I COMITATI ETICI

I COMITATI ƒ
ƒ
CONCETTO E TIPI

ETICI
I COMITATI ETICI PER LA RICERCA
ƒ I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI
ƒ I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
Francisco José
José Ballesta Ballester,
Ballester, LC
Facoltà
Facoltà di Bioetica ƒ I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum
Roma, dicembre 08

CONCETTO E TIPI

CONCETTO E TIPI
ƒ L´etica entra in tutta l’l’attività
attività umana propriamente per il
fatto di essere attività
attività umana.
ƒ Il problema etico è la domanda: Che dobbiamo fare
adesso e qua?
ƒ Problemi etici più
più o meno difficili ci sono in tutti i campi
della attività
attività umana.
ƒ Da soli risolviamo i problemi etici che è possibile per
ciascuno di noi.
ƒ Quando non sappiamo cosa dobbiamo fare,
consultiamo gli esperti nella morale.

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CONCETTO E TIPI
ƒ Qualsiasi comitato etico sarebbe un gruppo di
persone convocati per cercare delle risposte ai
problemi etici.
ƒ Ci sono comitati etici per regolare la attività
attività
umana in molti campi. Pensiamo ai comitati di
deontologia che regolano le etiche delle
diverse professioni.
ƒ Le scienze biomediche hanno uno speciale
bisogno di regolazione etica.
ƒ In questo campo sono apparsi diversi tipi di
comitati etici.
CONCETTO E TIPI
ƒ Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights
(UNESCO, 2005)
ƒ Article 19 Ethics committees
ƒ Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees
should be established, promoted and supported at the
appropriate level in order to:
ƒ (a) assess the relevant ethical, legal, scientific and social issues
related to research projects involving human beings;
ƒ (b) provide advice on ethical problems in clinical settings;
ƒ (c) assess scientific and technological developments, formulate
recommendations and contribute to the preparation of
guidelines on issues within the scope of this Declaration;
ƒ (d) foster debate, education and public awareness of, and
engagement in, bioethics.

CONCETTO E TIPI CONCETTO E TIPI

Comitati etici per la ricerca e la Comitati etici ospedalieri

sperimentazione “Comitato che si occupa delle
Altri nomi:
nomi: questioni etiche particolarmente
- Comité
Comités éticos de investigació
investigación clí
clínica. difficili che insorgono quando è
- Institucional Review Boards. necessario prendere decisioni o
Fine:
Fine: formulare direttive nell’
nell’ambito della
Controllo del rispetto dell’
dell’uomo nei vari pratica clinica o della ricerca nel
progetti di ricerca e di sperimentazione.
sperimentazione. contesto ospedaliero”
ospedaliero” (Reich).

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CONCETTO E TIPI CONCETTO E TIPI

Comitati etici nazionali Comitati internazionali

“Consiglio di saggi, chiamato dai
governi nazionali ad esprimere un
giudizio argomentato nei confronti
delle pratiche biomediche più
più
problematiche ed aiutare così
così ad
orientare le scelte etiche e giuridiche”
giuridiche”
(Viafora,
Viafora, C.)
Formati ai livelli regionale (a.e.The
Nordic Committee on Bioethics),
continentale (a.e.Steering Committe
on Bioethics nel Consiglio d’
d’Europa) o
mondiale (a.e.International Bioethics
Committe dell’
dell’UNESCO) per cercare
d’uniformare le pratiche biomediche e
i lavori dei comitati nazionali.

I COMITATI ETICI PER LA RICERCA E LA

SPERIMENTAZIONE
Motivi e precedenti
1) Il ricordo delle esperienze dei medici nei
I COMITATI ETICI PER campi della Germania nazista (1945)
2) Bradford Hill applica per prima volta la
LA RICERCA E LA randomizzazione alla valutazione
SPERIMENTAZIONE dell’
dell’efficacia della streptomicina nel
trattamento della tubercolosi (1946)
3) Effetti della talidomide (1962)

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I COMITATI ETICI PER LA RICERCA E LA I COMITATI ETICI PER LA RICERCA E LA
SPERIMENTAZIONE SPERIMENTAZIONE
Motivi e precedenti Questi casi provocarono:
4) Alcuni casi degli anni 60 (Stati Uniti)
1) La attenzione della Associazione Medica
- Jewish Hospital di Brooklyn:
Brooklyn: “A pazienti anziani vennero
iniettate cellule cancerogene per provare se le cellule Mondiale (AMM, Helsinki, 1964).
sarebbero sopravvissute in pazienti seriamente malati, ma non 2) La formazione (negli Stati Uniti) della
di cancro”
cancro”.(Viafora
.(Viafora,, C.)
“Commissione nazionale per la protezione dei
- Tuskegee,
Tuskegee, Alabama:
Alabama: “Malati di sifilide furono lasciati senza
cura dopo la scoperta della penicillina in modo da continuare soggetti umani coinvolti nella ricerca biomedica e
un progetto di ricerca sul decorso naturale di questa malattia”
malattia” comportamentale”
comportamentale” (1974-
(1974-78). Rapporto Belmont
(Viafora,
Viafora, C.) (1978).
- Willowbrook State School, New York:York: “Venne iniettata l’l’epatite
a bambini mentalmente ritardati nell’
nell’ambito di un protocollo di 3) La creazione (negli Stati Uniti) degli
ricerca”
ricerca” (Viafora,
Viafora, C.) Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).
IRBs).

I COMITATI ETICI PER LA RICERCA E LA I COMITATI ETICI PER LA RICERCA E LA

SPERIMENTAZIONE SPERIMENTAZIONE
Alcuni comitati di questo tipo sono:
sono:
Comitè
Comitè Deontologique de la Recherche (Canada, Compaiono nuovi comitati a livello delle
1978) ditte che fanno ricerca nei campi sensibili
Commissions Facultaires d´ Ethique Médicale (Belgio,
1984) come quello della sperimentazione sugli
Ethik-
Ethik-Kommissionen (Germania, 1984) embrioni umani, le cellule staminali
Comitè
Comitè Consultatif de Protection des Personnes dans umane, la genetica …
la Recherche Biomedicale (Francia, 1988).
Di solito le funzioni dei questi comitati, a livello La sua funzione e garantire l’l’eticità
eticità
locale, sono incluse tra quelli dei comitati delle diverse pratiche, ma bisogna essere
ospedalieri. attenti alle linee guida che presentano.

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 I COMITATI ETICI PER LA RICERCA E LA
SPERIMENTAZIONE
“The use of human zygotes for the evaluation of the demethylation pattern has been
permitted by an internal IVF center scientific board (ISCARE)
ISCARE) with the written
consent of all patients”
patients” (Reproduction (2004) 128 703–
703–708, p. 703).

Bayer International Advisory Bioethics Advisory Council.

Council.
I COMITATI ETICI
“All experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines on human stem
cell research (draft) issued by the Committee on Bioethics, Chinese National
Human Genome Center (Southern Headquarter), and endorsed by Shanghai
Municipal Government. The guidelines forbid human reproductive cloning,
cloning, but allow
OSPEDALIERI
research on SCNT in humans for the purpose of deriving pluripotent stem cells from
somatic cells. The guidelines permit utilization of animal oocytes in human SCNT for
research purposes, but prohibit application of these cells for human human use. The
guidelines prohibit combination of animal gametes with human gametes, gametes,
development of nt-
nt-units beyond a 14-
14-day period, and the introduction of nt-
nt-units into
the uterus of any species. The guidelines also require that tissues
tissues used for SCNT
experiments must be obtained with informed consent from donors”donors”. (YING CHEN,
Embryonic stem cells generated by nuclear transfer of human somatic somatic nuclei into
rabbit oocytes.
oocytes. Cell Research 2003; 13(4):251-
13(4):251-263.)

I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI

“Comitato che si occupa delle

Altri nomi negli Stati Uniti:
- Ethics Committees
questioni etiche particolarmente
- Human Values Committees difficili che insorgono quando è
- Medical – Moral Committees necessario prendere decisioni o
- Bioethics Committees formulare direttive nell’ambito
- Institutional Ethics Committees (IECs
(IECs))
- Health Care Ethics Committees (HECs
(HECs))
della pratica clinica o della ricerca
nel contesto ospedaliero” (Reich).

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 I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI
Non sono:
sono:
Cause della loro formazione:
- Commissioni di natura deontologico
professionale. Nuove tecnologie e procedure terapeutiche
- Tribunali per i diritti del malato.
- Assemblee a carattere sindacale. Nuovi dilemmi etici
- Istituzioni elettive di natura politica. Bisogno di applicare i criteri morali
- Comitati amministrativi idonei a stabilire i criteri
in base a cui investire i fondi dell’
dell’ospedale. Problemi derivati del pluralismo etico
- Comitati di prognosi col compito di fornire una
prognosi nei casi concreti.
Comitati che cercano il consenso

I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI

Storia negli Stati Uniti: Storia negli Stati Uniti:

1920:
1920: Prima proposta del Codice di Etica 1968:
1968: A Definition of Irreversible Coma:
Medica degli ospedali cattolici (Catholic Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the FB2
FB1
Hospital Association, USA) Harvard Medical School to Examine the
1962:
1962: Comitato di Seattle.
Seattle.- Compito di Definition of Brian Death (Journal of the
selezionare i paziente idonei per American Medical Association, 1968, 205,
l’emodialisi (soltanto c’
c’erano sette
apparecchi nell’ 6, pp. 337-
337-340).
nell’ospedale di Seattle e
c’erano migliaia di richieste da tutto il 1970:
1970: Comitato sui pazienti terminali
mondo). (Massachusetts General Hospital).

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Diapositiva 23

FB1 FBALLESTA; 27/10/2004

Diapositiva 24

FB2 FBALLESTA; 27/10/2004

I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI

1971:
1971: Thanatology Committee (Hennepier
(Hennepier
County Medical Center of Minneapolis). Sviluppo:
Sviluppo:
“Anche con l’l’accresciuto sostegno
1975:
1975: Caso Karen A Quinlan (1954-
(1954-1985) (stato ufficiale, soltanto sono stati costituiti nel
vegetativo dopo incidente stradale): A richiesta
del tribunale, una commissione giudica il caso e 50% degli ospedali e tuttavia non ci sono
opina che é etico ritirare il respiratore, come dati precisi sull’
sull’efficacia del loro lavoro”
lavoro”
chiedeva la famiglia. Ritirato il respiratore nel (Viafora,
Viafora, C. , 1995).
1976, Karen mantenne respirazione spontanea
e morì
morì di polmonite nel 1985 senza recuperare Nelle altre nazione ancora meno.
la coscienza.

I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI

b) Educazione
Funzioni più
più importanti:
importanti: “I comitati etici in ospedale,oltre ad affiancare i sanitari nella
nella
soluzione di casi particolarmente delicati, dovrebbero
a) Consultazione (analisi dei casi) svolgere anche una funzione di sensibilizzazione etico -
“Aiutare a orientare le scelte etiche di formativa rivolta al comitato stesso come ai servizi specifici e
anche a tutto il personale ospedaliero”
ospedaliero” (Reich).
fronte ai casi di conflitto che sorgono - Interna (membri del comitato)
soprattutto a seguito dei progressi in - Esterna (personale ospedaliero)
medicina e del ricorso sempre piùpiù ampio - Esemplare (quando le sue proposte vanno al di fuori
dell’
dell’ospedale: ad esempio Harvard e morte cerebrale).
a tecnologie sofisticate”
sofisticate” (Spisanti,
Spisanti, S.)
c) Formulazione di direttive istituzionali (linee – guida per i
casi ricorrenti).

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 I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI
I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI
Il dibattito
Altre funzioni di minore importanza:
importanza:
a) Quelle dei comitati etici per la ricerca. Ragione contro Ragione a favore
b) Attenzione all’
all’organizzazione e operatività
operatività Apre un luogo di
dell’
dell’assistenza sanitaria (mediazione nel discussione fuori
Burocrazia dagli schemi rigidi.
rapporto medico - malato e nella relazione
paziente-
paziente-struttura socio-
socio-sanitaria...).
c) Tutela della vita, incolumità
incolumità e salute degli Serve per assumere
utenti e della sicurezza ambientale... Autorità
Autorità del più
più consapevolmente
medico la responsabilità
responsabilità.
d) Controllo dell’
dell’applicazione delle leggi sulla
interruzione volontaria della gravidanza...

I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI

Il dibattito Il dibattito
Ragione contro Ragione a favore Ragione contro Ragione a favore
Non bastano. Una L’ esigenze di
il clima di regolamentazione
diffidenza tra morale senza
sanzione é fragile, della medicina
Ostacola la ricerca ricerca scientifica e
società
società. non é efficace. moderna non
possono né
né devono
Ornare di etica Data la forte essere tradotte nel
Aiutano alla concentrazione di linguaggio giuridico.
diminuisce la integrazione della
obbligatorietà
obbligatorietà dimensione etica poteri, un efficace
nella pratica clinica. controllo passa
attraverso la legge.

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I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI
Il dibattito Le difficoltà
difficoltà nella pratica

Ragione contro “Nati in una fiammata di entusiasmo,

hanno una vita promettente all’
all’inizio;
ma poi subentra abbastanza
Il dialogo non e possibile nei comitati rapidamente una fase di plateau, in cui i
eterogenei (pluralismo etico). membri hanno l’l’impressione di
macinare acqua. Cominciano le
defezioni, il comitato dirada gli incontri
Se si riesce, la base contrattualistica e, in tempi più
più o meno lunghi, non
non è adeguata per dare risposte etiche. rimane che dichiarare la sua fine”
fine”
(Spisanti,
Spisanti, S., 1999).

I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI

Le difficoltà
difficoltà nella pratica Le difficoltà
difficoltà nella pratica
Cause (Spisanti,
Spisanti, 1999): Cause (Spisanti,
Spisanti, 1999):
1) Senso di incapacità
incapacità a risolvere i conflitti e 1) Non riescono a dissipare l’l’impressione
a incidere nelle istituzioni in cui sono che la loro finalità
finalità sia il controllo
inseriti.
2) Talvolta hanno agende troppo cariche. Isolamento del comitato.
Nell´
Nell´ incapacità
incapacità di fare tutto, le riunioni si 2) Il lavoro è strumentalizzato da una
riducono a riprodurre sempre di nuovo la struttura ben più
più vasta che non vuol
questione degli scopi del comitato di lasciarsi mettere in discussione.
etica.

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I COMITATI ETICI OSPEDALIERI
Le alternative

Nella medicina delle cure palliative, lo

stesso gruppo di assistenza diventa
comitato etico. I COMITATI ETICI
NAZIONALI
Protocolli disegnati dalla stessa
istituzione.
Avere un bioeticista nell’
nell’ ospedale.
Assessorato diretto da un centro di
bioetica.

I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI

Questi comitati hanno avuto una grande

“Consiglio di saggi, chiamato diffusione fin dagli anni ottanta.
dai governi nazionali ad Tipi:
esprimere un giudizio a) Durata limitata:
limitata: Per lavorare su un
argomentato nei confronti delle tema specifico.
pratiche biomediche più
più b) Natura permanente:
permanente: Per lavorare in
problematiche e aiutare così
così ad forma continua sui temi che sorgono.
orientare le scelte etiche e
giuridiche”
giuridiche” (Viafora,
Viafora, C.)

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I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
TEMPORALI TEMPORALI
Stati Uniti Stati Uniti
1) National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects and 4) President’
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in
Behavioral Research (1974-
(1974-1978, 10 reports). Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1978- (1978-1983, 12
Research on the Fetus (1975) Research Involving Prisoners (1976) reports)
Research Involving Children (1977) Defining Death (1981) Protecting Human Subjects (1981)
Psychosurgery: Report and Recommendations (March 1977) Whistleblowing in Biomedical Research (1981)
Disclosure of Research Information Under the Freedom of Information
Information Institutional Review Boards Guidebook (1981)
Act (April 1977) Compensating for Research Injuries (1982)
Research Involving Those Institutionalized as Mentally Infirm (1978)
(1978) Splicing Life: The Social and Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering
Engineering
Ethical Guidelines for the Delivery of Health Services by Departament with Human Beings (Nov 1982)
of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW
(DHEW)) (1978) Making Health Care Decisions (1982)
Implications of Advances in Biomedical and Behavioral Research Deciding to Forego Life-
Life-Sustaining Treatment (1983)
(1978) Implementing Human Research Regulations (1983)
Institutional Review Boards (1978) Belmont report (1978) Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions: The Ethical, Social,
Social,
2) Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC (RAC,, 1976) and Legal Implications of Genetic Screening, Counseling, and Education
Education
3) The Ethics Advisory Board (EAB(EAB,, 1978-
1978-1979, 1 report). Programs (Feb 1983)
DHEW Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Securing Access to Health Care (1983) Summing Up (1983)
Embryo Transfer: Report and Conclusions (1979)

I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI

TEMPORALI TEMPORALI
Stati Uniti Stati Uniti
5) Biomedical Ethical Advisory Committee (1988- (1988-1990). 7) Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (1994- (1994-1995, 2
reports).
The 14 initial members of this Committee were selected by the Biomedical
Biomedical Created in January 1994 and dissolved in October 1995, the 14-14-member
Ethics Board, which was made up of six senators and six members of Committee was charged with investigating and reporting on the use
use of human
Congress. The group functioned only briefly from late 1988 to early
early 1989 beings as subjects of federally funded research using ionizing radiation.
radiation.
and had two meetings before its parent group became politically
deadlocked due to abortion politics, its appropriations were frozen,
frozen, and 8) National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC, 1995- 1995-2001, 7 reports).
finally its term expired in 1990.
Cloning Human Beings (1997)
Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders That May Affect
6) Human Embryo Research Panel (1994, 1 report). Decisionmaking Capacity (1998)
This panel was formed by the National Institutes of Health in January
January Research Involving Human Biological Materials: Ethical Issues andand Policy
1994. The group classified human embryo research into three categories:
categories: Guidance (1999)
acceptable, needing additional review, and unacceptable. It also drafted Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research (1999)
guidelines for the review and conduct of acceptable research. The
The 1998-
1998-1999 Biennial Report
Advisory Committee and the Director of NIH unanimously approved the Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials
Trials in
report, but President Clinton issued a statement saying, "I do not
not believe Developing Countries (April 2001)
that federal funds should be used to support the creation of human
human Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants
Participants (Aug 2001)
embryos for research purposes, and I have directed that NIH not allocate
any resources for such research."

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I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
TEMPORALI TEMPORALI
Stati Uniti
9) President's Council on Bioethics (2001...., 9 reports). Germania
Created by President George W. Bush in 2001, the Council was charged
charged with advising the 1985.-
1985.- FIV, genetica (Benda report)
President on bioethical issues that may emerge as a consequence of advances in
biomedical science and technology. 1987.-
1987.- Biotecnology
Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry (July 2002) 1988.-
1988.- Salute Pubblica
Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (Oct 2003)
Being Human: Readings from the President's Council on Bioethics (Dec 2003) Spagna
Monitoring Stem Cell Research (Jan 2004)
Reproduction and Responsibility: The Regulation of New Biotechnologies
Biotechnologies (March 2004) Anni 70.-
70.- Commissione sui trapianti
White Paper: Alternative Sources of Pluripotent Cells (May 2005)
Taking Care: Ethical Caregiving in Our Aging Society (Sept 2005) 1984.-
1984.- Commissione sui medicamenti
Human Dignity and Bioethics: Essays Commissioned by the President's
President's Council on Bioethics
(March 2008) 1985.-
1985.- Commissione sulle tecniche di riproduzione
The Changing Moral Focus of Newborn Screening: An Ethical Analysis
Analysis by the President's
Council on Bioethics (December 2008) assistita (Informe Palacios,
Palacios, 1986)

I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI

TEMPORALI PERMANENTI

Inghilterra 1) Francia: Comité

Comité Consultatif National d´
d´Ethique
(CCNE, 1983, 105 pareri).
1972.-
1972.- Advisory Group on Fetal 2) Svezia: Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics
Research (Peel report). (SMER, 1986)
1977.-
1977.- Social Science Research Council 3) Danimarca:The
Danimarca:The Danish Council of Ethics (1988,
(Black report). annual report).
4) Italia: Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica (CNB,
1982.-
1982.- Warnock Commission (Warnock 1990, 49 pareri)
report, 1984). 5) Norvegia: The National Committee for Research
Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT , 1990, 9
pareri).

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 I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
PERMANENTI PERMANENTI
6) Inghilterra: Human Fertilization Embriology
Authority (HFEA, 1991) 11) Grecia: Hellenic National Bioethics Commission
7) Inghilterra: The Nuffield Council on Bioethics (1998, 16 pareri)
(1991, privati, 18 pareri ed annuale report) 12) Germania: Nationaler Ethikrat (2001)
8) Portogallo: Conselho Nacional de Etica para as 13) Austria: Bioethikkommission (2001)
Ciencias da Vida (1991, 57 pareri) 14) Irlanda: The Irishs Council of Bioethics (2002, 13
reports)
reports)
9) Belgio: Comité
Comité Consultatif de Bioé
Bioéthique de
Belgique (1993, 44 pareri ed annuale report) 15) Altre nazioni dell’
dell’Europa: > 21
16) America /Australia: > 15
10) Olanda: The Council for Public Health and Health
Care (RZV , 1995, 33 pareri). 17) Asia: > 13
18) Africa: > 16

I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI

PERMANENTI PERMANENTI
Altre nazioni dell’
dell’Europa:
Europa: America /Australia
Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Argentina, Australia, Bolivia,
Croazia, Cipro, Slovacchia, Brasile, Canada, Cile, Costa
Slovenia, Estonia, Finlandia, Rica, Cuba, Ecuador,
Georgia, Ungheria, Islanda, Latvia,
Latvia,
Honduras, Messico, Nuova
Lettonia, Lituania, Lussemburgo,
Malta, Polonia, Rep. Ceca, Zelanda, Rep. Dominicana,
Romania, Russia. Uruguay, Venezuela.

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I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
PERMANENTI
Asia
Arabia Saudita, Barbados,
Cina, Corea del Sud,
Filippine, Giappone, India,
Irán, Israel, Libano, Nepal,
Singapore, Turchia.
I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
FUNZIONI
1) Stabilire linee di azione nei temi affidati.
2) Elaborazione di raccomandazioni
legislative.
3) Sicurezza simbolica
4) Legittimazione della azione ufficiale.
5) Educazione del pubblico.
I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
PERMANENTI
Africa
Algeria, Benin, Botswana,
Burkina Faso,
Faso, Camerun, Rep.
Democ.
Democ. del Congo, Costa d’d’
Avorio, Egitto, Etiopia, Gambia,
Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal,
Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda.
I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
PROBLEMI
Pluralismo etico dei membri.
Consenso difficile sui contenuti etici.
Attenzione concentrata sulle procedure
(come fare “bene”
bene”, dato che è possibile).
Si lascia stare la questione sulla eticità
eticità
propriamente detta delle tecniche.
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 I COMITATI ETICI NAZIONALI
PROBLEMI

Questi comitati sarebbero un:

“Organo di combinazione di
consenso sociale nel I COMITATI ETICI
presupposto che non esiste INTERNAZIONALI
un’
un’etica assoluta e che la
società
società in definitiva è la fonte
dell’
dell’eticità”
eticità” (Sgreccia)
Sgreccia)

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

UNIONE EUROPEA UNIONE EUROPEA

Group of Advisers on the Ethical

CONSIGLIO D’ EUROPA Implications of Biotechnology (GAIEB,
1991-
1991-1997, opinions 1-1-10).

ALCUNI COMITATI European Group on Ethics in

REGIONALI Science and New Technologies
(EGE, 1997, opinions 11-
11-23).

NAZIONE UNITE

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I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
UNIONE EUROPEA
European Group on Ethics in
Science and New Technologies
(EGE, 1997)
The Group is a neutral, independent, pluralist and
multidisciplinary body, composed of fifteen experts
appointed by the Commission for their expertise and
personal qualities.
qualities. The task of the Group is to examine
ethical questions arising from science and new
technologies and on this basis to issue Opinions to the
European Commission in connection with the
preparation and implementation of Community
legislation or policies. In order to face the ethical issues
that are arising with the rapid advances in science and
technology, the Members represent a broader range of
professional competences in different disciples.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
UNIONE EUROPEA
European Group on Ethics in Science and
New Technologies (EGE,
EGE, 1997)
Opinion n°n° 1 - 12/03/1993 - The ethical implications of the
use of performance-
performance-enhancers in agriculture and fisheries
Opinion n°n° 2 - 12/03/1993 -Products derived from human
blood or human plasma
Opinion n°n° 3 - 30/09/1993 - Opinion on ethical questions
arising from the Commission proposal for a Council directive
for legal protection of biotechnological inventions
Opinion n°n° 4 - 13/12/1994 - The ethical implications of gene
therapy
Opinion n°n° 5 - 05/05/1995 - Ethical aspects of the labelling of
the food derived from modern biotechnology

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

UNIONE EUROPEA UNIONE EUROPEA
European Group on Ethics in Science European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies
and New Technologies (EGE,
EGE, 1997) (EGE, 1997)

Opinion n°n° 6 - 20/02/1996 - Ethical aspects of
prenatal diagnosis
Opinion n°n° 7 - 21/05/1996 - Ethical aspects of
genetic modification of animals
Opinion n°n° 8 - 25/09/1996 - Ethical aspects of
patenting inventions involving elements of human
origin
Opinion n°n° 9 - 28/05/1997 - Ethical aspects of
cloning techniques
Opinion n°n° 10 - 11/12/1997 - Ethical aspects of the
5th Research Framework Programme.
Programme.
Opinion n°n° 11 - 21/07/1998 - Ethical aspects of human tissue banking
Opinion n°n° 12 - 23/11/1998 - Ethical aspects of research involving the
use of human embryo in the context of the 5th framework program.
Opinion n°n° 13 - 30/07/1999 - Ethical issues of healthcare in the
information society
Opinion n°n° 14 - 14/11/1999 - Ethical aspects arising from doping in sport
Opinion n°n° 15 - 14/11/2000 - Ethical aspects of human stem cell research
and use
Opinion n°n° 16 - 07/05/2002 - Ethical aspects of patenting inventions
involving human stem cells
Opinion n°n° 17 - 04/02/2003 - Ethical aspects of clinical research in
developing countries

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I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
UNIONE EUROPEA CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA

European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies

(EGE, 1997) Steering committee
Opinion n°
n° 18 - 28/07/2003 - Ethical aspects of genetic testing in the
on Bioethics (CDBI)
workplace
Opinion n°
n° 19 - 16/03/2004 - Ethical aspects of umbilical cord blood
banking
Opinion n°
n° 20 - 16/03/2005 - Ethical aspects of ICT (Information and
Communication Technologies) Implants in the Human Body
Opinion n°
n° 21 - 17/01/2007 - Ethical aspects of nanomedicine The European Conference
Opinion n°
n° 22 - 13/07/2007 – Ethics review of hESC FP7 (Seventh
Framework Program 2007-
2007-2011) reseach projects of National Ethics Committees
n° 23 - 16/01/2008 - Ethical aspects of animal cloning for food
Opinion n°
supply (COMETH).

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA
Steering committee on Bioethics (CDBI,1992).
Ad hoc Committee of experts on ethical and The Committee is instructed:
i. to study the set of problems posed for ethics, law and human rightsrights by progress in
legal problems relating to human genetics the biomedical sciences, in particular in the light of the relevant
relevant Recommendations
(CAHGE, 1983 – 1985). adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly and the work of Ministerial
Ministerial Conferences
in particular on Human Rights and of the Ministers of Justice.
ii. to work with a view to harmonising the policies of member states as far as
possible and, where appropriate to framing appropriate legal instruments instruments on
Committee of experts on progress in ethical and legal questions related to specific fields, inter alia the protection of the
biomedical sciences (CAHBI, 1985 – 1992). human embryo and foetus,
foetus, and human genetics. This may include the elaboration
of additional protocols to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine.
Biomedicine.
iii. to work with a view to facilitating implementation of the principles principles of the
Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and its Additional Protocols.
Protocols.
iv. having regard to the Secretary General's co- co- ordinating role, to co-
co-operate with
Steering committee on Bioethics other steering committees and ad hoc committees in the implementation
Projects involving several fields of activity.
implementation of the
(CDBI,1992). v. v. to co-
co-operate with other relevant international bodies, in particular the European
Union.

17
 I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA
Steering committee on Bioethics (CDBI,1992). Steering committee on Bioethics (CDBI,1992).
Membership Working Parties
ƒ The governments of the 47 member States may appoint experts. Such Such These Working Parties are responsible for preparing texts which are then referred
members are entitled to vote (1 vote per delegation) on matters arising to the CDBI for discussion and decision. Except on procedural matters, the
within the CDBI.
CDBI. Furthermore the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council Working Parties and the other committees shall not take decisions
decisions by voting. They
of Europe and the Commission of the European Communities may shall state their conclusions in the form of unanimous recommendations,
recommendations, or, if this
appoint representatives. proves impossible, they shall make a majority recommendation and indicate the
dissenting opinions.
ƒ In addition to the member States, the following countries may send send
observers: Australia, Canada, Holy See, Israel, Japan, Mexico, United Working Party on organ transplantation (CDBI-
(CDBI-CO-
CO-GT1)
United
States of America. Working Party on biomedical research (CDBI-
(CDBI-CO-
CO-GT2)
ƒ The following international organizations may also send other participants: Working Party on research on biological materials of human origin
origin (CDBI-
(CDBI-CO-
CO-
participants: GT2biomat)
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization), OECD (Organization for Economic Co- Co-operation and Working Party on the protection of the human embryo and foetus (CDBI-
(CDBI-CO-
CO-GT3)
Development), WHO (World Health Organization), the International Working Party on human genetics (CDBI-
(CDBI-CO-
CO-GT4)
Commission on Civil Status, the European Science Foundation, KEK Working Party on xenotransplantation (CDBI/CDSP-
CDBI/CDSP-XENO)
XENO)
(Church and Society Commission of the Conference of European Working Party on psychiatry and human rights (CDBI
(CDBI--PH)
Churches). Working Party on biotechnology (CDBI
(CDBI--Biotech)

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

CONSIGLIO D´ D´EUROPA CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA
Steering committee on Bioethics (CDBI,1992). The European Conference of National Ethics
The work of CAHBI, and then of the CDBI, has led to:
Committees (COMETH, 1992, 9 meetings)
Composto dai rappresentanti dei comitati nazionali
The preparation of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine,
Biomedicine, the first di etica (od equivalenti) degli Stati membri del
international treaty in this field (entry into force on 1 December
December 1999)
Consiglio d’
d’Europa.
The additional Protocol on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings (entry into Obiettivi:
force on 1 March 2001) Obiettivi:
1) Promuovere la collaborazione tra i comitati etici
The additional Protocol concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues
Tissues nazionali.
of Human Origin (entry into force on 1 May 2006)
2) Aiutare le nazioni che hanno bisogno di formare il
The additional Protocol on Biomedical Research (entry into force on 1 proprio comitato.
september 2007).
3) Promuovere il dibattito pubblico sulle questioni
The Protocol on Genetic Testing for Health Purposes (approved by the CDBI on 8 etiche suscitate nel progresso delle scienze
June 2007).
biomediche.
biomediche.

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I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA
The European Conference of National Ethics Committees
(COMETH, 1992)
1st meeting,
meeting, Madrid (Spain, 1992); setting up of this
Conference.
2nd meeting,
meeting, Stockholm (Sweden, 1994)
3rd Conference, Paris (France, 1998) devoted in part to the
topic "The ethical aspects of collective health choices“
choices“.
4th Conference, Oporto (Portugal, 1998) devoted in part to
the topic "Controversial ethical issues in the field of
international biomedical research“
research“
5th Conference, Strasbourg (Council of Europe, 2000)
devoted in part to the topic “ Science, communication and
society”
society”
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
ALTRI REGIONALI
The Nordic Committee on Bioethics
(Danimarca, Finlandia, Islanda, Norvegia,
Svezia,
Svezia, 1988, 21 documents).
Africa: Pan African Bioethics Initiative
(PABIN, 1998).
Forum for Ethical Review Committees in
The Asian and Western Pacific Region
(FERCAP, 2000).
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
CONSIGLIO D´
D´EUROPA
The European Conference of National Ethics Committees
(COMETH, 1992)
6th Conference, Paphos,
Paphos, (Cyprus, 2001) devoted in part to
the topic “Genetics and society: opportunities and threats”
threats”
7th Conference, Strasbourg (Council of Europe, 2003)
devoted in part to the topic "New ethical challenges: bioethics
education and biobanks“
biobanks“
8th Conference, Dubrovnik (Croatia, 2005) devoted in part to
the topic "Meeting the challenges of changing societies“
societies“
9th Conference, Berlin (Germania, 2007) devoted in part to
the topic “Bioethics in a democratic society”
society”
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (FAO)
"Ethics in Food and Agriculture"
ONU (UNESCO)
International Bioethics Committee
Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee.
World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology.
Technology.
Assisting Bioethics Committees (ABC)
ONU (OMS)
Ethics and Health
Strategic Initiative for Developing Capacity in Ethical Review (program)
(program)
Scientific and Ethical Review Group (SERG
(SERG)) (program)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
ONU Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics
Pontificia Accademia per la Vita
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I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (FAO)
FAO)
Ethics in Food and Agriculture
Ethics is by its nature crosscutting and
multidimensional, and FAO has established
an internal Committee on Ethics in Food
and Agriculture to guide the Organization's
actions in this regard. The Director-
Director-General
has also established an independent Panel of
Eminent Experts on Ethics in Food and
Agriculture to advise him on pressing issues
of ethics in food and agriculture.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (UNESCO)
International Bioethics Committee
(IBC, 1993, 15 reports)
A body of 36 independent
experts that follows progress in
the life sciences and its
applications in order to ensure
respect for human dignity and
freedom.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (FAO)
FAO)
Panel of Eminent Experts on Ethics in Food and
Agriculture (2000)
The Panel shall consist of eight Eminent Experts
designated in their personal capacity by the Director-
Director-
General, in accordance with established procedures
and practices for a period of four years. The eminent
experts shall be of high moral authority and public
standing. The Panel shall represent different
scientific and other disciplines, and varied
geographic, cultural and religious backgrounds.
First session and report (2000)
Second session and report (2002)
Third session and report (2005)
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (UNESCO)
International Bioethics Committee (IBC, 1993, 15 reports)
First Session Paris, France, 15-
15-16 September 1993
Second Session Paris, France, 20-20-22 September 1994
Third Session Paris, France, 27-
27-29 September 1995
Fourth Session Paris, France, 3-
3-4 October 1996
Fifth Session Noordwijk,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2-
2-4 December 1998
Sixth Session Rabat, Morocco, 7-7-13 October 1999
Seventh Session Quito, Ecuador, 7- 7-9 November 2000
Eighth Session Paris, France, 12-
12-14 September 2001
Ninth Session Montreal, Canada, 26-26-28 November 2002
Tenth Session Paris, France, 12-
12-14 May 2003
Extraordinary Session on "Towards a Declaration on Universal Norms
Norms on
Bioethics" Paris, France, 27-
27-29 April 2004
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I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (UNESCO) ONU (UNESCO)
International Bioethics Committee (IBC, 1993, 15 reports) Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC, 1998)
Eleventh Session Paris, France, 23-
23-24 August 2004 The IGBC was created in 1998, under Article 11 of
Joint Session of the International Bioethics Committee (IBC) and the the Statutes of the International Bioethics Committee
Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC(IGBC)) Paris, France, 26-
26-27 January
2005 (IBC). It is comprised of 36 Member States whose
Extraordinary Session Paris, France, 28 January 2005
Twelfth Session Tokyo, Japan, 15-
15-17 December 2005
representatives meet at least once every two years
Thirteenth Session Paris, France, 20-
20-22 November 2006 to examine the advice and recommendations of the
Fourteenth Session Nairobi, Kenya, 17-
17-19 May 2007 IBC. It informs the IBC of its opinions and submits
Fifteenth Session,
Session, Paris, France, 28–
28–29 October 2008
Joint session of the International Bioethics Committee (IBC) and the these opinions along with proposals for follow-
follow-up of
Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC
(IGBC),
), Paris, France, 30–
30–31 October the IBC's work to UNESCO's Director-
2008 Director-General for
Sixteenth session,
session, May 2009 (dates and venue to be fixed) transmission to Member States, the Executive Board
and the General Conference. Members serve for
terms of about four years.

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (UNESCO)
Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC, 1998) ONU (UNESCO)
IGBC Sessions World Commission on the Ethics of
First Session (Rabat, 7-
7-13 October 1999)
Second Session (Paris, 14-14-16 May 2001)
Scientific Knowledge and Technology
Third Session (Paris, 23-
23-24 June 2003) (COMEST, 1998).
Fourth Session (Paris, 24-
24-25 January 2005) COMEST is an advisory body and forum
Joint Session of the International Bioethics Committee (IBC)
and the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC (IGBC)) of reflection composed of 18
(Paris, 26-
26-27 January 2005) independent experts. The Commission is
Fifth Session (Paris, 19-
19-20 July 2007) mandated to formulate ethical principles
Joint session of the International Bioethics Committee (IBC)
and the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC (IGBC),
), that could provide decision-
decision-makers with
Paris, France, 29–
29–30 October 2008 criteria other than purely economic.
Sixth session,
session, Paris, France, June 2009 (dates to be fixed)

21
 I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (UNESCO) ONU (UNESCO)
World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology Technology
(COMEST,
COMEST, 1998). World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific
Orientation Knowledge and Technology (COMEST,
COMEST, 1998).
UNESCO’
UNESCO’s activities in the ethics of science and technology are especially
especially
centred on the implementation of the orientation given to COMEST since What are COMEST's tasks?
the 32nd General Conference. The orientation has three dimensions.
dimensions. ƒ To advise the Organization on its programme concerning the
First it aims at bringing the global debate to the regional level,
level, creating better ethics of scientific knowledge and technology;
connections with the scientific community and focussing on the issues that
are pertinent to specific regions. ƒ To be an intellectual forum for the exchange of ideas and
It aims at delivering particular and timely products to the Member
Member States experience;
(examples: an international instrument on the ethics of outer space
space and
an international declaration on science ethics that could serve as a basis ƒ To detect on that basis the early signs of risk situations;
for an ethical code of conducts for scientists…
scientists…) ƒ To perform the role of adviser to decision-
decision-makers in this
Finally, it aims at applying such standards into the scientific and policy
communities, creating awareness of the ethical issues and building
building respect;
capacities to deal with them appropriately. Special emphasis is placed on ƒ To promote dialogue between scientific communities,
the importance of teaching of ethics in scientific education.
decision-
decision-makers and the public at large.

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (UNESCO) ONU (UNESCO)
World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Assisting Bioethics Committees (ABC project, 2006?)
2006?)
Technology (COMEST,
COMEST, 1998).
COMEST Sessions The project aims at reinforcing the bioethics
First Ordinary Session,
Session, 28-
28-30 April 1999, Oslo, Norway
Extraordinary session, 4-
4-5 December 2000, Paris, France
infrastructure in Member States through the
Second Ordinary Session,
Session, 17-
17-19 December 2001, Berlin, Germany establishment of National Bioethics
Extraordinary session, 18-
18-19 October 2002, Alexandria, Egypt
Third Ordinary Session,
Session, 1-
1-4 December 2003, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Committees,
Committees, and, once they are established,
Extraordinary session, 14-
14-15 May 2004, Paris, France through the enhancement of the functioning of
Fourth Ordinary Session,
Session, 23-
23-25 March 2005, Bangkok, Thailand
Bureau Meeting, 6-
6-7 February 2006, Paris, France
committees. Fully operational and adequately
Extraordinary Session, 27-
27 28 June 2006, Paris, France
- functioning national bioethics committees in
Fifth Ordinary Session,
Session, 6-
6-9 December 2006, Dakar, Senegal
Extraordinary Session, 12-
12-13 November 2008, Paris, France
12 Member States within the biennium of
2008-
2008-2009.
2009.

22
 I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS) ONU (OMS)
Strategic Initiative for Developing Capacity in Ethical Review
Ethics and Health (ETH, 2002) (SIDCER)
Is a network of independently established regional fora for ethical review
Our mission:
mission: Ethics and Health Initiative was committees, health researchers and invited partner organizations.
organizations. The
launched in October 2002 to provide a focal point for primary objective of SIDCER is to contribute to human subject protections
protections
globally by developing local capacity for ethical review of research
research
the examination of the ethical issues raised by involving human subjects and for developing policies on the ethics
ethics of
health research.
activities throughout the organization. SIDCER vision:
vision: to ensure protection for all human participants in health
research globally.
Our activities:
activities: The Ethics and health team is involved in SIDCER mission:
mission: to foster competent, independent, in- in-country decision
a wide range of ethics activities, both on its own making for promoting responsible conduct of human research through
international network of fora,
through its
fora, and to monitor the quality and effectiveness
initiative and in response to the needs of other parts of ethical review worldwide, with mutual understanding and respect
respect for
cultural, regional and national differences.
of WHO, at HQ as well as in WHO's country and
regional offices.

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS) ONU (OMS)
Scientific and Ethical Review Group (SERG, 1997) (program)
Strategic Initiative for Developing Capacity in Ethical Review The Scientific and Ethical Review Group (SERG) is the senior peer peer review body for
(SIDCER)
SIDCER) research proposals submitted to or generated by HRP (Special Programme of
Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction).
Reproduction). It
SIDCER carries out its activities regionally in cooperation with regional,
regional, country, fosters recognition of the need for ethical principles and the use
use of ethical
and local organizations. At the regional level, works in cooperation
cooperation with practices in social science, biomedical, introductory and epidemiological
epidemiological research
the established regional fora and the WHO Regional Offices. The current in human reproduction.
network of partner fora are the following: Primary responsibilities of SERG:
SERG: to assess the scientific and technical soundness of
the proposed research and to ensure that all ethical requirements
requirements are fully met.
- Forum for Ethics Committees in the Confederation of Independent States Additional responsibilities of SERG:
SERG: provide guidance on ethical issues in research in
(FECCIS)
FECCIS) human reproduction guidelines; strengthen institutional ethical review procedures
- Forum for Ethical Review Committees in Asia and the Western Pacific
Pacific (workshops); promote discussion of ethical principles and practices
practices in human
(FERCAP) reproduction (meetings).
FERCAP)
Composition of SERG:
SERG: A Panel of approximately 30 members (non- (non-clinical and clinical
- Foro Latino Americano de Comité
Comités de Ética en Investigacion en Salud scientists, ethicists and lawyers) of whom a core group of 6 to 12 members
(FLACEIS)
FLACEIS) participates in all SERG meetings. Additional participants are invited
invited to specific
meetings according to the expertise required to review the submitted
submitted proposals.
- Pan-
Pan-African Bioethics Initiative (PABIN
(PABIN))

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I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
San Francisco (November 1996)
In summer of 1996, the National Bioethics
Advisory Commission recently appointed by
President Clinton (1995-
(1995-2002) asked the French
National Consultative Committee on Ethics
(1983) to join in inviting the other national
bioethics committees to send delegates to an
international summit meeting to be held in San
Francisco in conjunction with the III World
Congress of Bioethics at the end of November
1996.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
Subsequent meetings of the Global Summit of
National Bioethics Advisory Bodies, with ever-
ever-larger
numbers of national committees and international
organizations represented, were held in:
Tokyo: 3-4 November 1998
London: 20-20-21 September 2000
Brasilia: 3-4 November 2002
Canberra: 7-8 November 2004
Beijing:
Beijing: 4-5 August 2006
Paris:
Paris: 1-
1-2 September 2008
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
San Francisco: November 1996
Delegates representing 18 nations,
nations, as well as observers
from six international bodies,
bodies, participated in this first global
meeting. Some of the countries had specialized national
commissions, others were represented by a professional
association's ethics group, and a few by a health ministry
official. The delegates, from the Americas, Asia, Australia,
and Europe discussed their differences in scope,
sponsorship, and national cultures but found many areas of
common interest in bioethics, and resolved to continue their
dialogue.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
Tokyo: 3-4 November 1998
Desiring to continue the process begun at the first meeting, Harold
Harold T.
Shapiro, Chair of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, and and Dr.
Jean-
Jean-Pierre Changeux,
Changeux, Chair of France's Comité
Comité Consultatif National
d'Ethique,
d'Ethique, joined by Dr. Hiroo Imura,
Imura, Chair of the Japanese Bioethics
Commission, convened a two- two-day meeting in Tokyo that brought together
Delegates and Observers from more than 30 countries and 6
international organizations.
organizations.
Like the first meeting, the Second International Summit was held in
conjunction with a World Congress of Bioethics.
Bioethics. At the end the
participants decided to formally establish the "Global Summit of National
Bioethics Commissions" as an on- on-going organization to foster progress on
subjects of mutual interest to the national bioethics advisory bodies.
bodies. They
also identified a number of issues of mutual interest.
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I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
London: 20-20-21 September 2000
The third meeting of the Global Summit was held at
the invitation of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics and
the U.K. Department of Health along with the U.S.
and French national commissions. Thirty-
Thirty-six
nations were represented (with the greatest
increase coming from the newly established
European National Commissions), along with a
dozen international organizations.
organizations.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
Canberra: 7-8 November 2004
The fifth summit, organized by the Australian Health Ethics
Committee (AHEC
(AHEC),), took place in conjunction with the
World Congress of Bioethics (9- (9-12 November in Sydney).
Sydney).
Like the previous meetings, this summit consisted both of
reports by national committees about their work as well as
discussions of selected bioethics topics of broad interest. Two
workshop sessions were held, and by breaking the 36
delegates into smaller groups, the participants were able to
probe the aspects of each topics they found most relevant.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
Brasilia: 3-4 November 2002
At the Fourth Global Summit the participants from 27
nations discussed a wide range of issues that have
arisen in their national deliberations. In addition to a
plenary discussion of the ethics and policy options
surrounding human stem cell research, they held
breakout sessions on the use of biological samples
for research, pharmacogenetics,
pharmacogenetics, the patenting of
DNA, the role of the media, cell and DNA databases.
I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
Beijing: 4-5 August 2006
The Sixth Global Summit was held in conjunction with the with the Eighth
World Congress of Bioethics (6- (6-9 August), the Seventh Asian
Bioethics Conference (6- (6-9 August) and the Sixth International
Congress on Feminist Approaches to Bioethics (4- (4-6 August).
The participants, from 18 different countries,
countries, participated and commented on
a wide variety of ethical topics. In plenary sessions, delegates discussed
neuroethics and the ethical concerns surrounding understanding and
manipulating the human mind as well as the ethics of catastrophes.
catastrophes.
Deliberation in further plenary sessions focused on databases andand
personal health information in addition to considering topics on the
horizon for national bioethics advisory bodies.
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ONU (OMS)
Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
ONU (OMS)
Paris: 1-2 September 2008 Global Summit of National Bioethics Advisory Bodies
The seventh Global Summit, hosted by the French National Consultative
Consultative
Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences, consisted of sessions
sessions on Singapore: 26-
26-27 July 2010
ten separate topics including ethics and cultural diversity; transplantation
transplantation
of organs and tissue; digital health records; ethics committees and public The participating national bioethics
policy. Representative from 33 participating countries made
presentations on the work of their committees,
committees, followed by a plenary commissions of the 7th Global Summit
discussion. At the end of the Summit several participants expressed
expressed a
desire to exchange ideas on a more regular basis and set up unanimously decided to hold the next biennial
mechanisms, such as a shared database, to facilitate such exchange.
exchange.
Discussions led to a greater appreciation of the different challenges
challenges gathering in Singapore, on 26-
26-27 July 2010, in
faced by committees on the same issue due to diversity in
committee structure, cultural context and health system conjunction with the 10th World Congress of
development.
Bioethics.

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A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
ONU Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics (2002) ONU Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics (2002)
Second Meeting of the UN Inter- Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics
The Director-
Director-General of UNESCO, KoïKoïchiro Matsuura, took the initiative of Geneva, Switzerland 24- 24-25 November 2003
proposing to the Secretary-
Secretary-General of the United Nations the establishment of an Third meeting of the UN Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics
Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee with a view to ensuring improved coordination of activities UNESCO, Paris.
Paris. 24-
24-24 June 2004
and thinking on bioethics throughout the United Nations system.
system. During its third meeting, the UN Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics will devoted its
discussion notably to the elaboration of the UNESCO declaration on universal
First meeting of the Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics norms on bioethics as well as to the questions of Ethics, intellectual
intellectual property and
UNESCO, 14 and 15 March 2002 benefit sharing.
Participants: 4th Meeting of the UN Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics
Agencies of the United Nations system: OHCHR,OHCHR, WHO, FAO,FAO, UNESCO, ILO, ILO, WIPO.
WIPO. UNESCO, Paris, 10 December 2004.
Representatives from: European Commission, Council of Europe, the the Arab 5th Meeting of the UN Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics
League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization, the Organization
Organization for Geneva, Switzerland 16- 16-17 January 2006
Economic Cooperation and Development. 6th Meeting of the UN Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics
Members of: the International Bioethics Committee (IBC), the Intergovernmental
Intergovernmental UNESCO, Paris. 9- 9-10 November 2006
Bioethics Committee (IGBC(IGBC)) and the International Centre for Genetic Engineering 7th Meeting of the UN Inter-
and Biotechnology (ICGEB
(ICGEB).
). Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics
The agenda of this first meeting includes: Brussels, Belgium, 28-28-29 Novembre 2007
includes: a preliminary review of bioethics programs
implemented by the organizations represented; an exchange of views views on the 8th Meeting of the UN Inter-
Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics ¿?
different positions taken on questions of human cloning; the timeliness
timeliness and 2008
feasibility of drawing up a universal instrument on bioethics.

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 I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
Pontificia Accademia per la Vita. Vita. Pontificia Accademia per la Vita.
Vita.
Istituzione e compiti
Instituita da Giovanni Paolo II nel 1994, il suo compito è di: I Presidenti
a) studiare,
studiare, in un'ottica interdisciplinare, i problemi riguardanti la Dopo la morte del primo Presidente, il Prof.
promozione e la difesa della vita umana;
b) formare ad una cultura della vita – per la parte che le è propria Jérôme Lejeune,
Lejeune, avvenuta nell'aprile 1994, la
– attraverso opportune iniziative e sempre nel pieno rispetto PAV è stata presieduta dal cileno Prof. Juan
del Magistero della Chiesa;
de Dios Vial Correa fino al dicembre 2004. A
c) informare in maniera chiara e tempestiva i responsabili della
Chiesa, le varie istituzioni di scienze biomediche e delle lui è succeduto S.E.R. Mons.
Mons. Elio Sgreccia
organizzazioni socio-
socio-sanitarie, i mezzi di comunicazione e la fino al giugno 2008. Attualmente la PAV è
comunità
comunità civile in genere, sui risultati più
più rilevanti delle
proprie attività
attività di studio e di ricerca. guidata da S.E.R. Mons.
Mons. Rino Fisichella.

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
Pontificia Accademia per la Vita.
Vita. Pontificia Accademia per la Vita. Vita.
Consiglio Direttivo I membri
Presidente S.E. Mons.
Mons. Rino Fisichella La PAV,
PAV, oltre l'Ufficio Centrale che ha sede in
Vice-
Vice-Presidente Mons. Jean Laffitte Vaticano, ha un organico internazionale, composto
Cancelliere Mons. Ignacio Carrasco De Paula ad oggi di 51 Membri ordinari,
ordinari, tutti di nomina
Consigliere S.E. Mons.
Mons. Willem Jacobus Eijik pontificia, che hanno competenza in differenti
Consigliere Prof. Angelo Fiori settori delle scienze biomediche e delle discipline
Consigliere Prof.ssa Alicja Grzeskowiak correlate con i problemi concernenti la promozione
Consigliere Dott. Manfred Lütz e la difesa della vita. Ai Membri ordinari si
Consigliere Prof. Patricio Ventura-
Ventura-Juanca Del Tobar aggiungono, attualmente, 72 Membri
Consigliere Mons. Jean-
Jean-Marie Musivi Mpendawatu,
Mpendawatu, corrispondenti,
corrispondenti, il cui contributo viene richiesto in
occasioni specifiche, in relazione alla competenza
rappresentante del Pontificio Consiglio per la Pastorale
della Salute particolare di ciascuno di essi.

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 I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI
A LIVELLO MONDIALE A LIVELLO MONDIALE
Pontificia Accademia per la Vita
Pontificia Accademia per la Vita L’Assemblee generali
L’Assemblee generali "Evangelium vitae": 5 anni di confronto con la
Fondamenti razionali della sacralità
sacralità della vita società (2000)
in tutte le fasi della sua esistenza (1994) La cultura della vita: fondamenti e dimensioni (2001)
Natura e dignità della persona umana a fondamento
“Evangelium vitae” vitae”. Approfondimenti e del diritto alla vita. Le sfide del contesto culturale
riflessioni (1995) contemporaneo (2002)
Identità
Identità e statuto dell'embrione umano (1997) Etica della ricerca biomedica. Per una visione
cristiana (2003)
Genoma umano. Personalità
Personalità umana e società
società La dignità della procreazione umana e le tecnologie
del futuro (1998) riproduttive: aspetti antropologici ed etici. (2004)
La dignità
dignità del morente (1999) Qualità della vita ed etica della salute (2005)

I COMITATI ETICI INTERNAZIONALI

A LIVELLO MONDIALE CONCLUSIONI
Pontificia Accademia per la Vita Progressi nella Perdita del buon
L’Assemblee generali e i Congressi (dal 2006) biomedicina senso morale.
Congresso Internazionale: "L'embrione umano nella fase
del preimpianto“
preimpianto“ (2006) Nuovi
Congresso Internazionale: "La coscienza cristiana a problemi etici Pluralismo etico
sostegno del diritto alla vita“
vita“ (2007)
Congresso Internazionale: “Accanto al malato inguaribile Pluralità
Pluralità d’enti, nei diversi livelli (ospedaliero,
e al morente: Orientamenti etici ed operativi”
operativi”. (2008) nazionale,mondiale) che cercano una etica del
Congresso Internazionale: “La sfida dell’
dell’eugenetica: consenso, su minimi etici, e molte volte
scienza, etica e fede a confronto”
confronto” (20-
(20-21 febbraio contraria allo stesso buon senso perso.
2009)

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BUON NATALE

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