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corso mbed
2
Conoscere
e usare
mbed
delling. Vincenzo Mendola
75
mbed
corso mbed
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
corso mbed
mbed
Listato 1
#include mbed.h
#include ds1307.h
Serial pc(USBTX, USBRX);
DS1307 my1307(p9,p10);
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
sec = 00;
min = 00;
hours = 12;
day = 7;
date = 3;
month = 3;
year = 13;
77
mbed
#include mbed.h
int main() {
// get the current time from the terminal
struct tm t;
printf(Enter current date and time:\n\r);
printf(YYYY MM DD HH MM SS[enter]\n\r);
scanf(%d %d %d %d %d %d, &t.tm_year, &t.tm_mon, &t.tm_mday, &t.tm_hour, &t.tm_min, &t.tm_sec);
// adjust for tm structure required values
t.tm_year = t.tm_year - 1900;
t.tm_mon = t.tm_mon - 1;
// set the time
set_time(mktime(&t));
Listato 3
#include mbed.h
#include EthernetInterface.h
#include NTPClient.h
EthernetInterface eth;
NTPClient ntp;
int main()
{
eth.init(); //Use DHCP
eth.connect();
printf(Trying to update time...\r\n);
if (ntp.setTime(ntp1.inrim.it) == 0) // INRIM italian NTP
{
printf(Set time successfully\r\n);
time_t ctTime;
ctTime = time(NULL);
printf(Time is set to (UTC): %s\r\n, ctime(&ctTime));
}
else
{
printf(Error\r\n);
}
eth.disconnect();
while(1) {
}
server
corso mbed
Listato 2
corso mbed
mbed
Fig. 3
del connettore RJ45 dotato di filtri magnetici (si pu acquistare da Futura Elettronica, www.futurashop.it, con il codice
7300-RJ45EM) che possono essere utilizzati
per segnalare la connessione dellmbed
ad una rete ethernet e per evidenziare lo
scambio di dati su di essa. C3 e C4 servono per disaccoppiare la tensione di 3,3 V
come riportato nella pagina del cookbook
dedicata (punto [1] dei Riferimenti).
Il pcb stato disegnato per ottenere la
massima compatibilit con gli shield di
Arduino; la Tabella 1 illustra la corrispondenza tra i pin dellmbed con quelli di
Arduino, uninformazione necessaria, durante la scrittura del codice, per garantire
una perfetta equivalenza delle funzionalit
con gli shield gi esistenti.
Come si pu notare, sono disponibili tutti
i GPIO dellArduino Uno (D2-D13), i sei
PWM (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11), la seriale
(D0, D1), la I2C (A4-A5), le connessioni
allICSP e 4 ADC (A0-A3), tutti disponibili nella stessa posizione in cui lo sono
sullArduino. Per lmbed LCP1768 anche
disponibile il DAC, che risulta connesso al
pin 18 dellmbed e allA3 del nostro PCB.
Ora che abbiamo a disposizione questo
comodo circuito, che ci permette di utilizzare con facilit gli shield di Arduino,
possiamo ad esempio collegare allmbed
lRTC realizzato per Arduino e presentato
nel Fascicolo n 163 (febbraio 2012) della
nostra rivista, con lunica accortezza di
ponticellare con dei fili le due connessioni
a SDA e SCL (replicate nelle ultime revisioni di Arduino UNO alle estremit del
connettore dei GPIO, oltre il D13) con i
ARDUINO
MBED
D0
p14
D1
p13
Tabella 1
FUNCTION
D2
p8
D3
p21
D4
p12
D5
p22
PWM
D6
p23
PWM
D7
p27
PWM
D8
p30
D9
p24
PWM
D10
p25
PWM
D11
p26
PWM
D12
p28
D13
p29
A0
p15
A1
p16
A2
p17
A3
p18
DAC
A4
P9
SDA
A5
P10
SCL
ICSP
P5
MOSI
ICSP
P6
MISO
ICSP
P7
SCK
79
mbed
corso mbed
Fig. 4
Riferimenti
[1] http://mbed.org/cookbook/Ethernet-RJ45
[2] http://mbed.org/blog/entry/103/
corso mbed
Utilizziamo la nostra
piattaforma di
prototipazione per
pilotare un display LCD
mediante uno shield
Arduino in modo da
visualizzare scritte a
piacere e lora dellRTC,
ma anche per generare
forme donda usando il
DAC del LPC176.
Terza puntata.
Conoscere
e usare
mbed
delling. Vincenzo Mendola
77
mbed
corso mbed
Tabella 1
Listato 1
#include mbed.h
#include TextLCD.h
TextLCD lcd(p30, p24, p12, p22, p23, p27,
TextLCD::LCD16x2);
Tipo di display
Istruzione
TextLCD::LCD8x1
TextLCD::LCD8x2
TextLCD::LCD16x1
TextLCD::LCD16x4
TextLCD::LCD24x2
int main()
{
lcd.locate(0,0);
lcd.printf(MBED SHIELD);
lcd.locate(0,1);
lcd.printf(ELETTRONICA IN);
TextLCD::LCD24x4
TextLCD::LCD40x2
TextLCD::LCD40x4
Listato 2
#include mbed.h
#include TextLCD.h
TextLCD lcd(p27, p23, p22, p12, p21, p8, TextLCD::LCD16x2); //meteo shield
int main() {
lcd.printf(ELETTRONICA IN\n);
}
Fig. 1
corso mbed
mbed
Listato 3
#include mbed.h
#include TextLCD.h
#include ds1307.h
TextLCD lcd(p27, p23, p22, p12, p21, p8, TextLCD::LCD16x2); //meteo shield
Serial pc(USBTX, USBRX);
DS1307 my1307(p9,p10);
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
sec = 0;
min = 55;
hours = 20;
day = 7;
date = 3;
month = 3;
year = 13;
lcd.printf( %.2D,date);
lcd.printf(/%.2D,month);
lcd.printf(/%.2D,year);
}
79
mbed
#include mbed.h
#include TextLCD.h
#include ds1307.h //http://mbed.org/users/harrypowers/code/DS1307/docs/c3e4da8feb10/ds1307_8h_source.html
Serial pc(USBTX, USBRX);
TextLCD lcd(p27, p23, p22, p12, p21, p8, TextLCD::LCD16x2);
DS1307 my1307(p9,p10);
int
int
int
int
int
int
int
sec = 0;
min = 00;
hours = 16;
day = 7;
date = 23;
month = 2;
year = 13;
corso mbed
Listato 4
corso mbed
mbed
wait_ms(100);
return ( somma / nread );
int main()
{
//test_rw(my1307.settime( sec, min, hours, day, date, month, year)); //REGOLA ORARIO E DATA
while (true) {
STAMPA_T= (temp());
STAMPA_U= (readUMID());
STAMPA_P = (pressure());
lcd.locate(0, 0);
lcd.printf(%2.1f,STAMPA_T); //SHOW ONLY THE FIRST DECIMAL
wait_ms(200);
lcd.locate(4,0);
lcd.printf(C);
lcd.locate(6, 0);
lcd.printf(%2.1f,STAMPA_U);//SHOW ONLY THE FIRST DECIMAL
lcd.locate(10,0);
lcd.putc(37);
wait_ms(200);
lcd.locate(12, 0);
lcd.printf(%4.0f,STAMPA_P);//SHOW ONLY THE INTEGER PART
wait_ms(200);
test_rw(my1307.gettime( &sec, &min, &hours, &day, &date, &month, &year));
lcd.locate(0,1);
// Print and refresh data on line 2 of the LCD display
lcd.printf(%.2D,hours);
lcd.printf(:%.2D,min);
//lcd.printf(:%.2D,sec);
//lcd.printf( %.1D,DAY);
if (day == 1)
lcd.printf(
if (day == 2)
lcd.printf(
if (day == 3)
lcd.printf(
if (day == 4)
lcd.printf(
if (day == 5)
lcd.printf(
if (day == 6)
lcd.printf(
if (day == 7)
lcd.printf(
D);
L);
Ma);
Me);
G);
V);
S);
Fig. 2
lcd.printf( %.2D,date);
lcd.printf(/%.2D,month);
lcd.printf(/%.2D,year);
}
if (day == 7)
lcd.printf(DOM);
A questo punto vediamo come modificare il codice scritto per Arduino allo scopo di utilizzare il meteo shield con
lmbed. Per prima cosa ricordiamo che sul PCB dello shield
sono presenti due ponticelli che permettono di selezionare la
corretta tensione di alimentazione del sensore di pressione,
previsti a suo tempo per facilitare luso del circuito anche con
i sensori a 3,3V (ad esempio il MP3H6115A), tensione usata
dai microcontrollori di mbed e da Arduino Due. Prima di
mostrare una possibile versione del codice per mbed, ricordiamo che il modello LCP1768 incorpora gi un RTC, mentre
la versione LPC11U24 no, per cui abbiamo inserito anche la
libreria per il DS1307, scaricabile allindirizzo web http://mbed.
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
81
corso mbed
Realizziamo la nostra
prima applicazione con
una board mbed ready:
la KL25Z prodotta da
Freescale.
Quarta ed ultima puntata.
4
Conoscere
e usare
mbed
delling. Vincenzo Mendola
55
mbed
#include mbed.h
int main() {
DigitalOut ledG(LED_GREEN);
while (true) {
ledG = 1; // off
wait(0.5);
ledG = 0; // on
wait(0.5);
}
ledR = 1; // off
wait(0.25);
//BLUE
ledB = 0; // on
wait(0.25);
ledB = 1; // off
wait(0.25);
}
corso mbed
Fig. 1
Listato 1
corso mbed
mbed
Fig. 3
con queste caratteristiche, la KL25Z sostanzialmente una board mbed ready (cos
definita per via della possibilit di utilizzare
le librerie sviluppate per le board mbed tramite un semplice upload attraverso la presa
USB, come dettagliato sul sito ufficiale) dalle
interessantissime e peculiari caratteristiche,
le quali la differenziano da quelle delle due
versioni presentate nelle precedenti puntate.
La scheda di Freescale facilmente upgradabile ad mbed, semplicemente aggiornandone
il firmware, come dettagliato nella pagina
descrittiva della board di cui al punto [2] dei
Riferimenti. Una volta fatto laggiornamento,
il sistema ci confermer che la procedura
andata correttamente a termine (con un messaggio come quello riportato nella Fig. 2).
La prima cosa che salta subito allocchio
il form factor di questa nuova board, che
compatibile con quello delle board Arduino;
inoltre la KL25Z di Freescale dispone di pad
forati sui lati come Arduino, quindi in pratica, basta aggiungere gli header e si possono
montare su di esso gli stessi shield facendo
per attenzione al fatto che gli mbed lavorano con logica a 3,3V. Questa caratteristica
costituisce un vantaggio importante, in
quanto non si pu negare che la vastit
di shield ed applicazioni disponibili per
Arduino molto allettante e che uno degli
elementi che uno sperimentatore spesso
valuta prima dellacquisto di una scheda
Listato 3
#include mbed.h
BusOut RGB(PTB18, PTB19, PTD1);
int main() {
//ALL COLORS OFF
RGB=0x07;
while (true) {
RGB=0x06;
wait(0.25);
RGB=0x05;
wait(0.25);
RGB=0x03;
wait(0.25);
Fig. 2
57
mbed
#include mbed.h
Fig. 4
DigitalOut ledR(LED_RED);
Serial pc(USBTX,USBRX);
int main() {
int i=1;
pc.printf(Hello World!\r\n);
while (true) {
wait(1);
pc.printf(%d\r\n,i);
i++;
ledR = !ledR;
}
Listato 5
#include mbed.h
#include MMA8451Q.h
#define MMA8451_I2C_ADDRESS (0x1d<<1)
int main(void) {
MMA8451Q acc(PTE25, PTE24, MMA8451_I2C_
ADDRESS);
PwmOut rled(LED_RED);
PwmOut gled(LED_GREEN);
PwmOut bled(LED_BLUE);
while (true) {
rled = 1.0 - abs(acc.getAccX());
gled = 1.0 - abs(acc.getAccY());
bled = 1.0 - abs(acc.getAccZ());
printf(X: %1.2f;
,acc.getAccX());
printf(Y: %1.2f;
,acc.getAccY());
printf(Z: %1.2f \n\r,acc.getAccZ());
wait(0.1);
}
alle specifiche elettriche: la tensione di alimentazione della board compresa tra 5 e 9 volt (in
continua), con un assorbimento massimo dichiarato di 100 mA; un regolatore sulla scheda
riduce la tensione adattandola a quella richiesta dalla logica a 3,3 V, che caratterizza da
tempo la maggior parte dei dispositivi simili al
Freescale. Ciascun terminale di I/O della board
in grado di erogare 4 mA. In Fig. 3 visibile il
dettaglio del pinout del KL25Z.
Proviamo a prendere confidenza con la KL25Z
partendo da alcuni semplici esempi applicativi. Il
primo riguarda la gestione del LED RGB disponibile sul PCB, che otteniamo con un semplice
esempio che ci permette di far lampeggiare il solo
colore verde: lo trovate nel Listato 1. Se guardate
lo schema elettrico del KL25Z (punto [4] dei Riferimenti) noterete che il LED RGB sulla scheda
di tipo ad anodo comune, quindi per pilotarlo
necessario fornire un livello basso al singolo
LED da accendere; in questo caso stato scelto il
verde (LED_GREEN ). Come vedete, il codice
veramente semplice ed auto esplicativo.
Vediamo ora, nel Listato 2, come far lampeggiare tutti e tre i colori che il LED montato sulla
scheda mbed pu produrre.
Lapplicazione proposta non affatto complessa; solo un esempio di base.
La stessa cosa si sarebbe potuta ottenere servendosi delle istruzioni contenute nel Listato 3,
dedotte osservando in dettaglio lo schema elettrico; guardare lo schema una cosa che consigliamo sempre di fare, perch vi permette di
capire maggiormente le caratteristiche dellhardware che stiamo utilizzando, permettendoci
di sfruttarne al meglio le caratteristiche.
A questo punto del corso riteniamo non sia pi
necessario spiegare le istruzioni riga per riga,
corso mbed
Listato 4
corso mbed
mbed
Listato 6
#include mbed.h
#include TSISensor.h
Riferimenti
[1] http://mbed.org/platforms/
[2] http://mbed.org/platforms/KL25Z/
[3] http://mbed.org/handbook/mbed-FRDM-KL25Z
[4] http://cache.freescale.com/files/soft_dev_tools/
hardware_tools/schematics/FRDM-KL25Z_SCH.pdf?fpsp=1
[5] http://mbed.org/handbook/mbed-FRDM-KL25Z-Examples
int main(void) {
PwmOut led(LED_BLUE);
TSISensor tsi;
while (true) {
while(tsi.readPercentage()>0){
led = 1.0 - tsi.
readPercentage();
wait(0.1);}
}
Listato 7
#include mbed.h
#include TSISensor.h
int main(void) {
PwmOut led(LED_RED);
TSISensor tsi;
while (true) {
Listato 8
#include mbed.h
PwmOut r (LED_RED);
PwmOut g (LED_GREEN);
PwmOut b (LED_BLUE);
int main() {
r.period(0.001);
g.period(0.001);
b.period(0.001);
while (true) {
for (float i = 0.0; i < 1.0 ; i += 0.001) {
float p = 3 * i;
r = 1.0 - ((p < 1.0) ? 1.0 - p : (p > 2.0) ? p - 2.0 : 0.0);
g = 1.0 - ((p < 1.0) ? p : (p > 2.0) ? 0.0 : 2.0 - p);
b = 1.0 - ((p < 1.0) ? 0.0 : (p > 2.0) ? 3.0 - p : p - 1.0);
wait (0.0025);
}
}
59
mbed
Listato 8
#include mbed.h
#include mbed.h
PwmOut led(LED1);
float i;
int main() {
while(1) {
for(float p = 0.0; p < 1.0; p += 0.1) {
led = p;
wait(0.1);
}
}
}
AnalogOut DA(p18);
int main() {
for (i=0; i<1;i=i+0.01)
{DA=i;
wait_us(1);}
//ONDA TRIANGOLARE
Listato 6
#include mbed.h
PwmOut leds[] = {(LED1), (LED2),(LED3),(LED4)};
int i;
float p=0.0;
AnalogOut DA(p18);
Listato 7
#include mbed.h
AnalogOut DA(p18);
int main()
{
while(1) {
DA=1;
wait_us(100);
DA=0;
wait_us(100);
}
#include mbed.h
float i;
int main()
{
while(1) {
wait(0.1);
Listato 9
//ONDA QUADRA
int main(){
for (float i=0; i<360; i++) { //ONDA SINUSOIDALE
DA = sin(i/180*3.14)*0.5+0.5;
wait_us(1);
}
}
caso della nostra piattaforma mbed, la generazione del PWM implementata attraverso la
funzione PwmOut (https://mbed.org/handbook/
PwmOut). Nel Listato 5 e nel Listato 6 trovate
due semplici applicazioni pratiche che sfruttano i quattro LED a bordo dellmbed LPC1768.
Vediamo ora come generare delle semplici
forme donda utilizzando il DAC (Digital
to Analog converter) presente nellmbed
LPC1768. Cominciamo con la generazione
di unonda rettangolare come quella visibile
in Fig. 2, la quale pu essere generata senza
alcuna difficolt con il codice che trovate nel
Listato 7. Con le piattaforme mbed non ci si
limita alla generazione della classica onda
quadra, perch anche possibile generare
forme donda pi complesse come la triangolare (Fig. 3) e la sinusoidale (Fig. 4), ottenibili
rispettivamente con i codici che trovate nei
Listati 8 e 9. Come sempre, consigliamo di
leggere attentamente la documentazione
ufficiale per ulteriori dettagli e per imparare a
sfruttare tutte le caratteristiche delle funzioni
e delle librerie disponibili, che qui per ragioni
di spazio, non abbiamo potuto descrivere.
Bene, con questo abbiamo concluso. Riprendeg
remo il discorso nel prossimo fascicolo.
corso mbed
Listato 5