    iil

    '[,i

    ili
    :i:
    lil

    il

    l:U

    itii

    fi

    lii

    II

    J,'.!

    a iiri

    l:il;i
    -t,t

    iiil

    ii

    iiil

    l.!

    ,,1

    r::'

    iii:

    j:ii

    itl lrl

    'r.ll

    rill I;I iirll

    ni

    .t1

    t.l

    !l!

    iiil

    ii

    lai

    l: rl

    ::il

    rit iit tllii

    tx.Li

    r' lt

    litii

    r,

    iilr

    ti

    r.ilII

    -.1

    ii
    ti

    [ti
    ll r
    i.l

    ii

    ll'

    lil

    ll:i

    lrt

    liili lil llll


    iii,i Ii1T

    t rl
    i
    li

    ii

    i.l

    l,

    ii

    rt

    i i;i
    tl rl

    iiii

    :il
    Ij

    ' i't

    i1i

    li

    II

    ri

    ir
    II

    l!i ,.

    , tl rlj:r lr;

    til

    ll:ij

    I:;ii

    Qr

    ,i :'

    t'4.

    iir

    j) !tl

    iri

    i/:!,

    l)j-)
    I :',.I

    iir

    fl
    lri il

    m, 4il1iit.
    liil:

    li-

    '/l.L

    'ii1

    i;iii
    lli:;

    ll::
    tl..

    l.,r

    iril lr;:'i::::
    lir:l

    l:-r l.l
    lr

    Iri lii

    ilr li

    r:l'

    l;I
    l'ril
    liir: lliri

    !1.

    rll

    lli-.L

    lri i

    ii ilt

    tl ri

    lrl:: r;i,: -,i.


    l;rl.l
    l,i:l
    iiii I;I; l:r:t llill
    iiiilI iill-r:;
    l-i:
    l. -'i l-,; lr;r'
    ,i,,
    lrrtl lril.r r:;I
    li,il
    ;];I
    lriil
    liii
    1l:: liiii lriil
    :,lt liri lll:l lrjlr liii lrt ll:ll
    lli" l,l' llirlr llri
    1:l:
    "

    Ti;

    i,'i:

    ii

    Ii

    Itr

    J:T:

    t ll liiii

    il

    l1!il
    ;ri,

    r!

    li

    t,t

    til

    !ri

    il

    liri
    lrlr

    l1i

    Lli

    iili

    m
    l:r,l

    tli

    rl

    lil

    -ii'

    !l

    'lr,

    ;l

    il ir

    ril:

    ;.:

    I,ri,

    il

    iii
    Irl

    ii lii
    i ii-.i

    rl'r'.

    ,-ll

    rlf

    lii

    lrl

    l,tl.

    iiii; lliir

    r;ii

    Lil

    iIlll
    -
    r;!l iI

    tr....
    1,.:,
    ;.:1
    lq.

    ;l

    ,il

    ril

    llT
    llr

    ri

    -.1

    itl

    nhl ul
    1,.

    ill

    ii til

    !tll

    t.

    lirta
    'iu ',*bl lt
    tL

    't7-

    r11

    ;!:
    I L.l

    -,!

    ;ll

    tnl
    lttt Hiil

    i,'

    i,..

    rll: iil

    i.:

    l;i I ti IIJ

    lll: tl
    ill

    l+rt

    llil

    i-l lii

    l.

    II

    :..1i.:

    i:1

    itlrl

    Iit.

    ii

    'rll
    llrl

    lrtll

    ll
    r:.lr

    t;

    rllt II lil

    lll

    il

    * *qr,l t!t! J+i iii

    l:r:

    l-.'

    iil

    t,l

    :l

    V':

    I]

    .t.l
    1

    ii

    l:i
    Irl

    ili

    t.,,,

    -.j

    J:tii Ir-llt
    llrlr

    lll

    :l jlt

    il

    ii

    t+ l',

    ti

    !'!

    tit,.

    rl

    ;: l:

    '{W i,li la'r ta., '^tt,


    :il
    il.: lr;::

    :il:l !li.i

    :q ,Tt

    ii

    ,ll

    ii li

    t,-..

    t|

    ,...t

    lI

    il

    :l: lr

    .!r

    1.,.

    il

    li

    tli

    /,

    Ei

    1l

    li

    it{

    t.r

    il

    1l

    =il

    iii ll:!
    l:l iiiir

    iI

    l.r

    li

    l.r;
    :i:

    ul
    lllL: ti ilri
    l:i
    Itl:r

    :il

    ii.]l

    lil
    l1i

    ilt:

    Ll,

    l_il l;l:;
    1r...

    l7:l

    r-l

    l.-..

    itr

    i1

    :l:

    lrli

    rl

    IlLI

    '.,,1

    I-ai

    .r.l

    .;

    jirl

    t; arL fr llr
    '/!
    ,:,. {ri
    l;l
    iil "lil:i
    l:l
    iiii
    iil
    ...,1 ti.l
    ci ffT il ,'91 :ll ',4
    i

    :i:!

    i;i: il

    :-l-

    iiii

    :ll
    ',

    ij

    J ---.

    l',u
    ''l

    ,:ril
    .r..1

    tl'

    iill

    ir.l

    ll:

    :,

    ii llii
    III

    t..

    )l/

    :ll.:

    ii/

    ll.

    l,

    L+

    rll

    rlil ii
    rtli IJ

    rt -rii

    Lr

    .l

    r,

    N, !lli

    l3i

    ilr

    rii:

    )$
    rl

    I
    I

    lr:

    {it,i

    li

    !lrj

    Ji

    il

    II
    u

    r..l I l: r-r

    iiii

    ii

    !...:

    Iil

    1l

    lt

    i;l

    l-:

    il

    rlli

    il

    Ittl.

    -l

    ;I

    -.1i0
    l l:,

    l+,

    iill

    ::l
    l.

    l!r: lr rr,

    rU

    i:i

    :llli'l
    (r-

    l!l

    :til

    i9/

    i1:;i f;i1

    i'A

    :1

    rr I:

    :l;l

    rt

    iI

    '14
    il

    'lllt

    ]I v

    Erl 1i

    li5

    !il

    l,il

    ;i.l

    il

    ,a,A lll

    il

    lirir il

    iill

    -l

    li

    r:il

    :II: lIil til

    lll

    lt
    'rl

    if/

    il

    rr tl lr

    ll-

    rl

    ?l

    !i

    i--Y

    iii

    i-

    .i

    :1:I' tu:

    ;ih,l:/

    1r:

    l'a

    ;l

    rlll
    ,.1I

    .i

    .l

    :1

    iIil

    i:'itr

    {l

    .-i

    t.i.l-l

    :ii1

    lr

    :;llr::tll:il;:j
    ,l
    ,.,t
    '!t

    I,lr.

    i!

    r;liil,(tlzitrl@

    l.

    'A'j

    Ltj

    i]:l' li
    i;;i

    l.l

    irlliiiL::)

    '1..

    1..:

    rl

    'l'l:

    ijrl l:il

    ili

    L-t

    1i1l

    1t

    ,i,:: 4*llir1?ii

    l:i
    O{, 1-

    t;i lIlr rI
    il

    '..,1

    :I

    t,rll
    rlti iI

    -=t'i[.1.:.r

    ,-C-,.,.

    !il

    I'

    lr.lt

    :l

    r;i

    ;l

    III

    L:

    .t

    ;tl1

    rii
    I:

    :i;

    /l

    n1

    tr

    ili l:il

    illll
    :lll

    ,1,1

    i;
    t:

    l\i

    lii

    ,itl

    ri

    i:

    ll

    -,:l

    ri

    ll

    1i

    i;1i

    l:

    t-..

    :.1

    i[l

    ti:: r;ir

    l::

    l:i

    ,{iu'i

    l'-t
    ,1,-l
    r;E

    :11

    ;l

    'I

    )i1
    f

    lrti

    liI:

    i;:l

    ' !..j

    lil rl illl r:l


    !l
    ri
    !.t1
    Ii il IiII
    tI

    111-.

    Ii

    i-.1

    !r Il

    .r_ll

    llil
    rl

    iI ii

    il

    ii

    r;;.'

    lr

    i.1'1

    'rl
    lil

    111

    l.l -

    Lrl

    lli

    # rlil

    .11

    :: [!
    i,l

    iir
    rr'li

    1l

    ff

    I
    I

    jir

    .l

    xi

    i!

    ,t.

    E :!il

    ::J::::

    :.i

    :l

    rl:
    lii rl.l lli i

    rl

    1,i

    I i11
    lr r

    irlr

    i+

    I
    I

    ll!

    ifti r

    :l:rl-::

    l:

    iri

    .f.

    1i7! ,il

    iu1

    r['i

    I
    "

    lill
    L1

    il

    :l::
    ,t

    ::'nl-r:

    i1

    'lj

    ltLl
    i-

    T,

    t:..i

    .!.

    lil

    ljj

    :11r

    'l

    :ll

    fr.'-

    fi
    il

    lti

    :t:

    .i:

    4u'

    It

    .:-.:

    '....;

    ,:i:

    liiiI

    :1i

    --.-|

    -:I

    I l:1

    rli

    -:il

    ,'il

    r-l

    :l

    t;

    ilr,

    iri

    it

    liir

    lii

    '.1

    i!;

    il

    il

    Li

    'i.r,,
    ,.'t..1

    0,.

    r',i{

    lll

    iI I
    ili

    llri ll
    iiil ill
    iiti iii
    ili
    lii lttlll

    til Llrl

    lrr I

    ><

    t\)

    x
    t\

    ',. il'. r'r'


    l ,l ..".r '.'J
    ,t t,.,_.i' j
    r
    ! ,11.
    !'r:'
    '

    ,'',l"

    'r'
    :''' :''
    !-)

    , .rt.' :..;

    1,,.

    :'

    i,.

    UJ

    lri
    L

    lP
    'll

    l',1
    t"n

    o
    H
    o

    hI

    1)Q.U
    ,\ (u

    la

    E:

    riii

    ->

    '

    '-.
    HX
    fD

    t,.r

    ,)

    .oio-. ti'
    me

    f(-, iJ
    ,r
    Uq iJ

    <'\-

    l-

    l-)

    il
    --l
    '
    L,)
    . r-

    'E
    flo

    r.r)

    ,i;

    ! i.t
    -.__
    'JJ rr
    rJ i;l l

    lf'n)
    t'] o

    '

    i:l

    -:

    s(

    C)

    ,-.
    i.) r(
    r t ,'

    il

    .,

    (rJ .)
    v

    (-f

    f).

    '-l-

    .5 ii
    l,\

    r,

    r..1

    lr-. J.

    6rl

    !'

    )i

    (
    f).

    li'
    *, '-'
    l-'
    t')
    4t

    l'J

    tri
    I {

    -'rli!t'

    t-,) r)

    .: t l-.-J

    ll

    r\

    f'l
    r

    t'-.

    l:J U'
    r!)
    1,, nt
    i,-i..

    ()

    Ct,

    u.l

    9r io
    r ., '-'

    \r(
    t,r\
    '.\.'\.
    \'ir'
    ( l.'{\

    Ir) ()

    r,{
    >)

    \--"

    q).1
    I J t,;

    l
    t

    "

    'l

    r'.,

    ai,

    c,

    (c

    I
    t
    I
    I

    ;l

    .t

    /4,

    ::.:I

    ::;:l
    ,.r,1

    ::::

    .::'
    .

    :,:

    t::
    1.
    .

    t::::

    t,..

    --.-...-,.

    I
    l

    I
    I

    i
    I

    I
    1
    I

    t.,
    I
    I
    I
    I

    i
    I

    I
    I

    42

    ><

    -l

    t',.j
    U,)

    o
    Ii

    Ct

    ,e;

    ot)

    lJ

    -r

    t.'

    lr,

    ,/,

    ..1

    lr{

    tsq

    tr,

    trJ

    t:

    tl\ (rQ
    I r-< I r.-t
    lr''r l/r

    a"

    L,*J

    t.)

    til

    rl-

    ,). c- r-'

    II

    (i'

    "..o (rilo
    'r, 1
    '-... f-j
    d;

    C)
    I

    . ts'

    lr(

    Z C:'

    c) .) :'o l" ')

    ct

    | -.1

    '>

    l-:;r
    ,i-

    #
    r'rt

    i-:

    iiS ii

    Fr

    Fq

    ,l

    :r Lr
    -* c) (l
    .o l? .,
    F,

    o
    II

    rr
    l:)
    l<

    ;'
    '-CJ a
    i< r-,

    tlll

    llltll

    tr

    r()

    ".1

    L,,l

    L'.1
    |-.,

    rt)
    tJ

    Lar
    ra

    L)
    t-r

    t')
    .'t" It'
    tJ) | -'t
    (f-t I t-'.)

    tJ

    lrt

    t{

    lv

    lr.

    t.J
    t:)

    r-.r
    (

    C)

    (:)
    ct

    c:t

    oni ';

    l, r tl

    i- r:'
    ,U^

    -l-

    r-.

    fD

    i-,,

    r<

    IJ

    r-.r

    ,L
    '',
    o 9,
    Li
    o
    lul E:

    I,J

    tll

    Itllll

    ('

    rl-r (,r

    -l\, Itv
    l' t'J ('!'
    i; I:.'
    ..o \c \o 'o \o
    l:l
    l-'t -''t
    -J lv
    . r'., t'r r'J \'3 I '"' i
    o\

    oq

    (l

    (,:

    '''r

    l',3

    rl'

    , n;'c
    'r.r
    i{
    tDrJ5

    tl)

    ''hr

    {)'

    Fr

    L,)

    0(l
    P)

    i-;'

    ' J

    l-r.

    r-l

    ()()

    f:,
    lJ

    o'

    ):'i

    (i'

    7.'
    uO t-'.
    ira

    ,..r

    l,
    rv o
    l', U)

    \-,/

    fl)

    rL

    3'
    :i,
    >r{ n)

    ,q ^lr

    FI:
    i

    Fl

    (D i;

    ,rJ .t.

    lri ()
    ii r''
    r'.
    i)
    0)

    ()

    l_1

    iJ

    r.,J

    u'q

    l)

    tltlllll

    ll

    r'.'

    trJ

    I
    I

    tJ

    ll
    ,

    ;r
    t.'

    '.

    f::

    Irllllllll

    t\J (r,
    o c)

    I!
    c,
    -

    lv t.J t''.) | ttr .r'r -r!" -o'


    i''
    ) o'
    cJ ct t\: ! -'t cr'' -<>
    r()
    t" '-l cr it'-' ur

    lij. f, (e
    tri
    n) -.,o
    ts)

    UI

    (D

    N-f)
    1., I F.
    r-r
    o(D eil)
    . .ul

    t?)

    u,, I

    tal
    t''

    r)

    --

    o
    f.J
    -

    'oll

    i,:
    Ib

    l.i

    U
    F(

    ,tsJ
    I

    i;
    rr
    o
    ^C)

    r-rtli
    i'-

    C.** pi

    i..

    ,ot

    ie-u-p o:pr1i,

    Ll
    l{ :

    ".nui

    ec.y,-i t@j
    a,.,-----J_-

    - t,a.ra o, k*Fl*Zt'oqae --)


    /

    'd'),v+^rlv.4-fi'r*E

    O,

    ,,

    ,F(en)

    cr , fiP!

    '11=?L -2...!..1

    z.iu;

    n t^'
    If

    !. . ir-.{, r:1

    ) -, :-:'

    Iri,i +-.r

    _l

    a lt.'

    [>

    I-

    irf
    il

    -.

    ._..t

    +rJ

    i + Fir-r.4Je /-e ', peorc @6.t/ai-vr'ol/n&

    "l,tI
    ii

    -+
    I

    i
    x

    - -+I
    !

    ', 4t,, i
    il,,',::,,^,il

    z ttt k z Dt e) r [nef'J

    i , (*l,el 4tuailtfaa'J+t:'ll
    z,
    ,f6n,o

    {ft
    j
    i
    .i
    I

    j
    I

    Ms-

    [rrrra}t

    [Rtro+]J t,[urc*r-J r [ter')

    vt

    | [o,4zl I tor4l Ieq

    -t-

    t. -_,,1

    li

    3sf

    JT [n:

    t-

    lir

    j il,fk,i14Jr
    -_-l

    -l li

    eu

    0sr)1"

    , q)aalno

    ll 1

    al * z L{rte,

    E[,

    hu

    f-

    'i
    -i-i-l--rf-l

    t_L_1

    lii

    lr-E[
    -Ft- l-r-i

    _Ll
    Lt__l
    i-[--_ ---r----ri

    -+-i-

    ;{.
    t-\

    .{'
    r.l

    ri

    i)
    t.

    rll

    .l
    t..

    ita
    ?'-,

    .:

    /o+
    pH
    i..-*'

    vfitUnIo.. ?4
    l',
    I

    ,)

    "/6

    I
    I

    t'
    I
    I
    I

    ;t;i

    ir

    I
    I

    : tr
    .lr

    i:'-l

    -t t::
    '

    il

    --!r-llrlu.

    :::li.li
    llr:; ll r;
    ,l,li,jil:trjl.:rl

    l-1i iJ-'rl

    ilrl

    llilil

    i1l1

    i:r

    i.rll

    ,l

    t;il
    '1

    l1

    :::l iF:J;;:--: .'

    1- ! I
    Il-

    iit:i t

    :l:1

    ,^\

    :rrl:::tlril;.1:.;it :irl-ll

    :iti

    '<.1

    Ii;
    li:TiEnn'-Tli
    '--li!llrl,lilll
    r-!.,r,rli-.Lr'rr.
    I

    rl-'

    lii;

    !:: li !l':

    ,1

    rli;

    irlr
    ill.

    i,tr

    1L:

    fr

    ri

    1t

    il

    l'l

    ij
    t_.1

    :il

    t.l

    !l.i

    la

    lyl

    i{l
    ::il

    itr:

    il
    ,t

    :=::

    n
    irl
    l-Li i

    Iir

    ri

    ll
    I

    ill

    ilri

    irlt
    a
    l.lr

    :.:.

    ll
    iIi

    ltll

    llli

    liliiiitl
    ijirlliii llrl
    i.!t
    I;:;:;
    ii!i

    I'iil

    iliili

    ill

    ;i

    t:,:;
    ;llr rlil l;l'l llrll:r:

    iilr

    iI

    ir

    ii ft rlll
    lq l.
    lii llit il ilit
    il 1l;l il lr;l
    jil

    lt

    ri
    rl

    tl.

    tiii

    il

    lr.Ll:

    iiiiliil lillllti
    'r'il:li

    t;

    iii ilil

    l.l

    ti

    ilii il illt

    t.-.:ll
    lil

    ;lllllll iilillili
    :rl:l:lr :] 'lu:..1
    tiitllli

    lr

    I;::

    I 1',l: i.:.]i iii, ii ili: i


    iltl r.Lri illr
    ilitr
    Iii
    t!:i irll tilr ::l :.ll!-

    :l:l

    li;
    ill

    ti

    rtll

    IT ltli
    t-., -

    ll:l

    lr
    f1

    liiii :llri
    lr: li',1 l ili ,rlll
    il;lr
    ir:
    {rl .lrr

    rl'

    :14:

    ill I:::I iii tli;i


    t'.''
    ili
    rll:l
    l:; Irlrl
    l.li

    i;ri lt::

    rl

    !l:

    lt
    rl.:

    l!

    :il lll:
    tii

    ll:

    lr
    lr
    ;l,'I
    ,l

    I1
    I

    :
    :

    ii

    Li

    i:

    li

    :lt:
    .:ll

    ;::

    ,j

    .1.

    iil:
    ;tn
    ;;'1 ) :ii
    iil; illt
    \-

    Il

    il1

    lt

    :\

    !,,r.

    1:i

    1,

    ilr.l

    'lil
    :l!:

    l!ll

    fin

    il il:11:ll

    lr

    tir

    .1..,,1

    t-

    lr.l

    rlii

    It:

    :
    'T

    :: ir

    .lr,.l.

    'lr'

    'LiE

    ii

    lr:

    'l:::lir
    ,r

    lllr

    lli

    ,|,

    lil

    l:i

    :l:it

    lii

    t.t.
    I

    rlii

    lii!

    lt

    il

    ll

    .tl

    ili

    t';tJ

    I'lt

    :l-l

    [[

    llii

    lL'l

    r:r

    '.t

    ; L1l

    l-r

    llil

    l.i I1

    l!_!
    rlr!

    !ll1

    lllt iill
    llll
    I;i ltil
    I'11 llr.

    i1

    itrl

    ii

    rl
    II

    II

    r!l

    lr

    lj
    ri

    !: -

    ii

    .t1

    F 1l
    lr
    rl

    irlr tlll

    ir-l

    :lil

    tli

    bt
    '_ft

    lil tli
    l"i

    rrii l;;:
    irt'

    Ilr,

    irrl

    Ir

    liiil
    l: ri

    Ll-l

    r.tl

    lill

    :llltii:

    l..,tt,

    rlli

    litr lilr

    ilil;:ll

    !ti:

    iii
    lll

    Iil

    l:l

    'rli

    iltl
    I' l:ilil
    ' r ' I l'l I

    't.

    l;l;

    ti rl!;
    ;t

    1Li

    ltll
    It:

    Lr

    llll

    1t.jj

    -;rr
    .l''

    ll

    irll

    ir:

    illi
    rlE

    iilr::

    :l :l:r
    li a. r.

    tlh
    l:l:

    iii

    L;i
    )i'-

    iill

    ll

    rli'

    llt

    I":

    tii r:l

    li

    :ljll
    :Lil

    li:
    l;

    .tr.

    rl
    it

    iil

    ),i

    t.

    lr

    il.itlllll

    :..i-l

    Ij

    ;l'i

    l-il

    il lill
    Ir lrll
    lr
    llll !r;il.llll

    I
    1

    tit li

    '-ll

    lu

    llii iriiiliil

    il

    PI

    lll ilti
    li iil
    irl; rii. il iii
    iir
    iiti llli :11 t:; tt
    ,ill |:t ll
    til
    ll
    ilr:
    l1:l
    ,,li

    :!l ;:l

    ill]

    lr

    1i

    t'

    li

    rii

    \t. lil

    ilrl :l;

    .!i

    il

    1il

    ::1l

    I'J

    1y'.

    :iii
    ill

    l.r
    lz iill
    il.i

    r:l

    lrii
    lllr

    It,_

    !ll

    li

    iul il

    l,ll

    rl

    ri

    il riil
    lur
    rl,l

    lir: iii Iltt


    :,::;
    ',:lil
    #n
    r:;l

    llri
    ; ti
    till

    lrl!l

    t::tl
    +!

    !Tr: :li-:

    :l ri
    :il
    '-..,
    :ll:

    r!l
    li

    lii

    rrl:llill

    rlrll

    ;;,;

    illl

    :t:
    1,.
    t.i

    11ii

    i-:J:

    !ii

    ttr"ililt
    l,rl iliril
    lllr 'll+
    rllil
    l:i
    l,il

    !rt

    ljrl; llt: ll
    llir l:::l
    ,ll

    lir

    ll

    tt{,1) ::;

    liiliiii

    ti

    ll

    il iI ll.l

    li
    l;lllllll liil ,,i
    l:l:I
    t;i:
    l:l
    lrlrrl t,il rtl llrr

    lillti
    iliilli
    iii r
    rlil:il

    .'ll

    lt'I1

    ',1'
    lilt

    [iro
    llll ,liii'.

    1ui .t0

    :r-:

    rj ,,il
    till

    l:ii;:1 i
    I
    'l]
    ilii ill tljlrlrl
    rl'.

    tr"

    ll

    Ll::l

    iiit

    lili
    tl ;r:tl irlt

    lr

    't:il

    _'lr il

    l
    :l:

    :'-

    :li1

    il:iril

    l!1: 1,.,i

    i it

    ,Ji

    'l r.l

    ! lll rLlll

    :-!!r.

    iIill

    tii

    il

    l.lll

    il

    1l]i

    i iili !(ri 'at'


    :l :7' l i:ii I /^i,
    ll',/ ::.: :

    =l-.1

    :l

    1i

    ri-lll tli il i:iii

    iir

    rl

    :l::l

    'rl

    rllllr

    iill

    .i:: I ilr l: i:

    tr,

    .-l

    ir,

    llti

    ri;:

    LiI

    rl Ll

    rl

    ili

    ;il ll ri

    trr.

    il1!i

    -ilLl:r($Ll

    :til
    t.ir

    -r!il rliil,!:
    iil li
    ri: il 'llt
    rii
    : ;:t
    rl:l
    rr- I
    -t

    tl:r:i iiit
    lir"l
    t....t

    I'.i

    ti..l

    lii ir liii;

    t.,,,

    r;r'l lliri
    Ij r llril

    ii

    t:l l:1

    :::-: l;

    llli
    l:rl

    lj

    ilt

    l,.l

    1,.,;

    l]1

    ,/it

    ri

    : i... i tr r- I .l.Ll

    ifi

    i1l

    iti iilii
    l.-r.

    iL!

    t--.

    il
    ll
    llr

    liii

    llii
    LiIVI

    '*1t

    ti:.n

    lllllrlillll

    - iiiiiiil

    1l

    ti! ir iil'
    !t,l
    ,ill lltt

    I .111

    iiil ir
    i/J

    r/,:'.

    ll

    lil

    i:il

    I'r

    ll

    IiLI
    ,lI lrLl

    lr
    ll

    i;iil Iri

    li l:l/

    iril lt

    i1.t

    ll

    l!r

    il

    lri
    rl:
    ]jt

    llr
    l,.il

    lii

    ::-l:

    h; t:i rl
    llr

    lii
    ll

    iIt fi'

    Ni

    lii,

    Jl'II--1
    'irii,rrl

    rl

    :ir

    lll:

    li

    iii
    .i1

    i!

    I
    'il iiil
    iiil ti

    .l.li

    ,. I

    t.,

    :il
    :l:l

    f.l

    I
    t

    ilt

    LI;

    ilt

    :1.

    :ij

    ;i i:

    iti

    t:l

    i;l

    tirl

    ir
    1r

    ,,.1
    ri

    t:

    ll

    li

    ll

    i:1

    iilli;i

    .-l

    ,il

    ;;l:
    'jl.l.

    ll

    1lllrl:

    l,

    :T.t.

    '1

    lrll

    ilL.:

    ]i li

    ll

    illl

    [:

    jili

    .l-l

    rlrl

    illi,li:l;i

    itl:lll

    4-r

    L:i

    rl
    1..

    il

    --l

    IllI

    r-1";+'-

    :!:

    Ti lr
    'Fl-l i
    ,tlt

    tl

    fi-

    :it

    lil

    it;

    lr

    ilii i;iit
    ti
    :tll::r'
    i'lir rlll
    ill 1i
    :i
    iJ -:i: l:-!:
    tl {r li ii iiiililii ii .ii
    qli;i;

    l,l

    ..rir'
    iili- "

    Ji

    ,l:'

    :i

    :li] ili

    :i

    til tilt

    il

    l!il
    t

    ri

    t;l

    tl

    iii if ilii

    | 1I

    iri

    itl

    i:J:

    i:?

    ; :.1 I I I r

    rl

    il rlri :ll
    il.

    r0

    ii.

    :ll

    ri

    :i1

    1i

    t,

    'I

    li

    rt

    ;ll

    iri
    r.1

    l::l

    tiii

    ':I

    . !:

    :t:l:'::;

    li

    li

    ,ll

    r"il

    .l:

    ,..'I

    lil

    iiiilii

    lr

    ir

    l;,1

    tn

    |J
    I

    lti

    :!1

    :::: i::::

    trl i l!:

    l:lllrr

    t:

    i1 r,ll

    :r:

    -'l

    !.t-

    ::l::::
    ::l::- !.1
    t;:
    .,1.,.

    :i:t

    ii;i

    :L!':

    ll iil

    ):

    .:! :i:
    ::ll::::
    ''lii'

    ;-

    ,.rt.,

    l.

    :lll

    ;il

    ril
    tit

    .lr

    illl

    t:

    :il:::i

    l!,t

    -_L:
    .t.

    rl

    ji
    u ii

    h l-il

    ll'r ;:li

    :i:t

    :I

    i:il

    rt

    iiii

    il

    - -:1.

    iil

    iii iil I ill

    :l::
    --i:l

    liii

    u ri.!

    ,,1,.
    :t.1.

    i:l

    li
    l:

    1-:

    ,I
    ::1
    .rl'

    iil!i:1.
    .rl

    tllr rt t:

    .-1,1,-l-,'!i-

    iliir=ilrui',,ri

    l:ti
    ..1

    'lr

    I l:l :II, :iil


    1t

    ti:: 'i::
    :l ::

    Lil: ii

    At:
    ': l:tIrl;'-itlil:l

    ,,,1

    :l:l:

    :ll lilii liil llll


    t,,l ilj ljit ,-:
    ltl
    ir:
    t.i

    ;:lliiilliil

    tritl

    1 J..1

    li:

    +.

    I -

    :: t::::l l::::::ll
    ::il;:.1.:l::l --:l-

    ;:I;::
    :;lri:

    ll lil
    rti

    ii

    i|i

    '

    '; I :;:

    ll

    r: l-:l:i:l

    :rririiilililliit

    ir1

    r | , I, i

    ...Jt--

    - L.-.
    .1....t.

    i';llr

    ..1...

    li

    li

    ::Tii:-i
    t--;r=:'
    ..1-rrrl-...1-r',
    1

    r. -,-:...
    l. ..1

    -...

    ..i..i

    ,-.rI
    .

    .;.il-:illiii:,1:

    l-:

    :::'l:;"
    rr.'ll,

    .,j

    , . . -- . I . , -' I
    , t: , r I. ,.r , | ,
    '

    ,.t.r..tr,rit.,r
    .r t- - I I i

    lrr

    :1

    :.:- -l :

    :ll;i:r

    iii

    !!t

    'll.ll

    :ll :l

    ':::l:
    il:'l:
    : :;il:
    i!:rl:l:. :ltll:

    r1

    :1i":
    lllri:

    .:ri l::

    .ll

    li

    l:t

    :1,

    ,,.|!

    l..rl

    il ii
    ,.:

    l:l::il

    :lli

    tll Ii

    ::!ll::: ::i,li
    .i,1....

    ill

    ::
    l;l

    iIili

    !!til
    .,.1...,t:i

    t"

    nl

    ,il

    llil

    rli
    rll

    lli

    iLl.r

    lii
    lll ti
    l;i lll
    L!

    !ll

    ti,
    il llr

    llt
    I

    Iri
    ll

    ll

    t;r
    I

    lil
    ri:

    . . .'-[pa,
    . .

    l'r 6

    o,l rv (lat/a
    E=

    3'c(

    HJFo+

    -LH
    I

    + 2d
    +
    HrPo;

    2,6
    2,1''

    q.
    HPlt'

    I
    i
    I

    2,0 i.
    4,9 g

    4 00

    6,0 o
    7,0 o

    4,9

    1,4

    'B,o o
    9,0 o
    -t o,o

    :4,0n
    ro
    0,9

    .l -l )o o
    "/ 210 o
    'l 3,,0 o

    , ly, fir. g)

    /l /5 a l. /te)

    ,q

    300
    )

    -'4ro

    ta-/t,

    lt11

    /,0 o
    '2,0o

    7r

    - Q**c(o ,h /:LkLa,?,ro/), ,7,'.-r<'r /rrltet'one. o///! /b//,


    oC e
    fon /'o, )'b,/01't''|-c 4'4 'c;'irt'''* 25

    e
    I

    l-

    o,&

    0,3.

    0ro

    -,rg
    /,

    a:

    .t.
    I
    I
    I

    ,I
    ,I

    i..
    ,

    i.

    .i

    I
    I

    I
    I

    ,l
    :l

    ,I

    ,I

    -:"'-

    -t-'

    'I'
    I
    I

    I'
    I

    l.

    I
    I

    ...:

    .I

    t.
    I

    .l

    I
    I

    ..t

    I
    I

    .t .t

    I
    :

    '

    .l

    :..

    .:

    ;,
    .i

    I
    I

    i
    I

    :
    I

    I
    I

    t:
    .l

    l,

    iltltl

    tl

    i_l

    ;
    ,

    e)lo*,-

    "l

    '\oi:

    , " , oE u

    ;o^r

    ,- ,H

    * ,n L ;=

    1-1*Ln

    in-l sor.u ?.o^r

    Y^y

    ltt1

    rl.,^o a

    f.?-

    II

    tI
    .-.j.'.:r

    .:

    ^-a
    I

    : (rrrilu.,

    t{ro rs k (rr4^-r("^)i * Hror


    + zwlo,
    = (e u"), ,)r@4,)or * zft,ot

    or-t'+

    [+ bu\'*tr
    (-'
    I

    lrl

    ):^t

    -+ffi,?4,r,3zLto
    .

    2=

    fk on?*J', L*)

    7"1'lozl

    ti

    l.

    l---

    2c
    z Z'-1. 'lD '

    Tf,,
    [e',,rJ'[rn-)u,

    z;-i ;i,

    h- {"*,i""; ,

    i//a I -ronru sri

    ptvtl l,i

    : )e,t-iri'T (+ ,44,f

    ,4 al(
    44! rtlr

    &

    ,Ws-'
    {Lt qo,+o
    ? . T"-*++,\2,8
    i*4 , Y" L4 t i,o f
    o^i o*
    ii^io;ea*e i *^,i ,^.,j oJ*rrl *e
    ,- )r,r**;
    ^^,t'*i /t,.1"!j ir
    i"v}a'" -q" -

    e"ia\ru

    '

    r^f a1 B^e, i -,* i *io


    -l*r*,t,,e-^"F'
    i rntnleo aer- lr.rr4.isra ] ri 8uo.- Ntt* ort*ercz+ .
    i
    i-r;
    i,

    kq

    ,;sts"< 6/*J

    QvEsro

    "u*n,:,t,,u,,
    b'rur4we-ri ;v1,es .nf*1

    '{u*y*'r.*t*.*r,u11n
    .r,"^,*1

    st{r- I M rr*.-)

    ifaesrrts Scx.g qPftrt[e' . ft+\:

    r, fv oni-l r t [ror*){ J t ,

    L- I
    fl<,

    r *o,,,,/fi,f]

    ci4!i-1

    (1"nW " f

    i, bY)t",,f |u,orJ)

    i;

    ol

    Fo,'t + 1/n,i,

    r-ur-1p7

    L___r

    LF,

    l"

    --_

    [urprJ'* u,! [ntq-J

    .,o

    ,+

    ) [4'rJ 1[fr?H" r p(or),*J *. &,ftr)if *-. -+ ]


    ,= [?'! (hy'[nor)r ,l?,,, u]'* ok*) l,;,./fin,*)iit -',
    fun 7,, f [1,,o!

    *n ,) o i,'y ***-u,* s. "i lo-i ot(i

    rlr.l'

    le'3

    i**

    ',

    [F'1;

    it1r
    Il

    l-+
    t
    1j

    i+
    ii

    ii-i.jL;--t1lil-L--i-il-,;r-ii
    n
    i,

    iu*a7*,-,re- poztn, c-,ic./'^-&?i,Dr'

    :*.
    0r+ c-.rlaaesie

    LaEr

    -Glu-*

    *-{*rr*iffiJ

    ,,g

    Y'* Y T^f t;g*,tf ,5 r+- ,tut-i@+ c-l ='t*-,.-f r


    -+-": " ,l) , f*f *rr-*-fu^t"cei'trr.gaz f,-f/@f
    .&']

    i*\uel

    soe-rc,f

    | [e*t=-du.lc =

    l-=r_-*i-.-i

    i-L---l

    -r

    ls: tr*J ,,f**[o-,F ql-r]*l-- l,u*, z{?.,,i Lkll +{[ho]'r, yb,,"ar

    L-L- l- L-]- | L
    -l
    prbT1l@ -VW

    ilLLiiil,rl_ti
    I ' I
    I, i
    i

    r
    I i L r -r- i--'--i p,r"f,-"f
    -i- I

    l"al *i,.* o'{*


    d
    -l -*t^..1 k-k+{qftr"tJ l'"r
    r!
    - '6E ((,,1ttu*l), S; eas,+,*b
    qu*,., *'
    w,aaub ch,r
    u.; ttVtf
    *" I i.;
    =:,;
    \^-;t otut,.6,
    +br l*,t
    UV'[r4 p@ ,6ui
    "l.J &,f\r,".
    {co

    rc.

    '

    ',

    o '(X-l s<:Lsa-!o qr*rb J u)it,* r u | .ro)e.rr.^Je -l t'wvrr* vro+,L^e


    E , tu o.^,j^,* *'l orro'rsrracssirrle d; i r ovle,u *l* q4s lf or*
    ItL *^&;
    vprcr

    '

    no''f''-'
    _o,uf
    n

    '''

    '''

    Y
    lr^/l,u'/r^=iq-(

    .-.o,rc

    ,
    {'v

    1{

    t, ,i

    Li

    </\i/t-.v,!.:- /;

    V-.t-:..,'"a+r.a ,ttt "

    i47.r".\:\.il :Jr!'.,-/;

    ; l-4 i :67r;*'rir

    ;ti;t

    ci,tk;-

    ii-----t

    -'iX
    -

    I
    I

    t
    i
    --

    *,
    E
    -/

    '-i:..-'ii:
    i:ti,*'tfc

    fvrr.".

    -*--.-II

    ff - t;i7 .:
    - L.-*!i.

    ',

    Lr

    r ?

    - <_'17
    :",*
    .,* -r:;t

    ,-;-t
    \6-i,.,v/1
    ;-!
    {- , i .,!-i.ar!,'r

    ,vA
    .

    ,'."t J . r!:r\t:'
    rut;'

    @
    st*o

    ,u+, evrk
    tk
    S

    s'

    V&u,i.o/,1
    A

    J:5

    ;,. !, L-:
    i'--""i4

    lna,-

    .".,,.1
    ."-.,.!

    tt/-

    lt.*-

    /J,

    ,:j -t--.-.".\'-'r

    .t t> ,/

    "tt
    j:4'

    C)i cp

    ?f ?"

    o;

    !-J

    l'Jl-,-i-{,

    _1

    ,:\

    '1..,

    jr
    :

    ,_,,_

    __\

    _:_::.

    -----

    *
    I

    i
    I
    I

    .I

    r--r
    -r--Tr-l-i-Tl- -]-i.--.--r.-_
    tt
    '[l_l_L
    IL -l-t
    li-t
    ).(_')
    ]_l]_t_t_t_t_
    t-t-rrrrrllr.
    -''l
    Ll"'
    t___t__l
    _)/_-l_._tl
    -l- - tt,tr' 'l -t---t-l-lI I
    /l__L-_V_)
    L,lL_l
    llti
    _L_l_l_))"ikv
    __
    ),
    " i-i-rs./ll
    II II r-l'-fu' ,+7 -,/
    -i--t
    lt
    I I A).d L-d I

    I
    -T'
    $

    rrll

    I
    I

    ^r-L

    121
    V- .-

    __.

    ,J-

    i
    i

    L_l

    t--l-

    "w--

    r.J

    t
    I

    d_=':;=-.1:-)_l
    30

    tl---'1 '_-1'--- ----i--i

    llt
    r__-!_ I

    pH

    -+
    I

    __]_l

    __L

    3.5

    4.0

    oI Ilrr.
    Fig.. 1L5. ,\.rt'nr(,:
    ,\vcrrrg,: lillrrrrl trtltnl*r, ri, oI
    ((j).
    lrrnction o[ pll (t

    4',

    frQ.

    //tt

    -_

    -f

    .-t/ L-t -t-.-/t

    i
    {

    !
    l-l_ L-l
    .Lr-l-T\-LnT
    ,i--l-;-r
    7lf-l=
    tt
    tt
    I 1-^1--a
    t _l_l_,1' B-f - tli
    --1--t
    tt

    __l

    '.1'l r - (.) I
    rrr'.:1,'nr'.1'lr.

    lr,r

    rr
    I

    I
    I

    -+-

    I
    !

    ,:

    I
    I

    -+
    I
    I

    't,

    l_

    _-.

    ,;

    I
    i
    i

    F'f

    0.2

    J
    I

    ,..i.

    .l;.

    tll

    /ca

    it;*.rr.,,,,\vur:t1'.,:li,::t:,,1t'rttr,lx'r,,,rrf ll,,'rlstcnr6LQfirEuIrttr'.:lir)n',Ii,,
    tl,r, t,,l :l..,,nr.r,ntr:rtir,rr lil;r,rtrrlirtirr (i.ll', lSt.
    ',,t

    i
    !

    I
    I

    iI
    I

    ; l:\6j-fi

    i ^Jrn,-

    Nrir,d-4+ 4

    _l__ii__r_ilii
    r'i-r-i-i--i

    ,s -ur,tot

    liLil'i
    tp4ta4,t5);v ,4

    _i_
    I

    .-eh-, K1LYEgr-o.+; GJu6eon

    .xw*.4!$t,8a!4

    lr:ll

    lr't:

    tlltzQ:

    ilr.;

    -v6"+ Nc.u'4

    i -i

    --t

    '!-

    oi

    ,y''

    _t_

    - \r '

    a,.::y''-i i'-

    .1.{..'

    -l---

    ,,w
    i1Q.iY'",a.b'oa('4- '

    ll

    .- .,:-.:r

    -l '!.

    *3-t
    ^,.:

    ,,'t

    ii-l

    '( I"'
    :-'

    _i
    tLl

    Nfr+r

    GryJ

    i_l

    Af1.i1trr<4

    E,

    8r o*1*-i ,,i' Mt{


    tE

    f"T, lr f \,

    ,e^r? P-lb

    Df{ c-sff.Fi-FS"r I

    .-r,T*I

    l(,/rho"-. . o*

    nrr;Lu,,i

    tr, i

    j' g'- i,u

    LrMo

    bcv,,4

    ti 1",*

    , t.tr

    hb*), , txP*)i
    r *g (r^,))
    ,
    I

    :,

    :.

    f')J

    -i

    '.

    :-

    tL

    1-: t_'

    /, q^u jo**

    *r+

    .3

    \,,i

    b,tl
    [ne"

    1-03

    [rt]

    U}

    -A

    ffi,t'=

    6xMrrn]

    t!

    il-t. t .;.,^tt,
    'a

    , ,l

    (zi

    Orr,nrrrn,[W$_M,

    l-l-_-]
    o1l;*f

    -i
    -T--l t1

    iu,;,r,ry)

    i*li

    s*

    i'

    JL'

    [wyr,t..4!r:,
    'i
    '
    'rL'"/'

    ,
    I

    ifr, d*i. -i,6 i -

    ;&tl

    fr,o*J

    l-Yn+r'l

    '

    ''

    11

    '

    / ',

    lKq),
    L
    .
    "L

    r1

    r---t-l

    r-t--l
    -i
    -lq(,*IJ.tpu,g1t
    I

    4t= ffu , [hoHJ + [,^r {p


    'rl- Psh"li)rht

    1 {%=,F1,

    -i

    r:o]efl;,{41
    (--*ri .*-*, o,

    iuhr;2o

    i
    i-l &t'l-i-r- i-l-i
    - I=tkir*L
    l--f--- -if- |
    r---r
    i

    l-

    i-iGLi

    .l-rl

    lr:

    ynl]
    r',,t*&n

    +,r[+(J[)

    lrr
    '---l:.--L-l
    -

    14r.*1'/ta?'\,+--

    qI

    _i
    itt)_l
    i
    '_[

    ii
    ll!t
    u-leli
    &*]

    -i -l

    ],
    f,W,r[
    L-!---1--l -f--f-r,-1--ifPevariirl
    I I -f -L,!rtg-bl);lr=
    1,= ,tC@)LfLl- w,u'll
    i fll{ r [rry**) &1J t Inai"r]
    ,rlr
    .tve .trn lRszz+tr- Ffc l',i
    d*.
    I
    (-J",o".^^
    i,*
    |
    {l"r[,-]*r",1,4]
    "^-{"r*
    ":L*,
    tft.l

    *&,o*J

    qllrr[uua-]
    *taauqll r [syl,gn,f,.JLJ: L '1J
    =L

    rt+f,,L

    0,,,1

    i=

    ir-''i
    lR.Yi / FeiKY ,,fo ftrl
    .-

    ,F.

    *..iI

    ,{

    ''n

    Y,'-,

    k y?:,, ft (-?r]rl y'r., {"ufi}[.4r

    r[C lq$-r-- i
    -l-+ -L--l
    rl,/ , iti/*. tl,7'-, /t',')-, lr"

    ,&

    nrr. ftt r

    { i;4'i,'r,'
    .)-{
    ii

    tl

    n.)J

    *"t

    ii,l
    ri

    ovf,V' ) t;
    rl

    ,ll

    ,c'1

    t:

    r., \w\

    (rq n s,

    5!o aiE

    Oec), terV.+-tle

    ri

    l+ r./o*lzr .iorJJ,
    7 t
    )I.''.

    if

    l,

    tL'
    i

    [qt

    ur

    J,

    '^fi|

    kl
    l

    fl

    [>n)

    5r,

    'kl

    1.'

    .j.r'l/

    >-:

    \-

    \.-"

    ii
    I i.

    +1

    'J
    ,J.

    --

    tA

    LU

    wJ

    t4

    Y\
    I

    rttlttti

    I _l_
    t__l ___lI _l_
    _ l_l
    I __ I __L
    _l___1
    _l __r__l
    _l _l_
    t_
    ttr". l.|,o),,L-"; i.**1.--^l-,.1.. I
    .1, ln
    ] l,/
    l,or|r
    i' t*)*Lo'i ] '*" r*."t .]--l rr**ll
    "i,.d"-'"!
    ,vr-"t iUl,
    ',)=q
    I

    |t,

    o (,\r^)

    2!

    ' hP4; )

    (t
    (,

    2r>i,,

    t,r !

    2,o

    zr
    25vu
    (,:z (",;

    ,()('*),-l

    '17i
    47;

    ),

    i;s

    L>*1,1- v2/
    !)rrwE
    V4 s5 (r(r\{)

    A^ri*t
    A61tor1
    t?ett

    z'lcr4e,( f L7 J ,rl"'-,I L"TJep:


    i!- 'ni'i t- lL: ,tu^l
    'tt'nTo
    lu'l"
    l'
    ,['^] Y
    fr''J'*Ku .
    ?1. t,

    , -lV

    '

    [a,o.J

    i* i,il

    | - | --l

    ?
    (tbl-,
    \ fil
    c,bl 4
    Pil ,==l? s6 ?
    baae (r) = k4

    n
    1

    i4

    (r*).
    I '' =

    __l

    7l
    ,l-.
    -(,,
    4011

    .,1
    ..

    ?r+

    '{o-a
    '7o
    lv

    4*oo
    1*oo
    lpv-

    44
    41

    '{o-r
    4u-3

    .,{

    1t,)

    'l+

    (g)
    Lt>/

    to
    lzo

    &,,,, (nl

    no-'

    't

    ,1,

    ,tn

    (,c '{o'

    4o-1
    't,r' 't

    41

    z3'.<

    Ct

    .,

    Lt

    :-

    t'ndt"
    ,W\
    -l
    7 I .*:i,t' *11,.{-'I
    l+|y+r;
    jr rT
    t"^:',J
    Z,Or,-lv
    1i

    (p*/*r,),]

    2_,

    sts

    b/2\

    *", 84;

    .iu
    __

    #-

    li, o'

    ',

    lrrlilllillllli

    ,(')
    i-l
    si aa
    ili

    4ry,*,1

    r34

    /l

    io'|" i' 4o

    4,po-,t;t4

    fi,x-

    lL

    lillliilrl

    si d/t:

    1,-litltil

    purl.l.naxe t,6-Ct\:o
    lvd t<A
    tU p.4^;{,r.ly.-\e
    c)t(--<^r Ot(tq4-qt\:<) (^a,
    U* Mu^r
    Uf
    E R>@to lkr, r,r), : 6,nnt - t, ( . 4ono t4
    A*t,,

    1*1^A b"-l

    n ^

    -'1-

    'to)

    oL.'ro

    4,7

    a iol

    l!

    I
    ;

    ?H

    __ L__*

    ,l,3

    Pt,y'N,r,'

    II

    i
    t

    3,

    lt4-'{o3

    1,a.1o1

    -r4

    oz
    a

    4,13-'{o)

    '

    -/;

    n)-

    6rlsg

    o6 t-

    tlill

    Cn, =

    rraSJrrr,z S4rtEAOti

    1,:
    lo-ri

    i\+

    i-a

    F/'r4

    ?J-v

    4o'2 H

    +l

    Ntt,

    ii
    od

    A!?c455 r rAra

    no.,"ar,a [nSr ) tiacru


    *t,

    1;'

    ,(,oo

    = fnir.,13 .

    [Yrt1J

    ,,

    b) Fos r

    .4
    "to

    \ry)!;!n

    .;

    r\o Lrtut-

    5cb

    /7 J

    [nfl'

    ,t

    lug?*...aap /

    , kt

    d6 Fn))

    fnd'l' r

    [es"r,!

    Sn,

    (,rul!

    t*

    '^/t'tr'

    ilnJ

    (r't)
    I

    ^t^t}r*

    er)
    t,i

    71 I

    l"
    5,3'

    .Jo-

    A,'Atr(o

    tng-J

    iA2'J

    A'

    ---

    .
    .

    Ilt,00

    4, oo

    4,oo.io-'1

    Jll
    ,00

    or86

    -. 8,6'10-5.

    1,oo.lo-! --

    l_

    tG 'l,o-?
    i

    n^
    1,)t4v

    6,s.40-

    6,s. .lo-8

    Stti'.1,0-8

    I
    I

    I
    I

    L
    I
    .

    ia,'irirrY'-t'

    -.

    I
    +

    i
    I
    i

    r_l
    II

    lI

    tl

    II

    i
    I

    I
    I

    i -i--i--i--f-i [--l--+

    r
    \-<

    p,Xr?
    '

    ',

    P1H

    ;1't

    lQL

    - i-- l,

    *r {\

    rfuli *+ \L z';.,
    d
    i^1+*"S
    nrl, r' lLeg4to ', (e* )l *'4lL

    A nlt=3

    '

    In
    t-ei<eei:t

    fEr--irf:rere,;

    cJa<.c.

    s''L\q^,\o

    ,!4\;'1

    r. t*.,f,"*f" -s1

    Pt- i
    Nnp;

    i-r:-ir."r

    t , ,
    .f .

    *l nrr^-i.s,- f
    -+-f

    -f-

    rJ 1e"erp

    -f'!E--t-.:i-1tc'v

    Itr't f*l L F--4lf',*f --4 ia,tefly^- F*i e'^1.*-i*-^'of *ito- e. +*"f+


    44 ,.aroi,rarii

    sse6r,6*'l

    P,al.vosi .e*t-

    :*t r-b +,

    <o.es1r

    4,-eotai ,

    *L

    Qye-fa .,l1'rfglalx*zi

    :a'

    u4ra --r ;

    Qstra+te*le z,-/rhrue+rrgf oii

    aSlT s

    ;,)- cerve,p*,.^^i"-

    -;

    G-DfA est. +i61C4sl=-e-l(s.iSur{ --urtA"+b"*i


    ,orL pil l*r
    i
    l" I
    ;
    Lr,'hr--^.lrlLoed^,eeLe<s+.reanl,'',^rl.-0.
    i *U"t,i
    prr,+u.re

    5e4T

    aalv i

    ,:,"*+ -.rxe p4lrfuar,e.rr?, r

    p..4;.-J )r*.;*r,J"** , eoq*;


    I

    rit',,ililirtr

    i
    g/,ws\e+r

    A{P4^^?

    n|

    p/ u'rrl

    ^ lr*-'Ln .'wr*!"*l -

    oiVezr".

    P/24\

    ,<,:.ia."-'i

    .^ri

    cr d+

    {V) per-s+s.ci e_ ir* 1 ar)a..e-rA; ***-1

    ,i L

    t**o*r;+r.-ttl*'pnr4l

    l*o|.+
    llrrir,l

    ,;l,"".$ *b n l,'r-1-l*" rl ",*b.

    t,eaas-i)pa I oa*.u,,ro lIa-6,


    -f---i--i

    11vr

    i--i---

    c.tl.tTlo,,l-l

    t'

    GTA

    IL

    .-

    !.

    t0

    /l

    /l

    --.t

    --

    1-l
    -t l_l

    2468

    pH

    F,,, T

    r0

    tat.

    l-'r-

    t-_ttt

    soC6,U\e'-2'pftial Declcatvlfsa in.oS+,f_qi srrfrlFas

    ir*-loo.

    t-( i

    12

    _l

    H
    'lYt BI
    n'
    A ot ,qa ,],g-o
    !-<

    i
    i

    &

    rrr".

    Bn,>.lrd, _+_
    ri
    i{

    'Q)
    il

    Kr,nn , ,bt Taa:c,tz+ oci <-o*fo

    I9n,

    Erii-

    , &tt\wlvnJ-no._-V
    ng, i r!,ul

    on1" ug^

    5,i .ql'J6l= .

    E+,^,^rrio

    L")

    "hlr,

    a
    r &s

    K r, n,.

    = i..s ff _

    o ir
    e;,

    +1" --- --1

    i:

    Lr1,-on,,,so(nz*

    _l

    ;7^ Bn ;) -,7a' ,r,. 81jot,rr?Lp.^r

    g {4o,)

    K'ro t('J

    C,,

    %9 /,

    l,* ,, t r"l,),r'\,4\

    .r'1,4

    Q- u,.r4
    M

    h4

    r.t1<erro rhJ s.or./2-lbd 6

    --

    Cssraa,,

    t<tr.ro-.

    P4oPo'

    !,

    doaar4.\/!!\

    t
    I

    ,(s,_t

    t1^

    t-

    &n

    (nrn^

    r-

    **r

    Vfr

    ur.

    z-

    /J
    i

    \A

    W
    Poa

    :-

    i l iJ!-/

    J-

    !.

    iKS.o',,

    r I s.r,L* Ju

    4"u'J*

    [onr]- "d.*

    lr**lr

    \u,,*)y, Kl,t" .

    lt

    I
    I

    -l-I

    I
    I

    t_j

    '

    -rL.,{':}

    .r ,lr..-;tw/}

    :igr,r,.1 i :-1rz

    ,-.t!t

    iL

    n<r--rr- )La,a
    r o-vr;'c
    caa,Pt O,
    - catz]6.r
    l

    D,.zrtrN/-4E-e
    D,.zrrrN/-4-e

    -.'-rrOld l^, AiLslt.e ',./^^lAt Ci .*rcE^Js.44L,v6,

    4.*!rtsa'

    (}r:(;r-./-! (bfr.PLSl-* t'tE, /e - r <t-u.t

    <n ^

    ,/=-Hr*

    f*'S *"%
    drTi( ' I

    >4-v<,th"c

    -l

    B:'

    r&l

    G)

    *5 6-*;/7 u) fl" ,= ,5*

    r,J'

    t)

    1- --1-

    t_
    ri'lrl
    -iaad-q

    5e4^t?ae1''e

    s,su-C+io Bo.Sc.i,l!

    \.

    ,/

    .!
    'rr
    r,

    J
    d a4!
    I
    I

    i-ilroDa

    ; I '+r

    =Jlrs.F1"i=

    iso't
    in"n-** lt-,

    o4 -al 0

    : , i i i i ,

    2,,e
    ',orl11

    {e-ll4 -r(+o"i-I=t:f'rrl)

    i(J*"*;*l^)
    ,t
    q;'&
    Q?)

    y,-I

    ,nE-? qi op eraFr+?i\a,),'o-ir4eea,,* a4 bLq,4,Li-r+-i

    iUSgO l* -ro**-q-E - p-pv4

    r J^J s,ooe;ul: lf-Lso_ 'l pr\3,11, t

    =i9,Y i ...1 *, ,(!t,)"= i..- f"'l -- j __ i


    - 1=, IBq*J (* t*f i!) 8n)
    ,BoquJ.Jl+go3r! iQrJ I

    | lt: i,tt t4'i,

    (x,1.

    r-atna,ravi

    lI
    I
    I

    .,.,

    , 5t+qoli35-(Kr,4.=q
    s = 2,4 . 1o* (= t:;)
    {+

    (,GG'o ?rt^> to.J

    i r*!4,rrt.

    r,'J 4:enu+E /4

    oi ?wl-r4 -tt &l

    S.cLt)6,lzlat

    U+l
    Ur)

    6'

    Dr'*rr"dr"-i

    I -i^t

    ,'\7rw, .vo*,

    H*,

    5.*

    r'rt

    (t*- trFfh-o
    I h,+
    jr',, , 3,o

    5+?--ar*,6 onrfrra.llr! *tcol*tacLa 4u>*/ Krru

    .\,
    ') 3oU^ctrtr*- ,l{.r ,4rQs{f E:; v'r'J Cor.(PoJ':c .ktg {o{
    n^

    3r,;-rrzo tb.lv*,t

    Cc t

    Sffr-4g s S,4

    'to3).

    a-ts.xt-M c-or#t6xnn4n\ ,Sl:rc,;4w/

    va-\r ,<*t ;

    I3r+* M-&r= *H'*rnB'1=frt^t3,,J,'n=:-rJ=

    Q)

    : f,t* e"J r .[u,-J-

    Ur)

    fi

    (r,- ), = [H'.J^ fs'l"

    (x^*).=

    Mbn

    \'
    D"rs

    (r3J

    0g

    e^9^)[x'!*

    Qr)

    Ietj'

    bzl

    =.[n,7

    (K1.).=*flrrl^*n=# [u,-J*un

    Ixr_J=TJm hh
    .re

    ,^* Ql) ta Q.)

    e3)
    G4)

    Ssl,rrvvoa

    e (r+)

    turrr_

    3= [K''-z^*)
    i [("').
    lc t 'UW\

    Q')

    i) S-"unisa' r .,,rJ (breosw 'i xri orrt S.*st*uo at&Z+oour' coufi\t*q':


    ' L.c.NvaEr{ FApE JS9 -,

    \/N "t^-oo-F, O,

    |ouulLrl,Q\

    K'r.-=fFlJ*IuJr= fN,iJ'AI",,

    (ar./, 7-,vNrTL-1"

    lB.JAn"u)

    \
    (.:>j.rcfN

    _.

    fiaar's^6

    Sil

    ped E CK-

    ,c1

    Oqs tr+ .t?fu.^

    CJo

    tl-4l),/Utul

    ed

    i -L-; -L-L--i-i iill--+--i -r i--L


    r- 1-t-I J i i Yr'
    t-Fi-;
    re
    caoa"V
    s
    i
    Mod

    dLu t5rl,-
    .-i

    Erd'og<A,aso
    E
    t.4 'ogS+L4E:

    g'

    ..

    az.,roa Fo e-E
    C4a,{rnY l^.r'
    rv A<,.o

    '*r

    Wtk'rL+
    -+
    (*crort
    (*Crool \t-l..!r._
    Cnc2o4
    + ecro4
    $ raq-r'
    Q-ut?so,, Gu,*.*au

    + ,c2o{- i

    L.,^
    ir
    f ,"n^ lt

    '=

    II

    ottt

    ; ,,

    ,+

    // l{crco- t

    flr(rr,

    ?""T*f

    ll

    4r 4,*l

    p"ssrfcru"Y:-cz+
    Po-ssriar-Y'-a,lt 1fi+ as4t*a,

    i: h"e i cff'-l A t=o,f Ni *4 tzty f' *i I r i [


    : i I l(rr.yfc&rJ[.,h;]l= r)rtp' i I i g-rl I

    |@

    (Kr,)^= *,.o* [rrrt lftnr+*l=

    4,.(r.-{o4

    i-J [t,o;J = t,a (oi


    (r,or,r),=fLo^"J/f-'rJ[,^-7,d(
    (rr), = [qr,"/

    i!

    Aa(,,1"=#+ = !'(x,,*t,,)),
    ,

    , L@J

    &,ni(4,

    l.

    E#

    t t *'

    ir- *.^, , , .,rt

    f:n*'
    r]

    rI _,_;
    -,-;

    iI

    l.l-

    Let)

    * CriqJ{r.,*
    L 'Lt"{ n"., (-.*l*
    .,,>,,,(;i

    L. rtt'"

    rtr'J. Fe,.-7j,

    ':

    A.,a

    " j A ,,i.r,! [,-.l+t..

    /.-..

    t* f,-

    >

    .,

    /,...,,, rr] =

    Gr)

    =)
    ,/

    -t+rt["rJ (*,
    i

    t-l
    t_l

    do

    /,.

    t.t

    -*-a**
    i'" = i,L,{;-s'' i *;K',*

    C4u*:

    l,rsJ

    (i(rrr)* fr,.{r.,! 4,..r, (n}trr}

    t-.1

    . (r., ,) ., ,fr:
    /

    '1ta I

    i/ Vr.$rO, 5i

    ,- z :i

    i\,i.u, trl,

    )''

    (t

    L.,.j! ,-,

    '',

    'u

    (z-)

    *p-ff#'PrW -,@,:,
    ,l

    ,^
    .

    f.s . fr*i-,.r+ j . ,1,*'-l = i-^6.tr.rl- , !-t,>.'.

    i,

    l--l
    ir_l

    h:.i.-: ,',-,J4'
    *_,
    j
    d,

    --- ('

    I
    I .I.r

    ["'),=(=tcW
    :

    f+d,-t

    '/4 $acu?lvrrlr o+t"


    se Vn
    Fossa : caaso r^
    sMeeg *1rerel
    tA
    4trcre, ut
    lf-Eafso f vt- st444-+
    ,.,'i:r,

    l*

    c;rtP/E sSA^^ (/Ce.

    l'-r,. 'rf ,-'J

    -i

    .'rri-.r,

    -j;,

    1-;-

    It
    I-T
    f-;
    ll

    t:-: r:'
    - : i::l:

    l:,.1.:

    :i:;i::l,l

    ll t l:l

    t:-:
    ,::t:lr':

    --''l- : 'lI:

    -t

    ,1.,,1

    :1.,:1,

    -':' :: i:-..i::
    ' .1 t.;i
    li'!':

    i,l-.:

    'lii,t

    ..t)r,

    :ii !: t':
    '::rl:tl:l
    :r'l:lill;
    ----T:
    ):.lii:il;:
    ..
    I

    .tt| t;i

    l:

    l:1--::i
    l.rl..,l

    t{i=rl
    l,: .Lr:
    I

    '-

    l..,xi
    \Bi'

    ,l::il--ll
    lll:i.
    .|..,l:i
    ,

    Ii

    :.1 ::.t.,:

    []ilil:

    :::::l:i'
    ,,1r..1,.
    \ l::i:lt:
    ' \ ::i1:..\ '.r..
    .:'-l-\l'-:

    ;""r;

    1;:t:

    i:::1-.':i
    1..,-r...1

    li,iI i;j
    itll!.jt

    l
    l-iil,.l
    l;..:l:!l;
    '=tr-.rl

    i,;;,lF
    liri"i
    .l:--..1

    ,l' i:l:;ll;1:
    :T-=1:t:l-i'
    -..1

    :.

    Iitlrli

    L\.:

    lliil.l'
    .rll
    :,11 r:lt
    r.,1..'
    /1

    ..t.1..

    rl.:i:;ll

    :i;-l:

    .l'r:ili.iti
    I'r ill i,l
    '1T-:
    : []i
    .l::::l -:;
    I .., ii:.ll
    l',rlllj:r
    ': l::i--t: -:i
    .l:':il:ll:l

    ':-:l-'::l:i-:::1.

    );,;):"i

    .:.1:::,i:
    'rl,i

    ,l ' -'r'-',

    :1,.i.;i
    ,f
    ,.,i;:';
    :..1-l-i:

    ,,1 {o'l

    .,\frl
    ,i#,,
    lpt,

    ,,,i

    Il'tr.tt1"

    ,t.,,,ttt,.t
    /,
    .t..t
    t/ t
    l.-.t
    , r,
    l. .,lr,t
    '1..'1.,,1,1.
    t/ tttt\'
    tt.t
    -r-.-./-rt,--

    'l;/,:1,;;;li::
    -l

    t.l.

    t,.r:.rrl ii':'1"

    Ll

    "1'"'
    r

    :::l:-:il'--t.: ::

    ,. l.rrll,',
    ,-,r.r..lll.

    ..1_,,r,,:1".

    h,:l;:::l:;.

    ..,1-,-.i

    l::l: i i'
    't:l:::lJ:
    -..t,.r.

    ':l:;.:1.
    ...1.r

    -l--

    riiii

    -T*I

    _L_
    I

    ti
    -t-- -l-li

    _l_l

    ',

    i-

    !-!-\\--.

    rl'i'ii:i
    L\
    l.- :::_'-:::_:

    ::rtqlt'tll'..

    l;)+i,;:irt
    i ::l::;.t
    :;

    ,-.tff
    --44.-

    ..:-'ir-,.ti,i
    ii.l,.,'liJ
    .t.t....1.

    Hi

    tJ;te;
    il,:firS

    w-

    i..
    1.,,i.,,
    l"',lir,il.,.t
    l-.!'.rr.!,-,.
    1..,.11..r'.,
    l,rll
    ,'r"r,

    :::l:\ii
    -:\'

    lii,tliiii
    ,l,.r !ri''l

    l;::'li;rl,r:

    ,;..lrr
    \-.1:i;i;

    lr:;:l;:::;
    ,l-'i*.1
    irr :'l .i ll

    t- +

    .,.1.

    l.,.rl.'

    :plt=14
    l+,i.

    .l
    I ,i, ,l iiii
    ii; II:::
    il
    rr';li;i

    .t

    r,',1...r1!.'.

    l' "'

    i*

    :::,1:;;:l;.:ll
    .1,.1'..1

    ',t..t,

    :li.,li,il
    l.,it-r\
    !l:i:r;l:,!
    r;l:,!i:;.

    ..

    .,,,t.,
    't.,
    '-- l--.r-.r-!

    'H-:t;-:l-

    ..,1;nfil

    l.:.

    ,rri:irii.rd

    ::::li: i:

    .::t:l'.'.ll;t
    .t,.,,i,...:\
    ir".,l.r'.1.

    l;i;::i:,l,i:,
    , ],'.

    |.1'1,'

    ':.ll'
    'il:lr,r,.
    !

    ,,1,.,

    1,,

    ::, ' 1." "I:-

    -?lotssLt
    '. i4

    A.r
    Cllt.l
    tl:.
    otA/'t{t',

    . t,..,t,;,,1.,

    .ri -.Ur1

    +-

    ---f-

    -.rr-.r:,-rl.-

    i:

    ti -f
    -r-

    ,:t;llt:itil
    ''I .,! lll

    illlil.-

    l:,li,ii;it
    'i::l , :.1:l
    l,iui,'iil
    :::; :l::

    ffi

    -l:ji.]].:..:

    li

    I ,.,1....1

    i-. -l:,-.-.1:
    i-.:-.i.::
    -- L---::l----.i,
    .\ l.'..1
    i:\r'.:i
    li,,i;)t
    't. ,\'i!
    l:,.:r.i:i

    '

    li

    .:.1...r:.:l
    :. l::l:lil::l
    :;'l;:::i :,'!
    ,,:lll:rl,l:l

    'a,/rri
    ;lrl..:l

    tilltii:

    )::-h:

    . - I . .-

    ::1.,:'i::;!

    ti

    ,t..1r",1
    :i::1.:r:l:::l
    . l I ..,1 ..t

    'dutl.:
    :l:,.
    ..t,ll=.
    )/.;:1..::

    i-1=,li
    l'r:l

    -T--

    ,,,-l'..r|.:,1

    li;,,'i,.,
    :!:i.i::

    IrX'

    vtt

    ,:,,1 ;,il,,i:l

    ' i",l:'r:i
    l:'
    .r--:-l.i
    .:- l. i .:
    (,,!i',
    ,fr,(*1
    :.(.r'.2.:,
    ..2.5:
    -,t....1;:::l:.li:li:

    :;l:,1:l.i::l

    :l::::lt::'

    l.:

    ,l:.ll::,
    ,t
    ,,,

    .1,1,.1.,.

    ,il,,l'

    .l.t,l:r

    1'1.::l';;:l
    ':::l.-::l::::l

    lil:'t,'
    -it-:--i-

    1,..,1.,
    .t.r

    .i,1,:i:

    ...1.t.,,1

    ti.:',11,(

    :-l :.1'-,1

    iii;.ii,i

    l,.t
    i:: l::':1
    .t l, t.l.

    :!:l:l::ll:
    ' 'l[:ll
    ,,,.''l
    .. i...i-

    t;:,\:l

    ..
    :li:- lrl

    ii.::

    ..-l-li
    -.i
    ..1. :.1,;':

    ..1

    l.,r1,..,,

    1...1.r,

    ;:|co?:

    T-

    ---.1:.--'L--

    :1,;'il:::

    '.,Ii:ll:;

    l-,1'l

    :l:r.:ll

    .-,i,...i.

    9a"C;i

    I :-

    l: ":
    .1...r1.,.
    1,, rl..
    t., t..
    .t.,.,!,,.,
    ..1:.::.-:

    i-l

    -_,.i

    .:

    lir,:1,,;
    .1.:.:1.::

    ::'.1'

    \,i.

    l',r
    ,i,,i,;.:il
    '':1.:'1.:'l;
    t,:.1,i
    -.i-.i'.'i,

    .l ..-::l -.:

    - -- T---

    __l_
    I

    --i--

    ',*
    L

    i--+

    ,,

    A//
    I

    Qi/ro,

    (tt

    '

    r o,l

    s,,
    ( t s')

    oy(il)

    C+(o,u

    i+)

    ho)
    :

    7,oo

    .lroo.{o-f '

    1,0 o

    4,oo

    1,6 .{o-3 [B ) ,6 , ,10's

    o rl

    ,$('

    'lra o

    '\ to1

    1,6r.

    {>,

    lo'

    4ra9

    4t'ltt.

    4,0 o.

    l,o o

    1t 8'f

    3,6' .lo-8

    j,o

    '1tr3

    l,oo

    e0
    J t

    -l,h' lo-l

    4o'z

    1,0 o

    lo'".

    .lo-

    'l,t.t'40-t.

    r..1o'4

    .1,U. 19-'t

    rYa,t,

    -?

    'ltoo

    ,,r!
    .l,z

    1o'8

    "lo-5

    too

    -r

    l0'+ =.. .t,5 . lo'4

    + 1,3,1'

    J,) t 1O-a *

    -f

    4p:40-tt

    .1,g.. l
    tt

    ,V,7

    o:.q.

    ,L' -10- 4

    2,0 0

    4,00

    .to -a

    '.

    )oo

    Pa+ft,cn+-t*
    zr.spa,ra

    eLu

    l, go

    I rfo

    @\po r , pfl

    t,27./05

    aq^/ r qf

    5,7' '{o-'

    {.

    4,5..1

    0'L

    .{,3' 4(]-J

    , 5J- 10 -1-'^
    I

    4t5' .10-a"

    tl

    &t , /.6 gdr,/6r\+- i,;l ,/B ft,h,e^lNol.a

    , o.&u RerFo , CttE, lu, on'', l|o<N

    Mqi fil;

    6,rFr?.ilt/,>r^, ,

    ?0-8,6,rzl D6-L (bl-a,. oi


    G.CrO4
    :
    !l , i*
    .

    w*rWtbt)w

    po^no- ,. 114

    l,,,vi

    e Hrc2o4 i ' Aa6n) , saw,^.*i, , -be' [t,J . fQ'!


    se^a." r"\ - losr,r^,iae l- 4t4n\-o Lg ,S''
    f ('il ?sA- a'orSrz*so , ,.ttuv
    ,?ett,eva,

    H{rol

    7u.

    Q1

    t'H, L ,A

    zuo

    0 n0,!
    .{pq

    '

    DAl ,On=i ,, a(*',v,Lnh4

    .a6rtt oeuL rbau^re P.,.e<.eso^M si

    aa.,

    l, oo

    -3,Bi

    oo

    - 3,85

    ft, D sc,rr2 r p,(= p Utt,4-= 1,4? {"fr.r") ,i n *,,,,.r,


    i, e,oLu?"u^r6 = GCz04 ,(L't t{r1ro* fg.*'ri,,^*r)
    "
    tl
    T.,+ ?tt = p$,1,1)- = 4,'t\ 6 prl= ,?(k,,4,n = l, t4 si aw*,o

    r'N S o i*

    flt
    6,

    5,0 o

    4,oo

    3t 82.

    '3,72
    o

    3,co

    ' J,5d

    8,oo

    -- 2,8;

    ,l,oo

    '2,2r{

    (o,oo)

    (-t,zs)

    -, lob. UrB *^ frt.L


    ff)

    3,3"10'-

    It00
    '/,oo

    so{..r,{\o,.e s'Aft/na

    .,ss&z,4bo

    2,05o

    .{o-3

    -f -1,9-

    5.{d6

    4oo

    rr

    r!-

    (0,").

    ttope

    , 62* e l{ QOn- ("-t"dA pitz p U",)*, qes' pftz 3,34 , ), tt+m,s, iw 5ocubvt
    G.Croq , 6'* Cr{e tA socrasi;i*. .^&/ E'
    e?oorv^ro-r) Q-QOq

    [eees.,ru"ar.J

    9re-too

    fr)r.rso

    I toelez',

    Naws\Ersa
    .nl Fwo^,6:

    ?sz-cy- A66,n1=!

    AD ,

    r\pszr-v4r,t<z

    e, [ArJ ,

    6Ufle^r\.4

    o,

    a,bu' ,,

    pU (lr*+), vsD,,+',
    Ft/M&\2-( DEc{,4

    ^ A.r% @Ft cdp. [e'J= [6\

    a*

    vsro;*5o/

    /<-c.^,/trz4&bMr

    - f'roi\rh"iJ
    ttttt

    I
    I

    I
    !

    I
    1

    - --

    -'

    _1

    i
    l

    i-_

    -l

    _)

    -:

    _t

    I
    I

    -t

    I
    I

    r!
    iltl

    '!
    I
    I

    rl
    I

    ii,t

    ri
    tl

    I
    I

    il

    ,i,l

    i
    i

    li

    tt
    ll

    i
    I

    -f

    1l

    li
    ll

    :
    I

    -i

    I
    I
    I

    i
    I

    lt-.

    To!- V,5

    l
    I

    -.1-

    [c.
    1,0

    fcncroo]r Lco'*].

    c',11

    5o".

    '

    .,1

    I
    I

    - 6,0 ol- 4,1 o


    1 o'1 r "/,6 ,. / g"'l- ,,c ol- /t,9 o -

    [Q,c,0,, lo; [Cc,'I lo,1 3'11

    lc,o,i

    0t2'o
    o/&

    - i, r ' /, P.Q
    o

    2/-l

    o
    i

    /o'c = /,c . / o-nl- r.,0 ol- e,t o - 3,9 - 3)V 4i


    / o'c ' i,2 / o";l- -,,0 ol- +,t o ./, 1t0 QAv - l,Q9

    4o'6 = ./rt

    , t o-)(o, , o )V- 4,,!

    o.

    -s

    '-

    t la)

    i--_z
    i

    [r:, o,;l

    l,o

    f C"Cr

    o,,.l

    -r

    lco.z'l

    / 0- -/,6 ./ o - + 3,0 '

    ' "/ 0.' l, 6 ,'y' o-5

    't'

    3,0

    '

    io3[c,til

    iog

    [n (,0

    i,o / o-21- t,, ol- ,,,9 o


    /o-s = 3,0 /o''l-u,ool-/1,co
    ./ o- a = 3,1. r' o- ol- n,o ol- 4',,t o
    ./ o't = 4, h , -/ o-t
    l- ,,, ol- +,P o
    IV

    iog

    $''l
    i

    -.,ff)

    - /'t5Z

    -2,52
    - 3t4I
    - y',3 4

    ' .l o-4 4,6 -' 7 0'5 + 3,0.


    /' rn
    ./o'1 /,6 Jt .V/1 .:) + vlI '/ J , ./ o-z .1,6, -/ 0-' u j,0 /o-, /,9 /o''l-2,,ol-t,eo --4,<c -4t72.
    . "/ o'4 /,c /o-(+3,0. /o"F ' /,6 4 o-t l- ,, o ol- a,9 ,t - i,s2 - 4:,3 o 1x
    .l
    lo-' + 3,0, /o-P -- /,6 ,/o'u)l(r, rr)lt //,!o) '. -^l ('tr, t o1 61
    (.t, o o)
    ,6
    '

    o" , (ki,,),

    ,.ioe' /,t so/v,!,

    /)

    /i^'

    ut;,,ta/o s//d- so/u,1,'/,'/a.'

    i, tt,.teca,

    ll
    l
    l

    ir
    rl

    r,l
    r,ir

    s \D-o ,trat4-,.*.>
    a

    rr*
    _soLd6'il-E I

    {r\nO-E EisrenSs

    l l-t

    ^^>Nr

    .'a1
    ig+s-o & (.-",
    I

    c2FE^J&e.6

    c {l1;.Vvyr Jo5o feervt

    r\*t eylruoa)o L,/ dr6e^J\il42,tr.v bl

    vr,'.rssltaaso

    <t95fu-,*o '.tttr,/ /agaro

    i I i I r I I i I i i^i i I I I
    iu" i*, t *j ^_,|ly*,it.*i, 4*r$*.pi 44+ 4\ l'-q*l.

    g,r'\^o

    .rd

    oiveogo

    c;tv-tt-l.

    ..,1

    ,d

    cltta s&bra

    1AS) E Ge)

    5')1

    b,nr-

    . , lu greso c+6o [(rLf'


    ',* h.'J * [/*c,aal ri IC'rJ i
    "*l

    k'4ro

    , Wt,z,).r

    vgdu

    e,rav.aa.,l

    'e,k=^4;

    P.:a.eo,eaxi

    lri

    , 9,

    2a

    =,+=i ] &l
    )

    k';=;:)v',

    llA:

    h,ltr'ri'', ffi

    al tclo,iJ qu'

    tr^

    L4

    4ran* F ur z , ;-' ,i o-

    i; ;i . .

    -.

    8, iYT- I,ur*, or,odo'aaiW 4E.trv,lor,-.:s,oioe w lra,ta- '


    'iLtsl:, fsE4,r-1, Lt
    [q*l , 6*[4r;Ji,-/{W(**,J) * -pr=uiE a rlc4
    ''F,6r* tl*ru<jr&Pa.p<<D^.\F,
    2ro', ez
    uor*a ,2ro',
    */ f=a,Lil
    t74ru<j*r^1.*"*, i O*o"^*y-ctO4u^*y-l-4- ',
    , ''F,6r.o
    f=qltl
    "1are,*a
    4?* e<ip(1r; @ l** * o se4rqrp-rL., , L
    : l- -b) U oottrsl;\t,5, u 5r, aer.,pa.p-rr\ A tq4l"k+)
    (,rr; '1- e',2) a- tA buetti^
    "^ron ni' orr'r*4,e .,",v$e' ar<r t\ i<o
    oi -.L
    Ftl gry 4 ",*T
    ,gu.i
    ll:;
    ,

    ,'A

    n ?N9 o *.*ri [srrrel.w d4rir\&.ra QEu'r,rriorto o,\ *b )t , Sri= ,o;'," , *b


    tut tyr-;, Lt Se'!'" f (rr 4.&tr'r*',rr,.*n*o* tft,z,, t *41=+);1,

    :r,,**;
    ti

    tt

    c*r ',(rrnr+on"a sc,rtr


    t*t a. +qrN . 2lu'r"*
    3\
    i W faer+rrts{ iF+ (oo@ .,, *p"J /ur r,r{?1gne o ,rpn' 1 'k<<Lgruw-;."o, * t*(tiutv+
    4ad: ,- * 6{a+2}e^^ ,i ter l dUr*b ft,.OOJ , r- ,I r*r, - W .fy:t ol soo,o; uir*,

    4 A.*

    keil

    elg

    ir., 4 ,,i

    lor, u*|fu+l-*r"**^rou e-ft frn*O=r) +r4lr*"r4;


    rr'rvrrc^,nanr *', fCrO;) u srql arLbe' oir.n[ur t(E E -r^,
    krq| f furrlr) i,

    ry..+,
    'J),

    gr a^4o

    gl**
    J

    ,tot

    s-, a*4go.*

    trr*bpo, troOt

    u', H|zOql

    (rrnr*

    .. ?N@t (a

    lot*r+ sa^. ,,**legu**

    i-+t ] ""*
    ,) tI 14d* i- ,N 1 4..<"t n* l*T*1
    114[20,[

    .*o+,

    - Eo

    oin<.rnavraa ,W

    ),t,

    tQgf,t

    Y-n(, I | | l

    ""tU""+,* i

    evft

    * 4."*p*4-^i

    Jl
    c>1 Cl4

    f.lr -

    ,,{ t

    9i gl:n[

    i l4f.t+ ci,tc

    'r.O?.

    ,.r,vri. l3L {-h-.r>tV qni.

    {-,^.,i,2,:rrr.-;r.'-,.-j-

    &'-l; t,
    i; :+i

    1
    L

    ;r

    ; -

    {/\ [c.

    Yr

    4{,

    ui

    i _.=

    f )

    .*Llutq

    l.!'.o- !, f,

    '1.

    )I )t

    _t

    Ai"J

    #s-1

    t,tr, l{t.,fr

    J..v rL\")

    6-nJ) J

    -,

    ,A- ?ec-ca?t-,-*r4 ,

    ')t,:r1,'

    ,^4.{;", I

    wl

    p.ilr:t

    "rr-u}-

    (;

    ,'

    1;'
    -r?t \

    *'l*),

    40 ,,)

    ?-r+

    A.'.Lt:

    ,.r '>/!\-v ?$.tl "'rlf

    cn(2ao ' s

    t'
    4- '
    4 i \./tL,, arl'!l-;.,*i {i'
    i.. ?t'
    i'--,r- ', iyl I +u' 6 ' t1i vu^4 :\

    ./,-&-

    cz

    -2

    >.uu.3, r,-..1
    U-}l

    Di

    ftl^? i

    tt'r

    =.

    olsrJF/$

    ?".a\t {r,,-

    irruo' \ .*.--:.,'L-:ri-{.6 ta4


    9'r.r"r,-rr

    t5;

    "-

    /i^JOLE- 6.11fl'v;, l+4t L1y,s'


    i.>

    'r-,'-,i.'

    At/L"-r:

    __l

    t_l

    tt

    t-i
    li
    ,t

    tl

    t_l

    il

    +--

    lt

    llir

    li

    ti

    I
    1

    _-L

    I
    I

    i
    I

    lI

    I
    il

    i
    t
    I

    it
    I

    t -ll

    l-- t
    6(
    L

    i-t
    r1
    r-l

    Fr.tn

    r
    t

    i, :cu,r *, ot* ,Pe+qielvf"^lF q o?r* i sotnul-rLrito': , segerz+i E


    @4?as4p ry ,rr**Y^.i - atiWqrr.,* j'^re-!ee lrre*- -s-gace, ahare
    '

    /$-1soLil?.bfJ
    |
    |

    AjrS
    AXrs

    (a)
    (a)

    0rS

    '?bS

    /o-5'.

    I'ol o*

    6'rr ,--or,!.cH,
    E; ,L
    -!goL,t
    i ei : 4,ef*ri
    -zl
    i
    I -l
    i
    I

    8'/o--37:

    U,'s(a)

    3.y'o-?l

    N n-zs

    frj(o) _

    4;y'o-re_

    t;erqt

    r k-i

    V, i4'
    ./0-r, i Eb:Y44
    r 6.,ro-r7
    4,6.
    I

    e.io-2P

    L,*; o,*',n-iti * j
    i

    Asar+"r^rpp_

    Zn S
    S

    -o o

    fli9'/v)
    t0 /
    ru
    _ t

    ,R
    :

    f ,5./o-5t
    5,5'

    /) t o
    ,r-a

    HzS
    3t

    { r + > i* de.e I el{ kt:Jt4! l-

    swl. etl

    _f

    is.a:su,/zi
    i, ;:
    I
    |

    l-i

    i-f--l
    't-^i

    -'_1--[--t----T

    *i,=^i

    J"il]

    *y,-il
    It ? J r ""+""f- 4;'4--J -ar;*1,-*l*t*"1
    "L"i,\44+
    lts
    Nc+
    q,rq
    a
    ts.'LTuru;,
    1r{2S; -'rar"^{)- F..-'Le,; F, rt,
    -tlrSa't
    [* i
    '-\
    [nL,.n

    t pEz4s5;',

    l?**,

    teb,J

    ,er-eryev

    i oi

    19ve{-l'o- scnEy stt

    a,rnper

    4i--ff.'i*i-P,il-=I
    "l
    rr\,
    U s"l.reU*' f*i t s1uu*ie' pir-,
    e+et'ct

    ,g'r^g-*-t--J*^+...*'r;4
    tl
    irr"l
    ".+,+",yi
    ,,ffi:[* f^ ;.iilt
    :1
    :t**i ;1, Pf .:1,:i

    I'-,'

    r-1w-o.apa

    Esanbriqn, zlI pf
    <,ef'wo.a.eIE^fH
    .SflnPX)tt(:I, IL
    ir. <.ef'woa.Ot{.8^{Fo
    s 1 esdnP?1
    pef
    l6i-i:+g.-.,
    I
    I
    'i.I'
    '

    '
    t
    -\
    Lls'u"t'!,Lire\
    H6S e1l,."r$aaso .o6
    o,
    I
    Fcr r, ltc(
    r tl

    3),soutrspaile'

    ,si l$

    rlv4r(,qabo

    l,lri;li,liiiiiil,i

    l--

    ettt (q*

    * e(i, &cfi^wo,fu rEss^r34

    g,

    ai

    X6e

    4.*.lo ui $$) ,
    r-,c.c-qsso p

    ivv {':
    I

    4)

    *f /0"t cnn,oo}\r -a

    n,

    vr.r s4-.e oi

    W)

    lN

    r*e?u+

    irj,

    M.a6:i

    Hi+ +
    ra{},\i I

    Ltr

    krs}A^rt

    lil"tl

    --

    [i,_\ ["x-1,

    [x (ua),J
    litrnrJ ["n)
    ,

    , rr'J

    trE

    sfl&A

    ly

    b4,J

    &

    "*J &rJ

    [nJ

    L"x1'

    7L

    flranr" [ttfb4rJ <


    !.*(

    I rud", Si

    tDt\(\? .

    /,, or;F24*e\rwf

    fr

    ri

    'r/V i Ai,
    Fraai,

    -Kt'

    ll

    ha:
    4,0
    d_

    Fi

    o,g

    ot6
    H?'n

    ot4

    HX

    l,

    ^,

    '2'

    ?ez C= o,ol

    '|,ilatu

    l*

    b'!'

    ii
    1i
    1r

    il , H1,O anincia

    'l

    lj.
    l

    *+, t

    lz74

    I n1t, z ..i,

    (oH)z

    tl
    1l

    l,o

    0,
    o

    u|,wa-

    1_
    I

    lI
    I

    t-

    lrH>2,36.

    *tt *;-t,

    .,

    i'i,, -( ,
    ,t

    r*

    4ir

    l'^'i'*'i *"P^
    J ______

    r "___

    l
    I

    ,.,,r..,-.i'),

    i{1,

    ttt

    lLj,

    s)

    u")

    &t)'

    i;

    V'rl

    l-r
    65r.fSr 6a y14gt

    ll

    v'l
    r_i

    L/renl

    lat1, [rfil ' Ar#).


    ,L,,lut *I

    tf\u,a

    Frg. O

    1-

    fil,rrta,

    i
    I

    )*

    -r
    I
    L

    [4

    ltl't

    ,0

    crl8
    ?et*

    rrrrrrrrl

    3,4 5 6 I I

    ^i

    falin

    *! -g4rtt1ts\Byf

    t"l ti"s'.r73* +14,u

    910

    - loX tC81

    r-=r 14 J-=-Xi 11,; - -| --,,+..--.--i- -, r


    ':'iL=:v:1
    i :-; i i --r-=-_r
    i-l - i-i

    t$l+

    Htt*

    es'

    Hx(ir)-0u-w,,o.oewa.

    oi a4

    t-.l -

    l- I

    -r
    I

    t
    I

    ':7

    It,lr{.(o-

    kil

    p*^o. * ?k.4 i " ifa J . o4rl i, s [+'J tuq=-: tt, [$"!tt '-,)
    t"r,rlrc4 {d".^']" ol,* L, la i,;;lp;'l oi =tfo-1y -.[--{*-[^,+
    qrreL* L t*-, .iv! "t u"e'e".E

    *4-WJ

    ,1 - a--apa*f.t-tq\ a=--o; -W-+"*t'*r

    =-gl |n- +e, {toa<-qtrc sau,, aL )," 4r*q, *1*4r-}+


    -.',
    EriJ, lLa-tr +-tfuuft zfuq,]*tfn 'd r ulnqa) + o*q:J,jp-:+LWur__|-+,t

    ,} a

    n Brzg izr-3-t-r
    2i1;l

    -i
    l4' t',1*.1, ,<ro-l ',= -qlz+ rf i = 'Pat =Jhpnl ,

    .-+

    5tr-rg1,111t;.

    IL-i

    -)

    iLd ?ir: .-,!


    ,

    ln*J

    Lc.-

    l'f , :,

    [ns-.

    ,5)
    ,

    fl

    tSxl 6sfJ

    if - | -

    I4sl

    rl

    tt-

    K*,,1

    = "t <J'

    *,r'=

    **

    atr

    r,'t.{

    U*)
    |

    !_
    kl I .,(*i. = 1rt--1,-

    llll

    f-

    _+
    l-.

    LK1SJ= o4o

    f(

    6il

    ,:]

    a?)
    )t ).

    =l

    Fl'|

    ?oitvu.-

    r.

    t-

    -'Lo-2o

    8," "\=utrtn
    /al

    = ,lz,s ,.,to-t!

    \z,e

    1;'* ,-

    ,r,,a

    r;!

    (= K r,'

    ,rt)

    r1
    z.L

    .'.

    i L+

    ra,^,^v :-

    Y*

    gril

    "

    fooq?b?:rl.ye rilr

    , &**

    -N$t

    -lo

    tHq}1\

    :l
    bP

    trrlr:i q4

    <4

    s'vrat

    lE

    f *,2 (o
    ,l

    Fe;Jb]'

    tXl/rt

    'It

    aenPr5t

    F;/. F)

    )J

    loSc

    r'

    t{s)

    ..rl,l

    '.rfrr@,.

    ( pH=7 1
    \
    ..

    " lsl

    lutut]it..
    h[}' {3

    1o

    10

    1.o

    b*nJ

    60

    40-

    ot

    - lo3 [sx-J

    Di o4r.e,.^.^rrs L' go',, fn,,

    srl**(u* f,uawlo, drl


    d" HXS

    iw l,tn s o [la" rr o
    c,or.Yc d-;

    ['"e]n)

    I
    I
    t

    - *- T---

    *J rF

    il *''

    ,(+

    r.,,iu

    [a,J r

    FnJ

    (r")

    [rrj''

    -l

    t_
    ii

    _l_

    "

    (rJ

    ,:?
    -

    J.

    {sJ

    r-

    Ess
    oAA
    5)

    ,,j-t.

    !,
    .\jli

    tie,

    1*. t t

    .'-.;.,:

    , ,r ''-':1

    ':;*': /'

    -;. 'S.n

    ;:2

    ll __i _t_j __l__L_LL_t

    tt

    t--1
    it

    1_il
    t
    1_i _l_l tl
    it
    rttllllll
    t_

    iir

    f;*,

    '-:'. , l.-l

    , l\,-- t t'; .

    ',1

    ,,L.>rr..r, RUS f eaulttg'.o n, .*r


    d

    rcrt' bS

    1rv

    t4k

    O,

    * ?<o seLetatLn filr"'J=[A-)

    f f(

    sE!L.+ .-{f )ii, n, HzS


    11

    =gl

    u,o ckst: 5'=


    5t= [\'J = /s'.-]
    @4)
    fs'.]
    furrro
    z[utr.'ij
    Q4
    lij-!'[ry{r'L}=
    t',[uy(u'17=
    d=IrJ =[s'-J *[ns-)ofh,sJ* z[uts.'ij
    t+y* tr4
    . Is' J (
    n lr)' - * 2 ({.n, r-11*,).6y,*,rl= Gr)

    t,.r's
    Ko,,

    /*,

    kc,

    ''11',),arVr*,

    [s'J A 1r,,,,1

    Art

    -i -i -i-i --l -i---l i1-ii


    :rrr*
    iili-i
    -i
    ,;-i
    i,*,*-:"
    y,Lsa i,-r"*
    dD^,i, coros<)a,tta
    or._ ei rti
    tzrl , i*
    * e"e ";,r yoLsa
    r.r* tptl
    *-rr^n,* trl
    fWt'J
    = Llli')
    =
    = ;L;.ii
    tr1 f,,-or.-rJ i=
    eri
    i.

    Qv4.,,nto'i c]1F

    ',,,.

    anaip+.-an"
    e"it igu ,rd c**aoPis,; anaif,l,ati

    rl

    fu,,, tT*:

    .errg..* 1"

    1,rppH , o

    ts'-|, cr.*

    ;;;

    q"*
    I

    i tlt')

    uMA

    -4.-

    *Fn^r* ofie q,a- tA

    Dei.{ i<-snn^rt,

    ".-[;^i

    ,.

    a --Sse Oei.oei.- i -

    seuu6iujr+.

    , r'{rs^oo,a.^r*

    ,.rer.ce

    i^/

    (a3l

    sl u"...l-i o*i,* b=)i p*.-,i,. ifr r-J=# I .AB)


    t+,\ a4l i

    ii Ii ,, , II i Il--rt"!)' r tl
    r
    1-l
    aisa,ve,,pJ L'L+,*s,"^c o,! z,) <*,,
    l.t i
    ,ol
    ,

    iI Ii

    'iSrr")1

    Pe-<

    ^.

    [t-^!,o,,
    1tz!,z,lr

    cti, * -tolE^r' )n*io.a-, ,,i. ,' XrlS = ti0rgrl,,*L--o


    t*ur'i:|,
    o't'
    $u;:i
    /
    i '
    '' ;J
    taJ' rl,,*if*J'i. raotay
    Qx\
    o,,1;ram
    4t,t;1t1 (zr)
    :
    ll\*,,,,
    fnl*;
    l=
    vi
    i--t
    i
    f,t,Kjti\
    :
    I

    Tc+^^/o

    )r*ro
    t,
    wrr-r* i.o^P
    **
    oo",i"*
    **,*-.' ,l
    ao*'
    5,j j,oaeeno
    s,j
    ,+rL ,*1".*
    '+rL
    ,+'L
    u4)'
    ul,
    J,o+eeso )r*rv
    ,rr*ao*'
    ,. c.t-W+ry-r'
    r-+
    f-+
    |
    ,04eF

    ,c,ss,Ei
    nrr,a j
    ross,4

    *: """r *.y 5'i


    'l

    "

    *,*:

    t!,',.
    ri":,!

    r'". -rler.\" tH"51 {ror^r**/,


    sx,pea
    *t:: 1=
    I nnle.q.,
    ,r.uea,
    S* Vf
    {ron"r*,*^*/,
    -s;i s*
    -si
    Y'reJ*T" W
    /q"'#i.
    ^t S^*T
    to

    *yl
    11,
    n.

    i...,.;' ,1,

    \rt4l

    ,-

    q,i "t:i.,t^-\-{ n

    Po u Let-"r$"y
    L .\ , ,i"2

    74

    .*:.

    sp+unl ,N :

    J'>

    : tt 1;i

    -t7.,,.1-. r

    'lf-5,r+3..-.,

    &eefi 'tA/
    l-f

    -r v^, ic-:-{,, -r,

    ,it--L+e*,r-o-rqla,o i

    )r,

    \ l^

    4i ^ry*

    ,,

    ).
    .1. ..

    lilrl
    iitt

    1."; 1vl'\ :-r

    *r;.,:

    r[h

    - l

    I
    I

    /\

    (r^)

    ')\r,/

    I
    I

    r.,
    i

    ,1i,.

    -.-

    I
    'p

    .,.

    _,/(

    t
    I

    [s*)

    I
    I
    .1,..
    I

    L
    I
    -j

    4.-,

    2.

    otO

    "

    I
    I

    5l
    ^/

    .t.

    i"r
    )

    , s1-

    I
    I

    -l

    1
    I

    l
    I

    lit

    ii

    t1--_l
    itt

    itr

    -i

    i-l
    tltt

    _1

    tt

    ti

    ti1t
    1i
    lr
    --1

    il
    1r+

    +-1-1
    llr

    ti

    !l
    ii

    ttr
    +-+
    iti
    ill
    itl

    j+1
    tit

    i
    I

    1lt

    trl

    I
    i

    l
    1

    +
    I
    I

    t
    i
    i

    |rt +

    .,,t

    i!i
    ,tr
    ti

    i_
    rtt_1_
    ili
    !rl

    ttt
    iit
    Ir!
    ilt

    -/

    5<, {L

    .,r

    .3, L ?

    aa ?

    rr

    adar

    ielc.,osg,

    H("u)rt = rtot+ r oH- +-

    1'+

    ilril
    !q,t atTe{::

    -I
    _

    Kr,t

    3" txra*Jrh"tJ .
    I

    Lts-

    21t r e-t

    -4'lol

    =fl"r) t{li

    KJ'=

    iii,

    irlt- bLugrlzr.:r/1' eqff ^

    Kr,e

    ['^4

    lou-J

    g5't4,to't io,,-i t)tt-

    pssAr,"c 4{f.usr} 6r row?


    \"1

    5g vr Febs ff /or<)u ,ve, oiSr, o.trs:o ,^! io d-ar?r\+r ( ,r,-,9,U W' ir.n-a.'nrss.a Orr),

    , J= [nl.n),j*

    l*orr .J

    fr1,r1r,=

    \i, r'ifflyr;-J

    ffin*f,'

    1--]---l

    U fo,---5'rroe

    4.r./Fpc-/r.,

    " (on)

    ,Kro,=R^'*Jl,L"u1J-F4r,to-'a,
    t k,rr = [2,
    r-

    l - + D"AJri$l-i

    , i ; i -urJ:i_-:
    [z"ow+J
    ' -t'"

    oL1,l Le^)r-=-z't{, ;3 -', -K

    | - |

    | - t-- | -l-

    ^o'
    r-

    '

    ,K9,,|,[,,,(,n!J=t4:lin{'4+$=d-F-}'-i;-t,

    l(s,1. =

    e@

    .t{ } uo-A- = F -J(. :4 |

    tf:f!l

    =4 4;:L u ---r -

    lllll
    I
    l
    1

    I
    i

    L j_
    I

    I
    I

    _l_

    +
    1_

    -L

    t--

    ___l_
    ll

    f /f . q,

    -f-- - l

    rl

    [-

    /oc c
    0

    , ",
    /oX D

    zn(ou)rl

    -1

    -4

    -4

    -5

    -;

    -6

    -6

    -7

    r.i

    Ln

    '13

    )
    1L

    Zrr 0l'l'r'

    -r-i----r

    ln(ott),

    r-rlt-+ ]-

    fl-l-- ili
    fI
    I

    +-__]_

    JI

    tl

    _j_

    1
    I

    -t-

    _l ---+---

    ll

    it

    I]
    #

    I
    I

    __,t_
    I

    llr- i- -l--

    Iri

    t-

    l-t
    I

    i1
    ll
    li

    I
    I
    I

    Zr, (o u )l-

    --r---1--

    II
    TI
    ll

    tl

    r-T T -T lL
    ttt -r-l -l-

    j-f |
    ill
    tll
    --__-f-r-]--1--]-+
    r__l___l_ _l___l
    lll
    llr

    -i
    I

    Irl

    ill

    -H
    +-+-+-Hlii
    1-11 Ir

    ---r- rtl
    I

    (ott

    11 l/1'

    lit
    lli

    t!
    ti

    ii

    .t

    /i

    L- L ir'),

    .--%_

    K,,.-r*r"=
    .r
    s?ec-,

    (o&
    A")
    arL*

    q't1piO 1l
    , q'rt-l-fil^g
    lL

    i^r, urp
    inr,

    Es iu 4t

    lr

    -l!\

    Fvrbwe,

    4-su<=.-,\a,{e.{b}./,Er

    r-

    n S ,5, ,l{,4 , uNA g<2t-uro,\r aanA ,.

    I Yt ir. ,b-1 6tLr^a *. (ol ,fu fil


    I
    Cpt*-\po*oe.+e
    Z^ (oX),Ol f+ ro.+
    kL pjdr.r\a,
    A
    f,Al .,gr.,*en've /a ea^-eixna4
    I
    :,, 'li
    ;
    'F' I
    'i
    i I (frnfi 'j
    |
    I i i i I

    tl'

    t?il,i i^ ,o'u?d"r,re v kyowUt F,'l] e it*


    I

    Sr,Arlur7i

    (r,&.4)

    fkl

    6rLe

    [a+ [
    fil

    {oart^a?!o.e^,se

    Srutr0)vr'

    Daiup :-"1-)

    ,Sol^-t:,.tt
    5,

    /y

    ,p".,wrg-

    OH.

    "

    *i *",

    B, lf , -'

    qs-)

    sfe*E+ "re4p

    ,,

    ,lve

    u,:;t

    , t-L SjEc-\.

    P,

    i*

    p,f6r,s111.^24.+.,1^r

    ?,,am,'yqsr

    vl$

    io t-utQ11slt

    v..

    ,so,,l? Z^(ox)r, Znttt{r , z" (on-)} Q,


    =-,("

    >t sroS^ (S *.*^,")

    t),t
    Z n (e^)fi-

    LE

    "

    "tl

    *#(

    ("r), -E \r/hc
    .- c tui t"i ,-fr' *e tvii

    cot-i!w*/e&';. 4L

    rw++{tv,.e 44

    z=Jrr+n'/ilne^,r.e crr

    rL

    lt Scotep A,Fz pil t

    lv+,E rnl 5,>Lu'l.t'ore. ftt- f/l

    ir<,v i=

    9lH.

    Qr,

    LE rxctttr g.sg.;tpt yn-rreapan,L, -

    su, Z "

    :&t<-*t-ett?z-aN+a.r ase-wt Z^(ox)^

    ro,hrn-^/{2

    b (1il*rn,t) ,

    fr*

    s#Noiw,t4,

    D E' ..r4 ?restr Du- ?t4 kG n,&,to*'

    P{L ,*1tf,e& l,k f*ar)p, b/}f ,brE

    )59<no Zn-

    i ii scsc,rs
    ti

    lf n,

    nc-e:n,rr"Q

    . ur,
    ;
    "i
    r lfri.[z]y*)'t,,*e
    l-i i
    l
    n'f'''r= abt id i,[r','fi i-*il ."^!il',fr,*j
    qo'o1

    I
    .Kw-t

    ij'iijili'l"=w

    'l

    t"y
    fu)J=
    &s
    4I n4:' i (sJgotl-- 1,r^r,.u,.-*7
    4
    lF"b4A=
    I

    ii
    ;
    i
    i
    i
    jii
    j

    LiE" i!,,ti,1 ,frid' Lon-J'=

    t"?

    -. )

    &i, r= r%ilt.tl_-[a
    tllr

    iiii

    iitl

    ,1""i
    0t
    i

    --

    ,,0,5 (ton

    lrli

    l_
    tu* [
    I

    ;J

    I
    I

    [nrorJ,"r

    'ro'Lu,oa -J + a
    i

    l
    I
    I

    r[2"t r) r"i,);J
    ,)l
    fl {r

    1F
    z

    k?.
    V;'l.p'i'r
    'L"

    l'##
    lti

    i i

    ,{+i,:Prf\rr,,z

    li6

    lrw
    t+@fJ)
    .'W,il\
    Loir, ri
    tttt

    ri_l
    III

    1
    I

    rl

    L:tjirf,t

    II

    l.rUr,i,i?;ir)liil

    ll

    (iUi.V.i l)1. TL'.ilCL,\:;.t0llX 1)l:

    Uil iiC.tlli-r 0I.l- LIllt

    JlltSil

    La I'cu.r'va-.ii---,..gitrli:!:'.L-q" llr r:a.pprr:3eJrta:iiorto g:l:'l''tca, i'n funzione

    ;:;;;,

    pU cte11r.- eolnzlotte
    ---

    a<;irj.o) o.l-1a

    i,
    pll

    bo.r:r.r

    l'g..Blo

    8-cg.Llor.,

    d<:l

    c.:nirr1;ai;r lln'-'

    rrr.tnto

    tli. p:.'o Lr-ln i


    t'o lucrtllo------___---_-i---

    .lollrecirlo

    n'l;osrto

    ,+1

    '.'i-r::;l

    ,;."*n,,-

    li.\t',:,t)Ut l!1lil.'iil#t!U{i,!r lil({tjUrCU"rutl

    .j-i-.-!I{llgj.ole" cli trn o.cirLo .Ia rapp::or;o;rtazl-one g::nftcs

    cto11o, so1,-12::ione

    in iu:rzioire cI

    luzior.rc /-roqlrotj& clol1 ro.c:Lo.

    clel

    i ioni or:sic:'i1e:ILl1}n1! a]1e

    so

    lLt "ouYa clj. tii:olazl-onc" d.i una

    ba

    nLln8r-'o

    l^na1o,g,'rrrro:tto

    e1

    eo Ia ra.,p1.osentu.?,iouo 6rafica rtol pH clell.a eoluzi-ono l.tr fr:nz:Lono do1 nulls-'


    I'O

    '

    ir.i-1.,:.o:boiri*g.r,grn-r;:! c.l1ir.

    " ro

    c1i

    soluztono aoquosa tlo}la l:aso' Uoualrnente iI

    nuElo-

    ioni or:r:i<rj.Lc o d.i- j.oui ir1ro6;ono (protoni ic-:'ri'ta.ti) viene ospresoo at-

    . .brar.arso 1r,r} (ii soluzio:ro cl id.rosgid.o o cli aciclo nonopl'oiici foltt gggi*Ii
    aIla aoluziono. Una cr.trr"e i
    , y'il tt)'lcY4 tx:-/
    L^f
    ^ --'
    ,[Orag

    zfoll'a=

    a) Sia n iI

    1;j-Lola"zj.ono pu anchc

    -f f
    ,f
    o ai f.nrO'4'gr..*fl por :nole

    nurnero

    rli protoni agglr,rnti

    esprimatri

    d.j. aciri.o

    come

    pil iu fun-

    o di base..

    o unn base pel nrolo d.i baeo

    BUU,il&ly;lt

    UtiflJl tota-l.e noI oors: d'e11a' bi'bolazlone'


    upponierno rlj-

    to

    {'orma cLl

    ateta ula b."g tipo POI- (n'-) prescnto in soluzions sot-

    (llaf)rI"- o oonci.:ntro.zrono totalo C^ 'o eupponiEuno d.i agglungoro


    --a
    J__

    alla soluziono u3 acio fortc H-.p--, 1a oul cottcon'traziclno','ari& lungo 1'arco


    _*

    +-

    II n

    nol1 prov.rohl una

    el ha.tro i

    nog.,1511ti

    eensibil-o variazlono cl:t volune. Durat:to la titolazlopo

    bilanci r1i carlohe e d.i ua.r:ee J-n acscltza di a1trI olo;t'='


    /,,

    /-u,,-'
    //'

    !'
    t

    t
    r.

    ,,.11'L

    i i-nd.Iff r:ron {;l.:

    [n*''] -' [,,,n']

    )
    I

    g, ., [n,n] + [,,,, ]
    .o - [u,,'-j

    r --l
    l
    L I,|

    r ^---l
    4-2 Lifil'
    J

    - [n-] .{ [un ]
    .F

    +J[,,']i -lcit-l

    (")

    [n']

    ftr:r'-1 +.

    (r]

    -] [rr.t ,, J [r.r] ,. : [u.r.] + 3 [rn.{ * :

    rra::i-a nol- crlrno d.oIIa tito.i-azlono o co::rlspont.o a Ii.0

    [a"]/

    (p)

    .1"

    a6,3iun to a1lo

    .{-

    so.l-uz:lono co'bto forlna di. 1l A.Qr-tirrtl.i-

    la.llculvar cl.i tj.Lol.E.zicne" do1In base nr-'

    zronc :\. fr.,.-J

    claLla (o)

    - 3 [u,r] * ', [u.l]


    . Ilvlclondo

    -'r-a

    s:n..

    d.ata d.al pII 1n fr.u -

    t
    /'1
    L,r.:
    tlli1
    L

    Ln]-[,,*n] fu.n]-z
    t.

    I
    l

    -l + f -F-l r- ---l
    Lt. J llr,o'l - Lnol
    T

    -I

    "

    -L

    * Ittlt I+ Lir,o'l

    fcu

    (a) po:: 0r, si, o'ttieno iI nunelo di

    (dali"

    (4)

    (a)
    1;ro'borri aggiu-lrtl psr.

    no

    1e d.i b&o 'botaler

    [n-]

    ot +d-

    ..u

    - "lclIIJB 1' -lctHr3-

    Da cpranto

    visto & pngi 6 <Ieg1i eppuntl:


    nn.u

    'drr";":

    *
    iln"^-

    +-1 r -l
    ,
    UI'o J - Loti l
    C

    (u)

    'r$r"- 'i

    pex cut"t
    !-!=r-J

    In,o'.J

    nl-n.f

    (..7
    -r

    _r..,o

    (r)

    ,.t.{:',,},'j- ,r. r. .l a*;1'

    ^.i ^1..

    l_on

    i1 nrrrlero
    al

    ugualo

    d"ei-

    protoni aggir.nti (r:he

    mZ,l,c

    numoro\'.,J.'rl

    cianno 1a crl-rra

    d.l titoJ.aziono)

    proLoni loga'bi (che el iegr"no a n3- por forrnare 1e spe/,,

    i\"
    I

    3
    r)

    li'

    ,r,o*or:a'Le cr ch,: din:ro

    ",ro

    ll

    l..tu cltr.''sa

    rli. {icrlnc.aiorto) p11

    -i-]a-lull)1'o

    doi pro'bonl
    ""

    ""4'

    ore d.errouo ciisero J.n cq.tr1.1:li.'riD cou Le formo plo"botrato ai varl pnntt
    l. I:.Lorl
    dp j- pt'o toul ;rrc'rtnlr:tr Li da.L solvetrte
    ti,.r-l.l.c. L.i-Ioi-iulo::.i.r-ljnr-irr..r L bi__p.'
    __-".--_:-

    ;tcqrla o t:Lrc aoltrr r;r..1:i- -(l lrff l.


    --.-2,
    --.

    t c /b tt

    11!
    qu.an-bo

    r t3r.1rr

    .?

    / r)

    i!

    c s ./, t /,,'c rtt


    r,,4, <
    -

    llJI/l

    ".
    !--,lIL.-,,;.t;-i;\,0 cs,r..,ne u:.i[L e
    ,!o 4,1, 7o z/t

    ,/,,ji
    ,::.r'r ril,,lcc,l, I'irc j.ti1-o3.o:

    montre
    'lt.i'att
    l;.^J

    i tanto mirtoro

    ti-.J++ il..r 'r iu"o


    .15[U.ri o"tro s:. :L<r'o]-izza (reaziono vorso slnj.stra)

    Bx- *- J

    !.)

    Suppor:j.a.nro

    cli

    +{

    a.'u3,re ull a.cicio

    H.3 a cotrosnLrglione Lotalo

    suppoulamo

    /1*oH-

    d.i ag4iiun6ore

    a1la

    r.ro.lyziouo r.rn ilrossirlo

    forto

    B,(lii|lJfi

    con

    1o

    steege pr.omos..

    so 1'stto ;'or i1 1:rcco(enbo caso a) '


    Dura.nte 1a li1;olazionol

    t,,''] ., 1,,.r'*] ', t,t,,


    cu - [t.u] + Fr", I

    ] + a [m'-] n : t '-] 'r' [0,, ]

    (g)

    . Lrr"-] + [r'-.]

    (t, )

    corllopond.e .1 0II u.g8iunto a1l'a soL,fJ -r"ia ne1 coxso dolla titoLazlone o

    \-*,

    luztona eotto forma. ai. fn+oi


    euind.i IE',cuxva d.i titola..riona'1 d.elltacld.o E.ts sar. clate cla1 pII ln funalouo

    di

    D.f'J,

    alIa

    (,g),

    'tfl - [u,r] + z [rrs'-]'r 3 Lr'-] + Lor-] ", J

    co. (:

    Lr,r-l r' e [rr"n-]

    L,t.o'] = (rica'raid: 13d.aI1a (u) )

    { [nn'-]; ..' [orr ] -

    [*,0*]

    (r)
    i/{t,

    si o'i; [:tr:rte i,l nunoro <LJ, :loni


    Itl.rid.et:t1c In. (i) 1:cr' 0<1'
    |
    I
    : -..
    a.s5g
    pr'oboni
    nottrS-t!!
    . r'ror nr;Ie c'l-i. n.ci.il.oi i!,t::rritlu r;ort'inp,:trd i:.rrch" o.]. nuli)ur',o i3 'ii
    f;:,,!i,.i :i":t:it,tx'"1!:.i!;;,:+;7 ;',Li::t{:,f:',;1,
    . lf31i;1.fr|J;iLr'.;/cLrrl, tre.L cu.Er) :Ln old,::rc, irc h.e. J iu. "p61;;;i1;:3;"-'.1'J.'Ilrn1;-u;1f'Uifin1],P'-:{ti;I

    '

    *tLL,;At

    qiilr,,i",t"aririuli**:L
    cher

    conto cL. quanlo si riot'cr: uo1 oaso -o) pr'4oorlon'bc, la (i) d.ivione:.;;:;ji'j'.'
    .

    tu (t) e l.a (t)

    , oio tram-f(pu)

    (Li f or:nnzi.onerr

    t"t

    ur,r.r1o

    C,:nno 1a rel.aziotto

    ui-f(pil)^

    conto {,l-La ta.b. Vr6 a p. 1l do6li app".mtit Ia

    soluzj.oni 0,-l o.0rCI

    l'1 d.i- ac.

    fosf orico col l,t+olt-

    0lr- e-6;giuntl
    n

    PII

    tla

    cB-0,1

    ],1

    per

    ,ii,.:

    molo

    Ca=0r 01

    1i

    1, oo:

    219

    2 roo

    L'

    ,3roo
    a,9.0,

    '5roo

    ,'

    -0r g
    ar4

    -9 ,0

    -o r5
    0rB

    tL

    o,

    Zto,

    Q19o

    O19o

    7'r9

    lrot

    1,0r,

    Bo

    5, oo

    10
    *, /

    1r1

    frl

    7r@'

    1
    Lr+

    lr6

    Lr6

    Br oo

    l19,

    lo
    1r/z

    9 r-oo

    1, O.

    1,9

    I,9u

    019

    ztvz.

    2, o.

    0rB

    na
    .-, -

    al
    c, )

    0,

    zr ll
    L,U

    10,

    00.

    ,0"

    11, 0o

    L2,00

    311

    11,00

    or o5

    Jr9,

    l?-,9

    zi.ons

    .LoI1a

    noutrali zazlone
    rrrPo;)

    o l tluo-pr.'otoni (formazlone dJ.

    riolla maggloro utlllti'


    _.__-.i*---;..
    clcllu. crrv& dl formaziono per vode-

    dl

    1lsP0. e

    irT1.-Lglfgzio"o__lii_Ul_:"rU" (ta curva d.l tltolazlone


    .".-/--fi-,rti!
    -- --.-_____--_*-j_-_.-

    farrrbbo

    p'coiuaro oho I,"".irl;',;i'lolato fosso d.i1:rotico). In of.Fobti per valori estremi


    d.i pil si. ont::a nol1a coslid.ott a.. zona tampone cloll'B.oqua. i. I : .,.

    .1..

    9
    =

    o
    .!
    f

    12

    10

    -2

    ,'lr*-rr,.r,i

    itl{

    -l

    Diagrarnrni

    di

    log

    pH

    a",ou, irr funzionc dcl p]l pcr alcuni

    rrr

    bsrNH'l

    di

    l,;g 4.vrr.;H:)

    irr fu'rzionc di log INtl') pcr

    alt

    rrni rnctalli

    &r4

    Y
    lr

    3
    J

    P
    IJ

    1'

    8'

    .,10

    12

    Pll

    tnelallici
    - Costanti di rrabilir corrdizionali di alcrrrri corrrplc:si

    ,;db

    co'

    F
    tl+
    llFl

    s\
    -0rL

    -or[t

    5"Q,,t

    6t*

    lJ

    lei

    A, ?io'ar dt/

    Fori

    CniL,rnnJ,^, e ""2furo
    nsJ + n2+ + S2'
    5. ;e plt di, ",, nvi s<4.
    Ks- e KzS >

    nS
    lf

    ", = [nzlfsz-1

    2- /-.^L A

    *'

    s'-nH+ +

    HS^

    Hrs

    uT"ieLn' .L, Jissoc-".s...a,^q L.

    l{rs =

    Hs-

    ki

    r H+

    [n s-]
    fn, sJ

    Hs-:fl*+sz[s') [nI' = 10, 'Zo

    [,,,tJ
    s r{^t,t f',r: dil5=

    f^ /+""

    7Q'6-' nu i *

    Hs- +H+
    5rt?;via-1.^.o

    76

    ytfl

    [tr*J Ds,J
    --

    [n t-J

    '.

    H,S

    1o-a'-Kat

    = 4o

    -'3
    =

    k*,

    = kr,,

    nS

    +,(-Fu*

    sr-a

    Lk /*,

    fn,! = [sr-J + [rs-J * [r,s]

    s = fitr*J = ftr-J

    { [t'J[u*J + tt'J [rr]


    7o-13

    s = [nrr) =[sz-]

    S'=fn'-lLr,-J

    (,r

    [n.]
    4o-t\

    lr#.

    5'=

    kro (" +

    s=

    [*

    5; , ,(i",^. (,*

    [k+J +
    4,i1t

    4O-t\

    vv

    ['-J' \
    ,

    nr" /

    4o-.o

    "L' =r(n,t t- i,

    cr,,yv

    fu^zo,*

    [.a!

    pH

    .{

    AW

    r pt**,, l*

    s =rtr-

    dr*.y,'*L{^'
    Eseaau

    "g

    IC

    b$,b f,.rnlu

    k^;;

    ptf

    so*o 'ru"L;rs

    Fi'^Q-

    Soov^o

    W =,W U_
    v

    W
    s=rfi-W

    a ,Jk
    .

    1o'r

    =*,; {oB

    , G tohh("k

    puo-

    .or(*

    Ey^r,,,

    4o'"'L
    4o^lo
    v

    (o-1o
    C

    L*

    e-

    Eserreio,

    urvl

    srL Lt)

    . .[r o-']
    '(

    U tt(.'*
    >

    U^ to(.{u,-

    @- gLl= o

    dlo

    o- p\=o

    F",r

    = 1o-2r.lono

    =a9

    k t*r,r,,*tiQ

    Kso =4{21,t

    5=

    S=

    at

    Kro=4r?

    FK=z

    -2 [ul = y'o-2

    ,l*r los =@

    +[tJ=1

    .,L
    4o'1"

    t.
    d4 ?tnc^t

    ?
    /*w

    ,*(.(-

    f;u "J-,Lte

    Zsspz*

    (-ont;ln rok

    euv?4

    K* z

    4o-t1.

    srLLrQ

    (r'n)

    i';'.:1.:;',

    mltc. .

    ''.'i.-,-)r.,

    'acrdt ,

    ".

    0'10 ntolc/litro
    ). E<LVPlo x.9. Calcolarc il pl{ di una soluzione contcncntc
    cianidrico'
    acido
    di
    molc/litro
    di acido acclico e 0'15
    1- ,6111i1rni di oquilibrio s()no lc scgucntt:
    lHr l[Ac-] - l,'ti x l0-$[HAc]'

    til+ I tcN-)

    4,8 . v' l0-)o IHCN I'

    tH+ltOH-l- 1,0 x lo-t('


    I hilanci di

    nrassa:

    .!uo.l

    * tAc-l: o,to

    tilcNI

    1- [CN-)

    0'7s'

    messa si conFgurrno nolla if,FIrcscn'


    pq6
    il problcma ncccsslria unf, ssL'l
    li5qlvcrc
    tazionc grafica di fig- 7-6'

    L'cquilibrio dcl sistcma c ibilanci di

    iH+l: tAc-l*

    tCN-l

    + totl-L
    di

    IH+l'
    Scgucndo sul diagra-mma l'andemonto dolla "ur-'" r-'ppr*onta(iva'
    di pH pcr cui [ol{-i
    si vcdc cho cssa intcrscc..r la curva di [Ar] ad un valorc
    bilancio
    c [CN-] sono cntrambi tra-tcurlbili: con buoneilpprossi.mi'zione' il
    si pu scrivcro pcrci nolla forml scmplrhcrL3:
    di

    II+ ] - tAc-l: '' -P.{-

    dj acido
    ['.ii-'-" tn9:lg-4:]-gi "

    pratica.-1d.!nLsoluziono

    -gl:.-{o :o:{sg9gd-o--in
    tic o : i.
    -c-u{" -si1iiG.,:*

    !Ip.H
    ac

    2'qs'

    ,@9!.1-".,---:s.o

    log[CN-]

    i"

    1.ilt f'

    6.!

    0'l

    molaro

    x l0r"
    -1,0't' tCN-l:.8'5

    IlpuntorrpprcsnLativodi[oH-l(minorcdito.:')addiritturafuorid:rlla
    ss.la dcl diagramma0.10M HAc'
    p. - {.7

    o!-

    iHc.Nl

    '

    :l

    O,2J

    I HCN,

    p'.

    9.32

    :ffilH

    ry

    I
    I

    ...- 3

    I
    I

    (J-{

    -t

    xo

    'l
    I

    -G

    -!
    -8

    ll{Acl
    :'

    1-r-r-.,-\ '
    $ G 7. 8 .9

    r--a

    ro ll

    t \!

    72

    13

    .'.i

    i.: :.:.:, :'-ii:,


    d,"
    1,, r i:ir,,l;.;f
    i'i:.:":' ii :i,;1..i '

    *l.i:f i;:,i f .i,f ,ffi l*, irft1


    'i.
    .j:1., :.1.- :'.;,.',::i'.'.i, .t.,.,,.
    ,.

    .',u..:

    1,;'i;,;,

    ;;.

    . ,'

    fl
    I.

    '.; (a

    ':

    :'

    ffi

    ,',,,''' - :

    i
    ;l ii f iig
    .;#ti r{i {:,
    :'I.o-',,rtL1,.:iji:,;';:;:'..::ii.;.r''

    :--.,:[u*ttr-r-;

    HJ fi

    i .r''''i'i};-,HTrl5t;ii tt

    ':,.

    '

    ii

    ;i

    :i'

    - ','-','!"''r-.'.tY'.t'..;.".'

    Scsucndo sui'grefico'l'andemcntd della

    linea'*r;;;*.i,i,ir. i 1"*t'.i;"0.
    tl" ,*:.intcrscca.la linea di [Ar] ad un ialord'4i pg p"r cui
    lc concenrraztont dt In- c OH-. sono dcl tutto trascurabili..bcvc ciscio pcrci
    '

    [H-J_1ar],

    l,

    '.

    pH:2,88...

    Anchc in qu6(o c-so. il pH orienuto


    soluziono ai ,.;.io
    "dtr'n.
    acrtico puro 0, I molarc. Il rupporro di"orrirpond
    (ra le duo lormo
    concrntraziono
    dclI'indicatorc si ricava dalla:
    ...
    .

    [Hrn] [H+]:_.-.-:n,
    l,l2 x,if
    [tn_] ,(r" 1,6...
    x l0_.
    di tOH-] minoro di l0-r:. vi

    L-a conccn(rlzionc
    dil-uori del diagramma.

    corrispondo un punto al
    .

    .a'.

    O,l

    M HAc, pX.:

    C,|S

    mc(ilar:rcio
    -'M HIn, pX.
    -

    I,0 x
    I

    (J

    ':

    J,g

    -{

    c
    I

    -c
    I

    .-'t

    -;
    7 8.9 lo.rrlz-rr
    pH

    Frc. 7-7. Diagramrna logaritrru"co pcr


    una soiuziono con(cncnte I,0 x
    molc/litro di mctilarancio c O,t
    IO_{
    -JI"ifi"Ja;
    dalta sovrapposizione a.i ai.gr";i'i"ir""'".,a;. acido acctico. l-a fiEura risulra

    ,.

    . Esrvpto N. l l. Ca.lcolarc il pH di una soluzrbnc -con(cncn(c


    litro di acido acctico c
    molc/l;t . ai ..;jl formico (HCOOH)- 0,10 molc/
    .0,0.5

    >

    , - [H+][.A.r-]- l,7j x lg-jtne.l,


    lH+llHcoo- j- 1,77 x.ro-jIscou],
    :' [H+J[OH-J: 1,g x tg-r. .::
    '

    c dai bilanci di mzs"a

    ..',

    . ': :

    ;'

    . [HAc]* to.-rl:.i;

    ,\
    I

    (r;
    (2)
    (3)

    !
    I
    I

    t
    I

    I
    I
    I

    ({)

    t_
    I
    I

    st rrcava il diagramma raPnrcscnato in fig- 7-8.


    inoluc nrccssario un biIancio di carica:
    .: ..,

    []r+l: tHcoo-l+ tac-li

    iori-].

    '- :
    ':
    .-.r,.1...1,.:,': ..' :-

    i.
    !

    I
    t

    II
    I

    (6)

    :i,,:l;::.fi|
    ' , ' '' ;l:.ii'i:lfil
    .',
    .
    ''!!i:.'.','i:ij-t
    +!'.' +',:-'- ' -.------- --'*.

    'i

    scgucndo sul diagramma.la tinca rappre<ntariva


    lcrrtca anzitutto ta tinea- lHcoo-1.'irarcu-r_endo di Jllr J, s[ vctlc chc cssa innolle (6) 3li altrl due lcrmini
    di conccntraziono, si otricnc a"tt, i.riura dcl grafrco:

    lH+J: tHcoo-l
    .

    qucsro pH

    2,g2

    - _3,22,

    log[Ac-J

    Il

    pH

    2,S4.

    [Ac_J

    6,0

    t0_r.

    rappr.rrto formiato/accuto ha

    il valoro
    IHCOo-l

    2,rl2. to-3
    -J"-J:: 4'e' = =iffq-

    *fit##;*;3 ;U#*}r
    l-;;;;;;

    ffi

    x rg.-s;

    :**r
    -..
    i;H_J,.

    ryn

    tncrica, rrascurando nolla


    el ,ora

    ,ffi

    Dalla (4) o daila


    1t;, cspt;c;tando [Ac-J, si orrieno,

    ;.

    ;: .'; "::

    lH+l_ lHcoo_l* tArl.

    ry

    r^--r
    t'nl r -

    ffi
    {. ld

    1,75

    (6a)

    lcr-c

    fnrl +-i u;fp

    (1)

    Dallc (5) e (2), risohcndo pcr


    [HCOO-J:

    us

    [HCoo-J' *

    Ir

    Sostitucndo

    ;;.lg_i*,0lH+j+r,fi-xJF.'

    in (6a) i valori cosl otrcnuti si ha


    g,gJ x tO-.
    Irr+r_
    rr.
    J +)+t,tlxloF{-lF
    1s+1{-1,r; ,o= +

    ffi

    1.75

    I+

    (8)

    x If
    r,7il-ii=s'

    Poich' dar proccdinrento gra6coi


    IH+ ] risurtato dc*ordinc di ,o.., s possono
    ragionevolmcntc trascurare al r{cnominetorc
    le cos[anti addirivc (minori

    ffi

    5% di lH+. Nc

    ry

    tT*l':

    #ffi

    del

    vicnc

    t0,60

    x tor;

    = 3.25,x l0;

    [r]+.J

    pt,l

    Il valorc di pH non m.olto divcrso da qucllo


    ricavato_pcr via
    st-anic Ic approssimazioni piuttosto *zz.j"tc.-

    ihq
    qry

    tffi

    0,050

    ffi

    3.75

    I-

    rifr

    grli.

    - {.?5

    l^c-l

    llluoo-l

    -J

    (J-l

    --5
    -6
    -8
    -9

    graFrca, nono-

    0,10M HAc,

    _,

    CH

    2,49.

    HCOOH,

    t Pr(. 0l- '

    '.1'

    I.'\c]

    torrl

    approssimez

    Escmpio

    ll

    lll+

    678

    0l0llt213

    pH

    FtG' 7-8' Diagramma togaritmico pcr una


    soruzionc corltcnehro 0,r moro/ritro
    acido- accrico c 0,05 mote/tirro
    'acido r;;;".
    k nr." risurta dara sovrapposizionc dci diagrammi dci
    duo acidi.

    di

    u;Jd.-,-..dt*lr^ifil-,*._!lrilrarig*^..

    _,

    '.).1-

    .l

    __

    "rtgroEo

    reo

    seu-ffi

    rt rq
    SA'c[s,' ac'NFa
    .l

    j.r,.

    I,q studio_-_speitrofotometrlco dei complessl l_n


    ii,l ,'
    --oluzlone gomtncl ad &\rere u:1 rlsore matematj-co
    ,.1'. con 1f,-g1eto do de1le varlazloril. contlnue , attrlbui-

    rr-*-

    -.

    't

    tri

    ,I

    i,

    r*.*" urn
    '..''t' ' appilcato precedentemente.
    rn segulto, a.che per 1a mancata applj-cazlone dl
    altri metodl , quall 1 'analis1 rogarltm.Lca e ra ti*
    \o7-azlone spettrofotometrica, 1I metodo di Job fu
    largamente adottato notosta-.r te 1_Il.mfl;!_S-bS__-eSsq
    -gglpgrlgj -Lnfa'btl per ur-r "orraruiio *umpJ-ice in so*
    luzione r de1 tlpo:

    ';.

    "

    rl

    mA+nB

    AB
    mn cofi,e:t-S5o

    e L.u"grscono per dar luogo acl un unlco

    ouando

    ,A.

    compl

    so,

    es

    :'

    11 J[glgg-pJgl,l*?**ugr$-q*,*.Q"p*-xpr,Llnus

    varido e perrnette crt identlfrcare ir rapport, **


    g:li indlcl m ed n del- romplesso dal.ra postztone del
    massimo delle partlcolarl curve assorbanza in fun------*- ----.---zlone del- rapporto molare del conponentl

    1ar.

    miscer-a:

    secondo 1o schema generale rlportato nella tabelra A;


    se Ho utJ

    r'::','

    {rgQRo g1,o

    1=r)*.
    L'.2 =1 \

    \ ft-&v

    ?q^jo
    d'i,o5tnt""-o'-u-

    Cou.rg-ge4o
    c{e_ 'lo
    'poQn

    r.r-r.,.-

    fu.lqpo

    k/c-

    *r<&:c.trg

    t\

    .i

    lr.r c-r:,

    .,=

    t
    U

    I
    I

    C* n Cc-

    ^tI,

    '.1
    ,,.Y,

    l'

    - )L:

    I
    l
    l
    l
    I

    TAB.
    Tormula generale secondo Job (14)
    .A.

    oNJ J tr rr,
    .q-4riQ:''
    i'

    -t
    J

    v
    I

    _!

    -t
    ;!

    I*l
    *l

    tl,

    SS foNflrrso PrrJ

    c-orf

    PuS--

    el
    -\
    - \o

    Se lnve ce si ha la f omrazlone

    su c ce s slva

    dl pll
    complessi,
    che avvlene nel1a magglor parto del
    t\r\""
    -"osa'
    1,._
    \L rtrx
    easl , ]-a poslzione de1 masslmo, rrcavabrle dalle
    ;ft#:,,S
    curve dl Job, lnfluenzata da varl fattorl, quall
    11 pH e 1a lungrez2.
    d'!onda ol-tre che cralla Jailro:lti:]:,-,.*
    ---. +
    "-y-l-vYrorrcgftLrrrr;1

    r--J-'

    "]

    ll
    *i

    I
    *

    |
    'lslzlone
    delIa soluzlone. fnoltra I compor.ientl che i,-,o ^
    l.:.-rrvr|UIglUUl.ilpUI1eIlU].Cne-got-'.,l.to'.jt
    ,' reaglscono non devono sublre Ll"r., tipo dl i.eaz-rone
    se condarra o col]a berar-e sra tra
    -r-oro I che con 1-1
    solvdnte o con eventuaLl. legandl pre sentl ln cornpe _
    tlzlone come r per esempb, 1'1dro11sl dello ione meta111co, de1 complesso, 1a dlssoclazlone o lrasso*

    _l

    "l
    i

    j
    ;

    :i'i
    .l...
    1.,':.'r

    '
    ()
    :l, /

    l,
    I

    t-

    l'

    _.{}

    clazlone del legando e Ia formazlone d1 complessl


    ml stl
    -+ Huttl i casl menzlonati lnfluenzano notevolmonte
    1a poslzione de1 masslmo e qulndl comp-1_l cBno 1a soluzlone del sistema. Generailzzando sl pu dlre che
    .11 metodo dl Job permette 1o studlo d1 slsteml seml1cl anche se non consente Ia dlstinzlone tra com-

    parte del slstemr compressl sl possono gtte--peqq solo.


    stsi-Drt\ Eft&fc^
    . informazionl Ou*it*u*tr".lN'FonAAcllTA-m=rr-iTlE11Vtr-t-x

    QtAu\rxnve i,x-sffit( cofteesli


    ' -------------<Ilaetodo deIIe so1uzlon1 corrlspondentl (15) successivamente lntrodotto, non presenta sqstanzlarl
    vantaggi rispetto aI rnetodo _Lqg*b*.
    -;ir;"centementS)rr*us(16 ) ha lntrodotto
    un me_

    l co che perme tte 1 re satta lndlvl cjuazl one


    deg11 indicl de1le specie complessate ed 11 calcolo
    de1le costantl dl formazione, anche ile1 caso dl comle ssl
    ]1ng9f9etl*rg con Ia limltazione del conl:_

    to do

    p1ess1

    mistl

    r^k:x"xrx,7'
    t;

    l
    I

    / ct"ryl /rtfiortltg We
    c-"

    ,-r.};o*,rs3=e>

    ^r--*4\ - 15 - 16
    rfi,q

    -t ry

    t
    ?

    I
    I

    =t

    '

    _v

    o,

    5r"t

    '*

    l,'

    IJ
    :r1J,.,.
    r'\,
    ;

    -l

    (.

    lnilne

    prma x'udeslnskJ (17)


    .,, .u)romme{
    pol
    v"a
    scuol-a
    B4s,
    cecoso'o^^^1r)
    cecoslovac"*(r)
    if;;l':,,i.aua
    ;il:i,":t
    ,^*_: lntrodotto
    ":-.
    .nanno
    i:,*::\. i..

    iiitr r,

    -l

    "

    iffix
    ll

    fi,U;

    )
    -j

    ah r

    . ^,

    **su**;

    compone"*r
    id91l
    titi:=-r------ ,;;; ll-II-rJ-^jli

    -l

    l i'r"

    rli::

    1a

    un nuo_

    ne- v'lr.r.a
    "^'ll
    qL
    a"i
    t-qLl.-rgrlgpr11
    "inl

    "u :1 pH, rlsolte

    pro po st

    funzl onl
    r.A3.

    rneur"n_

    da

    rlpor-

    1o studio

    de1

    I;.-T\,'i.,hA

    R=L

    '3.'.:l^'; \.

    ffi#r'*.*
    dlftfiiilil
    ffi=

    ..i

    ii

    :+[+t$nli7t i .

    I,lndaglno qr_ron*-:l; l-ro f o t ome t

    .. ={"Lo31o.o
    k (_A D
    QurL\gtu
    ro steti tol'-^*l'
    agstr=u"l

    .,.*

    r1 c a d
    ,,on. cr-omotronJ o,Cc-f-n-\

    i,,.;l;TfT1-,--:!3tt

    gt

    6q.

    ;l
    cos6i

    !h, *f6.

    rt
    ,l

    \L/

    fusfuffi.'?*''
    ;ilt
    j..

    '

    ..

    *qtx= 3 YNiJlT*coH1-o*
    "''a o
    iir.
    i:ii::.' o 1-

    \-f-

    t'
    l
    I

    l,

    i:

    r:t:,,-ii-

    I
    !

    _ ZL-

    t
    I

    i
    .T

    j
    I

    t\
    ...

    f,a re ezi one deJ. cromo (f f f ) c on acl do cromotropi


    co cjiventa significativa a tog
    [rJrf per formare
    un conposto solub1le verde-pa111do neIIe c
    ondi zi oni
    sperimentall in cul abbiamo operato.
    la reazione p::ocede molto lentamente a temperatu_
    ra ambiente e ragS-iunge la comple tezza dopo
    alcuni

    giorni; 'ra velocit. delra reazione aumenta


    alr-raumen_
    ta.re del1a temperatura.
    soluzl0nl ottenute da acido cromotropico e
    cromo(rrr)
    hanno identiche caratterlstlche e sono
    stabili per
    diverse settima-ne sia tenendole a 25 oC
    sia facendo_
    1e bollire e riportandole poi alla tempera.t.ura
    di 25 0c;
    anche r-e caratterlstiche spettrofotometriche
    rimangono
    invariate.
    Per cui 1e mlsure spettrofotometriche
    sono state
    fatte dopo aver mescolato i componentl,
    averr_i fatti
    bollire per 2 ore ed averlj- successivamente
    riportati
    c

    1
    L)

    Oar

    U.

    Gli spettri- di assorblmento sono statl


    reglstra.ti
    1n funzione delll_?@:j"11
    recces"" ,.-f*"" ai
    uno dei due costltuentl il sistema.

    te

    le curve di assorblmento che sono sta.te


    registra_
    in._eccesso_di_
    iglt 119t.4llri r rnostrano massimi a

    tr
    '::o

    I'

    -LL

    :r

    I lu(

    , 340, 325 )-4) llm.

    .*)

    ff*f

    Gl-i spettrl ln eccesso di agente com lessante so'r


    no sr-nili ai precedenti fatta eccezione per un
    nuovo
    massimo che com.pare a llO

    -nm.

    Per ellmlnare f interferenza dovuta all'agente coraplessant per il forte essorblmento a basse lunghe zze
    c1 roncla, le misure sono state eseguite a 37 5 nm.
    DI
    EAUIL]BRI
    ffi

    -:itekffi

    COKfPLBSSAZIOKE
    aa
    ttF*r.sa!--.dE

    I risultati dellrappllcazlone de1 metodo de1le soluzioni e gu immo lecolarl eed e111a t,1 i a ret
    mettono
    A1
    in eviden z^1 pre s enza L1I
    co:
    om pre S si c on conpo sl- zl- one
    I ro o Z
    ( fi g. 2)
    .nd o - 1r1, 1
    met allo/l egan
    La pre SCTLZ.za di dlfferren ti qui l- ib ri di c omp lessazLone rl- s ulta lnoltre daall- ECcu rve AC id it /assorbanza
    ,+ -r.l
    o

    .[ = f (-1o sul 'lJ )n n eonnC J)


    o stan te (ng.
    "M
    "f.r"Ni
    e da1le c urve'o as s orbanzaa-c oncce.ntr a oi on ed el co mponentl
    A- = f (CI)
    A =J_ r.
    e
    1( c)
    n
    n
    1o
    !
    l',I
    1o gLH
    s
    "1,1

    t,

    .:-^ il
    \J.t
    ,

    h6

    IL1

    [H.j

    \= costa nte

    L_

    3)

    flg. 4).
    Una co mpleet a analisi de 11e
    1 o cur 1/ e SE con do i-1 .fit'd6
    di Somner (18 ) mette ip eevi den ai SE gu ent t o,u illbFI-

    2:\
    I

    l:L

    in soluzlone:
    2Ir + .L2*
    1^

    II + H^L"-::*
    2'4
    I'IHI, + E2L'- :
    ..

    M^T,
    '2.

    + 2

    .+

    r -Il
    (-rog[H]

    H'
    -l.

    [Hl E
    .rt1
    tYI(Ht)2 + H*l t-roelI J
    I"[HL

    H'

    ,:

    -ros

    L's

    .'\

    ). 'r.,
    / + ,3i'5)
    ')
    ir ..a \
    4';' t :5r.3)
    i

    .i
    I

    '

    l,t

    l:

    tl

    . ..:.,
    j, i;, ''|-14
    art
    i.:.
    ,'ir:I, t

    I
    I
    I
    l
    I
    I

    - 24 -

    La formazlone de1la specle pollnucJ.eata ha luogo


    con rllascio di d.ue protonl 1n soJ-uzloni con largo
    u"sso dl metallo (cM/cL = 10 t 20), mentre per un
    rapporto metalJ.o/Iegand.o m-lnorer si ha 1a formazi-one
    di una specle mononucleare secondo ltequilibrio riportato. ,A.1-lrsumentare deI- pH si ha 1a coordinazione
    di una second.a molecola di legando e ancora rilascio
    d.i un protone secondo. 1 f e quilibrlo riportato.
    L'idrolisi del complessl .rnlzta a pH >z 2r5 per sol
    luzioni 1n eccesso di metallo e pH >.5r3 per soluzio-

    t'
    I
    I

    t,

    )\

    ni in eceesso di legando .
    . -_-f val-ori de11 tassorbivita molare calcol-ata "(llS)rl^
    e i va]-ori delle costanti di equilibrlo ottenuti-at'
    raccolti ne1l.a tabella:
    1'analisi grafi"r(18)
    "oro

    lv
    i
    I
    I

    6-

    _A't

    ro

    specie

    Ln.lo-t s r,- t
    (,{ = a 7tr,,,")

    MzL
    liiHL

    o,64to,o?
    or62!o,02

    l{(Hr)2

    qui

    libri

    log costan-te

    ,zot

    O, O6

    [orr] L*1'/
    [uHr] [r.]

    ZM

    [nr nrlrJ Lyl ,

    Frrrj

    /Tq' Jl

    frurru-l

    / b' hrL

    .[,i

    1ni, ) zl

    [uriJ
    L*,r]

    LnrJ.2

    t*r] lnrri

    / [-] [nr] '

    1r 58!C, 02 ,
    a , 65t

    o, 02l'
    1,1

    -lr75tO,OZj'
    ,,
    19,5910, 04

    6,ol-to,o4i,
    9r621O,06

    l.

    Per 1 teccesso dl metallo 1 valorl del-le costanti


    di eguilibrlo sono stati correttl tenendo conto del1 tidroli-si clel metallo assumendo 1a presenza(19 )
    \\1,
    j*
    crr(oH)
    cr(ou)2*,Wrr=101o)
    e
    delre specie
    Wzz=1o?')('0,

    ir
    .l

    ,l

    fz'

    1
    I

    -LG-

    ?
    -I

    -ACIDO

    CROi{OTROPICO

    ,],Ifi-u ilrga .cg-r P{

    -{
    {

    'i
    i,,

    1IT
    Lz :'eazione tra i1 cr'^ e I'acido cromotropico.
    lniluenzata cial pH; in pratica pir alta lracidita
    e:ag;icre la. vel-ocit cle11a reazione come risiurta
    da' r a fig. 5 , rlove .riene ripor.tato 1 randamento de1la
    Teeztone (C/Cl,l = costi.:.nte; aciclit costante ) se{Tuen_
    do 1 ,andanento 'de1r-ra.ssorba,nza.
    ^@nm in funzione
    oc.
    de1 tenpo ed a ?5ro ! o,2
    si ''red-e che 1a reazione
    richiede circa 3o ore per rac.qiungere l-a compl etezza,
    zentre Ia reazione molto pir) rapida (ro*r! minuti
    se si eleva la tempe::atura lntorno ai SO oC.
    -'---

    I
    I

    o"},911.,

    II

    ]"-"p"Lggg*., g

    s*b] lq,

    "i-gseEig:]e

    c o1o

    rai o

    E' noto che 1"r1cido ,cromctropico non assorbe nel


    visibile ma nerrru.1/. come si vede darra fig. 1; i1
    cr'- in a.'nbiente aci do ha uno spettro con un ,,plateaLl,r
    ner f into::no di 42, nm ed un massimo a
    3 50 run come si
    ',zede da1la fig, 6,.
    !o spettro di una solu zLone di acido cronotropico
    e Cr'* in aribiente acido (Cr/C* = costante
    I a.cidrta
    -u-ariabile) prusenta un massimo
    ne1 vislbi-le.intorno
    a 535 nm (ffg. 7), mentre neI,U.v. (fiS. B) presenta
    una spalla intorno e 2IO nm.
    ' ', i ., \i

    ri'/ r."
    I

    ll'''

    ','''' ( [lt

    No
    ' .'- i ..

    \3Bo

    nax

    \)

    il

    't,

    vl

    tr. i'i
    ?]

    t.

    -2t-

    l
    -t
    I

    -I

    I prodotto cli ossidazione deII 'acid.o crornotropico con lIrO, un composto colorato in arancione
    con uno speitro de1 tipo riportato in fig. 9 per 1a
    regione del- visibil-e ed in fig. tO per Ia regione
    o-l I tTl

    ',f

    Si nota che 1'effetto .deIl'ossidazione nettamente diverso nei due casi. fnfatti il massimo nel
    '
    .t,
    vlsrbil-e cade a 425 nm e non e 535 nrr,. 1ffi$i1
    I{e11 ' U. \I. si ha uno spettro del tipo di c7ue11o
    di fig. 10 con un "plaioau" a 310 nm ed un massirno
    accennato a 22O nm

    lJ

    Effetto della concentrazione del- CrW


    TTT

    La rcazione tra 1 raciclo cromotropi co e d i1 Cr "


    ad acidit fissa influenzata dalla concentrazione dj- crornato. Infatti come si pu vedere dalla fiS.
    11 1'assor-bauza a 5l-O: nm :::_":" per utY rapl;orto m/t
    fino a 2- e quindj- decresce fino a valori minini per
    un certo rapporto ltt/L 6,5 . Que sto lascie pensare che
    inizialmente tra iI cromato e l-'aciclo cromotropico
    si ha una reazione redox con formazione di una specie colorata (interrredio ) che v-iene invece degr"adata acl elevati ::ap1,orti di '![/L.
    r prodotti di degradazione evi-denziati sono CrIlI
    ( racco]-ta
    (reazione violet'ia con EI['A e caldo ) , CO.
    z
    su Ba(' oll )^t ) ed So,2- (precipitato con lar, ) .
    ,+--_

    74

    II
    I

    -28*

    -_l

    -l)

    E[c$,g-."eJe

    *sg*gg!!ragls]g

    /t condizioni fisse di cromato ed aciclit, un eccesso di acido cromotropico non infruenza la reazio_

    ne

    rapporti LfM >, lo"

    come si ve de a"f-*""ij-co
    gral l_ co rlel
    I a f i'i cg. 12 ,
    del-l-a
    il- rnassinro a (525 Inm rimane prssocch costante Der
    .t

    -.J

    I
    lI
    -

    ; inf atti

    -l

    Effetto del]a concentrazione di acido cromotropico

    +-%wY!ffiffiffiffiE@

    ^\rI
    eur
    .%.-

    La conce,trazione dei due reagenii influe,za ra


    reazi-o.e o1t'e che . nei mocli gi riportati anche su1l-o stato r'isico dei procotti; infat-ui- per concentrazlorri rnaggiori di 5. fO-i M (CN/CL = I ) si separa un
    composto sol-ido col-orato.

    ggw&flQ AL]g- r Ar o sol,r po

    i
    t

    lv

    -i-l

    -t
    -l
    .-l
    -t
    I

    -r*

    I1 ccntposto aIl-o stato solido che si seDara da


    sol-uzr-onr- ci crw ed aciclo cronotropi co stato
    allaTtzzato rnediante ane_f isi el_ementare, termogravirne_
    trica, Tralisi spettroscopica I.R. e di riflettaanzz
    di ff u sa.

    J
    _ 29

    l
    ,J

    .[nallsl elementare
    @

    fic

    iletermin azl.onL

    -i

    lx

    Lr

    27

    ,65

    3r93

    26

    r1,2

    3i16

    24 r25

    2 r1o

    /"s
    12 r7.4

    /" cr
    10, 25

    re si duo
    14r 10

    8,BB

    -l
    I

    I risultati delle tre ana11si, eseguite 1n diversi laboratori, non sono in accordo.
    Tuttaviar ssumendo i valori delltanalisi ilGir , che
    l- 'uniea completa, ed in particolare considerando il
    rapporto C/S/Cr, si trova un rapporto lO/Z/t, che sa*
    rebbe consistente con un composto ln cui iI rapporto
    \1/L di 1:1.
    gssume, quindi 'la pre senza. dl un composto dl for-S_1-_

    f\

    rnulalIItr,
    \Z xII^On \

    li
    li:
    li

    'it

    rl
    Ir

    !i

    ll
    t,r

    Bl9#33{-P,-EJ*-l*AI4.I-gEBr,log84yII$gBIg

    tlpo sono rlportatl neIle figg. 1l


    14. si nota cha la decomposlzlon termi-ca awiene
    Termogramml

    I
    I

    -l

    l-n

    Ji.

    I
    I
    I
    I
    i

    J
    -'i
    j

    - 3o -

    tre stadis un pri-mo stadlo flno a lBO oC; un seconrlo stadio, costituit Oa plr processi sovrapposti e
    d.a 1BO B 52O oC ed un terzo stadio
    non risolviblll,
    da 57O a 72O oC. Ne1 prluo stadio si ha perdita dl
    come confemr f* presenz dt un picco endoter.acqua
    mico ne11 'analisi lgrmodiff erenz:-al.e. (ff S. f 5 ) ; ne1
    s_econdo Ia decomposizione flno a s1fato di cromo (III

    e ne1 terzo stadio i1 passaggio da solfato ad ossido


    di cromo (rrl) .
    f,e perdite percentuali in peso sono riassunte ne1- G
    fri, f. \ ill
    1a s eguent e tabella: ) \i. ,\r,,
    10 staclio ( lo + 1Bo oc)
    Zo stad.io (1BO + jZO oC )
    oC
    J o stadio (SlO + 72O

    9,4

    /"

    55,5 /'

    5,6

    I risultati dellranalisi termogravimetrica non ci


    consentono quindi di qssegnare con esattezza Ie perdite ponderali a ciaseun processo; ad elevata temperatura infatti i valori sperimental-i non sono in accoroo per l-a decomposizione del solfato ad ossido:
    il fatto potrebbe essere giustificato da una interazione delIo-_S che rimane parzialmente legato a1 platino de1 crogiolo.
    (.
    t' i ^

    Ir t-t - lr,0
    it t-

    \
    I

    r.n\
    co. I\.',-d/1.
    .

    t{,'

    5to

    "t

    1t

    .J..

    Y/0

    \-..

    (1,o3

    ,l
    !,

    - 31'

    ]r
    i

    I
    I

    \\.
    ..

    I risultati derr'\f sf termogpT,.t,,etri;a ro,.

    de1le perdite ponci condentono 11 calcolo\esatto


    .\
    lnfattl 1 valoij- spederall; ad elevata temperd,tura
    .
    rimentali non sono in accor(o per 1a decomposlzione
    de1 solfato ad ossldo.

    :l
    i

    :l,

    ..

    AN^lill

    SI

    SPET

    TROSCOPI-q{-I -.Rt

    t,

    a
    !

    t1

    (.

    ranalisi spettroscopica I.R. soI risults.ti


    no riportati in fie. 15 e vengono discussi ll-:lt:
    con fo spettro dellracido cromotroplco da sof'ronto
    ,+
    l_o (rie. ]7) e con 1o spettro de1 composto solido
    Croriro (II1 ) - /rcido cromotropi co, ottenuto come riparte sperimentale -(fre. 18).
    poritriri"
    G1i spettri I.R. dei due composti del cromo sono
    abbastarza siniili tra di loro e mos-trano entram-trl
    una banrle larga intorno a 3 4oo J-I- ao:rrrt" tr gruppo ossidrilico legato, banda che nello spettro f.R.
    del solo e.cido cromotropico te4 evidenzlabile e
    stretta.
    de11

    4U4lIJ*3IgE99zu4

    u Er rr,pgr Atg

    j{..

    !II3gg4,

    I,o spettro di riflettanza dif'fusa Cromo (1II)


    Acido cromotropico riportato ne1la fig. 19 mentre guelJ.o deJ.lracido cromotroplco da soJ-o riportato ne11a fig. 20.
    I1 composto risulta completamente opaco.
    -

    Li
    it

    -37-,

    ''v

    ,t.|

    CONCTUSIONI
    r-',{aa-F-

    1uc d'ei rleuJ.tatl espostl che debtrono ritenersi pressoch completl per ouanto concerne i1 sistena Crrrr-te1do cromoiroplcor ltr& preliminari ed
    j-1 sistema cru-acido
    lndica.tivl per. quanto concern
    cromotropico, si possono {rarie aleune considerazio.4.11a

    ni ed i presupposti per 11 lavoro conclusivo'


    a1ItaUna risposta precisa s1 avuta in merito
    zione ossidante de1 C'W nel rl8ualdi de11.]acido
    crontotropico: ossia si tratta dl una ossi daz:-one
    distruttiva con liberazione dl CO2t HZO ed HSO; e
    formazio4e di c"rrr. la reazlone procede per stadi
    i =i""tta aiiendenza di elcuni f,attori dei quali
    suff--n"iu", del prodotto finale di reazione determinante la concentrazlone de1 cromato come pu rilevarsi dalla f1g' 11'
    Di fatto 11 primo" stadio clella reaziorte consiste
    in una ossidazione przlale dellracldo cromotropico
    colorato
    che porta alla formazione dl un compostoTTT
    nel guaIe presente ,L::tl-p'n:*=: 9"' Cr"' (ottenutoperriduzione)conilsubstratoparz:-a1,menteossi_
    dato (prodotto intermedio ). Questo si ev-i.nce da1 fatto che in soluzionl di acido cromotropico1rTa concentrazlone fissa, 1'aggiunta progressiva di Cr'* determina
    un aumento dl tale complesso flno a raggiungere un
    cuemassimo (prino tratto deJ-la curva di fig'11)' In
    sta soluzione non si trova c'rrr libero n iI c'rrr
    pu legarsi alJ.'acido cromotroplco non ossidato 1n

    .7

    t
    I

    )
    :I

    I
    l
    l
    ,

    ;:.i
    t.

    , ,.r,ii

    quanto 1e caratterl-etj-"o"otlln"*tra1r de1 composto ottenuto sono dlverse da qubile del complesso c=llf_
    acldo cromotroplco non os1dato.
    .
    Pertanto in manler sciiBlhatlca guesto primo sta-

    dlo si pu cosl ihdici"gl

    crt

    crw

    st.,

    H+

    --------------) cr,q.bcrrrl
    (intermedlo colorato)

    = acrdo cromoiropico
    cr/-o = acido cromotropico ossldato parziarmente
    nml

    uJ_A

    i.nche 1r HZOZ ln grado di ossldare 1rr:cldo cro_


    motropico, ma 11 prodotto intermedio che si ottiene
    non 1o stesso che sl ottlene da1 crw, come dirno-

    strano le caratteristiche spettrall di tali composti


    (confronta fig. g con fig.l ). In que-sto caso si ot_
    .
    tiene:
    CTA + H^Otz

    CTAO

    ---)

    HeO

    11 composto si isola a1lo stato solido e si presenta di colore rosso-violetto scuro; si pir ipoti z
    zare una formula de1 tlpo

    crr o({ryr

    :r

    tj

    .r

    ,(
    I

    I
    t

    Prove di eomplessazlone
    tra urrIr e CTAO non danno alcun effetto; ci algitrlflca
    che 1]. CTAO non com_
    _
    rrr
    Piessa il Crt
    I r*j:-". *t condlloirr 1 ,lnterme dr-o crAocrrrr
    o

    sij
    _

    I
    i

    "1io fiiliIlH- compG%*;;;:


    ;enar"
    to
    stadio flnaie a"ri" r"rrioir"
    po"i'-:"ir"

    comple_
    ta ossidazlone
    ne con llberazlone
    l-1bera:
    di ,o2, Hro, nsol e
    n_frr
    ur ; in forma esemplificati.va
    .
    4
    ,

    I
    /
    I

    \ crr,ocrrrt +'

    r-.r.w
    va

    H+

    flzo + ,oz + eltsoO +

    r1 meceanlsmo che--sl potrebbe


    ipoti ,r*r"(rr)
    Ia reazione il seguente:
    r
    ot- zo

    crrlr
    per

    i\

    (/ \

    /_)"

    + HcYo;

    /-r-_-

    ()

    so;

    r;$?

    tr-

    -l- {+> \
    So;

    l\
    HeO

    "oz

    HSO
    4

    crrrr

    r''

    lnterme di o C- r ,.\.
    C

    o&\ 0

    !
    !

    .l

    -i

    't

    ,!

    .r
    .t
    1l

    Ir

    :I

    ,,:.1,i4,!i,,.:

    t.

    t,,:

    .,.*.

    t:

    ir*posto da Menta"tt(22) per


    ]-a reazlone r"ITf-c"tecoIo. I,tautore propone una
    reazione a pl +dii 684 lnlzlale formazione di un
    Meccanlsmo analgo

    l
    l

    complesso secondo 1 {.tiA{one:


    i'

    2+

    Fer* + Hrcat

    fre(cat )]. +

    2H'

    e successiva ossidzlona del catecolo e chinone secondo le reazioni.:.

    -t
    I

    F"J* + Hrcat :

    I,"2* + Hcat' *

    a.

    I,'eJ-+Hcat

    'F"2* + qno +

    H*
    H+

    in corso ulterlorl studi per deflnire la cinetica chimica, Ia composlzione de1 composto in soluzione ed ogni altro parametro utlle alla definizione
    del probema.
    Per quanto concerne 1a reazlone tra i1 crTrr e
    I tacido cromotropico, essa av';iene attraverso l1berazione del protonl e chelazlone de1 metallo attraverso
    i gruppi ossidrilici:
    Sono

    ry(H

    -0
    L
    /-.),

    OZ"\O

    ol \0

    r)

    ._

    l.r
    t,
    t:
    :

    :,
    al
    .'i

    -36,
    i
    I

    lor,'(

    o'\

    Me;
    /\
    00-

    ri

    Me-0

    i H"L
    i

    /
    -oug

    o"\

    La reazione molto J-enta a temirera{ura embiente


    ed avviene rapidamente sol.o eI.evando I.a temperatura.
    f complessi che si ottengono aono d{. medj.a forza:
    essi non trovano alcun impiego utile per iI- dosaggio
    spettrofotometrico de1 CTTII, sia per Ia sensibilit
    scarsa si a per 1e cotrdizioni operative in modo De.riicolare di.J.ungh ezza cl t onda.

    "conpLgss

    l-

    (LLO Sf,xf,o Scx-llol

    t1

    ii

    rl

    it

    rl

    ii

    -1

    il

    ccKeue ssI

    -l

    NEL

    ti

    C,*^

    ll
    lr

    TNTRODUZ ]ONE
    I
    I

    I composti di cbirdinTzione de1 .name


    con 1e fosfine e le ansine tenzianie sono noti
    da tempo (1-B ): I in essi i1
    espl.ica

    .metal1o

    sm

    pne

    i1

    i1

    numeno

    nLlmeno

    (n,"r)
    =

    ,'
    J

    ,i
    I

    id.ogenobonato di sodio si ottiene i1 composto


    te t naid

    ..:

    di coordlnazione quattro.

    E' noto che pen tn.ttamento de1ltal.geno Lnis(trifenilfosfina)


    ranre(I) coh tetra-

    t1

    lilo, H.
    t:

    dt ossidazione (I) e quasl. scrnpn

    nogJ

    enobonato b i s ( t n if

    {'

    en

    i 1f osf ina )

    ranre ( r

    "t

    in cui i1 gnuppo BH,

    legato aI nretalLo attna


    '-+ ..-,,.*--.-*
    ,,.... ,,

    .,l

    ,t,

    ,!:

    =.

    venso due idrogni a ponte con legaml .Lricontrici

    ,:

    ,.1,

    ''1.
    ',1

    *,
    l{'

    .:

    h.P

    :;t
    '.:i

    hro,,,,,,

    -:,

    :i

    .,.ntNI-{
    t5

    ''

    :
    -i

    Ph,P4

    -I

    ,il

    w-l

    i's
    -
    i,l

    l
    I

    il

    i,,t1

    ,,1

    rl
    'II

    .t

    I
    I

    l
    I

    \,

    5-

    Di questo composto stata studlata

    1a neattivitr con acid i aventi poco canattene


    I
    I

    legante: in tale occasione. stata messa in


    evidenza 1a stabilit de11'acido di Lewis

    I
    ..,]

    +
    (Ph^P)^ cue la tendenza del rame aIla te.rz_

    tr'i-co, pcrc.l.ot J.co e 'Letnal'luonobonico sono

    .;

    statj. isolati e descritti

    -i.

    con gIi acldi n1-

    tnacoondi.nazione" Infatti

    i composti:

    ftnrr.n

    l,

    cur'loJ

    _i

    i1 primo

    rnonomel^o

    coI gruppo nitrato

    cltelan'be

    ed i1 seconclo dimero con due gnuPPi Penclorato


    )

    tI

    a ponte, ocl in'l'1ne, in pr.:senza d1. f osf ilat

    com post"

    I
    I
    I

    [,Ph3l'

    cr-rerf

    non

    elettrollta

    monomero.
    t
    t

    I
    I

    La tendenza quincli aIIa tetracoorcl inazione pen questi derivabi fosfj.nici di rarno(I)

    cos esaspera.ta da legane io1i.-.:,_,"


    )

    No,

    -1

    a"

    ,.J

    -1
    -

    -l
    -l

    -l
    J-

    rairt

    lessi
    ''';

    '

    1';

    ''i

    '

    -l
    -l

    'venti gia' di per

    saiicilico, ac. antranilico, amminoacidir'Phi


    ';

    Ilii,t"r'l

    r.1t

    se

    azione antiinfiammatoria, sono spsso iiffi,

    iu' attivi dei

    leee.lti_Lbsr(U.
    it"rr{i
    ,1

    stato inoltre dimostrato che questi stei;i


    r ..,...l.!{
    --._

    '

    plessi pron'uovollo

    .;:..,1,1fi-',:

    processi di ricostruzione dei tessuti prevenetido,ll,ulce.a e promuovencio


    1a

    c\catrtzzazione.

    In queste azioni si possono suggerire alcdrrl

    quali l'ac.

    fra

    i quali due

    sembrano piu' verosin-rili:

    I complessi di rame possono


    il _:-_
    seivii aejt
    *_*"-_1_-_.a.a,.1;:
    metallo stesso e quindi rifornire ed ttiv5iA etrj

    I
    I
    J

    I
    l
    I
    -ia

    b) I complessi di rame possono avere


    3 --.

    ilnai;
    ,,
    .

    .:

    ha portato allo

    stato

    di malattia, quali ad esempio I mr


    i "i, ,i

    ,ssociate

    processi

    infiammatori, dove

    1a

    iiberazione o il acctiitii

    un ruoio etiologico (cio da causa inir

    plossidi puo' avere


    io etiologico stato

    "..;:r,.,

    ;- --: :,

    I
    I
    -
    I

    "(-,

    di artrite (3), di

    provato in modelli anirnali Pi


    epilessia (4), di cancro (5-7).

    co dovuta a1l'

    Nei casi in cui ia causa dell'


    t

    -l

    .";i.&,iail&.98iiil&&j

    .,. ., t.,-. :. _.;;..-. : -;:

    )'

    o-distnUtante dei

    accumulo del sttperossiio, ailgl{r,


    I

    r,;:

    r"til

    complessi di rame opprlt il iorO fi


    '

    l1a

    alilvazione di

    ; iii

    questo enzima puo'raPpreSehtafei ' tl'''


    .

    '.t..

    1ibile.

    .I.:l

    ntineoplastici in

    che hanno hotevole

    tUne. Cosi

    il

    tassolo

    I
    I

    estratto

    dal

    tasso barbasso, cosi' 1 p

    [tau" da una spllgna


    ci-Platino(B).

    l
    l
    I
    J

    I
    I

    I
    :

    -q

    ri

    r3

    J-'
    .LJ

    LJ

    rj
    .L'
    ,L'
    I

    I_l
    l_I

    ii

    .'lt
    ,1i,i&l

    t',

    AJla luce deile prenr

    quih.di. pensato

    possibilita'dl lo

    ,!t1

    tl_"_,,'-'
    !r

    alcuni funghl oiig

    sostanze iossiche

    I.

    ,rit,ilii
    I

    ,"sp,in;ii

    ,fliiofre tossica di questo fungo nel

    ..-.,'1]r:.,

    caso che dopo la sua intlohd

    quantifa' elevate di bevande

    --.--..-

    alcooliciie.
    11

    Disutfiram ha

    f,

    fofnriiiX

    l_l
    l_l

    'i

    A tale fine abbiamo scelto tra le


    lcii ,i
    trova nel funpo
    (-or'i-,,.
    - (f -vrrrIuJ

    il Diilliif{

    SoSittze tossiche presenti in

    selie di tiansizione che sono

    spesso coinvolti in re

    akamentarius ed

    di studiare la

    Uil

    hte:
    ii

    (CzHs)2NJ'--

    'r.ii

    g
    lt

    '- -'

    ---. '*

    . g-- N(czHs)z
    rSr

    -l

    di
    I

    l:*l
    -l

    ffi.i

    doppierti solirari e fra questi,

    pi esposri sono quelli present

    ne gruppo

    hochetonico:

    (et\.ti-1",

    *l
    -J
    I

    .n

    &

    t',i,,lr',r;.;;;;;,i-o.,-,-;,.,;,ii,;1;:;.*:,:iat;r:::.I*a.riiirH;;:;;tir;it:iau;";:.*)dtf.lgi'=**viti!i''4'"1-:'"

    ""

    '-''

    4,,

    t'

    -gia

    nel grrrppo

    disoli(l

    adatto perci

    Disulfiram

    forma
    \rt

    h.a

    Abbi
    Rame

    cu(c1oi;e

    MeOH

    -.(/
    trfrO

    A
    T ambiente

    ::;Ii
    ,,iti,t"li
    ll'ii

    '
    ,

    '
    q!-CdffiJittde
    scuro da essa si separano dei
    assltme Subitd
    assltme
    ia soiuzione -""-"'- -,, tI t$,cdifiL-litde
    ;='i,iimf,if,;
    '

    "i;

    :'--'-Yj*:lY:"

    cristalli

    ,.rriche

    ''

    dopo tuti l Uppil,lHilt indaginisono risul-tati essere:

    i,ri,'ffiiii:",

    , ,;' ,
    ,,'

    llliii$ii.

    ,,j,rill::
    i

    *".i
    I

    ..d

    ri' i:ri:

    :r

    ._J

    5l

    i..

    l
    I

    GH.

    A=

    -N
    CHs

    -l

    I
    I
    I
    I

    Per verifica abbiamo


    D

    i" i,l.g ili

    g.ca

    1b

    m m a ro

    CzHs

    ptF

    so

    coinposto

    partire dal

    +*

    co ( D i. i'Uiilifl.,:i,

    \
    2

    il

    c-s

    Na.3, iird..{'iiicu

    ( c1o4 )2

    urrro

    QHs
    CzHs

    C.H.

    b*m

    crg{

    *l

    +2NaClOo +lZHrO
    CzHs

    -l
    I
    I

    :i

    -l
    I

    -l
    I

    ottenuto ha
    na le
    te stSg'l
    t*lii ,li3llf;lifrl'.S$,.e-S
    ll11 composto
    '":Tfo:'o obtenuto
    ,,.S[*f-g!r*o di fusione, spetro
    .
    I.R., anatisi

    cHN

    ciel

    i'ii r;:.:,

    composto,,;'

    ,J:,
    ', .',
    .

    I
    I

    *l
    I
    I

    ,;
    -t
    I

    I
    -l
    I

    l-

    i.

    ,'ijl:.iff],.,
    '.;ii:friil;,,
    ..:i-",,'n4i.i,^,'

    I-a struttura ai raggi-x hii cohielti{l"lilibgart.zza eha formutazione


    ' lir:: ; ';
    .i;i
    risultando il complesso avl UHa d{
    quagi plairare quadrata
    . . {;{r (i;.,{j
    r';
    '!i

    -l

    'rl'[

    'j;'

    .T
    .i

    ',

    .:
    ,/Jrrl

    ;, ",

    :iIl

    .t_..]
    ' ') tt1

    I,'

    t,
    ,j

    ,l
    -l

    t'

    ...t1!-

    i
    I

    bontatti

    ed

    '1:.i.r1'

    con

    pitl{ ignificativi

    dngsli,

    il metallo al cenko

    de
    't.

    kovano i quattro

    atomi di due gruppi

    La carica 2+ del

    metallo viene quindi

    ditiocarbammati

    risultando qr-iindi un
    Dobbiamo quindi dedurre

    chU

    ;:{$ii"',
    nelld fdaione tra Disulfiram
    .

    :t::fif,!&ilii.,
    . l' !ir: : .

    Cu (ClOq)2. 6H2O si ha idtog nazili,{I:


    . . r .,iril:t
    .
    :.

    ii'

    ^,',.1.t1

    i,'i'
    :

    ..'..,''

    !:,I
    i, :'.,,,
    "' ,.;;i...
    g

    s 'ii:S(
    \
    /
    .,
    1 ri;;i'.,['i.,'
    i.e1,iliri'

    C
    l\
    t'

    ':

    :i; lt;;1
    . ' :), ,ir:i;-1
    " :'_i\{"

    11,,,, : .,

    , :,"i,:i-j't
    .r,.1.+,
    r.

    :,j:,.1i
    ,

    '

    '
    .

    , ' ! .li

    ,.1i

    : |.t:..'i

    .,:'r,1;.l:il.
    .,:il 1 i"rl'l
    ' i':t,'ri t
    '

    '.r

    )rl
    ..'r: i rl.r

    ,.ij,,lrar !.
    '_.- .t '. I
    : ".1 t ..,

    '. ,

    :1,,,,i

    i;
    . ,: liiri.
    ;r:,'

    ''.' ., r".''lj,r'
    .'
    )' l -9,,i t,

    C--

    ll,,r'I
    S

    l:

    rj
    ll'

    l?
    'i'i,i

    t..

    i
    1,t,.

    .,i

    cohsegllAnte io

    btiie diSolfuro a spese della


    )i,',

    t-

    !ie si ossida ad
    (conferiiiato ai

    aicleidica

    ilivela l presenza di aldeide

    [_

    l__
    cH2o

    !I

    t-

    I_

    .;

    ,;.;i."

    ,ill

    iijl

    e successiva chelaziotie

    t_
    I

    L_
    I

    L-

    )s
    t.

    I',
    \

    :''
    ::..:r,.

    r\
    I
    I

    C--

    . l,/

    S,

    -e.i

    J"
    J
    J
    J
    J

    JJ
    J

    J
    J
    J
    J'*

    J
    J
    J

    c tr( E T i rNA.
    AIcuni oligonretalli sono essenziali per la vita, e, sotLo
    fornra di corlplessi in particolare, sono risultati agenti farnracologici

    rnarcatarnente attivi.

    attivita' tton e' tnostrata dagli ioni degli


    oligontetalli quando si presCItnno allo stato "ittorganico" lle'dai
    leganti liberi i quali talvolta presentiuro un'aItivita' piu' genericl
    QuesLa

    neno circoscritta colr etfetti collaterali indesiderati

    Alla luce cli queste


    sintesi

    L-D d-(@gal.

    ,,
    HH ,,

    )-(^s^v/*lf
    (,*)-",-,.

    ranre perslg-.[-4!g.e.Jil"."c-Uli9!"islinA,.

    .-..4-.-*..*--|

    (l

    cohoscenze abbiamo realizzato la

    di un Iruovo cotnlrlesso tra il

    tl *-"u'
    N-c-N

    crtET r siJ

    l,
    l-t

    (1)

    clte e' da tempo conosciuta corne un potente anLagonista dei


    receLtori H2 ed e' sta[a largarnente usata per trattamenli nei casi di
    ulce.ra peptica; essa inoitre presenta nella sua fonnula diversi atorni

    cor doppietl,i elcttronici non conclivisi e atti a [urtziottare conle

    [rasi

    cli Lewis e quincli un buon legrite policentato.

    Il

    cornplesso isolato

    di cui abbianio

    determinato la

    strut.tura (2)

    J
    J

    '.<-

    J
    q

    :lLI li:

    Q - Pca^: - ?- (o.,

    t L-(

    .f

    1(

    Aoo\

    VER.

    (2)

    e le alrre propieta' clrirqtrq:lSl_e1_

    rl:rr::!Lj:"'

    i:l:"-llillti"t e

    r-_s_B!g_s_ojlg

    risigg"iloJggl-?l:-.

    q_!_o_

    a{ afl]j"qi

    r (n ;

    Nell'indagine farrnacologica sono stati effettuati test di


    screening relativi alla tossicita', sistema nervoso centrale,
    cardiovascolari, nretabolici, in[iarnmatori, allergici, rnicrobiologici. Da

    rilevare in particolare che rnentre la cimetidina cla sola inibisce


    sect'ezione gastrica,

    il

    la

    cornplesso det ralne e' inattivo su tale

    fettornetto, merLre presenta una forte azione antagonista sull'ulcera


    cla stress ed e'scarsamenle attivo su quella da etanolo.
    Questo cotnportatnento
    rneccanisrno

    di

    azione e

    J
    J
    J
    i
    I

    per]sare ad

    url

    cliverso

    in pullig"glll" ii

    azione sui recettori H2. Dalle

    _J

    fa quindi

    :.91:tr1:.r:?_,,o,1 rnostra
    analisi cardiovascolari si deduce una

    clebole attivita' anLagonista sui B recettori.

    .
    cottrplesso

    L'atralisi istochirnica

    e fisiopatologica contlotta sul

    (2) e'consistita nel ,saggiare I'effetto che tale sostanza ha

    su alcuni pararnetri funzionali cli cellule coltivatc "in vitro".


    I3sperienze prelirninari rilevano una maggior inibizione

    della sintesi del DNA nei fibroblasti norrnali e nelle cel.luie

    neoplastiche.

    I
    .J

    r-'ql

    #
    *1

    Abbianro ora indirizzato

    il

    nostro interesse sulla

    interazione della cime[iclina con I'oro, eiernento d'interesse

    / t<

    slaLtC^'Jia & .t'("'{., :rL^


    O"n{qb(oqe fit t *.f, :

    PLre- Av- q
    farnraco

    1e

    c c-r

    !i

    tygi Jf

    y11*{=5:'_" I i,:*11? !l i"

    Dalla reaziorte tra clorotrifenil[os[inaoro (I) e


    cirnetidina in presetr za di LgJl si e' isolato e caratlerizzato il
    cornplesso

    tiolato

    cli

    (3) che

    all'inclagine strutturale

    ^"

    _l1li

    :{ '. *

    OilrLt r,

    e'risultato essere un

    [ormula:

    -P*Au"
    (CoH s ): -P-Au

    5-

    lt

    -S - CH2-CH2-N H-

    il

    C-NH-CH3

    (3)

    -,i!i

    s
    J

    con I'oro (I) in coordittazione 2lineare.

    Lo gg"ualll-ryqllg.g--p-gltfl-Lg

    l-1.--r-911ura

    del legarne C-S

    J
    _g

    JJ
    J

    J
    Jt_
    J
    .l
    [r_,
    J

    in (4) ecl il tiolato che si libera si le[a all'atorno di


    oro (I).Non ci sent-iarno di attribuire que--s-!A .to!!urA alla presenza
    conre

    della KOH, perchc' clurante gti^.11[cf] ,,tgi ""l-"flr1ti def. ratne noi
    abbianro spesso operato in queste conclizioni e non abbialno rnai

    rilevato situazioni del genere; sianro quin<li piu'propensi

    ad

    attribuire Ia causa ad unA azione catalitica <lell'oro..

    -'.

    '

    ' ' rr:'ou ur,l i

    L+]

    resziouwua'zi,rr gitE!rr';.''a!-qF?r.*T*{er.r

    Il tiolaro (3)

    all;r prelitnirrare inclagilrc [arrnacologica

    prcsenta aLtivil"a' antibaItcrica rispetto

    ai ceppi Metlr Res S.Aurcus,

    E.Coli, f'.F'oetus.

    ,it

    3
    3
    3
    3

    l
    l
    l
    l
    l

    A' M' l-Jiarrrrcci, Ir. I)cirrlrtirr, 4. L.'Garacru, M. 4.rrr.sser.o,


    N.
    Mirsciocchi, I_. Nalclirri, A. panzancili.
    A4c(;rl cotrPlcxcs oI cirrrcti<line. Sl,rrtlresis
    arrcl X_r ay structurc oI tlrc
    IcirrrctidintrecopPcr(r I)J'r- cnriorr. i,,or.g. r,i,.,.,. Acra,
    00, 000(1990)
    l. I)crnartirr, M. L.

    Garurrltr, itrl. ,1^,r1ssero,


    N. 41sciocclri, I_. NalrJirri,
    -----' ^"
    A. I,arrzanelli.
    Syrrthcsis anrl X-ray str ucturc oI guanirlirre,
    N_c1,11y1e_N,_(2_

    nlctcaptocthyl)-N"_rr)etlryl_rjcrivative
    clrlorotrilrlrcnylPhrisIrrine gorcr(r). Irrorg.witlr
    t,i,,.,, Acr.a (su[:rrittecr).

    l'. Pippia, L. Sciol^, A4. A. 4elo,i, G..I.ilocca,


    S. IJ;rrrri.
    cor,,prcxcs ancr prorircrntivc flcrivity
    .::,i,,1:J,,;:,"j:1ii:
    Ccll biology intcrnational relror.ts ) 4, 175(1990).

    in rreoprflsric

    l
    3
    -1

    4&

    L HI*'G oc.ur,&-

    Ia,uza

    ]k:b\n6"a'Sc.
    \>.- Q

    ,*. r- c,+

    jffi:"ll
    re

    23)

    Ossidanti e riducenti

    rcazione risultante (2-33) dc-

    -globalc

    gli ioni Cut in soluzione


    con fornrazione

    di

    rame

    (2-30)

    "$r;.t

    di ossi-

    -.0"

    cli ossido-riduzione

    esSere rappre.sentatl convenlen-

    Queste rappresentazioni gracorLsentono la risoluzionc

    di immediata
    in Iunzione di alcuni Paradi esistenza di alcune sPecie,

    rcbbero

    ,f,,*-"
    '. +0,77

    3:'*;
    3o,,,.n.

    3i,::',

    Nei sisterni ossidoriduttivi, ia r


    possibili stati di ossidazionr.'. det
    elettrodo inerte imme*o .i iisicmal
    Consicleriamo

    possibiti

    standard del sistema

    un elcmento fra i divcrsi


    potenzialc assunto da ltn
    Fco, Fc'+ e

    *trilibri

    Feti in

    e
    (3- 1)

    +2 ! i
    Fe'+ +e C
    Fe,n

    ut,

    Cu

    joni

    si

    (2-33\

    SeEilpotcnziale
    Fe'+
    il rapporto

    frl

    solu-

    potenziali

    3-2)

    sistern a,

    in base alla (3-2):


    (3-3)

    cio, a 25 "C

    I [FC'*]
    isos

    ffi

    (3-4)

    Se si varia il rapporto [Ftt*]/[f'.'* ].Vuti" naturalmente il potenziale


    dell'eiettrodo. D'altra Parte, sc -si impgl rdl ltl'elettrodo un potenziale diverso

    J8t

    Capitolo lV

    soddisfare

    la

    (3-4).

    rdo'espiicitamente l'attine,di Nernst, si ha:


    (3-s)

    h deposizione
    ol -re-'.
    rapporti ira le atti-

    Sc

    Fe

    vit di Fe', Fe'+ e Fe't

    Il sistema pu e
    dei piri semplici
    si prende come i
    caso stato preso
    funzione di Z.

    1o

    Cor

    predor
    potenz

    si ha
    log([

    ptr

    1(

    Pcr

    iog.o**u in cliversi modi. Uno


    ,,,1'ln-diagrammi di questo tipo
    [i
    itato di ossidazione, in questo
    :.
    piirta in ordinata il log(atf a,) in

    di IF
    fcrro
    via vi

    in

    dis

    clato
    zioni

    Da.

    ol6

    in

    CD

    cqr

    infatt:

    I{,,

    {'

    trascu

    signifi

    o che
    sali f
    SUSSiSI

    gram:

    non

    la pr
    poten
    rri-1.1::-

    '1,0

    1,5

    al
    E

    'dcl-Ferro iri funzionc de1 potenziale.

    ier

    retta

    Ur
    riduz
    delle

    Si hanno, pertanto, dellc


    (pendenza: - 1/0,0295
    fi.qqante per -0,440; 0)

    comt

    Ossiclani "

    log([Fe.f.
    i,0)

    ,,.1,:ff , : i'.' ;i.

    T+,

    ti t*,i+}?#$],ffi t ;

    it?,
    r:,;. J1 =j{ii:
    - f ^-ii;.i
    ;::.;;i;.;;,;;;;;5;; J,' iL.'..:.
    pOtcnzlaie SLallLldru !.3,1, Jr "t

    la prevalenza della.fornvi F1l+i


    , ..
    r LlL
    ,i l,o rrrinu...
    5l rr4

    iog(tr.'.1/tt':]) -

    -rt

    P, 1{,,<,: t+.. ,'


    :-..

    10, cio, all'equiti6rio,;i.i;',iise1

    enorl a U,//
    v,
    :l -,1'r
    tone I e',

    ': ,, 'r :'r',n";'. .


    ''lttg9pil$1".
    pcr l0'o ioni Fe'+"
    per -E=
    tr/ esiste un equilibrio fra ferro,'riiel^lliq.d;ftq,a soluzione
    -0,+4
    rmente, il
    IF.".] : 1. Se il potenziale dell'elettrodtl ;i+^s
    .ad
    attivit.
    ;;'tare in .t.riti|{glit!''9
    re*o metattico (ar.":i)
    sistema
    nel
    il,.lt$g'T:t
    D'altra
    Fe'*.
    di
    via via decrescente
    Parte,
    di E",,
    non p,rl-u*,-rr.r.." ptt"'iuti::frilii'
    cliscussione, rlv'r
    rrr uDLuNrullL'
    i.
    . r. l. r.,.11,,
    solucon
    equi#ttti
    vieube
    attivita,
    sua
    la
    dato che, essendo costante
    '
    itreali"iiiii'fiii,{rq[l'
    zioni co,ccnenti Fe'* l-.""..",t^rio.,i
    :
    esistere
    ,irii[tuitit
    Dal cliagrarnma si vede anche che il ferro'.nt"1119;ff.,1,pu
    condizioni'
    a
    pH=.0.,(I=9)::L*iiilii
    in ;qriliu;i; con una soluzione acida
    t.tii, Ia specie predominante Fe?+. Quildi:1.{Ef""liii9li:
    ht.,ii,
    Quindi il fe["..$iiii:"qlie liberando
    del tutto
    H., iormanc.lo in enonne prevalenza ioni r.'l-9. 11a'{*#il 'i!:'i"l:
    non
    1 o,li1,"
    ( [ Fe'n ]/ [ Fe'. t
    l"r
    ";,.,,,ili.
    E3'1,
    "ii,r1.$"qitimente,
    - -..,.i_,,,..,.,i
    rrvrr posano esistere soluzioni
    che non
    ----:----stsllrllL.r
    sigrifica LlrL
    :_t+i,l.,t
    ioSi
    ^.i9i.;,3""i;tfil'ff'te-di
    rapfr--fii,arbitrari di
    contgni,lti
    soluzioni
    possano
    preparare
    o1h. no., si
    sali ferrici e ierrosi ; il diagramma clice chc'tali,soluziorii'-/non Possono
    dal diasussistere in presenza di fer mctailico. Appare ingltre'g,"yifl9.1te,
    :
    riferipite,{lilllmireazione
    Eor,n,
    gramma, .f,. it potenziale stanclard
    intliiii,,
    Fc.* *3 e r= Fe .,:'l:'

    ;;

    t;ri;'

    I :;f..:rL r .'l'l,,,lif'liti'l'

    accessibile per via..diretll ::::4i,ii.r-rcomnatibiie


    - , sperimentalmenle
    la presenza contemporanea cli ferro metalligg.e..Ft'*''-,lafrtil ttu'ia' tale

    rclativa
    porenriale ricarabile dal cliagr.amma stesso,'piolung^andgllaailta
    la
    al ferro rnetallico, oltre il ,uo- .u*po di esistenza, f,"" ,l$i",*lqrsccare

    ' ,,l'i').. ' .,:.'. il''l


    retta relativa al Fct*.
    g]i tqa.ililti
    in
    diagram,*
    Un altro modo per rapPresentare
    si
    ripoll.il'g.*'l*,r:
    riduZione illutraio i., figura n'-3,.in cui

    di

    ossido-

    itli::::t al
    dele diverse sp..ie in-.rrion" del potenzi^f.'lilLi'E*,i;i,i riferisce
    cio:
    comportamen,o di ,no soluzione a conienut :l:'llf,,,i,in{,;,,$r1 .lotu"'
    Mitr:,,'li l;1,],I#r,
    f Fe3+l +
    IFe,+-l:0.1
    -r [Fe'*]
    IFe'*]
    -0,t I{,i1,,,,;,,'1
    ,
    ..,,r,,,rf

    i i. .)

    '

    (3-6)

    S-r:sfvNA
    Capitolo IV

    1,0

    1,5

    Fcrro in funzione del potcnzialc.

    preservar

    il sistema

    da Processl

    semplice ed del turto analoga


    dei sistemi aciclo-base. Il burtto_

    'coordinate

    corri

    tte Fe2l e Fe.+ ad uguale attivit

    lr

    il

    ll

    M. II potenziale clel sisterna a


    'potenziale verso
    valc
    o per
    .j.;;"X,.11'.1'"j..XIJ
    ^;;",;si ossida
    a Fe.+. Se invece ci .si
    osserva la graduale diminuzione
    di
    1 solito, le attivit con le concentra_
    essere definita dall,equazione cl

    I
    I

    I
    I

    i
    i
    I

    \J-/)

    I
    I

    (3-B)

    ;
    I

    'K",

    t
    I
    I

    iJ

    FL1-* 1

    -t n .t

    t.'

    ,.

    ;1,
    i:\,

    i:

    i
    -i

    'r.i:I

    I ct.l'L'r
    't/.:,,:.t:l

    ".1
    'r

    ii{i':.,.':.

    '.,.t'2)7

    Ossidanti e

    oDDUre:
    /

    :'i

    q-q\

    ..contrasseg-nate

    oer lFet+l =

    ler E( *

    I/ si ha la

    allo stato mencio di-asi-i,

    1al!ig-o, Pa q!-lcstq pgnto in


    i. gg.uezip,li non sono pi
    Nel diagramma rapor
    rneta.llico iF.";. Erro crrispionde
    negativi di E a partire da E= -0,
    attivitr ao:1.
    ' Nelle figure rv-4 e tv-5 sono
    al sister44 dei rame. caratterizzato d
    ril
    -0,155 V. Per Ia costruzione del
    itato ci riferimento Cu+.,
    Si vede dai diagrammi come la
    concentrazioni e le specic p

    ltubilitl del ferro


    '

    esi verso valori


    "..:-0,+7 z.
    :i

    La

    sua

    (--.

    l'

    ri:;

    '.J:,!

    i relativi

    :;,0,337 v1 E,o2,,;1':

    " .

    kl,

    scelto come
    .

    a basse
    r'
    slano sempre Cuo
    slstere solo

    e Cu'+.
    ,16
    0,

    10

    -5
    -

    0,5

    Fig. 4 - Rapporti dcllc attivita

    n.l sistcmi

    '"1

    :r3

    r..,".i

    s.:r

    ;,;,,i1',.:ij{t

    :i: ,::;f

    iiiji;

    "

    t,-t'r'

    ;r,r

    f,l
    -r,i.

    .'l, :..!

    2)8
    Capitolo IV

    jl

    &Jlu !gut1

    il ramc metarico non


    a pH=0,^1f:Oi;-,;,,^f" in onrU;.nti or.i_
    danti (.E1 4,") il rame passa in soluzione
    come ione Cu.*.
    Il processo pu esscrc rea,rizzato per via elettroritica.
    appri.^nao
    -i"ro al rame
    metallico un potenziale I)
    8., si ha l,ossidazione Cr;i.
    se si raggiunge il potenziale.,,, ir meta,o pu
    passare in^ soluzione come cu+.
    ou.tlcglaj9r appare crre

    1v-a,
    ossidabile da soluzioni
    acide

    ci

    succede in pratica se, subentran.lo


    unu certa polari zzazione di concentrazione, ad elevata den.sit di corrente,
    ir metar ,i.r.. .uggiungerc
    potenziali sufficientemente positivi.
    ^

    Anche l'esame delra figura rv-5 interessante.


    Il diagramma mostra
    che, per il rame, il punto der sistema,
    s, cade in una zoia di potenziari
    pi negativi di quero sufficiente u p.oiurr.
    riduzione .gri ,oni a cuo.
    si pu dire che in questo.si.t.*u ii punto ravirtuare.
    Le cu*e rerative a
    Cu'* e Cu*, nell,interno cli q.ucsla ,onu (f
    <.gru) sono tratteggiare. Si pu
    riassumere quanto .espo.sto n diug.ama-clicenclo
    c,e in ambicnti suffi_
    cientemente ossidanti (,2>fr) it
    ,u*. prescnte in enorme prevaenza
    come Cu'*. Diminuendo E, aumenta
    gradualment. Iu for_u Cu+, che
    resta tuttavia sempre presente in quuntlt
    trascurabire comc terminc ad_

    clitivo.

    Per .E:,,,0,

    il rapporto ICu*]/[Cur+]

    diventa

    il

    massimo possibile

    CC

    el:

    dr
    se.

    e,

    o)

    cu'

    r-

    le,,

    Crt*

    4
    I

    *l\.

    -5

    In
    val

    -10

    o(

    rid,
    ces

    /t,

    or

    sidi
    I

    15

    /
    I

    dia

    0,3

    0,6
    n. a.t

    0,9

    deF

    po,.,iri""t..

    di

    x86

    3
    I

    Ossidanti e riducenti

    come

    El

    l
    l
    l
    l
    j
    j

    3v
    lt

    l
    :

    239

    si ricava dal diagramma,

    assume

    il

    valore

    lCi l0-r,5-0,00316. A

    valori pi negativi di E,.n si ha Ia deposizione di rame rnetallico.


    Dinrinuendo graduairnente ir potcnziale, Ia fasel lolicla si rnerte

    ...

    in

    cqui-

    librio con soluzioni sernprc pi.diluite di ioni Cu=* i Cu*. per.E


    compreso
    fra E".o . Et;.,; i; soluzion in equilibrio con cuiion,i*. i.,
    p.. varenza
    ancora Cu'+, per E1Er., la specic piri abbondant in soluzione
    Cu+.
    da tenere presente, tuttavia, .tr.
    di per E-_p2,r=0, 153 la soluzionc
    molto diiuita:
    ICr*] - [Cu'*J ^, 10-'.

    b)

    liaslussi {(pu)

    di ossido-ricruzionc sono legati alla produzionc o ar


    di ioni H+ o OHIn questi casi le specie H+ e oH-, comparendo nelle semireazioni,
    entrano anche nelle cspressioni di .8, per cui il potere ossidante
    o riducente
    dele coppie i* gioco diventa funzione der pH. pcr esempio, una
    generica
    Numerosi processi

    consumo

    semireazione

    ,,,,..

    O*+-H*+n e i= fud
    stabilir un potenziale, funzione di a11,, secondo l,equazione

    E:Eo*
    cio,

    a 25"C:

    af

    #," gr#{,

    g" + -Q!59 tos aot


    E:Fo
    '
    '^In altri casi, le variazioni di pH possono

    ff

    o,oss

    (3-10)

    (3-l

    pH

    1)

    (3-r2)

    influenzare indirettamente il
    y"t::t, dti P-oI1'g.l-.- di gx,d..:rid-caqrre. ci succedc quando gti ioni H+
    o oH-, pur non essendo implicati dirgtg.+sg.gg nel ^processo" di ossidoriduzione, con-dizionano la connti";ii"'i.gli oni pa.tecipanti
    ar proJ!, lrovCand -associzioii ; -.iisoCimlqUf ; a -l; rR..;Cii"ti
    o riduce'ti abbino carauere acido o' b;;i;, o a precipiiariori" di i;;;r'idi o la formazione di.complessi, ecc. " ''
    sisimi o.rido-ii.lrttivi di questo tipo possono essere rappresenrati da
    diagrammi come quelli gi irlustrati purch si rifecano'ra ,r, varore
    definito e costante di pH.
    Di uso assai generale sono i diagrammi r, (pH) detti anche diagrammi
    di predomina',za o diagrammi di pourbaix.-Esi sono particorarmente

    ,l

    il

    dl

    *:
    {1

    -( o=
    /Ll

    '.,11

    ,iri_,F,

    ffi/,

    240

    Capitolo IV

    efficaci Per raPPresentare le conszioni di stabilit


    dclle specie costituenti i
    sistemi redor

    Consideriamo in primo luogo:


    pir, diagramma Iog

    lL , (q

    riferito

    ad

    ioni H.. u; l**p;o' non troppo


    :,'Tl:H :.i::",i
    fl i.1: ^1,,1"**_^rc
    O^,,: dal.vanadio,
    ch pu assumere t ;;j;;;.;r,::.

    :"Tpli.i,o.U
    0,2,3,4
    e 5 e d origine alle specie Vo, Vr*, V.l,
    Vgri . i._.
    Le coppie coniugate e i nspettivi poi.nrioii standard
    ai.ralrio.,. ,o,ro,
    V'"+2 e r= Vo
    Eoru: -1,43
    (3_12)
    Vt*+, +=r Vr* ,,.,..
    Eo*: _0,255
    (3_13)
    VO'+ + 2 H* + a r=r Vr-+ +-HiO

    8o,,1: +

    0,361

    nppucancro r equazlone clr


    di Nernst
    Nernst .,alle
    singole semireazioni
    .alle singole
    lr,];j

    .iii:i'r

    i
    I
    I

    I
    I
    I
    i

    (3-I4)

    VO=+*2H++er+Vor++HrO ro.,r:+1,00
    lt:i:::1".1'equazione .'
    spettivamente:
    [vt*]
    rro , ^ /lQ^ '^- !5J
    E-8"*+0,0301og

    (3_15)

    si

    ortiene

    ,,'ill
    l"s
    '
    f,+ = ffi
    .,,ii,,,
    .tvT'
    E-Eo*+0,0se,"*
    : ir#
    ,"*
    f##, ,l',1
    f#C
    i':
    l

    (3-12')

    (3-13,)

    rffif1,r ## = "-t;il,t,r'

    .E: Eo,, + 0,059 1on -[VO'*l [H*]'

    r,:E'.r+0,0ss r"s

    ,".*

    IYffifft;

    intermedio,
    ottiene:

    vt+,

    ros

    f+e+

    Lfr#&A

    di riferimento il vanadio nelo stato di

    ,"*f

    (pendenza=

    ossidazione

    i:%#

    (pendcnza=

    -310,'059:

    ,"*fH}:o

    1/0,059

    (pendcnza=0) (-r

    si

    N^_.
    -- O't'l;

    -50) ( t "
    tO,Z)(*

    .. * :

    .l

    vallc
    note'
    tacca

    ':1.'r:
    rl a t:

    .".'

    rtl
    ..t 'l

    Si
    che

    '"'##:efiffi#,,;,!P.ta."r"=l/0,059 - 16,7) (,

    :..

    i. )

    reaz
    men
    siste

    : -

    . t;..

    .!

    .r

    15')

    combinando opportunamente.re equazioni


    precedenti,

    ,"'#*:et#f=s

    :.

    (3_I+')

    (3_

    Se si assu.me comc specie

    Di
    nella

    .rl,j

    Ossidanti e riducenti

    241

    : .':

    _E?

    ,^, IVOr*] ."s


    Iv.*]
    in

    il

    Fissando determinati valori di pH,


    diagramm a log aif ar,(E) rappresenta

    2/0,059 = 33,4)

    i)

    riportate

    diagramma riportato

    (1.

    PH:0 si ottiene

    in figura rv-6,:iLa,leti
    iruovi.

    diagramma non prescntano elementi

    I'interpretazione

    de I

    \i,g;t;

    'rRlt
    :tr

    \\
    Er,o\N

    iiflir

    \\

    tt\

    .,iiil+t:l",
    ,Tir,:" i i'

    .r1qi:il,:.

    10

    . ':.i.:'

    vo/
    /r/
    //
    lco
    lt r,.

    trtp

    -'10

    -1,0

    Fis. 6 - Rapporti dcllc auivitr

    Ir\
    O
    :'
    .", ,:,;,ii:t:, t"""Ot:.ll
    t *-.j-L;:

    'l,0iE /
    funzione dct potenziale

    .,',

    , i.r
    L'intcrsezione delle varic rette forniscono i potenziali stancla4c.l di semireazioni non sempre direttamente realizzabili ("-;'l E"4, E"o,), analogamente a quanto gi stato illustrato nci preccdenti esempi relativi ai
    sistemi del ferro e del rame.
    :,,:,' ,
    si pu notare, tuttavia, che il diagramma si estende per un ampio intervallo luori dal campo di stabilit. dell'acqua. Solo fattori cinetici consentono
    chc i' pratica le soluzioni di v'+ abbiano uira ca stabilit e solo per
    notevoli fenomeni di passivazionc e sowaieru;oneilili.iranadio risulta inattl'$i
    taccabile dall'acqua c dagli acidi diluiti. . r
    Diagra,mmi analoghi, rifcriti al sistema dd maiiganese, sono riportati
    rrella figura rv-7.
    ,iir.,i,
    ..,,. : .i.{y.\,;:,
    '

    1...ri't+li.

    -'"

    ( /'

    'r-' -J't]

    iffi1;
    ir:'':ii

    tr,

    :'u,;i',

    :j

    tuiirl
    .i!

    't,

    iriiii

    242

    Capitolo IV

    vr

    In talunr der
    :.".

    ;:,,i

    ',:ri'.i
    i;i.

    l'J,t

    allc specic
    l'ambiente alcalino nuila

    MPor.

    i,ono implicati anche altri solidi, oltrc


    iriconoscono, inlatti, le curve relative
    Or. P., il campo aciclo srato scelto
    iilvln'*, oppure il biossido, MnO=; per
    lipreso per riferimento lvln(Oll),, oppure

    'o

    pH lO

    -rct

    Fig.

    -12o

    -liro

    12o

    Rapponi dclle artivit


    :

    di pH.

    in lunzionc

    40

    dcl potcnziale

    243

    si costruiscono facilment..
    (3-10). Dalla (3-12),

    1;io, it generico sistema


    'si ottiene : .-.

    Si:C

    llx

    i.l,,r.

    [l{ i ,rt l,

    r- u+

    (3-16)

    ). Ricordiamo che nella


    numero di protoni e di

    dircttamente

    (3-16) nz e n rappresentano ' nslittlvame


    elettroni in gioco'nel processo .oriid.ito,i
    \

    Esenp iq-..-;Costruire

    ' Fr'-

    i,
    il dlagramma

    alla coppia VO.*,

    vo.+.

    Discussiottc
    La

    semire azione

    di riduzione :

    "'

    ';::l
    Eo

    = 1,00

    da cui:

    E:

    1,00

    1 0,059 log

    (3- 1 7)

    posto [VO*

    II diagramma quindi rapprcsentato da unaiietta passante per .E: 1,00 V


    pH=0, e con pendcnza dEf dpH= -Q,1?,,
    -0,120" In qucsto e.scmpio si ha
    liji:]t:,:
    un intervcnto diretto degli ioni ,1=. i,
    ' ;;.
    i:;;..1i;
    a

    '

    Esempio

    '

    7.1I

    Calcolare

    il

    i( S"+2,

    ''''t: per
    diagramma E(pH)
    E(pH),
    t

    il

    sistema:

    '

    Sr:r . EuEo-.''i'0,50
    V
    =l::0150
    ..i....r
    ''i'iir":'

    (3- 1 B)

    Discussione
    :

    In questo caso la variazione di acidit ha un. effetto indiretto per azione


    degli ioni H+ sulla specie S'-. Dalla (3-18), considerando unitaria l'attivit dello zolfo solido, arrotondando il terminei,2,303 RTlnF, si ha:

    E:
    In

    -soluzion_e

    valgono

    -0,50-0,03

    i"s,f.i-l

    gli equilibri acidorbasici

    ii;t,;,

    -TtrFf-- = = lo-'
    IH*] [S--]
    ffi:Kr=lo-1'
    /(r

    ;\

    (3-1s)

    (3-20)

    , r,: r l:;

    (3-2

    r)

    .,h;
    .. le'!

    'f 4,1

    Capitolo

    Iv

    ti

    &
    v

    1= lQ-zo

    (3-22)
    .

    poich, dala

    (3-23)

    H*l [s,-]

    lti

    c dalla (3-22):

    [H.s]:1
    I

    1..'l

    (3-2+)

    irl.:(

    , :;,,'i.
    j,
    ., !,-i'
    ': :;-ll

    si ottiene:

    i.j!l

    (3-25)

    :i"':
    l:.t
    t:,,:

    ',I

    i [H*]'\
    '

    c quindi si

    ,t'..,E?",l='

    (3-26)

    -J

    ,,c1[u.i

    '

    .lH+l=
    ' K,K,

    (3-2i)

    in soluzione H,S; nella


    come tcrmini additivi .esi
    (3-2 B)

    da cui:
    (3-2s)

    rna retta, di pendenza dEldpH:


    ; (v. figura rv-8, retta a).
    e in soluzionc HS - e nella
    tiascurabili rispeuo a L}J*f I K,(3-30)

    ']9IHII
    oclle (3-19)

    il rdorc di [S,-]

    dato dd-

    !'L

    22)

    23)

    l+)

    la
    si

    ))

    a
    1.

    ;.ld.

    246
    Capitolo IV

    (3-34)

    Le (3-33)

    alle semireazioni

    HS-

    (3_33')

    :,

    (3_34)

    ls,

    completo delle tre rette

    sp_ecie

    stabili e prcsenti quindi in

    RH e potenziale. Lungo le linee


    ri di p,f, le specie che formano le

    concentrazione.

    attraversare una retta r.erticale


    .versare una orizzontale implica

    :o

    rette inclinate comporra pro_


    protoni ed elettroni.

    3
    PH) rclativo al sistema CI:,

    Cl-

    E"

    Cl-

    assai scmplicc:

    =1,36 v

    J-J J.)

    d.ovrebbe dipendcre rJl pH.


    ,,ton
    ,no tn(tlrettamentc in quarrru

    in_

    lii
    * Cl- a 11*
    .,

    [,
    ;

    (J-J

    .CI" viene progressivamente


    l;la. formazione

    ,ffii

    di acido

    E"

    = 1,63 V

    E":1,50

    duzione;

    Pu

    sor_

    ipocloroso
    ossido-riduttivi e precisamente :

    i.2fi,o

    Lo ione CIO-

    O.r

    K:7

    (3_3s)

    ,5

    all'equilibrio

    (3-37)
    (3-38)

    di

    ossido-ri-

    Capitolo

    Iy

    l'azione di ioni H+ ed
    rap_
    : per E:1,36 (retra a).

    fl;+eg#rr:

    (3-41)

    (3-42)

    T
    __ --^qrrzrvrrs c,rcl

    pn con I,,ietta
    Iql?f
    h:
    1 '
    :'x'"r'"-'---:,.

    = [Cl,] = 1) quindi rappresen- _rrr


    rJLrr.

    {r.=,J,o,a_o,ospu

    La.rerta
    !a rclra a inter:eca
    rnterceca iu
    la retta
    .Litu'ii;i;,-^
    atintrno a
    ., o
    " ^Lr
    4,.8,.e
    quindi a pH
    1H
    ;''"'ilpl,,"

    :ii:"'ff 9;,""I;"l;;,"i

    I
    I

    "i ,r,,.*"'id,d,

    l,*..i,i

    (3_+3)

    >

    4,8,

    ",.

    0..

    *2H+ +2e

    l
    i

    l
    l
    I

    (3-4s)

    Aumentando
    con

    il pH ;tjiilil

    CIO- e quindi al disiiiijafi

    I^ :if"

    (retta c)
    {.r.erra
    d)

    (3-46)

    a 7,5, si sostituisce la
    rn9 a sostituirsi

    il

    ,;, tcto-l

    specie HCIO
    (3_40) p.*"rr,o,

    "

    (3-+7)

    e quindi:
    cio

    toE-l

    r;')ftra:

    (rctta

    d)

    (3-48)

    :l
    .t

    ffiw,l

    3
    tv

    lllEr X

    i
    Si voglia, per
    di vanadilc.'iracciarido
    relative alle due coppie intr

    il

    d.co..o di reazioni

    iv-10) lc curve lt(pH)

    I,+2e d 2IVOr**2H++e +r
    cvidente chc in ambiente

    l-

    si rende
    quella del vanadio, per cui ia i

    VO,**2I-a!11+
    e cio

    3i
    )

    i vanadati

    (3-4s)

    ossidano gli

    E
    1,0

    3
    )

    3
    3

    3
    I

    3
    T

    14 P l'l
    l, vo,+ e I-, I,.
    iir, .

    Fig. 10 - Diagramma ,E(pH)

    *"

    Gi. si avuto odo di r


    ,. r'
    comDa-nvano soecre allo stato solido.iA
    , . ,r _i*r{.. .

    '

    s'
    ss

    )"

    {t
    !g

    -,

    r;i!'hiil
    ,,ilr.

    i.'i;ii-ir

    .#

    .'l

    li

    ,-": ii4

    i,ri',,!li
    :,-:i.,:,:..

    ;-'t,.'

    :.

    ioiianzc solide

    diagrammi in cui
    ;Appartengono r suitemr
    :'

    12

    lV

    Capirolo

    Fe; Cu2+, Cu; S, Sr-; ecc.) che


    ierie pi6 o meno numerosa di
    usrur o ol torau poco. solublli, ,llCijirislstenza
    condizionata da opportuni. va.lori
    pH
    ..hf||ili,1*i.,p*b,flffip*e
    specie
    atrive nei proessi cti
    .di

    ossido-riduzione.

    Il

    ;,1:lli:l:''t',11i-^il.q1l.ii',,

    ferro, oltre agli ioni,Fc,u. ei4;lli;ia i rispettivi idrossidi


    Fe(oI{), e
    Fe(OH)3 e FerO.. Il
    del
    manianese,
    olrre
    al
    metallo
    Mno,
    com_
    _sistema
    prende i solidi Mn(OH).,'MnOrH,
    {nO,. euerte sostanze devono com_
    parire nei diagrammi E(pH).
    i',
    Bench allo studio degli equilibri,terogenci
    siano cledicati successivi capitoli, tuttavia si ritiene utile compici""is qresro
    paragrafo ir tratramento
    delle rappresentazioni
    qatgi,qhg fa io.t.rriorr.-di diagrammi rela_
    fl^n:h:,
    t

    ivi

    ai'i't.-i

    r.,r1;narl;;;t.;:

    "*ido-,id;;;ii'
    studentc non abbia
    gia ricev,uto aai;gorsi.ai chimica

    :.ffi;:ilH"i;

    g.n..il..

    plr T:Tt.l1,jl::"-+dj.4g.j:re. c1i1q,q!.i


    . !ito 93ryide'!
    :,,
    sist ma

    de
    -Fe

    sono

    ,*

    i izu Hiii{)1_l:g.gg[ii,'

    impricari in

    + 2e i=r Fe

    (3-50)
    (3-5

    (3-52)

    Fe(OH). i+ Fer+ +3O:r

    :Cl ,+

    (3-5 3)

    .na conlentrazionc totale IFe:ts] +


    - 1 l. In esso Ie linee assumono i
    :;',i!; "

    pH, si

    riferisce

    all'e quilbrio

    si estcnde 6no ad irrcipiente


    ;
    "t'.t,

    J1s-",'

    per [Fe'+] = 1, si

    (3_5+)

    6,6.
    Rife r

    li1ea
    Fe +

    2H,o

    r-Jr)

    A pI.

    ''i,-,

    -'(

    252
    Capitolo IV
    1f

    e&sendo

    [H+] [OH:

    diventa

    (pH

    6,6)

    (3-58)

    (3-se)

    una linea vertical", pH .ortai


    incipiente precipitazionc di una i

    {ineq

    ii pH di

    d.
    (3_60)

    Termina al

    '(PH:

    M di

    1,5).

    I inea

    e.

    Indica

    il limitc di

    E.'i t lr.
    Iog ,(r, -37,4
    a.t

    Fe(OH). r=r Fe!+ 4

    *!,\ea

    l.

    Fe'+

    (3-6 1 )

    Si riferisce al processo

    I
    l

    (3-62)

    L'equazione dclla
    della rctta A, :

    unaiogo

    quello

    s.

    r
    s:

    (J-oJJ

    valida nell'intervallo

    tr

    i
    (3-64)

    Dall'equazione:

    f(
    c/
    S

    (3-6s)

    rt

    ponendo

    IFc'*]

    il

    d.

    aoo

    itf '."rl'::l;, la: i.,1.::,rllrl:i

    ;::; i'

    tt

    i,"
    i'.-:
    l,'-,.

    ;n+irr

    t.

    2i2 .1v
    E ,Biii2?'a
    .i..

    .-.) Lt'
    2.4'n?".

    1..i'=
    -';'i';.

    ;ii

    OI
    dl

    9..?

    4.4

    .24;!i..Z.Z=-=
    Za
    '=i a:i:ii1=;*
    =.

    ;a

    '=='r'ld6?

    Z*'e'z?;o1n=

    fi,: i !;??iEi:

    '2'22e';
    zlr:27 2.''?'u e?

    I A?,1
    I.f
    i+'u=zZ ; 1\ Z i1 ;e?'z'rlX;
    EE: E.c :

    .:l
    ':l

    e!;2;7A

    a
    ta

    2=?.*u1,*;

    ;;a i'^21 E ii3;airi:e

    i!
    i'i.?'*e

    A
    ,s=9r

    "_,.=.?a.2 z-o
    3 E:.Ei -1",

    ;=r:rr,;Ei?:;l
    C 12
    ().- ,i?'=22,?ou:

    i.7:S;-i[?"?
    zZ'=';',t3=

    ="r?
    14
    ?2 iZirszi
    .=o irr'zei
    i..=*
    ==.==iZ
    =7c=*..=-n =*
    ; iie:t2 112 o.i '-';13iei
    -:\

    -:r!.!.:'t
    i i
    t^::
    -,9

    '=t':!-

    :r* il l*
    i',1a
    :-

    .
    .r
    -

    :'-.9;
    ":'=
    --r

    qr

    i;:'l

    i-J1!'!

    '1l 'J .:a a-

    --1r:a1 :!,4'.)
    - -U=i

    -'=

    ^i;:2t;
    1:
    all
    v ;.:
    2 .i
    i:= =

    2ei'7.?=
    *,4.*al

    ,t_
    '?;
    2

    *4")(4 -; ': :
    .':r
    ' ,t .C'.
    1
    -'i'-:.11
    e'{:;! $
    n.-, ,a
    -J = ..= ..)
    :) ?
    -' :-t.,':. '- a '' a

    ,::':.,
    .;.
    -

    .:J\'36:::::

    .? U =zu-:n+.i
    "i'i i
    E
    { ;''.!"
    ri."1
    7

    i
    t:a

    a
    i'n
    E

    :ir*";'z
    it7l.i?u'7
    ',::u:
    Et

    -1 ez-

    rE;iz3
    s 2#2,

    l.aai-zi

    t= .Z = j

    c...Y -

    i3

    i=i

    i;i'Liu?Z
    it

    ?rii ili= |i i; l;* i:F; i'i

    l :zZe;z: 1- ?! E i;
    ii
    itzi= :?**z=;ig'!.E;;;: a?rvYq'i3=;
    .-:z;i :!;a;;*l;:i:5l-;i
    ; :s=B-?
    ::
    Eii;:;a;
    ;E;;siiE:;:iEiEE
    :r = Ei=;=
    Ii Ei;
    iL ;r i: Z;="r; ;i ;l ii a=;;:;
    B:ri=; ri=Ezn=iiiii

    ii:iqir;
    i; ?,*ti lE:i;;iia li;iEe;E? ii,i ialil
    i E,:-jnz E;i. :*;E 3: s: zil!ii:rIi s
    ;;:i:,; ; i
    3;
    i =
    ::1v=-i4;i21i'of
    E;! ic i i
    iZ
    :==
    *i'!-t:
    Lt
    i_T i:z;e=
    ;
    ? EZE
    l 1t! ?I,;:,iii
    =
    =r2i:
    :E?ii ii

    :i

    ; 13,;;3ir:
    ==ac,
    ;rz.. Y= I 7=X- i'*I*;

    =i

    L=*-'

    :iir,i;i;:
    ;:5
    ==;

    :?Zi E; g 3 i*ri:A Z=.i:; 1"i l'


    =.
    i*
    E;iiEfa[:
    Zii:i*i:
    z: 3 : -i= ;i'1zz?,t=zi
    t=?;i
    i
    u:
    isZlA.z',1,;
    zi'JI, ii:-:t
    =d-'a.-iQ
    i?
    =iJ.*.,iX':

    i'-x

    Z.:-

    r=,-.-*r=3.-

    o-c-c!l

    =-..3=;6-,

    ..,

    (J

    ..rg

    a,

    r
    ;:riiEi ;:::;.E::
    i;
    r*;I;;F;
    :
    gt
    =i;:,8,2'*i,
    ;;;
    it:?.;?
    ". ''l ==.,-:=F'lii:
    .
    -? : zEiEl.='1
    *:
    -:i=-'.= =; Eji.
    ).i
    i
    ri'
    ? 8 " o"'=
    "?-9.'i
    :c

    i;-.=
    -4
    x H
    EEai=iri??
    uiZ.,=;,2;i'=
    'c*=27?(.'=?t
    r ;.;.-e-u
    i.re=.:i.Eti
    ;-j:.'==u_.i'.4r,-o
    .-.!2'=
    !,
    + Z
    ':io
    Oa
    =?"';!A
    =i?u:*i:"
    'a ? -:- .; c:f -rl:tn\
    =471;ze.?= .= rt Sg iri.-= : - l: r i Z;.?" ft

    :I:l?c1;, 3:;:i5*
    ;'a

    I iI!IEls;;
    gi:

    7i,:' rin:I
    , ii,i5 a

    i;i
    ,8 Esiiirli

    :=
    "^A
    i-:.

    t:

    iZ-t?,=:-e",; ?
    ?1u=;r;:i:ah

    :;:itii;
    ;i+3:;AE.:.4;:

    1,?

    ii:

    iE';r=!-e a; ;; i i:i !; i I
    s

    ??-.= ?Ei ;
    ;Fi;;.;;;;:i
    t
    t*,
    ;:a;
    ;
    il:ti'
    '-=
    ;?:il
    i
    1
    =:
    d.u
    AA., 6 Z
    )i a4- a.=2.--;
    _ \'i ili_ ; )lI
    -='=r''-=";iiz=
    X

    ;
    I

    =il

    :..t

    r-l

    ol

    5 l:;
    :- l.-

    ;-l
    :.i

    a
    il
    N

    u
    c-

    ='8; =izr.i.l'ii'i'

    ei i ;i

    il

    j;.:

    iai

    :;z?znizZz i

    i'i\;i ;

    =
    g

    o
    U

    o
    o2

    .Eg

    co

    EO

    .J

    *46U
    r*6al
    Frha=
    (Jra(fu

    H.,f
    i,

    .9 t;.

    lo

    ir^
    i:.
    :. ^

    +.g
    d
    N

    li"=.3I .!
    ., a ^,.

    Ittill
    'ullil
    .ittu.,

    ._
    .a

    -=
    O

    a_

    '.) --

    go

    a_HL!-l:.

    - :.a

    eq

    .- _J

    9'"lo

    1 1.. + r
    ;, { r{ c0
    , .- i f
    Q.:l

    o5

    .-e-F:1

    eo

    ": ?

    t)

    ..i,

    l)=u

    s
    4..

    ' ;.. er
    (t;.3

    O
    'u1 9-

    "o:a
    c'=
    'i-'t:
    3es:

    .a o o !-\c d
    + 'r5;ef!
    ffinF -E

    g-::

    f:

    Iii'
    t;z

    -+

    5
    1ir!i",
    ".zi:.; S

    ii*s?H
    3:IA.

    .:

    :e+

    I:

    +=!Ei ; i *fi'3
    ;:1?{..
    -Er,:Ef3e3,i.'q;?f!E
    s
    iit,t,
    i2;i,i
    1.n2"1: j fr : j_=
    + i E +.
    e
    i
    ?t:;ZZ
    z
    :"
    :68.E{;;Ii:
    izia
    E: =J J:sF;.
    ,1
    r.a 5L
    :l'>': r_ i Y + tIt: ;i i ';t,! l,&',.,
    j:... I E rlm=

    .-

    i ! il

    -r.

    '

    -16.-:

    sE
    ;t*i
    r
    Es:E;ilr=iii
    El
    i--6
    z'z,?iiif i =
    EeE.q'=
    EiI
    E i"; j
    o
    o
    r
    I
    U

    ; 6
    'a.r-.-.,
    .o._s

    ,.,

    ;iiliii

    ,..5:E,E'lis ? ! =;;., ih rii

    fi3;,n

    i'{
    :i!:

    iX[;
    Ei
    'aa=ils +
    .,.uri
    ;' =u
    i
    q
    r
    +

    ;i!;
    i;=.=:E
    +
    ?
    t
    *=
    ., +izi 1t ! t* E kr
    * =
    + + + +:;-<J:
    =
    Z 3[=i.q3.e
    a ='. :E; i f ! E si
    s:i:g*
    : ;iil12 ? ? ? 9'?
    =
    -i- +* ;;'{
    i;3iii

    Egggiei"
    E
    -';.-=
    Ii9
    3 .'iF3-E
    i1:#; 5 v

    .+-

    : :i;a;ia

    .+ ;sa.=
    T':.;ct)

    I
    "s:il

    E:=E

    .;3

    i
    ;

    E
    2

    '.z ?ijb
    F

    ,,
    .2

    'i'=';i'=
    5

    i.=z?a^i

    -i, 3i
    E a:
    : = A.E

    21ii="a;

    Z;-E=gEe;

    .:*

    :l

    : i"

    ia
    o .=ii

    = c F -'a..i

    :e i;i q

    =aE'E
    .-.=;=ie-g

    ..

    :!
    I

    a:*ss'-:
    :'i i:d: d
    :
    Er
    :L<IEo..r-r AE.'h i"
    zSAH?-?..-'Z ? =.i?:t, > a ;'.Za!"'[*
    - E!
    f.ii; EZ YEi *;t;:e e-"s'- E 3:?=rB. E
    :
    :;?;a"is',BEl= El=s;;;4;

    z ;q.
    "1,!;iit
    B
    ,

    .:

    E
    e

    I*i

    + A

    cF

    '

    .-9A:^ri^'.;i

    ar:::
    .=
    u: ffai
    - s:
    .: .!ts
    ;I
    .n
    ::

    I u:
    !

    a L

    .,-c'

    +
    ri 1;a: I i
    ..
    r'
    Ji"

    i',
    :lagiri
    ;i=i==-*a^
    Zri'{ze": ;

    '7.

    E+ni|e;E
    ;;E:
    p.Z:iZa !

    -'g:gJ,;,1,

    :,

    a:EZ:zA

    E'zr;1

    =,
    = i.;B;
    *E"!E Ti :;?!'a;:
    ?i
    i
    :i!;E
    Eg;:;:B:
    B

    iF'ts
    cr itE
    oo 'il'::
    -=a&.,2,i8'
    .- IA;z-az-EEs
    a
    ;^ o:;'
    E

    u)

    3=4.:

    ri

    -.

    ''

    ..==(J\

    3
    :,
    42"

    , z'n : :: t :1..
    -r
    g =E
    = !c 3
    ;.E -E;,
    * EE Jg
    di
    Ou

    _-

    b
    =

    -3

    !tr

    o
    -

    ?! ,

    9
    '= !

    .o;

    .F< - .; c

    i: ;:a?? ii
    eg

    ;3

    ^::

    .*
    ==.1 i
    =

    'a z=zi

    \t o
    =

    II
    k

    : i
    ;:i ;::
    EA : ;
    .:.r: et*
    Z,.zs=!
    l'E e i,
    ; 4 Ee
    n Eo::+iirei
    I
    E 'ri:Ei EEii 7 Er
    i
    o,?3i
    +
    2
    *s e:
    iH:!;;E!=
    :
    I
    :! = Ei pXE:!:gEr : ;eait
    !3*:i l;;1 e :,d
    i.:
    E
    saigE!iZ=sZ i.i;? ; ii:E
    +

    .::!

    ?'--',

    i:: ;?; i- i=

    EE 2;
    t=''oauE-1==1=e-.-

    *civrvir

    tE

    =E
    O

    E ,=
    za+

    Z
    E::
    id..r
    " Isilrl
    1
    r
    o I !.!:i

    .:

    t:

    t-

    d;ii i
    7;
    :-g :E iE Bii:;
    i* E?2'.
    "-uir|ZZ Z Z:= =_
    'i._g
    q+*
    e{

    o.:
    .Yo

    t.g
    6'd
    o-

    =^

    dl

    I
    tL

    oj:

    i<

    lt

    .-09 u
    'Oo

    rn

    .=

    !/

    tr+
    =^

    ,i
    6a

    u.

    .." .;

    o ''/

    url
    DA

    -ri

    3B.o.otI

    :b

    EEi{:,8
    2C

    1J;:

    ! ?
    !;
    o.E H5.? o

    H'
    :^
    V

    :;

    i
    !

    ee g s

    ,hocXo
    Y5=:L

    "c

    P';; P.- 6

    E?;*t
    g .1
    e

    a*

    riErrE

    ==5hN

    E:

    s 9C

    i Il'itE:
    :Ei:
    g

    Eu i

    :.1

    L-O

    =:_
    !

    .ocoiiE
    IE-tua:J.:

    ob.o
    Aa7
    =r,Y

    r.

    ,:fi
    z;t
    ;E: E;="

    *1
    EEE,il;it?
    ^1 >.r.=oi4.7..a

    I ';I;E *Eilti;i
    l*9=-='eEe

    5a*
    ilor:;;
    ;;*l;e
    EZ.=
    *i
    i i:z ;:lilEE;: E: !==!=:
    ; E;;;EeTzz, *-o; 5;; :T
    :- g:
    :*iEie:i'=z
    ;:E.i?;
    I
    Esiii=spEx" r5"

    IIa
    :;a;+i
    F;t'1,
    ;* :E
    Zi'i=-'287
    ,r
    ;I
    *Ei,:;;E=i
    E.
    E:
    a li=u;,E ?
    .S
    .:E
    :
    Er::il?I*5
    ;: irrl I;a-l
    *':;

    -:,oojr

    5=

    z
    c
    I

    '4
    I

    z z:i;iai1,;t
    I i,' E:,2 Zaza r=
    1e ;:B
    x*-iEx;
    a:;
    {
    ::Ee,:,5^iis
    !
    2 z
    Xlq;;E'i ,=* ;A:'
    tr4.=u'rEEl,=*
    as ;fi=n;;5,=

    yl!^!nc.P ouoddcl l"P tol

    ji;

    ri !
    r,-i

    al

    aia:gii{
    $;n :=i;;5 iE,S
    oiq
    ;i
    =Eli;*is=e
    fl
    a'ij
    E 3 F5 e "E ;dI C';
    e

    .a

    a.o 3" 6

    i
    al
    I

    :ci*rxzETi,
    -:fi=!:i
    5.oii=

    i.

    rj

    = :+-^,
    3as?uBi
    E
    i-.
    --jli
    i
    =.!9=

    sg
    ;c
    -/'a

    :E-"-i,t

    :B

    .r.,:1?=g= 3i::

    .,:
    ?,2

    ,'a-=-=
    : f i 9- q

    E:

    ;.;=S:.

    .Y

    J _:

    ..:i..X
    . !.l q
    P

    9.:

    v:j8fr

    ?f

    a=

    iIg:-H
    =iIg:.5
    *f tt=,
    '2;
    -r.><l- ad
    i+ o ---r.

    :.!=.
    ;=i'
    i=!,,s
    :''
    i) 6:: ; ;
    =5
    (Jl : hll
    .E a ii-ii:t;
    a6
    ii iii = ,E;
    L" ;r.::

    st
    ;5i
    ?rE*
    EE s==i 853:p E
    s
    f;FF-3
    <)';j: =i
    .i'qFk>
    +dC.n'q,:,')
    --ua;
    --o
    ;z= E3;i-" s:;B r i,o ; iEf--=,
    u'r ;:i:*;
    ;t;i
    ;
    :f: =3:='., oe *e:;l
    =*r';'7 "i ili
    ? .!|!:IE

    ;t
    c:'-'=

    :i
    :i !?

    o c.-

    =t

    .r

    -'

    ti

    t:i

    \rtE iol

    ,,:-_9

    t -c-,
    .!l
    i;=
    =ci,3l?i;
    ;:
    :Hi=54-';:,:r:==
    Ite qF5=:= ,iEi.?
    ;N:J

    -.r-q!

    q 'aZ kr
    XI=
    "f
    x::3!I
    c7

    ::Bi=5
    <:: *i;;ii=Ei[f Ei
    :
    I;;!;
    z1
    ::.9*
    :i; =i;:i;ii:i;
    :.96

    ==?
    LJa

    :!'-J

    ==on*"-+.8:=:22
    u1
    .2 c-i.ot'-.:;U.:

    c-'? a-

    9c
    c;

    q"ni',iV

    -i'='a

    ? a3xar;27=3i : ::iiElB:a'?

    i
    :l
    ;:i::i;3
    .i:-:.:;:i:;ii
    =Ei
    t Eiii.;,r6 ;ii ;I e;;i*E ;g;a'a=*r;da]
    ii;E?:tr:3i
    ;;Ei;:Elxil{gIiEi
    -*';
    g
    z'az+e *=7 ] i i;i; riur E;3

    ii

    a; *ri,t
    i[
    Isji1">i1'?,t* =;* E:=F:'
    :Ii':i?,. ;i gE r;;E:;
    i$:iiil[i*,
    a
    unnE i;,!i'srrei
    n:
    ?
    E
    i:r]
    i ;[;"r':ii.i=
    f :E';':f li*i : ?: i+'t;; ii g i:il;,llI: [' I;

    ;;'i

    :s ; i;zias:l[ =: :;+

    *n=ii:i!s
    I
    iii=i
    r; il:i ='i
    E .::.,i ia

    ; i:,i;:;
    tl;;lil
    izzt;::i
    i
    :; I 17?;;;: i;i ?ii:r3: l-:
    a

    i';

    :!:'02,=r; ;: r lo ii'i [ I
    f;iiiii*: iir
    5 Xn!i.iiEr
    si?li*HI'i:'r'i,[;;it,:i
    8;;#

    i;rii;;iiil
    liiI
    j"
    ;:
    l

    iE

    'ati,h:itH
    j=*.'lil'ir*si,;::,5

    ,.=

    8s
    .e
    ?1^k

    l
    I

    ti.2
    .o
    a--

    z
    i' :-iP.e
    "'I

    ;;'eifi t'"

    ...:.

    "^

    5 i
    U

    ',,';;

    :E

    .
    qo

    a
    *

    -,u
    E-

    Ef
    -=

    E
    Q
    E'

    + |

    -;|
    +

    ;:
    'r9
    i., h- =.=
    .:
    o
    ,l-il:,
    il
    --i.+
    . .ne
    a5
    ll
    -! +ri
    li ?E
    ;
    ;; -lq l= 1l8,.,
    " 6g
    sirE
    i:
    a
    'rJ
    'f: lj
    o
    ::
    _
    ;
    .

    '.=
    =: ,

    .'1
    '-:
    +=

    o
    -:-.

    .t
    <)l
    co

    =A
    9

    et
    -:l
    <)l

    = ii,'7
    I ;',
    6h
    I
    c
    =

    :
    I

    ca=

    r
    ll,\lllu iol

    *'
    l''E

    l:

    -aa2-Yj:lrk
    =;a
    =
    t
    -
    ';.?;

    b
    :

    rr

    E k
    r

    2Z
    .:i
    .nd
    69,?

    -'= o
    u-

    e
    )

    :E

    o
    -i-

    " .

    '<= c

    '.i- .-:
    'i--o d

    ill

    -E
    c \
    -J

    Ei
    (=
    '5 o
    =Li.

    ;E

    = g
    =A

    ll
    q+

    E-
    E'

    [
    Lr

    'i, l'+
    Qa)

    'p9
    . j
    '6*
    u

    3T
    ,)_

    5E".
    tA

    cr:
    or-'rll()

    =
    \

    5 ^
    ';i
    n
    ad

    -.

    Eht

    .iJ.;aJ

    ;i
    E;
    o
    98

    "
    ta

    rr
    E
    a

    ==
    - ii

    3'
    ?;,

    t..l

    OJ
    C'=
    aa tr

    65
    t
    o

    a
    o
    -. r.l

    tslt

    ,.q

    9
    ar .--

    &E i

    z!

    z,l,\lEia Ei

    t1 lll
    iill;
    ?
    ;a
    {: ?:;alaEi;
    ;!E;E

    d
    'il

    giiliiii1llll-i?lli!I

    ol
    o

    ./

    A --.-'

    Vll^llt.p 0llod'Jel lrP tol

    i1 Effii?illlill,tili

    cl
    I

    (r.1

    cl

    al

    t-

    -l-.

    o o h
    qr-g_.1.h-h-cl.
    -oocoodc.l-

    -'3

    ++++;+ ttt

    i:i;
    ;
    ;l;;E{p
    lI
    gii;H,r;:
    ;En
    ii

    ii

    esl;::lt;

    iiEflE:

    u
    d

    i :iliitiiE:ir:
    :i !ir*it;:tgl

    z
    o

    <J
    {N
    i:<

    o<A
    ckq
    o'O

    .:

    ';r
    'AN
    9Z

    ie
    :;li
    ui:::*EEti
    a.sr3
    ::

    .?

    =^

    A;

    =
    o!
    c)Nddddn6r
    tl
    r'

    ; _..

    : ;" -=

    ..

    .l E'e E i

    Xi r ilt:istii:

    _:

    =
    ?

    +++i+:;:i-i

    i* il:aiHIiiriiEi

    :l;
    ;r?i::l:;:;
    Eii
    ; :r= :i;eii;; i* p : r ;
    ;E
    +

    -p
    Joc

    ; :lE5:Ii,; :r::

    ;d

    :iE

    o!

    ili;

    ; lria : i e :; ; r i i r=

    ai:i: : ;3: i Eii g i.lii i

    =.=

    ii
    Irg

    E;:i;i:**i;tEtiIt
    .:3

    ?6.:,-

    c.-V

    lc

    do

    .?g

    a,Iii"r6

    *hq59

    r:.I,:,

    a; :r ;"'"Ez ;:rri+:a !ig

    tI

    ar

    /.

    2-

    t_

    =i.,_;Ep

    is ilri: iira

    3
    I

    !r!^!u8.P ouoddri IJP t(l

    fr5I

    i; [t qE' . i ru
    B; i: s s [; ;;; t

    ;i:
    ,=lz,:,
    i; tE:tt;ti Ee;iriittli
    ::;
    :;lr;ig:i;i
    *n
    g*,fe
    ;e :rgsr;l
    i
    E

    ;=Ni;=5E

    ()sr-

    lii':;
    r=1
    it*5nxsI
    \i"i:i-s;
    l3
    g=x-E:i
    :i, X*:;i:e.
    r ttA
    alz i;gir3= ;s:6;s
    ri;
    : 3! :e:'zEaqu aii,rlgi

    =-

    at

    =u2
    O..

    i:ii I;it+:isEll

    l
    f

    isEi!i:i i:i::E;:; [ Ei i *
    l; i ;ir ;: ii isli ;:;il:
    t=Zai=a ; i ;.= F,
    tf Ef i
    :
    g:;
    i:;gsir 5 i"
    i; l;;i;

    OU
    oo
    'i^

    v=
    g-

    =-;i E =

    !E

    li'..:

    fl

    = ?gz" :i=:= E6"83:;!";E'Il


    s;;E;ii'3Et::l
    =
    : Iu i5:g=;;:
    iiz* E ?r e3 ; ;+ Bfr: ? g; 1

    fl
    fl

    O-* t.,
    - G'- .:
    =G,.,tj
    o
    ,, i l:
    u:
    o =

    ; II,. 5i
    i= ;E ;;;;BEt;Hil; E; 'zii
    :rtE; 1:
    !,Ef; :
    E:5;i;

    ifl
    i$

    l'{
    ril

    i',4

    ,:{
    j'l
    N

    -{

    iJ
    JT

    il

    :I

    iit

    JT

    i?

    1i

    ,{
    *{
    !
    n
    .,'

    'x

    3:5.- E.r tj I-:

    gE H
    aE
    '=
    E't.u.,ii;
    I.g:
    =Eiu

    E:;

    F-e'i?

    .E3;s
    5t
    I

    EE
    :i:E:I=ngi
    :-g'31*p:=="i'j30'r{
    i
    H'i g I Ht I.X
    il
    c..r
    r
    3i
    irig
    .s'!".,:
    I
    iis
    -:
    <ii j:!,,,r e -[g g,o *-f .g
    ,*Ii
    i
    --:r:Elr._
    * B.ai;ser ;::
    E : !
    :-:E ; ; ts . ud .ir 3 Fi
    I
    Efi ;Ell'fl:sf E,= e9:Ee.?r28.:.rIfr-:l
    j,::;,:i a E :s;
    ;F j:iic ::ri:
    ; : l,ir,i ;;;
    *'5.,9o:!R:'-';
    .r.j=U;lefi
    :ig:a-rz:
    ; 5;
    =='r E;iF5;E;i?-;e:r,0"'r
    Fi
    ;Eqi:
    =;E+;83:r;?EE:;;Y
    :.aaaai:Zrt
    := Fi Et;ri;'"ar
    =u *.,e:rj
    ;;;,4i-i:*;
    ts'?
    Eu:sbr;tis:31;,;
    4;; E g ds p.::4'.i 6 ! x.ij: il:,.;: r il i i*l;'"'"1'r
    g,;i,:: ;i,F;i,Bi ; * 5l ai'*il,s,r:
    .?
    j a E;,#l:l
    =.ri; --E-t Ll ,3,=, :,6,!i .u',a., c=, iE-: E".E-E

    1
    ?
    .:

    i,,

    .9(,Lc
    \ c=
    -Yl.tt

    i- .J, -J

    C- H J-!!

    ]ie:r) i,,,9
    o )

    t::!iJ
    -

    ;:'

    i c-:
    r, : : u
    + g'i;

    :'-o
    -j
    y:-

    ,,.?

    ," ::
    i!

    "f

    .!: '] .g
    (r r, O
    ..j
    -- - - - r1.
    (:l<O
    ! .- i ':'- :i

    dJa

    "'1
    lrt
    ,14

    .rJ -

    i,

    'l
    t

    {1*

    fi
    I

    *,ll

    t'{

    :.,9

    I
    I

    ;l

    .-it

    "'a

    irl?

    'r!
    ;tl

    '.d
    o

    ,{
    I

    iil
    :i!

    rl

    i1
    -,-c

    i:l

    r
    ilB

    .e

    =,
    +;='o

    H.
    d
    .g

    ci
    r{" -i
    cr o.. oi
    Fi

    .,...

    ",.r

    ei

    :i'
    ,
    :e"!

    d-

    =
    T o rr

    i
    i
    '
    i
    i ix
    i
    I
    eii{gtfi i I i;g;r I ir ii iiir
    I i r'
    E

    i EliIE

    --t

    ,:I

    .!r

    ii6

    ' o'

    +xi'xl:i
    rr E
    E
    E=;g;
    ii i:r;i*fiql?rAtt?T
    tEi
    :iii i r i !tE s:lt;l
    : ae; E. i,{lt
    i iiii
    {*r
    3.iN;He

    :,i

    '-iir
    ,'t

    B U': !

    'ld

    ".,i

    =': g
    T!!

    ,a
    .lt
    '{t

    ;l{

    -: i

    tt.l

    :iT

    '!t

    .i,5

    ri
    ci I
    t;rvl's
    of
    C

    f f i? l.'*cri
    rEE*a R: 44.fl ; i';;;;
    iiTf ,',,,,,
    l. l.J.
    i;
    ii?ig
    ;g:EE
    EU;

    qJ e
    q
    tr'l ?

    ; ofr f.r A..


    -ax =
    ll; ll,1 oll; oll; i 2
    g=.1
    o
    e
    E
    :]=
    '
    'ix Ee =.,
    .i f-*
    =
    Q rrr t{ kr
    : E
    : .a }.o- e'
    - _fr]'=*
    g:[;:; ' o-.
    s.E
    i "":E
    q. z 5=
    :n o' UEE
    E .e E.s > o E
    +'

    ..l

    ':I

    '.

    s.;iE:
    qi oi 9
    =

    En

    ilE E: i*

    :Ssg;
    !'d
    :

    i i f ; r' r$

    e'tu.EEE

    h'l

    H.H

    s_t [Ear-ttc,
    IE 3n t-94

    i;

    l- t
    M,+L-(Si
    la v,+
    rit-

    piv* usr+ri o

    r{eroui

    (Lr <aeno's.to ,,

    kt

    caini ..-p'tLil-t

    t4 r!r(ara
    Lr

    r.tL {-&fl?p &tt tarlnLtst

    pnrai't<a,

    tLE So5ror.r3e iny

    tr Sd1HF

    i .oti g, ,SA ypolA4e I


    i

    l.*

    i rr

    [o^,[

    **oio

    SE6tr.el,,t' :

    Cp,fo.r-fu2,z

    l---l

    : -l
    r

    .w,o+rV

    -'-f

    I E- )vv$c

    .-q

    tli rt"ry , ?g-qrlatoli ei1..i i E i

    M#HE^r- LJL rEHeq/L0YuJ

    v-aor"i

    yrri,A tt-<--rl<l ic6l,

    pA,ooc;
    t'."l

    aa ] S

    EA.r\f--a+ g,a-.'w,M
    t Es^rr--a*
    ,\"r
    F4
    +i*l* CisrLa,caay4
    J.r* c*ov+ YS

    , I iuu+ae ,^r1 *.---* * \(4nc i ove,,i-s, ]***l- J, *L*.*. I


    "l
    z)
    o^,qri.;
    n*oe'rcgijla.i ftt^l Lir ,r, F, r,isa3.4 ,-]**acep,-^o
    1
    ""1";"b
    ?e.,\,,n-d-,o'

    ,D, "."1.^ofo^

    i rrt n l *+,""L

    ,t],

    l,il

    "l*"i

    iocaqq Ff4p44-rv,4a e.Ei e{+re1LEr larcltc+rr-

    1e

    u 1",

    i*'*|.-*]^" i*-cu,a{^,u

    -r @rpte= I }l
    ';.;

    :'1 3) .+ro,a-rne=-io oleaera"er\o"ri (S.J 'iost et.ryg, v,yn'*ztqryE DE, rratooai

    ltlll

    hEE.rF
    Lr\rv Qvovr!
    --r---ii- l-a(f4.{
    i
    T 'i-r:---i---

    lctel v8 , Et-lt LA ,=ss l-l?r.ic.rL ,a,1re r1a_a-llL ipss y ;ycs$ - g$,t 'ge -r_,p^oet.a=Jr. : A*f c/4-on/tr,rt4 (Nrr* e -"iyo- ,-ioe^rrr'e,"f =npu 'eo-geare.s
    k-*r,f ,rorof- L^, [*+ -]urr,{orrr[--* l- .[r--(vo sfe6a,{nerq ',1 r*L'*-1r{ ,rr-[rrg air.ul
    I 5l
    "a*"f.*,4 ,
    , PE<s^Iil-

    *r-,;";f;..'l

    r&4hr
    i r i -.,

    +i

    ]*J

    {"{pi ,P^"+: io.i ,- *f-n}ee..--el'soo


    -)

    -''-i,

    !,.._

    .' r. i -

    .11

    e|<.o.r.tr

    tl
    t--+

    L__L___..L|

    qqu

    l_ij
    r-lt

    Iil=i

    Itll

    - /{u- -rep

    ul[1111

    ,rf

    *!-ryg[]114*#o,-

    -n+a, ; Pr.Eyv:.

    i.r -l-l-+-i
    - l- -r

    l-

    i--t
    l--r
    ;

    i --l---l---=t

    iiilii

    _l

    &n2,

    ("nt)

    iJ ,.,,ri si ,nr\ucr:- ,tJ+ , i,,scst-iu..M.

    - iW4ryEn "Z+ Dr u^{q


    -

    Z."Wl
    P1

    ,nc i4rrpg

    rerrFt Lli

    l--+- e

    c*tui<*

    , CaqPras i.

    r) *rmr.ir

    , 'vtt4Mo Ls va+['**tY/t'

    DI

    !J

    itit

    L-l
    tt
    t!

    tl

    I
    I
    I

    I
    t

    i
    1

    tii
    ttl
    Iil

    ,l
    I

    ill
    +._.-+ _4
    Iri
    lll
    tllr,

    ltl
    1lr

    +
    I

    i
    I
    +

    i
    I

    +-

    l-

    I
    I

    I
    I
    I

    J-_
    I

    I
    I

    I
    J

    I
    I

    I
    I
    I

    i
    i

    I
    I

    It
    +
    t

    I 1 Ir :_l
    it

    i_i i I I : i I l_l_;ul

    _l

    riir:ii-

    b) o,n{cnfa, o /Dnr dwa-tn


    j.r /./../lJ}v,-s
    jlr
    /lJSvlvg

    Ltt

    FEcNlc.h

    YirrA,

    5rdLtE Ltt.{aa;h}i',:vr'
    '

    .ir:

    ft1 r",:i.

    ..

    i..

    ....,:-\

    ,..::.,.,

    r.,.-:-{L;i-.

    -.i.it

    L l,S3

    *:i
    \

    I I
    IrLt*;
    1
    I
    I
    .^ araTioqe
    -- l-^ {o^r-fssl
    ,* qNtt ,?82$,iv I |I I , i , II Ii , i
    i

    (-e..r

    r\
    tr

    -ri

    C,+h

    1t-}.re

    ""r_

    '
    ,-.-.

    :.crr,s*l
    1-"rrFoJ

    EN*nC;= LE

    l-c-rr.p,acr.

    ?et1

    rzecr}saa rL

    :\f.LL \r-lla.:
    :\f.
    \r-rla.: CC- f\-F-L,.-ti
    lfi.-li.4\r&t
    fi ^L/l,t+\-lL\ I(C*
    f\-F-1,.-ti
    C* Qg,ne
    fe;i-t:e-,.t-rg.Lrr<...;r'
    rr<...;r' S
    S\\
    Qr,,nl fe.j:*,.t-rg.L
    t

    r vlr.i,,c r\h-- nc,


    6L
    6wr[.ur,-r.6 Lr

    INJ

    - rN c.ui "

    i I I I
    rW
    .
    PEsc
    ra-n.alrr
    D
    c4g
    _
    ,t
    _41 erzaftp-- r
    i

    \r'rl

    ta

    , i
    44o
    4o l?"" | --_-i-'-l|

    lt""'

    j
    i

    .L

    ft
    YteLv
    -4

    "i.

    If

    ;-:.,..rP , \ -J

    l,;,.-. :,5r..:,

    '

    ,.'lr. rh!r-;

    i?r { rl,--t:

    :)::.o^;.:y't-,s,;?,*ri.

    &6/"riru
    i-ti:'

    .-"r- -;:r,;.'

    .1;,

    rrq,
    '.t

    i{<t
    g

    .-l

    '
    ;:. ,;- t u; . .,,,

    !;..r',,'u:i

    ,L:.i.-r".i ,--.r

    !.

    ..u r, .:

    -r

    j-,\:.-,:

    -.

    *iuY-i-qlnl;--i-f--i
    i-.-1rH, '*'l--+nLl
    )

    -i--1
    ll*ar^n\r*,]
    1
    Q,'m,

    (r) .-r, f,*Lrlro (r)


    r1*1, - Hz<-,1sj
    Hz.o[.) t zLl,
    o (y)
    zLlv
    fu)
    -r>
    "

    }.:':..'i,'I:,,..t',J-..,.:*'-.'.'.\,l.

    ti

    ,:Y*i).

    e vioq.rr{
    sl i F,xp"ro
    or: rf;\"o
    1a;\"rl s
    x[* theFr ,!J evioa,r[a
    -i=i
    trz4 P,rda *y^.4
    -l,*"_[--'i
    _t*'
    l*T "
    I-R

    , [, il\l (ou.+"*t',o
    .y'-j/1vu.a"^pU* M4

    [,[

    .rff | f:;
    4yl

    ;'r.tj*rr;oive"n*

    "'l- '"e^i.*ti.* trrli*


    "'|

    i*T*
    tititrllititiilttl

    i*is,LiF.a'

    l*^t

    qy,r4 'i

    *-,Pz1'a

    e,:ar1;a

    ln,,io*I/j

    loi

    ,f ,"

    i*^- i**

    ' ' .:.

    ,;", .r* r

    -+ 1-i
    i-i
    l{titt{ i

    :t-L,';- i..,f

    i]

    iv 0eso

    irr::ii,i;iji!rl

    iDr

    &&),
    ,I

    E-

    lr

    iltiil

    (Pq!4IYnj^ ctoaa)6pu

    \inpqrq\ra,q

    i*

    |1r*)
    I

    ner.P/atLrri-tr

    ygrl;,6rra,;i5

    ji

    i ai lPue-j -+rrne\tr,,i ci*e

    .-tr

    ',:.

    Pcunp;

    r-L _

    re+a"brre

    1 tNcql

    A^-+, f gletle

    \E LtA'' 'vl+Y4/4 -br

    t-^Jr> PGDolc-

    .,ii

    BB.a

    ssqre

    r -l:

    eprrz

    _sld e Lt F
    - {rI

    vi:).

    tti

    rrjillii;'ii
    n"isx"4e p?Wve
    I

    isl* i e+trp

    i s, D64np,>:, ]ro-, !

    tr

    ir'.i-v

    i .:"oai

    5i : un,sira) ttcr-a: nS<+_n^ro,e"r*nf


    I

    ,l

    nen'Va

    pv,tf.rm

    :r';J:lrl
    'i1",,'t'.
    :sn"i F,r.ro,<6i

    evp.

    &t"14

    aE^4

    E- iven-'Dae kvu\ b.rJsjg;;J\o- .rLo S,z4rrrn-,\o, 4

    v^r
    I

    rt

    i5

    $s

    tirrtllltijirrl
    Y/ t (v"r^r"**r*

    f'4
    t,i

    aEat

    <+.Aq-E

    liltll!llltl

    j st.,qd'6,yu'

    lrl
    ++-,t

    a.

    ,-i ot.,.r- .i;.,o"io t'tE"n'+*t*. i" .l^ $iA ,\l


    li,rillili

    4rrb-*r E'i
    /

    / rw= , f atG- :i,.,,r.. i.. ,.,:-,;.- -;

    s ,'oL\1, D/\?

    ?4n,"i'o;vt J '*"faso

    ".';i., .i

    6,at-+tbttc

    (#*tt6

    l1r.-.-.:

    r>

    ir.ryl

    crt-a+e.'4 .

    lj

    ,:

    lilitl

    !4 *V k rk+r'j* 4.
    ,,...tir - .: _ , .

    !i..-:

    L-

    ,,,;r

    i")rL,:,:-.:,.

    v+i soyo qs//; 6 y,ie,''ru'r,*ru,t^ ,r.;olno I Sgppo--*;o olcr rj


    I I '
    nrri v^iF eji-al{"i@ 41q ,r+r^r jsr-*e,.jse.iE i i i i I

    , L:, nis,rrr ]

    petqt rnIFc.1v4,.136
    DU&i^/.e

    orir,A ivn,r.*aavi 5,I- f3nfezw.<ta +vrt-aj

    , f.o 'tt Sulrt*. ,b

    "*"*.+,:o,4i,

    ,Soqgfob*E,

    iljil

    I
    1

    j
    l-

    &1s: nlrfze _ lseaaJryo .lr" ; ;


    1i!l
    ii

    Z* rf1911o

    pr

    ,,ear-

    r1l.t*arr ,.rr,, ,l

    ii

    PF

    sp

    Aeea<etsc

    istAryo

    f ,:,:-.-A

    <.21,V,

    *wl

    yu \cl

    eL a-,s*.oj="+- iS".aer.i,V*

    Ero Srrrpvncdo

    ---L-i

    L-1 L-l-.rLiiii

    -L-+i

    ;ESF6Xr6a6 iA ,-,rlrfa*

    off-ra.o,rr\

    rl,l,iilrli
    , ,SA'ro, <-.sr-re Liwte D ?Eto

    AU Pon:re++np,br"i

    .'rr .r-t.:

    oFLL,4 gjtaxeia ;l- 4AFiiD

    edsr'\,ro

    /dorc.

    - hqr/of^/r t ct4El Nirrerrzy_li- te


    l::;u.,
    i\il

    ' ^

    , __r

    flisuq _rvru1r?.*j\+nr^.,ti i

    _1__

    \i i:.r l
    tr,,tiiltltilri

    " i**-x1, i6c-r.i+q,{yi!"' l-----f - f i -j-f is)--f+'fc.esa ,ir-j


    ,L pzrU spr, 1P'+r-cnair--i g;\ 11r-e-a&.ru--1>gactq\
    lsir*d^ -+;-r'* rut' ,J^*L+ -=[r,.]."-f-J- ,|.^l-i ["1^--h"+,
    '1{df*-ql

    -,-

    g4444De

    *4* -fJ--r-+
    - I ---i
    e)

    - j=,r.,ro* ! "-, I ,'rf*o*A =l *L

    ftyfo.^,e

    +rqo

    !-!

    -[,.*L- e'e o*l**[;


    i --lp-* g'esy-_-+"+;.y*1:'i *o1*-l *l -!e=4.*fs"r*1*r-ep.".F*rl,t-. t-."tf
    Lleo'vr --si-orE- Ls-.I*r f.-- .i*Sl"e 3L-leee"* - s+E-t"+--1-roaf,"" ii

    ^1*, e,p"*io*f
    pl
    r-ff
    q4zaze'**l
    .1*
    +i
    q6!8f44-;-srerf
    -y,^i.,=,f
    -.
    *i*T -ui-+,,
    -,J",r"p-l '.,+*l
    r-- [.4.l-["
    ,,: lutolu-',t-a+rreL-r"
    |{b qu-or,pt--utre- t" f
    ,.* E-i
    ,pr.i*
    *[^,.^.]A
    -6paa+r E\ ,era
    F^,,,i ,nfel- [^"r"- -ur*o
    "-"o"+
    i (- *'ul* r- ,rn*,*i o. pele4yt& r.T."'T 4 *Y+A * ,^tq
    ,-

    +l

    I in

    I1
    ili

    I
    :

    ).

    tt^i

    .L

    ,lE-,n+ro45l4t,.f
    'i7
    jD

    i-

    j it r (
    :"

    io-e-e.Jry*r

    Se Jn

    =ivrJ

    ieEr+Zi.l,,i

    i-

    ,!.,l"
    liil

    i,.

    r I res\wr,f^,

    ,D^\,,arr,r'rr4z1 4.i9\e.yDt
    ,].'I

    AqoMh{44
    'r:

    ' ,

    j sti

    ra4$4y44

    +Xstii+->'t

    _ nFa..a+,t_ni
    tt'
    ,i'.

    /r*,+ 4r)

    ,\/g,!' pvtJ\so
    pv+mso !14
    l4e If ; isrqr
    t};;stt rw,D,'e*rr,'
    t'a *irft.;
    iirq_c ra
    :/A \e^
    tsn+p.re
    O}ierr6 oi v^rr
    iEA
    $r4/f+ ovirr4
    -\/l.,i i
    lfliiiii,lirtr
    '
    ,,r.rpinnEsltro , S1,paiOrtt t &L& Passito.na; ?+aq-7. ,Di ,2 :Frt,rarnaSFUA
    ,w_.tr

    ,.

    !i

    .+,f ca-co^F+ iX
    X. +Silr+-r-r.qsre"f
    ,S'e; lrr+Fr-uoSrel+ <fi
    )QE, r,afo^lD+ X
    lw:rl,.L^rqb
    iet
    iX+"'i
    ,iiiii[!iilli

    iiilili;ilr

    lv'ttg 6 -^/r,^/P Fsl:y,,o


    rE
    ri'i''I
    'll

    -)
    r ,Z

    iilr

    V'4:Eza,-

    i41!f

    ,=e{vpnF-+4
    ;!i

    . roi

    +o

    lA

    Si\,^r6

    roar.rfNrn /-+, or-ass,\rle

    ?A!?r?Ma

    lir{i}tll

    c,FE', CrBL

    eC/?+b-l

    ,4arrOwo

    , Oi,

    DAc,arr4oriaruv.i e2,,

    i:i;ilri:.l

    rr,tar ft,ouut4;

    6,

    ,oftu+

    jsnrrrz,o

    r,;'

    fo\i

    s\e

    .\
    haSfC-arr blrurAnr}a,4ioE'
    . . CroE

    :'

    ,':
    I

    \EAn,o

    7N

    F,LugSa s o , 1"4-t

    D,ayo

    e"lp*d

    {rU,tine trL\,o i

    , 3i t<a4t1t"

    _--

    1-

    ' 'r 'j

    ; '-,-

    :i::

    i-.

    /.

    :1

    ]r.iiri"rtp,arwJ

    -i-

    .-,

    ti tA rg+-?\d E

    l-I

    , ',.,/ ..-

    -'

    :
    :
    r.
    t
    I

    ost .i*,{*,
    ]-**",b"- j;

    ':,;,''iii,i
    ii;liil'iiilri

    '.1i.,-,

    i
    p"p-F-l
    I

    silrrssrorl i'prnrri ,*ahr.e4srq

    I
    I
    I

    --

    I -_

    1
    I

    -1i
    I

    - -- i-.I

    ;'r'*ti.{

    l.-'y"r;:1'-1,.,

    ',,,.1,.-"-.:

    -1 iit,i.:,,

    ":-r1

    -:. '. ;.

    ,',.':.';*}..:i-.;t-:

    }r'-i.'.:,

    "r.li,iiIi,l,ii.11
    ,*n,r'yr;r^d^"
    j ,v _!*
    ,1.r,*+ ,.$
    {n"""f u-'e_l &,rw}a^
    i.i j*^^is+ ,!" i*,J l*,$ + ,,i*^,i,^ |
    f

    .liii

    Aoi sslr,r,b

    ,.,r:r.tn

    .t.

    lt \ ,;;

    -li,r.i..:.:.
    -l
    i,r.i ..

    :.

    :.

    -r
    ---r

    :- ,-/

    r'."r

    :J'i

    **.:'

    ;-,.",,'
    ;-.."'
    q

    .'"

    ;-,^i,, ..',

    ..:::1..,.

    :L:

    t.-...:i

    r:

    i*r:..J:-.,,1

    .-- *1.

    ..t..t,1- ..,--:-:.:..,-:.: .i..i.

    r..,.,.i-1;:

    .r j.,.L,..r

    ]}ii_

    1',/,.\ ,.;.t;:

    .5,

    __l_i
    r.oar1.t

    oi ?r-*rlll^^a,

    l"=,1rr i*r*
    ,*ftfuo*^E i"+n" - ,rt46,,v*i

    qw^? ,

    ia,v',],r*'i dl..*.L*r*i

    ,*
    o\'r,\nras"'ai
    "^i,* i*^:'*.. *
    ,

    i {"<;e'"""f I *f"

    ,r-i

    1
    -^;;

    ['*i

    ,f,

    i '*

    ll
    -t--l *l- l*.*J*1,.^,j

    4rz;-o

    -*"r,rL t"

    i I I

    PrFsfsra

    t.__L _

    f.,

    t_

    ".r*^i,*

    t-" l.^r.l^*^l

    F"ira ;"^ ,f $su*y^"f" 1E!Lo


    * .. *o 'rr*^nr j s. ii tf.*if"* | n retyl6e*siqq
    T
    lr"3*
    rpo^,o E i**jur"rlt"*; 6rr:l vs,ef\&l; oi
    yvo
    f-uefu"re
    I
    i,L
    frrro
    o\

    i/3c'l\'
    Gquiro..

    :
    I

    ;:i-r *:*

    eiu

    r":::",::l

    "r-^"r'

    ^'.vsi']'cry'

    tlllliliiir-_i

    <zte , D r-rv , \ez-rro q"^f;t" a\eeryo"-i ,.,*l* yp* , rrrt t4


    quai.r \ e ^tr,b
    &L<+4az-g,M DEL <z.r'rp,hr.le Qvn*mq y-rr+7a,b*e:
    "oo",'- tu
    ,:i,4 **"r*oi ,witU*
    6-e^.e. Q.ea1 ,rr.o,'^re o:

    /,

    il

    I*o*

    "a"+-ss-l

    sr

    l*srn {f"
    V& ,r,*u,,,

    1^,nl-*,^i

    -**

    e've+..rtp WtstV-tu.

    *'

    t+

    +re**r?*Vrl^

    *l *

    tA Ud+tB+r"*e b ,a* rvi<sa i @o-vc<.a,:

    *;

    4 ir^* i "*[""i* ] o)',o i*,f-*-l '+*" i -*"- irt


    : b) 'r, *.i ,otrf ru ErLo lsf E-lte,-ui ua1 vuduar, e iv.rl v*r rrvpor.ei* i"*-t
    Fuonsz;h$ qei ,f" q: s1+-; e, ir, ffunTe
    Voni"a eya;uits' lrer serf 44s+oi

    4 iu* vr'r"1no".ry Tur*,s.re+az\ o pr\n! I* *-*, lr^*rf ,"1 &J.nr+1eu,i,


    D* e"n* ?t*l trsl^,oo <a+ei"-[ -Er++^1"e
    u,\1rr r ;*-.$ r.fl
    i*r-,1*:-r 4
    1
    i

    ,.r l0oe-$c,onn,.ri; tfWi ,i


    Mt{lc-ttr-alhl.llp

    -Fc

    ;PrrrsftBal oj ,ur.r lFov-sga oi

    t-{^r,9r.,^ro: o-,

    I eSqonnO.sZfolf , \/-$o-_-(/-rg4arj-sp'- i

    ( re)

    u'l'*
    r.ff" ,*
    lnv*A 1
    i ' ",i 1,
    *nr*1.*"1
    aoi lq"
    T_L{4
    f
    1

    pes$ eraxb

    +luL

    grfs- r,fvoof , s\

    t\Gf,t,"6(lsM(A,F ,

    rf 2"/tn*o

    wt Wi
    :

    i-

    II
    rl
    't,

    /t

    '

    ..

    tt

    A uv',
    fr

    li

    ti

    1>

    .':
    '
    ]a*nar- i *- lc-stls'isP o,w +re ircz-in
    ;

    r OIV-e-Sf

    rr

    , Stas i Dl i

    ;i'iiii"irri
    (o?o*q,\ln L.{' &*ta
    ,

    O.6c.n?osf

    jnr

    eeo,f

    Pe

    tramd A
    t

    so

    11s,1aiv*

    is' l,e$tJri i,*y i qiC j *t".


    ir) F!*<sr,.,c i *n; c"t',Ntri n i a^*l*
    II

    L) f'r,o*e DYG PiJ

    l""i

    t<^o,.+a,tLits,\..r'-

    +---

    i4 ["",?tu* "i; ,'**1", l" T^.i,*


    uyy{ ua

    !$.^18 DYn .

    lt

    iill

    fit*"f

    ,.JotJ

    iiilil
    iiiiil

    ',

    it

    ei.srrf S*$rs.i

    btrA

    lit*

    ypc.Vt<l+ , tPN

    ,Wl

    \.E/vr- t*
    .

    ei4E

    Vl

    t&

    ru't+t" r,--

    '(+ta'

    4a

    Ot

    S\

    Ers/1-{t

    4.6^J6 I Z"E^rE.

    Ir

    nl', Ve-2>3-A",

    Vqs;\,+ . .

    (/J

    m*ic,,.r-

    tc-^Jr\o cl l/B,r4}-r,y 1
    .5rrfez,csu

    n4e/t\6-r,6' ,

    .*<lpr*f*Sr;tz-{ e- Co.gqaaJv\.

    E^/E &\.-z5,er..r , &<*

    \/rz-;aa"tu*

    a.-r5,r.-v

    QvL, ,t{

    ae

    un/ fu[.c//r.rzf , h*fa,tr+r^to

    Poi-r.g'

    <*,612<Vt-.,

    Ar

    rr*eSiln

    L4

    !l&,r <p.nE ,L

    p6gcrc-S n4.\0

    esso.a,t1

    O nSltA.\rg t4

    Su^/t

    F6+J

    C#?Js6 g6t4-e.

    c-t-ctfurt+i*{r'.a,

    tL bY/f

    'e^,ri\.o-

    l-

    C-,sAr

    nnrsrr t

    tELtti'1"+ t
    I

    D',

    ,,

    o.,

    crrj 4ar.lar-ner-+6 oa\a679as.:

    ,, rL

    t-,+,t-an t);

    <r.41-o.ni gr ,C**g'o

    ..

    tJQ

    ,, AJA1: Dr \-Yl-a.rsi,o-^r(. Ei,4o s\ot.4, gra\rg

    Ynorli

    e7..ror-rr-e^,ns-

    rDr (r.\prsn
    563S

    ?* ; (A

    ?ri

    rL

    DYII

    L-vtrqa.ti<-t

    S.Aso A,Jp!,{q4s-o ,*tl,o

    e-

    t,
    /r,*

    &n ,

    ,Ur*).

    P,;

    ANt:.te vla'e g*rc. ; Di I (-o!d2s.l a."-(.(^' "


    ca*.c

    tfreo*,.+e

    .It-:,a-

    src.

    , ecr,tr6 Ol,

    Os*-.r

    rr.L"'

    S\rJo,rc ,CLU

    r^,r-^^r.\
    /

    ,t
    lruo,e

    p,

    1,

    f,asp.",r:./}\

    l-d- \c-,,a.+ e'

    h*.\o. f.zn1<-.1

    F U,.a.^^.^l. if- <Att? , ts, , 4?{,u"La?).,t

    U Djrri , F)r f-r-{:*{:e }.rp4 asv,?c , -vt{^/r.},o.wa ,:tr,Ea;v} -t,wg |tl le*n r9z
    - ro^rFt*2.*'"t*r
    5-

    ?v,e?i\AVn.

    Oa.1qArizr,vi4' oe, , f:1V>ta

    --,-goNIru,bt<>
    ;Qwan<\sas-rVo

    6=.as,,I,

    ti
    swip,
    5, ae.+.r.,v+.
    ,
    '

    (a-*-,,.-l

    i/

    "/

    &-'"/.l'.4.

    o, P*toq-eza)
    r
    r

    s\Se,?r*ron-'

    {
    ,

    ql

    sr-pl, }.V6as,;

    iiii

    --.'i._'.]--i'i
    rli
    i,

    S<.t\-l-t0

    9toc*ur

    '4

    Ot

    to j g54sso |9oceo

    llctri

    vtc6,fw1-r

    c-e"^f r,L,6s.

    J-.

    A5

    oA + - !\yi\? D&r sf- ^.f."*

    t*+r-i tf

    . . {4 ,,

    a'r?;-l v41*-+ z.\+^rF

    -b,

    t*F -

    4sgryte+-

    r-r
    L-

    tii

    r-l

    I
    I

    Se,nicytr.

    I e<tr*^o*

    I
    I

    -l

    l
    l

    l-

    tfG-Y+.+r,s

    -t t-t
    I

    l_l_1

    I-r -l

    ".1"""]*,j-*|=1I- rb';
    l** o, ?,Fs:'l e$F se,i^-.-l1r;r l*"|.* | n*tir*,: e",-et*,--'u n 4.1+r*
    )t:*rL*,nu, [*"1..o*oo* i *; oj^r.^.,1*-.,f *"l,.rrnJ,*
    b.*l *e-.4e-o L.E"! ,rl
    t-rz^r

    '
    .---'v4&;-*i
    f-?r,Oga{hYl4 J A*.,t-'^.,l'

    frlsf
    :a&-

    i*rt^*
    ,:-c f

    I -i-

    ,:'.";, -i

    '

    ,r(e

    l:s*ie+ - r xrg'i--e,a"f,n -

    rt
    l

    i I
    vLffallr_le*1_
    lt:

    lri
    i---.

    l---l --l--l --t-l


    -la"r@-pi-

    L- i--i

    : Sd. .tvt-3qp fr"lq ly** ,r-ro^--rj


    ?i
    -

    '

    ,lr* l*a"- .i.-.,,rL-J*r,i.**.[,

    -C,r<a.o+a

    ',. , ;'"

    Cu* osa;,i--,i,,v

    - *-*{ru*i

    eo+c.cay

    ,,v.asq, -

    ,L-*[

    L
    rti
    ill -t

    l-i

    ol" L -*J,"*r*_.-*]**r^L

    :,t1;ll

    ".r[
    ssrye"i"*- l*, f-".f

    i-r"+,J lu,rn* ..,=ar-[-r'* i, -;,*bL-


    \nE"/ -e..tt* , *r.-T
    -sr1 _etfLs-vr+1 l2 F"Ery ud+_;, isEneo4l{fl_
    'rqreq"\t-

    .l

    rr'l

    .aftqi e ,USe4fg4P.. -

    -I***o4.-q
    .EAt

    rl"14,r1"

    "^-

    "*,y*)

    ,l

    ili rye<ala

    4.-tq
    AA

    et+,

    +*

    -f
    nF,-

    .+lerb"t
    1ndrc,;a

    t,Dlc atr,lurr"$+-re

    --J
    i

    --J
    I

    v
    -l

    -l
    I

    I
    I

    i
    i

    -l
    I

    --t

    -l

    ge ;tlu.y-;-,-Ao t"g-l

    -<a*- , v^^4 t.,e^c*q*""{o4i..--r-

    fr,\;4.t
    ./

    Sref.rMAD t-A,e' L ry)kryA\o./

    p,vi,nrG iweg.t
    "t4

    &6ia/t"$rgo

    Si\A Ottseana,a; 1,4- $np1JtAx\ta-e e3u ,676ry)1b/g

    o6,

    glea-,

    , oSLr"4 laadsr6o vE.

    i.rrenfe , *,*r,sye

    :k
    ,l
    , yrz+5.r5zt : NriL, PJ.., 6
    :

    entu

    L{lecE
    ,

    l4t \,Yr14\.t4 D6L , 6uor7o 6" oq &,f/rr.e

    ,L+

    qqb L EL{4: r1p6z.s.r(

    ,&,;y?

    16,zenei'tt- c*t-*a ou-^n\ro

    t\F64t,n6",i

    i
    .t

    r s.vi

    5r

    O".FF.aeErv&.b

    - pup.l

    .\_r.\,4

    t cL(E ga .e,4{ /4i5,V4qA

    rtrtruf sEae

    :
    I

    . tJv fl,&!i;1 {LLscn&',.,

    Dp

    tN

    ?o', t\ c-+-nlir:ar6 \.gro p ,r-r-nna,a-5i

    ;1,

    'r-QwL\-ge;Y\-.2'1,i2,:6n.lL,o;c)rwez\.c,.eQ.ztV&r.c.,.,,4{2*5l'luJ1etr,)4i 44-o;4D , DYn

    l/

    l<! 6,566'rz-5v-33, o, ,.-r4&Lr\/4,,1 , Dtr/t

    ! #<r\ra-a,

    -k kttttdi=

    ';

    .lrz vnJo L,\",irt aef-l ,:4.{.<gt:}.Y1*x. Lo t #..n-e , -,N O- (byrr,,-4t)^A- ,A Pt<t,uara


    vs, Pic-q 44j6)u^/{f t suo .r-,.esri\r ,d. .P,;.)c 6 - fL
    Prlto , ' p6.4,4r-,vo Sr g i
    llir
    r'!*r.rill
    ltttt
    .tlttt\\.1
    i\nurh.rr -,Dr /, P?rSZto i /e;1.^iqrt4>-e i t"Sl,.lVor Se; rL i?qessn i' cseiqrs.2a- i
    t?;

    !tti

    N
    v.
    .b+

    Nn
    , bYr(

    paaaanrra

    ,S, ?.1!so,*a, o.E^,ac

    1E g*1ae,,i itr.*."oo*i,

    _.

    i.i

    FE:rae-'rgvra" {raa e*{

    ! t"

    lEu-ia ,a+^a+/
    ;)
    I

    q*.1i
    j

    t-; fla'-!'r t'r !'

    (err-

    '.-:

    i *rd"
    Lr'::

    rjr.a irrwsi o, i a*1r

    'i*. 'l*-q
    I

    t/rio(,o ,b >r,,t^rr>-rrra c4{L \

    i\4,

    A-4

    t|'r*rrL

    ,,

    ,, ,,", .-,

    / ".,. r. ,,u.,
    --u-",.1 .'! .. . \-.,.!r, rrl-,r r"'
    j

    b,+r4 ,i *a*,i-e b;

    abz-.,r-sj,u

    ['
    1-

    fr

    1,

    '

    DL,*+ enJu^ Al**j

    i, fIr*J^,;.-i
    : ' "' i ^u*,.,1
    r
    i. i ,;-M\iLitoso
    i.b'*"L*-tt^-Y]
    i "l ii.i'ri'iii
    ; truL^|
    ri*oJi * Ij
    )pL

    Lt t ::.'1,:;;rzr ,

    lliliilrl

    :'. n3.-.-

    | ,*,

    ,hr6,)+r./! b+tr't;a\-v

    i,r,r.^J,

    ,1.,

    ^r**,tl,-,-

    o-'u'

    t,'t I

    , -'t
    --t, t :i

    :, -a'.
    -a,.

    i
    f

    oe

    *- .- i- .,,, -.

    ",.,:

    lapvsEp^,g

    e4*:".*+ oi
    rl

    N\,'n-

    -L-,

    l-1p

    ,sen4,V SE f.4

    rL-..,

    V*/L-i:'r -,.'

    {|

    ', I

    ,l

    Vi;',rr;

    lJ

    /--y

    "r"-u,,S,\r.-i:
    f'uY>r.tr-!-;

    !
    *-

    rr-'
    ,a-,

    pv,ll^^-i|0-

    ID

    ,,'rl., U^rA prc*if

    i ,er:tr&r6

    A^"p"jl ,

    Fg1lf

    'n*;4,,ir,-E

    i#fA2.irl,;.'

    ,a,rrl,;'J\.'.3-',:i
    '.Jr,r,-:.-j-rw.r,.1
    a-,1 'J_tv!':

    :.i;t-rA
    ."Lt
    ntZt:
    ^,d: tv'J.:

    !
    I
    :
    lr
    I
    I
    I
    lraSv*c{/}n,.,il.f ptagt_$+ jrf

    :ti,

    \r.i:!r\4-:;-.eil4
    .\r.
    aaF-.

    t1)-'::- .,
    .

    i,
    L.L

    !):,.,.:.
    ::"r.a,
    l\!,il:'J::l;
    \lirir. r

    !-4(.rl

    i,t(t:

    lL.i

    LU1 ,

    itJ

    i1

    ,t:t

    i.*rJl{ra
    ,'>..-n-ui
    ,:.

    ;1,:.1
    ,'-.r

    -:,,r
    ,lt.!.:,,r
    .r

    .is-,,:'
    ,-l""l,orllF
    ,' .;-i-/*
    .',J .'-;
    ig-,,,'
    I

    ,L | (d- lu*i.""-1,="J, ,1,


    ,Ll
    e."{ ,* j q-,1"o'*i ,l
    unl
    F *.^*^'
    '' ier,*|,o i-,,
    ry*i
    *r*1."*1,="Jr , ,! ,A."^)
    i*ex
    ,J*""F,"*j
    ,. f.*l* !, -J" ,L * [",-rt*^l
    d"*i"
    ",i
    l*.,{.,^"J"
    ,

    '*iuf*f

    ;;

    *"

    ffijj"ili:i,"j :i j;fffi;n
    "f^

    i i t-i-t-t-l-l-l-l
    t-l
    *i"r"i"-oi'
    ;+ftl--\!' ***,

    tttttltllttllt
    I r-i-l

    Cfie' *T
    c4e:
    oc+..+tpjt,,wq. D."
    ?!,tu i*/,*r^o.I SSrtt* oEl"
    'M\,-J61E-D-*- "."1"l*1

    eu^e- F,$,,io.;

    I *ni-swap;q i ;4rn'^ i w. lo,..i, -124*


    !4r4_
    *lu-"+"^i
    ',* '.^t,
    ur),ro r,a-.a.5q |,ry
    '"*O N,,r\sz-!,, ,| :tr,or,^re |- lroa.1.**o ]p

    Mq+4

    ,li*l *-['","tt -*1,* -"r^-"--,re , o;;**;rc4r,^,o :*rl )":l;i,*;*, *L,,),;t ,L *, lrr* [.-- ^] o*],- ,**llll

    i.^'l "*1,&
    ro*^L*l

    lr**"^"

    /t louFr &.F{t*ver-51 Lv';*,,tnsol


    t*Y ssq*
    ssc', tr*!,
    o,
    {e ' :;
    lse,y
    l
    "rrplE
    l:'lrrlll
    l
    o.o-rrtno sor-"J"*.^ wwt*o..,r^a=, "r; *|,
    t

    s_,.cfaJs^f
    ;;;t';r"*,,,
    t-r,**"'
    o,lrqoovi

    i,*,

    ;t-;
    @?4 t

    irrr- ,^oc.r

    ^,

    i\ i..
    -

    '

    crr.9airoy{.v,

    GrqLsAE

    dt/o.14

    /*,+"* *\l*-

    lve

    srz+eio-e

    Til,.

    trsdrB-Alt,e

    Dr

    L{epsc./}^.i,

    c*,s);rf:vr+,*a

    ^.I,.

    egl

    "i

    ir,*}.

    A**4i

    oi

    1"-sn-tr,ft,rre

    frfF

    r--4rlt,:?

    t
    Qv

    e446nrro

    v.,[ -a-q-rL4 ,ffv,rqt

    @f,

    - ,,no, -n-d

    rASv6izio^,p

    ,r..-, ,f ,

    o\I"r"-

    sctt r],6x'r:.2

    oviceeg ,r_ t::


    l

    ,?rt
    u:u*

    1u

    of

    t'*

    ^Feh-

    -]-,
    ?eL

    b 5a

    t-6/uttf;

    ffi ::*':;:H-,ffi m.i:,':


    l

    \v

    t4ayu1s3,ur11

    't,

    f,--'f

    ,*

    ^o7t'll

    Ce*ufzoDto
    v<+ s\st'ourr"ila{,

    .l

    ll
    A

    Dr

    l-l
    i

    rB4f4
    l

    '!'r-\t

    -EhfE4

    AT-12

    .Ngu z:lna-c.rrrc , c6^*-oLc ,

    '

    Pp O"a4

    *u

    p+f

    /-,/\
    P \EnPaa-1:{tr.a,a

    fiAra-L

    ,3*Se
    5E{N4U

    a.d<,/ar'nry}sc4. LH

    etcEvu\-,

    ,q cuS

    Co^^(jvl\" rA'l 0L
    5

    zyln-4

    c-.rlFtPia;v6

    ,-."-t 3

    Co(E^,,\ .AtrJ

    ai(E

    S6^'A^p

    ,aApa'c.G

    i
    i

    c-^Fx-1V:-n
    gv

    SEllVtvtS

    1-54 t ;

    AlFEaarra.,r-o
    '/

    r./EU

    tN

    ttctz-5,a

    i{vr

    Qvat.o , 5E {*a,r,

    r.r v

    SS /A i-Vrs n-r1r4
    1,h,*4,1'{-

    fhre<sn,g\alj
    Dt-

    Jo.wu

    se5;va*1

    D-,FUr^/o
    /^/vi4yt

    L,^/ c rrdcr.(; ho

    12.ESis\F^/->. i)EL

    se^/o

    A+L!nn/u-,t,Ca-

    t-or1,,511.;.2

    d,

    Lrp,rlrq..!,G o

    Ai,t4 l-q^^dr' r lsl.rfda , aYA


    ,t-r pAa* are^

    rtlt?l

    o6.L

    P4,opo_o-EiJ,rv+r

    *&e

    rna't- c;>r111.Fe E Fora-rixe


    .t

    {ETJSA

    ,+nr,'orvL

    a/,+UnA-o

    sr8rf-5.4a.a'4 ,+ c n-AE<r_e-A

    vrrl : s;E{N,ttt.r
    /

    4u

    ir'}J:^ l, J

    (.5rv'-A.^.r" vltnfe

    -+

    a. ns r".t-rer.x'.oJ k F;*ua,es o,.,;e

    ct

    L/N

    i\vuriPg."lQr.irre.-n

    v'U-fu+\

    4-t

    1n&-5,

    n/e artflRta .

    , (r^*g.n|
    \

    nPJ441!4

    ({,rJf,/t-,'+o tu./

    .o^.lf-,.,r-o-r-a ,

    s.-t:,arsuGa

    sU

    , ul^E

    rc s,sse+,2-a

    \r:rrr .r.: c.-

    ,lnir^vea ruv

    .A+v'*ttn+

    <-sn

    NLLI ,-te,^rf it+-

    OfMe flG^/e"q

    a:-{zc,rvoa

    ;>ELr,

    L4 *e^/e,44.va-A lrt;l8Lilrr

    reSS,ir-frvg4.. Qvtr\r

    c,:R.r'-r.r. &te

    ptFGoeaa*qu E A

    Se

    O";. CnfiWS E

    u.r?,!-

    l-1"lolo

    SS4 o,

    f;-ar,v,c

    5,

    s+-ral

    rr -

    sGuA

    j &L , aG<,ST4+"46. v,ra.e ,w/lrtso

    4*

    <,arrprb"r,e.

    styt/L'41r,p*Fi-r,a5op-6 Oileer{^J}q1.6 #utsA-*.

    tu5<-,t\4-

    ttrFE4.^r?tolf

    -io"u,Y-t9

    vagrLr';4

    et,LL4

    cirv\*.gra^,

    Z.+ Ehlr-4.+l

    t,.J

    .?J-s,

    [;i:-r-za 5Ei

    l.EPo^ -//?'4 :,FF Aarli4iE

    VMe E^fu\A k15-

    '

    5rruc/&544

    kLLtAfit,;dqy.e

    ra4sv}.-4^'\e i

    .4" \EArtr'F!.-f?/r. rS

    YDs 5ElL4

    Jc

    6. f t-

    'n/a-\t.?f' A

    PtJ

    <-rP-ci.ri':-o r

    nrS;aa:rr

    ,eJir-rV/{

    rtr-narrlrr-r 4

    uESrS{.^.rBIl </e

    OEt eu:.{32r}oo--1 Et
    l\'5.

    Si.fre,<asl fc

    E!l} \./r1rl p8ttrv.4 Apr'essq

    \A

    (b.vrJor.+o .4'Fi-apve,e-so v'^/ O?fr,fi/tte

    r-/tut:P.45q6annat-o4

    3e4^l4LE c)i-

    *t-

    Of

    toff

    614i4

    c.p,6rvA p(^f.r.a?"\2,v*, F ,*Lt* 4Ps R *\).",rt

    JNA

    ttaa*4\O

    l?4 r ;TnrA

    YtUrpf,e+t.rr.a D

    traLt-,+

    DE i

    ,..A/tn6^.1

    &r-tt/

    utl

    vrs+ o

    PSa..nrf+

    4,-*<e -, .

    F*,G*^civtia tr

    oe*?iv*r.

    ei ro"+<er',e,.rts. &fur-;\il*Lrl

    *nr"eA\/,",nr\-o ,
    ^L

    /zrqi-[ / i qL+
    w-C6rF\5q\e

    Cartio* ,
    E .,0 -eqcj

    t'
    +\i-

    P&?.[n\-."-4 S\Yl-r-/ Ir^\4t,1 .


    rx
    d,4,,^-tr{a
    ri.-Frralbo
    c'
    -L L qAJ\?r>
    -Llr\r.ryrrro -'
    Yf\FEAarv,"...} ,n,

    i.l.,

    SrA I-,.

    i)e t

    a,:).^a;,.\
    (?u6 r,t^> sEL

    a,

    e cctCt

    c-

    tlE

    }ffn
    Y/'1 -:

    lE.lI snamib
    r
    -Trl -

    e#//{-t >4^p

    O.j>t/v'4r/.1,

    \ ttarru\G tL
    \llll1il
    .\ltll1il

    4) 4
    k

    4z.4Fal,s S, ?UJ

    q'/aa.rj4r/.?zt d+. L.t-,q


    n/,tAv.?

    /A

    A-sL i

    <"*.',5
    ,nrt=

    ld

    ND\i"A

    E-'.,rDo

    tz-r$.s{-,i# /lu_ <EiU**t-t


    ll'illl
    lllilll

    \Earr,t'<zr

    r,r,6
    /1-\rvt g,^.r,
    /,-\rvt

    zl+
    zt+

    tr*i*i
    -I ,'? f tf*i*i
    -I'''?f

    v\*
    "Jv\*

    -l.tillll
    ,/'eop* ,olo , -vf, p,cpt s ojarx-.,,er.c^,rr
    iS)
    1"*i
    'oJ
    g**tr^oJ** iI *rlrr,rur'o
    9-1o...o.{*^
    L-*"...oJ*,o
    m.,)reoruh<r'o rc",riaais*
    *,*L,r'or*rioaioJ
    rcrlrlaaisq o laisol*s.a,
    |
    laicrp"^s.a; - L
    ir;*l
    in, ,/rsl* t-f.{^/r'

    ".

    x.,rLr.rs.zu.v6
    -71.,qr.rs.zu.v6

    Ei-,;,.z.rtz,-rl 5Lt4

    ,n,A>&nC?.\)^.--1

    prr

    \.rr47r.Ji31

    i i i i

    r.,.*i....oi
    r.on*i...*l

    #:-

    ?.,,{
    't

    Y[-

    O.yr,o,-iFas.c

    orF.F.reor

    ,*eE
    ',*LE

    6'
    b'

    ay.t*ta.>?-tloA6
    r\, A6 E
    e

    Pr-r>qtt+n]rtAror$ I

    prtall' :|
    ;t4 'F.6
    ,F.6 pt..!.11
    . ;t4

    q>S!:fvrt-o
    d> S Trvrt-o
    r?Elt
    .,T.n
    REJI:.nrr
    o, r..
    ^O.28

    nsEo44
    thvV-.x*r o t tur oiryv.r-&V^44
    !(rr4llq4 |
    l @r r!EfUiaccXl
    ---'l
    r
    it:'i
    i
    ,
    i
    'l
    I
    ,lleSr-,*ar\-e, ,nt,t aa
    7Zl- K ;,(-*o:.'
    -EL, eerh'torcf . tl/esr-l.r-.ar\-9,,/
    ( -6"1c a
    * 4*:30K,
    4*:3oK , * =rli
    o :t&
    :rtbJl
    'i
    Li
    I
    i\
    I
    ,
    i
    i
    i
    ,:^ll'liiii
    I
    s\rezzte ,, lr+c-aU.:
    9W
    ,n\te- l'Ne-1e
    esl".r.a4*ab { }.F4rulz
    ,*,.',u., - oi, -Ut1roaa+Ab
    6: .e/4g
    6!
    =
    I1*
    *
    "i,
    "ts
    i 8p'i</.^V . ',Ut! '' -,,.tlrso+tre , o i s.tzuli6ra'o\ -4or^4opl4 bae!-Wa 0s -56,(^4(q ,b,r-&,'r.d
    \7\
    1-L

    ' /l*oa+=arlrn
    i
    FDr-rus E4
    r'ii:i

    i9ry lVU

    lA

    -qt

    e4a

    O.JE A!.rSi-E D/.ut--

    '-l71p*,4

    ,, urvs

    e* .-slsrLrrei

    ?/4 tL t

    iii.iirii',
    -. inrrC+li i r t4xprr}+r *
    o,.i

    r.rvo,,V

    uo",.o*

    se

    sa laeore.;

    't

    r...l F VA pt. iL f_<bl/-.)f{{-tXp ,


    i/

    rCa;rSsF-v-84. __a,,

    planr-o-

    i,g-ui

    ,':,i

    1r4rrc^,-?-4

    't g@4
    Z r5+<V e'- r,:rs6.e.'ra, rvsaa j-"-.+
    irun-* aa-a<Q
    o+*'a+*;zn*gi r"!**i
    +*!iNa.rv]
    "+-,
    ,i^-.1,,
    ,r*Lf)b i EaE.>,-+24, E- r,i<e^r:V Ut]- S[arr.iR+, Ei
    ,^/ r,crirsaad

    ,4i,,trt oed-

    ^*

    t4,d I',c6

    ^rriir,-b,

    A, clraaa\n4

    + +g,..,**]'^*r[;
    ry'"t*

    oi s^."r1p o.eatl+na,1+e

    tl
    l/"*:

    4 laao-f) -,
    /
    cot r,.{6
    -ttEt,sl'ort?r . ejgsvbpes"r".}a 4 o*t e^4 *i_
    "lrr,l '1",,i
    :@.:
    tr,-,t l+ Fr1RE4..x\r/tA (Ut*Zt*J e a<s1x 4L sr6^rona A4t tu<RAt1vrrr1^e, * I fl4+n4
    lllr
    i
    1<-orr'

    iI",,
    '
    i
    I

    ?,t(zL

    s(
    , L'+pta
    i .o"r,lso"
    :
    r
    I

    ''iqhr('l;r1,j/ n!

    tillillililllliit

    ri

    , i! flryff

    I
    ,Melc

    @q)A

    i-

    ; oitrnp.q^l\+
    .
    --l'

    '

    ti: *iL/
    =Yv ay.n'i+.a,e
    --

    g^a.tzAi

    5,FN:.i?gv }ri;g-,

    I r-i -r i.-i r I rr i i-r-i + i-i

    t
    I

    ITIII
    ,

    Lu-'(4

    'h
    I t

    <,&,I-?j.v,

    , xP.,u

    &-tlA'r-tre+ro

    Uq

    19v,'^ro

    e>,

    65'tE

    {t,,--

    ;,N qN ?t2aoro (;-/

    VrEnrg r\.s.,p

    ln i

    qrcto&-

    .l-

    ?Q-3+42-b^/

    .Z-sr.a-ti

    gqadvr

    vF

    ,^/r\r4A

    r'nrot{r.,.2D e^/

    n^,* rL

    a Ai.i,r<*r,nb- BU.flA' t'

    hg'.^-rb crai.t

    YSa4,a4:a4flrw

    r4qu\oo, rz.\ouugr*e.,,, a

    ye<rss4,l\2

    yqSSarr;a

    VA/?-(ye

    0 , atf

    E,

    2O

    ^ f*

    Fo,rtr+ otL

    pa;

    q"r(ira

    ra-,lu.rr.rr'

    a4n.pb,i.

    ,ptz.t<t

    ?r,zrt.,v.r'ts4

    / iov\A

    -*#

    vltB^rvs
    ,
    :, &.r:re-onr'.

    . lv .,l*J+ ?-eo4

    I Li.(E L. c+tptbrv. \6 rL triU &giIo,

    n^.r1,

    . ,?*-

    i *t

    Wag+i>rronz

    ci+Ltso j 4A, .),q.t asAc4,(W $i

    @+t;4 S-, Vrre 6os\9, fL

    \-ts51..,4 C4<.o.41NsT.rL.!L+

    u,.19 ei o*rc

    <snzl#f+o4 +V@

    f@lr1}

    gr,ta,

    -,*
    0
    ,4oot u^1s r53 ,Qw^l,Hn..}t, .i ,E-ea4rc .,si Jyiuta?tu,o <rgpo,,rr. F,uh?6bq felso.
    J/

    r,^/

    Ltuq,t'tui6t.,
    -.1 pasg5agouc

    ktroSS1\61114,n1-rt

    , t,14

    A /obto NeL f+\fea,

    lS,/dE N,tLrl4f; I ,\rtirv Gt, frec ssaa-rb ftt-ztt*t rrzl.S,r.ea,|f Si .e-tEe&'l\4rr- t*


    ^
    , Yedplr=nea.O,rz-a llL.+ trar.:acg, DrfA

    iE
    <dpec,r'{.'tilJu?4 ,sfrqf h
    'l:r'r

    o:

    f:ftt*t

    ?e-o,
    .
    'I

    /- 4'/l3e J-r,o
    i<,+rP'bv

    1r.r{x-6o t--lr.-too

    aEl^/

    ,:

    hA.q ,rtl

    ,tl
    tt

    t- i.,,.z'l

    L\Sc

    !,su'

    e!.Jil.--ritr,4..JrJ.i 0.t O,.i-a-s,

    -/L-r

    -.

    tilr
    i---,.1--,_rii{

    r.

    iilr

    t4.N pta{tr,lrz*t

    c-tl

    itqrtp4

    ptj<-ca-_

    /--,& S, lrtlr.' if..r;e {&. : ,cpg VrJ


    , sso{oaao o ,rr*, , vtq^.e aureosa ,lt^a"rerl sE L , pc-14 oi,F.ri,'"r..ra . S,' rryla7
    Or4E'lri,,/+hE^,-1.

    Lrll

    5,

    ---i--

    psas

    l
    1

    ttti
    iitl

    ttMe* ai o*ss, soho r[

    (/rlorl,a\E,

    4 grrSs-. 5a-of,2 rzr., rr.EMtarr P"tp<) Lr .Ai.!,r- O(

    C\' (fr'r't

    lt;1
    iirl

    ASe*nn*U

    o&aoa,.rtvayvse z-,+

    *a^o= e,

    L_.__-_I
    iii!

    rti
    IIII
    lltr
    +----iti

    pl s{ta*i?v,^rt,
    sr

    ,a{'c<;

    tlti
    rlli

    (;arfto,v,-

    .t*L/.41-o , f,/u4-+rhVlhVa

    4LL

    a.

    t'.+,r,ba, ,.h

    orG H,* 6t1Nt2 Oi .r,

    c u.4fu.r:vC tr-

    prr Jil6'rrt4J1,g vN+

    !.:.+lr.< .!, t"l\#r

    i.k

    P,

    te,$4 /
    Ji

    O,<{ta-fu'>,.r1

    ."-,+rv',','t.;L e4

    fo,;

    ^6

    \r+a,tt-i-vt!,t\

    Iitittttlttt
    itttirtttttttliill{
    lllllllllltlil

    ..-1

    l_-

    c,, f\ro\e-

    FVS

    p<

    AD Es-nP,b, *t t*
    FJ-'t

    LtrC .

    /}tt4

    '/"

    fc.6ltatp3

    o,
    L

    la

    o\6n, V,a?rbru46 ,la rLO

    {*L<,.-.} ),

    r,-'i

    -v>ic.^re ?g1-

    t"r*tra}vilw' 0sc

    -tr-"n,/)4,

    {./.+14?'tir.i^
    I

    IJ

    faouv;z-*,

    rlnnV,i\

    <-,!nnigr,r6 tN

    t-t-l-it

    Quqq

    lr

    ' LY4

    N{-hMo,; _

    'l^( P

    r+rnsi

    r., -?

    avqiLo 1> cg

    A:

    -tii

    t-

    f<^Sii.a i eta", fgg- e""fVeA *-"-*4

    ]uv i";a

    ,\u@aqe}ro,^zi ar,^scrrcrl

    \C tN raafi tt*

    lilll

    Ssrr^rne"rso

    ,MrW

    llri
    vawt
    Y

    a+t*r,,2-e4l,
    r?-t'/6i {

    F--

    f,sso

    ;-i

    lcnPcn{ D
    i,
    vl,Je
    Uv\-rzelt
    D

    ;ea-)

    iut

    fro-4."r;. lf ,

    t.

    IWLIA

    PiZu

    6-

    6 v o^,, ilao

    gsleze.
    I

    inr.ri'a'ro

    trt

    t(^ral

    \\

    loer.pv124

    Y5rlw

    i
    :

    I lt

    -i

    Y"

    l,^J

    lese

    !>.sC - E(a

    .6L{4

    C>N\SPov::z)wM

    sira,

    r
    I

    _-t , __
    I

    ,b eor*

    D4 *olk
    *r4.oa'

    f.WU

    Of

    C_ofrl"1 r'?to

    *'l it l raruo *?z;tunA K(AO.


    "
    -*j ?PL'-K - ',1 t tu*?--Cu*a- ,**

    suer.rbaG.

    e{A

    rt-Lvs\"-&dL!-o

    in, K. * Oz, ,

    .1e
    __

    6-

    -+

    iEw",f^.ai

    #le+-lr-.]

    EvN>apVa '.rr trpia loar{4 cpxFotro ,e .,


    I

    :.n*i
    -l---l-

    il

    c44?;te
    i-

    eL-!+A-

    -g,v\E

    ,ciro

    11.lSfV

    t i L- iv"r

    It
    ,l

    etbrr-- i

    i{Y
    5

    e- *ut".tt

    i) r

    f1

    *N

    s'-:5/$

    iA'5gP

    {y'w'w-*l-i\'n-'

    uA

    t.

    rr

    | {- (L cn

    gE4ou,/\

    iL

    d-rrlg'

    *{3 ,vt ,5 r {tt .*>

    \^EArL,

    irurJntw

    4o

    % Dr

    6"s

    ro.r

    -ss

    l' +

    r.o,lo L'r+<qtvrn D W,.Z

    t:-ki.ru&\c^r ,>t-L* ts^r6^49.rvr4 ti

    ?eus.:c^ vrv{

    sfcon.fo,lrr&ot.E crL *&L

    \f;tt->r;$.tt-J\* * r1ro,?lsu a+u Pi,:to r\.ssurtrb.

    CUz,a4

    NUr*

    L(A

    E^^6 tY,L! OL
    q.r*

    Li

    oh-azu\rl a/k-

    t1r, t/N ft'c-<) A16.{

    i,

    Bezu.tvo

    i-A- (lJrlr\4'

    -on.psr.c fui.-o ( ,\

    ({,,.1/?4'SA^r^

    ;rgrlr-4sc

    ",
    \/ /yrAL 5q 6

    u4e!t\ - /'+sse,"M , Jrt fizc-o an.e-rsarta)o frrsTr"r0 ot4E yuo iL Ku-03

    ezjta

    fia*{;;

    Qu{1t'vtrlE

    ,r P;^r}5 o;

    c+r,<.enne14)q 61t<Ra.car?r\6la l-/<ova


    YoLor. Lt-18/

    4D csRprb reut*rntwr\i oai fln&z*i

    5,s

    Atriz

    rsaae

    c*a'o*r' f,tNt4tE

    -Jocacrt

    . ?*-

    ?rttr-r'

    cc,sa

    e-

    a a*,rr-r\i

    SMna

    /hy:r,4s4,v19 t,l: s\ozt

    -t

    /*

    L<+

    -:

    Crardllgra< L t 4tw\i,@J

    k11* A^,n*rti

    o.L</t,z'lt-r-ut'

    qvreS"s' <-+JVRO

    c,t:- Dt g 4{2fr,t\ <4-<E p a*ro 2*

    :l*

    C+-tott-r'!1^rkh

    S6sll

    si Eu;
    ^11posjru-
    CSlt^6', P'i.9^/a PSg:rr\4rre ,AEi,t- ,Dl!6agllel,, o 7uE /rkL4 Yroai\+' <sy'icor) , X,r*
    rsE+\i
    E

    44Ftab71yi

    ^^E-l^,

    s-elo

    Lwt:a

    ., Cr\. , Sa*pucf , t*t,tt.g;o-.SFEea46 ,\.ttt.4 ,#4,vAr,?A6/ MsL

    A^411sl.er

    ; Ca,s*r<rr' Faatuo$ tvL 6/-acso 5-uaFie,eso. 5s 'tl 66+aso


    ^.
    1/fi/oA4H gM rL.'6 ,v1,,\, O\?R.fu^p /+ ,ut* 5}'qrEv/a4 Ua)*.*tttr'*rlt yO^/ d QueL7
    sv?^/h!,/</J

    D6S\DFr2+r}/ 5E 8,5,o ,- S\A\o 4c;.t5.Vt-,rto-x<.5fM4 L+ o\pr-1,fi1grA tlaa r* fR;w-ti'vw


    >a4iVZ,+ .,S.,urla UL14\2,?3 M/$, 6etrtcbo lx-u'cne++-e V*'*

    (D

    B5

    - Ltt+e!,^r{caN^/l-o 4c

    D&c :L.ttzu.D o,, *?)

    cV..c<t't-t)-o

    e-

    W\4 4

    .rt

    U,v , qa*zse ea,, Sv-ax-+rq

    rre

    vilJ pvwtrc rri , c.rto,we ri0 ,sr,s' ED, rwo&'ts esssr.o,, i oe,t\sote;r p,i

    P-c-t( u^n*

    ,A,t '|(enao s.snrug

    oi

    , Prr;M^/ P4sser.,.r.A vN

    ircCc. p.SV-.eW. -

    Aumr ApPZac,o,-,. 5asar,ri l|lE 8o!ror..o 6ss,18 zlsrzj.r?e8' ev*L)..z4J\d/v -e-ar.)


    L^n/ Yt(A A/tL P./M\o o Vsc c-rr'grot,'c- r.pcs,ea E 8,rs;AiG sE4&tftf_ le' -^4,vs;&\)^a o,
    o, f*,n*fW oJ,vrvd:Rau.a.twoa,,lrf ,il4/tu$t4.
    F*g-a'- tDtrVear; ^ a- f-6silB, Segea rln-ra*oc

    Potrebbero piacerti anche