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Stack Pointer

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Subroutine
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Zero
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Arithmetic Logic Unit

Instruction Register
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? 2

e|% | D= ' „8 9 x• e% 8
€“= |T ? 2 7 j 08 „ 8
€“ / H : 6 8 T 0 H /S '

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G
(
[\ H ‹s e% YN Z' ' • E0 O ? 2
B ‡2 H O 91 _ }6 e% €E0 H 8
P \ ROM € Zc z T œk2 H = %kl •+/
8 > ' ' D[ • O _ %8 8
vs% c „ T 8 „ % a% • ‰ 3 B :/_
8 a v% O 8 _ O ' 4D[\ 9 ²
€ ' 8Z
•+/ EQ _ E0 e% ROM = D `90 E%
P E0 :0 8 8 M { "# %kl
M { Y9; 0 _ e 8 = pT 8 T Z
€ /_Z 8 _ ' = D `90 &
l _ O ? 2 O § 8 _ E0 e% ROM P #
_ E0 e% H v% P # €E ' O S Zc /_Z
f' 8 _ 8 % Zc Z;% ' ' ZB 0 ROM
€ s Z;% ' ' D '= 0
T
( (
0 e% E0 ROM :' B q œ .6' & '
D8 | „ |_ z |T u | _ O | %8 | ' | Z|
| 8
8 a Q 8 8 8 _ e% c O %8 '
x`/| Ž 8 | 6| f 0 ? 2 e% _z T €E0
€ > Š
H
( ) (
E_ 0 = _ _ E0 e% 6.Q e% e;2
@% _ z T D {# € _ z T 8 H ' Z
€E0 %kT a E% fm % E%

Read Only Memory

Erasable programmable ROM
Electrical Erasable PROM

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G
5 (
? 2 ³ "# 8 }9 ' ] Z' ' O ? 2
' ROM 9+7 € / 'Z RAM % ” Z 90
H O w0 / > ' pT € /9; D ´ Z 90 Q
r ‹9' RWM uRAM O :† pT D s' r ‹9'
E M e%:"N € }9 ' Z' ' f? 2 }6% Z
O 8 _ O ' €E0 H 9' E Q RAM
p 0 9 % 9' RAM 8 ' % @;% = E# 0
€ Z D '= T %8 f 0
€E0 H 8 µ RAM YN E% 1 N/
€ ' Z z T * #{o m %kl •+/ _ X
P \ 8 % ' , ? 2 Z# ' b >= 7 7 ^m
% ? 2 „E0 D ;2 _ %8 O Y9; 0
€ ' D ' Hard D=

)$ /% (@ 90 < (
¦{ ƒ = _ E0 RAM Z# ' @ 90 RAM
€ /_Z D `90 O= 0D[ • Z M /# /#

Random Access Memory

SRAM
DRAM

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> 0

A%

ZF $% Y 9; H M 8 e% 8
H 8 M D ” 6 8 A% > '
O 8 ;0 T ! Z% / H O O % T /# 8
€Y % c –% s Z6Q
$% 0 A% Z O8 H %
{+Q 8 .' m €E0 D O %8Ÿ o ‡ L
E0 ‡ L = 8 ?/ 9`B
€ ‡ L H 9% 8 G H

A% > B % C )
D D s' ) a 8 A% _ Z _
| œ |o $|% = CPU | Z| D s 8 .' m €E0
|| O 8 || ” ||o = E||0 — ||+ 8 8 ||? 2
D + E% % — + 8 e% € v% O Z
8 H „ :/ 0 -% o = CPU •0 „* 8 90 O
€ Z > Š D
8 E";Q e% Z M 2 e% €E0 CPU Z M /#
fm Z ./ Z +0 1 "# fm E0 _ @%
Z "9 0 € ' Z > Š 2 e% 8 * 8 90
e% 8 €E0 D D s' ( ) a 8 A% CPU
€“= TZ CPU A 9‘ O Ns• ” 6 8 9

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D )

/9; Z #{o D E 2 8 D }6% Data

9' CPU 4€€€ Key board uH.D.D3 O 8
H.D.D „Monitor uPrinter3 Z CPU % / Z
= 8 D „ e% € / Z 9/ 4€€€
€ /_Z 9/ p!# O 8 ¡ Z

) !
A% > B % C

4 3 -./ +0 1 2 ( )

L uCPU e% 8 D fm uY 9`B {+Q 8 .' m

-./ +0 1 2 H _ ALU 2 € /9; ‡
= pT 4 ( ) a 3 [BZ ‡ L O 8 /% BZ
q:/_ O % T -% o = _3 D 90 "# > Š
% ˆ 8 ‡ L Z 4 Z D 8 90 2 e%
Z ./ "# Y Z +0 1 "# Y 2 e% € Z
€ Z > Š 8

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E 6F :; 8 ) )
E e% 8 E0 E /S E";Q e%
D > Š Z ./ % Z +0 1 "# i 9' = , 9
E e% % O 8 = „ $% % `M ' Z
8 > ' b ' 8 ' Z D Ÿ 8
€“[BZ Y " Zo O N T O

4 3 8 G H 5 )

ALU O O 8 = Za% €E0 ‡ L :; 8 @% Acc

Y • B {
¯‰ € Z ^ ¶ :; 8 e% -% o =
8 8 # e% = Za% Y /_ •j 8 (U #
3 B :; 8 v% # Y / Z D[ • 8 G _H
8 +0 1 = pT € %Z 9' 4 ALU v% O 8
€ [BZ 8 Q ) # „ALU Z

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) !
A% 8 CPU Z > B % C (

:/ / = 2 < )
:/_ „ 2 e% Y 9`B 9 kB 8 8 .' m
E# 0 p7 T „x• e% O O 8 € 8 D N# 8 Y9; 0
> Š % O8 90 S !/% 0 €E0 IR Z
Memory „Memory Read +Q = w0 / O /v 0
e% / € ' 6 % €€€D[\ I/O Read „Write
€ !s 8 4CB3 :/ „ 2 e% Z

4 3 "67 8 90 :; 8 I )

# $% > > Š % CPU _ O8 90

' ˆ % # e% €E0 O /%
8 90
e% 8 9 „8 ?/ e% € B > Š P0 /9
2 p 0 !% 8 90 % E";Q
:/_ O % T D 90 :/ /+' =
Z CPU ' _ O8 90 / 2
€ ' 6 [\ % 6

' D '8 K J )

CPU ‡Q €E0 ? 2 8 H¡ '8 K „ 2 e%

• ' / Z Z' ? 2= 8 O '
E0 ? 2 8 H BD8 2 e% „ •
H Za% „CPU •0 ' = • ' = pT
e% € / Z D8 ' O 6 • Z F

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A% 8 Y / EQ 7 E0 9 I :; 8
€“8 8 H • •

8 H L )

8 H PC BD8 €E0 8 H u e%
D 8 Q 8 H O 8 8 H H u /_ D8 _
€ Z M Z 8 H e% € Z
4“8 8 H • ¬ 8 H %3

M "# ( )

s m CPU Z D s ) ) ! 8 8 o m
¬E0 %= "# e% = Z!% > Š 2 8
4 = M %3 8 H b 8 }6 ¬ Fetch •
= 8 O D CPU _ E0 Z' = {
¯‰ €E0
v "# _ E0 Z' = % u 8 HZ ? 2
Fetch "# ' Z D 9' CPU ' "#
€E0 > Š 2 8
a/% }6% „E0 }6 ¬ Execute •
€E0 O8 90 O 2 8 CPU
e% = Za% > Š 2 8 s m CPU E 2 8
@% IR 2 _ E0 Z' = Fetch © E0 8 _
u :/_ 2 8 HZ ? 2 = 8 "67 8 90
O E";Q :/ -% o = 8 :/_ O % T
* #{o Z & = p 0 € 90 Z A 9‘
€ ' … ALU „ ACC „ :/_ 2 8 IR

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) ) !
CPU Z M "# 7 = ™ K

b;' / = ' „ 2 e% - Q YN
€Y 9; A% – dM ! "#

> B % C 5 ) !
Execute Fetch "#

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O / P7 Q A% ! "# ) )
N "67 8 90
9|0 „E|% |6 ?' = A% 8
|| Memory Reference * 8 9||0 ¬“8 "67 8 9||0
$| | Non-Memory Reference * 8 9|0 /9;| 9% |
| D {|
|# |9 L :;|
| 8 $|
|% ^/|
|•m € /9;|
| 9% |
Y “8 A% 8 B > ' 4A38 G H
/! ` ° > Š A 8 / 8 !" :; 8 $% /6
© •Q , Memory Reference * 8 90 x 8 Y
> ' "# „ +0 1 * "# ‰ 8 *8 M e%
?' 8 8 E; /6% € [B 8 Q B :; 8 8
p |0 Y | 8 |Q B 8 |? 2 = LDB 8 90 8
e|% | €Y > Š B A ^ 8 ?' 8 * "#
8 Q Non-Memory Reference "67 8 90 $% = P
|?2{ € | | D `9|0 B % A 8 6 E%
8 H ? 2 = 8 D „8 90 e% S B
E|% E|0 | %= „E; ' 8 H b = ' 7
8 H •|Q 8 €“[|v ?' 8 D /# 8 6
€E0 4PC) · „ 6 E%
op-code E 0 < ) ! - . P e%
E";Q Y D ' " Q E 0 “8 Address Modifier E
„E L e% E 2 8 €E0 4 A10 A9 „ A8 3 8 H G
H [;` 8 _ E0 "67 8 90 @% ¡ 8
Memory * 8 90 8 3 ' 6 E% €E T Y
x ' `% 4 A0 A7 3 8 H ^% T E";Q /6 4Ref
8 ? 2 (Kbyte Y ' P e% € /
€Y / 8 H

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9 I / P7 Q < ) !
"67 8 90

8 8 H G E";Q E% ( U E
€ Z s' 8 ? 2 = d`M $% / R‹s
L ? 2 $% ‰ 2 A% 8 e% /
€4I ) ! 3 “8 0:0 9% (<I d`M
D s' I X I ) a 8 _ 5 ) E
`M E0 8 H = D `90 :s O E Q O D
Ÿ 8 8 8 ZM > N` E @%
¬E0 %= 8 Q …H
= E $% /# `M B E e% ¬ X
CPU u E e% B q € Z Z "67 8 90
ACC ‰ Za"_ :; 8 @%3 B 8 E0 8 Eh E Es
•j 4“ % Y H 8 8 D Y ' Z _ E0
€€€€€€€€

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? 2 x% c I ) !
A% 8 d`M Es

Z 8 Q 8 H 8 D H E0 # /_Z
ACC 8 8 x O 91 8Z ? 2 8 H e%
€ %8Z
E e% = Y 9; [\ Z 8 H O ¬ I
E L u E e% B € Z D `90
8 Q 8 H O 8 8 H /# u 8 H E";Q
• 8 H 8 ¡ E% [BZ
* #{o e% u Z D ' ? 2 = k7
[BZ 8 Q 8 H O 8 % 8 H /#
D O 8 % 8 H 8 OD
D e% O 8 D 90 "# 6 [BZ 8 Q
€ Z "#

R 5 )
4¦{ ƒ ( 3R ( O 8 A% _
€ ' Z D[ • …H 8 ALU * "# w' ¨% 9' _ E0
¬ ' %= 8 R e%
E (Zero3 `M E u 4Carry3$% E $%
€ (Negative3 Z`/ E {#
' "# O 8 Z "# _ ‡Q ¬ Carry •
Carry E 9 $% B
B {
¯‰ € ' Z `M *8 M e% [\ 8 Z
Y /_ •j U H 8 H FFH 91 8 G H
@% Carry E E7 2 e% 8 € Z M 2 UUH
€ Z

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> Š ALU 8 _ Z "# fi 9' B ¬ Zero •

e% [\ 8 @% E e% u `M 9 B
€ Z `M X8 u*8 M
' "# O 8 Z "# M 2 B ¬ Negative •
`M s E+‰ B Z uE e% Z`/
8 Z "# M 2 B v% *8 +# € Z
*8 M e% [\ 8 @% ' s' e% u Z`/ ALU
€ Z `M X8

>8 NS

LUL< 8 ;0 T !

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| 8 o 8 LUL< 8 ;0 T ! e% 8
|9 | E0 *8 M e% 8 8 €E / Y
p |0 „Y |/ | 08 8 R ^/•m LUL< % T
H = |6 Y % |c | | 6 8 | 8 H & '
E| H Y | +h = 8 LUL< ;% ' '
| ' | +Q = „ 8 8 | ‰ e% /S N9' 8
08 ' „ e!0 ' „ T 8 :/
|+Q | E0 –F T €Y / 8 D[\ vT S 9%
8 ' + 9s|T IC % 69 ‰ b T
€Y 0 /s

LUL< % T 5
8 8 @% _ E0 D as % T 5U = LUL<
€Y Z Ÿ 8 9 %=

J U 5
X=8 Y_ E L Y u '8 D `90 % T L e%
f 0 _ / Z D E L Y /9; 8 H
_• H Ÿ _ ALE € ' Z pa T ‡7 ' )L @%
ALE B € M ' )L D // 6 % T
L *8 M e% [\ 8 /9; 9% E L e% u `M
€E0 8 H ^% T E

L < ( 5
8 H X=8 E L / Z Z % T e%
€ / Z as 8

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WR ) 5

• e% O 8 Low /v 0 E0 Z f% T @%
I/O % ? 2 8 D O 8 * #{o _ Z š#
€ 9 '

5 5
% ' a 0 { 8 E0 O 8 f% T @%
w' 8 % ? 2 a/% }6% High B b '
/a M CPU u Low B E0 D 9' ¡ H
_b ' % ' a'H = +Q High D8
€

< 5
Z š# 6 B E0 O 8 f% T @%
8 Q w' 8 @% 8 9 8 D 8 H — . _
¤8 = pT _ 8 8 CPU pT € [B
8 9 8 8 D8 HOLD E7 2 =
€E B

( I 5

Hold E7 2 8 = pT E0 O 8 f% T @%
HOLD /v 0 %¶ O /6 6
€ Z

Write
HOLD Acknowledge

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J 5
6 B Z r ;1 `Q O 8 f% T
— f ' D AQ 9 E0 8 f ' O
€ ³ 6 `Q š› € Z `Q

( L 5
€ Z `Q %¶ E0 Z f% T

JW< IW< <W< V 5

f`Q O 8 INTR ‰ /9; O 8 % T e%

€ %Z x% JW< <W< = E% 7 / Z

U 5
6 [\ 8 H c E0 O 8 `Q $%
)
e% €E0 ’ ' s' 6 [\’ v% *8 +# „E0
€ 8 8 E% 7 e% G „ `Q O 8

š# 8 H e% O 8 Low /v 0 Z O 8
€ BZ Y9; 0 reset

Interrupt
Interrupt Acknowledge
Nonmaskable Interrupt

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( 5

2 8 CPU _ E0 H ¡ / s' E0 Z
€E0 reset

( ) 5

_ /9; M 5MHZ 9;% _ @% ' O 8

€ '8 HZ 8 Y9; 0 C{

5 5
„8 ;0 T a C{ Z e% €E0 Z
Ž v% D `90 O 9;% _ p' _ A ' p' _
€E0 D Y a Y9; 0

< 5

O 8 (RIM 8 90 •0 4‡ @ 3 % 0 D O 8
8 Q 8 G _H (MSB) Y9` E 8 SID ^T
€ [BZ

) I 5
E u5SIM 8 90 •0 4‡ @ 3 % 0 ¡ Z
€ [BZ 8 Q ^T e% O 8 8 G _H Y9`

Serial Input Data Line

Read Interrupt Mask
Serial Output Data Line
Set Interrupt Mask

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RD J 5

• e% O 8 Low /v 0 E0 Z f% T @%
8 Q D O 8 I/O % ? 2 O 91 _ Z š#
€ [B

R ( 5
E L Y /_Z D s 4 53 a 8 _ 8 o m
A% 6 H E < _ '8 R O E /#
€(X) E0 D s' A% 6 H E ) D

LUL< 8 R 5 !
Z ' YQ8 uZ "67 8 90 = M 2 i 9' B ¬CY
& Q E e% G = ZF Q % 4•j = 3 9
Z YS T e% u4 ;% % -% ` 8 3 '
€ `M *8 M e% [\ 8
Y ; D ' " Q B 8 > ' = E ¬P
YS T e% `M ( Z "# i 9' O E •j
€ `M *8 M e% [\ 8 Z
Z "67 8 90 B 8 > ' Za"_ Z ' E ¬AC
8 8 5 E ) E = Z ' YQ8 7 P
*8 M e% [\ 8 @% E e% u B i 9'
O -% ` •j O E e% Ḡ M u `M
€ 8Z 8 _ DAA 8 90 = +Q BCD #

Read

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@% "# fi 9' B E0 `M R ¬Z
B Z @% R e% `M 8 "67 8 90
€ ' Z ZQ `M '
i 9' E e%: =8 B E0 E {# R ¬S
`M B E e% @% 8 uZ "#
€ `M u
8 G H E I & "Π8 H %
€ 9`B PSW „ R

LUL< 8 8 H & ' ) 5

* 8 90 & ' D '= T %8 @% * 8 90 # "Œ
™ 8 D O 8 D '= T %8 8 _ O 8
8 _ 8 LUL< 8 Z 8 H X 8 ¨/T € Z
€ / D Ÿ %=

Y 9; Z 8 H X 8 ) 5
= Zs• /# 8 H E I fm X 8 e% 8
LDA UUUH ¬ ‰ BZ A% 6 8 90
8 H e% D 9 8 UUU H 8 H 8 90 e%
€ %8Z 8 G H 8 8 ? 2 =

Z +̧, Z 8 H X 8 ( ) 5
LUL< 8 8 G _H D {# * +, I _ Y 9`B
E0 ‡0 8 0 X 8 uY 9; Z 8 H X 8 € '8
E 0 = ' H P # q ? 2 Z 90 O
2 O € Z "67 8 90 Ž = 8 ? 2 =
* +, O 6 Ḡ "6 D '= T %8 2 o u as e%

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8 8 ' Z Z 8 H E% @% _ D8 ?/ m
MOV A B "67 8 90 {
¯‰ € ' D _ ¹ º D '= T
€ /_Z Z _ A 8 8 B 8 D D[ • ¡

O8 Z 8 H X 8 ) ) 5
m O * +, _8 O / = % »
³" ;
@% b ' O O8 Z 8 H X 8 € B Y D8 ?/
A,UUH {
¯‰ € 8Z 8 _ * +, = Za% 8 E%
€ /_Z D[ • 8 G _H 8 8 UUH # MVI

Y 9; [\ Z 8 H X 8 5 ) 5

@% 8 H {
¯+Q HL * +, E` X 8 e% 8
[\ * 8 90 = @% p 0 Z 8 ? 2f'
# HL B {
¯‰ €E0 D `90 Q Z +, Y 9;
MOV A , M 8 90 O = pT D 8 UUUH
€ Z D[ • ACC 8 UUUH 8 H 8 ¡

:9; Z 8 H X 8 < ) 5
Z 8 H Z 92 LUL< * 8 90 = Z§6
D s' D n 9 8 H ‡ £ k7 '8 '
* 8 90 e% 8 € /% BZ :9; Z 8 H N/%
€ €€€ CMA „PUSH „POP „HLT {‰ „ 8 ' 8 H

LUL< 8 ;% ' ' 5 5

Z +h = LUL< O N "67 8 90 ' b
€E|0 |6.Q B '= 0 O 8 Q = _ Z > Š

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| = | 8 ?' 8 ' a/% = pT

U 8 Z +h f ' 4Y : 3 +h uY 9 ' Z +h
U • ^ %= „ /_Z j ^ = }6%
|M Z;|% ' | ' 8 | "N f9a' € 8 > N`
„*8 |S Y|08 f 0 S E0 *8 S Y08
€ Z D 0 9 B Y?' Z;% ' '
LUL< O "67 8 90 f# "Œ €€€€ ?' = ¼G M
¬ ' Z Y ; %= D B <
€ D 9' •
€ Z +0 1 D B •
€ Z ./ D B •
€X T D B •
€^ :/_ I/O Stack O 8 * "# D B •
= ‰ e% /S 8 H Ÿ 8
€“= T Z # "Œ

D 9' 5 5
8 ? 2 * +, ^ D 9' * 8 90 e%
/ Z > Š
¬ MVI
MVI r,data
8 E% @% _ data ³" 9; 8 90 e%
$% r = 8 ?/ € /_Z D[ • * +, 8 8 E; ? 2
e% ' € / Z L H „E „D „C „B „A O :; 8 =
¬ *8 M 8 90

MVI M,data
8 ¡ E0 e% > N` 8 8 !
€ D[ • 8 8 Q HL 8 08 H 8 „ ?'

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¬MOV
MOV r , r(
' € /_Z Z _ r 8 8 r( O 91 8 90 e%
LXI rp,data 8 90
€ /_Z D[ • (rp) :; 8 E` 8 8 ‡ I D
HL DE „BCO ½ +, E` = $% rp = 8 ?/
€ / Z
¬ STA
STA address
_ ? 2 = O ' 8 8 ACC O 91 8 90 e%
€ Z 8 Q E0 D H 6¾ 8 90 8 x08 H
8 ? 2 (UAUH a 8 Y Z ¬ GQW J V
€Y ;% / 8 FLH
LXI H,(UAUH ¬ 2

MVI M,FL H

a 8 ? 2 O 91 Y Z ¬ ( 5 ‰
¬ Y /_ Z _ (UCUH a 8 (UBUH
¬ D 8 ¬ 2
LDA (UBUH
STA (UCUH
$ > D 8

LXI H,(UBUH
MOV B, M
MOV M, B

O 91 _ Y ;% / O ' Y Z ¬ ) 5 ‰
# 8 (UCF (UCUH a = ? 2 O … a
€ /_ T G `M = ¤ =

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¬Y ;% ' %= - . 8 ' ¬ 2

START MVI B,U(H ; even Counter

:

LXI H, ; Begin of memory

(UCUH

LOOp : MOV M,B ; Copy B to memory

INR B ; increase B

INR B ; increase B

INX H ; increase Address of memory

MVI A, DUH ; Copy DU to ACC

CMP L ; Subtract L from ACC

JNZ LUUP ; If Z =U Jump to Loop

HLT

) 5 ‰ — ' 5 !
LDAX B ¬ D 9' * 8 90 f

8 x08 H _ ? 2 = O ' O 91 8 90 e%
€ %8Z ACC 8 8 8 8 Q BC
¬ 8 90 '
LDAX D
DE 8 Z +Q ‰ O8 _ = o ' 8 90 e%
€ > Š
¬ 8 90 ^/•m
STAX B STAX D

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8 x08 H _ ? 2 = O ' 8 8 ACC O 91

€ /_Z D[ • 8 8 Q DE % BC

Z;% '= 8 4(3 ‰ f ' ¬ WQW J V

.Y /_Z
LXI B,(UBUH ¬ 2

LXI D,(UCUH
LDAX B
STAX D
Z +0 1 O 8 90 D B ( 5 5
u•j ‰ Z +0 1 "# u* 8 90 = D B e%
e% € Z 8 D[\ x% x _ u-% `
= Y ' Z '8 kBZ [,¶ R O 8 * 8 90
€Y /_ D `90 Zo O X T 8 E M e%
¬ ADI
ADI data
•j ACC O 91 8 ‡ L ¡ 8 90 e%
€ %8Z ACC 8 8 «0 T /_Z
¬ ADD
ADD r
•j 8 G H 8 r :; 8 91 8 90 e%
€ 8 Q 8 G H 8 8 M 2 D
ADD M ¬ ADD ------

8 x08 H _ 8 ? 2 = Z' a O 91 8 90 e%
8 «0 T /_Z •j ACC O 91 8 8 8 Q HL
€ %8Z ACC 8

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¬ SUB
SUB r
SUI data

SUB M

q E0 ADD *8 90 + ' 8 90 0 e%
€ Z > Š -% ` "# u•j "# O
¬ Carry •j
ADC r
ACI data

ADC M

e% Z > Š 8 •j "# ' 8 90 0 e%

€ /_Z •j D ' 8 Carry E * `
E Z > Š •j "# + ' -% ` "#
€ Z , ' 8 ¿ Q
INR r ¬ s% s * 8 90

€ /_Z %= Za% 8 r * +, O 91 8 90 e%
€ Z DCR r 8 90 e% D / x 6

INR M
8 x08 H _ ? 2 = Z' a O 91 8 90 e%
6 Z x% Za% 8 8 8 Q HL
€ Z DCR M 8 90 e% ¡ / x _

Barrow

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INX rp
%= Za% 8 rp * +, E` O 91 8 90 e%
€ Z DCR rp 8 90 e% ¡ //_x 6 € /_Z
8 ZÀ T £ [ 8 90 _e% YN f9a'
€ //_Zc ,¶9

8 8 # U _ ;% / O ' ¬ WQW J V
E+;' # a%8 o /_ D[ • (UBUH 8 H = RAM
#3 € :B8 2 < ¡= ' Z +Q #
4E0 UUH
LXI H, (UBUH ; began of memory ¬ 2

MVI B, UAH ; Loop counter

Loop: MOV M, A
ADI U<H ; increase <
INX H ; increase address of memory
DCRB
JNZ Loop
HLT

¬ DAA 8 90
8 9|0 | = | ' BCD |# -% ` % •j 8
U O |/+ |# u•|Q 8 BCD |# € DAA
€E|0 D | |_ O /% | *8 | uY|Q8 | |_ /9;
|?' 8 O /% | 8 …H u # •j 8 8 ;0 T a
|% Y 9 E08 i 9' a'H O k7 € [B Z
<L |‰ BCD O /+ 8 # •j 8 {
¯‰ € B – d
8 r | a 8 q E0 LJ „ BCD – dM r (V
| •|j H UIH % E Y L H *8 M

Decimal Adjust Accumulator

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Z "67 8 90 DAA 8 90 € %H E0 E08 r

e|% E|0 D F 8 _ e% > Š 8 ?/ _ E0
pT € Z 8 BCD – dM r Z > Š 8 8 _
DAA 8 9|0 = •|j = pT “ _ •j 8 BCD # EQ
€ %H E0 – dM r Y /_Z D `90

D[ • ? 2 8 8 " 0 # ¨/T ¬ < 5 ‰

BC * +, E` 8 " 0 *8 8 …H & "Œ /_
45( < „JJ „)( „I)3€ /_ D[ •

MAIN: CALL STORE ¬ 2

CALL ADD
MOV C,A
HLT
STORE: MVI A,5(H
STA (UBUH
MVI A,< H
STA (UB(H
MVI A,)(H
STA (UB)H
MVI A,I)H
STA (UB5H
RET
ADD: LXI H,(UBUH
MVI B,UUH
MVI D,U<H
MVI A,UUH
Loop: ADD M
DAA
CC HNDR ;Call if carry set
DCR D
RZ ; Return if Z=
INX H
JMP Loop
HNDR: INR B
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RET

Z ./ * 8 90 D B ) 5 5

OR AND +Q = 8 90 D B e%
:; 8 ^ _ Z Rotate CMP NOT XOR
€ '8 kBZ [,Á
¶ R O 8 ' Z > Š ? 2
ANA r
E *8 M ACC O 91 8 r :; 8 O 91
€ /_Z AND uE
ANA M
E *8 M 8 HL 8 H f? 2 a O 91
€ /_Z AND 8 G H E
ANI data
AND 8 G _H E E 8 ‡ L ¡
€ /_Z
ORA r
ORA M
ORI data
XRA r
XRA M
XRI data
/_Z "# +Q 8 90 0 ‰ ' * 8 90 e%
€ Z > Š XOR % OR "# uAND "# O q
¬ s S * 8 90
RLC
„8 G H E e% X=8 8 90 e% O
ƒS E` @% € LSB8 Y Carry 8 Y
x9N q E0 RLC ‰ RRC €“8 N9 8
Z MSB C 8 LSB Z E0 8 Eh
€ Z E` E0 8 8 N9
¬8 90 ^
RAL
2 @% N9 fm 9/ LSB C E
€ C8 ' MSB € //_Z T ƒS E`

Compare

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RAR
€E0 8 Eh q /_Z "# RAL +

X T * 8 90 D B 5 5 5
| ' :/_ 9' P * 8 90 D B e%
| 8 9|0 & ' D B e% 8 € ' Z % 8 H
|v% D # 8 %= Z' 8 90 D # € 8
|%= 8 |_ E|0 e|% 8 e% * ` X T 8 90
CALL |/6% 8 |%= Z' | 8 90 •0 8
:/|_ | [|B | 8 Q RET 8 90 D '
Z ||M || ' 8 CALL = ||6 8 9||0 || || '
e% /S 8 %= @% Z D= @ /a e% € B
8 |Q D `9|0 8 | ' 8 Z` 9‘ O 1 = 8
e% | /S € | H | | 8 :s|
| * | ™ € [|
|B
€Y /_Z /# i/% 8 8 X T "67 8 90
JMP address
‡ I 8 H E0 ‡% 0 8 90 e%
€ /_Z X T „E0 D H JMP O H > '
> _ _ '8 Zo O JMP '
¬ /' //_Z X T R @% $S
JNZ address
/_Z X T 8 H `M uZero R B
8Z JNZ = 6 • @% uZero R B
¬= / 8 +# v% 8 € c JMP
JZ
JNC
JC
JPO
JPE
JP
JM

Carry

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$S „ JNZ 8 90 /' ' * 8 90 e%

€ //_Z X T R @% % `M

^ :/_ ] * 8 90 D B < 5 5

= €E0 RAM O N9' 8 ? 2 O § Stack

91 %= EQ ¡[ • O POP PUSH * 8 90
' & 8 € Z D `90 § e% 8 :; 8
Z Z 8 E0 Stack v' s' _ SP Z M
Z 8 „@% D {6 RAM OG 8 H e% H Ḡ "6
DE BC :; 8 E` O 91 * 8 90 e% •0 € Z
Z %= p 0 _ D[ • Stack 8 Z 8 HL
D[ • Z ' 8 PSW u ½ +, e% D {#€ c
9 s' %= e% c ! € c Z %=
€ ' D X T Stack 2 ' DE p 0 BC :; 8 E`

8 Q 1 ) 5 !
? 2 8 Stack b B

PUSH B
PUSH D

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POP D

POP D

PUSH _ Z +, e% H % _ E0 e% YN f9a'
€ Z ¢ ½ +, O 91 ' B _ POP 8 D
8 „Y /_ PUSH 8 ½ +, ' %= O 9 8
½ +, = ' %= / "o *8 M e%
POP 8 …H „ ' %= % T 8 Y /_D `90
€ / %= 8 Z +Q 8 Y /_

BCD % + O O ' %= @% ¬ I 5 ‰
€ ;% / O /%
8 H _ “8 ‡% 8 NS # $% Y /_ ¿ ¬ 2
0 8 8 Q DE :; 8 E` 8 E% e%: =8
Y '8 8 Q O 6 O 8 H 8 v% E%
€“ % HL :; 8 E` 8 8 O /% fi 9'
r F D 8 8 MSB „O /% BCD % + 8
•j 4ƒS = 3X=8 E% ^ 8 M 2 D _
8 8 _ ^m Y /_Z r F U 8 8 M 2 6 D
# O /% 6 D H E0 # uY Z
€ Z
BCDCONV: LXI H,UH ; clear HL
MVI C,5H ; C is Counter
Loop: LDAX D ; Load MSB in Acc
ADD L ; HL is result
MOV L,A
MVI A,U
ADC H
MOV H,A
DCR C

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RZ
CALL TEN ;mult HL* U
INX D
JMP Loop
TEN: PUSH B
DAD H ;HL∗(
PUSH H ;Saved (∗HL
DAD H ;5∗HL
POP B ; (∗ HL Save in BC
DAD B ; ((∗ HL)+(L∗HL)= U∗HL
POP B
RET
uB _ Y /_Z D s TENf ' %= 8
%= e% 8 u Z POP ' H 8 Z PUSH
/_Z •j X 8 HL O 91 DAD H 8 90 '
8 8 e% p 0 € /_Z 8 HLO 91 }6%
•j X 8 HL O 91 D8 6 //_Z PUSH
B 2 L Y 6 Z 5 }6% /_Z
U M 2 Y /_ •j X L 8 # @% (
€ • #

€ /_ T 8 ‡% n # @% ( Y"9 ¬ J 5 ‰
TWOSC : MVI C, N ¬ 2

LXI H, SUBT
STC ; Set Carry
Loop : MOV A, M
CMA
ACI UUH
MOV M,A
DCR C
RZ
INX H
JMP Loop

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€[ ¶ f ' ¬ L 5 ‰
[ ¶ ' @% 8 E0 >=G N9Q Z§6 ¬ 2
² [ ¶ % LED _ e 8 8 {
¯‰ Y /_ ²
Y = 8 X e 8 ' 9 YsS
¬ %[v ?' 8 8 %= f ' € R ‹s
DELAY:
PUSHD ; (TCYCLe
MVI D,N ;J TCYCLe
LOOP: DCR D ;5∗N TCYCLe
JNZ Loop ; U∗(N- ) ·J TCYCLe
PoP D ; U TCYCLe
RET ; U TCYCLe

T= ( (·J·5N· U(N- )·J· U· U)T=( 5N·)I)T

(MHZ p' _ ¿ t= ms Y • B 2
¬ “8
T = (1 2 M ) =UW<∗ U-IS
N= 5UW)
f ' “[v ( 5U Des= LCH3 8 N B pT
:s [ ¶ @% B 2 € ms G [ ¶
' e% % Y [ l 8 N % Y 9 ¤ 92
€Y Z 8 Q v% 2 @% 8 8

`Q < 5
D ' ! 0 $% 8 „ ' O > v/
O ^T ³+ „ "67 8 90 ! 0 e% H
`Q •+/ ¨/T LUL< 8 € ' Z O8 ' c `Q
” 6 LUL< O % T ” 6 x• 8 o ^T “8
' O 6 ^T O 8 /v 0 B € '
€ > Š `Q f ' %= Z AQ 9 Z M
f ' „RET 8 90 = pT ' %= N9' 8
%= € Z 9 B 0 = H O “ BZ = Z M

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%= 8 _ 8 M 8 H `Q — '
¬ ' D H
TRAP UU(5H E% 7 e% G

RSTJW< UU)CH
RSTIW< UU)5H
RST<W< UU(CH
INTR NA E% 7 e% ^% T

S € 8 ' 08 H INTR ' %=

> Š `Q e% Â8 = 8 % "#
€ Z A% 6 Z 8 8 •0
_ BZ š# ' %= s Y `Q
8 90 8 H /_ X T O v% 1 ' 7:/_
RET 8 90 O > v/ D[ • Stack 8 O 6
`Q @% _ 6 O €“ B ' D8
8 D _ , Z 8 `Q Z n
8 90 O P0 / 8 @% 8 G _H
€ > Š 8 8 _ e% SIM
D D s' 4) 53 a 8 `Q O 8 Z
IW< <W< O `Q _ 6 O E 0 € E0
u `M E e% = > _ 8 o E0 JW<
€E0 6 [\ @% B 6 o `Q

8 G H 91 5 5 !
SIM 8 90 = +Q

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`M E e% B $ (Mask Set Enable) MSE •

€ Z , Z _ mask "#
6 — u % T e% $ RJW< •
uE0 O 6 f`Q O RSTJW< `Q Flip Flop
€ E e% B
— E e% $ (Serial Output Enable) SOE •
% 0 Enable Z €E0 % 0 — + 8
€ Z
— ' E e% $ (Serial Input Data) SID •
Enable O 8 € Z % 0 — + 8
€ Z % 0

€ RST IW< `Q _ 6 8 90 ¬ V 5 ‰
UUUU U =UDH ¬ 2

MVI A, UDH
SIM
EI

RSTJW< B _ ;% / O ' ¬ U 5 ‰
€ e 8 8 U H *8 T 9 O LED u 6
4€ / 9 8 3
UU)CH JMP ISR ¬ 2

UU<UH MAIN: MVI A,UUH

OUT U H ; LED’S OFF
MVI A, BH
SIM
EI
HERE : JMP HERE ;
Wait Loop

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ISR : MVI A,FFH

OUT U H ; lED’S ON
RET

/ = I 5

CPU 8 _ 8 7 ; e%:"N & F e%

' O a 0 „ §Q e 8 O €E0
8 …H ' = > B % b B ?' 8 8 b '
€Y / Z –% s i/%

' a 0 I 5
€Y /_Z D s 45 53 a 8 8 ' a 0
8 H X=8 Y_ E";Q Z 6 ALE /v 0 _ ‡Q
D H `M = pT [BZ 8 Q 8 H O 8
E0 ; ‡Q • ' € [BZ 8 Q D 8
4 5 5 a 3 € D D H D _

Timing

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< 5 !
' ! 0 ' = > B %

b ' ! 0 ( I 5
• E0 ' ! 0 /' ' a 0 e%
O 8 u [B > Š D = ' a/% O
4< 53 a 8 8 > B % e% € Y ;% 'Z D
€ /_Z D s

' c "67 8 90 $% / = ) I 5
"67 8 90 O a 0 _ Y ' Z
CLOK a 0 /S a 0 E% ^ a 0 e% /S
WR % RD O a 0 Ḡ M ^ O a 0u (TCycle)
€ /9;
H 8 _ E0 Read a 0 @% (M ) ^ a 0
D 8 H IR Z D ' "67 8 90 op-code
O a 0 6 Z a% p 0 (Fetch) Z
> _ _ ? 2 8 b ' % ? 2 = '
€ '8 = ' E# 0 p7 T )
?' 8 8 STA )LUUH Z' = > B % ‰ O
¬ “[BZ
¬ ¿
8 H Op-Code & Data
? 2

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(UUU )(

(UU UU

(UU( )L

D 8 H 4I 53 a 8 8 90 e% Z' = > B %
€E0 D

LUL< +' O < 5

E0 8 ;0 T ! $% • LUL< % ŠH =
8 8 = ' % N/ „ 7:/ ! œ{
IC = D `90 k7 „ / c œ o D~ T $% > Š
x• e% 8 €E0 %kT ' r /9 +'
67 . “= T 8 T IC 6
€ 8 kB D /' 8 v%

L)<< LJ<< I 5

I/O * "# D {# / Z Zo + 8 IC
ROM % EPROM *8 M ? 2 (k O 8
E0 e% 8 e% * ` N/ 3€ / Z
8 L)<< E0 EPROM ? 2 8 LJ<<
LJ<< Z_ 8 c 4J 53 a 8 4ROM ? 2
_ 8 PORT LJ<< € Z D s

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I 5 !
STA )LUUH ' = > B %
8 € ' A% 6 Z % O 8 /# /' Z
8 Q DDR > ' :; 8 @% *8 T = @% 8 /_
8 % 8 ?/ DDR ¡ _ 8
A *8 T € Z 7 H 8 o *8 T A% 6
„ Z /# U(H 8 H DDR A UUH 8 H
U)H 8 H DDR B U H 8 H B *8 T '
_ A% 6 Z % O 8 f % o € Z /#
*8 T @% Y • B ¬ E0 P e% *8 T
Y 90 ` o DDR 8 UUH % Z
H DDR 8 FFH % O 8 Y • B
€Y 90 `

/# A *8 T LJ<< 8 Y Z 5 ‰
€ A% 6 Z /# B *8 T Z

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MVI A,UUH ¬ 2

OUT U(H

MVI A,FFH
OUT U)H
A *8 T = IN UUH 8 90 Y ' Z 2
8 D OUT U H 8 90 Y ' • 8 O 8
€Y 90 ` B *8 T

L <I L << ( I 5

C*8 T @% B A D {# q E0 LJ<< + L <I

8 NS O 8 /# 8 H E 5 Z _ 8
^/•m € _ A% 6 Z /# 8 H v% E
8kB ^% T ‡ 5 D '8 K $% RAM ? 2 (k O 2
8 IC e% > B % z € Z O %8 ' Q
P e% :; 8 8 H € Z D % 4 J 53 a
¬ Z
Command register (UH
PORT A ( H
PORT B (UH
PORT C ()H
Timer low byte (5H
Timer High byte (<H

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4 3 L(<< ) I 5

8 • (5 _ E0 D8 ?/ m I/O •0 @% L(<<
A O | > ' ‡ Es I/O *8 T 0 = Z' = 0 *8 M
L(<< 8 u LJ<< œ{ | € 8 k|
|BZ|
| 8 | 9 8 C B
Z| |% O 8 |/# | 8 E @ @ Zc
| B % A *8 T O E > y ¿ # 8 € _ O %8 '
8 NS e% € ' Z O %8 ' E% @% /#
*8 |M | C *8 |T 8 |+ 8 G | |+ 8 ^% |T E
(
@|% L(<< € ' O %8 ' Q ' B O E% Y '
| 8 H | Z| |_ E0 œ .6' Q 8 ; f 0
*8 |T „4 `M 3 Y = D 0 I/O *8 T 0 *8 M
|% 9N I/O •%8 $% % 4 3 ) ª— . 8 I/O
8 | | € |_ O %8 ' 4( 3 E0 • ¨/T
8 Y E Set/Reset $% € Y — ‘
D `9|0 8 C*8 T E H $"
€ Reset % Set „ :/ 8

Parallel Peripheral Interface

Nibble
Handshaking

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L)<< LJ<< IC > B % C J 5 !

# _ Y ;% / O ' Y Z ( 5 ‰
ƒS = P 3 Jseg # 08 8 ( )
€ x% c 4E0 8

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8 pT /9; O= Jseg 0 S ¬ 2
-% o e% Y /_ e 8 8 Jseg = Za% Y ' Z
„Y 8 Q Jseg m D *8 T 8 8 D _
€ 6 H COM f% T _ Z e 8 O Jseg q
S “ % Jseg O 8 8 # e% Y™ B pT
8 Q YsS u Z > Š 8 _ e% •% 0 Z
E; • E; ' Jseg X e 8 R ‹s
Y / €Y / 4e 83 6 8 Jseg P
8 ' e% 8 E‹0 € /9; ^% T 6 segment
€E0 D H 4L 53 !

0 x% c L 5 !
LJ<< •0 LUL< Jseg #

MAIN : MVI A,FFH

OUT U(H ;Port A = OUT PUT
OUT U)H ;Port B = OUT PUT
LOOP: MVI B,FVH ; # segments in B

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MVI C , FBH ; )th digit in C

CALL DISP ; DISPLAY Ã
MVI B, A5H
MVI C, EFH
CALL DISP
MVI B, BUH
MVI C, FJH
CALL DISP
DISP : MVI A, FFH
OUT U H
MOV A, B
OUT UUH
MOV A, C
OUT U H
RET

d`M e!0 J 5
e% | 0 0 = !% d`M Y ' 8 .' m
| 8 ;|0 T ! D 8 8
| T i/% 8 €E0 Y9; 0
5 8 5 | d`|M $% e!0 „ d`M $% 8 0
4V 53 !| 8 | ' e|% 8 | E‹0 € 08
€E0 D H
„ d`M e!0 9Q 8 ?/
;% $% = G "6 „ ' B • I = D `90
D s| | | |v/ € | | D `90 5 8 5
Y| | |!%:!7 |?' = o 90 .0 u
9

Keyboard

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d`M V 5 !
LUL<
D D s S !/% T € '
v/ E0 D `M .0 > R‹s % E0
D 8 Q P 90 8 `M ./ 8
5 8 5 d`M $% e!0 ' „ 8 €
€E0 D H LUL< •0 LJ<< -% o =
INT: MVI A,FFH ;Program Port A

OUT U(H ;DDR A = Output

CMA ;Program Port B
OUT U)H ;DDR B=Input
ROWU: MVI B,UUH B = Row weighting = U

MVI A,FEH ;A = U
OUT UUH ; Drive Row U LOW
IN U H ;Read columns
CPI FFH ;Set Z flag if all columns HIGH

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JNZ COL ;Jump to COL if any column LOW

ROW : MVI B,U5H

MVI A,FDH
OUT UUH
IN U H
CPI FFH
JNZ COL
ROW(; MVI B,ULH

MVI A,FBH
OUT UUH
IN U H
CPI FFH
JNZ COL
ROW): MVI B,UCH

MVI A,FJH
OUT UUH
IN U H
CPI FFH
JNZ COL
JMP ROWU
COL: MVI C,UUH

RRC
JNC DONE
INR C

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RRC
JNC DONE
INR C
RRC
JNC DONE
INR C
DONE: XRA A

ADD B
ADD C
HLT

T 8 :/ L 5
e% E0 q "6 O 8 s T 8
Z > Š 90 T ' *8 M 8 8 1 x S _ * `
8 θ ¡= ' 8 @% ˆ 8 }6% [B
[ l A 9‘ O 8 O < UWJ = θ _ SZ
/' Y 8 e% €E0 9 ² „8 $% ˆ € /_Z
Z 8 8 8 90 O 8 v% 7 "6 8
P.Q O 6 O 8 > „8 8 8 90
8 90 u 8 < x S O ‰ 8 o € /9;
e% €E0 P.Q 0 8 8 8 P.Q 8 NS O 8
^ M 8 5< „8 90 P.Q ^ M P
7 9 $% ˆ i 9' 8 €E0 8 IU 8 8 P.Q
€ € S 8 < 8 8 8 „8 90 P.Q
€E0 D H U 5 ! 8 T 8 e% $ K

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$% $ K U 5 !
' c T 8

Y™ x S 8 T 8 $% ) 5 ‰
P0 / [ LJ<< LUL< •0 8 < % =
€ / :/
D H 4 53 ! 8 ' e% 8 E‹0 ¬ 2
€E0
INIT: LXI SP,(UCUH

MVI A,FFH
OUT U(H
MVI A, H
STEP: OUT UUH

PUSH PSW
CALL DELAY
POP PSW

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RLC
JMP STEP
DELAY: ……..

"/ 8 g S f ' V 5
s' 4 53 a 8 _ 8 .' m "/ 8 g S
ƒS Eh E ) € Z :/_ E% @% •0 E0 D D
0 r \ • EN 8 +0 8= Q —
K EN 8 +0 8= Q — •0 E
Q r / K B _ E0 ZN% Z r /
Eh E e"F 8 € +0 r \ • % u
€E0 D 9 B ?' 8 D T O ' E0 8

')J) 8 E E 6F 5 !
"/ 8 g S ‰ 8
r \ • Y Z /_ ¿ ‰ /#
% •+.7 u +0 r / K Q
L pT / X e 8 N/% P0 /9 8D T
¬ E0 %= P e% E
UUUU U= LIH
b = 9";Q €Y / £7 ')J) 8 8 LIH % pT
¬ E0 ^/S > Š 8 Z' ^/S '

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PORT : EQU UH ; Output Port

LDI A,LIH
OUT PORT ; send to out put
CALL DELAY ; for delay

¿ # 8 % Y ' Z ' N97 2 f O

D s' 4 ( 53 a 8 8 e% 8 E‹0 €Y /_
Y Z 9' ')J) @% a = 8 D €E0 D
8 ')J) 8 Enable f% T €Y / Z M g S 8 ')J)
€Y /_Z ^ 6 4 UH3 8 H • L •0 '

A5 • uZ% Es AND e% O B Y / EQ
8 _ E08 Y = 8 E‹0 Y /_ M ')J) 8
€ Z Y_ ' O %kTœ .6' q u /_Z

5 !
"/ 8 g S ‰ 8 E‹0 (

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+h = 8 % 8H E , V 5
[l9 A% 6 ! G "6 G –.0 = 8
8 0H "# e% 7 8 E ,
8 Q Y +h = 8 ! e% €E0 p% ' '
¬ /9; %= 8 Q = E0 D D

¬ = E; 8 +# 8 90 e% Z _ a ¬ Equate V 5
NAME EQU Expression
| & 8 NAME [l9 ' o 8
| ' |o 8 € B H e% v% Expression 8
8 9|0 D8 | % H [ l E0 E , NAME
€“ 8 ! 8 EQU

| 8=8 8 90 e% ¬ Define Storage ( V 5

| | 8 | 8 ! ? 2 7 ' / 6 6
8 90 e% > € ' Ä Q D D[ •
¬E0 %= !
My_Array DS (UH ¬ {‰

' )( = E; 8 +# My_Array % 8H ‰ e% 8
8 9; 3 M 8 H = ? 2 7 4 (UH3
•0 % 8H ' ^7 & 8 H 7
Y • B ‰ /# € & 4 ORG 8 90
= +Q E; „ & LUUH 8 H = D ' % 8H
€ 9 ' ORG LUUH „G 8 90

Define + Y 8 90 e% ¬ Define Byte ) V 5

?' 8 % 8H ' * ` e% E0 Storage

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Å M p% ' ' 8 …H 91 /9; ' 7 v%

8 90 {‰ „ / ^ 6
My_Array DB U<H, H,(UH,()H

? 2 § 8 ' 8 NS % 8H
€ / ½ E0 ()H (UH „ H „U<H P
€ ^ 6 ORG 8 90 /•m % 8H & 8 H

5 V 5
… = 8 • x ' 8 +h = 8
8 € Z O % * ' a _ €E0G –.0
G –.0 … = 8 /' m Y ' Z _ @% A% 6
Y 90 _ Z M f ' O Y 9 [l9
E7 2 €Y / M x% : 8 T 8 ?' 8 _
¬ E0 %= 8 Q = A% 6

NAME Macro (par , par(,…)

€€€€€€€€€€€

€€€€€€€€€€€

ENDM
{‰ € /9; 8 [l9 €€€ par( „par
H % [B 8 8 : 8 T %=
„ / X T A% 6 1 ' Y / M 8
8 L 8 ( r F M 2 > Š 8 >=G * "#

Fonction

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¬ ' B
MUL ((uL)

J V x• D8 8 :s * d F
6 /! * !0 € H 9 ' LU< 7:/ ! r 9
€

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Yi/T

LU< 7:/ !

Y9;| 0 $|% = Y |• B D~ T $% > Š

8 ;|0 T ! | D {# Y / D `90 8 ;0 T !
*8 M e% 8 “8 = ' Y +' IC 4CPU)
8 | E‹|0 P |' s Y 0 > 2 = %H ?' 6
f|6.Q @|% 8 7:/_ a € D +9 = 8 # „>=G
Y9; 0 @% O >=G * 8 = O8 ; CPU @% u 2
uCPU | D {|# €E|0 8 8 `_ O _ a
„ % |0 •| 8 @|% „ROM RAM „ 7:/_ a
|`Q O |/ | = * 8 | t | „O= | • 8 /S
•|"9Œ 8 | @|% 8 4 <3 a /' Zvm _ / +
€ '8 8 Q

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< !
LU< 7:/ ! 8 "6 > B % C
€ / Z08 8 8 e% = @%

LU< % T 7 j 08 <
5U e% = )( _ E0 % T 5U Z0 OH @% LU<
f% T )( € //a "# I/O D B8 — . /# % T
/ !s 8 ‡ L D B8kB 8 NS uD > '
$ K fs ' €Y /_Z Z08 8 @% | 8 _
€E0 D H 4( <3 ! 8 LU< 7:/ !

`M ¡8 K D B8 <
•"9Œ 8 )V )( % T D B8 e%
' 8Z 8 _ 8 ?/ % T L e% €E0 4Z0 OH3
ALE f 0 _ ' ADJ ADU m E 2 8

Port

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% 8 H /# ' Z pa T ‡7 = 0 D[ • @%
2 o 8 •Q 8 € ' 8Z 8 _ D /#
D B8 e% D `90 8 ? 2 = :B8
€E0 D p! T 97 D 8 H D B8kB $%

$% D B8 ( <

% T 8 I/O O 9 % n 9 % T L e%
Z 8 % 0 — + 8 O E0 Z0 OH L
?' 8 D B8 e% v% ` ° € ' 8Z 8 _
€E0 D s' 9 B

D B8 ) <
% © 8Z 8 _ 8 ?/ O D B8 e%
2 o 8 8 H D B8kB OG E% % Z "# I/O O
( % T D B8 e% € Z 8 ? 2
€E0 (L

0 D B8 5 <
D {# E0 D8 ?/ D B8 $% D B8 @%
A% ° % T e% = @% „Z "# O I/O — + 8
_ '8 LU< n * ' ! . 8 8 ' O v%
e% € @% 8 _ 6 O N9";Q 8
€E0 Z0 OH J U % T D B8

External Code Memory (External ROM)

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< <
? 2 _ E0 (V % T O 8 Z /v 0 @%
@% OE Ḡ "6 % T e% € /_Z 6 8 Z 8
' O N9% ' BZ M 8 EPROM
> v/ €E0 ^% T 6 % T e% € ea¥ EPROM =
6 [\ E7 2 8 PSEN „ ROM = '
€ ' Q 4 G E 6F 3

I <
97 O {+Q 8 .' m /v 0 e%
/v 0 e% € 8Z 8 _ D 8 H _ pa T
/_Z 8 _ = 0 0 ' p' _ Ys @% p' _
D8 ?/ m E# 0 p7 T @% /# ' Z
8 ALE /v 0 € 8 8 _ (MHZ p' _
€E0 D A% 6 )U D8 K % T

EA J <
) % T 8 E0 O 8 /v 0 $% /v 0 e%
ROM ^% T E 6F 8 _ Z v/ € 8 8 Q
Z 8 EPROM = ' Z 6 [\ Z
' LU< G E 6F 8 B ' Z
? 2 ^% T E% LK % 5K /6% ROM = 8
EA • = LU< 8 EPROM & ' ^/•m € /
EPROM %8 ' 8 E7 ( %kl
€ / D `90

V pp

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L <

E0 Y9; 0 Reset — „V f% T 8 RST 8

8 ^ ! 0 * Q 2 e% = 6
LU< Z M B= \H /# „ [B 8 Q G E 6F
€ 8Z 8 _

< !
LU< % T = % K

= 0 0 ' O O 8 V <
= 0 0 ' O 8 /# O 8 f% T e%
9/ LU< 9;% _ = 8 E# 0 p7 T _ /9;
D s' *8 M ' D // 8 % T …= € //_Z

Machine Cycle

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9;% ' p' € ' = ' 8 „D

€E0 v ( „MCS-< TM
D ' IC P \

%kl *G U <
Vcc € / 8 97 ·< %kl $% LU<
€ M (U % T 4^ =3 Vss 5U % T

? 2 = 0 ( <
O C:s ? 2 O § @% D '= T %8 P \
§ $% LU< 8 € '[BZ ?' 8 D '
?' 8 D 4 3 ' ' B ? 2
E0 e!¥ D ? 2 €E0 D 9 B
= D `90 e% € /
E% I5 K ? 2 E% I5 K 2 8 Ž
e% 8 :s * d F € /9; 60 Q D ? 2
€E0 D H 8 D8

D8 ?/ m ( <

)UH 8 H = 8 E|% 9s| 4( <3 ! S B

E|% )( „ | | s' D8 ?/ m RAM JFH
*8 |M | |/' | | ' (FH UUH 8 H = ^% T
D8 ?/ m RAM 8 ' ! € ' D `90 † s
Y 9;| [|\ |% Y 9; 8 H X 8 = D `90
¬ %= 8 90 {‰ €E0 0:0 Q

MOV A, <FH
<FH 8 H 8 RAM * % 91 '
¬ 8 90 ' € 8 8 ! D8 +'
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MOV RU,Ã<FH
MOV A,@RU

+Q 8 90 / > Š 8 8 m
€ > Š % N/

%kT 8 H E ( ( <
-% o = `/ E 90 s% '
7:/ ! P \ /y8 Q * ' ! = !% „= > '
(L 8 %kT 8 H E ! ( U „LU< €E0
9 8 Q (FH (UH E% 8 H 8 H !
E € /9; n 8 * +, Z 8 Z% N9
„ "67 8 90 $% •0 E% /' m /' '
u ‰ /# € ' OR % AND „reset „set
¬ 8 8 ! "67 8 90 e% IJH E
SETB IJH

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LU< 8 D ? 2 / Y ; ( < !

* +, $' ) ( <
| |? 2 ^% |T |! )( 8 * +, $'
= 8 * +, Es LU< ¾ 8 90 # "Œ € '8 8 Q
= p|T ¿ | x T *8 M / ' + 9sT RJ RU
|? 2 UJH UUH 8 H 8 * +, e% „Y9; 0 reset
8 U<H 8 H |91 %= "67 8 90 {‰ € '[B 8 Q
¬ / 9/ D8 +'
MOV A , R<

$' r ‹9' E [ l 6 * +, $'

(
¿ €E0 [ l Q ' E 6F " 8 * +,
%= "67 8 90 6 ) D8 K * +, $' H
¬ ;% ' LH ! 8 8 D8 +' 91

MOV RU , A

) n 8 * +, 5 ( <

„ RJ RU D {# € 8 %= * +, LU<
LUH 8 H = RAM G d ' 8 n 8 * +, (
%= 6 „D 1 e% 8 9+7 € 8 FFH
€ 8 D s' A% 6 '

Register Bank
Program Status Word
Special Function Register (SFR).

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E 8 > v/ % ;% ' '

¬ "67 8 90 ‰ € / PQ E%
SETB UEUH

v% 7 / 8 D8 +' 8 `M D8 K E
E0 9!' e% R ‹s 8 v € c [ l 8 E
Y E0 D8 +' E% > y 8 H Y EUH Y '
ŠH = €E0 D8 +' 8 E e% X=8 Y 8 H
„ E% ' / "# E 8 SETB "67 8 90
EUH 8 H 9% Y 9; ' H v' i 9' 8
8 * +, A 9‘ x• € / [ l D8 +' /6%
€ / D Ÿ 8 n

' E 6F " 5 ( <

E 8 8 Q DUH 8 H 8 E% e%
¬ ' 08Z 8 Z N`
Z ;2 * "# > Š E0 Z ' E ¬ CY
€E0 D `90 Q Zo O N T O %kTZ [,¶
8 Z +0 1 "# O Za"_ Z ' YS T ¬ AC
E ) E = 9' $% B € 8 8 BCD
UAH ^ ^% T E 8 NS 8 i 9' % „ 9` -` 5
€ set YS T e% UFH
Z 8 M 8 YS T e% E0 `M YS T ¬ FU
€ `M ACC O 91 _ Z
^ 6 8 Z +, O @' YS T e% $RS RSU
E f 0 pT “8 * +, @' 5 S € /_Z
UUH E e% B Y /_ ^ 6 8 …H Y ' Z
@' / U H B E0 `M * +, @' /

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8 ) @' / H B ( @' / UH B
€ Z ?'
% •j "# @% = pT E0 %8 0 YS T ¬ OV
uE e% 9` • ` Z ;2 %8 0 @% B -% `
€ Z
8 ¤ = = b 0 O E0 = E ¬ P
B }6% s z T % 8 _ 8 . 8 G _H
E e% u O # uAcc 8 Ç@%Æ O N9 6
€ `M ' B

B * +, ( 5 ( <
D8 +' D m FUH 8 H 8 B * +,
"67 8 90 € D `90 Y ; r F * |||| "#
r F 8 B A 8 E {# 9 Es % MUL AB
B 4^% T E% 3 A 8 8 9 I i 9' D
A „DIV AB "67 8 90 ' € 8 Q 4G E% 3
A 8 8 E";Q ¤8 / Y ; B 8
/6 ^/•m :; 8 e% € 8 kB B 8 8 D ' " Q
* +, e% € / "# D8 ?/ m p% / S * +, $%
€E; ' FJH FUH 8 H = ^/•m

9sT BD8 ) 5 ( <

8 8 Q L H 8 H 8 E0 ‡ L * +, @%
9sT OG 8 > v/ m 8 _ E0 O D 8 H O 2
= x T 8 SP u 9sT _ PUSH € 8 8 Q
"# Z x% 2 @% u 9sT D 9'
@% 8 SP p 0 ' Z 9sT = 8 D u _ POP

Stack Pointer

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8 . 9sT BD8 „ reset > v/ € /_Z Y_ 2

RAM 8 8 9sT 9 E0 UJH O 2 ¿ x T
SP 7 8 {‰ € _ A% 6 Z
"67 8 90 = \H IUH 8 H = 9sT 8
¬ [B 8 Q D `90 8 %=
MOV
SP , Ã<FH

D BD8 5 5 ( <
? 2 90 4DPTR3 D BD8
‡ I * +, @% „ D `90 8 D %
€ 8 8 Q L)H L(H O N08 H 8 _ E0

D B8 * +, < 5 ( <
`M D B8 = / 8 +# LU< 8 I/O D B8
8 D B8 „ VUH 8 H 8 @% D B8 „ LUH 8 H 8
N B8 e% m €BUH 8 H 8 0 D B8 AUH 8 H
/7 6 %= 8 90 ‰ /6 € ' %kT 8 H E
¬
CLR P . J
CLR VJH
t * +, I 5 ( <
8 E0 X8 K O ‡ I t O 8 LU<
8 Q 4G E% 3 LDH 4^% T E% 3 LAH O 8 H
t — ' TCON TMOD O * +, € '8
€ / š› 8 _ /9;

Program Counter

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% 0 D B8 * +, J 5 ( <
— + 8 O % 0 D B8 @% LU<
€ Z ' % T > /' % 0 O 8
8 Z v' 8 Z % O 8 O D SBUF * +,
8 N/% fm €E0 a "# O E7 2 Z08 O SCON
€ –% s §` O 6 O x•

`Q * +, L 5 ( <
_ “8 LU< 8 > –.0 `Q •+/ ¨/T
pT ' 6 [\ ! 8 _ & •Q `Q e%
8 b ' 8 …H Z Y9; 0 8 _ & =
(
Z 8 ALH 8 H 8 4IE3 `Q = 0 6 * +,
`Q > * +, -% o = > –.0 ' € 6
O 6 O x• 8 `Q € ^ 6 BLH 8 H 8 4IP3
€ ' Z 08 Ÿ s 8 .

8 D ? 2 90 ) <
E0 ' ' • ? 2 $% 8 ? 2
$% = v/ € 6 PSEN /v 0 •0
( U D B8 „Y / D `90 8 EPROM
€ /9; ' :0 8 D8 ?/ m I/O N B8 /#
E0 /9 ' ' ' ? 2 $% 8 D ? 2 '
! "# /v 0 e% € 6 WR RD

90 D 8 N/ € /9; P)WJ P)WI % T v%

{‰ 3 MOVX "67 8 90 8 D ? 2
I D BD8 = E0 4 MOVX A,@DPTR >

Priority Level
Interrupt Enable Register

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8 H * +, /# R % RU „4DPTR3 9
€ / D `90

8 H X 8 5 <
+ / 8 D= e% 8 H X 8
E 6F v9; ` 9‘ X 8 D
Es 8 H X 8 € R‹s „ 8 ;% ' '
¬ = / 8 +# ' ' B

* +, 8 H 5 <

Z` 9‘ O "67 8 90 8 RJ RU * +, L
e% = Za% „= ' 8 / ' D 9 B8 _
= _ 8 o m Z 8 H e% € Z D `90 ½ +,
E0 Z "# _ b ' O E < %HZ 4) <3 a
8 _ ?' 8 O * +, _ R‹s O E 0
8 8 * +, ’$' ’ 8 NS3 € ' 8Z
* +, @' €E0 6 …H = !% • = 8 7
r ‹9' RS RSU •0 D8 {
¯+Q •' /S '
„D8 +' J * +, * % 91 •j {‰ 4 Z
¬ D `90 %= "67 8 90 =
ADD
A,RJ
E ¨/T €E0 UU U B 8 90 e% "#
/ % T E 0 "67 8 90 „UU U /6% %G
€ // R‹s 8 * +, „ /6%

Register Addressing

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LU< 8 H X 8 ) < !

Y 9; 8 H ( 5 <
Z 8 LU< * +, X 8 e% 8
O E L Z "# _ O E L _ Z'
L _ E0 ZN% € 8Z 8 _ RAM Z 8 H
E L E";Q 8 €E0 Z0:0 Q RAM a (<I E
RAM ^% T a (L `M E ^"9` B 8 H
‰ /# € 8 D8 SFR @% B

Direct Addressing

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MOV P ,A ¬ "67 8 90
9/ D B8 8 D8 +' 91
^ 6 +h •0 4VUH3 D B8 Y 9; 8 H € /
€ F "67 8 90 > E% /# E0 D

Y 9; [\ 8 H ) 5 <
@% E0 >=G N9Q Z§6 “ % LUL< 8 _ 8 .' m
Z 8 H e% / ^ 6 ' O Zo 8 8 H
/# R RU X 8 e% 8 €E0 >=G Y 9; [\
/# …H O 91 //_Z "# BD8 O * +,
Y 9; [\ 8 H € 8Z 8 _ RAM 8 8 H
e% € D x% c R % RU 8 ’È’ ' s' $%
_ X=8 E J E0 ‡% @% Z 8 H X 8
O X=8 e%:"_ E /_Z ^ 6 8 Z "#
RU u `M E e% B E0 R RU _ R‹s
8 H /# R u @% B 8 H /#
8 H 5UH R B ‰ /# € 8Z 8 _
¬ "67 8 90 „ <<H ' ? 2 = 5UH
MOV A,@R
9/ D8 +' 8 <<H
€ /

( 8 8 H 5 5 <
u 8 H @% O 91 O É + ' "# _ Z v/
8 Z D `90 X 8 e% = E , # @%

Indirect Addressing
Immediate Addressing

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O /6 8 Ç#Æ E {# ' "# = pT X 8 e%

Z 8 H = _ Z% "67 8 90 fm €Y Z 8 Q O8
9 Es O8 ¡ @% u //_Z D `90 O8
D BD8 = 97 2 Ž /‰90 / Z
‡ I E , @% E7 2 e% 8 Y / Z D `90
¬ {
¯‰ E0 = '
MOV DPTR, # LUUUH

8 Q E L • # = 6 8 8 ' B
O Za% uE0 ‡% Z 8 H X 8 e% € [BZ
€O8 ¡ O Za% ' "#

+;' 8 H < 5 <

X T "67 8 90 /S f 0 • Z 8 H e%
L # @% „w;' 8 H € [BZ 8 Q D `90 8 R‹s
•j ' D '8 K E0 8 E {# ‡
€ = ; 8 % 6 "67 8 90 8 H
O E% @% _ E0 ‡% ' Z 8 H X 8 e%
?' 8 w;' 8 H O E% @% "67 8 90 _
Y ' Z ³9% … _ E0 ZN% €E0 D 9 B
8 Y /_ X T G • (L % ^% T • (L
€ 8 ' O 8 _ X 8 e% / 8 ; O '
$% D / s' THERE P;S B ‰ /#
¬ "67 8 90 U5UH ! 8 "67 8 90
SJMP THERE
9 8 Q ? 2 UU H UUUH … ! 8
/# )EH D= ' +;' M $% +h „

Relative Addressing

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UU(H + )EH = 3 € / 8 ?/ "67 8 90 > E%

4 U5UH

- . 8 H I 5 <

AJMP ACALL 8 90 8 • Z 8 H e%
uE0 ‡% _ Z 8 H X 8 e% 8 € Z D `90
³# "Œ3 E% X=8 E 0 D m > E%
Z Z ‡% (K fd`M 8 8 H /# 4E
/# E% 8 :/"_ X=8 E ¨/T
e% pT 8Z 8 _ ‡;% (K fd`M D //_^ 6
€Y /_ Z 8 H 8 ‡% (k fd`M )( Y ' Z X 8
$% D / s' THERE P;S B ‰
¬ "67 8 90 UF5IH 8 H 8 "67 8 90
UVUUH ? 2 … ! 8 AJMP THERE
e% 8 "67 8 90 +h „ 9s 8 Q UVU H
¬ 8 H 8 8 !

Byte(A U-AL·opcode)

10000110 − 2nd Byte (AJ-AU) 11100001 − 1st

= ^% T E D D s • …H %= % N9
€ /9; 8 H
D '8 K %G E ¨/T 0 F 46 H = 0000111101000110 B
[ l „ "67 8 90 e% v/ '
AJMP "67 8 90 Y 9 € Ê
8 H ^ /9; 9% (K d`M $% 8 Y

Absolute Addressing

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8 G E < e% / € 8 8 Q UFFFH ULUUH

€E0 C:s …H

4ª . 3 'G o 8 H J 5 <
_ O E% @% €E0 ‡% 0 Z 8 H e%
8 _ Z 8 H O v% E% Z "#
8 ? 2 = E% I5K Z •+.7 € ' 8Z
ROM % _ f? 2 „ 8 H 8 ?/ 9+7 3 € _ Z 8 H
LCALL O "67 8 90 8 X 8 e% 4 Z Z 8
€ 8Z 8 _ LJMP

(
8 p% ' 8 H L 5 <
% ' D '8 K3 % T * +, @% = X 8 e%
E0 O 4D8 +' 3 w;' f M @% 4D BD8
MOVC % JMP O "67 8 90 8 ,Ë 8 H 8 H
‡ I 8 H @% ' Z 8 H X 8 e% € /_Z D `90
D BD8 Z 8 H X 8 e% 8 € /_Z 7
I 8 H @% /# M 2 Z •j 8 G _H
¬ %[v ?' 8 8 8 90 {
¯‰ € Z Z ‡
MOVC A, @A+DPTR
E0 >=G 8 H Z •j D8 +' DPTR
€ [BZ 8 Q D8 +' 8 H e% O 91 € %H
€ E0 Y 9; [\ Z 8 H ¡ / s' @ E {#

Long Addressing
Indexed Addressing .

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"67 8 90 & ' < <

E0 >=G Z 8 H O D Ì Z08 = pT
e% 8 €Y /_ 8 LU< O "67 8 90
Y /_Z O / Y ; D B ¨/T 8 N "67 8 90
¬ Y Z – F = @% 6
4ª Z +0 13 Z ;2 O N "67 8 90 |
Z ./ O N "67 8 90 |(
D 9' O N "67 8 90 )
q [l9 O N "67 8 90 5
r 6s' O N "67 8 90 <
;2 "67 8 90 < <
_ E0 e% N "67 8 90 e% 8 8 YN f9a'
> Š ^ a 0 @% 8 Y ; r F "# m
^ a 0 8 NS 8 Y ; r F € ' Z
> Š ^ a 0 8 INC DPTR 8 90 ' € ' Z
•j +Q = Z ;2 "# „ N "67 8 90 e% € Z
Y_ Za% _ F Za% Y ; r F -%
¬ 8 90 O {
¯‰ / Z > Š 8 _

UFH # ADD A, ÃUFH

€ %8Z ACC 8 8 M 2 /_Z •j ACC 8
¬ 8 90 {
¯ _ G 8 90 3
ADD A,
4€E0 6 Ã <B
x• Y ; r F "# • 8 :s * d F
€ 6 ( 5 ( <

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./ "67 8 90 ( < <

„ /9; Z ./ * "# N "67 8 90 e%
Z 8 NOT XOR „OR „ AND +Q = 8 90
{
¯‰ € > Š E% E% % E E *8 M
¬ 8 90
ANL A, @R

8 x% 91 8Z /_Z D8 R _ Z08 H
8 M 2 /_Z AND D8 +' E E *8 M
u“8 kv' 8 @ E {# B q Z 8 Q D8 +' 8
Z ./ AND D8 +' O 91 8 R O 91
NÀ T Z ;2 * 8 90 ‰ ' *8 90 e% 8 € c
RL A,RR 3x S "67 8 90 u ^/•m € ' %kTZ [,¶
E0 8 % ƒS E $% 8 D8 +' 4A
E 8 NS SWAP A "67 8 90 u -% o ^m € //
€ / D8 +' 8 8 ^% T G

D 9' O "67 8 90 ) < <

¬ //_Z 8 _ • 1 8 N "67 8 90 e%

) < <

¢ Z RAM 8 8 „D * 8 90 e%
€ ' Z ^ a 0 % @% 8 //_Z
% RAM = a Z * 8 90 e%

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e% > € _ ¢ ACC E7 8 SFR

¬ = E; 8 +# "67 8 90
MOV <destination> ,
<source>
Y 9; Z 8 H SFR _ 9
P e% "67 8 90 O € /9; Z0:0 Q
¬

XCH A, <source>
E% 91 D8 +' 8 D š#
"67 8 90 $% ' € ' Í% 6 D D 8 H
¬ ! ’YQ8’ Í% 6
XCHD A,@R

E N/ „E0 +Q "67 8 90 /' m

€ ' ( 7 + ) Í% 6 4^% T E 53 / % T

8 ( ) < <

8 Z 8 RAM O D "67 8 90 e%
8 Y 9; [\ Z 8 H //_Z ¢ Z f? 2
% R % RU 8 8 H }6% ' Z 8 _
^ a 0 8 * 8 90 e% fm € //_Z 8 _ DPTR
+ ' "# /# D8 +' = vm ' s
b ' ' /v 0 € // D `90 %
o 8 N/ „4 WR, RD 3 ' "# 8 RAM
€ ' 6 MOVX "67 8 90 $%

Exchange

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8 i9; ) < <

' D 9' "67 8 90
8 c € 8 ' ? 2 8 •Q i9;
= E0 MOVC „’E , 9' ’ D `90
% T * +, /# D BD8 % ' D '8 K
€ / D `90 +;' M /# D8 +' =
¬ "67 8 90

MOVC A, @A+DPTR
D '8 K = 8 8 (<I $% '
¬ "67 8 90 ' € / ' + 9sT (<< `M

MOVC A, @A+PC
e% 8 * ` e% „ / 8 8 m
D `90 % T 8 H /# ' D '8 K = 8
€E0 0:0 Q 8 %= $% -% o = D

q O N "67 8 90 5 < <

8 ‡ | @| * | "# O _ q ¡ '= T @%
E| |a (L | Z RAM € 8 LU<
8 H | Q E a (L ' SFR O § %kT 8 H
_ `M ‰ Z 8 90 € /_ Z Z' + 9sT 8 v% Z
AND OR u |_ Y"9 u _ x% =H u _ @% u
¬ "67 8 90 {
¯‰ € ' /' Z E @% _

SETB P WJ

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YS |T $% / EQ € /a @% 8 D B8 J E
9/ D B8 % T $% ' ' 0H
¬
MOV C, FLAG
MOV
P WU, C
| Q E| | > |' ' FLAG ‰ e% 8
§| |% | RAM ^% T ! (L 8 8 H
| 8 % "67 8 90 0 $% ' € SFR
= % | "67 8 9|0 „ |/ 6 E E; 8 90
D |_ E; 8 ?' 8 E 9 JC JB +Q
= % | "67 8 9|0 |// | X T *8 M 8
€ // X T +' *8 M 8 JNC JNB +Q

4ª p% ' %=3 ' r 6s' "67 8 90 < < <

% - 8 %= EsB= Z' O N "67 8 90
€ '[BZ 8 Q 90 e% Ž Zo [\ Zo O † 6s'
LJMP ¬ 8 4 JMP 3X T "67 8 90 & ' 0
w;' Z'G o Z 8 H 8 P _ AJMP SJMP
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UU ¬ `M E7 2
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$ " # TL TH

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U UUH ORG
MOV TMOD, # U(H ; mode (
MOV THO, Ã-<U (decimal) ; THU = <U
SETB TRO ; timerU is on
LOOP: JNB TFO, LOOP ; waif while C=U
CLR TFU ; Clear C of timerU
CPL Pl.U ; Send to P WU
SJMP LOOP ; Go to Loop
END
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= % pT D %= p' _ S i/% 8 ¬ 2
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ORG U UUH
MOV TMOD, # U H
LOOP: MOV THU, ÃUFEH ; FE → THU
MOV TLU,# UCH ; UC → TLU
SETB TRU ; Start counter
WAIT: JNB TFU, WAIT
CLR TFU
CPL P WU ; out to P WU
SJMP loop
END
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% 0 D B8 E# 0 • / < < !
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ORG L UUH

INIT: MOV SCON,Ã<(H

MOV TMOD,Ã(UH

MOV TH ,Ã- )

SETB

END

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ORG L UUH ¬ 2

OUTCHR: MOV C,P

CPL C
MOV ACC.J,C
AGAIN: JNB TI,AGAIN

CLR TI
MOV SBUF,A
CLR ACC.J
RET
END

E` ASCII : 8 8 8 %= < < ‰

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€ 8 %= '
¬ 2
ORG L UUH
INCHR: JNB RI,$

CLR RI
MOV A,SBUF
MOV C,P
CLR ACC.J
RET
END
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!
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UU )H ¬ Z 8 @% `Q
UU )H ¬ @% t `Q
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ORG UUUUH
LJMP MAIN

ORG UUU)H ; TimerU Vector address

LJMP TUISR

ORG UU BH ; Timer Vector address

LJMP T ISR

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ORG UU)UH
MAIN : MOV IMOD, Ã (H ; timer = mode
MOV THU , Ã-J d ; timer U =mode(
SETB TRU ; -J desimal → THU
SETB TF
MOV IE , ÃLAH ; Wait to interrupt
SJMP $

TUISR: P WJ
CPL
RET
T ISR : CLR TR
MOV TH , # UFCH ; - UUUd → TH , TLL
MOV TL , # Lh
SETB TR
CPL P WI

RETI

' `Q = D `90 J < ‰

3 8 ASCII # "Π90 T 8 . ;% /
08 % 0 D B8 ' % T 4 7:/
4 % 0 D B8 `Q 3€ /

¬ 2
ORG U
LJMP MAIN
ORG UU()H
LJMP SPISR
ORG UU)UH
MAIN: MOV TMOD,Ã(UH
MOV TH ,Ã-(I
SETB TR
MOV SCON,Ã5(H
MOV A,Ã(UH
MOV IE,ÃVUH
SJMP $
SPISR: CJNE A,ÃJFH,SKIP

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MOV A,Ã(UH
SKIP: MOV SBUF,A
INC A
CLR TI
RETI
END

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p WJ = U
P : D 9 INT 1 INT 0 D // p2
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T>( °C B ¬ //
HOT = 0 u

COLD = 0 u T< V°C B

¬E0 %= *8 ' b
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LJMP MAIN
EXUISR: CLR P WJ
RETI
ORG UU )H
EX ISR: SETB P WJ
RETI
ORG )UH
MAIN: MOV IE,ÃL<H
SETB ITU
SETB IT
SETB P WJ
JB P)W(,SKIP
CLR P WJ
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SKIP: SJMP $

Ys

7:/ !

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> # Z j H = _ ' Z% +"_

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