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Engineering Computations
Finite element modelling and simulation of bulk material forming: A bibliography

(1996-2005)
Jaroslav Mackerle
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EC
23,3 Finite element modelling and
simulation of bulk material
forming
250
A bibliography (1996-2005)
Received August 2005
Accepted September 2005
Jaroslav Mackerle
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Linköping Institute of Technology,
Linköping, Sweden
Abstract
Purpose – To provide a selective bibliography for researchers working with bulk material forming
(specifically the forging, rolling, extrusion and drawing processes) with sources which can help them
to be up-to-date.
Design/methodology/approach – A range of published (1996-2005) works, which aims to provide
theoretical as well as practical information on the material processing namely bulk material forming.
Bulk deformation processes used in practice change the shape of the workpiece by plastic
deformations under forces applied by tools and dies.
Findings – Provides information about each source, indicating what can be found there. Listed
references contain journal papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations on the subject.
Research limitations/implications – It is an exhaustive list of papers (1,693 references are listed)
but some papers may be omitted. The emphasis is to present papers written in English language. Sheet
material forming processes are not included.
Practical implications – A very useful source of information for theoretical and practical
researchers in computational material forming as well as in academia or for those who have recently
obtained a position in this field.
Originality/value – There are not many bibliographies published in this field of engineering. This
paper offers help to experts and individuals interested in computational analyses and simulations of
material forming processes.
Keywords Finite element analysis, Simulation, Bibliographies
Paper type Literature review
1. Introduction
Bulk deformation processes used in practice change the shape of the workpiece by
plastic deformations under forces applied by tools and dies. They can be classified in
the context of various parameters such as is the temperature (cold, warm and hot) or by
the type of operation (primary and secondary). Bulk deformation process in general
Engineering Computations: is the deformation of workpieces having a small surface area-to-volume ratio and
International Journal for
Computer-Aided Engineering and
where the thickness or cross-section changes during/after processing. In sheet forming
Software operations the surface area-to-thickness ratio is large.
Vol. 23 No. 3, 2006
pp. 250-342 The development of forming processes as well as products requires efficient
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0264-4401
analyses and simulations of all phenomena. It is well-known that numerical methods,
DOI 10.1108/02644400610652983 specifically the finite element method is today the most frequently used tool for these
purposes. Also optimization techniques become relevant as a means of shortening the Finite element
development process. modelling
A significant amount of literature is available on the finite element modelling (FEM)
and simulations of bulk material forming. Published 2D and 3D studies have been
provided on the macro-, meso- and micro-scopic levels. The finite element studies of
sheet forming operations are not included here. The reader is referred to (Mackerle,
2004). 251
This paper gives a listing of published papers on finite element analyses and
simulations of bulk material forming processes (see Appendix). Both theoretical
aspects as well as practical application problems are covered. The subject is too large
to be extensively covered in a short paper; therefore only an encyclopaedic view will be
given, with an emphasis on showing main areas where FEM has been implemented,
and on reference listings. It is also impossible for a single author to summarize the wide
topic of these processes and processed materials in a form of the state-of-the-art review
paper. Hopefully, this bibliography will save time for readers looking for information
dealing with subjects described bellow. For a more efficient information retrieval, the
lists of finite element references of papers published between 1996 and 2005 are divided
into the following sections and subsections:
(1) bulk material forming processes in general;
(2) forging:
.
finite element simulation of forging;
. material and mechanical properties;
.
microstructural evolution and residual stresses;
.
fracture mechanics and contact problems; and
.
specific products
(3) rolling:
.
finite element simulation of rolling;
. material and mechanical properties;
.
.
.
specific products
(4) extrusion:
.
finite element simulation of extrusion;
.
material and mechanical properties;
.
.
.
specific products
(5) drawing:
.
finite element simulation of drawing;
.
material and mechanical properties;
.
EC .
23,3 .
specific products
(6) other processes (coining, piercing, heading, etc.).
This bibliography is organized into two parts. In the first one, each topic is handled
and current trends in application of finite element techniques are mentioned, often as
252 keywords. The second part lists papers published in the open literature for the period
1996-2005 (the first six months of 2005) on subjects presented above. References have
been retrieved from the author’s database, MAKEBASE (Mackerle, 1989) and also the
COMPENDEX has been checked. Readers interested in the finite element literature in
general are referred to author’s Internet Finite Element Book Bibliography (www.solid.
ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html). Basic information about various manufacturing processes

for engineering materials as well as their applications can be found in (Kalpakjian,
1997; DeGarmo et al., 1997). For finite element books dealing with metal forming
processes see for example (Rowe et al., 1991; Kobayashi et al., 1989; Wagoner and
Chenot, 2001). Listings of papers on finite element analysis and simulation of metal
forming as well as of non-metal forming that were published between 1988 and 1993
can be found in (Brannberg and Mackerle, 1994) and for 1994-1996 in the addendum
(Mackerle, 1998).
2. Bulk material forming processes in general

The analysis of bulk forming is a difficult process where the formed parts are affected
by many factors such is the tooling, forming machines, material properties, friction,
temperature, etc. A detailed understanding of these factors is necessary for a correct
analysis because the work-material is subjected to complicated nonlinear deformation
histories.
The finite element method is the most frequently used tool to simulate bulk metal
forming processes. Various formulations have been developed where the material and
geometric nonlinearities are taken into account to accurate determine stress, strain,
strain rate and temperature distribution throughout the workpiece. For a higher
accuracy in modelling the incorporation of microstructure evolution becomes more and
more important.
In this section a wide range of theoretical and computational issues is included such
as finite element solution procedures, development and selection of elements, contact
algorithms, meshing and remeshing, etc.
Topics included: 2D and 3D linear and nonlinear finite element simulations of metal
forming processes; thermomechanical problems; simulations of bulk forming
processes; hot and cold forming processes; constitutive modelling; adaptive methods;
mesh generation; remeshing; finite element library; solution of contact problems;
friction laws in metal forming; damage prediction; ductile fracture prediction;
free-surface ductility in bulk forming; localized metal forming simulations; modelling
of flow stresses; identification of bulk behavior; microstructural and mesostructural
modelling; texture evolution; phase change problems; tribosystems in metal forming;
workability limits; wear and deformation in dies; parameter identifications; virtual
manufacturing; dimensional errors in cold formed components; inverse problems;
optimization of metal forming processes; estimating anisotropy; superplastic bulk
forming; semisolid forming processes; implicit and explicit formulations; arbitrary
Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation (ALE); non-isothermal steady-state/nonsteady-state Finite element
metal forming; pseudo-concentration technique; adjoint state method; modelling
rigid-plastic/rigid-viscoplastic method; rigid thermo-viscoplasticity; mixed
elastoplastic/ rigid-plastic method; elastic-viscoplastic formulation; upper-bound
analysis; stabilized finite element formulation; application of neural networks and
statistical methods; stochastic metal forming; multi-stage metal forming; visualization
of metal forming; cluster environment; parallel processing. 253
3. Forging
Forging is a family of processes where plastic deformation of the workpiece is carried

out by compressive forces. Discrete forged parts can vary in shape and size, and a set
of dies is required. There are three main categories of forging: in open dies, closed dies,
and impression.
References listed in Appendix are sorted into four groups: finite element simulation
of forging, material and mechanical properties, microstructural evolution and residual
stresses, fracture mechanics and contact problems, and specific products. Topics
handled are: finite element simulation of forging – 2D and 3D finite element
simulations of forging; hot, warm and cold forging; axisymmetric forging; isothermal
and non-isothermal forging; injection forging; nett forming; free hot forging; radial
forging; incremental radial forging; rotary forging; net shape cold forging; spiral
forging; sequential forging; precision forging; high-velocity impact forging; multi-blow
forging; hammer forging; semi-solid forging; superplastic forging; multistage forging;
hot extrusion forging; extra-height forging dies; floating die cold forging; die shape
parameters; cold forging dies; closed-die and open-die forging; prestressed die set in
cold forging; preforming tools in forging; tapered preforms in cold upsetting; material
flow studies; die cavity filling; heating, cooling and deformation phases; shape
optimization in forging; sensitivity analysis in forging; influence of various process
parameters; defect evolution; dimension accuracy; control of forging process; material
and mechanical properties – material response in forging; constitutive equations;
material behavior under dynamic loads; estimation of elastic characteristics; hot
formability studies; forming limit; hardening behavior laws; effect of flow softening;
mechanical properties in forging; heat transfer simulation for hot forging; deformation
parameters in forging; microstructural evolution and residual stresses –
microstructural evolution during forging; microstructure optimization; dynamic
simulation of microstructure; grain size modelling; texture development; residual
stresses in hot and cold forging; fracture mechanics and contact problems – surface
cracking; ductile fracture prediction; failure prediction of dies; brittle damage evolution
in dies; fatigue crack initiation and propagation; analysis and prevention of cracking;
fatigue life estimation; damage modelling; failure criteria for workability; void
crushing; wear in hot and cold forging; die wear studies; friction determination;
influence of roughness geometry; study of lubrication behavior; and specific products
– tubes; gears; turbine blades; automotive parts; connecting rods; steering parts;
pistons; rotor shafts; railway wheels; compressor and turbine discs; flange
components; fasteners; heavy rings; aerofoil sections; impeller hubs; aeroengine
components; core internals; ball studs; housings; electronic parts; microparts.
EC Processed materials: metals; steels; light alloys; porous metals; semi-solid materials;
23,3 aluminum; titanium alloys; magnesium alloys; nickel-based superalloys; metal matrix
composites.
4. Rolling
In rolling, flat or shape, the thickness or cross-section of a long workpiece is reduced by
254 compressive forces applied through a set of rolls. The initial material for rolling is an
ingot which can be replaced by continuous casting. In hot rolling the coarse-grained,
porous and brittle structure is broken down into a wrought structure with finer grain
size.
of rolling, material and mechanical properties, microstructural evolution and residual

handled are: finite element simulation of rolling – 2D and 3D finite element simulation
of rolling processes; hot, warm and cold rolling; flat and shape rolling;
thermomechanical analysis; heat transfer analysis; temper rolling process; tandem
hot rolling; rolling with a loop; skew rolling; calibre rolling; two-roll cross-wedge
rolling; three-roll planetary rolling; vertical-horizontal rolling; asymmetrical rolling;
helical rolling; isothermal and non-isothermal shape rolling; integrated casting and
rolling; burnishing cold rolling; steady-state hot rolling; multi-pass rolling; preform for
shape rolling; interfacial modelling of hot rolling; flat rolling with inclusion of
anisotropy; plastic flows of rolling contacts; effect of roll crossing on the rolling;
lubrication in rolling process; flow stress evolution; roll deformation and stress
distribution; temperature profile of rolls; roll pass design; rolling stand deformation;
tension variations in hot rolling; friction variations in rolling; dimensional accuracy;
rolling loads; investigation of rolling parameters; elasto-plastic analysis; Eulerian fixed
mesh technique; arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation (ALE); rigid-plastic and
rigid-viscoplastic formulations; thermo-elastoviscoplastic formulation; material and
mechanical properties – evaluation and modelling of material properties; constitutive
modelling; material damping simulation; flow material behavior; stress-strain
behavior; high temperature material properties; mechanical behavior and rolling;
formability issues; effects of process variables on mechanical properties; control of
mechanical properties; microstructural evolution and residual stresses – modelling of
microstructure evolution; texture development; texture gradient simulation;
deformation texture inhomogeneity; quantitative prediction of texture; influence of
strain distribution on microstructure evolution; influence of forming parameters on
static recrystallization; austenite grain refinement in rolling; formation of ultra-fine
grains; suppression grain coarsening phenomenon; improving grain-size uniformity;
microstructure-dependent flow stress; coupled dislocation and texture modelling;
thermal-mechanical-microstructural modelling; phase-change simulations; residual
stresses in rolling; rolling parameters and residual stresses; estimation of
temperature-time history and residual stresses; subsurface distribution of residual
stresses; fracture mechanics and contact problems – failure characteristics of rolling;
strength evaluation; fatigue strength; rolling contact fatigue; crack initiation and
propagation; short cracks; surface cracking in rolling; modelling of oxide failure;
damage mechanics; subsurface crack propagation; ductile-brittle transition; fatigue life
assessment; stress intensity factor; contact between strip and roll; lubricated rolling
contact; interfacial slip and friction; modelling of friction variations; wear prediction; Finite element
effect of scaling on interfacial friction; prediction of internal defects; and specific modelling
products – beams; flange beams; wire; tubes; ring rolling; profiled rings; long products;
hollow shafts; step-shafts; rails; channel sections; gear bars; bimetallic rods and strips;
drums; ribbed strips; portal frames; planetary rolling; coils; airfoils; foil rolling; webs;
microstrips; ship profiles; canes; angle struts; thread rolling.
Processed materials: metals; steels; composites; aluminum; zinc; manganese alloys; 255
titanium alloys; chromium; nickel-based superalloys; aluminum-copper sandwich;
multi-phase materials; semi-solid materials.
5. Extrusion
In the extrusion process a round billet is placed in a chamber and forced by a ram
through a die. The die opening may be round as well as of other shapes. There are four
basic types of extrusions: direct (forward), indirect (backward, reverse), hydrostatic
and impact. In the direct extrusion the billet slides relative to the container wall; in the
indirect one the die moves toward the billet. In the hydrostatic extrusion the chamber is
filled with a fluid transmitting the pressure to the billet, which is then extruded
through the die. The impact extrusion is a form of indirect extrusion and is suitable for
the extrusion of hollow shapes. Another classification: hot and cold extrusion.
of extrusion, material and mechanical properties, microstructural evolution and
residual stresses, fracture mechanics and contact problems, and specific products.
Topics handled are: finite element simulation of extrusion – 2D and 3D finite element
simulations of extrusion processes; cold and hot extrusion; forward and backward
extrusion; isothermal and non-isothermal extrusion; radial extrusion; hydrostatic
extrusion; impact extrusion; plane strain extrusion; round-to-square extrusion;
torsional backward extrusion; iso-speed extrusion; lateral extrusion; spine extrusion;
double stage extrusion; axisymmetric extrusion; equal channel angular extrusion;
equal cross section lateral extrusion; cyclic extrusion compression; extrusion-forging
process; extrusion-burring process; optimization techniques in extrusion process; tool
design optimization; extrusion die shape design; square and round dies; annular dies;
bridge dies; pocket dies; porthole dies; profile dies; multi-hole dies; wedge shaped dies;
prestressed extrusion dies; flow in extrusion dies; effect of die geometry on extrudate
swelling; influence of process parameters; free surface instability problems; dimension
error prediction; thermomechanical analysis; heat transfer problems; deformation
analysis; remeshing; thermo-viscoplastic formulation; rigid-plastic and
rigid-viscoplastic approach; updated Lagrangian approach; elasto-viscoplastic
formulation; Eulerian formulation; material and mechanical properties – finite
element simulations of material and mechanical properties; constitutive equations;
mechanical anisotropy; shear deformation properties; effect of material properties
variation on damage evolution; progressive and global buckling; prediction of
hardness distribution; influence of thermal and elastic effects; formability issues;
microstructural evolution and residual stresses – simulation and control of
microstructure evolution; texture development; heterogeneity in texture
development; modelling texture gradients; phase transformation problems; surface
recrystallization; effect of forming parameters on surface recrystallization; interaction
between microstructure and texture evolution; grain size change during
EC recrystallization; residual stresses in extrusion; fracture mechanics and contact
23,3 problems – finite element damage and fracture simulations; surface cracking; strength
properties; flexural strength; fatigue strength; fatigue crack growth; low cycle fatigue;
damage evolution; brittle damage evolution; effect of material properties on fracture;
prediction of fatigue life of dies; friction in extrusion process; frictional contact
problems; lubrication in extrusion; control of wear; and specific products – tubular
256 parts; tubes; tube flanges; bimetallic tubes and rods; automotive side members; piston
pins; extruded profiles; L, C, T sections; hollow sections; twisted sections; can
extrusion; cups; valve bodies; impeller hubs; containers; superconductor billets; spur
gears; micropins.
Processed materials: metals; steels; composites; aluminum; magnesium alloys;
titanium alloys; copper; metal matrix composites; particulate composites; semi-solid

materials; multi-phase materials; nanostructured materials.
6. Drawing
In the drawing process the cross-section of a bar or tube is reduced by pulling it
through a converging die. The die opening may be of any shape.
of drawing, material and mechanical properties, microstructural evolution and residual
handled are: finite element simulation of drawing – 2D and 3D finite element
simulations of drawing process; deep drawing; multi-step deep drawing; axisymmetric
drawing; non-circular deep drawing; ultrasonic-vibration drawing; equal channel
angular drawing; hydromechanical deep drawing; hydromechanical reverse
redrawing; pneumatic and mechanical deep drawing; nonsteady-state shaped
drawing; deep drawing of tailored blanks; blank design and formability; die profiles
and design; drawbead simulations; wrinkling in deep drawing; springback in deep
drawing; sensitivity and stability evaluation; equivalent drawbead model; strain
localization; elasto-plastic formulation; rigid-plastic formulation; implicit and explicit
methods; material and mechanical properties – drawability; formability; forming
limits; anisotropy induced during deep drawing; effect of alternating bending on
mechanical properties; microhardness distribution during drawing; mechanical
properties changes in drawing; microstructural evolution and residual stresses –
thermomechanical and microstructural finite element modelling; microstructure
evolution; mechanical metallurgy; phase-change problems; strain-induced martensitic
transformation; grain size; texture evolution; radial texture gradient; texture
component crystal plasticity; residual stresses in drawing; residual stresses in cold
drawing; thermal influences on residual stress; reducing residual stresses; effect of die
geometry on residual stress; influence of residual stresses on hydrogen embrittlement;
residual stresses in ferritic and pearlitic rods; fracture mechanics and contact problems
– finite element failure analysis; cracking in drawing; ductile fracture behavior;
transverse cracks; wire breaks; splitting failure during drawing; chevron cracks;
growth and disappearance of flaws; prediction of necking; damage mechanics;
hydrogen embrittlement; contact treatment algorithms; friction simulation;
tribosystems in drawing; wear problems; effect of die geometry on tool wear; and
specific products – tubes; pipes; wires; fine tubes used in medicine; curved wire
drawing; microwires; cylindrical parts; square boxes; automotive parts; automobile
panels; irregular parts; cups; cans; U-shaped parts; T-sections; pressure vessel Finite element
components; closures; miniaturized products; pin parts. modelling
Processed materials: metals; steels; aluminum; copper; tungsten; shape-memory
alloys.
7. Other processes
Some of processes handled in this section: piercing process; micro-piercing; 257
micro-forming; milli-forming; curling phenomenon; coining; stretch-bending;
precision shearing; groove pressing; upset heading; forming of screw spikes.
References
Brannberg, N. and Mackerle, J. (1994), “Finite element methods and material processing
technology”, Eng. Comput., Vol. 11, pp. 413-55.
DeGarmo, E.P., Black, J.T. and Kohser, R.A. (1997), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing,
8th ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Kalpakjian, S. (1997), Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials, 3rd ed., Addison
Wesley Longman Inc., Menlo Park, CA.
Kobayashi, S. et al. (1989), Metal Forming and the Finite Element Method, Oxford University
Press, New York, NY.
Mackerle, J. (1989), “MAKEBASE, an information retrieval system in structural mechanics for
main-frames and personal computers”, Eng. Comput., Vol. 6, pp. 178-85.
Mackerle, J. (1998), “Finite element methods and material processing technology, an addendum”,
Eng. Comput., Vol. 15, pp. 616-90.
Mackerle, J. (2004), “Finite element analyses and simulations of sheet metal forming processes”,
Eng. Comput., Vol. 21, pp. 891-940.
Rowe, G.W. et al. (1991), Finite Element Plasticity and Metalforming Analysis, Cambridge
University Press, New York, NY.
Wagoner, R.H. and Chenot, J.L. (2001), Metal Forming Analysis, Cambridge University Press,
New York, NY.
Appendix. A bibliography (1996-2005)

This bibliography provides a list of literature references on finite element analysis and
simulation of bulk material forming processes. Presented listings contain papers published in
scientific journals, conference proceedings, and theses/dissertations retrospectively to 1996.
References have been retrieved from the author’s database, MAKEBASE. Presented references
are grouped into the same sections as listed in the first part of this paper. The emphasis of this
bibliography is to list, first of all, papers published in various international journals. References
are not arranged chronologically but are sorted in each category alphabetically according to the
first author’s name. If a specific paper is relevant for several subject categories, the same
reference can be listed under respective section headings.
Bulk material forming processes in general

Akkaram, S. (2001), “A continuum sensitivity analysis of large deformations with applications to
metal forming process design”, PhD thesis, Cornell University.
Alves, M.L. et al. (2003), “Simulation of three-dimensional bulk forming processes by finite
element flow formulation”, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 11 No. 5, pp. 803-21.
EC Anderson, J.G. and Evans, R.W. (1996), “Modelling flow stress evolution during elevated
temperature deformation of two low carbon steels”, Ironmaking Steelmaking, Vol. 23 No. 2,
23,3 pp. 130-5.
Antonio, C.C. et al. (2004), “Optimization of metal forming processes”, Computers Struct., Vol. 82
No. 17, pp. 1425-33.
Antunez, H. et al. (1998), “Explicit formulation and incompressible linear elements for metal
258 forming problems”, paper presented at the 4th World Cong. Comput. Mech., Buenos Aires,
p. 1104.
Antunez, H.J. (2000), “Linear elements for metal forming problems within the flow approach”,
Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., Vol. 190 Nos 5/7, pp. 783-801.
Antunez, H.J. and Kleiber, M. (1996), “Sensitivity analysis of metal forming processes involving
frictional contact in steady state”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 60 Nos 1/4, pp. 485-93.
Antunez, H.J. and Kleiber, M. (1996), “Sensitivity of forming processes to shape parameters”,
Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., Vol. 137 Nos 3/4, pp. 189-206.
Antunez, H.J. and Kowalczyk, M. (2004), “Combined shape and non-shape sensitivity for optimal
design of metal forming operations”, Comp. Assist. Mech. Eng. Sci., Vol. 11 No. 1,
pp. 99-118.
Antunez, H.J. et al. (1997), “Shape and non-shape sensitivity and optimization of metal forming
processes”, in Owen, D.R.J. (Ed.) paper presented at the 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Plast.,
CIMNE, pp. 783-91.
Aretz, H. et al. (2000), “Integration of physically based models into FEM and application in
simulation of metal forming processes”, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 8 No. 6,
pp. 881-90.
Aymone, J.L.F. et al. (2001), “Simulation of 3D metal-forming using an arbitrary
Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element method”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 110 No. 2,
pp. 218-32.
Badrinarayanan, S. and Zabaras, N. (1996), “A sensitivity analysis for the optimal design of
metal forming processes”, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., Vol. 129 No. 4, pp. 319-48.
Balagangadhar, D. and Tortorelli, D.A. (2000), “Design of large-deformation steady elastoplastic
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Balagangadhar, D. and Tortorelli, D.A. (2000), “Design of large-deformation steady elastoplastic
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Balendra, R. and Qin, Y. (2004), “Research dedicated to the development of advanced metal
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Behrens, A. and Just, H. (2005), “Theoretical and experimental damage prediction in cold and
semi-hot bulk forming of ductile steels”, Steel Res. Int., Vol. 76 Nos 2/3, pp. 210-8.
Bigot, R. et al. (2003), “Forming machine qualification by analysis of manufactured parts
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Bini, M. et al. (1998), “Modelling the hot working of simple geometries employing physical-based
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pp. 369-76.
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Brethenoux, G. et al. (1996), “Cold forming processes: some examples of predictions and design Finite element
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pp. 555-63. modelling
Byon, S.M. and Hwang, S.M. (1999), “Process optimal design in non-isothermal, steady-state
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Byon, S.M. and Hwang, S.M. (2001), “FEM-based process optimal design in steady-state metal 259
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Cavaliere, M.A. et al. (1997), “3D modeling of bulk metal forming processes via the flow
formulation and the pseudo-concentrations technique”, in Owen, D.R.J. (Ed.) paper
presented at the 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Plast., CIMNE, pp. 196-208.
Chabrand, P. et al. (1996), “Friction laws in metal forming”, paper presented at the 3rd Joint Conf.
Eng. Syst. Des. Anal., PD, ASME,Vol. 76, pp. 121-6.
Charles, J.F. (1998), “Modeling of elasto-visco-plastic behaviour of steels at high temperatures”,
paper presented at the 6th Int. Conf. Num. Meth. Ind. Form, Balkema, Rotterdam,
pp. 277-82.
Chenot, J.L. (1997), “New trends in finite element modelling of metal forming processes”, in Owen,
D.R.J. (Ed.) paper presented at the 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Plast., CIMNE, pp. 209-23.
Chenot, J.L. (1998), “New trends in finite element modelling of metal forming processes”, in
Topping, B.H.V. (Ed.), Adv. Comput. Struct. Mech., Civil-Comp., Stirling, pp. 323-32.
Chenot, J.L. and Chastel, Y. (1996), “Mechanical, thermal and physical coupling methods in FE
analysis of metal forming processes”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 60 Nos 1/4, pp. 11-19.
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Mater., Vol. 233-236, pp. 119-26.
Specific products (forging)

Alves, M.L. et al. (2001), “Cold forging of gears: experimental and theoretical investigation”,
Finite Elem. Anal. Design, Vol. 37 Nos 6/7, pp. 549-58.
Aziz, E.S. and Chassapis, C. (2004), “Development of process optimization for an intelligent
knowledge-based system for spur gear precision forging die design”, paper presented at
the ASME Design Eng. Tech. Conf., ASME,Vol. 1, pp. 313-20.
Bariani, P.F. et al. (2004), “Integrating physical and numerical simulation techniques to design
the hot forging process of stainless steel turbine blades”, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., Vol. 44
No. 9, pp. 945-51.
Behrens, B.A. et al. (2004), “Further developments in the precision forging technology for high
duty automotive parts”, JOM, Vol. 56 No. 11, p. 332.
Cai, J. et al. (2004), “Alternative die design in net-shape forging of gears”, J. Mater. Process.
Chen, H.Q. et al. (2002), “Research on the casting-forging precision forming process of alternator
poles”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 129 Nos 1/3, pp. 330-2.
Cho, J.R. and Yang, D.Y. (1998), “Three-dimensional finite element simulation of connecting rod
forging using a new remeshing scheme”, Eng. Comput., Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 777-803.
EC Cho, J.R. and Yang, D.Y. (2000), “Three-dimensional finite element simulation of a spider hot
forging process using a new remeshing scheme”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 99
23,3 Nos 1/3, pp. 219-25.
Choi, H.J. et al. (2004), “A study on the process design of cold-forged automobile parts”, Mater.
Sci. Forum, Vol. 449-452, pp. 105-8.
Colla, D. et al. (1997), “An investigation into the preforming of tubes”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 39
282 No. 5, pp. 507-21.
Davey, K. et al. (2001), “Efficient strategies for the simulation of railway wheel forming”, J. Mater.
De Sanctis, A.M. et al. (1996), “Forging of a MMC for an automotive component”, Metall. Sci.
Technol., Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 13-19.
Doege, E. et al. (1998), “Influence of friction on the material flow during precision forging of
helical gears”, Steel Res., Vol. 69 Nos 4/5, pp. 165-9.
Dutta, A. and Rao, A.V. (1997), “Simulation of isothermal forging of compressor disc by
combined numerical and physical modelling techniques”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 72 No. 3, pp. 392-5.
Forcellese, A. et al. (1996), “Application of a decision making method in the forging condition
optimisation for manufacturing automotive components”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 60 Nos 1/4, pp. 125-32.
Gontarz, A. et al. (2004), “Head forging aspects of new forming process of screw spike”, J. Mater.
Goss, D.C. (2000), “High strength fasteners cold forged out of work hardening steel”, J. Mater.
Hamzah, S. and Stahlberg, U. (1998), “Study of pore closure in the manufacturing of heavy rings”,
Honeyman, G.A. et al. (1997), “Large forged steel back up rolls – the evolving technology”, paper
presented at the 39th Mech. Work. Steel Process. Conf., IN, AIME, pp. 397-413.
Hu, Z.M. and Dean, T.A. (2001), “Aspects of forging of titanium alloys and the production of
blade forms”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 111 Nos 1/3, pp. 10-19.
Hu, Z.M. et al. (1998), “The interfacial heat transfer coefficient in hot die forging of titanium
alloy”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C, Vol. 212 No. 6, pp. 485-96.
Hu, Z.M. et al. (1999), “Three-dimensional finite element modelling of forging of a titanium alloy
aerofoil sectioned blade”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 121 No. 3, pp. 366-71.
Hua, M. and Lu, S.Q. (2001), “FEM simulation of the flat-die preform forging of steel shaft-disc
type components by thermal differential heating”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 113
Nos 1/3, pp. 52-8.
Huez, J. et al. (2001), “Improvement of a power generation turbine disc process using a finite
element model incorporating metallurgical parameters”, paper presented at Int. Symp.
Superalloys Varia. Derivat., MMMS, Vol. 1, pp. 203-11.
Jain, V.K. et al. (1996), “Can design for nonisothermal pancake forging of gamma titanium
aluminide alloys”, J. Eng. Industry, ASME, Vol. 118 No. 1, pp. 155-60.
Jang, D.H. et al. (2001), “The process sequence design of a power-assisted steering part”, J. Mater.
Kim, H.R. et al. (2002), “A study of the manufacturing of tie-rod ends with casting/forging
process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 471-6.
Kim, Y.H. et al. (2002), “An analysis of the forging processes for 6061 aluminum-alloy wheels”, Finite element
modelling
Kim, Y.S. et al. (2003), “Rigid-plastic finite element simulation for process design of impeller hub
forming”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 143/144, pp. 729-34.
Ko, B.D. et al. (2005), “A design of manufacturing processes for valve-spring retainer
component”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 475-479, pp. 3271-4.
Kutuk, M.A. et al. (2003), “Finite element analysis of a cylindrical approach for shrink-fit 283
precision gear forging dies”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C, Vol. 217 No. 6, pp. 677-85.
Kwon, H.H. and Bramely, A.N. (2000), “Development of ceramic inserts for forging tools”, CIRP
Lee, G.A. et al. (2005), “Forming technology for cold forging processes of ball stud using
non-heat-treated cold forging materials”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 475-479 No. 4, pp. 3247-50.
Lee, Y.K. et al. (2001), “Process modification of bevel gear forging using three-dimensional finite
element analysis”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 113 Nos 1/3, pp. 59-63.
Li, Y. et al. (1998), “Prediction of surface defects in disk forging process for FGH95 alloy using
ring-like billet by computer simulation”, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, Vol. 8 No. 4,
pp. 567-9.
Lin, H. et al. (2005), “Finite element simulation of canned forging on TiAl alloy containing high
Nb”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 475-479, pp. 813-6.
Lin, S.Y. and Lin, F.C. (2003), “Influences of the geometrical conditions of die and workpiece on
the barrelling formation during forging-extrusion process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 140 Nos 1/3, pp. 54-8.
Liu, G. et al. (1999), “FEA of prediction and prevention of center thinning in rotary forging of a
circular plate”, J. Plast. Eng., Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-5.
Liu, G. et al. (2000), “Finite element model and simulation of rotary forging of a disc”, Acta Metall.
Sinica, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 470-5.
Liu, G. et al. (2003), “Research on rotary forming mechanism of cartridge bottom by FEM”,
J. Harbin Inst. Tech., Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 24-7.
Liu, Y. et al. (2002), “A study of the influence of the friction conditions on the forging process of a
blade with a tenon”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 123 No. 1, pp. 42-6.
Mamalis, A.G. et al. (1996), “Simulation of the precision forging of bevel gears using implicit and
explicit FE techniques”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 57 Nos 1/2, pp. 164-71.
Math, M. (1996), “On the application of two incremental techniques in closed cold die forging of
bevel gear”, Metallurgy, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 183-6.
Min, D.K. and Kim, M.E. (2003), “A study on precision cold forging process improvements for the
steering yoke of automobiles by the rigid-plastic finite element method”, J. Mater. Process.
Miyahara, M. et al. (1996), “Development of life prediction model and improvement of a die steel
for hot forging die”, Sumitomo Metals, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 76-84.
Ono, S.I. et al. (1996), “Void consolidation during open-die forging for ultralarge rotor shafts (3rd
rep satisfaction of criterion for void consolidation by precooling)”, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech.
Eng., Ser C, Vol. 62 No. 595, pp. 1139-46.
Ou, H. and Armstrong, C.G. (2002), “Die shape compensation in hot forging of titanium aerofoil
sections”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 347-52.
Ou, H. and Balendra, R. (1998), “Die-elasticity for precision forging of aerofoil sections using
finite element simulation”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 76 Nos 1/3, pp. 56-61.
EC Ou, H. et al. (2003), “Die shape optimisation in forging of aerofoil sections”, J. Mater. Process.
23,3
Ou, H. et al. (2004), “An FE simulation and optimisation approach for the forging of aeroengine
components”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 151 Nos 1/3, pp. 208-16.
Park, J.J. et al. (2003), “FEM analysis of hot forging process for an automotive lower-arm
connector”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 426-432, pp. 3813-8.
284 Park, K. et al. (1999), “Precision forging design and analysis in electronic part manufacturing”,
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part B, Vol. 213 No. 1, pp. 11-20.
Park, Y.B. and Yang, D.Y. (1998), “Finite element analysis for precision cold forging of helical
gear using recurrent boundary conditions”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part B, Vol. 212 No. 3,
pp. 231-40.
Petersen, S.B. et al. (1997), “Injection forging of tubular materials: a workability analysis”,
Qin, Y. and Balendra, R. (2003), “Optimisation of the lubrication for the extrusion of solid and
tubular components by injection forging”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 135 Nos 2/3,
pp. 219-27.
Qin, Y. and Balendra, R. (2004), “An approach for the forming of large-thickness-flange
components by injection forging”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 145 No. 2, pp. 153-62.
Qin, Y. et al. (2004), “Pressurising materials and process design considerations of the
pressure-assisted injection forging of thick-walled tubular components”, J. Mater. Process.
Qin, Y. et al. (2004), “Mechanics of pressure-assisted injection forging of tubular components”,
Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C, Vol. 218 No. 10, pp. 1195-212.
Sato, I. et al. (1998), “Development of large size stainless steel forging for core internals of LWR”,
ASME/JSME Joint Press. Vess. Piping Conf., PVP 360, ASME, pp. 433-40.
Shan, D. et al. (2000), “Three-dimensional rigid-plastic finite element analysis of the isothermal
precision forging of a cylindrical housing”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 102 Nos 1/3,
pp. 188-92.
Soltani, B. et al. (1997), “Alternatives for finite element analysis of blade forging”, in Owen, D.R.J.
(Ed.) paper presented at the 5th Int. Conf. Comput. Plast., CIMNE, pp. 1381-6.
Soltani, B. (1997), “Implicit and dynamic explicit solutions of blade forging using the finite
element method”, PhD thesis, Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola, Goteborg.
Soltani, B. et al. (2003), “Implicit solid, flow and flow-solid finite element approaches in blade
forging simulation”, Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., Vol. 56 No. 13, pp. 1861-82.
Srinivasan, N. et al. (2002), “CAE for forging of titanium alloy aero-engine disc and integration
with CAD-CAM for fabrication of the dies”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 124 No. 3,
pp. 353-9.
Takemasu, T. et al. (1996), “Investigation of metal flow and preform optimization in flashless
forging of a connecting rod”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 59 Nos 1/2, pp. 95-105.
Wang, G. and Zhao, G. (2002), “Simulation and analysis of rotary forging a ring workpiece using
finite element method”, Finite Elem. Anal. Design, Vol. 38 No. 12, pp. 1151-64.
Wang, G. et al. (1997), “Methods of dealing with some problems in analyzing rotary forging with
the FEM and initial application to a ring workpiece”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 71
No. 2, pp. 299-304.
Wang, G.C. et al. (2003), “Numerical and experimental study on new cold precision forging
technique of spur gears”, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 798-802.
Wang, S.I. et al. (2002), “A study on the development of large aluminum flange using the Finite element
casting/forging process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 130/131, pp. 294-8.
modelling
Weronski, W.S. et al. (1997), “Analysis of the drop forging of a piston using slip-line fields and
FEM”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 211-20.
Xu, W.L. and Rao, K.P. (1997), “Analysis of the deformation characteristics of spike-forging
process through FE simulations and experiments”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 70
Nos 1/3, pp. 122-8. 285
Yang, H. et al. (2002), “A 3D rigid-viscoplastic FEM simulation of the isothermal precision
forging of a blade with a damper platform”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 122 No. 1,
pp. 45-50.
Yoshida, K. et al. (2003), “Surface quality improvement of multistage forged microparts for
wristwatches”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 143/144, pp. 362-6.

Yuan, S. et al. (1999), “Precision forming of pin parts by cold-drawing and rotary forging”,
Zhan, M. et al. (2001), “A 3D rigid-viscoplastic FEM simulation of compressor blade isothermal
Zhan, M. et al. (2002), “Influence of the shape and position of the preform in the precision forging
of a compressor blade”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 120 Nos 1/3, pp. 80-3.
Zhan, M. et al. (2004), “Deformation characteristic of the precision forging of a blade with a
damper platform using 3D FEM analysis”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 150 No. 3,
pp. 290-9.
Zhan, M. et al. (2004), “Research on precision forging law of complicated blade by using 3D FE
simulation and physical modelling”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 471/472, pp. 839-43.
Zhao, G. et al. (1998), “Preform design of a genetic turbine disk forging process”, J. Mater.
Zhao, G. et al. (1999), “Optimum die shape design in net-shape disk forging process”, Chinese
J. Mech. Eng., Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 81-4.
Zuo, X. et al. (1999), “3D FEM simulation of the cross shaft multi-stage forging processes”,
J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ., Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 192-5.
Rolling. Finite element simulation of rolling

Abbod, M.F. et al. (2002), “Modeling of aluminum rolling using finite elements and gray-box
modeling technique”, paper presented at IEEE Int. Symp. Intelligent Contr., IEEE,
Vancouver, pp. 321-6.
Abo-Elkhier, M. (1997), “Elasto-plastic finite element modelling of strip cold rolling using
Eulerian fixed mesh technique”, Finite Elem. Anal. Design, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 323-34.
Abo-Elkhier, M. (1998), “Thermo-mechanical modelling of hot strip rolling using finite element
technique”, AEJ-Alexandria Eng. J., Vol. 37 No. 5, pp. A271-9.
Abo-Elkhier, M. (2002), “A modified method for lateral spread in thin strip rolling”, J. Mater.
Ai, J. et al. (2004), “3-D thermo-mechanical coupled FEM simulation of continuous hot rolling
process of 60SiMnA spring steel bars and rods”, J. Univ. Sci. Tech. Beijing, Vol. 11 No. 4,
pp. 343-8.
Alsamhan, A. et al. (2003), “The computer simulation of cold-roll-forming using FE methods and
applied real time re-meshing techniques”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 142 No. 1,
pp. 102-11.
EC Anderson, J.G. and Evans, R.W. (1996), “Modelling flow stress evolution during elevated
temperature deformation of two low carbon steels”, Ironmaking Steelmaking, Vol. 23 No. 2,
23,3 pp. 130-5.
Angelov, T. and Nedev, A. (1997), “Finite-element analysis of a hot-rolling problem with
nonlinear friction”, Adv. Eng. Software, Vol. 28 No. 9, pp. 555-61.
Angleys, M. and Gehrke, B. (1998), “New design of EVT table roller mill – development work and
286 operational results”, ZKG Int., Vol. 51 No. 3, pp. 110-9.
Anza, J.J. and Gutierrez, M.A. (1998), “Metal forming simulation. numerical efficiency in rolling
processes – Part I”, Eng. Comput., Vol. 15 No. 8, pp. 1049-72.
Arif, A.F.M. et al. (2004), “Roll deformation and stress distribution under thermo-mechanical
loading in cold rolling”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 147 No. 2, pp. 255-67.
Asakawa, M. et al. (2003), “Experimental and theoretical investigation on tilting in bar and rod
rolling using diamond-square pass and square-oval pass”, J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., Vol. 89
No. 7, pp. 758-64.
Baskiyar, R. (2000), “Finite element analysis of the temperature profile of rolls”, Steel Res., Vol. 71
No. 4, pp. 115-7.
Baskiyar, R. (2004), “Finite element method simulation of the cooling of hot-rolled steel rods”,
Heat Transf. Eng., Vol. 25 No. 8, pp. 94-8.
Bayoumi, L.S. and Byon, S.M. (2004), “Simplified approach for prediction of spread roll load and
torque in grooveless rolling of billets”, Ironmaking Steelmaking., Vol. 31 No. 5, pp. 417-23.
Bech, J.I. et al. (2001), “Analysis of flat rolling of superconducting silver/ceramic composites”,
CIRP Annals – Manufact. Tech., Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 201-4.
Behzadipour, S. et al. (2004), “A new shape change quantification method for estimation of power
in shape rolling”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 148 No. 3, pp. 353-61.
Beynon, J.H. and Krzyzanowski, M. (2003), “Tensile strains ahead of entry into the roll gap”, Steel
Res., Vol. 74 No. 5, pp. 277-84.
Bezas, K. et al. (2004), “Modelling the distortion of long product sections after hot rolling using
finite elements and neural networks”, QRM 2004, Prof. Eng. Publ., Oxford, pp. 201-4.
Biggs, D.L. et al. (1998), “Finite element modelling of camber development during hot rolling of
strip steel”, Ironmaking Steelmaking, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 81-9.
Boman, R. and Ponthot, J.P. (2002), “Numerical simulation of lubricated contact in rolling
processes”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 405-11.
Boman, R. and Ponthot, J.P. (2004), “Finite element simulation of lubricated contact in rolling
using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation”, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng.,
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Bunten, R. et al. (1996), “Development of a FEM-model for the simulation of the transfer of
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Cai, G.W. and Zhong, J. (2003), “Global coupled equations for dynamic analysis of planishing
mill”, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 14-19.
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Cavaliere, M.A. et al. (2001), “Finite element simulation of the steel plates hot rolling process”, Int. Finite element
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modelling
Chandra, S. and Dixit, U.S. (2004), “A rigid-plastic finite element analysis of temper rolling
process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 152 No. 1, pp. 9-16.
Chen, S.P. and Van der Zwaag, S. (2004), “A comparative finite element study of hot rolling and 287
plane strain compression testing of AA1050”, J. Test. Eval., Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 290-7.
Choi, S.H. (2003), “Simulation of stored energy and orientation gradients in cold-rolled interstitial
free steels”, Acta Mater., Vol. 51 No. 6, pp. 1775-88.
Chun, M.S. and Lenard, J.G. (1997), “Hot rolling of an aluminum alloy using oil/water emulsions”,

Counhaye, C. and Chefneux, L. (1998), “Incremental elastoplastic constitutive equations applied
to the analysis of temper rolling and flat rolling”, Rev. Metall., Vol. 95 Nos 7/8, pp. 929-38.
Cremer, A. et al. (1996), “Effects of roll crossing on the rolling process in four-high mills”, Steel
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Dabaon, M.A. et al. (2003), “Experimental and theoretical study of curved rolled and castellated
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Damm, E.B. et al. (2001), “Modeling hot bar rolling to predict surface quality”, Iron Steelmaker,
Vol. 28 No. 10, pp. 29-35.
Das, S. et al. (2001), “Effect of friction on deformation during rolling as revealed by embedded pin
technique”, Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 17 No. 7, pp. 864-73.
Das, S. et al. (2001), “Interfacial modelling of hot rolling: a probabilistic approach”, Proc. Comp.
Model. Mater. Miner. Metals Process., MMMS, San Diego, pp. 613-22.
De Souza Neto, E.A. et al. (1997), “Finite element simulation of the rolling and extrusion of
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Dixit, U.S. and Dixit, P.M. (1997), “Finite element analysis of flat rolling with inclusion of
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Domanti, S.A. and McElwain, D.L.S. (1998), “Cold rolling of flat metal products: contribution of
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Duan, X. and Sheppard, T. (2001), “Prediction of temperature evolution by FEM during
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pp. 525-38.
Duan, X. and Sheppard, T. (2002), “Three dimensional thermal mechanical coupled simulation
during hot rolling of aluminium alloy 3003”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 44 No. 10, pp. 2155-72.
Duan, X. and Sheppard, T. (2004), “The influence of the constitutive equation on the simulation of
a hot rolling process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 150 Nos 1/2, pp. 100-6.
Dvorkin, E.N. et al. (1997), “2D finite element parametric studies of the flat-rolling process”,
EC Dvorkin, E.N. et al. (2003), “Finite element models in the steel industry, Part I: simulation of flat
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23,3
Dyja, H. et al. (1996), “Asymmetry of the roll gap as a factor improving work of the hydraulic
gauge control in the plate rolling mill”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 60 Nos 1/4,
pp. 73-80.
Dyja, H. et al. (1999), “Effect of asymmetrical rolling on distribution of flow rate in bimetallic
288 strip rolling”, Scand. J. Metall., Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 47-52.
Dyja, H. et al. (2002), “Simulation of the deformation of strip between stands during the process of
rolling with a loop”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 706-10.
Fang, G. and Zeng, P. (2003), “3D rigid-plastic finite element analysis for skew rolling process of
the stepped part”, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 19, pp. 38-40.
Fang, G. et al. (2002), “Three-dimensional rigid-plastic finite element simulation for the two-roll
cross-wedge rolling process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 129 Nos 1/3, pp. 245-9.
Fletcher, J.D. and Beynon, J.H. (1996), “Heat transfer conditions in roll gap min hot strip rolling”,
Gadala, M.S. and Wang, J. (2000), “Elasto-plastic finite element simulation of rolling and
compression between wedge-shaped dies”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 97 Nos 1/3,
pp. 132-47.
Guo, L.G. et al. (2004), “Simulation for guide roll in 3D-FE analysis of cold ring rolling”, Mater.
Sci. Forum, Vol. 471/472, pp. 760-4.
Gutierrez, M.A. et al. (1998), “Metal forming simulation. Numerical efficiency in rolling processes
– Part II”, Eng. Comput, Vol. 15 No. 8, pp. 1073-93.
Hacquin, A. et al. (1996), “A steady state thermo-elastoviscoplastic finite element model of rolling
with coupled thermoelastic roll deformation”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 60 Nos 1/4,
pp. 109-17.
Hacquin, A. et al. (1998), “A three-dimensional semi-analytical model of rolling stand deformation
with finite element validation”, Europ. J. Mech., A/Solids, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 79-106.
Han, H. (2005), “Determination of mean flow stress and friction coefficient by the modified
two-specimen method in cold rolling”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 159 No. 3, pp. 401-8.
Hardy, S.J. et al. (2002), “Three-dimensional hot rolling model for prediction of camber
generation”, Ironmaking Steelmaking, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 245-52.
He, A. et al. (2002), “Backup roll contour in finishing trains of hot rolling based on hybrid genetic
algorithm”, J. Univ. Sci. Tech. Beijing, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 233-6.
Hong, S. et al. (2001), “A parametric study on forming length in roll forming”, J. Mater. Process.
Hsiang, S.H. and Li, S.L. (2000), “Analysis of bulging in shape rolling using a combined 3D-FEM
and slab method”, Int. J. Mat. Product. Tech., Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 458-70.
Hsiang, S.H. and Lin, S.L. (2000), “Study of a 3-D FEM combined with the slab method for shape
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hot rolling of rods”, CIRP Annals, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 191-4.
Pauskar, P. et al. (1997), “Microstructure dependent flow stress model for steel rolling”, paper
presented at the 39th Mech. Work. Steel Process. Conf., AIME, IN, pp. 973-82.
Pauskar, P. et al. (1998), “Modeling microstructural evolution and phase transformation in shape
rolling”, paper presented at NAMRX XXVI Conf., SME, Atlanta, pp. 1-6.
Perocheau, F. and Driver, J.H. (1998), “Modeling texture gradients in hot rolled and extruded
aluminium alloys”, Integr. Mater. Process. Product Design, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 121-8.
Perocheau, F. and Driver, J.H. (2000), “Texture gradient simulations for extrusion and reversible
rolling of FCC metals”, Int. J. Plast., Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 73-89.
Phadke, S. et al. (2004), “Computational modeling of phase transformations and mechanical
properties during the cooling of hot rolled rod”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 150
Nos 1/2, pp. 107-15.
Prime, M.B. et al. (1999), “Residual stress measured before and after stress relief in rolled
aluminum plate”, paper presented at ASME Mech. Mater. Conf., pp. 241-2.
Razny, W. et al. (1996), “Influence of some rolling parameters on the residual stresses after
EC Robert, W. et al. (2002), “Texture gradient simulations and measurements in hot rolled and
extruded high strength aluminium alloys”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 396-402, pp. 365-70.
23,3
Roters, F. (2003), “Application of the texture component crystal plasticity FEM to forming
simulation”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 426-432, pp. 3673-8.
Schleinzer, G. and Fischer, F.D. (2001), “Residual stress formation during the roller straightening
of railway rails”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 43 No. 10, pp. 2281-95.
304 Schoenfeld, S.E. and Asaro, R.J. (1996), “Through thickness texture gradients in rolled
polycrystalline alloys”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 38 No. 6, pp. 661-83.
Serajzadeh, S. (2003), “Prediction of temperature distribution and phase transformation on the
run-out table in the process of hot strip rolling”, Appl. Math. Modell., Vol. 27 No. 11,
pp. 861-75.
Serajzadeh, S. (2003), “Prediction of microstructural changes during hot rod rolling”, Int. J. Mach.
Tools Manuf., Vol. 43 No. 14, pp. 1487-95.
Serajzadeh, S. (2004), “Prediction of dynamic recrystallization kinetics during hot rolling”, Model.
Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 12 No. 6, pp. 1185-200.
Serajzadeh, S. et al. (2002), “Modelling the temperature distribution and microstructural changes
during hot rod rolling of a low carbon steel”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126,
pp. 89-96.
Sheppard, T. and Duan, X. (2002), “Modeling of static recrystallisation by combining FEM with
empirical models”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 130/131, pp. 250-3.
Shin, H.J. et al. (2000), “Influence of tension on the development of rolling textures”, Mater. Sci.
Res. Int., Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 161-6.
Singh, R.K. et al. (2002), “Numerical simulation of residual stresses in pressure tube rolled joints
of Indian pressurised heavy water reactor”, paper presented at the 10th Int. Conf. Nucl.
Eng., ICONE 10, ASME, Arlington, pp. 649-56.
Toth, L.S. et al. (1997), “Modeling of rolling texture development in a ferritic chromium steel”,
Vatne, H.E. et al. (2000), “Industrial verification of microstructural models for thermomechanical
processing by application to hot rolling of AA3104”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 331-337,
pp. 551-6.
Vatne, H.E. et al. (2001), “Modelling of full-scale industrial rolling and recrystallization of strips
of alloy 3103”, J. Phys. IV, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 123-30.
Wang, M. et al. (2004), “Hot deformation of austenite and prediction of microstructure evolution
of cross-wedge rolling”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 379 Nos 1/2, pp. 133-40.
Wang, M. et al. (2005), “A coupled thermal-mechanical and microstructural simulation of the
cross wedge rolling process and experimental verification”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 391
Nos 1/2, pp. 305-12.
Wang, Z. et al. (2004), “Study on the residual stress of aluminum alloy by using distortion
measurement”, paper presented at the ICPMT’2004, Suzhou, pp. 705-9.
Wells, M.A. et al. (2003), “Mathematical model of deformation and microstructural evolution
during hot rolling of aluminium alloy 5083”, Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 467-76.
Yanagimoto, J. (2004), “FE-based analysis for the prediction of microstructure evolution in hot
rolling”, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. S47-S58.
Yanagimoto, J. et al. (2000), “FE-based analysis for the microstructure evolution in hot bar
Zhang, H. et al. (2001), “Numerical simulation on microstructural evolution during multipass Finite element
hot-rolling of aluminum alloys”, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 231-4.
modelling
Zhang, X.J. et al. (1996), “Effect of through-thickness strain distribution on the static
recrystallization of hot rolled austenitic stainless steel strip”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 60 Nos 1/4, pp. 615-9.
Zhao, L. and Zhang, Y. (2004), “Computer simulation of residual stress of cold rolling pre-stretch
board”, WCICA 2004, IEEE, pp. 3511-3. 305
Zhou, S. and Schwerdtfeger, K. (2003), “Slow hot rolling in direct linkage with thin slab and strip
continuous casting: effect on the evolution of austenite grain”, Steel Res. Int., Vol. 74 No. 11,
pp. 748-55.
Zhou, Z. et al. (2003), “Numerical analysis of residual stress in hot-rolled steel strip on the run-out
table”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 132 Nos 1/3, pp. 184-97.
Fracture mechanics and contact problems (rolling)

Abe, H. et al. (1998), “Development and strength evaluation of material for thermal striping in
sodium”, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn., Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 192-6.
Benuzzi, D. et al. (2003), “Stress intensity factor range and propagation mode of surface cracks
under rolling-sliding contact”, Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 55-74.
Bordi, V.J. et al. (1998), “A finite element analysis of crack initiation and propagation in a notched
disk submitted to rolling contact fatigue”, J. Tribology, ASME, Vol. 120 No. 3, pp. 436-41.
Chue, C.H. and Chung, H.H. (2000), “Pitting formation under rolling contact”, Theor. Appl. Fract.
Mech., Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 1-9.
Chue, C.H. et al. (2001), “The effects of strain hardened layer on pitting formation during rolling
contact”, Wear, Vol. 249 Nos 1/2, pp. 108-15.
Coelho, L. et al. (2004), “Experimental and numerical rolling contact fatigue study on the
32CrMoV13 steel”, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., Vol. 27 No. 9, pp. 811-23.
Deng, Z. et al. (1999), “Role of tool segments in determining failure characteristics of cross wedge
rolling”, Tech. Paper-Soc. Manuf. Eng., MF99-152, SME, pp. 1-6.
Dong, Y. et al. (2000), “Analysis of interfacial slip in cross-wedge rolling: a numerical and
phenomenological investigation”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 97 Nos 1/3, pp. 44-53.
Dong, Y. et al. (2000), “Analysis of stress in cross wedge rolling with application to failure”, Int.
Eriksson, C. (2004), “Surface cracks in wire rod rolling”, Steel Res. Int., Vol. 75 No. 12, pp. 818-28.
Ervasti, E. and Stahlberg, U. (2000), “Transversal cracks and their behaviour in the hot rolling of
steel slabs”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 101 Nos 1/3, pp. 312-21.
Fujii, M. et al. (2004), “Rolling contact fatigue of alumina ceramics sprayed roller”, Trans. Jpn.
Soc. Mech. Eng., Ser C, Vol. 70 No. 11, pp. 3331-8.
Fujii, Y. and Maeda, K. (2002), “Flaking failure in rolling contact fatigue caused by indentations
on mating surface (III) – Mechanism of crack growth”, Wear, Vol. 252 Nos 9/10, pp. 811-23.
Ghosh, S. et al. (2004), “A computational and experimental study of cold rolling of aluminum
alloys with edge cracking”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 126 No. 1, pp. 74-82.
Glodez, S. et al. (1998), “Simulation of surface pitting due to contact loading”, Int. J. Num. Meth.
Eng., Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 33-50.
Hadfield, M. (1998), “Failure of silicon nitride rolling elements with ring crack defects”, Ceramics
Int., Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 379-86.
EC Howell, M.B. et al. (2004), “The effect of dent size on the pressure distribution and failure location
in dry point frictionless rolling contacts”, J. Tribology, ASME, Vol. 126 No. 3, pp. 413-21.
23,3
Jiang, Z.Y. et al. (2002), “Modeling of friction variation in slab edging with a finite element
approach”, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 233-236, pp. 431-6.
Ju, S.H. and Cha, K.C. (1999), “Evaluating stress intensity factors of a surface crack in lubricated
rolling contacts”, Int. J. Fracture, Vol. 96 No. 1, pp. 1-15.
306 Kabo, E. (2002), “Material defects in rolling contact fatigue-influence of overloads and defect
clusters”, Int. J. Fatigue, Vol. 24 No. 8, pp. 887-94.
Kim, D.H. et al. (2003), “Prediction of the wear profile of a roll groove in rod rolling using an
incremental form of wear model”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part B, Vol. 217 No. 1, pp. 111-26.
Kojima, Y. (2002), “Numerical analysis of viscous lubricating oil penetrating into a

three-dimensional rolling contact fatigue crack”, JSME Int. J. Ser A, Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 184-9.
Kong, L.X. and Hodgson, P.D. (2002), “Prediction of hot strength of steels with advanced models”,
Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 233-236, pp. 743-8.
Krzyzanowski, M. and Beynon, J.H. (1999), “Finite element model of steel oxide failure during
tensile testing under hot rolling conditions”, Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 15 No. 10, pp. 1191-8.
Krzyzanowski, M. and Beynon, J.H. (1999), “Tensile failure of mild steel oxides under hot rolling
conditions”, Steel Res., Vol. 70 No. 1, pp. 22-7.
Krzyzanowski, M. and Beynon, J.H. (2002), “Measurement of oxide properties for numerical
evaluation of their failure under hot rolling conditions”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 125/126, pp. 398-404.
Krzyzanowski, M. et al. (2000), “Analysis of secondary oxide-scale failure at entry into the roll
gap”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 1483-90.
Kunc, R. and Prebil, I. (2004), “Numerical determination of carrying capacity of large rolling
bearings”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 155/156, pp. 1696-703.
Kunc, R. et al. (2001), “Determination of damage material properties for the calculation of large
rolling bearing carrying capacity”, paper presented at Int. Conf. Comput. Meth. Exper.
Measur., WIT Press, Southampton, pp. 321-31.
Le, H.R. and Sutcliffe, M.P.F. (2004), “The effect of surface deformation on lubrication and
oxide-scale fracture in cold metal rolling”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 919-28.
Li, C.S. et al. (2002), “FEM analysis of stress on roll surface black oxide layers exfoliation in hot
Li, Q. and Lovell, M.R. (2004), “The establishment of a failure criterion in cross wedge rolling”,
Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., Vol. 24 Nos 3/4, pp. 180-9.
Lin, Z.C. and Lee, S.Y. (1997), “An investigation of contact problem between strip and work roll
with a smooth straight surface during cold rolling”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 39 No. 12,
pp. 1385-404.
Liu, W. et al. (1996), “Preventing weld hot cracking by synchronous rolling during welding”,
Weld. J., Vol. 75 No. 9, pp. 297-304.
Lovell, M.R. (2001), “Evaluation of critical interfacial friction in cross wedge rolling”, J. Tribology,
ASME, Vol. 123 No. 2, pp. 424-9.
Mahrenholtz, O. et al. (1997), “Influence of friction and geometry on plastic spread”, Mech. Res.
Commun., Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 351-8.
McDowell, D.L. (1997), “Approximate algorithm for elastic-plastic 2D rolling-sliding contact”,
Wear, Vol. 211 No. 2, pp. 237-46.
Melander, A. (1997), “A finite element study of short cracks with different inclusion types under Finite element
rolling contact fatigue load”, Int. J. Fatigue, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 13-24.
modelling
Melander, A. (1998), “Simulation of the behavior of short cracks at inclusions under rolling
contact fatigue loading-specially the effect of plasticity”, ASTM Spec. Publ., Vol. 1327,
pp. 70-86.
Melander, A. (1999), “Effects of hoop and residual stresses on the critical size of inclusions under
rolling contact fatigue conditions”, Fatigue ’99, Higher Educat. Press, Beijing, pp. 2615-20. 307
Miyashita, Y. et al. (2003), “Subsurface crack propagation in rolling contact fatigue of sintered
alloy”, JSME Int. J. Ser A, Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 341-7.
Mo, A. et al. (1997), “Modelling of surface segregation development during DC casting of rolling
slab ingots”, paper presented at the 126th TMS Ann. Meet., Light Metals, Orlando, FL,
pp. 667-74.
Moir, S. and Preston, J. (2002), “Surface defects-evolution and behaviour from cast slab to coated
strip”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 720-4.
Munther, P.A. and Lenard, J.G. (1997), “Study of friction during hot rolling of steels”, Scand.
J. Metall., Vol. 26 No. 6, pp. 231-40.
Munther, P.A. and Lenard, J.G. (1999), “Effect of scaling on interfacial friction in hot rolling of
steels”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 88 No. 1, pp. 105-13.
Nelias, D. (2003), “A new methodology to evaluate the rolling contact fatigue performances of
bearing steels with surface dents – application to 32CrMoV13 and M50 steels”, paper
presented at STLE/ASME Joint Int. Tribol. Conf., pp. 133-40.
Niang, F. and Montmitonnet, P. (1998), “Numerical model for bond strength prediction of a cold
rolled bimetal plate”, Rev. Metall., Vol. 95 No. 2, pp. 209-18.
Pesin, A. et al. (2002), “Mathematical modelling of the stress-strain state in asymmetric flattening
of metal band”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 689-94.
Qu, Z. et al. (2004), “To frame safe application with defects of vertical double-surface penetrating
cracks”, Progr. Safety Sci. Tech., Shanghai, Vol. 4, pp. 1033-8.
Rathore, S.K. and Kishore, N.N. (1998), “Finite element analysis of rolling contact problems using
minimum dissipation of energy principle”, J. Appl. Mech., ASME, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 271-3.
Schaal, R. et al. (2003), “The influence of fillet rolling on fatigue strength – experiment and
calculation”, Comput. Exper. Meth. VII, WIT Press, Southampton, pp. 205-12.
Sraml, M. et al. (2003), “Numerical procedure for predicting the rolling contact fatigue crack
initiation”, Int. J. Fatigue, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 585-95.
Stahlberg, U. and Ervasti, E. (1999), “Behaviour of longitudinal surface cracks in the hot rolling
of steel slabs”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 94 Nos 2/3, pp. 141-50.
Tan, K.S. et al. (2001), “Effect of steel composition on failure of oxide scales in tension under hot
rolling conditions”, Steel Res., Vol. 72 No. 7, pp. 250-8.
Tasgetiren, S. and Aslantas, K. (2003), “A numerical study of the behaviour of surface cracks
under dry-sliding conditions”, Mater. Design, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 273-9.
Uchino, T. et al. (2004), “Analysis on crack propagation property of high speed steel type white
cast iron roll in hot strip rolling”, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng., Ser A, Vol. 70 No. 6,
pp. 858-64.
EC Varney, B.E. and Farris, T.N. (1997), “Mechanics of roller straightening”, paper presented at the
39th Mech. Work. Steel Process. Conf., AIME, IN, pp. 1111-21.
23,3 Vergani, L. and Guagliano, M. (2003), “Prediction of the propagation of an internal crack under
rolling contact loads by a weight function approach”, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 251/252,
pp. 473-83.
Wang, J. et al. (2004), “Heat analysis on strip mill workroll bearing chock by 3D finite element
308 method”, paper presented at the ICPMT’2004, Suzhou, pp. 809-13.
Wu, S.J. et al. (2005), “Modeling the ductile-brittle transition behavior in thermomechanically
controlled rolled steels”, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 989-97.
Yamaguchi, H. et al. (1996), “Improvement of seam-defects on strip edge of stainless steel”, J. Iron
Steel Inst. Jpn., Vol. 82 No. 1, pp. 58-62.
Yoneyama, S. et al. (1997), “Photoviscoelastic stress and strain analysis around a surface groove
under rolling contact load”, JSME Int. J. Ser A, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 44-50.
Yoshida, A. et al. (2001), “Fatigue life assessment of surface hardened sintered roller under
sliding rolling contact condition”, paper presented at the ICMT 2001, Chongqing, pp. 472-7.
Specific products (rolling)

Achmus, C. et al. (1997), “FEM simulation of crankshaft fillet rolling”, Konstruktion, Vol. 49
No. 10, pp. 31-4.
Baik, S.C. et al. (1999), “Analysis of heat transfer in hot rolled coils for optimum condition of
forced cooling”, Metals Mater., Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 369-75.
Bartnicki, J. and Pater, Z. (2004), “The aspects of stability in cross-wedge rolling processes of
hollowed shafts”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 155/156, pp. 1867-73.
Basu, J. et al. (2004), “Rail behaviour during cooling after hot rolling”, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des.,
Vol. 39 No. 1, pp. 15-24.
Boyadjiev, I. et al. (1997), “A comparison of two procedures for computation of the thermal
stresses in hot rolled beams”, Steel Res., Vol. 68 No. 8, pp. 359-63.
Brunet, M. et al. (1996), “Computer aided design of roll-forming of channel sections”, J. Mater.
Carlsson, B. (1998), “Contact pressure distribution in flat rolling of wire”, J. Mater. Process.
Carlsson, B. and Lagergren, J. (1996), “Deformation of drawn wire in flat rolling”, paper presented
at the 3rd Bienn. Joint Conf. Eng. Syst. Des. Anal., ASME, PD,Vol. 75, pp. 175-80.
Chung, D.T. and Shin, K.H. (2004), “Transient wrinkling analysis of steel web rolling”, paper
presented at IEEE Ind. Appl. Conf., Seattle, pp. 886-90.
Chung, K.F. and Ip, K.H. (2000), “Finite element modeling of bolted connections between
cold-formed steel strips and hot rolled steel plates under static shear loading”, Eng. Struct.,
Vol. 22 No. 10, pp. 1271-84.
Dabaon, M.A. et al. (2003), “Experimental and theoretical study of curved rolled and castellated
composite beams”, AEJ-Alexandria Eng. J., Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 219-30.
Davey, K. and Ward, M.J. (2000), “An efficient solution method for finite element ring-rolling
simulation”, Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., Vol. 47 No. 12, pp. 1997-2018.
Davey, K. and Ward, M.J. (2002), “A practical method for finite element ring rolling simulation
using the ALE flow formulation”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 165-90.
Davey, K. and Ward, M.J. (2002), “The practicalities of ring rolling simulation for profiled rings”,
Davey, K. and Ward, M.J. (2003), “An ALE approach for finite element ring-rolling simulation of Finite element
profiled rings”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 139 Nos 1/3, pp. 559-66.
modelling
Davey, K. et al. (2001), “Efficient strategies for the simulation of railway wheel forming”, J. Mater.
De Souza, U. et al. (2003), “Profile ring rolling”, Adv. Mater. Proc., Vol. 161 No. 5, pp. 35-7.
Domblesky, J.P. and Feng, F. (2000), “Finite element modeling of external thread rolling”, paper
presented at Wire Cable Tech. Symp., WCTS, Nashville, TN, pp. 24-31. 309
Domblesky, J.P. and Feng, F. (2001), “Finite element modeling of external thread rolling”, Wire
Industry, Vol. 68 No. 814, pp. 110-5.
Domblesky, J.P. and Feng, F. (2002), “A parametric study of process parameters in external
thread rolling”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 121 Nos 2/3, pp. 341-9.
Domblesky, J.P. and Feng, F. (2002), “Two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element
models of external thread rolling”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part B, Vol. 216 No. 4, pp. 507-17.
Dotson, J.L. et al. (2001), “Experimental investigation of external thread rolling”, paper presented
at Wire Cable Tech. Symp., Atlanta, pp. 90-5.
Dyja, H. et al. (2002), “Theoretical and experimental analysis of stress and temperature
distributions during the process of rolling bimetallic rods”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 125/126, pp. 731-5.
Dyja, H. et al. (2004), “Theoretical and experimental analysis of the rolling process of bimetallic
rods Cu-Steel and Cu-Al”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 153/154, pp. 100-7.
Dyja, H. et al. (2004), “3D FEM modelling and its experimental verification of the rolling of
reinforcement rod”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 153/154, pp. 115-21.
Fazil, M.A. and Kostem, C.N. (1996), “Finite element modeling of deep rolled wide flange beam
subject to localized edge loading – a case study”, Comput. Civil Eng. 1996, New York, NY,
pp. 874-80.
Forouzan, M.R. et al. (2003), “Guide roll simulation in FE analysis or ring rolling”, J. Mater.
Forouzan, M.R. et al. (2003), “Three-dimensional FE analysis of ring rolling by employing
thermal spokes method”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 45 No. 12, pp. 1975-98.
Glowacki, M. (1996), “Simulation of rail rolling using the generalized plane-strain finite element
approach”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 62 Nos 1/3, pp. 229-34.
Glowacki, M. (1998), “Computer modelling of thermal-mechanical treatment of rails during
rolling and final cooling”, paper presented at the 4th World Cong. Comput. Mech., Buenos
Aires, p. 1111.
Glowacki, M. and Dyja, H. (1998), “Experimental validation of a generalised plane strain FEM
model of rolling of bimetallic rods”, paper presented at the 4th World Cong. Comput.
Mech., Buenos Aires, p. 1112.
Gunasekera, J.S. and Belinski, R.A. (2000), “Investigation of the pinch and roll process of
compressor airfoil manufacture”, CIRP Annals – Manufact. Tech., Vol. 49 No. 1, pp. 181-4.
Huez, J. et al. (2001), “Three-dimensional finite element simulation of hot ring rolling”, paper
presented at Int. Symp. Superalloys Varia. Deriv., MMMS, Pittsburgh, pp. 249-58.
Iankov, R. (2003), “Finite element simulation of profile rolling of wire”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 142 No. 2, pp. 355-61.
Jiang, Z.Y. and Yieu, A.K. (2000), “3-D finite element modelling of ribbed strip rolling”, Int.
EC Jiang, Z.Y. et al. (2000), “Analysis of ribbed-strip rolling by rigid-viscoplastic FEM”, Int. J. Mech.
Sci., Vol. 42 No. 4, pp. 693-703.
23,3
Jiang, Z.Y. et al. (2002), “Thermo-mechanical analysis of ribbed strip rolling by a
three-dimensional rigid-visco-plastic FEM”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 130/131,
pp. 189-94.
Jiang, Z.Y. et al. (2004), “Three-dimensional thermo-mechanical finite element simulation of
310 ribbed strip rolling with friction variation”, Finite Elem. Anal. Design, Vol. 40 Nos 9/10,
pp. 1139-55.
Joun, M.S. et al. (1998), “Axisymmetric forging approach to preform design in ring rolling using a
rigid-viscoplastic finite element method”, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., Vol. 38 No. 10,
pp. 1183-91.
Kang, Y. et al. (2003), “Metal deformation in skew rolling step-shaft”, J. Univ. Sci. Tech. Beijing,
Vol. 10 No. 5, pp. 59-63.
Keife, H. et al. (2002), “Foil rolling: a new interpretation of experimental results”, J. Mater.
Kim, N. et al. (2003), “Prediction and design of edge shape of initial strip for thick tube roll
forming using finite element method”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 142 No. 2, pp. 479-86.
Kopp, R. and Van Putten, K. (2003), “Design and production of thin and small micro strip”, Steel
Res., Vol. 74 No. 5, pp. 285-92.
Kushida, H. et al. (2000), “Sizing mill rolling technology for close-tolerance wire rod”, R and D:
Res. Dev. Kobe Steel Eng. Rep., Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 25-8.
Kushida, H. (2002), “Sizing mill rolling technology for closed-tolerance wire rod”, Kobelco Tech.
Rev., No. 25, pp. 21-4.
Li, B. (1997), “Compared numerical and experimental studies of angle steel production process”,
paper presented at the 39th Mech. Work. Steel Process. Conf., AIME, IN, pp. 705-19.
Li, C.S. et al. (2002), “Simulation on temperature field of 50CrV4 automobile gear bar steel in
continuous rolling by FEM”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 120 Nos 1/3, pp. 26-9.
Li, D. et al. (1997), “Dynamic characteristic design of large rolling drum type hydroextractor”,
J. Tsinghua University, Vol. 37 No. 8, pp. 5-8.
Lim, J.B.P. and Nethercot, D.A. (2002), “Design and development of a general cold-formed steel
portal framing system”, Foundryman, Vol. 95 No. 11, pp. 31-40.
Malinowski, Z. et al. (2004), “Finite element model for efficient simulation of ring rolling”, Mater.
Sci. Tech., AISTECH, Vol. 2, pp. 397-401.
Martin, J.A. (1998), “Fundamental finite element evaluation of a three dimensional rolled thread
form: modelling and experimental results”, paper presented at ASME/JSME Joint Press.
Vess. Piping Conf., PVP 373, ASME, pp. 457-67.
Montecinos, R.J. and Arauco, E.S. (1999), “An investigation into the rolling process of copper
tubes”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 95 Nos 1/3, pp. 139-44.
Mori, K.I. and Oketani, N. (1999), “Prediction of coiling conditions of plate in coilbox by
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Raj, K.H. et al. (2000), “Optimization of hot extrusion using single objective neuro stochastic
search technique”, paper presented at IEEE Int. Conf. Industr. Technol., IEEE, Goa,
pp. 666-71.
Rajasekaran, S. and David, V. (2003), “Prediction of parameters for hot extrusion of steel using
functional network”, J. Inst. Eng. (India) Part MM, Vol. 84, pp. 59-63.
Reyes, A. et al. (2004), “Aluminum foam-filled extrusions subjected to oblique loading:
experimental and numerical study”, Int. J. Solids Struct., Vol. 41 Nos 5/6, pp. 1645-75.
Rong, H. and Inoue, K. (1998), “Die designs for wide-thin shape extrusion”, R & D: Res. Devel.
Kobe Steel Eng., Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 72-5.
Rosochowski, A. and Olejnik, L. (2002), “Numerical and physical modelling of plastic
deformation in 2-turn equal channel angular extrusion”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 125/126, pp. 309-16.
Rosochowski, A. et al. (2000), “Finite element simulation of cyclic extrusion compression”, paper
presented at the 8th Int. Conf. Metal Form, pp. 253-9.
Salimi, M. (2002), “Strain distributions in plane strain deformation through wedge-shaped dies”,
Sauerborn, M. and McQueen, H.J. (1999), “Extrusion modeling of AZ31”, Light Metals, 1999,
pp. 549-62.
Schwartz, C.A. and Berg, J.M. (1998), “Neural network feedback control of an extrusion”, IEEE
Trans. Contr. Syst. Tech., Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 180-7.
Semiatin, S.L. and DeLo, D.P. (2000), “Equal channel angular extrusion of difficult-to-work
alloys”, Mater. Design, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 311-22.
Sheppard, T. (1999), “Temperature change occurring during extrusion of metals: comparison of
bulk, numerical, and integral profile predictions with experimental data”, Mater. Sci.
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Sheppard, T. and Duan, X. (2003), “Formation of extrudate surface”, paper presented at the TMS Finite element
Ann. Meet., San Diego, p. 289.
modelling
Sheppard, T. et al. (1998), “Material flow and pressure prediction when extruding through bridge
dies”, Z. Metallkd., Vol. 89 No. 5, pp. 327-37.
Shiomi, M. et al. (2003), “Forming of aluminium alloy at temperatures just below melting point”,
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Sienz, J. et al. (1998), “Optimisation of PVC window profile extrusion dies”, paper presented at the
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Sienz, J. et al. (1999), “Computer aided design of profile extrusion dies”, in Papadrakakis, M. (Ed.),
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Sofuoglu, H. and Gedikli, H. (2004), “Physical and numerical analysis of three dimensional
extrusion process”, Comput. Mater. Sci., Vol. 31 Nos 1/2, pp. 113-24.
Srinivasan, R. (2001), “Computer simulation of the equichannel angular extrusion (ECAE)
process”, Scrip. Mater., Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 91-6.
Ulysse, P. (1999), “Optimal extrusion die design to achieve flow balance”, Int. J. Mach. Tools
Manuf., Vol. 39 No. 7, pp. 1047-64.
Ulysse, P. (2002), “Extrusion die design for flow balance using FE and optimization methods”,
Ulysse, P. and Johnson, R.E. (1998), “Study of the effect of the process variables in unsymmetrical
single-hole and multi-hole extrusion processes”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 73 Nos 1/3,
pp. 213-25.
Uyyuru, R.K. (2003), “Engineering the friction and forming mechanics in cold aluminium
forming: use of modeling techniques”, PhD thesis, Norges Teknisk-Natur University.
Valberg, H. et al. (2000), “Extension of the end-face of the slug over the punch in backward
impact extrusion of aluminium alloys”, Int. J. Mat. Product. Tech., Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 535-53.
Van Rens, B.J. et al. (1999), “Accurate modeling of friction and the prediction of product shape in
the 3D analysis of aluminum extrusion”, paper presented at the 5th US Nat. Cong. Comput.
Mech., Boulder, CO, pp. 380-1.
Van Rens, B.J.E. et al. (1998), “Three dimensional finite element analysis of aluminum extrusion”,
in Topping, B.H.V. (Ed.), Adv. Comp. Mech. High Perf. Comp., Civil-Comp, Stirling,
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Van Rens, B.J.E. et al. (2002), “Modelling friction near sharp edges using a Eulerian reference
frame: application to aluminium extrusion”, Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng., Vol. 54 No. 3,
pp. 453-71.
Velay, X. et al. (2003), “Prediction of material flow pattern in the hot extrusion of aluminium
alloys by the finite element method”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 426-432 No. 5, pp. 3807-12.
Verderber, R.R. (2001), “Automatic repetitive remapping applied to the solution of indirect
extrusion”, paper presented at Vess. Piping Conf., PVP, ASME, Vol. 432, pp. 153-61.
Wanheim, T. et al. (1997), “Extrusion die for in-process compensation of component-errors due to
die elasticity”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 72 No. 2, pp. 177-82.
Wifi, A.S. et al. (1998), “Optimum-curved die profile for the hot forward rod extrusion process”,
Wu, C.Y. and Hsu, Y.C. (2002), “Optimal shape design of an extrusion die using polynomial
networks and genetic algorithms”, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 79-87.
EC Yan, H. et al. (2004), “Mathematical model of determination of die bearing length in design of
aluminum profile extrusion die”, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 890-5.
23,3
Yang, Y.L. and Lee, S. (2003), “Finite element analysis of strain conditions after equal channel
angular extrusion”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 140 Nos 1/3, pp. 583-7.
Yeo, H.T. et al. (2001), “Analysis and design of the prestressed cold extrusion die”, Int. J. Adv.
Manuf. Tech., Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 54-61.
320 You, L.H. et al. (2004), “Single-patch surfaces for tool shape design and finite element analysis of
hot extrusion”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 150 Nos 1/2, pp. 62-9.
Zhang, Z.H. et al. (2001), “Numerical simulation of extrusion pressure in the process of
hydrostatic extrusion”, J. Beijing Inst. Technol., Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 63-8.
Zhou, J. et al. (2003), “3D FEM simulation of the whole cycle of aluminium extrusion throughout
the transient state and the steady state using the updated Lagrangian approach”, J. Mater.
Zhou, J. et al. (2004), “Computer simulated and experimentally verified isothermal extrusion of
7075 aluminium through continuous ram speed variation”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 146 No. 2, pp. 203-12.
Zuyan, L. et al. (2000), “Finite element simulation of a new deformation type occurring in
changing-channel extrusion”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 102 Nos 1/3, pp. 30-2.
Material and mechanical properties (extrusion)

Abah, L. et al. (1998), “Effects of cutouts on static and dynamic behaviour of square aluminum
extrusions”, paper presented at the 5th Int Conf. Struct. Shock Impact, Thessaloniki,
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Arentoft, M. et al. (1998), “Influence of the constitutive behaviour of materials on the formability
in radial extrusion of tubular components”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 75 Nos 1/3,
pp. 122-6.
Chandrasekaran, M. and John, Y.M.S. (2004), “Effect of materials and temperature on the forward
extrusion of magnesium alloys”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 381 Nos 1/2, pp. 308-19.
Fjeldly, A. and Roven, H.J. (1997), “Phenomenological modeling of the mechanical anisotropy in
AlZnMg extruded profiles”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 234-236, pp. 606-9.
Fjeldly, A. et al. (1998), “Shear deformation properties of extruded AlZnMg alloys”, Scrip. Mater.,
Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 709-14.
Hambli, R. (2002), “Influence of material properties variation on damage evolution during
extrusion processes”, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., Vol. 20 No. 9, pp. 676-82.
Herba, E.M. and McQueen, H.J. (2004), “Influence of particulate reinforcements on 6061 materials
in extrusion modelling”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 372 Nos 1/2, pp. 1-14.
Ilstad, H. et al. (1996), “On anisotropic yield criteria for aluminium alloys”, paper presented at the
9th Nordic Seminar Comput. Mech., Lyngby, pp. 51-4.
Jensen, O. et al. (2002), “Transition between progressive and global buckling of aluminium
extrusions”, Struct. Shock Impact VII, WIT Press, Southampton, pp. 269-77.
Kim, H. et al. (1996), “Prediction of hardness distribution in cold backward extruded cups”,
Lapovok, R.Y. et al. (2004), “Construction of extrusion limit diagram for AZ31 magnesium alloy
by FE simulation”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 146 No. 3, pp. 408-14.
Lee, J.W. et al. (2003), “Determination of forming limit of a structural aluminum tube in rubber
pad bending”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 140 Nos 1/3, pp. 487-93.
Lee, Y.S. and Hahm, S.Y. (1997), “Mechanical property changes in drawing/extrusion of Finite element
hardening viscoplastic materials with damage”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 565-73.
modelling
Long, H. and Balendra, R. (1998), “FE simulation of the influence of thermal and elastic effects on
the accuracy of cold-extruded components”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 84 Nos 1/3,
pp. 247-60.
Mennink, J. (2002), “Cross-sectional stability of aluminium extrusions: prediction of the actual
local buckling behaviour”, PhD thesis, Eindhoven. 321
Qin, Y. and Balendra, R. (1997), “FE simulation of the influence of die-elasticity on component
dimensions in forward extrusion”, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 183-92.
Semiatin, S.L. et al. (2000), “The effect of material properties and tooling design on deformation
and fracture during equal channel angular extrusion”, Acta Mater., Vol. 48 No. 8,
pp. 1841-51.
Shiomi, M. et al. (2003), “Forming of aluminium alloy at temperatures just below melting point”,
Shivpuri, R. et al. (1999), “Formability issues in the cold extrusion of rolled rod”, paper presented
at the 41st Mech. Work. Steel Process. Conf., Vol. 37, ISS, pp. 665-75.
Turenne, S. et al. (1999), “Mechanical behavior of aluminum matrix composites during extrusion
in the semisolid state”, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 1137-46.
Microstructural evolution and residual stresses (extrusion)

Aukrust, T. et al. (1997), “Coupled FEM and texture modelling of plane strain extrusion of an
aluminium alloy”, Int. J. Plast., Vol. 13 Nos 1/2, pp. 111-25.
Beyerlein, I.J. et al. (2004), “Heterogeneity in texture development in single pass equal channel
angular extrusion”, Ultrafine Grain Mater. III, Charlotte, MMMS, pp. 185-92.
Beyerlein, I.J. et al. (2004), “Interactions between microstructure and texture evolution in the early
stages of ECAE”, JOM, Vol. 56 No. 11, p. 216.
Bruno, G. et al. (2002), “Residual stress analysis in aerospace MMC materials by neutron
diffraction”, Appl. Physics A, Vol. 74, pp. 1701-3.
Cho, H. (2001), “Interrelation of extrudability and microstructure in medium strength A7xxx
alloy”, Int. J. Mat. Product. Tech., Vol. 2 (Spec.), pp. 580-5.
Crespo, P.A.G. et al. (2004), “Processing and FEM simulation of A 5083 aluminium alloy at room
temperature”, Ultrafine Grained Mater. III, Charlotte, MMMS, pp. 199-204.
Dehghani, M.M. and Gunasekera, J.S. (1996), “Residual stresses in bi-metallic co-extruded
products”, paper presented at the 3rd Bienn. Joint Conf. Eng. Syst. Des. Anal., PD ASME,
Vol. 75, pp. 159-68.
Driver, J. et al. (2000), “Modelling hot deformation and textures of aluminium alloys”, Mater. Sci.
Forum, Vol. 331-337, pp. 43-56.
Duan, X. and Sheppard, T. (2003), “Simulation and control of microstructure evolution during hot
extrusion of hard aluminium alloys”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 351 Nos 1/2, pp. 282-92.
Duan, X. and Sheppard, T. (2003), “The influence of die shape on the behavior of surface
recrystallisation”, paper presented at the TMS Ann. Meet., San Diego, pp. 99-108.
Fragomeni, J.M. and Pochampally, S. (2004), “Effect of extrusion processing deformation and
heat treating on the plastic flow, microstructure, and mechanical behavior of an aluminum
alloy”, Comp. Assist. Mech. Eng. Sci., Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 77-98.
Genzel, C. et al. (1996), “Neutron and X-ray residual stress analysis of steel parts produced by
cold forward extrusion and tube drawing”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 205 Nos 1/2, pp. 79-90.
EC Holmedal, B. et al. (2002), “Modelling the evolution of microstructure and properties during
deformation of aluminium”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 396-402, pp. 315-26.
23,3 Huang, G.C. and Wertheimer, T. (1999), “Finite element simulation of grain size change during
dynamic recrystallization”, paper presented at the 5th US Nat. Cong. Comput. Mech.,
Boulder, CO, p. 412.
Kim, Y.I. et al. (2001), “Analysis of the milli-forming of single-crystal and poly-crystal bar”,
322 J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 113 Nos 1/3, pp. 70-4.
Kowalsky, U. and Ahrens, H. (1997), “FE-analysis of the recipient of an extrusion press applying
microstructure-related material models”, Computers Struct., Vol. 64 Nos 1/4, pp. 655-65.
Kuijpers, N.C.W. et al. (2003), “A model of the beta-AlFeSi to alpha-Al(FeMn)Si transformation in
Al-Mg-Si alloys”, Mater. Trans. JIM, Vol. 44 No. 7, pp. 1448-56.
Lee, S.K. et al. (2000), “Optimal die profile design for uniform microstructure in hot extruded
product”, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., Vol. 40 No. 10, pp. 1457-78.
Lee, Y.S. et al. (2002), “Finite element analysis for the milli-forming of crystalline materials with
damage”, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 233-236, pp. 365-70.
Li, S. et al. (2004), “Heterogeneity of deformation texture in equal channel angular extrusion of
copper”, Acta Mater., Vol. 52 No. 16, pp. 4859-75.
Li, S. et al. (2004), “A crystal plasticity finite element analysis of texture evolution in equal
channel angular extrusion”, JOM, Vol. 56 No. 11, pp. 221-2.
Li, S. et al. (2005), “Texture formation during equal channel angular extrusion of fcc and bcc
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Liu, J. et al. (1998), “Prediction of microstructure evolution during hot expanding extrusion
forming of restraining rings”, Chinese J. Mech. Eng., Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 141-51.
Liu, T.Y. et al. (2002), “The influence of processing and microstructural parameters on the
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McQueen, H.J. and Konopleva, E.V. (2002), “Extrusion modeling of solute, eutectic and
precipitation Al alloys”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 396-402, pp. 387-92.
Marthinsen, K. et al. (2003), “Coupled FEM and microstructure modeling applied to rolling and
extrusion of aluminium alloys”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 426-432, pp. 3777-82.
Peng, Z. and Sheppard, T. (2004), “Individual influence of forming parameters on surface
recrystallization during aluminium extrusion”, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 12
No. 1, pp. 43-57.
Peng, Z. and Sheppard, T. (2004), “Prediction of static recrystallization after extrusion of shaped
aluminium sections”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 467-470, pp. 407-20.
Perocheau, F. and Driver, J.H. (1998), “Modeling texture gradients in hot rolled and extruded
aluminium alloys”, Integr. Mater. Process. Product Design, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 121-8.
Perocheau, F. and Driver, J.H. (2000), “Texture gradient simulations for extrusion and reversible
rolling of FCC metals”, Int. J. Plast., Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 73-89.
Perocheau, F. et al. (1998), “Viscoplastic simulation of texture evolution during extrusion of an
aluminum alloy”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 273-275, pp. 377-82.
Robert, W. et al. (2002), “Texture gradient simulations and measurements in hot rolled and
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Toth, L.S. (2003), “Texture evolution in severe plastic deformation by equal channel angular
extrusion”, Adv. Eng. Mater., Vol. 5 No. 5, pp. 308-16.
Toth, L.S. et al. (2004), “Analysis of texture evolution in equal channel angular extrusion of
copper using a new flow field”, Acta Mater., Vol. 52 No. 7, pp. 1885-98.
Wang, P.T. et al. (2003), “Formation of surface recrystallization of Al-Mg-Si alloy during Finite element
extrusion”, Metall. Model. Alumin. Alloys, Pittsburgh, ASM Int., pp. 199-208.
modelling
Fracture mechanics and contact problems (extrusion)
Ahn, S.H. et al. (1997), “Study on the prediction of fatigue life in an axi-symmetric extrusion die”,
Barcellona, A. (1996), “Validation of frictional studies by double-cup extrusion tests in cold 323
forming”, CIRP Annals, Vol. 45, pp. 211-4.
Domanti, A.T.J. et al. (2002), “An investigation of fracture criteria for predicting surface fracture
in paste extrusion”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 44 No. 7, pp. 1381-410.
Donati, L. (2004), “Use of FEM in optimizing the strength of extrusion welds and surface quality
of aluminum profiles for automotive structures”, Light Metal Age, Vol. 62 Nos 5/6,
pp. 12-17.
Duan, X. et al. (2004), “Application of finite element method in the hot extrusion of aluminium
alloys”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 369 Nos 1/2, pp. 66-75.
Flitta, I. and Sheppard, T. (2003), “Nature of friction in extrusion process and its effect on
material flow”, Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 19 No. 7, pp. 837-46.
Hambli, R. (2002), “Influence of material properties variation on damage evolution during
extrusion processes”, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Tech., Vol. 20 No. 9, pp. 676-82.
Hambli, R. and Badie-Levet, D. (2000), “Damage and fracture simulation during the extrusion
processes”, Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., Vol. 186 No. 1, pp. 109-20.
Hanssen, A.G. et al. (1998), “Crushing of square aluminum extrusions with aluminum foam
filler-numerical analysis”, paper presented at Int. Conf. Struct. Shock Impact, SUSI, CMP,
pp. 143-52.
Hooputra, H. et al. (2004), “A comprehensive failure model for crashworthiness simulation of
aluminium extrusions”, Int. J. Crashworth., Vol. 9 No. 5, pp. 449-64.
Hsu, T.C. and Huang, C.C. (2003), “The friction modeling of different tribological interfaces in
extrusion process”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 140 Nos 1/3, pp. 49-53.
Hsu, T.C. et al. (2000), “Mixed lubrication model for computer simulation of extrusion processes”,
Tribology Trans., Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 781-7.
Im, Y.T. et al. (2003), “Finite element investigation of friction condition in a backward extrusion
of aluminum alloy”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 125 No. 2, pp. 378-83.
Im, Y.T. et al. (2003), “Finite element investigation of tip test with an aluminum alloy”, JSME Int.
J. Ser A, Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 224-9.
Im, Y.T. et al. (2004), “Finite element simulation of tip test with an aluminum alloy”, J. Mater.
Jo, S.H. et al. (2005), “Rigid-plastic finite element analysis applied frictional contact problem in the
composite rod extrusion process”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 475-479, pp. 3239-42.
Kang, C.G. and Kwon, H.C. (2002), “Finite element analysis considering fracture strain of sheath
material and die lubricant in extrusion process of Al/Cu clad composites”, Int. J. Mech. Sci.,
Vol. 44 No. 2, pp. 247-67.
Kang, S.H. et al. (2004), “The effect of strain-hardening on frictional behavior in tip test”, Int.
Kim, Y. and Pekoz, T. (2004), “Flexural strength of aluminum extrusions of arbitrary
cross-section”, paper presented at the 2004 Ann. Stability Conf., Long Beach, pp. 455-74.
EC Lee, Y.S. et al. (2002), “Finite element analysis for the milli-forming of crystalline materials with
damage”, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 233-236, pp. 365-70.
23,3
Lepadatu, D. et al. (2004), “Statistical process control of wear phenomenon during metal
extrusion process”, paper presented at Ann. Reliab. Maintan. Symp., Los Angeles,
pp. 314-9.
Lin, X.B. et al. (2003), “Research on the selection of friction models in the finite element simulation
324 of warm extrusion”, Acta Metall. Sinica, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 90-6.
Liu, Q. (1997), “Analysis on the strength of ceramic extrusion dies”, China Mech. Eng., Vol. 8
No. 6, pp. 37-9.
Luo, Z. and Zhang, Z. (2005), “Optimum design of fatigue strength of a cold extrusion compound
container”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 127 No. 1, pp. 227-30.
McAllen, P. and Phelan, P. (2005), “A method for the prediction of ductile fracture by central
bursts in axisymmetric extrusion”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C, Vol. 219 No. 3, pp. 237-50.
Mayer, R.R. et al. (2002), “Crashworthiness performance of mass-efficient extruded structures”,
paper presented at the ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Cong. Expo., New Orleans, ASME,
pp. 183-205.
Nakamura, T. et al. (1996), “FEM simulation of friction testing method based on combined
forward rod backward can extrusion”, 1996 ASME/STLE Joint Tribology, San Francisco,
CA, pp. 1-6.
Nakamura, T. et al. (1997), “FEM simulation of friction testing method based on combined
forward rod backward can extrusion”, J. Tribology, ASME, Vol. 119 No. 3, pp. 501-6.
Nakamura, T. et al. (1998), “FEM simulation of a friction testing method based on combined
forward conical can-backward straight can extrusion”, J. Tribology, ASME, Vol. 120 No. 4,
pp. 716-23.
Nakamura, T. et al. (2003), “Tribo-testing method for estimating tribo-characteristics at piercing
punch in backward can extrusion”, Lubricat. Eng., Vol. 59 No. 4, pp. 12-17.
Pedersen, T.O. (2000), “Numerical studies of low cycle fatigue in forward extrusion dies”, J. Mater.
Peng, Z. and Sheppard, T. (2004), “Study of surface cracking during extrusion of aluminium alloy
AA2014”, Mater. Sci. Technol., Vol. 20 No. 9, pp. 1179-91.
Saanouni, K. et al. (2004), “Numerical prediction of discontinuous central bursting in
axisymmetric forward extrusion by continuum damage mechanics”, Computers Struct.,
Vol. 82 No. 27, pp. 2309-32.
Semiatin, S.L. et al. (2000), “The effect of material properties and tooling design on deformation
and fracture during equal channel angular extrusion”, Acta Mater., Vol. 48 No. 8,
pp. 1841-51.
Sonsoz, A. and Tekkaya, A.E. (1996), “Service life estimation of extrusion dies by numerical
simulation of fatigue crack growth”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 527-38.
Sriram, S. and Van Tyne, C.J. (2002), “Criterion for prevention of central bursting in forward
extrusions through spherical dies using the finite element method”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng.,
ASME, Vol. 124 No. 1, pp. 65-70.
Tan, X. et al. (1998), “On parameters affecting metal flow and friction in the double cup extrusion
test”, Scand. J. Metall., Vol. 27 No. 6, pp. 246-52.
Vetter, J. et al. (2000), “Failure behaviour of extrusion welding seams made of thermoplastic
plastics”, Schweissen Schneiden, Vol. 52 No. 2, pp. 34-40.
Wu, S. et al. (1999), “Numerical simulation and surface crack analysis of cup-rod combined Finite element
modelling
Yoh, E.G. et al. (2002), “Modeling brittle damage evolution in forging/extrusion die”, Key Eng.
Mater., Vol. 233-236, pp. 119-26.
Specific products (extrusion)

Alcaraz, J.L. and Gil-Sevillano, J. (1996), “An analysis of the extrusion of bimetallic tubes by 325
numerical simulation”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 38 No. 2, pp. 157-73.
Asnafi, N. et al. (2003), “Tubular hydroforming of automotive side members with extruded
aluminium profiles”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 142 No. 1, pp. 93-101.
Bai, C.G. et al. (2005), “Selection of can and insulating materials for controlled-dwell extrusion of
gamma-TiAl”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 475-479, pp. 789-94.

Bennani, B. and Bay, N. (1996), “Limits of lubrication in backward can extrusion: analysis by the
finite element method and physical modelling experiments”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 61 No. 3, pp. 275-86.
Berski, S. et al. (2004), “Theoretical analysis of bimetallic rods extrusion process in double
reduction die”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 153/154, pp. 583-8.
Byon, S.M. and Hwang, S.M. (1997), “Die shape optimal design in bimetal extrusion by the finite
element method”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 119 No. 2, pp. 143-50.
Cao, J. et al. (2004), “Microforming: experimental investigation of the extrusion process for
micropins and its numerical simulation using RKEM”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 126
No. 4, pp. 642-52.
Chang, K.D. et al. (2001), “Research on the shear-extrusion process to form large-scale cut-off
valve bodies”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 117 Nos 1/2, pp. 15-20.
Choi, H.J. et al. (2005), “Deformation characteristics in radially extruded tubular parts”, Mater.
Sci. Forum, Vol. 475-479, pp. 4203-6.
Danckert, J. (2004), “The influence of the punch land in backward can extrusion”, CIRP Annals –
Manufact. Tech., Vol. 53 No. 1, pp. 227-30.
Dubois, A. et al. (2001), “A multi-step lubricant evaluation strategy for wire
drawing-extrusion-cold heading sequence”, Wear, Vol. 249 No. 10, pp. 951-61.
Fan, J. et al. (1997), “Calculating deformation and stresses during cup-cup combined extruding”,
J. Northwest Polytech. Univ., China, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 315-6.
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23,3
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Drawing. Finite element simulation of drawing

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EC Material and mechanical properties (drawing)
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Microstructural evolution and residual stresses (drawing)

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Forum, Vol. 331-337, pp. 17-30.
Duchene, L. et al. (2002), “Texture evolution during deep-drawing processes”, J. Mater. Process.
Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 110-8.
Elices, M. et al. (2004), “Influence of residual stresses on hydrogen embrittlement of cold drawn
wires”, Mater. Struct./Mater. Constr., Vol. 37 No. 269, pp. 305-10.
Genzel, C. et al. (1996), “Neutron and X-ray residual stress analysis of steel parts produced by
cold forward extrusion and tube drawing”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 205 Nos 1/2, pp. 79-90.
He, S. et al. (2003), “Residual stress determination in cold drawn steel wire by FEM simulation
and X-ray diffraction”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol. 346 Nos 1/2, pp. 101-17.
Incandela, O. et al. (2004), “Modelling and analysis of a deep-drawing operation: key factors for
successful comparisons between experimental and simulated results”, J. Mater. Process.
Technol., Vol. 155/156, pp. 1105-10.
Kedzierski, Z. et al. (1996), “Validation of thermomechanical and microstructural models for
niobium steels in hot rolling-drawing”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 60 Nos 1/4,
pp. 603-8.
Kedzierski, Z. et al. (1996), “Evolution of the microstructure in the process of hot compression and
drawing-rolling”, ISIJ Int., Vol. 36 No. 9, pp. 1199-207.
Kuboki, T. et al. (2000), “Effect of final drawing with light reduction on the levelling of residual
stress distribution in cold bar drawing”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C, Vol. 214 No. 11,
pp. 1389-400.
Kuboki, T. et al. (2001), “Effect of die geometry on residual stress level present after bar
drawing”, Ironmaking Steelmaking, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 65-71.
Kuntani, N. and Asakawa, M. (2000), “Analysis of the residual stress induced by bar and wire
drawing”, SEAISI Q., Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 35-41.
Kuriyama, S. et al. (2003), “Development of simulation code for calculating residual stress
distribution in D-I cans produced by both-sided ironing process”, J. Mater. Process.
Li, S. et al. (2002), “FEM-aided Taylor simulations of radial texture gradient in wire drawing”,
Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 408-412, pp. 439-44.
Lorentzen, T. et al. (1998), “Characterization of residual stresses generated during
inhomogeneous plastic deformation”, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 243-52.
Luksza, J. et al. (1997), “Modelling of the effects of strain-induced martensitic transformation on
the mechanical behaviour in drawn tubes”, Steel Res., Vol. 68 No. 12, pp. 541-5.
Martinez-Perez, M.L. et al. (2004), “Residual stress profiling in the ferrite and cementite phases of
cold-drawn steel rods by synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction”, Acta Mater., Vol. 52
No. 18, pp. 5303-13.
EC Morimoto, H. and Nakamachi, E. (1999), “Elastic/crystalline viscoplastic finite element analysis
of the deep drawing process, taking account of texture structure”, Furukawa Rev., No. 18,
23,3 pp. 119-24.
Nakagiri, A. et al. (2000), “Behavior of residual stress and drawing stress in conical type die and
circle type die drawing by FEM simulation and experiment”, paper presented at Wire
Cable Tech. Symp., WCTS, Nashville, TN, pp. 83-92.
334 Nakagiri, A. et al. (2001), “Behavior of residual stress and drawing stress in conical-type die and
circle-type die drawing by FEM simulation and experiment”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 34 No. 8,
pp. 72-80.
Park, H. and Lee, D.N. (2002), “Effects of shear strain and drawing pass on the texture
development in copper wire”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 408-412, pp. 637-42.
Renz, P. et al. (1996), “Possibilities of influencing residual stresses in drawn wires and bars”, Wire
J. Int., Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 64-9.
Roters, F. (2003), “Application of the texture component crystal plasticity FEM to forming
simulation”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 426-432, pp. 3673-8.
Ruiz, J. et al. (2003), “Residual stresses in wires: influence of wire length”, J. Mater. Eng. Perform.,
Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 480-9.
Van Houtte, P. et al. (2002), “Residual stress determination in cold drawn steel wire by FEM
simulation and X-ray diffraction”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 404-407, pp. 205-14.
Vijayakar, S. (1997), “Thermal influences on residual stresses in drawn wire – a finite element
analysis”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 116-9.
You, Y. (1998), “Calculation of drawbead restraining forces with the Bauschinger effect”, Proc.
Inst. Mech. Eng., Part J, Vol. 212 No. 7, pp. 549-53.
Zhao, Z. et al. (2001), “Introduction of a texture component crystal plasticity finite element
method for anisotropy simulations”, Adv. Eng. Mater., Vol. 3 No. 12, pp. 984-90.
Zhao, Z. et al. (2004), “A texture optimization study for minimum earing in aluminium by use of a
texture component crystal plasticity finite element method”, Acta Mater., Vol. 52 No. 4,
pp. 1003-12.
Zhou, Y. et al. (1997), “Incorporation of an anisotropic (texture-based) strain-rate potential into
three-dimensional finite element simulations”, Int. J. Plast., Vol. 13 Nos 1/2, pp. 165-81.
Zhou, Y. et al. (1998), “Effect of texture on earing in FCC metals: finte element simulations”, Int.
J. Plast., Vol. 14 Nos 1/3, pp. 117-38.
Fracture mechanics and contact problems (drawing)

Alexandrova, N. (2003), “Fracture analysis of tube drawing with a mandrel”, J. Mater. Process.
Technol., Vol. 142 No. 3, pp. 755-61.
Arrieux, R. et al. (1996), “A method to predict the onset of necking in numerical simulation of
deep drawing operations”, CIRP Annals, Vol. 45, pp. 255-8.
Browning, P.F. et al. (1998), “An analysis of splitting failures during the drawing of tungsten
wire”, in Jones, D.R.H. (Ed.), Failure Anal. Case Studies, Elsevier, New York, NY,
pp. 395-405.
Cho, H. et al. (2002), “Effect of reduction ratio, inclusion size and distance between inclusions on
wire breaks in Cu fine wiredrawing”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 130-131, pp. 416-20.
Cho, H. et al. (2003), “Effect of the reduction ratio and inclusion size of wirebreaks on Cu fine
wiredrawing”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 48-52.
Drossel, W.G. et al. (1998), “FEM-analysis of the friction process in section drawing”, Steel Res., Finite element
Vol. 69 No. 8, pp. 330-3.
modelling
Dubois, A. et al. (2001), “A multi-step lubricant evaluation strategy for wire
drawing-extrusion-cold heading sequence”, Wear, Vol. 249 No. 10, pp. 951-61.
Elices, M. et al. (2004), “Influence of residual stresses on hydrogen embrittlement of cold drawn
wires”, Mater. Struct./Mater. Constr., Vol. 37 No. 269, pp. 305-10.
Enos, D.G. and Scully, J.R. (2002), “A critical strain criterion for hydrogen embrittlement of 335
cold-drawn, ultrafine pearlitic steel”, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 1151-66.
Eriksen, M. (1997), “The influence of die geometry on tool wear in deep drawing”, Wear, Vol. 207
Nos 1/2, pp. 10-15.
Gruebler, R.M. (2003), “Simulation of the tribosystem in metal forming”, DrscTech thesis, ETH,
Zurich.
Hortig, D. and Schmoeckel, D. (2001), “Analysis of local loads on the draw die profile with regard
to wear using the FEM and experimental investigations”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 115 No. 1, pp. 153-8.
Jensen, M.R. et al. (1998), “Optimization of the draw-die design in conventional deep-drawing in
order to minimize tool wear”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 83 Nos 1/3, pp. 106-14.
Jensen, M.R. et al. (1998), “Applying the finite element method for determination of tool wear in
conventional deep-drawing”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 83 Nos 1/3, pp. 98-105.
Kim, T.H. et al. (1997), “Prediction of die wear in the wire-drawing process”, J. Mater. Process.
Komori, K. (1998), “Simulation of chevron crack in drawing: effect of parameter in fracture
criterion”, paper presented at the 6th Int. Conf. Num. Meth. Ind. Form., Balkema,
Rotterdam, pp. 283-9.
Komori, K. (1999), “Simulation of chevron crack formation and evolution in drawing”, Int. J. Mech.
Sci., Vol. 41 No. 12, pp. 1499-513.
Komori, K. (1999), “Proposal and use of a void model for the simulation of ductile fracture
behavior”, Acta Mater., Vol. 47 No. 10, pp. 3069-77.
Komori, K. (2003), “Effect of ductile fracture criteria on chevron crack formation and evolution in
drawing”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 141-60.
Koyama, H. and Manabe, K.I. (2003), “Virtual processing in intelligent BHF control deep
drawing”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 143/144, pp. 261-5.
Lazzarotto, L. et al. (1997), “Identification of Coulomb’s friction coefficient in real contact
conditions applied to a wire drawing process”, Wear, Vol. 211 No. 1, pp. 54-63.
Liu, M. and Zhu, J. (1999), “Analysis of non-Newtonian plastic hydrodynamic lubrication during
drawing”, Chinese J. Mech. Eng., Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 211-7.
Micari, F. et al. (1996), “Prediction of ductile fractures occurrence in deep drawing of square
boxes”, CIRP Annals-Manufact. Tech., Vol. 45 No. 1, pp. 259-62.
Moura, G.C.R. et al. (2004), “The failure analysis of a deep drawing die in the manufacturing of an
automotive shock absorber cap”, Engng. Failure Anal., Vol. 11 No. 6, pp. 943-50.
Nakagiri, A. et al. (2000), “Chevron crack and optimum drawing condition in the diagram of mean
stress and die-wire contact length ratio by FEM simulation”, paper presented at Wire
Cable Tech. Symp., WCTS, Nashville, TN, pp. 75-82.
Olsson, D.D. et al. (2004), “Prediction of limits of lubrication in strip reduction testing”, CIRP
EC Pawelski, H. (1998), “Measuring the friction coefficient in the case of plastification of metals by
elastomers”, Steel Res., Vol. 69 Nos 4/5, pp. 161-4.
23,3
Reddy, N.V. et al. (2000), “Ductile fracture criteria and its prediction in axisymmetric drawing”,
336 Ronda, J. et al. (2001), “Non-constant coefficient friction models in 3D simulation of drawing
processes”, Comp. Assist. Mech. Eng. Sci., Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 609-28.
Shim, H. and Suh, E. (2000), “Contact treatment algorithm for the trimmed NURBS surface”,
Shinohara, T. and Yoshida, K. (2004), “Growth and disappearance of transversal cracks on

stainless steel wire in wire drawing”, J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., Vol. 90 No. 12, pp. 1010-5.
Sniekers, R.J.J.M. and Smits, H.A.A. (1997), “Experimental set-up and data processing of the
radial strip drawing friction test”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 66 Nos 1/3, pp. 216-23.
Yang, T.S. (1999), “Full film lubrication of deep drawing”, Tribology Int., Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 89-96.
Yao, H. and Cao, J. (2001), “Assessment of corner failure depths in the deep drawing of 3D panels
using simplified 2D numerical and analytical models”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 123
No. 2, pp. 248-57.
Yoshida, K. (1999), “FEM analysis of wire breaks in drawing of superfine wire with an inclusion”,
paper presented at the 69th Ann. Convect.-Wire Cable Tech. Symp., Atlanta, pp. 262-8.
Wire J. Int., Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 102-7.
paper presented at the 69th Ann. Convect.-Wire Cable Tech. Symp., Atlanta, pp. 262-8.
Yoshida, K. and Shinohara, T. (2004), “Growth and disappearance of flaws on wire surface in
wiredrawing”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 37 No. 12, pp. 52-7.
Yoshida, K. et al. (2003), “Influence of flaws of wire rod surface, inclusions and voids on wire
breaks in superfine wire drawing”, JSME Int. J. Ser A, Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 365-70.
Specific products (drawing)

Abou-Hanna, J.J. et al. (2003), “Sensitivity analysis of hydro-rim deep drawing of cylindrical
cups”, paper presented at the ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Cong., MED ASME,Vol. 14, pp. 467-74.
Anand, L. and Balasubramanian, S. (1996), “Polycrystal plasticity: application to earing in cup
drawing”, CIRP Annals, Vol. 45, pp. 263-8.
Balasubramanian, S. and Anand, L. (1996), “Single crystal and polycrystal elasto-viscoplasticity:
application to earing in cup drawing of FCC materials”, Comput. Mech., Vol. 17 No. 4,
pp. 209-25.
Bist, P.S. and Shivpuri, R. (1996), “Investigating scratch problems in tube drawing”, Tube Pipe
Quart., Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 52-6.
Cao, J. et al. (2002), “Eliminating springback error in U-shaped part forming by variable
blankholder force”, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 64-70.
Chen, W. et al. (2002), “Application of integrated formability analysis in designing die-face of
automobile panel drawing dies”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 121 Nos 2/3, pp. 293-300.
Darendeliler, H. and Altan, T. (1996), “Analysis of axisymmetric cup drawing in relation to Finite element
friction”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 58 Nos 2/3, pp. 293-301.
modelling
Daves, W. and Fischer, F.D. (1996), “Finite element simulation of curved wire drawing”, Berg
Huttenmann Monatsh, Vol. 141 No. 5, pp. 195-8.
Demodaran, D. et al. (1996), “Investigation of zipper defects in the floating mandrel drawing of
small diameter copper tubes”, paper presented at the 24th NAMRC Conf., Ann Arbor,
pp. 1-6. 337
Doege, E. et al. (1999), “Stress and strain analysis of automated multistage FEM-simulation of
wiredrawing considering the backward force”, paper presented at the 69th Ann.
Convect.-Wire Cable Tech. Symp., Atlanta, pp. 516-22.
Doege, E. et al. (2000), “Stress and strain analysis of automated multistage FEM-simulation of
wiredrawing considering the backward force”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 144-9.
Du, F. et al. (1998), “Numerical prediction on drawing tube without plug”, Eng. Mech., Vol. 15
No. 3, pp. 77-81.
Fratini, L. et al. (1996), “Analysis of the influence of the blank holder pressure in the deep
drawing of square boxes”, paper presented at the 12th Int. Conf. CAD/CAM Robot. Fact.,
Future, Middlesex, pp. 821-8.
Golis, B. et al. (1999), “Strain rate in the process of wiredrawing”, paper presented at the 69th
Ann. Convect.-Wire Cable Tech. Symp., Atlanta, pp. 158-66.
Golis, B. et al. (1999), “Force and energetic parameters in the process of steel wiredrawing”, paper
presented at the 69th Ann. Convect.-Wire Cable Tech. Symp., Atlanta, pp. 149-57.
Golis, B. et al. (2004), “Strain rate in the wire drawing process”, Wire Industry, Vol. 71 No. 840,
pp. 200-6.
Gotoh, M. et al. (1996), “Investigations of puckering in the cylindrical cup-drawing”, Trans. Jpn.
Soc. Mech. Eng., Ser C, Vol. 62 No. 595, pp. 1147-55.
Gotoh, M. et al. (2000), “A numerical investigation of cup-forming by the stretch-drawing
process-single and double operations”, JSME Inter. J., Ser C, Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 586-93.
Gotoh, M. et al. (2003), “A fundamental study of can forming by the stretch-drawing process”,
Grujicic, M. and Batchu, S. (2002), “Crystal plasticity of earing in deep-drawn OFHC copper
cups”, J. Mater. Sci., Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 753-64.
Hamada, T. et al. (2000), “Numerical study on the distribution of temperature in a fine high
carbon steel wire subjected to high speed drawing”, paper presented at Wire Cable Tech.
Symp., WCTS, Nashville, TN, pp. 176-83.
He, D. et al. (2001), “An approach to determine tool speed for cylindrical part drawing”,
J. Southwest. Jiaotong Univ., Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 138-46.
He, S. et al. (2002), “Strain rate effect in high-speed wire drawing process”, Model. Simul. Mater.
Sci. Eng., Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 267-76.
Hira, T. et al. (2002), “Utilization of finite element method for expanding application of high
strength steels to automotive body”, Kawasaki Steel Tech. Rep., No 46, pp. 12-18.
Huang, Y.M. and Chen, J.W. (1996), “Influence of the tool clearance in the cylindrical cup drawing
Huang, Y.M. and Cheng, J.W. (1997), “Influence of lubricant on limitation of formability of
cylindrical cup drawing”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 63 Nos 1/3, pp. 77-82.
EC Huang, Y.M. and Li, C.L. (1998), “Influence of lubricant on limit drawing ratio in cup-drawing
process: a stabilization matrices scheme”, J. Chinese Soc. Mech. Eng., Vol. 19 No. 3,
23,3 pp. 275-84.
Jain, M. et al. (1998), “Deep drawing characteristics of automotive aluminum alloys”, Mater. Sci.
Eng. A, Vol. 256 Nos 1/2, pp. 69-82.
Jaisingh, A. et al. (2004), “Sensitivity analysis of a deep drawing process for miniaturized
338 products”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 147 No. 3, pp. 321-7.
Kim, C.H. et al. (2004), “Expert system for process planning of pressure vessel fabrication by deep
drawing and ironing”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 155/156, pp. 1465-73.
Kim, D.H. et al. (2003), “Process design and forming analysis of a permalloy shielding can for
instrument clusters”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 135 Nos 2/3, pp. 366-74.
Kim, J.B. et al. (2001), “Investigation into wrinkling behavior in the elliptical cup deep drawing
process by finite element analysis using bifurcation theory”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 111 Nos 1/3, pp. 170-4.
Kim, S.H. et al. (2001), “Design modification in a multi-stage rectangular cup drawing process
with a large aspect ratio by an elasto-plastic finite element analysis”, J. Mater. Process.
Kim, S.H. et al. (2002), “Tool design in a multi-stage drawing and ironing process of a rectangular
cup with a large aspect ratio using finite element analysis”, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.,
Vol. 42 No. 7, pp. 863-75.
Kirby, D.S. and Wild, P.M. (2000), “Deep drawing of pressure vessel and closures: finite element
simulation and validation”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 103 No. 2, pp. 247-60.
Ku, T.W. et al. (2002), “Finite element analysis of multi-stage deep drawing process for
high-precision rectangular case with extreme aspect ratio”, J. Mater. Process. Technol.,
Vol. 130/131, pp. 128-34.
Lang, L.H. et al. (2000), “Numerical simulation of cup hydrodynamic deep drawing”, Trans.
Lang, L.H. et al. (2000), “Key technologies of numerical simulation of cup hydrodynamic deep
drawing”, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China, Vol. 10 No. 6, pp. 772-6.
Lang, L.H. et al. (2004), “Key technologies of the simulation of the hydrodynamic deep drawing of
irregular parts”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 150 Nos 1/2, pp. 40-7.
Lee, J.K. et al. (1996), “Simulation of deep drawing of square cup using an elasto-plastic finite
element method”, in Lee, J.K. et al. (Eds), Numisheet ’96, Dearborn, Chicago, IL, pp. 120-7.
Lin, J.C. (2003), “Using FEM and neural network prediction on hydrodynamic deep drawing of
T-piece maximum length”, Finite Elem. Anal. Design, Vol. 39 Nos 5/6, pp. 445-56.
Lin, Z. et al. (2000), “Study on the drawbead setting of the large deformation area in a trunk lid”,
Liu, G. et al. (2002), “Optimization design of drawbead in drawing tools of autobody cover panel”,
J. Eng. Mater. Technol., ASME, Vol. 124 No. 2, pp. 278-85.
Liu, G. et al. (2002), “Improving dimensional accuracy of a U-shaped part through an orthogonal
design experiment”, Finite Elem. Anal. Design, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 107-18.
Lo, S.W. and Lu, Y.H. (2002), “Wire drawing dies with prescribed variations of strain rate”,
Lu, Y.H. (1996), “A study of the finite element stabilized matrix to the hemispherical cup drawing
process”, Computers Struct., Vol. 60 No. 2, pp. 235-42.
Mihelic, A. and Stok, B. (1996), “Optimization of single and multistep wire drawing processes Finite element
with respect to minimization of the forming energy”, Struct. Optim., Vol. 12 Nos 2/3,
Nakagiri, A. and Yamamoto, S. (2003), “Three-dimensional FEM simulation of the influence of
drawing in setting angle used in wiredrawing”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 179-86.
Nam, J. and Han, K.S. (2000), “Finite element analysis of deep drawing and ironing process in the
steel D&I canmaking”, ISIJ Int., Vol. 40 No. 12, pp. 1223-9. 339
Nilsson, B. (2001), “Diagnosing wire drawing processes by indirect measurements”, Wire, Vol. 50
No. 2, pp. 70-4.
Noseda, C. (2001), “The role of temperature in copper wire drawing”, PhD thesis, Rensselaer
Polytech. Inst.
Overstam, H. and Jarl, M. (2004), “Development and validation of FEM models for wiredrawing”,
Pegada, V. et al. (2002), “An algorithm for determining the optimal blank shape for the deep
drawing of aluminum cups”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 743-50.
Pilarczyk, J.W. et al. (1997), “FEM analysis of metal flow in hydrodynamic drawing of steel
wires”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 30 No. 11, pp. 76-82.
Pilarczyk, J.W. et al. (2000), “Determining and valuation the zones of minimal reserves of working
capacity for concave and convex die”, Key Eng. Mater., Vol. 177-180, pp. 541-6.
Pilarczyk, J.W. et al. (2004), “FEM modelling of drawing of wires for prestressed concrete”, Wire
J. Int., Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 118-23.
Roy, S. et al. (1996), “Optimal design of process variables in multi-pass wire drawing by genetic
algorithms”, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., ASME, Vol. 118 No. 2, pp. 244-51.
Saigal, A. and Vasilopoulos, P. (1999), “Wire drawing of iron aluminide”, Metal Weld. Appl.,
pp. 517-28.
Schuerer, C. and Semmler, U. (1997), “Diamond-like carbon: application in wire and tube drawing
numerical simulation by FEM”, 11th Int. Colloq. Plasma Process, Le Mans, pp. 300-3.
Schunemann, M. et al. (1996), “Prediction of process conditions in drawing and ironing of cans”,
Sheng, Z.Q. et al. (2004), “Adaptive FEM simulation for prediction of variable blank holder force
in conical cup drawing”, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., Vol. 44 No. 5, pp. 487-94.
Thiruvarudchelvan, . et al. (1998), “Hydraulic pressure enhancement of the deep-drawing process
to yield deeper cups”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 82 Nos 1/3, pp. 156-64.
Tiernan, P. and Hillery, M.T. (1999), “An investigation of the dieless drawing method for the
production of mild steel wire”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 32 No. 12, pp. 94-100.
Tiernan, P. and Hillery, M.T. (2002), “Experimental and numerical analysis of the deformation in
mild steel wire during dieless drawing”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part L, Vol. 216 No. 3,
pp. 167-78.
Tiernan, P. and Hillery, M.T. (2004), “Dieless wire drawing – an experimental and numerical
analysis”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 155/156, pp. 1178-83.
Um, K.K. and Lee, D.N. (1997), “Upper bound solution of tube drawing”, J. Mater. Process.
Utsumi, N. and Sakaki, S. (2002), “Countermeasures against undesirable phenomena in the
draw-bending process for extruded square tubes”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 123
No. 2, pp. 264-9.
EC Valberg, H. and Wanheim, T. (1998), “Finite element analysis as a tool for the investigation of the
mechanics of wire drawing”, Int. J. Mat. Product. Tech., Vol. 13 Nos 3/6, pp. 234-65.
23,3
Valberg, H. et al. (2000), “Analysis of the influence of back-pull during drawing of aluminium
wires”, Int. J. Mat. Product. Tech., Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 518-34.
Walters, J. et al. (2005), “Process simulation of drawing and cold heading processes”, Wire J. Int.,
Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 199-204.
340 Wang, Y. et al. (1999), “Addendum and binder surface design for automotive panel drawing die”,
J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ., Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 184-7.
Yamamoto, H. et al. (1997), “Algorithm for 3D shape model auto-conversion based on 2D drawing
of pipe”, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng., Ser C, Vol. 63 No. 605, pp. 273-8.
Yang, H. et al. (1999), “Application of similar theory to the computer simulation of the tube
drawing”, J. Univ. Sci. Tech. Beijing, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 284-7.

Yoshida, K. and Furuya, H. (2004), “Mandrel drawing and plug drawing of shape-memory-alloy
fine tubes used in catheters and stents”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 153/154,
pp. 145-50.
copper wiredrawing”, paper presented at Wire Cable Tech. Symp., Atlanta, pp. 227-33.
Yoshida, K. et al. (2001), “Drawing of Ni-Ti shape-memory-alloy fine tubes used in medical tests”,
copper wiredrawing”, Wire J. Int., Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 110-5.
Yoshida, K. et al. (2004), “Drawing of stainless shaped steel microwire of 400-600 micron size”,
Yuan, S. et al. (1999), “Precision forming of pin parts by cold-drawing and rotary forging”,
Zhang, S.H. et al. (2000), “Hydromechanical deep-drawing of aluminum parabolic workpieces –
experiments and numerical simulation”, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., Vol. 40 No. 10,
pp. 1479-92.
Zhang, S.H. et al. (2000), “Finite element analysis of the hydromechanical deep-drawing process
of tapered rectangular boxes”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 102 Nos 1/3, pp. 1-8.
Zhang, S.H. et al. (2000), “Analysis of the hydromechanical deep drawing of cylindrical cups”,
Zhang, S.H. et al. (2003), “Effect of anisotropy and prebulging on hydromechanical deep drawing
of mild steel cups”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 142 No. 2, pp. 544-50.
Other processes
Aoki, I. et al. (2002), “Development of micro-piercing system with punch-damage monitoring
function”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 125/126, pp. 497-502.
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Engineering Computations

Finite element modelling and simulation of bulk material forming: A bibliography

*Related content and download information correct at time of download.

ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html). Basic information about various manufacturing processes

2. Bulk material forming processes in general

Forging is a family of processes where plastic deformation of the workpiece is carried

of rolling, material and mechanical properties, microstructural evolution and residual

titanium alloys; copper; metal matrix composites; particulate composites; semi-solid

Appendix. A bibliography (1996-2005)

Bulk material forming processes in general

Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 361-72.

Conf., PVP, ASME,Vol. 400, pp. 207-14.

processes”, Int. J. Vehicle Des., Vol. 21 Nos 4/5, pp. 491-509.

Forging. Finite element simulation of forging

Annals – Manufact. Tech., Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 219-22.

Prague, Civil-Comp, Stirling, pp. 105-6.

Nos 9/10, pp. 700-7.

Light Metals, Vol. 49 No. 8, pp. 341-5.

Process. Technol., Vol. 59 Nos 1/2, pp. 144-57.

Microstructural evolution and residual stresses (forging) 277

Cihak, U. et al. (2004), “Characterization of residual stresses in turbine discs by neutron

Fracture mechanics and contact problems (forging)

laboratory test”, CIRP Annals, Vol. 45, pp. 249-53.

Sljapic, V. et al. (2002), “Observations on fracture in axi-symmetric and three-dimensional cold

Specific products (forging)

wristwatches”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 143/144, pp. 362-6.

Rolling. Finite element simulation of rolling

J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 72 No. 2, pp. 283-92.

rolling”, Ironmaking Steelmaking, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 153-68.

Metall. Model. Alumin. Alloys, Pittsburgh, ASM.

finite element method”, ISIJ Int., Vol. 40, pp. 794-801.

Fracture mechanics and contact problems (rolling)

Kojima, Y. (2002), “Numerical analysis of viscous lubricating oil penetrating into a

Specific products (rolling)

Extrusion. Finite element simulation of extrusion

temperature”, Ultrafine Grained Mater. III, Charlotte, MMMS, pp. 199-204.

J. Mater. Process. Technol., Vol. 143/144, pp. 506-11.

Innov. Comput. Meth. Struct. Mech., Saxe-Coburg, Stirling, pp. 271-303.

Material and mechanical properties (extrusion)

Microstructural evolution and residual stresses (extrusion)

Specific products (extrusion)

gamma-TiAl”, Mater. Sci. Forum, Vol. 475-479, pp. 789-94.

Drawing. Finite element simulation of drawing

deep-drawing process”, Stahl Eisen, Vol. 119 No. 9, pp. 107-13.

Microstructural evolution and residual stresses (drawing)

Fracture mechanics and contact problems (drawing)

Shinohara, T. and Yoshida, K. (2004), “Growth and disappearance of transversal cracks on

Specific products (drawing)

drawing”, J. Univ. Sci. Tech. Beijing, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 284-7.

extrusions”, Int. J. Mech. Sci., Vol. 43 No. 2, pp. 427-53.

To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.com

Design 44:1-2, 17-23. [CrossRef]

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