UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR SEMESTER TER I SESI 2001/2002 IJAZAH SARJANA MUDA PENTADBIRAN PERNIAGAAN DENGAN KEPUJIAN IJAZAH SARJANAMUDA PERAKAUNAN DENGAN KEPUJIAN Masa : 21/2 Jam KOD KURSUS —_: CB3523 TAJUK KURSUS | :TEORI PERDAGANGAN ANTARABANGSA ARAHAN 1, Soalan ini terbahagi kepada dua bahagian. + Soalan Kes NAM, NO. MATRIK: (DENGAN ENGAN PERKATAAN) Kertas soalan ‘at bercetak, tidak fermasuk muka surat ‘mengandungi 6 mulBAHAGIAN A : SOALAN KES KES 1 : GOING BANANAS OVER STEEL Less than two months after an agreement that ended the trade war between the United States and the European Union (EU) over bananas, the same parties appear to be headed to another conflict, this time over steel. The Bush Administration has proposed to protect US steel companies from a worldwide glut of steel. The administration will file a trade case 10 reduce steel imports and hopes to negotiate a longer term agreement to reduce global steel-making capacity. The EU expressed displeasure at the Bush proposals and said it would challenge any restrictions on steel imports through the World Trade Organization. US steel mamifacturers have suffered from increased bankruptcies and job losses in recent years. About 25 percent of the steel industry is in bankruptey proceedings, a munber that could rise to 40 percent by the end of the year. Prices for some steel products have fallen to their lowest level in decades, and the quantity of steel imported into this country has been increasing. Lobbyists for the steel industry and their unions have pushed the Bush Administration for action. EU countries export 1.9 millions tons of steel to the US, about double the amount of steel that South Korea, the number two exporter, ships. The European Union argued that the Bush proposals are not the way 10 go. Not only would EU exporters be punished as result of the restrictions, but domestic steel producers would face increased competition because some of the steel that the US would have imported, about 22 million Tons, would be diverted to EU countries. Analysts believe that any restrictions that the US imposes would cause retaliation by the BU. The EU comuries believe that the problems facing American steel producers is the result of their failure (0 streamline operations and adapt to changing market conditions. “The cost of restructuring in the US steel sector should not be shifted to the rest of the world,” Pascal Lamy, the Enropean trade commissioner, said in a statement. The measure proposed by Bush Administration may seriously disrupt world steel trade. Source : Man Cowell, “Swift Condemnation of US on Stee!”, The New York Times, June 7, 2001Soalan Terangkan mekanisme tarif, kuota dan VER. Bagaimana setiap mekanisme menghalang aliran import ke sesebuah negara (10 m) Jika kerajaan US melaksanakan halangan perdagangan ke atas import keluli dengan mengenakan tarif, apakah kesannya ke atas pengeluar keluli di US ? pengeluar keluli Eropah ? (Gunakan gambarajah untuk menjelaskan jawapan anda.)(15 m) Diandaikan EU bertindakbalas dengan turut melaksanakan halangan perdagangan. Adakah pengeluar keluli US terjejas” Apakah kesannya peperangan perdagangan di antara dua buah negara ini ke atas pengeluar kereta US dan industri pembinaan di US 210m) Apakah akan berlaku ke atas harga keluli di US ? Di Eropah?Adakah ini menjelaskan kenapa harga saham pengeluar keluli Eropah jatuh berikutan pengumuman pentadbiran Bush ?(5m)KES 2 : DOES INTERNATIONAL TRADE HARM THE ENVIRONMENT ? The WTO may have been great for free trade, but as far as animals are concerned, the WTO is the single most destructive international organization ever formed. WTO rulings can reach any animal, amyokere, and at any time. Nothing is sacred in the cyes of the WTO, so regulations on handling, slaughtering, and care of animals as well as those governing trapping, pollution, anit habitat destruction are all fair game. And whenever a nation has challenged an animal protection | regulation, the WTO has ruled that regulation to be an illegal trade barrier. The nation that has | enacted the offending rules must either change its law or pay a heavy financial penalty. The nation usually profers to change the law. ~Humane S United States [ One reson why environmcntal protection lagging in many Countess Two incomes. Countries that lice onthe margin may simply not be able fo fod fo set aside resources for pollution | abatement, nor may they think that they should sacrifice their growth prospects to help solve | global pollution problems that in large part have Been caused by the consuming life style of richer Stunts. ff povery isa he core of the prblem, economic grote wil be part of the sation, to te extent thet i allows counties to shift geur from more inimediate concerns to long run Sistainailty sues. Indeed a leat some cmpirical evidence suggests that pollution increases at tn curly stages of development but decreases afer a certain income feel hasbeen reached. [Trade sone cylinder that propels the engine of growth L - ‘The volume of international trade has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. Much of this increase has been the result of international agreements that have reduced rade barriers. Economists have generally argued that free international trade benefits all participams by allowing countries to acquire goods and services at a lower ‘opportunity cost. In recent years, however, there have been increasing concerns over the effect of international trade on the global environment. Protests over environmental issues have disrupted recem meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Economic growth requires the use of increased quantities of energy and natural resources. Thiy increase in resource use and production often results in adverse environmental consequences, While developed economies have imposed relatively siringem environmental protection laws, less developed economies generally have only limited regulations concerning the protection of the environment. Many environmemal groups argue that unrestricted competition across countries results in production being shifted to those countries with the least restrictive environmental restrictions since these countries experience lower production costs. Furthermore, they suggest that the removal of trade barriers makes it more difficult for countries to enactenvironmental protection laws that will reduce their ability to compete in international markets, Industrialized nations have passed laws designed to protect endangered species. Some of these lanss an the sale of output that ix produced in a manner that harms endangered species. The U.S. for example, passed laws banning the sale of shrimp that were caught in nets that were not modified to protect sea turtles. When other countries protested that this ban interfered with their ability to sell shrimp to the U.S., the WTO initially forced the US. to reverse this ban (a revised U.S. ban on imported shrimp was upheld by a disputes settlement board of the WIO on June 15, 2001). In a similar case, the U.S. banned imported tuna from Mexico due to the used of fishing techniques in Mexico that also killed dolphins. the WTO overturned this ban because of its adverse effect on trade. I1 is argued that this type of interference from the WIO will discourage countries from passing laws designed to protect endangered species Advocates of free trade, however, note that the demand for environmental protection rises ax countries develop. Individuals who are hungry tend to be more concerned about where their next meal is coming from than about air and water quality. Since free international trade is expected to encourage economic development, it is argued that internanonal trade encourages increased environmental protection. Those who support free trade also observe that increased trade is often accompanied by increased foreign direct investment. Since foreign direct investment generally involves a technology transfer from developed to less developed economies, developing economies nswally adopt the relatively "cleaner" production methods in use in developed economies. This argument suggests that free trade encourages the adoption of more environmentally sound production processes in developing economies. Source : www.swcollege.com/befipolicy debatestrade environment.htmlSoalan : Berdasarkan pandangan ahli ekonomi klasik dan moden, perdagangan bebas memberi manafaat kepada negara yang berdagang dari segi peningkatan kepuasan hhasil daripadapengeluaran dan penggunaan yang meningkat. Berdasarkan daripada kes di atas, bagaimana konsep perdagangan bebas boleh menjejaskan kehidupan manusia 2(1Sm) Pembentukan blok-blok perdagangan secara tidak langsung sebenarnya membentuk halangan perdagangan di antara kumpulan beberapa buah negara Apakah kebaikan dan keburukan pembentukan blok perdagangan di dalam era liberalisasi ekonomi ? Bagaimana pembentukan blok perdagangan iaitu AFTA dapat membantu Malaysia di dalam perdagangan antarabangsa ?(15m) Apakah langkah-langkah yang wajar diambil oleh sebuah negara kecil seperti Malaysia di dalam menghadapi persaingan dalam perdagangan antarabangsa ” (Sekurang-kurangnya beri 3 langkah yang utama). — Bincangkan jawapan anda.(10m)BAHAGIAN B : SOALAN ESEL Jawab SATU soalan sahaja (20 markah). 1. Bincangkan dengan terperinci hujah-hujah yang menyokong amalan perlindungan (protectionism) dalam perdagangan antarabangsa Bincangkan mekanisme yang boleh digunakan untuk mengurangkan risiko kadar pertukaran asing di dalam arena perdagangan antarabangsa. Jelaskan mengapa adalah penting untuk melindungi (hedging) kedudukan yang terbuka (open position) dari segi risiko kadar pertukaran asing, 6