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1. IL PROCESSO DI DESIGN
F. Nicolosi
Source www.janes.com
Con e senza
successo
Con e senza
successo
p
Specification
LOR (List of requirements)
Concept
generation
Basic solutions/concepts
Analysis
Evaluation
Properties
Values
Selection
Acceptable solutions
Trade-off
Design
Future opportunities
?
No Frills airlines
A380
B777
Deregulation
Airbus family
Concorde
radar
Pressurized cabin
Comet
Super Constellation
Radio
DC3
Jet engine
Metal riveted
structure
The 1st S-curve
Wright flyer
The Pioneering Age
Visual
communicati
Internal
on combustion engines
1900s
1950s
Fly-by-wire
Hubbing
High-bypass ratio
turbofan
?
The 3rd S-curve
The Age of
S t i bl Growth
Sustainable
G
th
2000s
2050s
Le micro S-curve
Air T
Transporrt Perforrmance
Micro S-curve
Pressurized cabin
Swept wings
R di
Radio
Metal riveted
structure
Variable
pitch props
Jet engine
Axial compressor
Retractable gear
Turbo charged engine
Elli ti l wings
Elliptical
i
Internal combustion engines
1900s
1950s
Bouchard,
Lockheed Corp.;
((via Mason VT))
Allinizio (anni 20) cerano solo piccole SERIE di velivoli. Lintero processo di design
avveniva in 6 mesi. Alcune aziende in 20 anni hanno immesso sul mercato decine di
velivoli
li li diversi.
di
i Oggi
O i cii vogliono
li
circa
i
10 annii per sviluppare
il
un nuovo velivolo
li l da
d
trasporto!
Negli anni 70 il ruolo del progettista stato assunto dagli specialisti delle varie
discipline. Le capacit di tali persone erano richieste per espandere i limiti della
conoscenza scientifica e raggiungere migliori prestazioni. Gli specialisti divennero gli
ispiratori di nuove idee.
La
seconda
S-curve:
la
grande
evoluzione
configurazione dei velivoli da trasporto.
Boeing 707 (1958)
nella
La
seconda
S-curve:
la
grande
evoluzione
configurazione dei velivoli da trasporto.
Boeing 707 (1958)
nella
Nuovi materiali, nuovi sistemi, sicurezza migliorata, new aerodynamic design, etc..
La
seconda
S-curve:
la
grande
evoluzione
configurazione dei velivoli da trasporto.
Boeing 707 (1958)
nella
Conceptual
design
Preliminary
design
g
Detail
design
certification
manufacturing
testing
Authorization to proceed
support
1st delivery
Configuration
development
Main milestone
Detail
design
Service
engineering
Based on Torenbeek
Cosa guida il
design?
Rispetter i
requirements?
Come
sembra
(appare)?
Source www.aircraftdesign.com
www.avrovulcan.org.uk/andy_leitch_vol1
35 38% fuel
x x x x x
DESIGN DISTRIBUITO
Structural analysis
tool (NASTRAN)
Fl tt analysis
Flutter
l i tool
t l
Aerodynamic
analysis tool (CFD)
Source www.airbus.com
Source www.janes.com
Mockups
Certificazione
T i dei
Testing
d i componenti/impianti
i/i i i
Manufacturing
Flight control system design
1%
Preliminary
y design:
g
9%
Detail design:
Time: years
90 %
N.B. La quantit di ore-uomo (man hours) impiegate oggi per la fase di design
concettuale pari al tempo impiegato per avere un aeroplano completo fino alla
produzione negli anni 40.
source Raymer
Longherone anteriore
( i
(wing
front
f
spar))
Instruction to Proceed
ITP
Authorization to Offer
ATO
Launch
L
Commercial
Milestones
Technical
Milestones
Market
Opportunities
Id tifi d
Identified
M1
Observe
Business
Analyze
Market
Situation
M0
Product Idea
Established
Detailed
A/C Concept
V lid t d
Validated
A/C Concept
S l t d
Selected
M3
Analyze
Market
Needs
Identify
Most
Promising
A/C
Concept
M2
Standards and
Requiremnets
Established
Feasibility
Phase
Component Level
Design
C
Completed
l t d
M5
Optimize
Concept
On A/C
Level
M7
Finalize
ConsoliA/C
date A/C SpecifiConfigucation &
ration
ComBaseline mercial
Propertties
es
M4
Design
A/C
Components
M6
Begin of
Fi t Assembly
First
A
bl
Definition
Phase
Entry into
S
Service
i
M11
M13
M9
Initiate
ManuFacture
Of
Parts
ImanuFacture
Parts
Assemble
& Test
Sections
M8
A/C
Strucutre / Systems
Major
Configuration
Specification
Component
Established
Completes
Assembly Started
Concept
Phase
Fi t Flight
First
Fli ht
Conduct Perform
Ground
Final
Assembly Test &
Prepare
Process
1 st Flight
Achieve
Type
Cert. &
Verify
CompLiance to
Standard
Spec.
Achieve Complete
Operation Basic
DevelopReadiment
ness
M10
M12
Power on
Type Certification
& Validation
Development Phase
M14
Program
Target
Reached
Instruction to Proceed
Qui lazienda
scommette!
ITP
Authorization to Offer
4 - 7 years
ATO
Launch
L
Commercial
Milestones
Technical
Milestones
Observe
Business
Market
Opportunities
Id tifi d
Identified
A/C Concept
S l t d
Selected
Detailed
A/C Concept
V lid t d
Validated
Component Level
Design
C
Completed
l t d
M1
M3
M5
M7
Identify
Most
Analyze Analyze
PromisMarket
Market
ing
Situation Needs
A/C
Concept
M0
M2
M4
Standards and
Requirements
q
Established
A/C
Configuration
Established
Feasibility
Phase
M9
Finalize
Consoli- A/C
Initiate
Design
Optimize date A/C SpecifiManuA/C
Concept Configu- cation &
Facture
CompoOn A/C
ration
ComOf
nents
Level
Baseline mercial
Parts
Properties
Product Idea
Established
Concept
Phase
M6
Begin of
Fi t Assembly
First
A
bl
Entry into
S i
Service
M11
M13
Achieve
ImanuType
Perform
Facture Conduct
Cert. &
Ground
Parts
Verify
Final
Assemble Assembly Test &
Comp& Test
Lianceto
Process Prepare
st
1 Flight Standard
Sections
Spec.
M8
Structure / Systems
Major
Specification
Component
Completed
Assembly Started
Definition
Phase
Fi t Flight
First
Fli ht
Achieve Complete
Operation Basic
DevelopReadiment
ness
M10
M12
Power on
Type Certification
& Validation
Development Phase
M14
Program
Target
Reached
Cum
mulative
e Gain or
Los
ss in billion dollarrs
GAIN
Investment peak
Tipico
Ti
i tempo
t
richiesto
i hi t dal
d l lancio
l
i ufficiale
ffi i l alla
ll prima
i
consegna 4 7 annii
(primo volo un anno prima). Il progetto di sviluppo del velivolo A380 ha
richiesto circa 12 anni dal tempo M0 ala prima consegna.
20 anni per ll EFA.
EFA 16 years (first delivery expected in 2011) per il JSF
F35.
Data source JANEs
DESIGN FREEDOM
Si noti il peso sbilanciato delle varie discipline nelle varie fasi del
processo di design
DESIGN FREEDOM