FACOLTÀ DI STUDI INGEGNERIA E ARCHITETTURA

A. A. 2017-2018 - Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Architettura

TECNICA DELLE COSTRUZIONI (9 CFU)
DOCENTE: ING. GIUSEPPE MACALUSO

RISOLUZIONE DI UNA TRAVE CONTINUA

CON IL METODO DELLE FORZE















!
"#$%&'!()!#'*#+*+!
+
&

"#$ !"
* 2##"+'

( ) , 2#,#"+' ' -
# ""
# "" $ ""

% "" ! ""
!
,'-)!./**'!0%+&%-1)'2!./**%!3+14%!%!./)!#'1)#$)!-%1&)#)!
!
+#- .$7/07
!"21#7#"+'!
!#$- 2#7/03=7
'>?44ABA?CD?7EA7EAFGDGHA>C?7D?I=ABG7##$"5$",27+',$7
6>ELF>7EA7?FGMDABADN7F>COADLEACGF?7&##-%$"703==#7
P?HA>C?7E?FFG7DIG7?7I?DDGCO>FGI?7EA7RGM?7)#$""7==7?7GFD?HHG78#2""7==7
&T#$!.-##7/0=#7
!
5+6.)(%1'4)+6)!71%*)&)6'1)!
TF7MAMD?=G7IGUUI?M?CDG7LCG7DIG7?7B>CDACLG7B>C7LC7DIGDD>7'-7AM>MDGDAB>7B"?7U?I7M?=UFABADN7EA7
BGFB>F>7UL97?MM?I?7?FA=ACGD>7B>CMAE?IGCE>7F?7GHA>CA7B"?7DGF?7DIGDD>7DIGM=?DD?7GFFG7MDILDDLIG7
G7=?C>7E?FF>7M4>IH>7C>I=GF?7B"?7C>C7AC4FLAMB?7MLF7B>=U>IDG=?CD>74F?MMA>CGF?7E?FFG7DIG7?7
:7?EA74AOLIG;Y7
7

!
* 2 6'#+"

( ) , 2 '
!
!
!
!
!
!
8).+*/4)+6%!
PA7 MB?OFA?7 EA7 >U?IGI?7 GDDIG7?IM>7 AF7 =?D>E>7 E?FF?7 4>IH? 7 I?CE?CE>7 AF7 MAMD?=G7 AM>MDGDAB>7 ?7
ACDI>ELB?CE>7DGCD?7 ACB>OCAD?7 AU?IMDGDAB"?7!LGCDA7M>C>7 A7 OIGEA7EA7 FAR?IDN7I?MDADLADA7GF7MAMD?=G7
MD?MM>Y77
7
!"#$%&'()*)+&+("*'$,-(.&/$0+$'
'

!
* 2 6'
6(

6)( 6)'
( ) , 2 '
!
'>=UGA>C>7B>=?7ACB>OCAD?7AU?IMDGDAB"?7A7=>=?CDA76()#6( 76)(7?E76)' 7<7C>D>7AC7?B?7AF7
=>=?CD>76')#6'7B"?7<7UGIA7G7=+"7#7,- .$757$ !"7#7,$% >$!7/0=Y7
0?FFG7F>OABG7E?F7=?D>E>7E?FF?74>IH? 7E>7?CE>7AF7MAMD?=G7?MM?I?7?!LAFARIGD>7MA7"G?7
4 13 = 4 12 = 4 1 !

@?7ACB>OCAD?7E?F7UI>RF?=G7M>C>7U?IDGCD>7A7EL?7=>=?CDA76(7 76)7 ?E7AF7MAMD?=G7EA7?!LGHA>CA7

IAM>F7?CDA7MA7>DDA?C?7A=U>C?CE>77FG7B>COIL?CHG7MLFF?7I>DGHA>CAY7
7
5,-&6(*0('7('"*089-$06&'
!
⎧γ 3 = :
⎨ ! !
⎩γ 13 = γ 12
@?7EL?7?!LGHA>CA7?MUIA=>C>7FG7B>CEAHA>C?7EA7ACBGMDI>7AC7(7?7F_LOLGOFAGCHG7DIG7F?7I>DGHA>CA7
E?FF?7M?HA>CA7G7E?MDIG7?7G7MACAMDIG7EA7)Y77
7
*+&6(*0('(0'!-06(*0$'7$('%*%$0+('7('$)+9$%(+"'
!
⎧ − / 31 / 31
⎪γ 13 = @ 5# (> 4 1 + 4 3 ) + @ 5# (> µ 13 + µ 31 )
/ 12
(> 4 1 + 42 ) − / 12 (> µ 12 + µ21 ) !
⎪⎪
⎨ γ 12 =
⎪ @ 5# @ 5#
⎪ γ = / 31 (> 4 + 4 ) − / 31 (> µ + µ )
⎪⎩ 3 @ 5# 3 1
@ 5#
31 13

TC7DGFA7?MUI?MMA>CA7B>=UGA>C>7A7=>=?CDA7EA7ACBGMDI>7U?I4?DD>7B"?7E?7>C>7?MM?I?7BGFB>FGDAY7
!
!
!
!
 5'*#+*+!(%)!&+&%6-)!(9)6#'.-1+!7%13%--+!
7
T7=>=?CDA7E_ACBGMDI>! µ () 7?! µ )( !M>C>7C>DA7?77GFO>C>?7
& > &
µ 31 = µ 13 = − ,/ 31 = − &( '@> × &@ = −>@ '&@ $%% !
&> &>
!
A?I7AF7BGFB>F>7EA! µ 12 7?! µ 21 !MA7IAM>F7?7:GDDIG7?IM>7AF7=?D>E>7E?FF?74>IH?;7F>7MB"?=G7M?OL?CD??7
7
* D B$ * D B#

#
) , D ' ) , D '

# "" $ "" # "" $ ""

!
@?7ACB>OCAD?7AU?IMDGDAB"?7M>C>7EL?7?7U?IDGCD>7F?7?!LGHA>CA7EA7B>COIL?CHG7B"?7IAM>F7>C>7AF7
MAMD?=G 7MBIADD?7B>C7IA4?IA=?CD>7GOFA7MB"?=A7M?OL?CDA 7M>C>?7
⎧γ ):T; + γ ):TT; + γ ):TTT; = "
⎨ :T ; :TT; :TTT ; !
⎩γ ' + γ ' + γ ' = "
!
PB"?=G7T PB"?=G7TT PB"?=G7TTT
B#
B$ !
*
* * !
) ' ) ' ) , '

! "" # "" $ ""

! ""

!B$ * *
# D38 *
B#
6>=?CDA 6>=?CDA 'LI7GDLI?7EG7BGIAB>7D?I=AB>

P>7GUU>MAHA>C?7E?OFA7?44?DDA7U?I7AF7BGFB>F>7E?FF?7I>DGHA>CA

!
77
PB"?=G7T PB"?=G7TT PB"?=G7TTT
7
B$3&T B#3&T
# D38

) ' ) ' ) '

! "" ! "" # "" $ ""

7 2IG7A7GLMAFAGIA?7M>OO?DD?7GA7BGIAB"A7?!LA7GF?CDA7GA7EAGOIG==A7E?FF?7BLI7GDLI?7BG=RAGD?7EA7M?OC>

7
CAB>IEGCE>7B"?7A7DGOFA7C?FFG7DIG7?7GLMAFAGIAG7EA76>"I7B>IIAMU>CE>C>7GFF?7I>DGHA>CA7C?FFG7DIG7?7
I?GF? 7MA7IAU>IDGC>7A7DGOFA77GFLDGDA7MBIA7?CE>7F?7?!LGHA>CA7EA7?!LAFARIA>7GFFG7I>DGHA>C?7IAMU?DD>7GA77
U>FA7)7?7' >7GFFG7DIGMFGHA>C?77?IDABGF?Y7
!
 *&/ 12
+1. - # , = !
) 5#
* > / 12 !
+1. - ## , =
@ 5#
*&/ 12 !
+2. - # , = −
@5#
. - ## , * > / 12 !
+2 = −
) 5#
. - ### , >α∆0 &'L !
+1 = −) × = −: '@ × &: − ) $%
/ L
>α∆0
+2. - ### , = +1. - ### , − ) × = &'1 × &: − ) $% !
/
@_?!LGHA>C?7EA7B>COIL?CHG7MBIADDG7AC77D?I=ACA7EA7DGOFA7MLFFG7DIG7?7EA76>"I7<?7
⎧+1.- # , + +1.- ## , + +1.- ### , = :
⎨ .-# , . - ## , . - ### ,
!
+
⎩ 2 + +2 + +2 = :

⎧ *&/ 12 * > / 12 −)
⎪ ) 5# + @ 5# − : '@ × &: = : !
⎨ */ * /
⎪− & 12 − > 12 + &'1 × &: − ) = :
⎩ @ 5# ) 5#

@G7M>FLHA>C?7E?F7MAMD?=G7C?FF?7ACB>OCAD?7B$ 7B#74>ICAMB??77
⎧ *& = µ 12 = −&> '2 $%%
⎨ !
⎩ * > = µ21 = &)('( $%%
PA7UI>U>CO>C>7AC7GUU?CEAB?7EL?7=?D>EA7GFD?ICGDA7A7U?I7AF7BGFB>F>7E?A7=>=?CDA7EA7ACBGMDI>7U?I4?DD>7O?C?IGDA7EG7
BGIAB"A7D?I=ABA7ML7DIGDDA7EA7FLCO"?HHG77GIAGRAF?Y7
7
8+-'4)+6)!)6!3/64)+6%!(%)!&+&%6-)!()!%.-1%&)-:!6%**'!3+1&'!3)6'*%!
!
⎧ −1 1
⎪ γ 13 = @ 5# (> 4 1 + 4 3 ) + @ 5# (− > (>@ '&@ ) − >@ '&@ )
L
(>4 1 − &1 '2&L ) − L (− > (&> '2 ) + &)( '( ) !
⎪⎪
⎨γ 12 =
⎪ @ 5# @ 5#
1 1
⎪ γ =
⎪⎩ 3 @ 5#
(> 4 3 + 4 1 ) − (− > (>@ '&@ ) − >@ '&@ )
@ 5#
!
⎧ −1 1
⎪ γ 13 = @ 5# (> 4 1 + 4 3 ) − @ 5# 23 '13
L
(>4 1 − &1 '2&L ) − L &&1 'L !
⎪⎪
⎨γ 12 =
⎪ @ 5# @ 5#
1 1
⎪ γ =
⎪⎩ 3 @ 5#
(>4 3 + 4 1 ) + 23 '13
@ 5#
!
;</'4)+6)!()!#+601/%64'!6%**'!3+1&'!3)6'*%!%!.+*/4)+6%!
⎧γ 13 = γ 12
⎨ !
⎩γ 3 = :
⎧−1
(> 4 1 + 4 3 ) − 1 23 '13 = L (> 4 1 − &1R2&L ) − L &&1 'L
⎪⎪ @ 5# @ 5# @ 5# @ 5#
⎨
1 1 !
⎪ (>4 3 + 4 1 ) + 23 '13 = :
⎪⎩ @ 5# @ 5#
EG7BLA?7
⎧4 3 = −L1 'L> $%% !
⎨
⎩4 1 = ): 'L2 $%%

7
0>DA7A7=>=?CDA7EA7?MDI?=ADN7MA7BGFB>FGC>7A7DGOFA7GDDIG7?IM>7F?7?!LGHA>CA7EA7?!LAFARIA>7GFFG7
I>DGHA>C??7
− 4 3 + 41 L1 'L> + ): 'L2 / 1 '::
+ 31 = + + : 31 = + , 31 = >&'>2 + &( '@> = @: 'L& $% 7
/ 31 1 ':: > >

− 4 3 + 41 L1 'L> + ): 'L2 / 1 '::

+13 = + + : 13 = − , 31 = >&'>2 − &('@> = −&2 '(2 $% !
/ 31 1 ':: > >

− 4 1 + 42 − ):'L2 − &1'2&L
+12 = = = −(':L $% !
/ 12 L '::

− 4 1 + 42
+21 = = +12 = −( ':L $% !
/ 12

@?7F?OOA7B>C7BLA77GIAGC>7F?7M>FF?BADGHA>CA7C?FF?7DIG7A7M>C>7U?IDGCD>7F?7M?OL?CDA?7
7
&F?=?CD>7()7
7
%- 6 , = 7 = ( '3& 5 $% 4 - +9&6(*0$ ,
+ - 6 , = + 31 − ,6 = @: 'L& − &( '@> 6 5 $% $ %$+9( 4 7
6> 6>
4 - 6 , = 4 3 + + 31 6 − , = −L1 'L> + @: 'L&6 − &( '@> 5 $% $ %$+9( 4
> >
!
@_GMBAMMG7EA7=GMMA=>7=>=?CD>7AC7BG=UGDG7MA7DI>7G7EGFFG7 + - 6 , = : !B"?74>ICAMB?7
6 = ) ':2 % "!U?I7BLA7MA7"G7 4 - 6 , = )3 '3 $%% #!
!
&F?=?CD>7)'7
7
%- 6 , = 7 = ( '3& 5 $% 4 - +9&6(*0$ ,
+ - 6 , = +12 = −( ':& 5 $% 4 7
4 - 6 , = 4 1 + +12 6 = ): 'L2 − ( ':L 6 5 $% $ %$+9( 4
7
&F?=?CD>7'-7
7
%- 6 , = 7 = ( '3& 5 $% 4 - +9&6(*0$ ,
+- 6 , = : 7
4 - 6 , = 4 2 = − &1 '2&L 5 $% $ %$+9( 4
7
&F?=?CD>7-&7
7
%- 6 , = :
+ - 6 , = 7 = ( '3& 5 $% 4 7
4 - 6 , = 4 8 + 76 = 4 2 + 76 = −&1 '2&L + ( '3&6 5 $% $ %$+9( 4
!
 ,=>?8> =!,;!!;!""!!;5=#>$="%=!
!
!
!
!79 :9'%9 43;5'
&

- .$77/0 B

* * *
" B " B "
" B

( ) ' -
!
!
!
!
!
03<;#9'
&
2" !77/0

- .$77/0

* B
* " B
) '
( ,
, "
" B
" B
-
,$> ->77/0 ,- "!77/0

!
!
!
!
!
4945%09'7;5005%05'
&
,!% !#77/0

,$% >77/0=
,$% >77/0=
, B
, " B

( ) ,
" B ' - "
* " B

$" !>77/0=

$. .77/0=

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
 !;?> =! " ;%#"!&!5'8(>#'8>!&!!=%;>!;!>"#=5>!
@G7 I?FGHA>C?7 B"?7 ACD?IB>II?7 DIG7 =>=?CD> 7 BLI7GDLIG7 ?7 FG7 4LCHA>C?7 FAC?G7 ?FGMDABG 7 AC7 4>I=G7
E?F7DLDD>7O?C?IABG7<?7
7 >=- 6 , 4- 6 ,
ρ - 6 ' ∆+ , = >
=− + ρ +$9 - ∆0 , !
76 5#
AC7BLA7?7
!-6'"0,' >"FG7BLI7GDLIG7O?C?IGFAHHGDG7

=-6,' ' >'/&'74LCHA>C?7FAC?G7?FGMDABG77

!D?I7 ! <7FG7BLI7GDLIG7D?I=ABG7EGDG7EG?7

>α∆+
ρ +$9 - ∆+ , = "
#
PU?BA4ABGCE>7 B"?7 AF7 M?OC>7 E?F7 OIGEA?CD?7 D?I=AB>7 "07 <7 U>MADA7>7 !LGCE>7 FG7 D?=U?IGDLIG7
=GMMA=G7MA77?IA4ABG7GFF_?MDIGE>MM>7E?FFG7DIG7?Y7
7
PA7IAU>IDG7EA7M?OLAD>7AF7BGFB>F>7E?FF?7BLI7GDLI?7EA7GFBLC?7M?HA>CA7E?FFG7MDILDDLIG7?MG=ACGDGY7
7
&F?=?CD>77()7
4- 6 = : , − L1 'L>
ρ - 6 = : ' ∆0 = : , = − =− = ) '1) × &: −1 % −& !
5# &L3(>>
&F?=?CD>7)'7
4- 6 = > , &: '(L
ρ - 6 = > − ' ∆0 = >: , = − =− = −@ '( × &: −L % −&
5# &L3(>>
4 - 6 = > , >α∆+ &: '(L > × &: × &: −@ × >:
ρ - 6 = > ' ∆0 = >: , = −
+
+ =− + = L '(2 × &: −1 % −& 777
5# # &L3(>> : '@
4 - 6 = L , >α∆+ − &1 '2& > × &: × &: −@ × >:
ρ - 6 = L ' ∆0 = >: , = − + =− + = 2 'L( × &: −1 % −&
5# # &L3(>> : '@
&F?=?CD>7'-7
4- 6 = : , − &1 '2&
ρ - 6 = : ' ∆0 = : , = − =− = ( '>@ ×&: −L % −& 7
5# &L3(>>
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
,=>?8> =! ,;=! " ;%#=2! ,;!!;! 5'8(>#'8;! ;! ,;)"8 >#>! ,;!!>!
"#8'##'8>7
P>C>7 EA7 M?OLAD>7 IAU>IDGDA7 A7 EAGOIG==A7 E?A7 =>=?CDA 7 E?FF?7 BLI7GDLI?7 ?7 FG7 E?4>I=GDG7 E?F7
MAMD?=G7?MG=ACGD>7G7DAD>F>7EA7B>C4I>CD>Y7
PA7C>DA7B"?7C?F7DIGDD>7AC7BLA7<7GUUFABGD>7AF7BGIAB>7D?I=AB> 7FG7BLI7GDLIG7=?BBGCABG 7B"?77GIAG7
B>C757MA7M>==G7GFFG7BLI7GDLIG7D?I=ABG7B"?7<7B>MDGCD?Y7
PA7C>DA7AC>FDI?7B"?7FG74LCHA>C?7FAC?G7?FGMDABG'7B"?7IGUUI?M?CDG7FG7E?4>I=GDG7E?F7MAMD?=G ''"G7
LC7BG=RA>7EA7B>CBG7ADN7FGEE>7?7FG7BLI7GDLIG7<7CLFFGY7
7
7
&
,!% !#77/0 6D6&02T
,$% >77/0=
,$% >77/0=
, B
, " B

( ) ,
" B ' - "

* " B

&
'ECF(2EC&
,% ,$
> !-757$"77777=
,% ,$
! ->757$"77777=
,% ,$
$ %$757$"77777= ,! ,$
- #757$"77777=
" B * B

(
* )
" B , ' - "
,! ,$ " B
,2 -57$"77777=

-&+DC6(2(
&

" B B

( ) '
" B
- "

" B

!
!""#$%&'#(
)*+,-./( 0/( /-123.4*( 5,46,..*( 0/( 7-2( .428,( 3*99,..2( 20( 7-( 124/1*(
.,4+/1*(2(62462::2(37(7-(.42..*(0/(:7-9;,<<2(824/2=/:,>(
(
!"#$ %&'(%&)(#*"$ +,,"$ -./()+$ %&0"%*+*"$ &#$ '&12%+3$ $ -&$ 42",($ 4+,2*+%($ .")($ 4+%&+#"$ &$
)")(#*&$ 5&$ &#.+-*%"$ 0(%'(**"$ &#$ '2#6&"#($ 5(,,+$ ,2#1/(66+$ 5(,$ *%+**"$ -2$ .2&$ +1&-.($ &,$
1(#(%&."$.+%&."$*(%)&."$+$'+%'+,,+$."#$&#*(#-&*7$)+--&)+$!*8$$

$ ! =
"#$$ *
$
$
( $#"$ * '
$ - +./.-
$ +
$
9+,($ -&-*()+3$ #(,,+$ ,"1&.+$ 5(,$ )(*"5"$ 5(,,($ '"%6(3$ 02:$ (--(%($ %&-",*"$ +**%+4(%-"$ &,$
-(12(#*($-&-*()+$&-"-*+*&."$(;2&4+,(#*(8$
$
%( ! =
"#$$ * %'
$
$
$ ( $#"$ * '
$
$ - +./.-
$ +
$
<($(;2+6&"#&$5&$."#1%2(#6+$./($."#-(#*"#"$5&$"**(#(%($=>3$=?3$-&$"**(#1"#"$&)0"#(#5"$
./($ -&+#"$ #2,,($ ,($ %"*+6&"#&$ ./($ -&$ 1(#(%+#"$ +$ .&+-.2#"$ 5(&$ 52($ (-*%()&$ -4&#.",+*&$ 0(%$
(''(**"$5(,,($&#."1#&*($&0(%-*+*&./($($5(,$.+%&."$*(%)&."$+1(#*(8$
⎧⎪γ( & $ %( " + γ( && $ % ' " + γ ( &&& $ ∆# " = !
⎨ & $
⎪⎩γ ' $ %( " + γ ' && $ % ' " + γ ' &&& $ ∆# " = !

<($%"*+6&"#&$0%"5"**($5+&$)")(#*&$5&$(-*%()&*7$-&$%&.+4+#"$2*&,&66+#5"$,($(;2+6&"#& $
& %( +
γ ( $ %( " =
* )&
&& % +
γ( $ % ' " = '
, )& $
& % +
γ ' $ %( " = − (
, )&
&& % +
γ' $ %' " = − '
* )&
<($ %"*+6&"#&$ 0%"5"**($ 5+,$ .+%&."$ *(%)&."$ 4(#1"#"$ 4+,2*+*($ 0(%$ )(66"$ 5(,,%+#+,"1&+$ 5(,$
&"/%8$'&$."#-&5(%+$&,$.+-"$&#$.2&$,+$4+%&+6&"#($5&$*()0(%+*2%+$($0"-&*&4+$+,,%(-*%+5"--"$($
#(1+*&4+$+,,%&#*%+5"--"8$)$%&-2,*+*&$./($-&$"**(%%+##"3$&#$*(%)&#&$5&$%"*+6&"#&3$-+%+##"$212+,&$
(5$ "00"-*&$ +$ ;2(,,&$ ./($ -&$ -+%(**(%"$ +42*&$ ."#-&5(%+#5"$ &,$ .+%&."$ *(%)&."$ ."#$ ,+$
5&-*%&*26&"#($"00"-*+8$
),$.+%&."$*(%)&."$&#$(-+)($1(#(%+$.2%4+*2%($0"-&*&4($-2,,+$*%+4($%(+,($0(%*+#*"$,+$*%+4($5&$
&"/%$4(%%7$.+%&.+*+$."#$2#$.+%&."$'&**&6&"$./($+1&-.($5+,$*+--"$4(%-"$,%+,*"$($5&$&#*(#-&*7$
0+%&$+$?"!9#+$,4(5+-&$'&12%+-8$

$ ! =
"$ * ! =

$ ' #40
$
$ ( $$ * ' ( '
$
- +./.- - +./.-
$
+ +
$
)$ *+1,&$ -2,,+$ *%+4($ 5&$ &"/%3$ (;2&4+,(#*&$ +,,($ %"*+6&"#&$ -2,,+$ *%+4($ %(+,(3$ -&$ .+,.",+#"$
-.%&4(#5"$,($(;2+6&"#&$5&$(;2&,&*%&"$+,,+$%"*+6&"#($+**"%#"$+&$0",&$>$($?8$
2 ' α ∆1 $ + − - " '
#( + + =!
0 ' $
2 ' α∆1 ⎛ + −- ⎞
#' + − $ + − - "⎜- + ⎟ =!
0 ⎝ ' ⎠
$.+,,($;2+,& $
2 &&& α∆1 $ + − - " '
#( = γ ( $ ∆# " = −
0 + !
2 &&& α∆1 $ + − - ' "
'
#' = γ ' $ ∆# " =
0 +
),$-&-*()+$%&-",4(#*($5&4(#*+$+,,"%+ $
⎧ % ( + % ' + α ∆1 $ + − - " '
⎪⎪ + − =!
* )& , )& 0 + !
⎨ ' '
% + %
⎪− ( − ' + + α ∆ 1 $ + − - "
=!
⎪⎩ , )& * )& 0 +
."#$-",26&"#( $
⎧ α∆1)& $ , - ' − 3 +- + ' + ' "
⎪⎪%( = µ(' =
0 +' !
⎨ ' '
⎪% = µ = − ' α ∆ 1)& $ * - − ' +- − + "
⎪⎩ ' '(
0 +'
,'&$ #"*&$ ./($ #(,$ .+-"$ 5&$ "00"-*+$ 5&-*%&*26&"#($ 5(,$ .+%&."$ *(%)&."$ +#./($ *+,&$ )")(#*&$ 5&$ &#.+-*%"$ /+##"$
-(1#"$"00"-*"-8$
$
 α∆1)&
<($(-0%(--&"#&$5&$#>$($#?3$#"%)+,&66+*($%&-0(**"$+$ "!."#-&5(%+*($&#$'2#6&"#($5(,,+$
0
%
1%+#5(66+$ "!+--2)"#"$,+$'"%)+$%&0"%*+*+$#(,,+$'&12%+$-(12(#*(8$
+

/ ! $% " *

?30 #$%'&!
? $ *

>30 #$%&'! $ *
>
!30 " *
! !"#
$!30 ! !3?0 !30 !310 >

$>
#$%&'!
$>30
$?
$?30
#$%'&!
$/

$
!
9+,($5&+1%+))+3$./($($-*+*"$%&.+4+*"$0(%$(#*%+)*($,($5&-*%&*26&"#&$5&$.+%&."$*(%)&."3$/+$
,+$'2#6&"#($5&$4+,2*+%($&$)")(#*&$5%&#.+-*%"$0(%'(**"$#"%)+,&66+*&3$+--(1#+*"$2#$4+,"%($5&$
=#<$0(%$2#+$5(,,($52($0"--&*&,&$5&-*%&*26&"#&$5(,$.+%&."$*(%)&."8$
$
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
56778.98.:;<8;=8>?6..
$
)$ *+1,&$ ./($ -&$ 1(#(%+#"3$ -&$ "**(#1"#"$ -.%&4(#5"$ ,%(;2+6&"#($ 5&$ (;2&,&*%&"$ 5(,,+$ *%+4($
+**"%#"$+5$2#"$5(&$52($0",& $
µ'( − µ('
#(' = #'( = # $ - " = !
+
<+$,(11($5&$4+%&+6&"#($5(,$)")(#*"$-+%7$0(%*+#*" $
µ '( − µ('
$ - " = # $ - "- + µ(' = - + µ(' !
+
'"-*&*2(#5"$#(,,($(-0%(--&"#&$5(,$*+1,&"$($5(,$)")(#*"$&$4+,"%($5&$#>?$($#?>$-&$"**(#1"#"$

,($-(12(#*&$,(11& $
('α∆1)& $ - ' − +- "
#$ % " = − !
0 +*
'α∆1)& $ , - * − " +- ' + ! + ' - − + * "
$%"=− !
0 +*
./($ %+00%(-(#*+#"$ ,($ +6778. 98. :;<8;=8>?6. 96+. 1;7+8>. 6. 96+. #>#6?1>. $6<. %?;. 1<;:6.
&>77611;.;9.%?.';<8'>.16<#8'>.;.(;<(;++;.;76?16.&%.%?.1<;11>.98.+%?7)6==;.:;<8;*8+6+.
9+,&$ '"%)2,+6&"#&$ 5(4"#"$ (--(%($ .+)*&+*($ 5&$ -(1#"$ ;2+#5"$ &,$ .+%&."$ *(%)&."$ /+$ ,+$
5&-*%&*26&"#($"00"-*+$($0(%*+#*"$02:$-.%&4(%-&$&#$'"%)+$1(#(%&.+ $
('α∆1)& $ - ' − +- "
#$ % " = ∓ !
0 +*
'α∆1)& $ , - * − " +- ' + ! + ' - − + * "
$%"=∓ !
0 +*
)#$ *+,&$ (-0%(--&"#&$ &,$ -(1#"$ -20(%&"%($ /+$ 4+,"%($ ;2+#5"$ &,$ .+%&."$ *(%)&."$ ($ 0"-&*&4"$
+,,%(-*%+5"--"$ ($ #(1+*&4"$ +,,%&#*%+5"--"2$ &#$ .+-"$ 5&$ 5&-*%&*26&"#($ "00"-*+$ /+$ 4+,"%($ &,$
-(1#"$&#'(%&"%(8$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
?*:7</*-,(/-(6*4+2(+2.4/1/2:,(
),$-&-*()+$%&-",4(#*($4&-*"$&#$0%(.(5(#6+$($5&$-(12&*"$%&0%"0"-*"$&#$'"%)+$1(#(%+,&66+*+$
%&-0(**"$ +,,+$ 5&-*%&*26&"#($ 5(,$ .+%&."$ *(%)&."3$ ($ 2#$ -&-*()+$ ,&#(+%($ ($ ."-*&*2&*"$ 5+$ 52($
(;2+6&"#&$#(,,($52($&#."1#&*($=>$($=?8$
⎧ % ( + % ' + α ∆1 $ + − - " '
⎪⎪ + ∓ =!
* )& , )& 0 +
⎨ ' '
$
% + %
⎪− ( − ' ± + α ∆ 1 $ + − - "
=!
⎩⎪ , )& * )& 0 +
9+,($-&-*()+$-&$0%(-*+$+5$(--(%($%&-",*"$)+*%&.&+,)(#*($0"#(#5","$#(,,+$'"%)+ $
!
,% =γ !

&#$.2&$&$-&)*",&$2*&,&66+*&$/+##"$&,$-(12(#*($-&1#&'&.+*" $
+ +
, = * )& , )& ! &+*%&.($5&$.(5&*&,&*7$
+ +
− −
, )& * )&
%(
%= ! ! ! 3(**"%($5(,,($&#."1#&*($
%'

α ∆1 $ + − - " '
±
!
γ = 0 + ! $3(**"%($5(,,($%"*+6&"#&$0%"5"**($5+&$.+%&./&$
α ∆1 $ + − - ' "
'
*(%)&.&$1(#(%+,&66+*&$.+)*&+*($5&$-(1#"$
∓
0 +
),$-&-*()+$-&$-.%&4($+,,"%+ $
+ + α∆1 $ + − - "'
*)& , )& %( ±
0 +
+ +
= !
%' α∆1 $ + − - ' "
'
− − ∓
,)& *)& 0 +
)#$ .2&$ +#./($ &#$ ;2(-*"$ .+-"$ &,$ -(1#"$ -20(%&"%($ 5(,,($ %"*+6&"#&$ ($ +--".&+*"$ +,,+$
5&-*%&*26&"#($ ."#$ .+%&."$ *(%)&."$ 0"-&*&4"$ #(,,%(-*%+5"--"$ ($ #(1+*&4"$ #(,,%&#*%+5"--"3$ &,$
-(1#"$&#'(%&"%($($+--".&+*"$+,$.+-"$"00"-*"8$
<+$-",26&"#(3$"**(#2*+$.")( $
−( !
% =, γ !

'"%#&-.($5&%(**+)(#*($&$4+,"%&$5(&$)")(#*&$5&$&#.+-*%"$0(%'(**"8$
$