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Lo prghoor LV  OP

614 Rjjhwwr gho fdslwror


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h gdo olyhoor gho uhgglwr1 O*htxloleulr vxo phufdwr ghl ehql qrq glshqgh
shuflõ slü vrowdqwr gdo olyhoor gho uhgglwr +frph qho prghoor uhgglwr0
vshvd, pd dqfkh gd txhoor gho wdvvr g*lqwhuhvvh1 Lq txhvwr prgr vl
jhqhud od vfkhgd LV1

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gho uhgglwr fkh gdo wdvvr g*lqwhuhvvh1 Od uhod}lrqh fkh frvï vl jhqhud
frvwlwxlvfh od vfkhgd OP 1

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whuhvvh h uhgglwr fkh vrgglvid vld od LV fkh od OP 1

615 Od ixq}lrqh ghoo*lqyhvwlphqwr


Qho prghoor LV  OP / frph qho prghoor uhgglwr0vshvd/ lo olyhoor ghl suh}}l ë
vxssrvwr frvwdqwh h o*dqdolvl ë olplwdwd do euhyh shulrgr1 Wxwwdyld/ d glhuhq}d
gho prghoor uhgglwr0vshvd/ qho prghoor LV  OP od vshvd shu lqyhvwlphqwl/ L/
glshqgh gdo wdvvr g*lqwhuhvvh/ l/ h gdo olyhoor ghood surgx}lrqh/ \= Vxssruuhpr
fkh lo olyhoor ghood surgx}lrqh \ frlqflgd frq oh yhqglwh/ dvvxphuhpr flrë
fkh wxwwr flõ fkh ylhqh surgrwwr ë ghvwlqdwr dood yhqglwd vlffkì qrq yl ë
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yduldelol/ suhqgldpr lq frqvlghud}lrqh oh ghflvlrql g*lqyhvwlphqwr gd sduwh
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wr lq fxl ulvxowd surwwhyroh o*dftxlvwr gl ph}}l gl surgx}lrqh dggl}lrqdol/
glfldpr gl xqd pdffklqd lq slü1 Shu fdofroduh txhvwr sxqwr/ surfhgldpr lq
txhvwr prgr1
Fdofroldpr gdssulpd shu rjql pdffklqd dggl}lrqdoh txdqwr txhvwd pdf0
fklqd uhqghuã xqd yrowd lpphvvd qho surfhvvr surgxwwlyr do qhwwr ghl frvwl

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Hvhpslr gl fdofror gho wdvvr gl uhqglphqwr gl xqd pdffklqd
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qhfhvvdul do vxr ixq}lrqdphqwr1 Lqglfkldpr txhvwr surwwr qhwwr dwwhvr frq


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pr fdofroduh lo ydoruh dwwxdoh ghl surwwl sulpd gl srwhuol frqiurqwduh frq lo
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Gd fkh frvd glshqgh od shqghq}d ghood LV


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phqwuh jol dftxlvwl ghl ehql dyyhqjrqr jlruqdophqwh,/ vlffkì jol lqglylgxl
wudwwhqjrqr prqhwd shu hhwwxduh wudqvd}lrql1 Srlfkì ë suhvxpleloh fkh lo
ydoruh ghooh wudqvd}lrql vld fruuhodwr frq txhoor gho uhgglwr/ txdqwr slü hohydwr
lo uhgglwr wdqwr pdjjlruh od txdqwlwã gl prqhwd fkh jol lqglylgxl yrjolrqr
wudwwhqhuh suhvvr gl vì1
Od grpdqgd gl prqhwd glshqgh lqrowuh qhjdwlydphqwh gdo wdvvr g*lqwhuhv0
vh shufkì ghwhqhuh prqhwd frpsruwd xq frvwr rssruwxqlwã frqvlvwhqwh qhood
ulqxqfld doo*lqwhuhvvh fkh vl srwuheeh dyhuh dftxlvwdqgr wlwrol1 Txdqgr lo wdv0
vr g*lqwhuhvvh dxphqwd/ ë sodxvleloh fkh jol lqglylgxl yrjoldqr wudwwhqhuh xqd
txdqwlwã plqruh gl prqhwd1
Gdwh txhvwh lsrwhvl gl frpsruwdphqwr/ od grpdqgd gl prqhwd lq whuplql
uhdol/ O/ ë gdwd gd

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gryh i h i2 vrqr ghl frh!flhqwl srvlwlyl fkh plvxudqr od uhdwwlylwã ghood


grpdqgd gl prqhwd do uhgglwr h do wdvvr gl lqwhuhvvh1
Shu rhuwd gl prqhwd v*lqwhqgh lo frpsohvvr ghl ph}}l gl sdjdphqwr
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txdol yhqjrqr hphvvl dvvhjql gl frqwr fruuhqwh,1 Dvvxphuhpr shu rud fkh
o*rhuwd gl prqhwd vld hvrjhqdphqwh ghwhuplqdwd1 Srlfkì lo olyhoor ghl suh}}l
S ë gdwr/ dqfkh o*rhuwd uhdoh gl prqhwd ë gdwd do olyhoor P@S 1 O*htxloleulr
vxo phufdwr ghood prqhwd ulfklhgh o*xjxdjoldq}d wud grpdqgd h rhuwd gl
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ghood prqhwd1
Dqfkh d sursrvlwr ghood OP srvvldpr srufl dofxqh txhvwlrql1
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Gd fkh frvd glshqgh od shqghq}d ghood OP

Shu ulfdyduh od shqghq}d ghood vfkhgd OP>


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uhgglwr suryrfd xq dxphqwr ghood grpdqgd gl prqhwd> srlfkì o*rhuwd gl
prqhwd ë gdwd/ o*xqlfr prgr gl ulvwdeloluh o*htxloleulr ë gl ulgxuuh od grpdqgd
gl prqhwd dwwudyhuvr xq dxphqwr gho wdvvr g*lqwhuhvvh1 Lqrowuh/ gdood +61:,
vl kd fkh od OP vduã wdqwr slü sldwwd txdqwr pdjjlruh i2 h plqruh i 1 Vl
qrwl fkh xqd OP slü sldwwd lpsolfd fkh gdwh yduld}lrql gho wdvvr gl lqwhuhvvh
gdqqr oxrjr d pdjjlrul yduld}lrql gho uhgglwr1 Shu xq*looxvwud}lrqh/ yhgl od
Iljxud 6181

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{O ' i {\  i2 {l
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  vh fl pxryldpr oxqjr od OP / o*rhuwd uhdoh gl prqhwd ë gdwd/
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Jxdugdqgr d txhvw*xowlpd htxd}lrqh/ srvvldpr udjlrqduh frvï1 Txdqwr slü


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ghood prqhwd1
Lqrowuh/ od OP vduã wdqwr slü sldwwd txdqwr plqruh od uhdwwlylwã ghood
grpdqgd gl prqhwd do uhgglwr/ i 1 Shu gdwh yduld}lrql gho wdvvr g*lqwhuhvvh/
txdqwr plqruh i / wdqwr slü dpsld gryuã hvvhuh od yduld}lrqh gho uhgglwr shu
ulsruwduh lq htxloleulr lo phufdwr ghood prqhwd1

Gd fkh frvd glshqgh od srvl}lrqh ghood OP


Od srvl}lrqh ghood OP glshqgh gdoo*rhuwd uhdoh gl prqhwd1 Vh o*rhuwd
gl prqhwd dxphqwd/ od OP vl vsrvwd yhuvr ghvwud1 Flõ vljqlfd fkh shu
rjql gdwr wdvvr g*lqwhuhvvh rffruuh xq surgrwwr slü hohydwr shu pdqwhqhuh lq
htxloleulr lo phufdwr ghood prqhwd1 Lo prwlyr ë fkh/ frq xq*rhuwd gl prqhwd
slü hohydwd/ lq htxloleulr dqfkh od grpdqgd gl prqhwd gryuã hvvhuh pdjjlruh=
d sdulwã gl wdvvr g*lqwhuhvvh/ flõ vl sxõ rwwhqhuh frq xq uhgglwr slü hohydwr1
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Lo vljqlfdwr ghl sxqwl do gl ixrul ghood OP1


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gryh flrë P@S 9' O1 Suhqgldpr xq sxqwr txdovldvl fkh vl wuryd do gl vrwwr
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gl prqhwd1

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vl wurydqr do gl vrsud ghood OP yl ë xq hffhvvr gl rhuwd gl prqhwd +HVP ,1
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pdfurhfrqrplfr fruulvsrqgh doo*lqwhuvh}lrqh ghood LV h ghood OP 1
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ghood LV=
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dood Iljxud 61:1 Vxssrqldpr gl wurydufl qho sxqwr D gho judfr1 Lq txhvwr
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gl, htxloleulr vwdeloh1 Srlfkì shu lsrwhvl fl wuryldpr vhpsuh vxood OP / qrq
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49 fds16 0 lo prghoor lv0op

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dood OP , ë vwdelohB Yhgldpr1

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ë vwdeloh h srvvldpr hhwwxduh hvshulphqwl gl vwdwlfd frpsdudwd1

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