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ϭ͘ǀǀĞƌƚĞŶnjĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝ
/ĐĂŶĚŝĚĂƟĂŝĐŽŶĐŽƌƐŝƉĞƌƉŽƐƟĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽŶĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶĨĂŶnjŝĂ͕ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂ͕ĞƉĞƌŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟĚŝ
ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĂĚŝƉƌŝŵŽĞƐĞĐŽŶĚŽŐƌĂĚŽ͕ĚĞǀŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŶƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŽĚĞŝƐĞŐƵĞŶƟƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƟĐƵůͲ
ƚƵƌĂůŝĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝŝŶŽƌĚŝŶĞĂůƐĞƩŽƌĞŽĂŝƐĞƩŽƌŝĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝƉƌĞǀŝƐƟĚĂĐŝĂƐĐƵŶĂĐůĂƐƐĞĚŝĐŽŶĐŽƌƐŽ͗
ŽƐĂƐƚƵĚŝĂƌĞ ŽǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĂƌĞ
ϭ^ŝĐƵƌŽĚŽŵŝŶŝŽĚĞŝĐŽŶƚĞŶƵƟĚĞŝĐĂŵƉŝĚŝĞƐƉĞͲ ÆsŽůƵŵŝĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝĚĞůůĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂĐůĂƐƐĞĚŝĐŽŶĐŽƌͲ
ƌŝĞŶnjĂĞĚĞůůĞĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĞĚĞŝůŽƌŽ ƐŽ;ƐƵǁǁǁ͘ƐŝŵŽŶĞ͘ŝƚƚƌŽǀŝƚƵƩĂůĂŶŽƐƚƌĂƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞͿ
ĨŽŶĚĂŵĞŶƟĞƉŝƐƚĞŵŽůŽŐŝĐŝ͕
Æ^ƵŝǀŽůƵŵŝĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝĚĞůůĞĚŝnjŝŽŶŝ^ŝŵŽŶĞƚƌŽͲ
ĂůĮŶĞĚŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂƌĞƵŶĂĞĸĐĂĐĞŵĞĚŝĂnjŝŽŶĞŵĞƚŽͲ ǀŝƵŶĂƉĂƌƚĞĚŝĚŝĚĂƫĐĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĞĚŝĚĂƫĐĂĚŝƐĐŝͲ
ĚŽůŽŐŝĐŽͲĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͕ ŝŵƉŽƐƚĂƌĞ Ğ ƐĞŐƵŝƌĞ ƵŶĂ ĐŽĞͲ ƉůŝŶĂƌĞĚŽǀĞƐŽŶŽĂƉƉƌŽĨŽŶĚŝƟƋƵĞƐƟĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟ
ƌĞŶƚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂǀŽƌŽ͕ WĂƌƚĞ/s͞DĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞĞƚĞĐŶŝĐŚĞĂƚͲ
ƟǀĞĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ϯ͘ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐŽͲĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ WĂƌƚĞ//͕ĂƉ͘ϱ͞ZĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂĞĂŵďŝĞŶͲ
ƐŽĐŝĂůŝĮŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĞĂůů͛ĂƫǀĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶĂƉŽƐŝƟǀĂƌĞͲ ƟĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͟
ůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂĞĂůůĂƉƌŽŵŽnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝͲ
ŵĞŶƟƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀŝĞŝŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƟŝŶƚĞƌĂƫǀŝ͕ŝŶƐƚƌĞƚͲ WĂƌƚĞ/s͕ĂƉ͘ϭ͞>ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƟǀŽͲ
ƚŽĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĐŽŶŐůŝĂůƚƌŝĚŽĐĞŶƟĐŚĞŽƉĞƌĂͲ ƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝĚĞůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ͟
ŶŽŶĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞ͕ŶĞůůĂƐĞnjŝŽŶĞ͕ŶĞůƉůĞƐƐŽƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽ
ĞĐŽŶů͛ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐŽŵƵŶŝƚăƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͘
Tavola sinottica 5
ŽƐĂƐƚƵĚŝĂƌĞ ŽǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĂƌĞ
ϳ͘ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐŚĞůĞŐĂƚĞĂůůĂĐŽŶͲ WĂƌƚĞ///͕ĂƉ͘ϰ͞ŽŶƟŶƵŝƚăĚŝĚĂƫĐĂĞŽƌŝĞŶͲ
ƟŶƵŝƚăĚŝĚĂƫĐĂĞĂůů͛ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ͟
ϴ͘ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝĚĞůů͛ĂƵƚŽǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝ WĂƌƚĞ//͕ĂƉ͘ϴ͞ŝů^ŝƐƚĞŵĂEĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚŝsĂůƵƚĂͲ
ŝƐƟƚƵƚŽ͕ĐŽŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞƌŝŐƵĂƌĚŽĂůů͛ĂƌĞĂĚĞůŵŝŐůŝŽͲ njŝŽŶĞĞů͛ĂƵƚŽǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͟
ƌĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽ͘
ϵ͘ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĂƉƉƌŽĨŽŶĚŝƚĂĚĞůůĞ/ŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝŶĂͲ WĂƌƚĞ//ĂƉ͘ϲ͞'ůŝŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝ͟
njŝŽŶĂůŝǀŝŐĞŶƟƉĞƌůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶĨĂŶnjŝĂĞĚĞůƉƌŝͲ
/ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝĚĞůůĞ/ŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝĞ>ŝͲ
ŵŽĐŝĐůŽ͕ĚĞůůĞ/ŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝƉĞƌŝůŝĐĞŝĞĚĞůͲ
ŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂƐŽŶŽƚƌĂƩĂƟŝŶƉŝƶƉƵŶƟĚŝƋƵĞƐƚŽǀŽůƵͲ
ůĞ>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂƉĞƌŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟƚĞĐŶŝĐŝĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂͲ
ŵĞ͘/ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟĐŽŵƉůĞƟĚĞůůĞ/ŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝŶĂnjŝŽͲ
ůŝ͕ĂŶĐŚĞŝŶƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĂůƌƵŽůŽĨŽƌŵĂƟǀŽĂƩƌŝďƵŝƚŽ
ŶĂůŝĞůĞ>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂƐŽŶŽĂůůĞŐĂƚĞĂůǀŽůƵŵĞĐŽŵĞ
ĂŝƐŝŶŐŽůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƟ͘ ĞƐƉĂŶƐŝŽŶĞŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐƚĂŵƉĂďŝůĞ͘ŽŶƐŝŐůŝĂŵŽĚŝ
ƐƚƵĚŝĂƌĞĐŽŶĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞůĞƉĂƌƟƉĞƌƟŶĞŶƟĂůůĂƉƌŽͲ
ƉƌŝĂĐůĂƐƐĞĚŝĐŽŶĐŽƌƐŽ͘
ϭϬ͘ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĂůĞŐŝƐůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚĞůůĂŶŽƌŵĂƟͲ WĂƌƚĞ//͞>ĞŐŝƐůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͟
ǀĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͕ĐŽŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞƌŝŐƵĂƌĚŽĂ͗
Ă͘ŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂ͖ WĂƌƚĞ//͕ĂƉ͘ϭ͞ŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞĞƐĐƵŽůĂ͟ĞĂƉ͘Ϯ
͞KƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĐŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͟
ď͘>ĞŐŐĞϭϬϳͬϮϬϭϱ͖ WĂƌƚĞ//͕ĂƉ͘ϯ͞>ĞƌŝĨŽƌŵĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĞůĂ>͘
ϭϬϳͬϮϬϭϱ͟
Ě͘ŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝ͗ŶŽƌŵĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĞ͕ WĂƌƚĞ//͕ĂƉ͘ϱ͞'ůŝŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝ͟
ƌĞůĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞĂůůĞƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĐŽŶĐŽƌƐƵĂůŝ͕ĂůƌĞůĂƟͲ
ǀŽŐƌĂĚŽĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ;>͘ϭϬϳͬϮϬϭϱ͕ĚWZϴϵͬϮϬϬϵ͕
ĚWZ ϴϳͬϮϬϭϬ͕ ĚWZ ϴϴͬϮϬϭϬ Ğ ĚWZ ϴϵͬϮϬϭϬ͕ ĚWZ
ϭϮϮͬϮϬϬϵͿ͖
Ğ͘ŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĚĞůůĞŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶŝƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŚĞ;dĞƐƚŽ WĂƌƚĞ//͕ĂƉ͘Ϯ͕WĂƌ͘ϰ͞DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŽĚĞůůΖ/ƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͕͟
hŶŝĐŽ͕dŝƚŽůŽ/ĐĂƉŽ/Ϳ͖ ĞĂƉ͘ϲ͞>ĂŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͟
6 Tavola sinottica
ŽƐĂƐƚƵĚŝĂƌĞ ŽǀĞƐƚƵĚŝĂƌĞ
ŝ͘ŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƉĞƌů͛ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĚŝͲ WĂƌƚĞ///͕ĂƉ͘Ϯ͞>ĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĞ
ƐĂďŝůŝ͕ĐŽŶĚŝƐƚƵƌďŝƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĞĐŽŶ ĚĞůů͛ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞ͟
ďŝƐŽŐŶŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝ͖
ũ͘>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝƉĞƌů͛ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂͲ WĂƌƚĞ///͕ĂƉ͘ϰ͕WĂƌ͘ϳ͞>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂƐƵůůΖŽƌŝĞŶƚĂͲ
ŶĞŶƚĞ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZƉƌŽƚ͘Ŷ͘ϰϮϯϮĚĞůϭϵ͘ϬϮ͘ϮϬϭϰͿ͖ ŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZϰϮϯϮͬϮϬϭϰͿ͟
Ŭ͘>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂƉĞƌů͛ĂĐĐŽŐůŝĞŶnjĂĞů͛ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞͲ WĂƌƚĞ///͕ĂƉ͘Ϯ͕WĂƌ͘ϴ͞>ŽƐǀĂŶƚĂŐŐŝŽƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽͲ
Őůŝ ĂůƵŶŶŝ ƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝ ;ŶŽƚĂ D/hZ ƉƌŽƚ͘ Ŷ͘ ϰϮϯϯ ĚĞů ŶŽŵŝĐŽ͕ůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞ͗ŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝ
ϭϵ͘ϬϮ͘ϮϬϭϰͿ͖ ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZϰϮϯϯͬϮϬϭϰͿ͕
/͘>ŝŶĞĞĚŝŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŽƉĞƌĨĂǀŽƌŝƌĞŝůĚŝƌŝƩŽĂůůŽƐƚƵͲ ƉĂƌ͘ϵ͞'ůŝƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝĂĚŽƩĂƟ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZϳϰϰϯͬϮϬϭϰͿ͟
ĚŝŽĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĂĚŽƩĂƟ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZƉƌŽƚ͘Ŷ͘ϳϰϰϯ
ĚĞůϭϴ͘ϭϮ͘ϮϬϭϰͿ͖
ŵ͘>ŝŶĞĞĚŝŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝƉƌĞǀĞŶnjŝŽŶĞ WĂƌƚĞ///͕ĂƉ͘ϱ͞WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂĚĞůĚŝƐĂŐŝŽĞĚĞůͲ
ĞĚŝĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŽĂůďƵůůŝƐŵŽĞĂůĐLJďĞƌďƵůůŝƐŵŽ;ŶŽƚĂ ůĂĚĞǀŝĂŶnjĂ͕͟WĂƌ͘Ϯ͞ƵůůŝƐŵŽĂƐĐƵŽůĂ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZ
D/hZƉƌŽƚ͘Ŷ͘ϮϱϭϵĚĞůϭϱ͘Ϭϰ͘ϮϬϭϱͿ ϮϱϭϵͬϮϬϭϱͿ
ϭϭ͘ ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂ ĚĞŝ ƐĞŐƵĞŶƚŝ ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŝ ĞƵƌŽͲ WĂƌƚĞ//ĂƉ͘ϵ͞>ĂƐĐƵŽůĂŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂŶĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞů
ƉĞŝ ŝŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂ ĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂ ƌĞĐĞƉŝƟ ĚĂůů͛ŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶͲ ĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽ͟
ƚŽŝƚĂůŝĂŶŽ͗
Ă͘YƵĂĚƌŽƵƌŽƉĞŽĚĞůůĞYƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞƉĞƌů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝͲ WĂƌ͘ϳ͞/ůƋƵĂĚƌŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞ;Y&ͿƉĞƌ
ŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĚĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶŝĚŝĐŽŵƉĞͲ ů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ;ZĂĐĐ͘ϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ
ƚĞŶnjĂ͕ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂ;ƌĂĐĐŽŵĂŶĚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞů
WĂƌůĂŵĞŶƚŽƵƌŽƉĞŽĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ͖
ď͘ZĂĐĐŽŵĂŶĚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůWĂƌůĂŵĞŶƚŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĞĚĞů WĂƌ͘ϴ͞>ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŚŝĂǀĞƉĞƌů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽϭϴĚŝĐĞŵďƌĞϮϬϬϲƌĞůĂƟǀĂĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ;ZĂĐĐ͘ϭϴĚŝĐϮϬϬϲͿ
ĐŚŝĂǀĞƉĞƌů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ͖
Đ͘WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝĚŝƐĐĂŵďŝͬŵŽďŝůŝƚăĚŝĚŽĐĞŶƟĞƐƚƵͲ WĂƌ͘ϱΗ/ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝĚŝƐĐĂŵďŝͬŵŽďŝůŝƚăĚŝĚŽĐĞŶƟĞ
ĚĞŶƟ͗ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƌĂƐŵƵƐн͘ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƟ͟ĞƉĂƌ͘ϲ͞/ůWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƌĂƐŵƵƐн͟
ϭϮ͘ůĮŶĞĚŝǀĞƌŝĮĐĂƌĞůĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶĂůŝŶͲ ƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞ͞>ĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞͲ
ŐƵĂ ƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂ ĐŽŵƵŶŝƚĂƌŝĂ ;ŝŶŐůĞƐĞ ƉĞƌ ůĂ ƐĐƵŽůĂ ƌĞŶĞůůĂĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟ͟
ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂͿ͕ƐŝƌŝŶǀŝĂĂůů͛Ăƌƚ͘ϱ͕ĐŽŵŵĂϯĚĞůĞĐƌĞƚŽ͘ ÆǀĞĚŝĂŶĐŚĞŝŶŽƐƚƌŝǀŽůƵŵŝƐƵĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞďƌĂŶŝ
ĞƋƵĞƐŝƟĂƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂĐŚŝƵƐĂϱϮϲͬϰĞϱϮϲͬϰ;/ŶŐůĞƐĞͿ
ϭϯ͘ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĚŝŐŝƚĂůŝŝŶĞƌĞŶƟĂůů͛ƵƐŽĞůĞƉŽƚĞŶͲ WĂƌƚĞ/sĂƉ͘ϱ͟'ůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝƚƌĂĚŝnjŝŽͲ
njŝĂůŝƚăĚĞůůĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĞĞĚĞŝĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟǀŝĞůĞƩƌŽŶŝĐŝ ŶĂůŝĞĚŝŐŝƚĂůŝ͟
ŵƵůƟŵĞĚŝĂůŝƉŝƶĞĸĐĂĐŝƉĞƌƉŽƚĞŶnjŝĂƌĞůĂƋƵĂůŝƚă WĂƌ͘ϭϯ͞/ůWŝĂŶŽEĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ^ĐƵŽůĂŝŐŝƚĂůĞ͟
ĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĂŶĐŚĞĐŽŶƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽĂůWŝĂͲ
ŶŽEĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ^ĐƵŽůĂŝŐŝƚĂůĞ͘
Tavola sinottica 7
Parte
F
FONDAMENTI DELLA PSICOLOGIA
I DELLO SVILUPPO, DELLA PSICOLO-
D
GIA DELL’APPRENDIMENTO SCOLA-
G
SSTICO E DELL’EDUCAZIONE
In questa Prima parte sono trattati i punti 2 e 3 delle Avvertenze generali, che
riportiamo:
Punto 2 • Conoscenza dei fondamenti della psicologia dello sviluppo, della
psicologia dell’apprendimento scolastico e della psicologia dell’educazione.
• La prospettiva psicofisiologica
hŶŽĚĞŝƚĞŵŝŵĂŐŐŝŽƌŵĞŶƚĞĂīƌŽŶƚĂƟĚĂŐůŝƉƐŝĐŽĮƐŝŽůŽŐŝğůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƌĞŝĐŽͲ
ůŽƌŝ͘>ĂƚĞŽƌŝĂƐƵůůĂƉĞƌĐĞnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝĐŽůŽƌŝĨƵĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚĂĚĂůƚĞĚĞƐĐŽ,ĞƌŵĂŶŶǀŽŶ,ĞůŵŚŽůƚnj
;ϭϴϮϭͲϭϴϵϰͿĐŚĞƐŽƐƚĞŶŶĞů͛ĞƐŝƐƚĞŶnjĂ͕ŶĞůů͛ƵŽŵŽ͕ĚŝƌĞĐĞƩŽƌŝĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟ͕ƐĞŶƐŝďŝůŝĂŐůŝƐƉĞƩƌŝ
ĐƌŽŵĂƟĐŝĚĞůƌŽƐƐŽ͕ĚĞůů͛ĂnjnjƵƌƌŽĞĚĞůǀĞƌĚĞ͘
ƉĂƌƚĞůĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝƚăĚĞůůŽƐƟŵŽůŽ͕,ĞůŵŚŽůƚnjĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂǀĂĨŽŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĞƉĞƌů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂ
ƉĞƌĐĞƫǀĂ͕ů͛ĂƫǀĂŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝĚĂƟƐĞŶƐŽƌŝĂůŝ͘hŶŽŐŐĞƩŽŶŽŶğƐŽůŽŝůƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞƌŝͲ
ƐƵůƚĂƚŽĚŝƐĞŶƐĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ŵĂĂŶĐŚĞů͛ĞīĞƩŽŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚŽĚĞůůĞĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞƉĂƐƐĂƚĞ͘
/ů ĐĞƌǀĞůůŽ͕ ƐĞĐŽŶĚŽ ƋƵĞƐƚĂ ƚĞŽƌŝĂ͕ ŽƉĞƌĞƌĞďďĞ ĚĞůůĞ ŝŶĨĞƌĞŶnjĞ ŝŶĐŽŶƐĐĞ͕ Ă ƉĂƌƟƌĞ ĚĂůůĞ
ƐĞŶƐĂnjŝŽŶŝĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌŝ͕ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶĚŽŝĚĂƟƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝŝŶƵŶĂƵŶŝƚă͕ŐƌĂnjŝĞĂŝƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐƵƉĞͲ
ƌŝŽƌŝĚĞůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽ͘
• La prospettiva funzionalista
YƵĞƐƚŽŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŽƐŝğŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĂƚŽĂůů͛ĂƐƉĞƩŽƐŽŐŐĞƫǀŽĚĞůůĂƉĞƌĐĞnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĐŝŽğĂůŵŽĚŽŝŶĐƵŝ
ůĞƐĞŶƐĂnjŝŽŶŝǀĞŶŐŽŶŽŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞŝŶƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĂůůĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚăĚĞůů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽ͘
• La prospettiva cognitivista
KŐŐĞƩŽĚŝĂŶĂůŝƐŝĚŝƋƵĞƐƚĂĐŽƌƌĞŶƚĞƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂƐŽŶŽŝƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝĐŽŶĐƵŝů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽĂĐƋƵŝƐŝͲ
ƐĐĞůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĚĂůů͛ĞƐƚĞƌŶŽ͕ůĞĞůĂďŽƌĂĞůĞĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂŝŶƵŶĂƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂ͘
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjĂĚĞůĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐŵŽ͕ƉĞƌŝůƋƵĂůĞŽŐŶŝĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂ͕ĂŶĐŚĞƉĞƌĐĞƫǀĂ͕ğĞīĞƚͲ
ƚŽĚŝƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝĂƐƐŽĐŝĂnjŝŽŶŝ^ͲZ;ƐƟŵŽůŽͲƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂͿ͕ŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐƟƌŝǀĂůƵƚĂŶŽůĞŽƉĞƌĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŚĞ
ĐŽŶƐĞŶƚŽŶŽƋƵĞůƟƉŽĚŝƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂ͘
dĂůŝŽƉĞƌĂnjŝŽŶŝǀĞŶŐŽŶŽĂŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĞƐƵůůĂďĂƐĞĚĞůůĂĐŽŶǀŝŶnjŝŽŶĞĐŚĞůĂŵĞŶƚĞƵŵĂŶĂĨƵŶnjŝŽͲ
ŶŝĐŽŵĞƵŶĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌĞĞůĞƩƌŽŶŝĐŽ͘WĞƌŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐƟ͕ĚƵŶƋƵĞ͕ďŝƐŽŐŶĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞŝŵĞĐͲ
ĐĂŶŝƐŵŝŵĞŶƚĂůŝĐŚĞƉĞƌŵĞƩŽŶŽĚŝƚƌĂƐĨŽƌŵĂƌĞŝŶƉƵƚƐĞŶƐŽƌŝĂůŝŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŽŵƉůĞƐͲ
ƐĞĞǀĂůƵƚĂƌĞŝƚĞŵƉŝĐŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĐŽƌƌŽŶŽƚƌĂƵŶŽƐƟŵŽůŽĞů͛ŽƵƚƉƵƚĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůƐŽŐŐĞƩŽ;ŽǀͲ
ǀĞƌŽůĂƐƵĂƌĞĂnjŝŽŶĞͿ;ÆĂƉ͘Ϯ͕ƉĂƌ͘ϰͿ͘
3. L’attenzione
ǯÖϐ ϐǦ
ǡǯǡ Ǥ
ϐǡǯ
ǤǯǯȋȌǡǦ
ǡǤ
ȋͳͻʹǦͳͻͻ͵Ȍ Ǧ
ǤǦ
ǡ ǯ
ϐǤ ϐǣ
Ȉ ϐǢ
Ȉ Ǣ
Ȉ Ǥ
ϐ
Ǥǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
ǡϐ ǡǯ
ǯ Ǧ
Ǥ
4. La memoria
°ϐ Ǧ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡϐDz dzǤ
ϐ ǡǡ
Ǥ
ǡǯ ǡ Ǥ
ǣ DzdzȋȌǤ
Ǧ
Ǥ Ǥ
• Il modello associativo
1î ǣ
Ǥ ǡ °ǡ Ǧ
ǡ Ǥ
ǡ
ϐǯ ϐ Ǥ
ǡ °ϐ
±ǤǦ
¿ ǡ î
ǯȋ DzdzȌ
ϐ Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ
ǡ
ǡ±ϐ ±Ǥ
ȋǡ ǡȌ
Ǥ
Ö ǯ ϐ ǯǦ
Ǥ
ϐ ȋǡ
ǤȌǡϐ Ǥ
îǤǦ
ǡǦ
Ǥ Ǧ
Ö
Ǥϐ Ö Ǧ
ǯ Ǧ
ǡǤ
ǡ ǡ ǡǡ
ǡǯǦ
Ǥ ǡ
ǡϐ ±Ǧ
Ǥ
ϐǡ ǡ
ǡ
ǤÖϐ Ǧ
Ǥ
• Il modello “pluri-componenti”
ǡ ǡǦ
ǡ Ǧǡ
Ǥ ǡǡ
î ǡ
ϐ ǡ ϐ Ǥ
ǯ ϐ ǣ
Ǥ
ǯǡǡî ǡ ±°
ǯ ϐ ǣǤ
• Il modello HIP (Human Information Processing)
ǯ Ǧ
ǡ Ǥ
°ǯǯ ǡ ǯ
Ǥ ǡǦ
ǯǯǤ
ǡ ǡǯ Ǧ
ǡ ϐ ǡ ϐ Ǧ
ǡ Ǥ
ǤǤǤǤȋ
ͳͻͺȌǡ ǣ
Ȉ ȋȌ
ȋ ȌǢ
• Imparare a parlare
Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǥ
ǡǡ
î ǡ ±
ǯ
ǡ ǡ Ǧ
ϐ Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ
ǡǦǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
EƵŵĞƌŽƐŝƐŽŶŽƐƚĂƟŐůŝƐƚƵĚŝĐŚĞŚĂŶŶŽƚĞŶƚĂƚŽĚŝĐĂƉŝƌĞƐĞŝůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽƐŝĂƵŶĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶͲ
njĂĐŚĞƐŝĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƐĐĞĚŽƉŽůĂŶĂƐĐŝƚĂ͕ĞƋƵŝŶĚŝĚĂůĐŽŶƚĂƩŽĐŽŶů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͕ŽƉƉƵƌĞƵŶĂĨĂͲ
ĐŽůƚăŝŶŶĂƚĂĞŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝŐƵŝĚĂƌĞůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽĚĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽƐĞĐŽŶĚŽƵŶƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŽ
ƉƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚŽŶĞůůĂƐƉĞĐŝĞ͘
ŝǀĞƌƐŽŝŶǀĞĐĞŝůƉƵŶƚŽĚŝǀŝƐƚĂĚŝƵŶĂůƚƌŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐƚƵĚŝŽƐŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͕EŽĂŵŚŽŵͲ
ƐŬLJ;ϭϵϮϴͿ͕ŝůƋƵĂůĞƐŽƐƟĞŶĞĐŚĞŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂƉĂƌůĂƌĞƌŝĐŚŝĞĚĞƵŶĂƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶͲ
njĂĐŚĞğŝŶŶĂƚĂĞĐŚĞƉĞƌŵĞƩĞĂůů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽĚŝƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂƌĞƉĂƌŽůĞĞĐŽƐƚƌƵŝƌĞĨƌĂƐŝŶƵŽǀĞ͕
ƵƟůŝnjnjĂŶĚŽĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĐŚĞŶŽŶŚĂŵĂŝĂƐĐŽůƚĂƚŽƉƌŝŵĂĚĂŶĞƐƐƵŶŽ͘/ůďĂŵďŝŶŽ͕
ƋƵŝŶĚŝ͕ŶŽŶƐŝůŝŵŝƚĂĂƌŝƉĞƚĞƌĞĐŝžĐŚĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂĚĂŐůŝĂĚƵůƟ͕ŵĂğŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĐŽƐƚƌƵŝƌĞƵŶƐƵŽ
ůĞƐƐŝĐŽ͖ůĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĚŝ^ŬŝŶŶĞƌ͕ŝŶĂůƚƌŝƚĞƌŵŝŶŝ͕ŶŽŶƐĂƌĞďďĞŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝƐƉŝĞŐĂƌĞů͛ĂƐƉĞƩŽĐƌĞͲ
ĂƟǀŽĚĞůůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂ͘ƉĂƌƟƌĞĚĂĐŝžĐŚĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂŝŶƚŽƌŶŽĂƐĠ͕ŝŶĨĂƫ͕ŝůďĂŵďŝŶŽ
ĞůĂďŽƌĂƵŶĂŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐĂĐŚĞŐůŝƐĞƌǀŝƌăĂĐĂƉŝƌĞĞƉƌŽĚƵƌƌĞƵŶŶƵŵĞƌŽŝŶĚĞĮŶŝƚŽĚŝĨƌĂƐŝ
ŶƵŽǀĞ͘/ŶƐŝŶƚĞƐŝ͕ŝďĂŵďŝŶŝŶŽŶŝŵƉĂƌĂŶŽƚĂŶƚŽƉĂƌŽůĞĞĨƌĂƐŝ͖ƉŝƵƩŽƐƚŽ͕ĞƐƐŝƐŝĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂͲ
ŶŽĚŝƌĞŐŽůĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂƌůĞ͘
ŝžğĚŝŵŽƐƚƌĂƚŽĚĂůƟƉŽĚŝĞƌƌŽƌŝĐŚĞŝďĂŵďŝŶŝĐŽŵƉŝŽŶŽŶĞůĐŽƌƐŽĚĞůůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽ͗ǀĞƌƐŽŝ
ϯͲϰĂŶŶŝ͕ŝŶĨĂƫ͕ƐƉĞƐƐŽƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂŶŽƉĂƌŽůĞĐŽŵĞ͞ƵŽǀŝ͟ĂůƉŽƐƚŽĚŝ͞ƵŽǀĂ͕͟͞ďĞǀĞƌĞ͟ŝŶǀĞͲ
ĐĞĚŝ͞ďĞƌĞ͕͟͞ĂƉƌŝƚŽ͟ƉĞƌ͞ĂƉĞƌƚŽ͘͟^ŝƚƌĂƩĂĚŝĞƌƌŽƌŝ͕ĚĞĮŶŝƟ͕ĐŽŵĞĂďďŝĂŵŽǀŝƐƚŽ͕ĚŝŝƉĞƌͲ
ĐŽƌƌĞƫƐŵŝ͕ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟĚĂůů͛ĂƉƉůŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƌĞŐŽůĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĚŝŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐĂĂŝĐĂƐŝŝƌƌĞͲ
ŐŽůĂƌŝĞĐŚĞŶŽŶƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞĐĂƵƐĂƟĚĂůů͛ŝŵŝƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽĚĞŐůŝĂĚƵůƟ͘
ƐƚĂƚŽŝŶŽůƚƌĞŽƐƐĞƌǀĂƚŽĐŚĞĂŶĐŚĞŝďĂŵďŝŶŝĮŐůŝĚŝŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŽŶƵĚĞŶƟĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐĂŶŽůĂĨĂƐĞ
ĚĞůůĂůĂůůĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĞƋƵŝŶĚŝƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂŶŽƐƵŽŶŝĐŚĞŶŽƌŵĂůŵĞŶƚĞŶŽŶĂƐĐŽůƚĂŶŽ͘
ĂƋƵĞƐƚĞŽƐƐĞƌǀĂnjŝŽŶŝŚŽŵƐŬLJĚĞĚƵĐĞĐŚĞůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝƵƐĂƌĞŝůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽŶŽŶĚŝƉĞŶĚĞ
ĚĂŵĞĐĐĂŶŝƐŵŝŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŵĂĚĂƵŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂďŝŽůŽŐŝĐŽ͕ŐĞŶĞƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚŽ͕ĞĚĞĚŝĐĂƚŽƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŵĞŶƚĞĂůů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͘/ůďĂŵďŝŶŽŶĂƐĐĞƌĞďͲ
ďĞĚƵŶƋƵĞĚŽƚĂƚŽĚŝƵŶĚŝƐƉŽƐŝƟǀŽŝŶŶĂƚŽƉĞƌů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ;>͕ĂĐƌŽŶŝŵŽ
Ěŝ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞĐƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶĞǀŝĐĞͿ͕ĐŚĞŐůŝƉĞƌŵĞƩĞĚŝƌŝĐŽŶŽƐĐĞƌĞůĞƌĞŐŽůĂƌŝƚăŶĞŐůŝŝŶƉƵƚůŝŶͲ
ŐƵŝƐƟĐŝƌŝĐĞǀƵƟĚĂůů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĞĐŚĞĐŽŶƟĞŶĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝĚĞůůĂ'ƌĂŵŵĂƟĐĂhŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůĞ;'hͿ͘
ƉĂƌƟƌĞĚĂƋƵĞƐƟƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŝůďĂŵďŝŶŽĐŽƐƚƌƵŝƐĐĞůĂŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐĂƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝͲ
ƚăůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂĂĐƵŝĂƉƉĂƌƟĞŶĞ͘
/ŶƋƵĞƐƚŽƋƵĂĚƌŽƚĞŽƌŝĐŽ͕ůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽƐŽŵŝŐůŝĂĂůůĂĐƌĞƐĐŝƚĂĚŝƵŶŽƌŐĂŶŽ͗ğ
ƋƵĂůĐŽƐĂĐŚĞƐƵĐĐĞĚĞŶĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽŝŶƋƵĂŶƚŽƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůůĂƐƵĂĐŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂ͘^ĐƌŝǀĞ
ŚŽŵƐŬLJ͗ͨ>͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŶŽŶğƉƌŽƉƌŝŽƋƵĂůĐŽƐĂĐŚĞŝůďĂŵďŝŶŽĐŽŵƉŝĞ͖ğ
ƋƵĂůĐŽƐĂĐŚĞĂƵŶďĂŵďŝŶŽ͕ƉŽƐƚŽŝŶƵŶĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚŽ͕ĐĂƉŝƚĂ͕ƉŝƶŽŵĞŶŽĐŽŵĞ
ŝůĐŽƌƉŽĚĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽĐƌĞƐĐĞĞŵĂƚƵƌĂŝŶŵŽĚŽƉƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚŽƋƵĂŶĚŽŐůŝǀĞŶŐŽŶŽĨŽƌŶŝƟ
ů͛ĂĚĞŐƵĂƚŽŶƵƚƌŝŵĞŶƚŽĞŐůŝƐƟŵŽůŝĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůŝͩ͘
^ĞŐƵĞŶĚŽŚŽŵƐŬLJ͕^ƚĞǀĞŶWŝŶŬĞƌ;ϭϵϱϰͿĚĞĮŶŝƐĐĞŝůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽƵŶŝƐƟŶƚŽĐŚĞ͕ŝŶƋƵĂŶƚŽ
ƚĂůĞ͕ŶŽŶǀŝĞŶĞĂƉƉƌĞƐŽ͕ĞƐƐĞŶĚŽŝŶŶĂƚŽŶĞůů͛ƵŽŵŽ͘sĞŶŐŽŶŽĂƉƉƌĞƐĞŝŶǀĞĐĞůĞĚŝǀĞƌƐĞůŝŶͲ
ŐƵĞ͕ŵĂĞƐƐĞŶŽŶƐŽŶŽĂůƚƌŽĐŚĞŝĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟŵŽĚŝŝŶĐƵŝƐŝĐŽŵďŝŶĂŶŽŝĨĂƩŽƌŝĚĞůůĂ'ƌĂŵͲ
ŵĂƟĐĂhŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůĞ͘
EĞůůĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĚŝWŝĂŐĞƚ;ÆĂƉ͘Ϯ͕ƉĂƌ͘ϱͿ͕ůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽĂǀǀŝĞŶĞŶĞůůĂĨĂƐĞƐĞŶͲ
ƐŽŵŽƚŽƌŝĂĞĚŝƉĞŶĚĞĚĂůůĂĐŽŶĐŽŵŝƚĂŶnjĂĚŝĨĂƩŽƌŝŐĞŶĞƟĐŝĞĚŝĨĂƩŽƌŝƐŽĐŝĂůŝ͘>͛ĞƐƉůŽƐŝŽŶĞ
ĚĞůǀŽĐĂďŽůĂƌŝŽĚĞŝďĂŵďŝŶŝǀĞƌƐŽŝϭϴŵĞƐŝƐŝƐƉŝĞŐĂ͕ĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽ͕ĐŽŶŝůĨĂƩŽĐŚĞƉƌŽƉƌŝŽ
ŝŶƚŽƌŶŽĂƋƵĞůů͛ĞƚăĞƐƐŝƌĂŐŐŝƵŶŐŽŶŽůŽƐƚĂĚŝŽĚĞůůĂƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶnjĂĚĞůů͛ŽŐŐĞƩŽ͕ƉƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚŽ
ŝŶĚŝƐƉĞŶƐĂďŝůĞƉĞƌĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĐŚĞĞƐŝƐƚŽŶŽĐŽƐĞĂĐƵŝĂƉƉůŝĐĂƌĞƵŶŶŽŵĞ͘
^ĞƉĞƌWŝĂŐĞƚů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽĚŝƉĞŶĚĞĚĂůůĂĐŽŶĐŽŵŝƚĂŶnjĂĚĞůůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽ
ĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŽĞĚĞůů͛ŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽŶů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͕:ĞƌŽŵĞƌƵŶĞƌ;ÆĂƉ͘Ϯ͕ƉĂƌ͘ϳͿƉŽŶĞŝŶǀĞĐĞ
ů͛ĂĐĐĞŶƚŽƐƵůĨĂƩŽƌĞƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͘ŐůŝƐŽƐƟĞŶĞŝŶĨĂƫĐŚĞƐĞŶnjĂŝůƌĂƉƉŽƌƚŽĐŽŶŐůŝĂůƚƌŝĞĐŽŶŝů
ŵŽŶĚŽĞƐƚĞƌŶŽ͕ůĂĨĂĐŽůƚăůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂĚĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽŶŽŶƐŝƉŽƚƌĞďďĞŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂƌĞ͘ůĂĐŽŵƵͲ
ŶŝƚăĚŝĂƉƉĂƌƚĞŶĞŶnjĂĂĚŽīƌŝƌĞĂůďĂŵďŝŶŽ͕ĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽŝůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͕ŐůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟŶĞĐĞƐƐĂͲ
ƌŝƉĞƌƉĞŶƐĂƌĞ͘/ůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͕ƉĞƌƚĂŶƚŽ͕ŚĂůĞƐƵĞƌĂĚŝĐŝŶĞůƌĂƉƉŽƌƚŽĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƟǀŽĐŚĞĐŽŝŶͲ
ǀŽůŐĞŝďĂŵďŝŶŝĞŐůŝĂĚƵůƟ;ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞůĞŵĂĚƌŝͿ͘
WƵƌŶŽŶĞƐĐůƵĚĞŶĚŽů͛ĞƐŝƐƚĞŶnjĂĚĞů>͕ŽǀǀĞƌŽĚĞůůĂƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂŝŶŶĂƚĂŝƉŽƟnjnjĂƚĂĚĂŚŽŵͲ
ƐŬLJ͕ƌƵŶĞƌƐŽƐƟĞŶĞĐŚĞƵŶƌƵŽůŽƉĂƌŝŵĞŶƟŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞŶĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽğ
ƋƵĞůůŽƐǀŽůƚŽĚĂů>^^͕ŽƐƐŝĂĚĂů^ŝƐƚĞŵĂĚŝ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĂůů͛ĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞů>ŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͕ĨŽƌŶŝͲ
ƚŽĚĂůů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͘
'ŝăƉƌŝŵĂĚŝƉĂƌůĂƌĞ͕ŝŶĨĂƫ͕ŝƉŝĐĐŽůŝŐŝŽĐĂŶŽĐŽŶŐůŝĂĚƵůƟĞǀĞŶŐŽŶŽƐƟŵŽůĂƟĂĐŽŶĚŝǀŝͲ
ĚĞƌĞĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞĐŚĞĚĂŶŶŽĂůďĂŵďŝŶŽů͛ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĚŝĐŽůůĞŐĂƌĞŝƐƵŽŶŝĐŚĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂŶŽĚĂŝ
ŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝ͕ĐŽŶĂnjŝŽŶŝĞŽŐŐĞƫĂůƵŝĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝ͘ĂƋƵŝ͕ƉŝĂŶƉŝĂŶŽ͕ŝůďĂŵďŝŶŽŝŵƉĂƌĞƌăĂĐŽŵͲ
ƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞŝƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟĚĞŝƐƵŽŶŝĐŚĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂĞĂƌŝƉƌŽĚƵƌůŝĂƐƵĂǀŽůƚĂ͘
ȋÆǤʹǡǤͻȌǡǡǦ
ǤǯǦ
ǡ ±Ǧ
±Ǥǯ
ȋǡ
• La cinesica
>ĂĐŝŶĞƐŝĐĂŝŶĚĂŐĂůĂŵŝŵŝĐĂĞůĂŐĞƐƚƵĂůŝƚă͘>͛ĂƩĞŐŐŝĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůǀŽůƚŽğƵŶĂĨŽŶƚĞŝŶĞƐĂƵƌŝͲ
ďŝůĞĚŝŝŶĚŝnjŝ͗ŝůŵŽĚŽŝŶĐƵŝůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞƐŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶŽĞůĞƐĨƵŵĂƚƵƌĞĚĞŝŵŽǀŝŵĞŶƟĚĞůůĂŵƵͲ
ƐĐŽůĂƚƵƌĂĨĂĐĐŝĂůĞĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƐĐŽŶŽĚĞŝƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŵŽůƚŽĨŽƌƟƌŝŐƵĂƌĚŽů͛ŝŶƚĞƐĂĞŝůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽĚŝ
ĐŝžĐŚĞůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞƐŝƐƚĂŶŶŽĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂŶĚŽ͘
YƵĞƐƚĞĂďŝůŝƚă͕ƐĞƉƉƵƌĚŝǀĞƌƐĂŵĞŶƚĞĐŽĚŝĮĐĂƚĞĚĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂĞĂůů͛ŝŶƚĞƌŶŽĚŝƵŶĂƐƚĞƐͲ
ƐĂƐŽĐŝĞƚă͕ƐŝƉŽƐƐŽŶŽƌŝƚĞŶĞƌĞƉĂƚƌŝŵŽŶŝŽĚŝƚƵƫŐůŝŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŝ͕ĂŶĐŚĞƐĞƐŽŶŽƵƐĂƚĞĐŽŶƵŶ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐŽŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĞĚŝĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůůĞƐŝŶŐŽůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞ͘
/ŶƋƵĞƐƚŽĂŵďŝƚŽ͕ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƟƐƐŝŵŝƐŽŶŽŝŐĞƐƟ͕ĐŚĞƉŽƐƐŝĂŵŽĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƌĞŝŶǀĂƌŝŽŵŽĚŽ͗
ͻ ŝƌŝƚƵĂůŝ͕ĐŝŽğŐĞƐƟĐŽŶŶĞƐƐŝĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝƌŝƟƌĞůŝŐŝŽƐŝŽĐŝǀŝůŝ;ĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽŝůƐĞŐŶŽĚĞůůĂĐƌŽͲ
ĐĞ͕ŽŝůŐĞƐƚŽĚŝĂůnjĂƌĞůĂŵĂŶŽĚĞƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƉĞƌŝůŐŝƵƌĂŵĞŶƚŽͿ͖
ͻ ŐůŝĞŵďůĞŵŝ͕ǀĂůĞĂĚŝƌĞŐĞƐƟĐŽŶƵŶŶĞƩŽƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽĐŽŶǀĞŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞĞƚƌĂĚƵĐŝďŝůĞĂƉĂͲ
ƌŽůĞ;ĐŽŵĞůĂ͞ŵĂŶŽĂďŽƌƐĂ͟ĐŚĞƐƚĂƉĞƌ͞ĐŚĞǀƵŽŝ͍͟Ϳ͖
1. Le teorie dell'apprendimento
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ǡ ǯ ȋ Ǥ Ǧ
Ȍǡ Ǧ
ȋȌ ȋǦ
ȌǤ
° Ǥ
• Il condizionamento classico di Pavlov
ϐ Ǧ
ȋͳͺͶͻǦͳͻ͵ȌǢ Ǧ
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dzȋ Ȍȋǡ Ȍǡ ǡ
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dzDz dzȋ ȌǤϐ Ǧ
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ǡDzdzȋǡ Ȍǡ
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ȋ ȌǤ
ϐDzϐ dzDz Ǧ
dzȋȌǡ ±°ǡǤ
ǡǡ Ǧ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ ǣ°
ǯ Ǥ
• Il condizionamento “operante” (o “strumentale”)
ȋ DzdzȌ
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ǡ ǡ
ϐǤ
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ȋͳͺͶǦͳͻͶͻȌÖǯǦ
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ǡ ǯ Ǧ
Ǥ ǡϐ Ǧ
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ǯǡ Ǧ
ǡ ° Ǥ
4. Cognitivismo e Costruttivismo
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ȋȌ ȋǦ
ȌǤ ° ǡ
ȋȌ ϐ Ǥ
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8. L'Attivismo: J. Dewey
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ǡ ǡǦ
Ǥ ǡÖǡ°Ǧ
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ǡ ǡ ¿ ǡ
ǡ
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Ȅ ǡǡ
ǡ ǡǯ Ǥ
ǡǯ ǡ
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ǡ ǯ ǯǦ
Ǥ Ǧ
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• Anna Freud
hŶĂĚĞůůĞŽƉĞƌĞƉŝƶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƟƉĞƌůĂƉƐŝĐŽĂŶĂůŝƐŝŝŶĨĂŶƟůĞĚĞůůĂƐƚƵĚŝŽƐĂǀŝĞŶŶĞƐĞŶŶĂ
&ƌĞƵĚ;ϭϴϵϱͲϭϵϴϮͿ͕ĮŐůŝĂĚŝ^ŝŐŵƵŶĚ&ƌĞƵĚĞŝĚĞĂůĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƚƌŝĐĞĚĞůůĂƐƵĂŽƉĞƌĂ͕ğ>͛/ŽĞ
ŝŵĞĐĐĂŶŝƐŵŝĚŝĚŝĨĞƐĂ;ϭϵϯϲͿ͕ŝŶĐƵŝǀĞŶŐŽŶŽĂƉƉƌŽĨŽŶĚŝƟŝĐŽŶƚĞŶƵƟĚĞůů͛/ŽŝŶƌĂƉƉŽƌƚŽ
ĂůůĞĚŽŵĂŶĚĞƉƵůƐŝŽŶĂůŝĞĂůůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĚŝĨĞŶƐŝǀĞ͘
>ĞŵŝƐƵƌĞĚŝĨĞŶƐŝǀĞůĞŐĂƚĞĂů^ƵƉĞƌͲŝŽ͕ƟƉŝĐŚĞĚĞůůĞŶĞǀƌŽƐŝĚĞŐůŝĂĚƵůƟ͕ƐĐĂƚƵƌŝƐĐŽŶŽĚĂůůĞ
ƉƌŽŝďŝnjŝŽŶŝĚĞů^ƵƉĞƌͲŝŽĞĚĂůƐƵŽƌƵŽůŽĚŝĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŽĚĞŝĚĞƐŝĚĞƌŝƉƵůƐŝŽŶĂůŝ͘>ĞŵŝƐƵƌĞĚŝĨĞŶͲ
ƐŝǀĞĐŽŶŶĞƐƐĞĂůů͛ĂŶŐŽƐĐŝĂĚĞůƌĞĂůĞ͕ƉƌŽƉƌŝĚĞůůĞŶĞǀƌŽƐŝŝŶĨĂŶƟůŝ͕ŶĂƐĐŽŶŽĚĂůů͛ŝŶĐĂƉĂĐŝƚă
ĚĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽĚŝĨƌŽŶƚĞŐŐŝĂƌĞůĞĚŝĸĐŽůƚăĐŚĞĚĞƌŝǀĂŶŽĚĂůŵŽŶĚŽĞƐƚĞƌŶŽ͘
>͛ĂƵƚƌŝĐĞƐŽƐƟĞŶĞĐŚĞůĂůŝŶĞĂĞǀŽůƵƟǀĂƟƉŝĐĂĚŝƵŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽğĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƚĂĚĂŽƩŽĨĂƐŝĞǀŽůƵͲ
ƟǀĞ͕ůƵŶŐŽƵŶƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŽĚŝďĂƐĞĐŚĞǀĂĚĂůůĂĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂƚŽƚĂůĞĚĞůů͛ŝŶĨĂŶƚĞĚĂůůĂŵĂĚƌĞĂůůĂ
ƌĞůĂƟǀĂŝŶĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂĚĞůŐŝŽǀĂŶĞĂĚƵůƚŽ͘ŝžĐŚĞƐĞŐŶĂŝŶƐĞŶƐŽŶŽƌŵĂůĞŽƉĂƚŽůŽŐŝĐŽůŽ
ƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽƐŽŶŽůĞĞīĞƫǀĞƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝŶĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝƐŝƐǀŽůŐĞŝůƌĂƉƉŽƌƚŽĚĞůďĂŵďŝͲ
ŶŽĐŽŶŝůŵŽŶĚŽ͘>ŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚŝŽŐŶŝďĂŵďŝŶŽğĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƐĞŐŶĂƚŽĚĂŵŽŵĞŶƟĞƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŝƟͲ
ƉŝĐŝĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐŝĐŚĞƌŝŇĞƩŽŶŽů͛ŝŶƚƌĞĐĐŝŽĚŝǀĂƌŝĨĂƩŽƌŝŝŶƚĞƌŶŝĞĚĞƐƚĞƌŶŝ͘
^d/>>K^s/>hWWKW^/Kͳ^K/>^KEKZ/<^KE
^ƚĂĚŝŽ ƌŝƐŝƉƐŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůŝ ZĞůĂnjŝŽŶŝƐŽĐŝĂůŝ DŽĚĂůŝƚăƉƐŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůŝ
ĂϬĂϭĂŶŶŽ ĚĂƌĞͬĂǀĞƌĞ ĮŐƵƌĂŵĂƚĞƌŶĂ ĮĚƵĐŝĂͬƐĮĚƵĐŝĂ
^ƚĂĚŝŽŽƌĂůĞ
ĂϮĂϯĂŶŶŝ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂ ͬ ǀĞƌŐŽŐŶĂ Ğ ŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝ ƚƌĂƩĞŶĞƌĞͬůĂƐĐŝĂƌĂŶĚĂƌĞ
^ƚĂĚŝŽĂŶĂůĞ ĚƵďďŝŽ
ĂϰĂϱĂŶŶŝ ŝŶŝnjŝĂƟǀĂͬƐĞŶƐŽĚŝĐŽůƉĂ ĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂ ĨĂƌĞ͕ ƚĞŶƚĂƌĞ Ğ ŐŝŽĐĂƌĞ ͬ ŶŽŶ
^ƚĂĚŝŽŝŶĨĂŶƟůĞ ĂŐŝƌĞ
ĂϲĂϭϮĂŶŶŝ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝŽƐŝƚăͬŝŶĨĞƌŝŽƌŝƚă ƉĂƌĞŶƟͬĂŵŝĐŝͬƐĐƵŽůĂ ĂŐŝƌĞ͕ĨĂƌĞŝŶƐŝĞŵĞĂŐůŝ
^ƚĂĚŝŽĚŝůĂƚĞŶnjĂ ĂůƚƌŝͬŝƐŽůĂƌƐŝ
ĂϭϯĂϮϬĂŶŶŝ ŝĚĞŶƟƚăͬĐŽŶĨƵƐŝŽŶĞĚĞŝƌƵŽůŝ ŐƌƵƉƉŽĚĞŝƉĂƌŝͬ ĞƐƐĞƌĞƐĞƐƚĞƐƐŽͬŶŽŶ
ĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶnjĂ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂnjŝŽŶŝͬĐŽŵŝƟǀĂ ĞƐƐĞƌĞƐĞƐƚĞƐƐŽ
ĂϮϬĂϯϱĂŶŶŝ ŝŶƟŵŝƚăͬŝƐŽůĂŵĞŶƚŽ ĂŵŝĐŝͬƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ ƚƌŽǀĂƌƐŝŝŶƵŶĂůƚƌŽͬ
'ĞŶŝƚĂůŝƚă ƉĞƌĚĞƌƐŝŝŶƵŶĂůƚƌŽ͘
ŽŽƉĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞͬĐŽŵƉĞƟnjŝŽŶĞ
ĂϯϱĂϲϬĂŶŶŝ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟǀŝƚăͬƐƚĂŐŶĂnjŝŽŶĞ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂǀŽƌŽ ƉƌĞŶĚĞƌƐŝĐƵƌĂĚŝƋƵĂůĐƵŶŽͬƚƌĂͲ
ƐĐƵƌĂƌĞŐůŝĂůƚƌŝ
KůƚƌĞŝϲϬĂŶŶŝ ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚăĚĞůů͛/Žͬ ƚŽƚĂůŝƚă ĚĞů ŐĞŶĞƌĞ ĞƐƐĞƌĞ
ĚŝƐƉĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ ƵŵĂŶŽ ĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽů͛ĞƐƐĞƌĞƐƚĂƚŽ
ǡǡ Ǧ
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• L'apprendimento di concetti
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Ǥǯ
2. Stili cognitivi
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Ȉ ǯ
ȋϐ ȌǢ
Ȉ ǡ ǡ Ǧ
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MOTIVAZIONE EMOZIONE
COGNIZIONE
^ƟůĞĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞ ^ƟůĞŝŶĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞ
ͻ ĞƌĐĂĚŝƐƚĂƌĞƐĞŵƉƌĞĐŽŶŐůŝƐƚĞƐƐŝĐŽŵƉĂŐŶŝ ͻ ^ŽĐŝĂůŝnjnjĂĐŽŶƚƵƫ
ͻ hƟůŝnjnjĂƐŽůŽŝƉƌŽƉƌŝŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝ ͻ ŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝƵƟůŝnjnjĂƌĞŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĐŚĞŐůŝ
ͻ /ŵŝƚĂŝĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟĚĞůŐƌƵƉƉŽ ǀĞŶŐŽŶŽĨŽƌŶŝƟ
ͻ ,Ă ďŝƐŽŐŶŽ Ěŝ ƌŝĐĞǀĞƌĞ ƐƚŝŵŽůŝ͕ ŝŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ ͻ DĂŶƟĞŶĞůŽƐƚĞƐƐŽĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƟ
ǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶŝĚĂŝĐŽŵƉĂŐŶŝĞĚĂŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟ ĞĐŽŶŐƌƵƉƉŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝ
ͻ EŽŶĐĞƌĐĂů͛ĂƉƉƌŽǀĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝĂůƚƌŝ
Ȍ Ȁ
ǯ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ
î ǯǤ
°ǯǡǡ Ǥ
ǣǯ ǯ Ǥ
ǣǯ ǯ Ǥ
^ƟůĞǀĞƌďĂůĞ ^ƟůĞǀŝƐƵĂůĞ
ͻ ^ĞŐƵĞůĂůĞƩƵƌĂĚŝƵŶďƌĂŶŽƐĞŶnjĂƐŽƩŽůŝŶĞĂƌĞ ͻ >ĂƐƵĂĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞğĐĂƩƵƌĂƚĂĚĂůůĞƉĂƌƟŐƌĂĮĐŚĞ
ŽĞǀŝĚĞŶnjŝĂƌĞ ĞĚĂůůĞŝŵŵĂŐŝŶŝ
ͻ WĞƌ ŵĞŵŽƌŝnjnjĂƌĞ ƵƚŝůŝnjnjĂ ŝů ƌŝĂƐƐƵŶƚŽ Ğ ůĂ ͻ ǀŝĚĞŶnjŝĂůĞƉĂƌƟŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƟĚŝƵŶƚĞƐƚŽ
ƌŝƉĞƟnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞ ͻ >Ă ŵĞŵŽƌŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ ğ ĨĂǀŽƌŝƚĂ ĚĂ ƐĐŚĞŵŝ͕
ͻ ƐƐŽĐŝĂĂƵŶĂƉĂƌŽůĂƵŶĂĨƌĂƐĞŽƵŶ͛ĂůƚƌĂƉĂƌŽůĂ ŵĂƉƉĞ͕ŐƌĂĮĐŝ
ͻ ƐƐŽĐŝĂĂĚƵŶĂƉĂƌŽůĂƵŶ͛ŝŵŵĂŐŝŶĞ
Ȍ Ȁ
ǯ ǯǦ
Ǧ
ǡ
Ö ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǣ °Ǥ
ǣ ° Ǥ
^ƟůĞƌŝƐŽůƵƚŽƌĞ ^ƟůĞĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂƚŽƌĞ
ͻ ĞƌĐĂƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶŝƌĂƉŝĚĞŝŶƚĞŵƉŝďƌĞǀŝ ͻ ZŝĐĞƌĐĂƵŶĂƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶĞŐůŽďĂůĞ͕ĐŚĞǀĂĚĂŽůƚƌĞ
ͻ hƟůŝnjnjĂůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞůĞƌŝƐŽƌƐĞĂĚŝƐƉŽƐŝnjŝŽŶĞ ĂůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂĐŽŶƟŶŐĞŶƚĞ
ͻ >ŝŵŝƚĂůĂƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶĞĂůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂĐŽŶƟŶŐĞŶƚĞ ͻ ^ǀŝůƵƉƉĂƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĂƌƟĐŽůĂƚĞ
ͻ ŽůůĞŐĂĞƌĂīƌŽŶƚĂƉƌŽďůĞŵŝĞƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶŝ
^ƟůĞƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŽ ^ƟůĞŝŶƚƵŝƟǀŽ
ͻ ,ĂďŝƐŽŐŶŽĚŝŝŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ͕ƉƌĞĐŝƐĞĞ ͻ /ŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂĨĂĐŝůŵĞŶƚĞƵŶĐŽŵƉŝƚŽ
ĐŚŝĂƌĞ ͻ EŽŶŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚĂĚŝŝŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝĚĞƩĂŐůŝĂƚĞ
ͻ ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ů͛ƵůƚŝŵŽ Ă ĐŽŶƐĞŐŶĂƌĞ ƵŶĂ ͻ ƌĂƉŝĚŽ ŶĞůů͛ĞƐĞŐƵŝƌĞ Ğ ŶĞů ĐŽŶƐĞŐŶĂƌĞ ůĞ
ǀĞƌŝĮĐĂŽƵŶůĂǀŽƌŽ ǀĞƌŝĮĐŚĞĞŝůĂǀŽƌŝ
ͻ WĂƌůĂƉŽĐŽ ͻ ƐƉƌŝŵĞŝƉŽƚĞƐŝĞĐŽŶŐĞƩƵƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝ
ͻ ŚŝĞĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĞĐŚŝĂƌŝŵĞŶƟ
^ƟůĞŝŵƉƵůƐŝǀŽ ^ƟůĞƌŝŇĞƐƐŝǀŽ
ͻ WƌĞŶĚĞůĂƉĂƌŽůĂĐŽŶĨĂĐŝůŝƚă ͻ EŽŶƉƌĞŶĚĞůĂƉĂƌŽůĂƐĞŶŽŶğŝŶǀŝƚĂƚŽ
ͻ /ŵƉƌŽǀǀŝƐĂ ůĞ ĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶŝ ǀŝĂ ǀŝĂ ĐŚĞ ͻ ĞǀĞƐĞŶƟƌƐŝƐŝĐƵƌŽĞƚƌĂŶƋƵŝůůŽƉƌŝŵĂĚŝƉĂƌůĂƌĞ
ƉƌŽĐĞĚĞŶĞůů͛ĞƐƉŽƐŝnjŝŽŶĞ ͻ dĞŵĞĚŝƐďĂŐůŝĂƌĞ
ͻ ZŝƐƉŽŶĚĞƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚŽƐĂŵĞŶƚĞĂůůĞĚŽŵĂŶĚĞ ͻ EĞĐĞƐƐŝƚĂĚŝƚĞŵƉŝĚŝĞůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞůĞŶƟ
ͻ ŽŶƐĞŐŶĂƌĂƉŝĚĂŵĞŶƚĞŝůĂǀŽƌŝ
6. Costruttivismo e Sociocostruttivismo
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ÆǤʹǡǤͶǤȌǣ ǡ̵°ϐǦ
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9. Neuroscienze e apprendimento
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1. LA RELAZIONE EDUCATIVA
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1. La Costituzione italiana
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ǡÖϐ ǡ
ȋȌ
Ǥ
3. Libertà di insegnamento
ͳǯǤ͵͵Ǥ Ǽǯ Ǧ
°ǯǽǤ ǼǽǼ ǽǯ Ǧ
îǡ
ǯǤ ǡǦ
ϐ ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
4. Autonomia didattica
ǯ ǯ
ǡ Ǥ
ǯǤͳ ȋǤǤǤͿͽȀͷͿͿͺȌ ǼǦ
°ǯ
ǽ Ǽǯ °
ǡ ǡǦ
ǽǤ
ǯÖǡ ǡǦ
Ǣ° Ǧ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡǤ
Ǥǯǯ
Ö ǯ Ǧ
ǡ¿ǯ ϔ Ǥ
ǯǡǡ ǡǦ
ǡ ǡ ǡ
ǯ ǡ Ǥ
ǯ Ǧ
Ǧ
ǡ Ǥ
ǯ Ǧ
Ǥ Ǧ
ǡ
ǡ
ǡǯϐ Ǥ
• Governo
/ů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽğů͛ŽƌŐĂŶŽƐƵƉƌĞŵŽĚĞůƉŽƚĞƌĞĞƐĞĐƵƟǀŽ͕ůĂƐƵĂƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĞğƋƵĞůůĂĚŝ
ŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŽƉŽůŝƟĐŽ͘/ŶĂůĐƵŶŝĐĂƐŝŚĂĂŶĐŚĞůŝŵŝƚĂƚĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĞůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĂ;ĚĞĐƌĞƟůĞŐŐĞĞĚĞͲ
ĐƌĞƟĚĞůĞŐĂƟÆƉĂƌ͘ϮͿ͘ĨŽƌŵĂƚŽĚĂůWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚĞŝDŝŶŝƐƚƌŝ;ŶŽŵŝŶĂƚŽĚĂů
WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞĚĞůůĂZĞƉƵďďůŝĐĂͿĞĚĂŝDŝŶŝƐƚƌŝ;Ăƌƚ͘ϵϮ͕ĐŽŵŵĂϮ͕ŽƐƚ͘Ϳ͘
/Ŷ/ƚĂůŝĂ͕ŶŽŶĞƐƐĞŶĚŽƉƌĞǀŝƐƚĂů͛ĞůĞnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƌĞƩĂĚĞůWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽ͕ůĂƐĐĞůƚĂĚĞů
ĂƉŽĚĞů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽğĚĞŵĂŶĚĂƚĂĂůWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞĚĞůůĂZĞƉƵďďůŝĐĂĐŚĞğĐŚŝĂŵĂƚŽ͕ĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽ
ƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚŝĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ĂƚƌŽǀĂƌĞĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƌĞƵŶůĞĂĚĞƌ;ŶŽŶŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞŵĞŵďƌŽ
ĚĞůWĂƌůĂŵĞŶƚŽͿŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƌĞĞŐƵŝĚĂƌĞƵŶ'ŽǀĞƌŶŽĐŚĞŐŽĚĂĚĞůůĂĮĚƵĐŝĂĚĞůůĞĂͲ
ŵĞƌĞ͘EĞŐůŝƵůƟŵŝĂŶŶŝğƐƚĂƚŽƐĞŵƉƌĞŶŽŵŝŶĂƚŽĂƉŽĚĞů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽŝůůĞĂĚĞƌĚĞůƉŽůŽ;ŽĚĞů
ƉĂƌƟƚŽͿĐŚĞŚĂǀŝŶƚŽůĞĞůĞnjŝŽŶŝĞĐŚĞ͕ƋƵŝŶĚŝ͕ƉƵžĐŽŶƚĂƌĞƐƵůůĂŵĂŐŐŝŽƌĂŶnjĂŝŶWĂƌůĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
ŽƉŽůĂŶŽŵŝŶĂĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůĂƉŽĚĞůůŽ^ƚĂƚŽ͕ŝůWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĞŝƐƵŽŝDŝŶŝƐƚƌŝ
ƉƌĞƐƚĂŶŽŐŝƵƌĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘ŽƉŽĚŝĐŚĞŝů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽĚĞǀĞ͕ĞŶƚƌŽĚŝĞĐŝŐŝŽƌŶŝĚĂůůĂĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ƉƌĞͲ
ƐĞŶƚĂƌƐŝĚĂǀĂŶƟĂĐŝĂƐĐƵŶĂĂŵĞƌĂƉĞƌŽƩĞŶĞƌĞŝůǀŽƚŽĚŝĮĚƵĐŝĂ͕ǀĂůĞĂĚŝƌĞů͛ĂƩŽĚŝŐƌĂĚŝͲ
ŵĞŶƚŽƉŽůŝƟĐŽĐŽŶĐƵŝŝůWĂƌůĂŵĞŶƚŽĂĚĞƌŝƐĐĞĂůƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂĚĞůů͛ĞƐĞĐƵƟǀŽ͘^ĞǀŝĞŶĞŵĞŶŽůĂ
ĮĚƵĐŝĂƉĂƌůĂŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ;ĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽŝŶƐĞŐƵŝƚŽĂƵŶĂŵŽnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƐĮĚƵĐŝĂͿ͕ŝů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽĚĞĐĂĚĞ͘
ĐĂƉŽĚĞů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽ͕ǀŝğĚƵŶƋƵĞŝůWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚĞŝDŝŶŝƐƚƌŝĐŚĞĚŝƌŝŐĞůĂƉŽůŝͲ
ƟĐĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĚĞů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽ͕ŶŽŵŝŶĂŝDŝŶŝƐƚƌŝĞĚğŝŶƵŶĂƉŽƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƐƵƉƌĞŵĂnjŝĂƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĂ
ƋƵĞƐƟ͗ĚĂĐŝžĚĞƌŝǀĂĐŚĞůĞĚŝŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŝĚĞůWƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽŝŵƉůŝĐĂŶŽĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂͲ
ŵĞŶƚĞůĞĚŝŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŝĚŝƚƵƫŐůŝĂůƚƌŝŵĞŵďƌŝĚĞů'ŽǀĞƌŶŽ͘
• Magistratura
>ĂŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞğƵŶĂĚĞůůĞƚƌĞĨƵŶnjŝŽŶŝƟƉŝĐŚĞŝŶĐƵŝƐŝĞƐƉůŝĐĂůĂƐŽǀƌĂŶŝƚăĚĞůůŽ^ƚĂƚŽ;ŝŶͲ
ƐŝĞŵĞĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĞůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĂĞĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĞĞƐĞĐƵƟǀĂͿĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶĞůůĂƉŽƚĞƌĞĚŝƌĞƩŽĂĚĂƉƉůŝͲ
ĐĂƌĞĂĚƵŶĂĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚĂĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĂůĞŶŽƌŵĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƚĞĚĂůƉŽƚĞƌĞůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ͕ŝŵƉŽŶĞŶͲ
ĚŽŶĞĂƚƵƫŝůƌŝƐƉĞƩŽ͘
>͛ŽƌŐĂŶŽĐŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĂůĞƟƚŽůĂƌĞĚĞůƉŽƚĞƌĞŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĂůĞğůĂŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚƵƌĂ͕ŽƐƐŝĂŝůĐŽŵͲ
ƉůĞƐƐŽĚĞŝŐŝƵĚŝĐŝĐŝǀŝůŝ͕ƉĞŶĂůŝĞĂŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŝ͘>ĂŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚƵƌĂĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƐĐĞƵŶŽƌĚŝŶĞĂƵƚŽͲ
ŶŽŵŽĞŝŶĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞĚĂŽŐŶŝĂůƚƌŽƉŽƚĞƌĞ͘WĞƌĂƐƐŝĐƵƌĂƌĞů͛ŝŶĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂĚĞŝŐŝƵĚŝĐŝğƐƚĂͲ
ƚŽŝƐƟƚƵŝƚŽƵŶĂƉƉŽƐŝƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŽ;ŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽ^ƵƉĞƌŝŽƌĞĚĞůůĂDĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƚƵƌĂͿĐŚĞƐŽǀƌĂŝŶƚĞŶĚĞ
ĂůůĂĐĂƌƌŝĞƌĂĚĞŝŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƟ͕ƐŽƩƌĂĞŶĚŽůŝĂĚŽŐŶŝĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŽĞƐƚƌĂŶĞŽ͘
EĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĂůĞŝƚĂůŝĂŶŽƐŝĚŝƐƟŶŐƵĞƚƌĂ͗
Ͷ ŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝĂĐŚĞğĞƐĞƌĐŝƚĂƚĂĚĂŝŵĂŐŝƐƚƌĂƟŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝ͕ƉĞƌƚƵƩĞůĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌͲ
ƐŝĞĐŚĞůĂůĞŐŐĞŶŽŶĂĸĚŝĂŐŝƵĚŝĐŝƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝ͖
Ͷ ŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůĞĐŚĞğ͕ŝŶǀĞĐĞ͕ƋƵĞůůĂĐƵŝƐŽŶŽĚĞǀŽůƵƚĞƐŽůƚĂŶƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚĞŵĂͲ
ƚĞƌŝĞĞƐƉƌĞƐƐĂŵĞŶƚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚĂůů͛ŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
>ĂŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝĂƐŝĚŝƐƟŶŐƵĞŝŶ͗
Ͷ ŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞƉĞŶĂůĞ͕ĐŚĞğƉƌĞƉŽƐƚĂĂůů͛ĂƩƵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞŶŽƌŵĞƉĞŶĂůŝ͕ůĞƋƵĂůŝƐŝĐŽŶͲ
ƚƌĂĚĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŽŶŽƉĞƌŝůĨĂƩŽĐŚĞƐŽŶŽŵƵŶŝƚĞĚŝƐĂŶnjŝŽŶĞƉĞŶĂůĞ;ƌĞĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞ͕ŵƵůƚĂ͕ĂƌͲ
ƌĞƐƚŽĞĐĐ͘Ϳ͖
Ͷ ŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĐŝǀŝůĞ͕ĐŚĞŚĂĂĚŽŐŐĞƩŽƚƵƩĞůĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĞƚƌĂƉƌŝǀĂƟƉĞƌůĂƚƵƚĞůĂĚĞŝ
ƉƌŽƉƌŝĚŝƌŝƫ;ƐŝƉĞŶƐŝĂůůĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĞĐŽŶĚŽŵŝŶŝĂůŝ͕ĂƋƵĞůůĞŵĂƚƌŝŵŽŶŝĂůŝƉĞƌŽƩĞŶĞƌĞ
ŝůĚŝǀŽƌnjŝŽŽůĂƐĞƉĂƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ů͛ĂĚĞŵƉŝŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƵŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƩŽ͕ů͛ĂĚŽnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶŵŝŶŽƌĞĞĐĐ͘Ϳ͘
'ŝƵĚŝĐĞĚŝƉƌŝŵŽŐƌĂĚŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝŽğŝůdƌŝďƵŶĂůĞ;ĞƉĞƌĐĞƌƚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĞŝů'ŝƵĚŝĐĞĚŝWĂĐĞͿ͘
>ĞƐĞŶƚĞŶnjĞĚĞůdƌŝďƵŶĂůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŵƉƵŐŶĂƚĞŝŶĂƉƉĞůůŽĚĂǀĂŶƟĂůůĂŽƌƚĞĚŝĂƉͲ
ƉĞůůŽ͘ƐŝƐƚĞůĂƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚăĚŝƵŶƚĞƌnjŽŐƌĂĚŽĚŝŐŝƵĚŝnjŝŽŝŵƉƵŐŶĂŶĚŽůĂƐĞŶƚĞŶnjĂĚŝĂƉƉĞůůŽ
ŝŶŽƌƚĞĚŝĂƐƐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘
EĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůůĂŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůĞƌŝĞŶƚƌĂŝŶǀĞĐĞůĂŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĂŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĂ͕ĐŚĞ
ŚĂĂĚŽŐŐĞƩŽůĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐŝĞƚƌĂƉƌŝǀĂƟĞWƵďďůŝĐĂŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘>ĂŐŝƵƌŝƐĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĂŵͲ
8. Regioni
ǡ °ǯ ǡ Ǧ
ǡ ǡǯǦ
ǡϐ
Ǥǡ ǡǦ
ȋǤͳͳͶǤȌǤ
ǣǦ
ǡ ǡǦ
ȋ ǡǡǦǡǯ
Ǧ Ȍǡ ǯǤͳͳǤ ǯǦ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡȋǤͳͳǤȌ
ÖǯǦ
ǡǤ
ǤǤ͵ͳͺʹͲͲͳ°Ǧ
Ǥ
ǯǤͳͳǤϐ ǡ
Ǧ
Ǥ
ǯǤͳͳǤ
ȋǤǡǡǡǡ ǡ
ǡǯ ǤȌǡ
Ǥ
ȋǤ ǡ ϐ Ǧ
ǡ ǡǯ ǤȌ
° ǣ Ǧ
ϐȋ Ǥ
ǼǽǼ ǽȌǤ
ǯǤͳͳǤǦ
Ö ȋǦ
ȌǤ
ǯǤͳͳǤ Ǧ
ȋǤϐ Ǧ
ǡ ǡ ǯǦ
ǡ ǡ
ȌǤǯǤͳͳǤ Ǧ
3. La scuola democratica
• Anni ’50 – ’60
ŽŶůĂŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůϭϵϰϴ͕ůĂŶĞŽŶĂƚĂZĞƉƵďďůŝĐĂ/ƚĂůŝĂŶĂŽƉĞƌĂƵŶĂƐĐĞůƚĂĂĨĂǀŽƌĞĚŝ
ƵŶĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĂ͘/ŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞĂůĐƵŶŝĂƌƟĐŽůŝƐŽŶŽĚĞĚŝĐĂƟĂůů͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞͲ
ƌĂƚĂƵŶŽĚĞŝĮŶŝĚŝďĞŶĞƐƐĞƌĞƉĞƌƐĞŐƵŝƟĚĂůůŽ^ƚĂƚŽ͘
/ůƉƌŝŵŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƉƌŽǀǀĞĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂůĞŝŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͕ŝŶƵŶ͛/ƚĂůŝĂĐŚĞĚĂƉĂͲ
ĞƐĞĂŐƌŝĐŽůŽƐŝƚƌĂƐĨŽƌŵĂǀĂŝŶƉĂĞƐĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůĞ͕ğůĂůĞŐŐĞŶ͘ϭϴϱϵĚĞůϭϵϲϮ͕ĐŚĞŝƐƟƚƵŞƉĞƌ
ůĂƉƌŝŵĂǀŽůƚĂůĂƐĐƵŽůĂŵĞĚŝĂƵŶŝĐĂĞŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĂ͕ĐŚĞƉĞƌŵĞƩĞǀĂů͛ĂĐĐĞƐƐŽĂƚƵƩĞůĞ
ƐĐƵŽůĞƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌŝ͕ĚĂŶĚŽĂƩƵĂnjŝŽŶĞĂůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŽĐŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞůů͛ŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĞƚăĞŐƌĂƚƵŝƚă
ĚĞůů͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞŝŵƉĂƌƟƚĂƉĞƌĂůŵĞŶŽŽƩŽĂŶŶŝ;ĐŝŽğĚĂůϲǑĂůϭϰǑĂŶŶŽĚ͛ĞƚăͿ͘
>ĂůĞŐŐĞŶ͘ϰϰϰĚĞůϭϵϲϴ͕ĐŚĞŝƐƟƚƵŞƉŽŝůĂƐĐƵŽůĂŵĂƚĞƌŶĂƐƚĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵĞƐĞƩŽƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƟǀŽ
ƚƌŝĞŶŶĂůĞĂƐĠƐƚĂŶƚĞ͕ĐŚĞͨĂĐĐŽŐůŝĞďĂŵďŝŶŝŶĞůů͛ĞƚăƉƌĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂĚĂŝƚƌĞĂŝƐĞŝĂŶŶŝĞƐŝƉƌŽͲ
ƉŽŶĞĮŶŝĚŝĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝƚăŝŶĨĂŶƟůĞ͕ĚŝĂƐƐŝƐƚĞŶnjĂĞĚŝƉƌĞƉĂƌĂnjŝŽͲ
ŶĞĂůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůů͛ŽďďůŝŐŽ͕ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂŶĚŽů͛ŽƉĞƌĂĚĞůůĂĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂͩ͘/ůĐĂƌĂƩĞƌĞƐƚĂƚĂůĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽͲ
ůĂŵĂƚĞƌŶĂŶĞƐŽƩŽůŝŶĞĂǀĂůĂŐƌĂƚƵŝƚă͕ŵĞŶƚƌĞĮŶŽĂĚĂůůŽƌĂů͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞƉƌĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂĞƌĂ
ƐƚĂƚĂĂĸĚĂƚĂĂĞŶƟůŽĐĂůŝ͕ĞĐĐůĞƐŝĂƐƟĐŝĞŶŽŶ͕ŽƉƉƵƌĞĂƉƌŝǀĂƟĞĚĞƌĂƐƉĞƐƐŽĂƉĂŐĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
EĞůϭϵϲϵ;>͘ϵϭϬͬϭϵϲϵͿĨƵƉŽŝĂƉƉƌŽǀĂƚĂůĂůĞŐŐĞƐƵůƌŝŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞŐůŝĞƐĂŵŝĚŝ^ƚĂƚŽĚŝ
ŵĂƚƵƌŝƚă;ĞƐĂŵĞĐŽŶϮƉƌŽǀĞƐĐƌŝƩĞĞƵŶŽƌĂůĞƐƵĚƵĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĞƐĐĞůƚĞĚĂůůŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞͿĞƐŝ
ĂƉƌŝƌŽŶŽƚƵƩĞůĞĨĂĐŽůƚăĂƚƵƫŝĚŝƉůŽŵĂƟ͘
1. L’autonomia scolastica
ǡǯǯϐǡǦ
ǡ ǯ
ǯǤʹͳͷͻȀͳͻͻȋȌǡ Ǧ
ϔ Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ
ǡ ǡ ǡǦ
ǡ ǡǦ
ǡϐǡ Ǥ
ϐ Ǥʹͳ Ǧ
ϐ ¿ǡ ǡǦ
ǡ ǡ
ǯ ǡǣ
Ȅǯ ȋ Ǧ
ȌǢ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ ϐ
ǡǯǦ
Ǥ
ǯǤʹͳǤǤǤͺ
ͳͻͻͻǡǤʹͷ ϐǤ
ǯ Ǧ
ǡǡǡǦ
ǡǦ
ǡ ǯ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
ǯ
ǡ
ǡ
ǦǢǯ
ǯǯȋ ǡ ȌǤ
ǡǡ ϐ
ǡ Ǧ
ǡ
ϐ Ǥ
ǯȋ Ȍ°
ǡ ǯǦ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
ͷͻȀͳͻͻ°ǡ ǤǤǤʹͷȀͳͻͻͻǡ ǤǤ͵
ͳͺʹͲͲͳǡǡ Ǧ
ǯǦ
ǡ ǡ Ǧ
ǡǼ ǡ
ǡ Ǧ
ǡǡ ǡǡǡ
ǯ ǽǤ
ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ Ǥ
ǯǤͳͳǤ ¿ǯ ǤǦ
Ǧ
ǡǡ Ǧ
ǡǤǦ
ȋǤ͵͵Ȍ Ǧ
ǡ ± Ǥ
Ǧ
ǯ Ǧ
Ǥ ǯǦ
ǡǡ°
ϐ Ǧ
ǡ
ǡ ° ϐǦ
ǡ Ǧ ǡ ±Ǧ
ǯ Ǥ
4. L’autonomia finanziaria
ǯϐ
ǡ ǡîϐǦ
Ǥ ǯǤʹͳͷͻȀͳͻͻ Ǧ
ϐ ° ǯǦ
ȋǤǯ Ǧ
ȌǤ
ǡ
ǡǤǤǤͶͶͳιʹͲͲͳǡ
Ǽ ϔ
Ǧ
ǡǯǦ
ǡ ǯǡǦ
Ǧ
Ǥ ¿ǯ Ǧ
ϔϔ
ǡǡ ǡ ǡ
ϔ ϔ ǽǤ
ǯ
ϐ ȋǦ
7. Il curricolo obbligatorio
ǯ
ȋ ǡǤͳǡǤ͵ȌǤ
°
ǦǤÖ ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ǯϐ ϐ ǡǦ
ǡǦ
ǡ Ǥ
¿ ǯ°
ϐ Ǧ
ǯǤ
ǡ
ǯ Ǥ
ǣ
Ȅ Ǧ
Ǣ
Ȅ ϐǦ
Ǥ
8. Le reti di scuole
ǯǯ ǡ
ȋ Ȍǡ
ǡ ǡ ǡ
Ǧ
ȋǤǤǤǤʹͷȀͳͻͻͻȌǤ
ϐǦ
ǡ ǡǡǦ
1. Scuola dell’Infanzia
ǯ ǯȋ ǡ
Ȍ ° ǤǤǤǤͺͻȀʹͲͲͻ
ȋ Ȍǡ
°ǯǦ
ǯ
ϐ ǡϐ
ǡǯǯǤ
ǯ°Ǣ
ͳͺ
ʹǤ ǯǡ
ǡǡ îʹͲǡ
°Ǥ
ǯ ǯ°ͶͲǦ
ǡ ϐͷͲǤ Ǧ
Ǧ ǡ ǡ
ʹͷǤ Ǧ
ǯǤ
ǯǦ
ǯ ǦǦ
Ǥ
ǯ ǡ
͵ͳ ǯ Ǥ Ǧ
ǯ Ǧ
͵Ͳǯ ȋ Ö
ϐʹͲͲ ǤDzǦ
dzȌǤǡǯ Ǧ
Ö ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ ǯǢ
Ȅ ϐǯǦ
ǡ
Ǣ
Ȅ ǡ ǡǦ
ǯ Ǥ
ǡǡ ǡǯ
ǯǡ
ʹ͵ȋʹͶ͵ȌǤǡ Ǧ
ǯ ǯǡ
ǡϐ ǡ ǡ
ϐ Ǥ
ǯǦ
°Ǧ
ǤǤͳǦͳͳǦʹͲͳʹǡǤʹͷͶ
ȋÆǤͳ͵Ȍǡ ǯǦ
Dz dzǣ
Ȅ ±°ǯ
Ȅ Espansione Web
Ȅ ǡǡ Indicazioni nazionali della scuola
Ȅ dell’infanzia
Ȅ Ǥ
^ĞƫŵĂŶĂůĞ ŶŶƵĂůĞ
/ƚĂůŝĂŶŽ͕^ƚŽƌŝĂ͕'ĞŽŐƌĂĮĂ ϭϱ ϰϵϱ
DĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂĞ^ĐŝĞŶnjĞ ϵ Ϯϵϳ
dĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĂ Ϯ ϲϲ
/ŶŐůĞƐĞ ϯ ϵϵ
^ĞĐŽŶĚĂůŝŶŐƵĂĐŽŵƵŶŝƚĂƌŝĂ Ϯ ϲϲ
ƌƚĞĞŝŵŵĂŐŝŶĞ Ϯ ϲϲ
^ĐŝĞŶnjĞŵŽƚŽƌŝĞĞƐƉŽƌƟǀĞ Ϯ ϲϲ
DƵƐŝĐĂ Ϯ ϲϲ
ZĞůŝŐŝŽŶĞĐĂƩŽůŝĐĂ ϭ ϯϯ
ƉƉƌŽĨŽŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ Ă ƐĐĞůƚĂ ĚĞůůĞ ƐĐƵŽůĞ ŶĞůůĞ ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƟ ŶĞů
ƋƵĂĚƌŽŽƌĂƌŝŽ ϭŽϮ ϯϯͬϲϲ
KD^KEKD/d//>//
KDZEK KD^/WZ^EdEK
ϲ>ŝĐĞŝ
>ŝĐĞŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐŽ
>ŝĐĞŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽ
ͻĐŽŶŽƉnjŝŽŶĞƐĐŝĞŶnjĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚĞ
>ŝĐĞŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽ
ϯϵϲŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝƐƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůŝ >ŝĐĞŽĂƌƟƐƟĐŽ;ϲŶƵŽǀŝŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝͿ͗
Ğ ͻƌƟĮŐƵƌĂƟǀĞ
ͻƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂĞĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ
ϱϭƉƌŽŐĞƫĂƐƐŝƐƟƟ ͻƵĚŝŽǀŝƐŝǀŽĞŵƵůƟŵĞĚŝĂ
ĚĂůDŝƵƌ ͻĞƐŝŐŶ
ͻ'ƌĂĮĐĂ
ͻ^ĐĞŶŽŐƌĂĮĂ
>ŝĐĞŽŵƵƐŝĐĂůĞĞĐŽƌĞƵƟĐŽ
>ŝĐĞŽĚĞůůĞƐĐŝĞŶnjĞƵŵĂŶĞ
ͻĐŽŶŽƉnjŝŽŶĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůĞ
KDZEK KD^/WZ^EdEK
ϮƐĞƩŽƌŝĞϭϭŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝ
^ĞƩŽƌĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽ;ϮŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝͿ͗
ͻŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŽ͕ĮŶĂŶnjĂĞŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐ
ͻdƵƌŝƐŵŽ
^ĞƩŽƌĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŽ;ϵŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝͿ͗
ϭϬƐĞƩŽƌŝ ͻDĞĐĐĂŶŝĐĂ͕ŵĞĐĐĂƚƌŽŶŝĐĂĞĚĞŶĞƌŐŝĂ
ͻdƌĂƐƉŽƌƟĞůŽŐŝƐƟĐĂ
Ğ
ͻůĞƩƌŽŶŝĐĂĞĚĞůĞƩƌŽƚĞĐŶŝĐĂ
ϯϵŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝ ͻ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟĐĂĞƚĞůĞĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝ
ͻ'ƌĂĮĐĂĞĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ͻŚŝŵŝĐĂ͕ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĞďŝŽƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĞ
ͻ^ŝƐƚĞŵĂŵŽĚĂ
ͻŐƌĂƌŝĂĞĂŐƌŽŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂ
ͻŽƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶŝ͕ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĞƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝŽ
KD^KEKD/d/'>//^d/dhd/WZK&^^/KE>/
KDZEK KD^/WZ^EdEK
ϮƐĞƩŽƌŝĞϲŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝ
^ĞƩŽƌĞĚĞŝƐĞƌǀŝnjŝ;ϰŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝͿ͗
ͻ^ Ğƌǀŝnjŝ ƉĞƌ ů͛ĂŐƌŝĐŽůƚƵƌĂ Ğ ůŽ ƐǀŝůƵƉͲ
ƉŽƌƵƌĂůĞ
ͻ^ĞƌǀŝnjŝƐŽĐŝŽͲƐĂŶŝƚĂƌŝ
ϱƐĞƩŽƌŝ ͻ^ĞƌǀŝnjŝƉĞƌů͛ĞŶŽŐĂƐƚƌŽŶŽŵŝĂĞů͛ŽƐƉŝƚĂͲ
Ğ ůŝƚăĂůďĞƌŐŚŝĞƌĂ
ϮϳŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝ ͻ^ĞƌǀŝnjŝĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝ
^ĞƚƚŽƌĞ ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂ Ğ ĂƌƚŝŐŝĂŶĂƚŽ ;Ϯ ŝŶͲ
ĚŝƌŝnjnjŝͿ͗
ͻWƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶŝĂƌƟŐŝĂŶĂůŝĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůŝ
ͻ^Ğƌǀŝnjŝ ƉĞƌ ůĂ ŵĂŶƵƚĞŶnjŝŽŶĞ Ğ ů͛ĂƐƐŝͲ
ƐƚĞŶnjĂƚĞĐŶŝĐĂ
• Liceo artistico
ŽŵĞƉƌĞĐŝƐĂƚŽĚĂůů͛Ăƌƚ͘ϰ͘W͘Z͘ϴϵͬϮϬϭϬ͕ŝůƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŽĚĞůůŝĐĞŽĂƌƟƐƟĐŽğŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjĂƚŽĂůůŽƐƚƵͲ
ĚŝŽĚĞŝĨĞŶŽŵĞŶŝĞƐƚĞƟĐŝĞĂůůĂƉƌĂƟĐĂĂƌƟƐƟĐĂ͘&ĂǀŽƌŝƐĐĞů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝŵĞƚŽĚŝƐƉĞĐŝͲ
ĮĐŝĚĞůůĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂĞĚĞůůĂƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞĂƌƟƐƟĐĂĞůĂƉĂĚƌŽŶĂŶnjĂĚĞŝůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝĞĚĞůůĞƚĞĐŶŝĐŚĞ
ƌĞůĂƟǀĞ͘&ŽƌŶŝƐĐĞĂůůŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞŐůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝƉĞƌĐŽŶŽƐĐĞƌĞŝůƉĂƚƌŝŵŽŶŝŽĂƌƟƐƟͲ
ĐŽŶĞůƐƵŽĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽƐƚŽƌŝĐŽĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĞƉĞƌĐŽŐůŝĞƌŶĞĂƉƉŝĞŶŽůĂƉƌĞƐĞŶnjĂĞŝůǀĂůŽƌĞŶĞůůĂ
ƐŽĐŝĞƚăŽĚŝĞƌŶĂ͘'ƵŝĚĂůŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞĂĚĂƉƉƌŽĨŽŶĚŝƌĞĞĂƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞůĞĂďŝůŝͲ
ƚăĞĂŵĂƚƵƌĂƌĞůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĞƉĞƌĚĂƌĞĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĂůůĂƉƌŽƉƌŝĂĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚăĞĐĂͲ
ƉĂĐŝƚăƉƌŽŐĞƩƵĂůĞŶĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůůĞĂƌƟ͘
/ůůŝĐĞŽĂƌƟƐƟĐŽƐŝĂƌƟĐŽůĂ͕ĂƉĂƌƟƌĞĚĂůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽďŝĞŶŶŝŽ͕ŶĞŝƐĞŐƵĞŶƟŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŝ͗
ĂͿ ĂƌƟĮŐƵƌĂƟǀĞ͖
ďͿ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂĞĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͖
ĐͿ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͖
ĚͿ ĂƵĚŝŽǀŝƐŝǀŽĞŵƵůƟŵĞĚŝĂůĞ͖
ĞͿ ŐƌĂĮĐĂ͖
ĨͿ ƐĐĞŶŽŐƌĂĮĂ͘
>͛ŽƌĂƌŝŽĂŶŶƵĂůĞĚĞůůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƟŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝƉĞƌƚƵƫŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟğĚŝϭϭϮϮ
ŽƌĞŶĞůƉƌŝŵŽďŝĞŶŶŝŽ͕ĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƟĂϯϰŽƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐĞƫŵĂŶĂůŝ͖ĚŝϳϱϵŽƌĞ͕ĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶͲ
ĚĞŶƟĂϮϯŽƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐĞƫŵĂŶĂůŝŶĞůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽďŝĞŶŶŝŽ͕ĞĚŝϲϵϯŽƌĞ͕ĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƟĂϮϭ
ŽƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐĞƫŵĂŶĂůŝŶĞůƋƵŝŶƚŽĂŶŶŽ͘>͛ŽƌĂƌŝŽĂŶŶƵĂůĞĚĞůůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƟ
ĚŝŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjŽğĚŝϯϵϲŽƌĞŶĞůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽďŝĞŶŶŝŽ͕ĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƟĂϭϮŽƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐĞƫŵĂŶĂůŝĞ
ĚŝϰϲϮŽƌĞ͕ĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƟĂϭϰŽƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐĞƫŵĂŶĂůŝŶĞůƋƵŝŶƚŽĂŶŶŽ͘
• Liceo scientifico
/ůƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŽĚĞůůŝĐĞŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽ;Ăƌƚ͘ϴ͘W͘Z͘ϴϵͬϮϬϭϬͿğŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjĂƚŽĂůůŽƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞůŶĞƐƐŽƚƌĂ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂĞƚƌĂĚŝnjŝŽŶĞƵŵĂŶŝƐƟĐĂ͖ĨĂǀŽƌŝƐĐĞů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞĚĞŝ
ŵĞƚŽĚŝƉƌŽƉƌŝĚĞůůĂŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂ͕ĚĞůůĂĮƐŝĐĂĞĚĞůůĞƐĐŝĞŶnjĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝ͖ŐƵŝĚĂůŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞĂĚ
ĂƉƉƌŽĨŽŶĚŝƌĞĞĂƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞůĞĂďŝůŝƚăĞĚĂŵĂƚƵƌĂƌĞůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞŶĞĐĞƐͲ
ƐĂƌŝĞƉĞƌƐĞŐƵŝƌĞůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂĞƉĞƌŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƌĞůĞŝŶƚĞͲ
ƌĂnjŝŽŶŝƚƌĂůĞĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĨŽƌŵĞĚĞůƐĂƉĞƌĞ͕ĂƐƐŝĐƵƌĂŶĚŽůĂƉĂĚƌŽŶĂŶnjĂĚĞŝůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝ͕ĚĞůůĞƚĞĐͲ
ŶŝĐŚĞĞĚĞůůĞŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞ͕ĂŶĐŚĞĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽůĂƉƌĂƟĐĂůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĂůĞ͘
EĞůƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĚĞůůĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞůů͛ŽīĞƌƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ͕ƉƵžĞƐƐĞƌĞĂƫǀĂƚĂ͕
ƐĞŶnjĂŶƵŽǀŝŽŵĂŐŐŝŽƌŝŽŶĞƌŝƉĞƌůĂĮŶĂŶnjĂƉƵďďůŝĐĂ͕ů͛ŽƉnjŝŽŶĞͨƐĐŝĞŶnjĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚĞͩĐŚĞĨŽƌͲ
ŶŝƐĐĞĂůůŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞĂǀĂŶnjĂƚĞŶĞŐůŝƐƚƵĚŝĂīĞƌĞŶƟĂůůĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂ
ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽͲƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂ͕ĐŽŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽĂůůĞƐĐŝĞŶnjĞŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŚĞ͕ĮƐŝĐŚĞ͕ĐŚŝͲ
ŵŝĐŚĞ͕ďŝŽůŽŐŝĐŚĞ͕ĚĞůůĂƚĞƌƌĂ͕Ăůů͛ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟĐĂĞĂůůĞůŽƌŽĂƉƉůŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝ͘
>͛ŽƌĂƌŝŽĂŶŶƵĂůĞĚĞůůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƟŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝƉĞƌƚƵƫŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟğĚŝϴϵϭ
ŽƌĞŶĞůƉƌŝŵŽďŝĞŶŶŝŽ͕ĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƟĂϮϳŽƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐĞƫŵĂŶĂůŝ͕ĞĚŝϵϵϬŽƌĞŶĞůƐĞĐŽŶͲ
ĚŽďŝĞŶŶŝŽĞŶĞůƋƵŝŶƚŽĂŶŶŽ͕ĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƟĂϯϬŽƌĞŵĞĚŝĞƐĞƫŵĂŶĂůŝ͘
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ϭͿ 'ĂƌĂŶƟƐĐĞ͕ĂƐƐŝĐƵƌĂŶĚŽŝůďƵŽŶĂŶĚĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ů͛ĞĸĐĂĐĞĞĚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĞŐĞƐƟŽŶĞĚĞůůĞ͗
Ͷ ƌŝƐŽƌƐĞƵŵĂŶĞ
Ͷ ƌŝƐŽƌƐĞĮŶĂŶnjŝĂƌŝĞ
Ͷ ƌŝƐŽƌƐĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŚĞ
Ͷ ƌŝƐŽƌƐĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝ
ϮͿ ,ĂĐŽŵƉŝƟĚŝ͗
Ͷ ĚŝƌĞnjŝŽŶĞ
Ͷ ŐĞƐƟŽŶĞ
Ͷ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ
Ͷ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ
ϯͿ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůĞ͗
Ͷ ĚĞůůĂŐĞƐƟŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƌŝƐŽƌƐĞĮŶĂŶnjŝĂƌŝĞĞƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůŝ
Ͷ ĚĞŝƌŝƐƵůƚĂƟĚĞůƐĞƌǀŝnjŝŽ
Ͷ ĚĞůůĂǀĂůŽƌŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƌŝƐŽƌƐĞƵŵĂŶĞ
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dĂďĞůůĂϭ͗WĂŶŽƌĂŵŝĐĂĚĞůůĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăŽīĞƌƚĞĚĂƌĂƐŵƵƐн
ŵďŝƟĚŝŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƚŽ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ ŽůůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ƌĂƐŵƵƐн ĐŽŶĂůƚƌĞƐĐƵŽůĞ ĐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝĂůƚƌŽƟƉŽ
njŝŽŶĞŚŝĂǀĞϭ͗ ͻ /ůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞƉƵžŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƌĞŽĨƌĞͲ ͻ /ůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽƉƵžƉĂƌƚĞĐŝͲ
ƋƵĞŶƚĂƌĞĂƫǀŝƚăĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĞƉƌĞƐƐŽ ƉĂƌĞĂĚĂƫǀŝƚăĚŝĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞƉƌĞƐͲ
DŽďŝůŝƚăĚĞůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞ ĂůƚƌĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͘ ƐŽ ƋƵĂůƐŝĂƐŝ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ ƉĞƌƟͲ
ͻ ůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞĐŽŶĨĞͲ ŶĞŶƚĞ ;ĂĚ ĞƐĞŵƉŝŽ͕ KE'͕ ĐĞŶƚƌŝ
ƌŝƟŝŶĐĂƌŝĐŚŝĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽƉƌĞƐͲ ĚŝĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚă͕ĐĞŶƚƌŝĚŝ
ƐŽĂůƚƌĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͕ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂŶĚŽĐŽƐŞůĂ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ƐĞƌǀŝͲ
ĐŝƌĐŽůĂnjŝŽŶĞ Ž ĐŽŶĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĞ ĚĞůůĞ njŝĚŝĐŽŶƐƵůĞŶnjĂ͕ĞĐĐ͘Ϳ͘
ƉƌĂƐƐŝƚƌĂŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟ͘ ͻ >ĞƐĐƵŽůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĚĂƌĞƐĞŐƵŝƚŽĂůůĞ
ͻ >ĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƵžƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞƌĂƉƉŽƌƟĂ ŝŶŝnjŝĂƟǀĞĂĨĂǀŽƌĞĚĞůůĂŵŽďŝůŝƚăĚĞů
ůƵŶŐŽƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĐŽŶŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟƉĂƌƚͲ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĐŽŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝƌĞͲ
ŶĞƌĐŽŶĐƵŝĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƉĞƌƉƌŽŐĞƫ ƐƉŝƌŽƉŝƶĂŵƉŝŽ;ƐŝƌŝŵĂŶĚĂĂůůĂƐĞͲ
Ěŝ ŵŽďŝůŝƚă͕ ĐŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŽŶŽ ƐĨŽĐŝĂƌĞ njŝŽŶĞƐƵŝƉĂƌƚĞŶĂƌŝĂƟƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝͿ͘
ŝŶĂůƚƌŝƉƌŽŐĞƫĞƵƌŽƉĞŝ͘
njŝŽŶĞŚŝĂǀĞϮ͗ ͻ >ĞƐĐƵŽůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĐŽŶĚŝǀŝĚĞƌĞĐŽŶ ͻ / ƉĂƌƚĞŶĂƌŝĂƚŝ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝ ƉŽƐƐŽŶŽ
ĂůƚƌĞƐĐƵŽůĞůŝŶĞĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐŚĞ ĐŽŝŶǀŽůŐĞƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶŝƉƵďďůŝͲ
WĂƌƚĞŶĂƌŝĂƟƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞ͕ƉƌĂƐƐŝĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ ĐŚĞ͕ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ Ž ŶŽŶͲƉƌŽĮƚ Ěŝ ƋƵĂůͲ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĚŝĚĂƫĐŝĞƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟŽƚĞĐͲ ƐŝĂƐŝƟƉŽ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐŝŐůŝĞŶƟůŽĐĂůŝĞ
ŶŽůŽŐŝĞ͘ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝ;ĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽ͕ƌŝǀŽůŐĞŶĚŽƐŝ
ĂĚĂnjŝĞŶĚĞŽƵĸĐŝĚŝĐŽůůŽĐĂŵĞŶƚŽ
ƉĞƌŵŝŐůŝŽƌĂƌĞů͛ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽƉƌŽͲ
ĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞͿ͘
ĞdǁŝŶŶŝŶŐ ͻ >ĞƐĐƵŽůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĐƌĞĂƌĞWƌŽŐĞƫ͕ ͻ EĞůůĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂĚŝƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƉĞƌƉƌŽŐĞƚͲ
^ĂůĞŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟ͕'ƌƵƉƉŝŽ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ ƟĚŝŵŽďŝůŝƚăĚĞůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞŽƉĂƌƚĞͲ
ǀĞŶƚŽƉƉƵƌĞŝƐĐƌŝǀĞƌƐŝĂƋƵĞůůŝŐŝă ŶĂƌŝĂƟƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐŝ͕ůĞƐĐƵŽůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽ
ĞƐŝƐƚĞŶƟ͘WĞƌƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂƌĞ͕ŶŽŶğŶĞͲ ƚƌŽǀĂƌĞĂůƚƌŝŝƐƟƚƵƟĐŽŶĨŽƌƟůĞŐĂͲ
ĐĞƐƐĂƌŝŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌĞƵŶĂĚŽŵĂŶĚĂ ŵŝĐŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝĂůƚƌŽƟƉŽ
ĨŽƌŵĂůĞ͘ ;ĂnjŝĞŶĚĞ͕ ĞŶƟ ůŽĐĂůŝ͕ ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ Ěŝ
ŐƌĂĚŽƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌĞ͕ĞĐĐ͘Ϳ͘
KƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăƉĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĞĂůƵŶŶŝŝŶĂůƚƌŝƉĂĞƐŝ ǀǀŝŽĞƌĂīŽƌnjĂŵĞŶƚŽ
ĚĞůůĂĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞƚƌĂŵŝƚĞĞdǁŝŶŶŝŶŐ
ͻ /ůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĚŽĐĞŶƚĞĞŶŽŶĚŽĐĞŶƚĞƉƵžƵƐƵͲ ͻ >ĞƐĐƵŽůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽƚƌŽǀĂƌĞŝƐƟƚƵƟƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƉĞƌŝ
ĨƌƵŝƌĞĚŝŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĚŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞ ƉƌŽŐĞƫĚŝŵŽďŝůŝƚă͘
Ăůů͛ĞƐƚĞƌŽ͘ ͻ /ůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĐŽͲ
ͻ 'ůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƉŽƐƐŽŶŽďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌĞĚŝƉƌĂƐƐŝĚŝĚĂƚͲ ŵƵŶŝĐĂƌĞƉƌŝŵĂ͕ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞĞĚŽƉŽƵŶ͛ŝŶŝnjŝĂƟǀĂĚŝ
ƟĐŚĞŶƵŽǀĞĞŵŝŐůŝŽƌŝŽīĞƌƚĞĚĂŝĚŽĐĞŶƟŽƐƉŝͲ ŵŽďŝůŝƚăĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽĞdǁŝŶŶŝŶŐ͘
ƚĂƟĚĂůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂŽĚŝƌŝƚŽƌŶŽĚĂƵŶ͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂ ͻ >ĞƐĐƵŽůĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĂƌƌŝĐĐŚŝƌĞů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĂ
Ăůů͛ĞƐƚĞƌŽ͘ ŵŽďŝůŝƚăĚĞůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞƚƌĂŵŝƚĞĂƫǀŝƚăĐŽƌƌĞůĂͲ
ƚĞƐƵĞdǁŝŶŶŝŶŐ͘
ͻ >ŽƐƚĂīƉƵžŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƌĞůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĚŝĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ĐŽŶƵŶĂĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚĞŽŶůŝŶĞ͘
ŝƉůŽŵĂ Ěŝ ƉĞƌĨĞnjŝŽͲ D/hZͬ/ƐƟƚƵƟĚŝĂůƚĂĨŽƌͲ WĞƌĐŽƌƐŽ ŵŝŶŝŵŽ ĂŶŶƵĂůĞ ;ŵŝŶ͘ ϲϬ ĐƌĞĚŝͲ
ŶĂŵĞŶƚŽŽŵĂƐƚĞƌ;/Ϳ ŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĂƌƟƐƟĐĂĞŵƵͲ ƟͲ&Ϳ
ƐŝĐĂůĞ
͞ϭ͘ŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĂŵĂĚƌĞůŝŶŐƵĂ
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
>ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĂŵĂĚƌĞůŝŶŐƵĂğůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĞƐƉƌŝŵĞƌĞĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƫ͕ƉĞŶͲ
ƐŝĞƌŝ͕ƐĞŶƟŵĞŶƟ͕ĨĂƫĞŽƉŝŶŝŽŶŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝĂŽƌĂůĞƐŝĂƐĐƌŝƩĂ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞ͕ĞƐƉƌĞƐͲ
ƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂĞĚĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͿĞĚŝŝŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƌĞĂĚĞŐƵĂƚĂŵĞŶƚĞĞ
ŝŶŵŽĚŽĐƌĞĂƟǀŽƐƵůƉŝĂŶŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽŝŶƵŶ͛ŝŶƚĞƌĂŐĂŵŵĂĚŝĐŽŶƚĞƐƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝ͕ƋƵĂͲ
ůŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ůĂǀŽƌŽ͕ǀŝƚĂĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂĞƚĞŵƉŽůŝďĞƌŽ͘
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ
>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƟǀĂƌŝƐƵůƚĂĚĂůů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂŵĂĚƌĞůŝŶŐƵĂ͕ĐŚĞğŝŶƚƌŝŶƐĞĐĂͲ
ŵĞŶƚĞĐŽŶŶĞƐƐĂĐŽŶůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĐŽŐŶŝƟǀĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽĚŝŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƌĞŝůŵŽŶͲ
ĚŽĞƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĂƌƐŝĐŽŶŐůŝĂůƚƌŝ͘>ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĂŵĂĚƌĞůŝŶŐƵĂƉƌĞƐƵƉƉŽŶĞĐŚĞƵŶĂƉĞƌͲ
ƐŽŶĂƐŝĂĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůǀŽĐĂďŽůĂƌŝŽ͕ĚĞůůĂŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞĞĚĞůůĞĨƵŶnjŝŽŶŝĚĞůůŝŶͲ
ŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͘ŝžĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂƵŶĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝƟƉŝĚŝŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞǀĞƌďĂůĞ͕ĚŝƵŶĂƐĞͲ
ƌŝĞĚŝƚĞƐƟůĞƩĞƌĂƌŝĞŶŽŶůĞƩĞƌĂƌŝ͕ĚĞůůĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝƐƟĐŚĞĚĞŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƐƟůŝĞƌĞŐŝƐƚƌŝĚĞů
ůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽŶŽŶĐŚĠĚĞůůĂǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚăĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽĞĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƟĚŝǀĞƌƐŝ͘
>ĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĚŽǀƌĞďďĞƌŽƉŽƐƐĞĚĞƌĞůĞĂďŝůŝƚăƉĞƌĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƌĞƐŝĂŽƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞƐŝĂƉĞƌŝƐĐƌŝƩŽ
ŝŶƚƵƩĂƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚŝƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƟǀĞĞƉĞƌƐŽƌǀĞŐůŝĂƌĞĞĂĚĂƩĂƌĞůĂƉƌŽƉƌŝĂĐŽŵƵͲ
ŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂĚŝĐŽŵĞůŽƌŝĐŚŝĞĚĂůĂƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘YƵĞƐƚĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞĂŶͲ
ĐŚĞů͛ĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝĚŝƐƟŶŐƵĞƌĞĞĚŝƵƟůŝnjnjĂƌĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƟƉŝĚŝƚĞƐƟ͕ĚŝĐĞƌĐĂƌĞ͕ƌĂĐĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞĞĚĞůĂďŽͲ
ƌĂƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ĚŝƵƐĂƌĞƐƵƐƐŝĚŝĞĚŝĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞĞĚĞƐƉƌŝŵĞƌĞůĞĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶŝŝŶŵŽĚŽ
ĐŽŶǀŝŶĐĞŶƚĞĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚŽĂůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽ͕ƐŝĂŽƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞƐŝĂƉĞƌŝƐĐƌŝƩŽ͘
hŶĂƩĞŐŐŝĂŵĞŶƚŽƉŽƐŝƟǀŽŶĞŝĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƟĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĂŵĂĚƌĞůŝŶŐƵĂĐŽŵƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂůĂĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĂƵŶĚŝĂůŽŐŽĐƌŝƟĐŽĞĐŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŽ͕ůĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝƚăĞƐƚĞƟͲ
ĐŚĞĞůĂǀŽůŽŶƚăĚŝƉĞƌƐĞŐƵŝƌůĞŶŽŶĐŚĠƵŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĞĂŝŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƌĞĐŽŶŐůŝĂůƚƌŝ͘ŝžĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂ
ůĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůů͛ŝŵƉĂƩŽĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂƐƵŐůŝĂůƚƌŝĞůĂŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚăĚŝĐĂƉŝƌĞĞƵƐĂƌĞůĂůŝŶͲ
ŐƵĂŝŶŵŽĚŽƉŽƐŝƟǀŽĞƐŽĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůĞ͘
Ϯ͘ŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞ
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
>ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞĐŽŶĚŝǀŝĚĞĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞůĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝĂďŝůŝƚăƌŝͲ
ĐŚŝĞƐƚĞƉĞƌůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĂŵĂĚƌĞůŝŶŐƵĂ͗ĞƐƐĂƐŝďĂƐĂƐƵůůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞͲ
ƌĞ͕ĞƐƉƌŝŵĞƌĞĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƫ͕ƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŝ͕ƐĞŶƟŵĞŶƟ͕ĨĂƫĞŽƉŝŶŝŽŶŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƐŝĂŽƌĂͲ
ůĞƐŝĂƐĐƌŝƩĂͶĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞ͕ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂĞĚĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽͲ
ŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͶŝŶƵŶĂŐĂŵŵĂĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĂĚŝĐŽŶƚĞƐƟƐŽĐŝĂůŝĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝͶŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĨŽƌŵĂͲ
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ
>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂŝŶůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞƌŝĐŚŝĞĚĞůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůǀŽĐĂďŽůĂƌŝŽĞĚĞůůĂŐƌĂŵŵĂͲ
ƟĐĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞĞƵŶĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝƟƉŝĚŝŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞǀĞƌďĂůĞĞĚĞŝƌĞŐŝƐƚƌŝ
ĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͘ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĂŶĐŚĞůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĞĐŽŶǀĞŶnjŝŽŶŝƐŽĐŝĂůŝ͕ĚĞůů͛ĂƐƉĞƩŽĐƵůͲ
ƚƵƌĂůĞĞĚĞůůĂǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚăĚĞŝůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝ͘
>ĞĂďŝůŝƚăĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝƉĞƌůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŽŶŽŶĞůůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝ
ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞŵĞƐƐĂŐŐŝ͕ĚŝŝŶŝnjŝĂƌĞ͕ƐŽƐƚĞŶĞƌĞĞĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞƌĞĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂnjŝŽŶŝĞĚŝůĞŐŐĞƌĞ͕ĐŽŵͲ
ƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĞƉƌŽĚƵƌƌĞƚĞƐƟĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟĂůůĞĞƐŝŐĞŶnjĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝ͘>ĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĚŽǀƌĞďďĞƌŽĞƐͲ
ƐĞƌĞĂŶĐŚĞŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝƵƐĂƌĞĂĚĞŐƵĂƚĂŵĞŶƚĞŝƐƵƐƐŝĚŝĞĚŝŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞůĞůŝŶŐƵĞĂŶĐŚĞŝŶŵŽĚŽ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞŶĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ͘
hŶĂƩĞŐŐŝĂŵĞŶƚŽƉŽƐŝƟǀŽĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂů͛ĂƉƉƌĞnjnjĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞŶŽŶĐŚĠů͛ŝŶͲ
ƚĞƌĞƐƐĞĞůĂĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚăƉĞƌůĞůŝŶŐƵĞĞůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞ͘
ϯ͘ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĚŝďĂƐĞŝŶĐĂŵƉŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŽ͘
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
͘>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂğů͛ĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƌĞŝůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŽ
ƉĞƌƌŝƐŽůǀĞƌĞƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚŝƉƌŽďůĞŵŝŝŶƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶĞ͘WĂƌƚĞŶĚŽĚĂƵŶĂƐŽůŝĚĂƉĂĚƌŽͲ
ŶĂŶnjĂĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĂƌŝƚŵĞƟĐŽͲŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŚĞ͕ů͛ĂĐĐĞŶƚŽƉŽƐƚŽƐƵŐůŝĂƐƉĞƫĚĞůƉƌŽĐĞƐͲ
ƐŽĞĚĞůů͛ĂƫǀŝƚăŽůƚƌĞĐŚĞƐƵƋƵĞůůŝĚĞůůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂ͘>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂĐŽŵƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂ͕ŝŶŵŝƐƵƌĂǀĂƌŝĂďŝůĞ͕ůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĞůĂĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĂƵƐĂƌĞŵŽĚĞůůŝŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŝĚŝƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽ
;ƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽůŽŐŝĐŽĞƐƉĂnjŝĂůĞͿĞĚŝƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ;ĨŽƌŵƵůĞ͕ŵŽĚĞůůŝ͕ĐŽƐƚƌƵƫ͕ŐƌĂĮĐŝ͕ĐĂƌƚĞͿ͘
͘>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂŝŶĐĂŵƉŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽƐŝƌŝĨĞƌŝƐĐĞĂůůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĞĂůůĂĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĂƵƐĂƌĞů͛ŝŶͲ
ƐŝĞŵĞĚĞůůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞĚĞůůĞŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƉŽƐƐĞĚƵƚĞƉĞƌƐƉŝĞŐĂƌĞŝůŵŽŶĚŽĐŚĞĐŝĐŝƌĐŽŶͲ
ĚĂƐĂƉĞŶĚŽŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌĞůĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐŚĞĞƚƌĂĞŶĚŽůĞĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŝĐŚĞƐŝĂŶŽďĂƐĂƚĞƐƵĨĂƫ
ĐŽŵƉƌŽǀĂƟ͘>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂŝŶĐĂŵƉŽƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŽğĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƚĂů͛ĂƉƉůŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƚĂůĞĐŽŶŽͲ
ƐĐĞŶnjĂĞŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĂƉĞƌĚĂƌĞƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂĂŝĚĞƐŝĚĞƌŝŽďŝƐŽŐŶŝĂǀǀĞƌƟƟĚĂŐůŝĞƐƐĞƌŝƵŵĂŶŝ͘>Ă
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂŝŶĐĂŵƉŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŽĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂůĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĚĞŝĐĂŵďŝĂŵĞŶƟ
ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟĚĂůů͛ĂƫǀŝƚăƵŵĂŶĂĞůĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůůĂƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝĐŝĂƐĐƵŶĐŝƩĂĚŝŶŽ͘
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ
͘>ĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĂŶĞůĐĂŵƉŽĚĞůůĂŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƵŶĂƐŽůŝĚĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶͲ
njĂĚĞůĐĂůĐŽůŽ͕ĚĞůůĞŵŝƐƵƌĞĞĚĞůůĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞ͕ĚĞůůĞŽƉĞƌĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝďĂƐĞĞĚĞůůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶŝ
ŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŚĞĚŝďĂƐĞ͕ƵŶĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĚĞŝƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĞĚĞŝĐŽŶĐĞƫŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŝĞƵŶĂĐŽŶͲ
ƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞŝƋƵĞƐŝƟĐƵŝůĂŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂƉƵžĨŽƌŶŝƌĞƵŶĂƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂ͘
hŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂĚŽǀƌĞďďĞĚŝƐƉŽƌƌĞĚĞůůĞĂďŝůŝƚăƉĞƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƌĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŝ
ĚŝďĂƐĞŶĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽŶĞůůĂƐĨĞƌĂĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂĞƐƵůůĂǀŽƌŽŶŽŶĐŚĠƉĞƌƐĞŐƵŝƌĞĞǀĂͲ
ŐůŝĂƌĞĐŽŶĐĂƚĞŶĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟ͘hŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂĚŽǀƌĞďďĞĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝƐǀŽůŐĞƌĞƵŶ
ƌĂŐŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŽ͕ĚŝĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞůĞƉƌŽǀĞŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŚĞĞĚŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƌĞŝŶůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ
ŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŽŽůƚƌĞĂƐĂƉĞƌƵƐĂƌĞŝƐƵƐƐŝĚŝĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟ͘
hŶ͛ĂƫƚƵĚŝŶĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĂŝŶƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĂůůĂŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐĂƐŝďĂƐĂƐƵůƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĚĞůůĂǀĞƌŝƚăĞƐƵůůĂĚŝͲ
ƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĂĐĞƌĐĂƌĞŵŽƟǀĂnjŝŽŶŝĞĂĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƌŶĞůĂǀĂůŝĚŝƚă͘
͘WĞƌƋƵĂŶƚŽĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞůĂƐĐŝĞŶnjĂĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĂ͕ůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞŝƉƌŝŶͲ
ĐŝƉŝĚŝďĂƐĞĚĞůŵŽŶĚŽŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞ͕ŝĐŽŶĐĞƫ͕ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝĞŵĞƚŽĚŝƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŝĨŽŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůŝ͕ůĂƚĞĐͲ
ϰ͘ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĚŝŐŝƚĂůĞ
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
ůĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĚŝŐŝƚĂůĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶĞůƐĂƉĞƌƵƟůŝnjnjĂƌĞĐŽŶĚŝŵĞƐƟĐŚĞnjnjĂĞƐƉŝƌŝƚŽĐƌŝƟĐŽůĞƚĞĐͲ
ŶŽůŽŐŝĞĚĞůůĂƐŽĐŝĞƚăĚĞůů͛ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ;d^/ͿƉĞƌŝůůĂǀŽƌŽ͕ŝůƚĞŵƉŽůŝďĞƌŽĞůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽͲ
ŶĞ͘ƐƐĂğƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂƚĂĚĂĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝďĂƐĞŶĞůůĞd/͗ů͛ƵƐŽĚĞůĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƉĞƌƌĞƉĞƌŝƌĞ͕ǀĂůƵƚĂƌĞ͕
ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƌĞ͕ƉƌŽĚƵƌƌĞ͕ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌĞĞƐĐĂŵďŝĂƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝŶŽŶĐŚĠƉĞƌĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƌĞĞƉĂƌͲ
ƚĞĐŝƉĂƌĞĂƌĞƟĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞƚƌĂŵŝƚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͘
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ
>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĚŝŐŝƚĂůĞƉƌĞƐƵƉƉŽŶĞƵŶĂƐŽůŝĚĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĂŶĂƚƵƌĂ͕
ĚĞůƌƵŽůŽĞĚĞůůĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĚĞůůĞd^/ŶĞůƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽ͗ŶĞůůĂǀŝƚĂƉƌŝǀĂƚĂĞƐŽĐŝĂůĞĐŽŵĞĂŶĐŚĞ
ĂůůĂǀŽƌŽ͘/ŶĐŝžƌŝĞŶƚƌĂŶŽůĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝĂƉƉůŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟĐŚĞĐŽŵĞƚƌĂƩĂŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƚĞƐƟ͕
ĨŽŐůŝĞůĞƩƌŽŶŝĐŝ͕ďĂŶĐŚĞĚĂƟ͕ŵĞŵŽƌŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĞŐĞƐƟŽŶĞĚĞůůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝŽůƚƌĞĂƵŶĂĐŽŶͲ
ƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůůĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĞĚĞŝƉŽƚĞŶnjŝĂůŝƌŝƐĐŚŝĚŝ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚĞĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞƚƌĂͲ
ŵŝƚĞŝƐƵƉƉŽƌƟĞůĞƩƌŽŶŝĐŝ;ĞͲŵĂŝů͕ƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚĞůůĂƌĞƚĞͿƉĞƌŝůůĂǀŽƌŽ͕ŝůƚĞŵƉŽůŝďĞƌŽ͕ůĂĐŽŶͲ
ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĞĚŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĞůĞƌĞƟĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͕ů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĞůĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂ͘>ĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĚŽͲ
ǀƌĞďďĞƌŽĂŶĐŚĞĞƐƐĞƌĞĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůŝĚŝĐŽŵĞůĞd^/ƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĐŽĂĚŝƵǀĂƌĞůĂĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚăĞů͛ŝŶŶŽͲ
ǀĂnjŝŽŶĞĞƌĞŶĚĞƌƐŝĐŽŶƚŽĚĞůůĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐŚĞůĞŐĂƚĞĂůůĂǀĂůŝĚŝƚăĞĂůů͛ĂĸĚĂďŝůŝƚăĚĞůůĞŝŶĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝĞĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝŐŝƵƌŝĚŝĐŝĞĚĞƟĐŝĐŚĞƐŝƉŽŶŐŽŶŽŶĞůů͛ƵƐŽŝŶƚĞƌĂƫǀŽĚĞůůĞd^/͘
>ĞĂďŝůŝƚăŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚŽŶŽ͗ůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĐĞƌĐĂƌĞ͕ƌĂĐĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞĞƚƌĂƩĂƌĞůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂͲ
njŝŽŶŝĞĚŝƵƐĂƌůĞŝŶŵŽĚŽĐƌŝƟĐŽĞƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƟĐŽ͕ĂĐĐĞƌƚĂŶĚŽŶĞůĂƉĞƌƟŶĞŶnjĂĞĚŝƐƟŶŐƵĞŶĚŽŝů
ƌĞĂůĞĚĂůǀŝƌƚƵĂůĞƉƵƌƌŝĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶĚŽŶĞůĞĐŽƌƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶŝ͘>ĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĚŽǀƌĞďďĞƌŽĂŶĐŚĞĞƐƐĞƌĞ
ĐĂƉĂĐŝĚŝƵƐĂƌĞƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟƉĞƌƉƌŽĚƵƌƌĞ͕ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌĞĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŽŵƉůĞƐͲ
ƐĞĞĚĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĂĐĐĞĚĞƌĞĂŝƐĞƌǀŝnjŝďĂƐĂƟƐƵ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͕ĨĂƌǀŝƌŝĐĞƌĐŚĞĞƵƐĂƌůŝ͘>ĞƉĞƌͲ
ƐŽŶĞĚŽǀƌĞďďĞƌŽĂŶĐŚĞĞƐƐĞƌĞĐĂƉĂĐŝĚŝƵƐĂƌĞůĞd^/ĂƐŽƐƚĞŐŶŽĚĞůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽĐƌŝƟĐŽ͕ĚĞůůĂ
ĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚăĞĚĞůů͛ŝŶŶŽǀĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘
>͛ƵƐŽĚĞůůĞd^/ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂƵŶ͛ĂƫƚƵĚŝŶĞĐƌŝƟĐĂĞƌŝŇĞƐƐŝǀĂŶĞŝĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƟĚĞůůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝͲ
ƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝĞƵŶƵƐŽƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůĞĚĞŝŵĞnjnjŝĚŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶƚĞƌĂƫǀŝ͘ŶĐŚĞƵŶŝŶƚĞƌĞƐͲ
ƐĞĂŝŵƉĞŐŶĂƌƐŝŝŶĐŽŵƵŶŝƚăĞƌĞƟĂĮŶŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůŝĞͬŽƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝƐĞƌǀĞĂƌĂīŽƌnjĂͲ
ƌĞƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ͘
ϱ͘/ŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞ
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
/ŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞğů͛ĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝƉĞƌƐĞǀĞƌĂƌĞŶĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĚŝŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƌĞŝůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽ
ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĂŶĐŚĞŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞƵŶĂŐĞƐƟŽŶĞĞĸĐĂĐĞĚĞůƚĞŵƉŽĞĚĞůůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ƐŝĂ
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ
>ĂĚĚŽǀĞů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĮŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚŽĂƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝůĂǀŽƌĂƟǀŝŽĚŝĐĂƌƌŝĞƌĂ͕ƵŶĂƉĞƌͲ
ƐŽŶĂĚŽǀƌĞďďĞĞƐƐĞƌĞĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ͕ĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞƌŝͲ
ĐŚŝĞƐƚĞ͘/ŶƚƵƫŝĐĂƐŝŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂĐŚĞƵŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĂĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶͲ
ĚĂůĞƉƌŽƉƌŝĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉƌĞĨĞƌŝƚĞ͕ŝƉƵŶƟĚŝĨŽƌnjĂĞŝƉƵŶƟĚĞďŽůŝĚĞůůĞƉƌŽͲ
ƉƌŝĞĂďŝůŝƚăĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞĞƐŝĂŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĐĞƌĐĂƌĞůĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĞ
ŐůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚŝŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽĞͬŽƐŽƐƚĞŐŶŽĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝ͘
>ĞĂďŝůŝƚăƉĞƌŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞƌŝĐŚŝĞĚŽŶŽĂŶnjŝƚƵƩŽů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝďĂƐĞ
ĐŽŵĞůĂůĞƩƵƌĂ͕ůĂƐĐƌŝƩƵƌĂĞŝůĐĂůĐŽůŽĞů͛ƵƐŽĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞd/ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĞƉĞƌƵŶĂƉͲ
ƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƵůƚĞƌŝŽƌĞ͘ƉĂƌƟƌĞĚĂƚĂůŝĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƵŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂĚŽǀƌĞďďĞĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŶŐƌĂͲ
ĚŽĚŝĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƌĞ͕ƉƌŽĐƵƌĂƌƐŝ͕ĞůĂďŽƌĂƌĞĞĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂƌĞŶƵŽǀĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞĂďŝůŝƚă͘ŝžĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂ
ƵŶĂŐĞƐƟŽŶĞĞĸĐĂĐĞĚĞůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĚĞůůĂƉƌŽƉƌŝĂĐĂƌƌŝĞƌĂĞĚĞŝƉƌŽƉƌŝƐĐŚĞŵŝ
ůĂǀŽƌĂƟǀŝĞ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞ͕ůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝƉĞƌƐĞǀĞƌĂƌĞŶĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĚŝĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƌƐŝ
ƉĞƌƉĞƌŝŽĚŝƉƌŽůƵŶŐĂƟĞĚŝƌŝŇĞƩĞƌĞŝŶŵŽĚŽĐƌŝƟĐŽƐƵŐůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝĞůĞĮŶĂůŝƚăĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶͲ
ĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘hŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂĚŽǀƌĞďďĞĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĐŽŶƐĂĐƌĂƌĞĚĞůƚĞŵƉŽƉĞƌĂƉƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞ
ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵĂŵĞŶƚĞĞĐŽŶĂƵƚŽĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂ͕ŵĂĂŶĐŚĞƉĞƌůĂǀŽƌĂƌĞŝŶŵŽĚŽĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀŽƋƵĂͲ
ůĞƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĚŝĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞŝǀĂŶƚĂŐŐŝĐŚĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĚĞƌŝǀĂƌĞĚĂƵŶ
ŐƌƵƉƉŽĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŽĞĚŝĐŽŶĚŝǀŝĚĞƌĞĐŝžĐŚĞŚĂĂƉƉƌĞƐŽ͘>ĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĚŽǀƌĞďďĞƌŽŝŶŽůƚƌĞĞƐͲ
ƐĞƌĞŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƌĞŝůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĚŝǀĂůƵƚĂƌĞŝůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽůĂǀŽƌŽĞĚŝĐĞƌͲ
ĐĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝŐůŝ͕ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĞƐŽƐƚĞŐŶŽ͕ŽǀĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝŽ͘
hŶ͛ĂƫƚƵĚŝŶĞ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĂ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞ ůĂ ŵŽƟǀĂnjŝŽŶĞ Ğ ůĂ ĮĚƵĐŝĂ ƉĞƌ ƉĞƌƐĞǀĞƌĂƌĞ Ğ ƌŝƵƐĐŝƌĞ
ŶĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽůƵŶŐŽƚƵƩŽů͛ĂƌĐŽĚĞůůĂǀŝƚĂ͘hŶ͛ĂƫƚƵĚŝŶĞĂĚĂīƌŽŶƚĂƌĞŝƉƌŽďůĞŵŝƉĞƌ
ƌŝƐŽůǀĞƌůŝƐĞƌǀĞƐŝĂƉĞƌŝůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƐƚĞƐƐŽƐŝĂƉĞƌƉŽƚĞƌŐĞƐƟƌĞŐůŝŽƐƚĂͲ
ĐŽůŝĞŝůĐĂŵďŝĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘/ůĚĞƐŝĚĞƌŝŽĚŝĂƉƉůŝĐĂƌĞƋƵĂŶƚŽƐŝğĂƉƉƌĞƐŽŝŶƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶnjĂĞůĞƉƌŽͲ
ƉƌŝĞĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞĚŝǀŝƚĂŶŽŶĐŚĠůĂĐƵƌŝŽƐŝƚăĚŝĐĞƌĐĂƌĞŶƵŽǀĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĞ
ĚŝĂƉƉůŝĐĂƌĞů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŶƵŶĂŐĂŵŵĂĚŝĐŽŶƚĞƐƟĚĞůůĂǀŝƚĂƐŽŶŽĞůĞŵĞŶƟĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂͲ
ůŝĚŝƵŶ͛ĂƫƚƵĚŝŶĞƉŽƐŝƟǀĂ͘
ϲ͘ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝĞĐŝǀŝĐŚĞ
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
YƵĞƐƚĞŝŶĐůƵĚŽŶŽĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝ͕ŝŶƚĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝĞŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĞƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶŽƚƵƩĞůĞ
ĨŽƌŵĞĚŝĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽĐŚĞĐŽŶƐĞŶƚŽŶŽĂůůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĚŝƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂƌĞŝŶŵŽĚŽĞĸĐĂĐĞĞĐŽͲ
ƐƚƌƵƫǀŽĂůůĂǀŝƚĂƐŽĐŝĂůĞĞůĂǀŽƌĂƟǀĂ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞĂůůĂǀŝƚĂŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚăƐĞŵƉƌĞƉŝƶĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĐĂͲ
ƚĞ͕ĐŽŵĞĂŶĐŚĞĂƌŝƐŽůǀĞƌĞŝĐŽŶŇŝƫŽǀĞĐŝžƐŝĂŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝŽ͘>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĐŝǀŝĐĂĚŽƚĂůĞƉĞƌͲ
ƐŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟƉĞƌƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂƌĞĂƉƉŝĞŶŽĂůůĂǀŝƚĂĐŝǀŝůĞŐƌĂnjŝĞĂůůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞŝĐŽŶͲ
ĐĞƫĞĚĞůůĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞƐŽĐŝŽƉŽůŝƟĐŝĞĂůů͛ŝŵƉĞŐŶŽĂƵŶĂƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂnjŝŽŶĞĂƫǀĂĞĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĂ͘
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ
͘>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂƐŽĐŝĂůĞĐŽůůĞŐĂƚĂĂůďĞŶĞƐƐĞƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĞƐŽĐŝĂůĞĐŚĞƌŝĐŚŝĞĚĞůĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞͲ
ǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚŝĐŝžĐŚĞŐůŝŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŝĚĞǀŽŶŽĨĂƌĞƉĞƌĐŽŶƐĞŐƵŝƌĞƵŶĂƐĂůƵƚĞĮƐŝĐĂĞŵĞŶƚĂůĞŽƫŵĂůŝ͕
͘>ĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĐŝǀŝĐĂƐŝďĂƐĂƐƵůůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞŝĐŽŶĐĞƫĚŝĚĞŵŽĐƌĂnjŝĂ͕ŐŝƵƐƟnjŝĂ͕ƵŐƵĂͲ
ŐůŝĂŶnjĂ͕ĐŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĞĚŝƌŝƫĐŝǀŝůŝ͕ĂŶĐŚĞŶĞůůĂĨŽƌŵĂŝŶĐƵŝĞƐƐŝƐŽŶŽĨŽƌŵƵůĂƟŶĞůůĂĂƌƚĂ
ĚĞŝĚŝƌŝƫĨŽŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůŝĚĞůů͛hŶŝŽŶĞĞƵƌŽƉĞĂĞŶĞůůĞĚŝĐŚŝĂƌĂnjŝŽŶŝŝŶƚĞƌŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝĞŶĞůůĂĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂŝŶĐƵŝƐŽŶŽĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟĚĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶŝĂůŝǀĞůůŽůŽĐĂůĞ͕ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ĞƵƌŽƉĞŽ
ĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͘ƐƐĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĞǀŝĐĞŶĚĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŶĞĞŶŽŶĐŚĠĚĞŝ
ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝĞǀĞŶƟĞƚĞŶĚĞŶnjĞŶĞůůĂƐƚŽƌŝĂŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ĞƵƌŽƉĞĂĞŵŽŶĚŝĂůĞ͘^ŝĚŽǀƌĞďďĞŝŶŽůͲ
ƚƌĞƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞůĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞŐůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝ͕ĚĞŝǀĂůŽƌŝĞĚĞůůĞƉŽůŝƟĐŚĞĚĞŝŵŽǀŝŵĞŶƟ
ƐŽĐŝĂůŝĞƉŽůŝƟĐŝ͘ĂůƚƌĞƐŞĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůĞůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĞƵƌŽƉĞĂ͕ŶŽŶĐŚĠĚĞůͲ
ůĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞ͕ĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝĞĚĞŝǀĂůŽƌŝĚĞůů͛h͕ĐŽŵĞƉƵƌĞƵŶĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůͲ
ůĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĞĚĞůůĞŝĚĞŶƟƚăĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝŝŶƵƌŽƉĂ͘
>ĞĂďŝůŝƚăŝŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂĚŝĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂĐŝǀŝĐĂƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶŽůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝŝŵƉĞŐŶĂƌƐŝŝŶŵŽĚŽĞĨͲ
ĮĐĂĐĞĐŽŶŐůŝĂůƚƌŝŶĞůůĂƐĨĞƌĂƉƵďďůŝĐĂŶŽŶĐŚĠĚŝŵŽƐƚƌĂƌĞƐŽůŝĚĂƌŝĞƚăĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĞƉĞƌƌŝƐŽůͲ
ǀĞƌĞŝƉƌŽďůĞŵŝĐŚĞƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶŽůĂĐŽůůĞƫǀŝƚăůŽĐĂůĞĞůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝƚăĂůůĂƌŐĂƚĂ͘ŝžĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂ
ƵŶĂƌŝŇĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĐƌŝƟĐĂĞĐƌĞĂƟǀĂĞůĂƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽƐƚƌƵƫǀĂĂůůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĚĞůůĂĐŽůůĞƫǀŝƚă
ŽĚĞůǀŝĐŝŶĂƚŽ͕ĐŽŵĞĂŶĐŚĞůĂƉƌĞƐĂĚŝĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŝĂƚƵƫŝůŝǀĞůůŝ͕ĚĂƋƵĞůůŽůŽĐĂůĞĂƋƵĞůůŽŶĂͲ
njŝŽŶĂůĞĞĚĞƵƌŽƉĞŽ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞŝůǀŽƚŽ͘
/ůƉŝĞŶŽƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĚĞŝĚŝƌŝƫƵŵĂŶŝ͕ƚƌĂĐƵŝĂŶĐŚĞƋƵĞůůŽĚĞůů͛ƵŐƵĂŐůŝĂŶnjĂƋƵĂůĞďĂƐĞƉĞƌůĂĚĞͲ
ŵŽĐƌĂnjŝĂ͕ůĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĞůĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjĞƚƌĂƐŝƐƚĞŵŝĚŝǀĂůŽƌŝĚŝĚŝǀĞƌͲ
ƐŝŐƌƵƉƉŝƌĞůŝŐŝŽƐŝŽĞƚŶŝĐŝƉŽŶŐŽŶŽůĞďĂƐŝƉĞƌƵŶĂƩĞŐŐŝĂŵĞŶƚŽƉŽƐŝƟǀŽ͘ŝžƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŵĂŶŝͲ
ĨĞƐƚĂƌĞƐŝĂƵŶƐĞŶƐŽĚŝĂƉƉĂƌƚĞŶĞŶnjĂĂůůƵŽŐŽŝŶĐƵŝƐŝǀŝǀĞ͕ĂůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽƉĂĞƐĞ͕Ăůů͛hĞĂůů͛ƵͲ
ƌŽƉĂŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĞĂůŵŽŶĚŽ͕ƐŝĂůĂĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĂƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂƌĞĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞͲ
ŵŽĐƌĂƟĐŽĂƚƵƫŝůŝǀĞůůŝ͘sŝƌŝĞŶƚƌĂĂŶĐŚĞŝůĨĂƩŽĚŝĚŝŵŽƐƚƌĂƌĞƐĞŶƐŽĚŝƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚă͕ŶŽŶͲ
ĐŚĠĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĞƌŝƐƉĞƩŽƉĞƌŝǀĂůŽƌŝĐŽŶĚŝǀŝƐŝ͕ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĂĚĂƐƐŝĐƵƌĂƌĞůĂĐŽĞƐŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂ
ĐŽŵƵŶŝƚă͕ĐŽŵĞŝůƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐŝ͘>ĂƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽƐƚƌƵƫǀĂĐŽŵƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂĂŶĐŚĞĂƫǀŝƚăĐŝǀŝůŝ͕ŝůƐŽƐƚĞŐŶŽĂůůĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͕ĂůůĂĐŽĞƐŝŽŶĞĞĂůůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƐŽƐƚĞͲ
ŶŝďŝůĞĞƵŶĂĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĂƌŝƐƉĞƩĂƌĞŝǀĂůŽƌŝĞůĂƐĨĞƌĂƉƌŝǀĂƚĂĚĞŐůŝĂůƚƌŝ͘
ϳ͘^ĞŶƐŽĚŝŝŶŝnjŝĂƟǀĂĞĚŝŝŵƉƌĞŶĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝƚă
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
/ůƐĞŶƐŽĚŝŝŶŝnjŝĂƟǀĂĞů͛ŝŵƉƌĞŶĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝƚăĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŽŶŽůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝƵŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂĚŝƚƌĂĚƵƌƌĞůĞ
ŝĚĞĞŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘/ŶĐŝžƌŝĞŶƚƌĂŶŽůĂĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚă͕ů͛ŝŶŶŽǀĂnjŝŽŶĞĞů͛ĂƐƐƵŶnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƌŝƐĐŚŝ͕ĐŽŵĞĂŶĐŚĞůĂ
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ
>ĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĂĂƚĂůĮŶĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞů͛ĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌĞůĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĚŝͲ
ƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƉĞƌĂƫǀŝƚăƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝ͕ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝĞͬŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŚĞ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝƉŝƶĂŵͲ
ƉŝĞĐŚĞĨĂŶŶŽĚĂĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĂůŵŽĚŽŝŶĐƵŝůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞǀŝǀŽŶŽĞůĂǀŽƌĂŶŽ͕ĐŽŵĞĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽ
ƵŶĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĚĞůĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůů͛ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĂ͕ĚĞůůĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăĞƐĮĚĞĐŚĞ
ƐŝƚƌŽǀĂŶŽĂĚĂīƌŽŶƚĂƌĞŝĚĂƚŽƌŝĚŝůĂǀŽƌŽŽƵŶ͛ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘>ĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĚŽǀƌĞďďĞƌŽĞƐͲ
ƐĞƌĞĂŶĐŚĞĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůŝĚĞůůĂƉŽƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĞƟĐĂĚĞůůĞŝŵƉƌĞƐĞĞĚĞůŵŽĚŽŝŶĐƵŝĞƐƐĞƉŽƐƐŽͲ
ŶŽĂǀĞƌĞƵŶĞīĞƩŽďĞŶĞĮĐŽ͕ĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞŝůĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝŽĞƋƵŽĞƐŽůŝĚĂůĞŽĐŽƐƟͲ
ƚƵĞŶĚŽƵŶ͛ŝŵƉƌĞƐĂƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͘
>ĞĂďŝůŝƚăĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŽŶŽƵŶĂŐĞƐƟŽŶĞƉƌŽŐĞƩƵĂůĞƉƌŽĂƫǀĂ;ĐŚĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽůĂĐĂͲ
ƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝƉŝĂŶŝĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝŐĞƐƟŽŶĞ͕ĚŝůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉĞĚŝĚĞůĞŐĂ͕ĚŝĂŶĂůŝƐŝ͕Ěŝ
ĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝƌĞŶĚŝĐŽŶƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚŝƌĞŐŝƐƚƌĂnjŝŽŶĞͿ͕ůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝƌĂƉƉƌĞͲ
ƐĞŶƚĂŶnjĂĞŶĞŐŽnjŝĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĸĐĂĐŝĞůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝůĂǀŽƌĂƌĞƐŝĂŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞƐŝĂŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽͲ
ƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĂůů͛ŝŶƚĞƌŶŽĚŝŐƌƵƉƉŝ͘KĐĐŽƌƌĞĂŶĐŚĞůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĚŝƐĐĞƌŶŝŵĞŶƚŽĞĚŝŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌĞŝ
ƉƌŽƉƌŝƉƵŶƟĚŝĨŽƌnjĂĞŝƉƌŽƉƌŝƉƵŶƟĚĞďŽůŝĞĚŝƐŽƉƉĞƐĂƌĞĞĂƐƐƵŵĞƌƐŝƌŝƐĐŚŝĂůů͛ŽĐĐŽƌƌĞŶnjĂ͘
hŶ͛ĂƫƚƵĚŝŶĞŝŵƉƌĞŶĚŝƚŽƌŝĂůĞĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝnjnjĂƚĂĚĂƐƉŝƌŝƚŽĚŝŝŶŝnjŝĂƟǀĂ͕ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƌĞŐůŝ
ĞǀĞŶƟ͕ŝŶĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂĞŝŶŶŽǀĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĂǀŝƚĂƉƌŝǀĂƚĂĞƐŽĐŝĂůĞĐŽŵĞĂŶĐŚĞƐƵůůĂǀŽƌŽ͘/Ŷ
ĐŝžƌŝĞŶƚƌĂŶŽůĂŵŽƟǀĂnjŝŽŶĞĞůĂĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĞĂƌĂŐŐŝƵŶŐĞƌĞŽďŝĞƫǀŝ͕ƐŝĂŶŽĞƐƐŝƉĞƌƐŽͲ
ŶĂůŝ͕ŽĐŽŵƵŶŝĐŽŶĂůƚƌŝ͕ĂŶĐŚĞƐƵůůĂǀŽƌŽ͘
ϴ͘ŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĞĚĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝ
ĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞ͗
ŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůů͛ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶnjĂĚĞůů͛ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĐƌĞĂƟǀĂĚŝŝĚĞĞ͕ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞĞĚĞŵŽnjŝŽŶŝ
ŝŶƵŶ͛ĂŵƉŝĂǀĂƌŝĞƚăĚŝŵĞnjnjŝĚŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐŝůĂŵƵƐŝĐĂ͕ůĞĂƌƟĚĞůůŽƐƉĞƩĂĐŽͲ
ůŽ͕ůĂůĞƩĞƌĂƚƵƌĂĞůĞĂƌƟǀŝƐŝǀĞ͘
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝůĞŐĂƚĞĂƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ͗
>ĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞƉƌĞƐƵƉƉŽŶĞƵŶĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůƌĞƚĂŐŐŝŽĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞůŽĐĂůĞ͕ŶĂͲ
njŝŽŶĂůĞĞĚĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĞĚĞůůĂƐƵĂĐŽůůŽĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůŵŽŶĚŽ͘ƐƐĂƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂƵŶĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚŝ
ďĂƐĞĚĞůůĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝŽƉĞƌĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐĞƋƵĞůůĞĚĞůůĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂƉŽƉŽůĂƌĞĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂͲ
ŶĞĂ͘ĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůĞĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞůĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂŝŶƵƌŽƉĂĞŝŶĂůƚƌĞƉĂƌƟĚĞů
ŵŽŶĚŽ͕ůĂŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚăĚŝƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƌůĂĞů͛ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶnjĂĚĞŝĨĂƩŽƌŝĞƐƚĞƟĐŝŶĞůůĂǀŝƚĂƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶĂ͘
>ĞĂďŝůŝƚăŚĂŶŶŽĂĐŚĞĨĂƌĞƐŝĂĐŽŶůĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞƐŝĂĐŽŶů͛ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞ͗ůĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĞů͛ĂƉͲ
ƉƌĞnjnjĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞŽƉĞƌĞĚ͛ĂƌƚĞĞĚĞůůĞĞƐŝďŝnjŝŽŶŝĂƌƟƐƟĐŚĞŶŽŶĐŚĠů͛ĂƵƚŽĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞŵĞͲ
ĚŝĂŶƚĞƵŶ͛ĂŵƉŝĂŐĂŵŵĂĚŝŵĞnjnjŝĚŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĨĂĐĞŶĚŽƵƐŽĚĞůůĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăŝŶŶĂƚĞĚĞͲ
ŐůŝŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŝ͘dƌĂůĞĂďŝůŝƚăǀŝĂŶĐŚĞůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĐŽƌƌĞůĂƌĞŝƉƌŽƉƌŝƉƵŶƟĚŝǀŝƐƚĂĐƌĞĂƟǀŝĞĚ
ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝǀŝĂŝƉĂƌĞƌŝĚĞŐůŝĂůƚƌŝĞĚŝŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌĞĞƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂƌĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăƐŽĐŝĂůŝĞĚĞĐŽŶŽŵŝͲ
ĐŚĞŶĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĚĞůů͛ĂƫǀŝƚăĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞ͘>͛ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůĞŶĞůůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůͲ
ůĞĂďŝůŝƚăĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ͕ĐŚĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞƚƌĂƐĨĞƌŝƚĞŝŶŵŽůƟĐŽŶƚĞƐƟƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝ͘
hŶĂƐŽůŝĚĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂƉƌŽƉƌŝĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂĞƵŶƐĞŶƐŽĚŝŝĚĞŶƟƚăƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƌĞůĂďĂƐĞ
ĚŝƵŶĂƩĞŐŐŝĂŵĞŶƚŽĂƉĞƌƚŽǀĞƌƐŽůĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĚĞůů͛ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĞĚĞůƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĚĞůůĂ
ƐƚĞƐƐĂ͘hŶĂƩĞŐŐŝĂŵĞŶƚŽƉŽƐŝƟǀŽůĞŐĂƚŽĂŶĐŚĞĂůůĂĐƌĞĂƟǀŝƚăĞĂůůĂĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĂĐŽůƟǀĂƌĞ
ůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĞƐƚĞƟĐĂƚƌĂŵŝƚĞů͛ĂƵƚŽĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĂƌƟƐƟĐĂĞůĂƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂnjŝŽŶĞĂůůĂǀŝƚĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞ͘͟
Punto 10 • […]
i. normativa specifica per l’inclusione degli alunni disabili, con disturbi spe-
cifici di apprendimento e con bisogni educativi speciali;
j. Linee guida nazionali per l’orientamento permanente (nota MIUR prot. n.
4232 del 19-2-2014);
k. Linee guida per l’accoglienza e l’integrazione degli alunni stranieri (nota
MIUR prot. n. 4233 del 19-2-2014);
l. Linee di indirizzo per favorire il diritto allo studio degli alunni adottati
(nota MIUR prot. n. 7443 del 18-12-2014);
m. Linee di orientamento per azioni di prevenzione e di contrasto al bullismo
e al cyberbullismo (nota MIUR prot. n. 2519 del 15-4-2015)
Capitolo
L ATT
LE ATTIVITÀ
A IVITÀ DI PROGETTAZIONE
T
1 E PROGRAMMAZIONE
1. La programmazione
ǡ ǡǯ
ϐȂ Ǧ
Ȃǯ
Ǥ
¿ Ǧ
ǡ Ǧ
ǡ ǯ Ǥ
Ǧ
Ǥ
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Ǥ
° Ǧ
ǡϐϐϐ Ǧ
Ȁ ǡ° îǦ
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ǣ
Ȅ ǡ ǯǦ
ǡ ǡ
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3. La pianificazione di un curricolo
°ǯ Ǧ
ȋÆ ǡǤͶǡǤȌǤ
ϐǦ
ȋ Ǥ Ȍǡ ǦǦ
4. Programmazione d’istituto
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Ǣǣ
Ȅ ȋǡǦ
ǡ ǤȌǢ
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ǯǣǦ
ǡ ǤȌǢ
5. Programmazione educativa
ǯ ° Ǧ
Ǥ ǡ ͳιǡ
ǯ ϐ Ǧ
ȋ Ȍ
Ǥ
ǣ
ͳǤ Ǧ
Ǣ
ʹǤ Ǧ
Ǣ
͵Ǥ ȋǦ
ǡ ǡ Ǧǡ ǤȌǢ
ͶǤ ȋǡ
ǤȌǤ
6. Programmazione didattica
ǯ °
ǡ ǯî
Ǥ ǡ ǡǡǦ
ǡ ± ǯǦ
Ǥ
°ϐ ǡǦ
± Ǥ
Ö
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ZWWZ^Ed/KE>>WZK'ZDD/KE/dd/
KEK^E
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ǡǦ
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Ǥ
ʹͲͲͻ ǡ°
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ǯ ǡ° ǡ Ǧ
ǡDz dzǡ
Ǥ
2. L’insegnante di sostegno
ǯ° Ǧ
ȋǤͳͲͶȀͳͻͻʹȌ °Ǧ
ǡǯǦ
Ǥǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǥͳ͵ǦǦʹͲͳͷǡǤͳͲȋ Ǥ Ȍǡǡ
ϔ
ǡϐ ǯ Ǧ
ǡ ǡ
ǡ
ǯǯ Ǥ
ǯǦ
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ȋ Ȍ Ǥ
ǡǤǤǤǤͳʹʹȀʹͲͲͻ Ǧ
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ǡǦ
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ǡ
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ǤǦ
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ϐ ǡǦ
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^
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ŝƐůĞƐƐŝĂ ŝƐŐƌĂĮĂ ŝƐŽƌƚŽŐƌĂĮĂ ŝƐĐĂůĐƵůŝĂ
ǤͳͲͳͲͶȀͳͻͻʹǡ
ǯ
ǡϐ Ǥ
ǤǤͳʹǦǦʹͲͳͳǯǦ
Ǥ
Ǥ
• La dislessia
ǡǯϐ Ǥ
ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ ϐ ȋȀǢȀǢ
ȀǢȀȌǢ
Ȅ ϐ ȋȀǢȀǢȀǢȀǥȌ
ȋǡͳͷͷͳȌǢ
Ȅ ȋǡ
ȌǢ
Ȅ ǯǢ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ ϐ ȋǢǢǢ Ǣ ǢǢ
Ǣ ȌǢ
Ȅ ϐ ϐ ǯǢ
Ȅ ϐ ȋǡǡ
ǯȌǢ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ ϐ Ǣ
Ȅ ϐ ǯǢ
Ȅ ϐ Ǣ
Ȅ ϐ ȋǡ
ȌǤ
^͗ĚĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶŝ;>͘ϭϳϬͬϮϬϭϬͿ
ŝƐůĞƐƐŝĂ ^ŝŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂĐŽŶƵŶĂĚŝĸĐŽůƚăŶĞůů͛ŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂůĞŐŐĞƌĞ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞŶĞůůĂĚĞĐŝͲ
ĨƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝƐĞŐŶŝůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŝ͕ŽǀǀĞƌŽŶĞůůĂĐŽƌƌĞƩĞnjnjĂĞŶĞůůĂƌĂƉŝĚŝƚăĚĞůůĂůĞƩƵƌĂ
ŝƐŐƌĂĮĂ ŝƐƚƵƌďŽƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŽĚŝƐĐƌŝƩƵƌĂĐŚĞƐŝŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂŝŶĚŝĸĐŽůƚăŶĞůůĂƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞŐƌĂĮĐĂ
ŝƐŽƌƚŽŐƌĂĮĂ ŝƐƚƵƌďŽƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŽĚŝƐĐƌŝƩƵƌĂĐŚĞƐŝŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂŝŶĚŝĸĐŽůƚăŶĞŝƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟͲ
ĐŝĚŝƚƌĂŶƐĐŽĚŝĮĐĂ
ŝƐĐĂůĐƵůŝĂ ^ŝ ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚĂ ĐŽŶ ƵŶĂĚŝĸĐŽůƚă ŶĞŐůŝ ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟƐŵŝ ĚĞů ĐĂůĐŽůŽ Ğ ĚĞůů͛ĞůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽͲ
ŶĞĚĞŝŶƵŵĞƌŝ
4. Il diritto allo studio degli alunni con DSA e gli strumenti compensativi
ʹͲ ʹͲͳͳ ° ͳͲȀʹͲͳͲ
ȋǤǤǤͷͻȀʹͲͳͳȌ Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǧ
ǡǦ
ǡǯ Ǧ
ϐ
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ǡǯǤͷǤͳͲȀʹͲͳͲ
ǣ
Ȍ ǯ ǡ ϐ
ϐ Ǧ
ǡǡǦ
ǽǤ Ǧ
Ǣ
Ȍ ǯ ǡ Ǧ
ǡ ±
ϐ Ǧ
Ǥ
ǯǤͻǡ ǡǤ Ȍ Ǽǯǡ
ǯ
ęėĆęĊČĎĊĉĎĉĆęęĎĈčĊĊĒĊęĔĉĔđĔČĎĈčĊ
Ȅ ǡ Ö Ǧ
ȋȌ
Ǧ Ǥ
Ȅ ǡ Ǥ
Ȅ ǡǡ Ǧ
ǡ ǦǤ
Ȅ ϐǯǦ
Ǥ
Ȅ Ǥ
Ȅ Ǥ
Ȅ ǯ ǯ
ȋǤ ±ǡǦ
ȌǤ
Ȅ ǯ Ǥ
Ȅ ǯ Ǧ
ȋÆ ǡǤ͵ǡǤͶȌǤ
>ĂƚƵƚĞůĂĚĞůĚŝƌŝƩŽĚŝĂĐĐĞƐƐŽĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůŵŝŶŽƌĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŽƚƌŽǀĂůĞƐƵĞĨŽŶƟŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĞ
ŶĞůůĂůĞŐŐĞƐƵůů͛ŝŵŵŝŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŶ͘ϰϬĚĞůϲŵĂƌnjŽϭϵϵϴĞŶĞůĚĞĐƌĞƚŽůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽŶ͘ϮϴϲĚĞů
ϮϱůƵŐůŝŽϭϵϵϴ͞dĞƐƚŽƵŶŝĐŽŝŵŵŝŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ͟ĐŚĞƌŝƵŶŝƐĐĞĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂŐůŝŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŝŶĨĂǀŽͲ
ƌĞĚĞůů͛ĂĐĐŽŐůŝĞŶnjĂĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝŝŵŵŝŐƌĂƟ͕ƉŽŶĞŶĚŽƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĂůů͛ŝŶͲ
ƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͘>ĂůĞŐŐĞŶ͘ϭϴϵĚĞůϯϬůƵŐůŝŽϮϬϬϮŚĂƉŽŝĐŽŶĨĞƌŵĂƚŽůĞƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĚŝ
ĂĐĐŽŐůŝĞŶnjĂĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͘
/ůƉƌĞƐƵƉƉŽƐƚŽĚŝƉĂƌƚĞŶnjĂğĐŚĞů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂĚŝƵŶŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞĐŚĞğƐƚĂƚŽƐĐŽůĂͲ
ƌŝnjnjĂƚŽĞƐĐůƵƐŝǀĂŵĞŶƚĞŶĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞŝƚĂůŝĂŶĞğƐĞŶnjĂĚƵďďŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐĂĚĂƋƵĞůůĂĚŝƵŶĂůƵŶŶŽ
ĂƉƉĞŶĂĂƌƌŝǀĂƚŽŝŶ/ƚĂůŝĂ͕ƐŽƉƌĂƩƵƩŽƐĞĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚĞ͕ƐĞŶnjĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŝƚĂůŝĂͲ
ŶĂĞĚĞůůĞƌĞŐŽůĞ͕ĚĞůĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞĞĚĞŐůŝƐƟůŝĚ͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĂǀŽůƚĞŵŽůͲ
ƚŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂƋƵĞůůŝĚĞůWĂĞƐĞĚŝƉƌŽǀĞŶŝĞŶnjĂ͘
>Ğ>ŝŶĞĞ'ƵŝĚĂĚĞůĨĞďďƌĂŝŽϮϬϭϰ;EŽƚĂD/hZŶ͘ϰϮϯϯͬϮϬϭϰͿƉƌĞǀĞĚŽŶŽŶĞůĚĞƩĂŐůŝŽůĞƐŝͲ
ƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŚĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽǀĞƌŝĮĐĂƌƐŝ͗
Ͷ ůƵŶŶŝĐŽŶĐŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂŶŽŶŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂ͘^ŽŶŽŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĐŚĞ͕ĂŶĐŚĞƐĞŶĂƟŝŶ/ƚĂůŝĂ͕ŚĂŶŶŽ
ĞŶƚƌĂŵďŝŝŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝĚŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝƚăŶŽŶŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂ͘
Ͷ ůƵŶŶŝĐŽŶĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞŶŽŶŝƚĂůŽĨŽŶŽ͘ůƵŶŶŝĐŚĞǀŝǀŽŶŽŝŶƵŶĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĨĂŵŝůŝĂͲ
ƌĞŶĞůƋƵĂůĞŝŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝ͕ĂƉƌĞƐĐŝŶĚĞƌĞĚĂůĨĂƩŽĐŚĞƵƐŝŶŽŽŶŽů͛ŝƚĂůŝĂŶŽƉĞƌƉĂƌůĂƌĞĐŽŶ
ŝĮŐůŝ͕ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞƉŽƐƐŝĞĚŽŶŽŝŶƋƵĞƐƚĂůŝŶŐƵĂĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞůŝŵŝƚĂƚĞ͕ĐŚĞŶŽŶŐĂƌĂŶͲ
ƟƐĐŽŶŽƵŶƐŽƐƚĞŐŶŽĂĚĞŐƵĂƚŽŶĞůƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŽĚŝĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝƐĐƌŝƩƵƌĂĞĚŝ
3. Verifica e valutazione
ϐ ǡ ± Ǧ
ǡ Ǥ
ϐ ǡǡ ǡ
ǯǤ
ϔ ϐ ǣ ǡ
ǡǡ Ǥǡ ± ǡ
Ǥ
ǡǯϐ Ǧ
ǯǡ ϐ ǡϐ
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ǡǡǡǦ
îϐ Ǧ
Ǥ ǡ Ǧ
ǯǡ
ǯϐ Ǥ ±Ǧ
ǡ
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ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
WĞƌƋƵĂŶƚŽƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŐůŝĞƐĂŵŝ͕ŶĞůůĞ>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂĚĞůϮϬϭϰ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZŶ͘ϰϮϯϯͬϮϬϭϰͿƐŝůĞŐͲ
ŐĞ͗͞>ĂŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂĚ͛ĞƐĂŵĞŶŽŶƉĞƌŵĞƩĞĚŝĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjŝĂƌĞĨŽƌŵĂůŵĞŶƚĞůĞƉƌŽǀĞƉĞƌŐůŝƐƚƵͲ
ĚĞŶƟƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝŵĂƐŽůŽƉĞƌŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟĐŽŶďŝƐŽŐŶŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽĐŽŵƵŶƋƵĞ
ĨŽƌŶŝƟĚŝƵŶƉŝĂŶŽĚŝĚĂƫĐŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚŽ͘ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĐŚĞĂŶĐŚĞŶĞůůĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƉƌĞͲ
ƐĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞĂůů͛ĞƐĂŵĞĚŝ^ƚĂƚŽ͕ƐŝĂĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞůƉƌŝŵŽĐŚĞĚĞůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽĐŝĐůŽ͕ǀŝ
ƐŝĂƵŶ͛ĂĚĞŐƵĂƚĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝĞĚĞůůĞŵŽĚĂůŝƚăĐŽŶĐƵŝƐŝƐŽŶŽƐǀŽůͲ
ƟŝƌŝƐƉĞƫǀŝƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŝĚŝŝŶƐĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽĞĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘
Ǥ
°ǤͳʹʹȀͲͻǡ
ϐ ǡ
ǡ ϐ Ǣ
ϐ ǡ
Ǧ Ǧ
îǤ ° ϐ Ǧ
Ǧ
Ǥ
°ǤǤǤͷͻȀͳͳǡ ǡ
ϐǡ Ǧ
Ǧ ǢǦ
ǡϐ
ǯϐ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡ ϐ ǡ
ǯǤ
î
Ǥ
ϐ Ö
͵ǡ ǡ
Ǧ
Ǥǡ
10. I criteri di attribuzione del credito scolastico nel triennio delle scuo-
le secondarie di secondo grado
ϐ ǡ Ǧ
ǡ
ǡ ǡ ǣ
Ȅ ϐȋȌǢ
Ȅ ǯǢ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ Ǣ
Ȅ Ǽ ǽ Ǥ
ǡ Ǧ
ǡǯǼǦ
ǽȀ Ǥ
ϐ ǡ Ǧ
ǡ Ǧ
ǯ ȋ ǡǡ ǡǦ
ǡ ǡ ǡ ǤȌǡ Ǧ
ǯǡ ° Ǧ
ǯǡ ǯϐ Ǥ
• Le prove strutturate
>ĞƉƌŽǀĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚĞƐŽŶŽŝŶǀĞĐĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƚĞŽŐŐĞƫǀĞ͘ƐƐĞƉĞƌžŶŽŶƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞƵƟͲ
ůŝnjnjĂƚĞĞƐĐůƵƐŝǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ͗ƐĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĂŶĚĂƌĞďĞŶĞƉĞƌůĞǀĞƌŝĮĐŚĞŝŶŝnjŝĂůŝĞŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĞ͕ŶĞůůĞ
ǀĞƌŝĮĐŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŝǀĞĚĞǀŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞĂĸĂŶĐĂƚĞĂŐůŝĂůƚƌŝƟƉŝĚŝƉƌŽǀĞƉŝƶ͞ĐůĂƐƐŝĐŝ͘͟
ZŝĐŚŝĞĚŽŶŽŵŽůƚŽƚĞŵƉŽĂůů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƚĞŝŶĨĂƐĞĚŝƉƌĞƉĂƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŵĂƐǀĞůƟƐĐŽŶŽůĞĨĂƐŝĚŝĐŽƌƌĞͲ
njŝŽŶĞĞŵŝƐƵƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘^ŽŶŽĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƚĞĚĂƋƵĞƐŝƟĐŚĞŚĂŶŶŽƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĞƉƌĞĚĞĮŶŝƚĞƉĞƌĐƵŝů͛ĂůƵŶͲ
ŶŽƉƵžƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞƌĞƐŽůŽŝŶŵĂŶŝĞƌĂĐŽƌƌĞƩĂŽĞƌƌĂƚĂƐĞŶnjĂƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚăĚŝĂŵďŝŐƵŝƚăŽĞƋƵŝǀŽĐŝ͘
ůĞƟƉŽůŽŐŝĞĚŝƉƌŽǀĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚĞƐŽŶŽŵŽůƚĞ;ĂƐĐĞůƚĂĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĂĐŽŵĞǀĞƌŽͬĨĂůƐŽ͕ĐŽƌƌĞƩŽͬ
ƐďĂŐůŝĂƚŽ͕ƐŞͬŶŽ͖ĂƐĐĞůƚĂŵƵůƟƉůĂ͖ĚŝƌŝŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͖ĚŝĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂŵĞŶƚŽĞĐĐ͘Ϳ͘
>ĞƉƌŽǀĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶŽŝůĚŝĨĞƩŽĚŝĞƐƐĞƌĞƉŽĐŽĂƩĞŶĚŝďŝůŝƉĞƌůĂǀĞƌŝĮĐĂĚĞŐůŝ
ŽďŝĞƫǀŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƉĞƌĐŚĠů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽƉŽƚƌĞďďĞƐƵƉĞƌĂƌĞŝůƚĞƐƚĂŶĐŚĞƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĚŽŝŶŵĂŶŝĞͲ
ƌĂĚĞůƚƵƩŽĐĂƐƵĂůĞĂĚĂůĐƵŶŝƋƵĞƐŝƟ͘
• Le prove semistrutturate
^ŽŶŽůĞƉƌŽǀĞͨĂƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂďƌĞǀĞŽĂƉĞƌƚĂͩŝŶĐƵŝĐŝŽğů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽĚĞǀĞƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞƌĞƉĞƌŝƐĐƌŝƩŽ
ĂĚĞůůĞĚŽŵĂŶĚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚĞĚĂůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ;ƵŶƉŽ͛ĐŽŵĞŝŶƵŶ͛ŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂnjŝŽŶĞͿ͘ŝƐŽŐŶĂƉŽƌͲ
ƌĞŵŽůƚĂĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞůĂĚŽŵĂŶĚĂ͕ĐŚĞŶŽŶĚĞǀĞĞƐƐĞƌĞĂŵďŝŐƵĂĞĚĞǀĞƌĞŶͲ
ĚĞƌĞĂĐĐĞƩĂďŝůĞƵŶĂƐŽůĂƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂ͘
dƌĂƋƵĞƐƚĞƉƌŽǀĞƉŽƚƌĞŵŵŽŝŶƐĞƌŝƌĞĂŶĐŚĞŝůƐĂŐŐŝŽďƌĞǀĞĐŚĞŚĂĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝƐƟĐŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĞ
ĨƌĂůĞƉƌŽǀĞƐĞŵŝƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚĞĞŝůƚĞŵĂ͘>ĂůƵŶŐŚĞnjnjĂĚĞůůĂƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂǀŝĞŶĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĂĂůů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽ
ĚĂĐŚŝƉƌĞƉĂƌĂŝůƐĂŐŐŝŽĞĚŝƐŽůŝƚŽƉƌĞǀĞĚĞƵŶŶƵŵĞƌŽĚŝƌŝŐŚĞŶŽŶƚƌŽƉƉŽĞůĞǀĂƚŽ͘
• La costruzione di un test
dĞƌŵŝŶĂƚŽů͛ĞƐĂŵĞĚĞůůĞĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƉƌŽǀĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚĞ͕ďŝƐŽŐŶĂƐĂƉĞƌĞĐŽŵĞƵƟůŝnjnjĂƌůĞƉĞƌŵŝͲ
ƐƵƌĂƌĞŝůƌĂŐŐŝƵŶŐŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞŐůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝ͘
ƐƐĞǀĞŶŐŽŶŽƉƌŽƉŽƐƚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞƌŝƵŶĞŶĚŽŝŶƵŶƚĞƐƚƵŶĐĞƌƚŽŶƵŵĞƌŽĚŝƉƌŽǀĞĐŚĞ͕
ĐŽŶƚĞƌŵŝŶĞŝŶŐůĞƐĞĂůƋƵĂŶƚŽĚŝīƵƐŽ͕ǀĞŶŐŽŶŽĚĞƩĞŝƚĞŵ͖ƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĂƉƉĂƌƚĞŶĞƌĞĂƵŶƐŽůŽ
ƟƉŽŽĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĨƌĂƋƵĞůůŝƐŽƉƌĂĚĞƐĐƌŝƫ͘
/ůŶƵŵĞƌŽĚŝƋƵĞƐŝƟĚĂŝŶƐĞƌŝƌĞŶĞůůĂƉƌŽǀĂĚŝƉĞŶĚĞ͗
Ͷ ĚĂůůŽƐĐŽƉŽĚĞůƚĞƐƚ͖
Ͷ ĚĂůƟƉŽĚŝƋƵĞƐŝƟƵƟůŝnjnjĂƟ͖
Ͷ ĚĂůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞ͘
• Le interrogazioni
EĂƚƵƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ƋƵĞƐƚŽ ƟƉŽ Ěŝ ǀĞƌŝĮĐĂ ŶŽŶ ƌŝƐƵůƚĂ ŝŶĐŽŵƉĂƟďŝůĞ ĐŽŶ ůĞ ƚƌĂĚŝnjŝŽŶĂůŝ ƉƌŽͲ
ǀĞŽƌĂůŝ;ůĞŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂnjŝŽŶŝͿ͕ĐŚĞƚƵƩĂǀŝĂƐĂƌĂŶŶŽĮŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĞĂĚĂĐĐĞƌƚĂƌĞŝůƌĂŐŐŝƵŶŐŝŵĞŶͲ
ƚŽĚŝĂůƚƌŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝ͕ĐŽŵĞůĂƉĂĚƌŽŶĂŶnjĂĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝǀĂĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂ͕ůĂǀĞůŽĐŝƚăŶĞůů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂͲ
njŝŽŶĞĐŽƌƌĞƩĂĚĞůůĞƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶŝ͕ůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞĞƚĐ͘>ĂƉƌŽǀĂŽƌĂůĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĂůĐƵŶŝĚŝͲ
ĨĞƫŝŶƋƵĂŶƚŽŶŽŶůĂƐĐŝĂƚƌĂĐĐŝĂŶğĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽ͕ƉĞŶĂůŝnjnjĂŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƉŝƶĞŵŽƟǀŝĞŚĂďŝƐŽͲ
ŐŶŽĚŝƚĞŵƉŝƉŝƶůƵŶŐŚŝ͘
ϐ Ǧ
ϐ ǣ
Ȅ ǡ
° Ǣ
Ȅ ǡ
Ǧ
Ǥ
ǯ ǡ
ǡ ǡ Ǧ
ǯ Ǥ
ǡǦ
ǣ
Ȅ ϐǡǡ ǡϐ ȋǤǦ
ϔ ȌǢ
Ȅ ϐ ǡǡǡϐ Ǧ
Ǣ
Ȅ ϐϐ Ǧ
ǯϐ ǯϐ ǯ Ǥ
ϐ Ȁ
ǡ ϐ Ǧ
ǡǡǡ ǡ
1. La continuità didattica
ǯǡ ¿
ǡ
îǦ
Ǥ
°
Ǥ1ǡ Ǧ
Ǧ
ǣ ǡǡǡǤ
ǡǡ ǡǦ
ǯ ǡǦ
ǡǦ
ǯǤ
°
Ǥ
2. La continuità verticale
ǯÖǯǦ
Ǽ ǽǡǦ
ǯ
ϐ ǯ Ǽǽǯ ǤǦ
ȋǡǡȌǡǡ Ǧ
Ǧ
±ǡǡǯǤ
ǡǦ
Ǽǽǡ
ϐ ǡ ϐǦ
ǡǡ ǢǦǦ
ǡǡ ϐ ǡǡǦ
ǡ Ǥ
ǯǦ
ǣ ǡ ǡ ǡǦ
ǡ ǡ ǡǦ
ǡǡ ǡ
ǯǡ ǡ
Ǥ ǡǦ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ Ǧ
ǡ ǡǼ
ǽǣǡ ǡ ǡ
Ǥ
4. L’orientamento
ǯ°
Ǥ
ϔ
ǡǦ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǯ ǯǡ
ǯ ǯ ȋ
Ȍǡ ǡ
ǡ° Ǧ
Ǥ
ǯÖ ǡ ǯ Ǧ
ǣ
Ȅ ǣ
± Ǧ
Ǣ
Ȅ ǣ
ǡǡǯ ǡ
ǯ °
ǡǤ ϐǦ
ǡ ǡǦ
Ǥ1 ǡǡǯ Ǧ
6. La didattica orientativa
ǯǦ
ϐ Ǧ
Ǥ1
Öǯ Ǥ
î Ö
°
Ǥ
Ȅ
ǡǡ ǡǦ
ǡǤ
Ǥ
Ȅ Ǧ
° Ǥ
Ǥ
Ȅ ǡǦ
Ǥ °Ǧ
Ǥ
Ȅ ǯ ǡ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ
Ȅ ǯ
ǡ
°Ǥ
Ȅ ǯ
Ǥ°Ǧ
ǡǯϐ
ǡǡ
Ǧ ǡ
Ǥ ¿
Ǥ
Ö ǡ Ǧ
ǡ ǡ Ǧ
Ǥ ǡϐ
ǡǤ
ǡ°Ǧ
ǣ Ǧ ±Ǧ
ǡ ȋ ϐǯǦ
Ȍǡ ǡǣ Ǧ
Ǥ
ZŝƉŽƌƟĂŵŽƋƵŝƵŶŽƐƚƌĂůĐŝŽĚĞůůĞ>ŝŶĞĞĚŝŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽϮϬϭϱĐŝƌĐĂůĞĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŚĞĚĞǀŽŶŽĞƐͲ
ƐĞƌĞƉŽƐƚĞŝŶĞƐƐĞƌĞĚĂůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͗
͞EĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůů͛ĂnjŝŽŶĞƉƌŽƉŽƐŝƟǀĂĚĞůůĞƌĞƟ͕ǀĂƐŽƩŽůŝŶĞĂƚĂů͛ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶnjĂĚĞůůĞŝŶŝnjŝĂƟǀĞĞ
ĚĞŝƉƌŽŐĞƫĐŚĞůĞƐŝŶŐŽůĞŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶŝƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŚĞŵĞƩĞƌĂŶŶŽŝŶĂƩŽ͘ůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͕ŝŶĨĂƫ͕ƋƵĂͲ
ůŝŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶŝƉƌĞƉŽƐƚĞĂůĐŽŶƐĞŐƵŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞĮŶĂůŝƚăĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĞ͕ğĂĸĚĂƚŽŝůĐŽŵƉŝƚŽĚŝŝŶͲ
ĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƌĞĞĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚĂƌĞŝĨĞŶŽŵĞŶŝĚĞůďƵůůŝƐŵŽĞĚĞůĐLJďĞƌďƵůůŝƐŵŽ͕ƋƵĂůŽƌĂƐŝĂŶŽŐŝăƉƌĞͲ
ƐĞŶƟ͕ĞĚŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂƌĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŵŝƌĂƟĚŝƉƌĞǀĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůĚŝƐĂŐŝŽ͕ƉŽŶĞŶĚŽŝŶĞƐƐĞƌĞƐƉĞĐŝͲ
ĮĐŚĞĂnjŝŽŶŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĞĚĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĞƌŝǀŽůƚĞĂƚƵƩĂůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝƚăƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͕ŝǀŝĐŽŵƉƌĞƐĞůĞĨĂͲ
ŵŝŐůŝĞ͕ŝŶƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂĂůůĞŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚăŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƚĞ͘
>ĞƐŝŶŐŽůĞŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶŝƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŚĞĂǀƌĂŶŶŽĐƵƌĂĚŝŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƌĞů͛ŽīĞƌƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĂĐŽŶĂƫǀŝƚă
ĮŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĞĂůůĂƉƌĞǀĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĞĂůĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŽĚĞůďƵůůŝƐŵŽĞĚĞůĐLJďĞƌďƵůůŝƐŵŽ͕ŶĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽ
ĚĞůůĞƚĞŵĂƟĐŚĞĂīĞƌĞŶƟŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĞŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞƉĞƌƚƌĂĚƵƌƌĞŝ͞ƐĂƉĞƌŝ͟ŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂͲ
ŵĞŶƟĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůŝĞĐŽƌƌĞƫ͕ŝŶĚŝƐƉĞŶƐĂďŝůŝĂĐŽŶƐĞŶƟƌĞĂůůĞŐŝŽǀĂŶŝŐĞŶĞƌĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝĞƐĞƌĐŝͲ
ƚĂƌĞůĂĚĞŵŽĐƌĂnjŝĂŶĞůƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĚĞůůĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĞĚĞůůĞƌĞŐŽůĞĚĞůůĂĐŽŶǀŝǀĞŶnjĂĐŝǀŝůĞ͘>ĞŝŶĚŝͲ
ĐĂnjŝŽŶŝƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂĚƵŶƵƟůŝnjnjŽƐŝĐƵƌŽĚĞůůĂZĞƚĞĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟƉŽƚƌĂŶŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞŽŐͲ
ŐĞƩŽĚŝƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝŵŽĚƵůŝĚŝĚĂƫĐŝ͕ĚĂŝŶƐĞƌŝƌĞŶĞůWŝĂŶŽĚĞůů͛KīĞƌƚĂ&ŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ;WK&Ϳ͘dƵƫ
ŝĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƟĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝƚăĞĚƵĐĂŶƚĞ͕ŝŶĨĂƫ͕ƐŽŶŽĐŚŝĂŵĂƟĂĚĂƌĞĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŵŵĞͲ
ĚŝĂƚĂĚŝĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟůĞŐĂƟĂůĐLJďĞƌďƵůůŝƐŵŽ͕ĂŶĐŚĞŶŽŶǀĞƌďĂůŝ͕ĂƚƵƫŝƐŽŐŐĞƫĐŽŝŶǀŽůͲ
Ɵ;ŽůůĞŐŝŽĚĞŝĚŽĐĞŶƟ͕ŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚ͛ŝƐƟƚƵƚŽ͕ĨĂŵŝŐůŝĞͿĞĐŽůůĂďŽƌĞƌĂŶŶŽĂůůĂƉƌĞĚŝƐƉŽƐŝnjŝŽŶĞ
ĚŝŵŝƐƵƌĞĮŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĞĂĚƵŶƵƟůŝnjnjŽĐŽƌƌĞƩŽĚĞůůĂZĞƚĞĞĚĞŐůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟĐŝŶĞůZĞͲ
ŐŽůĂŵĞŶƚŽĚŝ/ƐƟƚƵƚŽ͘/ŶĮŶĞ͕ŝŶƉƌĞƐĞŶnjĂĚŝĂĚĞŐƵĂƚĞƌŝƐŽƌƐĞƵŵĂŶĞĞƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůŝ͕ĐŝĂƐĐƵͲ
ŶĂŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂŽƌĞƚĞĚŝƐĐƵŽůĞŵĞƩĞƌăĂĚŝƐƉŽƐŝnjŝŽŶĞƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚŝƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĂůůĞ
ĂƫǀŝƚăĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞĚĞŝĚŽĐĞŶƟ;ĨŽƌƵŵĚŝĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶĞ͕ďůŽŐĞůĞnjŝŽŶŝŽŶůŝŶĞͿ͘
>ĂƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĂĚŝĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚŽĚĞŝĨĞŶŽŵĞŶŝĚĞůďƵůůŝƐŵŽĚŽǀƌĞďďĞĞƐƐĞƌĞĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƚĂ͕ƋƵŝŶĚŝ͕Őŝă
ĂƉĂƌƟƌĞĚĂůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĞ͕ĚĂƵŶŝŶƐŝĞŵĞĚŝŵŝƐƵƌĞĚŝƉƌĞǀĞŶnjŝŽŶĞƌŝǀŽůƚĞĂŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟ
ĚŝǀĂƌŝĂƟƉŽůŽŐŝĂ͘KŐŶŝŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͕ĂŶĐŚĞŝŶƌĞƚĞĐŽŶĂůƚƌĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͕ƐƵůůĂďĂƐĞĚĞůͲ
ůĞƌŝƐŽƌƐĞƵŵĂŶĞĞĮŶĂŶnjŝĂƌŝĞĚŝƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝĞŝŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽŶĞŶƟĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂnjŝŽŶŝƚĞƌƌŝƚŽͲ
ƌŝĂůŝŝŶƵŶ͛ŽƫĐĂĚŝƐŝŶĞƌŐŝĂŝŶƚĞƌŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ğĐŚŝĂŵĂƚĂĂŵĞƩĞƌĞŝŶĐĂŵƉŽůĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝĞ
ĂnjŝŽŶŝƉƌĞǀĞŶƟǀĞĞŐůŝĂĐĐŽƌŐŝŵĞŶƟƚĞĐŶŝĐŝĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƟǀŝƉĞƌĨĂƌƐŞĐŚĞů͛ĂĐĐĞƐƐŽĂůůĞZĞƚĞ
ĚĂŝĚĞǀŝĐĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƐŝĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĂƚŽĞǀĞŶŐĂĚĂŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟƉĞƌĐĞƉŝƚŽĐŽŵĞƚĂůĞ͘
ǯ°
ǯ ǡ ǯ
ǡ Ǧ
Ǥǯ Ǧ
ǯǡ
Ǧϐ Ǥ
Punto 6 • Conoscenze nel campo dei media per la didattica e degli strumen-
ti interattivi per la gestione della classe.
1. La relazione insegnante-allievo
Ǧǡ Ǧ
Ǥ Ǧ
° ȋÆ ǡǤͷǡǤʹȌǤ
ǯ° Ǧ
ǯ ǡ
ϐ ±
Ǥ
Ǧ° ǡ °Ǧ
Ǣ Öǯ
ÖǤǡϐ Ǧ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
ǯ Ǥ
Ö ° ǯ
° ǣ
Ȅ ǡ ǯ
Ǣ
Ȅ ǯ ǯ ǯ Ǧ
ǡǤ
ǯ ǡ Ǧ
ǯ ǣ ǡ Ǧ
ǡ ϐ ǡǯǦ
±ǡ ǯǡǦ
ϐǦ
Ǥ
5. La comunicazione didattica
ȋ Ö ǡ ǡ ǤȌǡ
Dzdzǯ
Ǥǯ
°ǯǣ° Ǧ
ȋ ȌǦ
Ǥ
>KDhE//KEsZ>EKEsZ>>KEd
ŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ Ͷ >ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞǀĞƌďĂůĞƵƟůŝnjnjĂƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŵĞŶƚĞŝůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͕ĐŚĞŽǀǀŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ǀĞƌďĂůĞ ĚĞǀĞƉŽƚĞƌĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƐŽĚĂůů͛ŝŶƚĞƌůŽĐƵƚŽƌĞ͕ŶĞůŶŽƐƚƌŽĐĂƐŽŐůŝĂůůŝĞǀŝ͘
Ͷ /ĚŝƐĐŽƌƐŝƚƌŽƉƉŽůƵŶŐŚŝƐŽŶŽƟƉŝĐŝĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞƵŶŝĚŝƌĞnjŝŽŶĂůĞĞƐƚĂŶĐĂͲ
ŶŽƉƌĞƐƚŽŝůƌŝĐĞǀĞŶƚĞĚĞůŵĞƐƐĂŐŐŝŽ͘DĞŐůŝŽĚƵŶƋƵĞůĞnjŝŽŶŝďƌĞǀŝĞŝŶƚĞƌĂƫǀĞ
ƉĞƌĞǀŝƚĂƌĞŝůĐĂůŽĚŝĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞ͘
Ͷ ƩĞŶĞƌƐŝĂůů͛ĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƚŽĚŝĐƵŝƐŝǀƵŽůĞƉĂƌůĂƌĞĞǀŝƚĂŶĚŽĞdžĐƵƌƐƵƐĐŚĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĚŝƐƚƌĂƌͲ
ƌĞĚĂůƚĞŵĂƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞ͘EŽŶƚƌĂƐĐƵƌĂƌĞŝƉĂƐƐĂŐŐŝůŽŐŝĐŝ͗ŶŽŶĚĞǀŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĐŝǀƵŽƟŶĞůĚŝͲ
ƐĐŽƌƐŽĞŶĞŵŵĞŶŽĞĐĐĞƐƐŝĚŝƉĂƌŽůĂ͖ŶŽŶƐŝĚĞǀĞĚŝƌĞŶĠƚƌŽƉƉŽŶĠƉŽĐŽ͘
Ͷ ǀŝƚĂƌĞĚŝůĞŐŐĞƌĞƉĂƐƐŝƚƌŽƉƉŽůƵŶŐŚŝĚĂŝůŝďƌŝĚŝƚĞƐƚŽ͘
Ͷ ĞƌĐĂƌĞĚŝĐŽŝŶǀŽůŐĞƌĞĂŶĐŚĞĞŵŽƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞŝƌĂŐĂnjnjŝ͕ĐŽŶĚŽŵĂŶĚĞ͕ĐŝƚĂŶĚŽůŽƌŽ
ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞĚŝƌĞƩĞ͕ƐƵƐĐŝƚĂŶĚŽƉĞƌƋƵĂŶƚŽƉŽƐƐŝďŝůĞĂŶĐŚĞƌĞĂnjŝŽŶŝĞŵŽƟǀĞ͘
Ͷ ƐĐŽůƚĂƌĞĞƉƌĞƐƚĂƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĞĂůůĞĚŽŵĂŶĚĞĐŚĞƉƌŽǀĞŶŐŽŶŽĚĂůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞ͕ŝŶĐĞƌͲ
ƟĐĂƐŝĂŶĐŚĞƐƟŵŽůĂŶĚŽůĞ͘
Ͷ hƐĂƌĞůĂǀŽĐĞƉĞƌŵĂŶƚĞŶĞƌĞĚĞƐƚĂů͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůŐƌƵƉƉŽĐůĂƐƐĞ͗ŶŽŶƵƐĂƌĞŵĂŝ
ůŽƐƚĞƐƐŽǀŽůƵŵĞ͕ŐůŝƐƚĞƐƐŝƚŽŶŝĞůŽƐƚĞƐƐŽƟŵďƌŽƉĞƌů͛ŝŶƚĞƌĂůĞnjŝŽŶĞ͘
ǯǡ ǣ
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2. Metodologia e metodo
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• Metodi di insegnamento
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4. Strategie didattiche
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1. La lezione frontale
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2. La didattica laboratoriale
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/ůĐŝĐůŽĚĞůůĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂĂnjŝŽŶĞ
/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ ZĂĐĐŽůƚĂĚĂƟ
ĚĞůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ ;ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟĂƵĚŝŽ͕ĨŽƚŽ͕
ǀŝĚĞŽ͕ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝƐƚĞ͕
ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĂƌŝĞĐĐ͘
sĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ /ŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ĚĞŝĚĂƟ
njŝŽŶĞ
^ĞƋƵĞŶnjĞĚĞůůĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂͲĂnjŝŽŶĞ
^YhEϭ ^YhEϮ ^YhEϯ
&KZD/KE>'ZhWWK Z/Z /KE
ϭ͘ &ŽƌŵĂƌĞŝůŐƌƵƉƉŽĐŽŶĂĐͲ ϭ͘ ĞĮŶŝƌĞŝůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ ϭ͘ ĞĮŶŝƌĞŽďŝĞƫǀŝƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝ͘
ĐĞƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ ŝŶŝnjŝĂůĞ͕ ƚƌĂͲ Ϯ͘ DĞƚƚĞƌĞ Ă ƉƵŶƚŽ Őůŝ Ϯ͘ ^ǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞƵŶƉŝĂŶŽĚŝŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƚŽ͘
ŵŝƚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝƐƚĞ͕ ĚĞůůĂ ĚŝͲ ƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟ ϯ͘ ŝīƵƐŝŽŶĞĚĞŝƌŝƐƵůƚĂƟ
ƐƉŽŶŝďŝůŝƚăĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶƚĞƌĞƐͲ ϯ͘ &ĂƌĞŝƉŽƚĞƐŝĚŝĂnjŝŽŶĞ >ĂĚŝīƵƐŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĂĞĚĞŝƌŝͲ
ƐŝĚĞŝƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂŶƟĞƐĐĞͲ ƐƵůƚĂƟŶĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƵŝŝůŐƌƵƉƉŽŽƉĞƌĂ
ŐůŝĞƌĞůĂŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĂ͘ DŽŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƚƌĂƐĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůŐƌƵƉƉŽ
Ϯ͘ ^ǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞ ůĞ ŵĞƚĞ ĚĞů ĚĂƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞŝŶƐŝĞŵĞĚŝƉĂƌƚĞĐŝƉĂŶƟŝŶŽƌͲ
ŐƌƵƉƉŽ ŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞ
ϯ͘ ĚĚĞƐƚƌĂƌĞŝůŐƌƵƉƉŽ
6. La ricerca sperimentale
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ƌĞĂƌĞƵŶĞůĞŶĐŽĚŝƉƌŽďůĞŵŝ
&ŽĐĂůŝnjnjĂƌĞ ^ĞůĞnjŝŽŶĂƌĞŝůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ ĞƐĐƌŝnjŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂĚĞůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ
sĞƌŝĮĐĂƌĞĞĚĞĮŶŝƌĞŝůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ
ĞĐŝĚĞƌĞĐŽƐĂğŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝŽƐĂƉĞƌĞ
sĂůŽƌŝĚŝƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ŶĂůŝnjnjĂƌĞ ZĂĐĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞŝĚĂƟĚŝƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ůĞŶĐŽĚĞŝĨĂƩŽƌŝĐƌŝƟĐŝ
ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƌĞŝĨĂƩŽƌŝƌŝůĞǀĂŶƟ
'ĞŶĞƌĂƌĞƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶŝĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ
^ĐĞůƚĂĚĞůůĂƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ
ZŝƐŽůǀĞƌĞ ^ĞůĞnjŝŽŶĂƌĞƵŶĂƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶĞ
WŝĂŶŽĚŝĂƩƵĂnjŝŽŶĞ
^ǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞƵŶƉŝĂŶŽĚŝĂƩƵĂnjŝŽŶĞ
/ŵƉĞŐŶĂƌƐŝĂůƌŝƐƵůƚĂƚŽĂƐƉĞƩĂƚŽ
/ŵƉĞŐŶŽŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƟǀŽ
ƐĞŐƵŝƌĞŝůƉŝĂŶŽ
ƐĞŐƵŝƌĞ WŝĂŶŽĞƐĞŐƵŝƚŽ
DŽŶŝƚŽƌĂƌĞ ů͛ŝŵƉĂƩŽ ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞ ů͛ŝŵƉůĞͲ
sĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ŵĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ
9. Mastery learning
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ĂƐĐŽůƚĂƌĞŝŶƋƵĂůƐŝĂƐŝŵŽŵĞŶƚŽůĞƉĂƌŽůĞĚĞůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ͘
'ůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟƉƌŽǀĂŶŽĂƚƌĂƩĞŶĞƌĞŝůŵĂŐŐŝŽƌŶƵŵĞƌŽ
ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůĞĚŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ŵĂŐĂƌŝƉƌĞŶĚĞŶĚŽĂƉƉƵŶͲ >ĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶŝĂǀǀŝĂƚĞŝŶĐůĂƐƐĞƉĞƌŵĞƩĞƌĂŶŶŽĂŐůŝ
Ɵ͘ŝžŶŽŶƉĞƌŵĞƩĞůŽƌŽĚŝƐŽīĞƌŵĂƌƐŝƐƵŝĐŽŶĐĞƫ͘ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƟĚŝƐŽĐŝĂůŝnjnjĂƌĞĞĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƌĞŶĞůůĂƌŝƐŽůƵnjŝŽͲ
ŶĞĚŝƵŶƉƌŽďůĞŵĂĐŽŵƵŶĞ͘
3. Il brain-storming
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4. Il circle time
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sĞƌŝĮĐŚĞĮŶĂůŝ
ĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
dƌƵĞ;dͿŽƌ&ĂůƐĞ;&Ϳ͍
T F ϭͿdŚĞ͞ůŝƚŚŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͕͟ƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͛ƐŽƵƚĞƌƐŽůŝĚůĂLJĞƌ͕ŝƐŵĂĚĞŽĨƌŽĐŬ͘
T F ϮͿWĞƚƌŽůŽŐLJŝƐĂŶĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽĨŐĞŽůŽŐLJ͘
T F ϯͿWůƵƚŽŶŝĐŽƌŝŶƚƌƵƐŝǀĞƌŽĐŬƐƌĞƐƵůƚǁŚĞŶŵĂŐŵĂŚĞĂƚƐĂŶĚĐƌLJƐƚĂůůŝnjĞƐƐůŽǁͲ
ůLJǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͛ƐĐƌƵƐƚ͘
T F ϰͿsŽůĐĂŶŝĐŽƌĞdžƚƌƵƐŝǀĞƌŽĐŬƐƌĞƐƵůƚĨƌŽŵŵĂŐŵĂƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĞŝƚŚĞƌ
ĂƐůĂǀĂŽƌĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚĂůĞũĞĐƚĂ͘
T F ϱͿ^ĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂƌLJƌŽĐŬƐĨŽƌŵĨĂƌĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͛ƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘
T F ϲͿDĞƚĂŵŽƌƉŚŝĐ ƌŽĐŬƐ ĂƌĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ďLJ ƐƵďũĞĐƟŶŐ ĂŶLJ ƌŽĐŬ ƚLJƉĞ ƚŽ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘
T F ϳͿ/ŐŶĞŽƵƐƌŽĐŬƐĂƌĞĨŽƌŵĞĚǁŚĞŶŵŽůƚĞŶŵĂŐŵĂŚĞĂƚƐ͘
T F ϴͿ>ŝƚŚŝĐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŵĂƌŬƐƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŽůĚĞƐƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůLJƵƐĞĚƚĞĐŚͲ
ŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͘
dŝĐŬƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĂŶƐǁĞƌ
ϭͿ/ŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůƌŽĐŬƐĂƌĞŽĨ͗
ĂͿƚǁŽƚLJƉĞƐ͘
ďͿƚŚƌĞĞƚLJƉĞƐ͘
ĐͿĨŽƵƌƚLJƉĞƐ͘
ϮͿ/ŐŶĞŽƵƐƌŽĐŬƐĂƌĞĚŝǀŝĚĞĚŝŶƚŽ͗
ĂͿƚǁŽŵĂŝŶĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͘
ďͿƚŚƌĞĞŵĂŝŶĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͘
ĐͿĨŽƵƌŵĂŝŶĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐ͘
ϯͿZŽĐŬƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƵƐĞĚďLJ,ŽŵŽƐĂƉŝĞŶƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŚŽŵŝŶŝĚƐĨŽƌ͗
ĂͿŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭŵŝůůŝŽŶLJĞĂƌƐ͘
ďͿŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϮŵŝůůŝŽŶLJĞĂƌƐ͘
ĐͿŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϯŵŝůůŝŽŶLJĞĂƌƐ͘
ŽŵƉůĞƚĞƚŚĞƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚǁŽƌĚ
ϭͿZŽĐŬƐŚĂǀĞŚĂĚĂŚƵŐĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚ͙͙͙͙͙͙͙ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŚƵͲ
ŵĂŶƌĂĐĞ͘
1. I libri di testo
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EĞůĐŽƌƐŽĚĞŐůŝĂŶŶŝ͕ů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞğƐƚĂƚŽƵŶŽĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝĐĂŵͲ
ƉŝĚŝŝŶĚĂŐŝŶĞĚĞůůĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂ͗ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞĐŽŵĞůĂůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂ͕ůĂƐŽĐŝŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂ͕ůĂ
ƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂĞůĞƐĐŝĞŶnjĞĚĞůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ŚĂŶŶŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵŝƚŽĂĨŽƌŶŝƌĞŶƵŽǀĞƐƚƌƵƩƵͲ
ƌĞĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞĞƚĞĐŶŝĐŚĞĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
>ĞůŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂƉĞƌů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞƐŽƩŽůŝŶĞĂŶŽů͛ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶnjĂ
ĚŝƚƵƩĞůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĚŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŵĂŝŶĐůĂƐƐĞůĂůŝŶŐƵĂƚĂƌŐĞƚğƉŽĐŽƵƐĂƚĂ
ĚĂŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƟ͘/ĐƵƌƌŝĐŽůŝĚŝƵŶĂĚŽnjnjŝŶĂĚŝƉĂĞƐŝŽĚŝƌĞŐŝŽŶŝƌĂĐĐŽŵĂŶͲ
ĚĂŶŽĂŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟĚŝƉƵŶƚĂƌĞƐƵůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞŽƌĂůŝ͕ĐŽŵĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂƌĞĞƉĂƌůĂƌĞ͕
Ăůů͛ŝŶŝnjŝŽĚĞůů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞĂŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƉŝƶŐŝŽǀĂŶŝ͘ůůĂĮŶĞ
ĚĞůů͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĂ͕ƚƵƩĂǀŝĂ͕ƋƵĂƐŝƚƵƫŝĐƵƌƌŝĐŽůŝĚĂŶŶŽůĂƐƚĞƐƐĂŝŵƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂŶnjĂĂƚƵƩĞĞƋƵĂƩƌŽůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĚŝĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĞĐŝŽğĂƐĐŽůƚĂƌĞ͕ƉĂƌůĂƌĞ͕
ůĞŐŐĞƌĞĞƐĐƌŝǀĞƌĞ͘>ĂƌĞĂůƚăĚĞŝĨĂƫĚŝŵŽƐƚƌĂĐŚĞƉŝƶŝŶƉƵƚƌŝĐĞǀŽŶŽŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟ͕
ƉŝƶĂůƚŽğŝůƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘ŝžŶŽŶŽƐƚĂŶƚĞ͕ŝŶƋƵĂƐŝƚƵƫŝƉĂĞƐŝŽůĞƌĞŐŝŽŶŝƉĂƌƚĞĐŝͲ
ƉĂŶƟĂůů͛^>͕ŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟƐŽƐƚĞŶŐŽŶŽĐŚĞŝůŽƌŽĚŽĐĞŶƟŶŽŶƵƐĂŶŽƌĞŐŽůĂƌŵĞŶͲ
ƚĞůĂůŝŶŐƵĂƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂĐŚĞŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶŽŝŶĐůĂƐƐĞ͕ŵĂƐŝůŝŵŝƚĂŶŽĂƵƐĂƌůĂƐŽůŽŽĐĐĂƐŝŽͲ
ŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞŽ͕ŶĞůůĂŵŝŐůŝŽƌĞĚĞůůĞŝƉŽƚĞƐŝ͕ƐƉĞƐƐŽŵĂŶŽŶƐĞŵƉƌĞ͘
412 Appendice 1
ĚƌŽŶĂŶnjĂͿ͕ĂƌƟĐŽůĂƚĞĂůŽƌŽǀŽůƚĂŝŶĚƵĞůŝǀĞůůŝĐŝĂƐĐƵŶĂ͘WĞƌĐŝĂƐĐƵŶŽĚĞŝƐĞŝůŝǀĞůůŝ
ĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŝǀŝǀŝĞŶĞĚĞƐĐƌŝƩŽĐŝžĐŚĞƵŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽğŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĨĂƌĞŝŶĚĞƩĂŐůŝŽŶĞŝ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĂŵďŝƟĚŝĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂ͗ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞ͕ƉƌŽĚƵͲ
njŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂĞƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞ͘
^
ϭ >/s>>K^͘
ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞĞƵƐĂĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝĚŝƵƐŽƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽĞĨƌĂƐŝďĂƐŝůĂƌŝƚĞƐĞĂƐŽĚĚŝƐĨĂƌĞďŝƐŽŐŶŝĚŝƟƉŽ
ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚŽ͘^ĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌĞƐĞƐƚĞƐƐŽͬĂĞŐůŝĂůƚƌŝĞĚğŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĨĂƌĞĚŽŵĂŶĚĞĞƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞƌĞƐƵ
ƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌŝƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝĐŽŵĞĚŽǀĞĂďŝƚĂ͕ůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞĐŚĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞĞůĞĐŽƐĞĐŚĞƉŽƐƐŝĞĚĞ͘/ŶƚĞͲ
ƌĂŐŝƐĐĞŝŶŵŽĚŽƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞƉƵƌĐŚĠů͛ĂůƚƌĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƉĂƌůŝůĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚĞĞĐŚŝĂƌĂŵĞŶƚĞĞƐŝĂĚŝƐƉŽͲ
ƐƚĂĂĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƌĞ͘
Ϯ >/s>>K>DEdZ
ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞĨƌĂƐŝĞĚĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝƵƐĂƚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂĚĂŵďŝƟĚŝŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĂƌŝůĞͲ
ǀĂŶnjĂ;Ɛ͘ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝĞĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝĚŝďĂƐĞ͕ĨĂƌĞůĂƐƉĞƐĂ͕ůĂŐĞŽŐƌĂĮĂůŽĐĂůĞ͕ů͛ŽĐĐƵͲ
ƉĂnjŝŽŶĞͿ͘ŽŵƵŶŝĐĂŝŶĂƫǀŝƚăƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝĞĚŝƌŽƵƟŶĞĐŚĞƌŝĐŚŝĞĚŽŶŽƵŶƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞƐĐĂŵďŝŽĚŝŝŶͲ
ĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝƐƵĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝĞĐŽŵƵŶŝ͘^ĂĚĞƐĐƌŝǀĞƌĞŝŶƚĞƌŵŝŶŝƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝĂƐƉĞƫĚĞůƐƵŽ
ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ͕ĚĞůů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĐŝƌĐŽƐƚĂŶƚĞ͕ƐĂĞƐƉƌŝŵĞƌĞďŝƐŽŐŶŝŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƟ͘
hdKEKD/
ϭ >/s>>KWZͲ/EdZD/KK/^K'>/
ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞŝƉƵŶƟĐŚŝĂǀĞĚŝĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝĐŚĞƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶŽůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͕ŝůƚĞŵƉŽůŝďĞƌŽĞƚĐ͘
^ĂŵƵŽǀĞƌƐŝĐŽŶĚŝƐŝŶǀŽůƚƵƌĂŝŶƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŚĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽǀĞƌŝĮĐĂƌƐŝŵĞŶƚƌĞǀŝĂŐŐŝĂŶĞůƉĂĞƐĞŝŶ
ĐƵŝƐŝƉĂƌůĂůĂůŝŶŐƵĂ͘ŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝƉƌŽĚƵƌƌĞƵŶƚĞƐƚŽƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞƌĞůĂƟǀŽĂĚĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĐŚĞƐŝĂŶŽ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝŽĚŝŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞ͘ŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝĚĞƐĐƌŝǀĞƌĞĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞĞĚĂǀǀĞŶŝŵĞŶƟ͕ƐŽŐŶŝ͕
ƐƉĞƌĂŶnjĞĞĂŵďŝnjŝŽŶŝĞƐƉŝĞŐĂƌĞďƌĞǀĞŵĞŶƚĞůĞƌĂŐŝŽŶŝĚĞůůĞƐƵĞŽƉŝŶŝŽŶŝĞĚĞŝƐƵŽŝƉƌŽŐĞƫ͘
Ϯ >/s>>K/EdZD/K
ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞůĞŝĚĞĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝĚŝƚĞƐƟĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŝƐƵĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟƐŝĂĐŽŶĐƌĞƟĐŚĞĂƐƚƌĂƫ͕ĐŽŵͲ
ƉƌĞƐĞůĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶŝƚĞĐŶŝĐŚĞŶĞůƐƵŽĐĂŵƉŽĚŝƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘ŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝŝŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƌĞĐŽŶ
ƵŶĂĐĞƌƚĂƐĐŝŽůƚĞnjnjĂĞƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞŝƚăĐŚĞƌĞŶĚŽŶŽƉŽƐƐŝďŝůĞƵŶ͛ŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞĐŽŶŝƉĂƌůĂŶͲ
ƟŶĂƟǀŝƐĞŶnjĂƐĨŽƌnjŽƉĞƌů͛ŝŶƚĞƌůŽĐƵƚŽƌĞ͘^ĂƉƌŽĚƵƌƌĞƵŶƚĞƐƚŽĐŚŝĂƌŽĞĚĞƩĂŐůŝĂƚŽƐƵƵŶ͛ĂŵͲ
ƉŝĂŐĂŵŵĂĚŝĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĞƐƉŝĞŐĂƌĞƵŶƉƵŶƚŽĚŝǀŝƐƚĂƐƵƵŶĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƚŽĨŽƌŶĞŶĚŽŝƉƌŽĞŝĐŽŶͲ
ƚƌŽĚĞůůĞǀĂƌŝĞŽƉnjŝŽŶŝ͘
WZKEE
ϭ >/s>>KWK^d/EdZD/KK/&&//EhdKEKD
ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƵŶ͛ĂŵƉŝĂŐĂŵŵĂĚŝƚĞƐƟĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŝĞůƵŶŐŚŝĞŶĞƐĂƌŝĐŽŶŽƐĐĞƌĞŝůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽŝŵͲ
ƉůŝĐŝƚŽ͘^ŝĞƐƉƌŝŵĞĐŽŶƐĐŝŽůƚĞnjnjĂĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞnjnjĂ͘hƐĂůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŝŶŵŽĚŽŇĞƐƐŝďŝůĞĞĚĞĸĐĂĐĞƉĞƌ
ƐĐŽƉŝƐŽĐŝĂůŝ͘
Ϯ >/s>>KsEdKK/WZKEE>>>/E'h/E^/dh/KE/KDW>^^
ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞĐŽŶĨĂĐŝůŝƚăƉƌĂƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞƚƵƩŽĐŝžĐŚĞƐĞŶƚĞĞůĞŐŐĞ͘^ĂƌŝĂƐƐƵŵĞƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝ
ƉƌŽǀĞŶŝĞŶƟĚĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĨŽŶƟƐŝĂƉĂƌůĂƚĞĐŚĞƐĐƌŝƩĞ͕ƌŝƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂŶĚŽŐůŝĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟŝŶƵŶĂƉƌĞƐĞŶͲ
ƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽĞƌĞŶƚĞ͘^ĂĞƐƉƌŝŵĞƌƐŝƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ŝŶŵŽĚŽŵŽůƚŽƐĐŽƌƌĞǀŽůĞĞƉƌĞĐŝƐŽ͕ŝŶĚŝǀŝͲ
ĚƵĂŶĚŽůĞƉŝƶƐŽƫůŝƐĨƵŵĂƚƵƌĞĚŝƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽŝŶƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐĞ͘
414 Appendice 1
ƚĞŶnjĞĐŚŝĂǀĞ;ÆWĂƌƚĞ//͕ĂƉ͘ϭϬ͕ƉĂƌ͘ϴͿ͕ĐŚĞƉƌĞǀĞĚĞůĂƉĂĚƌŽŶĂŶnjĂĚŝƉŝƶůŝŶŐƵĞ
ƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞ͕ǀŝĞŶĞƋƵŝŶĚŝĐŽŶƚƌĂĚĚĞƩĂĚĂůƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽĞƐĐůƵƐŝǀŽĂƵŶĂƐŽůĂůŝŶŐƵĂ͘
>͛/ƚĂůŝĂğƚƌĂŝϭϰƉĂĞƐŝĞƵƌŽƉĞŝĐŚĞŚĂŶŶŽŝŵƉŽƐƚŽů͛ŝŶŐůĞƐĞĐŽŵĞůŝŶŐƵĂŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝĂ͘
>͛ŝŶŐůĞƐĞğƉĞƌĂůƚƌŽƋƵĂƐŝƐĞŵƉƌĞůĂƉƌŝŵĂůŝŶŐƵĂƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂƐƚƵĚŝĂƚĂ͕ŝŶƋƵĂŶƚŽĂƉƉƵŶͲ
ƚŽŝŵƉŽƐƚĂŶĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂ͘YƵĞƐƚĂƐĐĞůƚĂĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĐŚĞ͕ĂůĐƵŶŝĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂŶŽĚŝͲ
ƐĐƵƟďŝůĞ͕ŶĂƐĐĞŽǀǀŝĂŵĞŶƚĞĚĂůů͛ƵƐŽŽƌŵĂŝƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚĞĚĞůů͛ŝŶŐůĞƐĞĐŽŵĞůŝŶŐƵĂĚĞůůĂ
ŐůŽďĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘EŽŶğƵŶĐĂƐŽŝŶĨĂƫĐŚĞů͛ŝĚŝŽŵĂĂŶŐůŽĨŽŶŽƐŝĂŝŶƐĞŐŶĂƚŽĂůϵϬйĚĞͲ
ŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝŝŶƚƵƩĂƵƌŽƉĂ͕ƐŽƉƌĂƩƵƩŽŶĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂ͘
ZŝƉŽƌƟĂŵŽƋƵŝĚŝƐĞŐƵŝƚŽƵŶŽƐƚƌĂůĐŝŽĚĞůůĞ/ŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝƉĞƌŝůĐƵƌƌŝĐŽůŽ
ĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶĨĂŶnjŝĂĞĚĞůƉƌŝŵŽĐŝĐůŽĚ͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ;ϮϬϭϮͿƌĞůĂƟǀŽĂůůĞĐŽŵͲ
ƉĞƚĞŶnjĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŚĞ͘
͞>®Ä¦ç®Ä¦½ÝÝÊĽ®Ä¦çÊÃçÄ®ãÙ®
>͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŝŶŐůĞƐĞĞĚŝƵŶĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂůŝŶŐƵĂĐŽŵƵŶŝƚĂƌŝĂ͕ŽůƚƌĞ
ĂůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŵĂƚĞƌŶĂĞĚŝƐĐŽůĂƌŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ƉĞƌŵĞƩĞĂůů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽĚŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞƵŶĂĐŽŵͲ
ƉĞƚĞŶnjĂƉůƵƌŝůŝŶŐƵĞĞƉůƵƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĞĚŝĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƌĞŝƉƌŝŵŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟƵƟůŝĂĚĞƐĞƌͲ
ĐŝƚĂƌĞůĂĐŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĂƫǀĂŶĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĐƵŝǀŝǀĞ͕ĂŶĐŚĞŽůƚƌĞŝĐŽŶĮŶŝĚĞůƚĞƌƌŝͲ
ƚŽƌŝŽŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͘
>ĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂĚĞůůĂĐŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĞƵƌŽƉĞĂĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽŝůĐŽŶƚĂƩŽĐŽŶĚƵĞůŝŶͲ
ŐƵĞĐŽŵƵŶŝƚĂƌŝĞ͕ůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚŝƵŶƌĞƉĞƌƚŽƌŝŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĐĂƚŽĚŝƌŝƐŽƌƐĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŚĞĞ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝƉĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƌĞĐŽŶŐůŝĂůƚƌŝĞůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞůĞůŝŶŐƵĞĐŽŶĐŽƌƌŽŶŽ
Ăůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞƉůƵƌŝůŝŶŐƵĞĞŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞ͕ŶĞůů͛ŽƫĐĂĚĞůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ͘
ĐĐŽƐƚĂŶĚŽƐŝĂƉŝƶůŝŶŐƵĞ͕ů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽŝŵƉĂƌĂĂƌŝĐŽŶŽƐĐĞƌĞĐŚĞĞƐŝƐƚŽŶŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟƐŝͲ
ƐƚĞŵŝůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŝĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĞĚŝǀŝĞŶĞŵĂŶŵĂŶŽĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞĚĞůůĂǀĂƌŝĞƚăĚŝŵĞnjnjŝ
ĐŚĞŽŐŶŝůŝŶŐƵĂŽīƌĞƉĞƌƉĞŶƐĂƌĞ͕ĞƐƉƌŝŵĞƌƐŝĞĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƌĞ͘
WĞƌĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƌĞŝƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝĐŚĞƌĞŶĚŽŶŽƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƋƵĞƐƟƌŝƐƵůƚĂƟğŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝŽĐŚĞĂůů͛ĂƉͲ
ƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞǀĞŶŐĂĂƐƐŝĐƵƌĂƚĂƐŝĂƚƌĂƐǀĞƌƐĂůŝƚăŝŶ͞ŽƌŝnjnjŽŶƚĂůĞ͕͟ƐŝĂ
ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚăŝŶ͞ǀĞƌƟĐĂůĞ͘͟ƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽůĂƉƌŽŐĞƩĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽŶĐŽƌĚĂƚĂĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶͲ
ƟĚ͛ŝƚĂůŝĂŶŽ͕ĚĞůůĞĚƵĞůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞĞĚŝĂůƚƌĞĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂůĂƚƌĂƐǀĞƌƐĂͲ
ůŝƚăŝŶŽƌŝnjnjŽŶƚĂůĞĐŽŵĞĂƌĞĂĚŝŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƚŽĐŽŵƵŶĞƉĞƌůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽͲĐŽͲ
ŐŶŝƟǀŽ͘>ĂĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚăǀĞƌƟĐĂůĞƐŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂĚĂůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂĂůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƐĞĐŽŶͲ
ĚĂƌŝĂĚŝƉƌŝŵŽŐƌĂĚŽŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞůĂƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝƌĞůĂƟǀŝĂůůĞĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĞůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƉĞƌŝŵƉĂƌĂƌĞůĞůŝŶŐƵĞ͘
WĞƌƋƵĂŶƚŽƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŝŶŐůĞƐĞŶĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂ͕ů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƚĞƚĞƌƌăĐŽŶͲ
ƚŽĚĞůůĂŵĂŐŐŝŽƌĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽĚŝĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƌƐŝƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞĂŵĞŶƚĞĚŝŵŽĚĞůͲ
ůŝĚŝƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂĞŝŶƚŽŶĂnjŝŽŶĞƉĞƌĂƫǀĂƌĞƉŝƶŶĂƚƵƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞƵŶƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƉůƵƌŝůŝŶŐƵĞ͘
dĂůĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽŝŶƚĞŐƌĞƌăĞůĞŵĞŶƟĚĞůůĂŶƵŽǀĂůŝŶŐƵĂŶĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŵĂͲ
ĚƌĞ͕ĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂĚŝƐĐŽůĂƌŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚŝĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůŝĂůƚƌĞůŝŶŐƵĞŝŶƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŽĚĞůů͛ĂůƵŶͲ
ŶŽ͕ĂŵƉůŝĂŶĚŽŶĞĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjŝĂŶĚŽŶĞŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚĂŵĞŶƚĞůĞǀĂƌŝĞĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƟůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟͲ
ĐŚĞ;ĂƐƉĞƫĨŽŶŝĐŽͲĂĐƵƐƟĐŝ͕ĂƌƟĐŽůĂƚŽƌŝ͕ƐŝŶƚĂƫĐŝĞƐĞŵĂŶƟĐŝͿ͘ůĮŶĞĚĞůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂͲ
njŝŽŶĞƉůƵƌŝůŝŶŐƵĞĞŝŶƚĞƌĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞƉŽƚƌĂŶŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞƵƟůŝĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞĚŝƐĞŶƐŝďŝůŝnjnjĂͲ
njŝŽŶĞĂůŝŶŐƵĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶĞŝƌĞƉĞƌƚŽƌŝůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŝĚŝƐŝŶŐŽůŝĂůƵŶŶŝ͘
416 Appendice 1
dƌĂŐƵĂƌĚŝƉĞƌůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂ
ƉĞƌůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŝŶŐůĞƐĞ
;/ƚƌĂŐƵĂƌĚŝƐŽŶŽƌŝĐŽŶĚƵĐŝďŝůŝĂů>ŝǀĞůůŽϭĚĞůYƵĂĚƌŽŽŵƵŶĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚŝZŝĨĞͲ
ƌŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌůĞůŝŶŐƵĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚ͛ƵƌŽƉĂͿ
>͛ĂůƵŶŶŽĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞďƌĞǀŝŵĞƐƐĂŐŐŝŽƌĂůŝĞƐĐƌŝƫƌĞůĂƟǀŝĂĚĂŵďŝƟĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝ͘
ĞƐĐƌŝǀĞŽƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞĞƉĞƌŝƐĐƌŝƩŽ͕ŝŶŵŽĚŽƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞ͕ĂƐƉĞƫĚĞůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽǀŝƐƐƵͲ
ƚŽĞĚĞůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĞĚĞůĞŵĞŶƟĐŚĞƐŝƌŝĨĞƌŝƐĐŽŶŽĂďŝƐŽŐŶŝŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƟ͘
/ŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƐĐĞŶĞůŐŝŽĐŽ͖ĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂŝŶŵŽĚŽĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝďŝůĞ͕ĂŶĐŚĞĐŽŶĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝ
ĞĨƌĂƐŝŵĞŵŽƌŝnjnjĂƚĞ͕ŝŶƐĐĂŵďŝĚŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝĞĚŝƌŽƵƟŶĞ͘
^ǀŽůŐĞŝĐŽŵƉŝƟƐĞĐŽŶĚŽůĞŝŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝĚĂƚĞŝŶůŝŶŐƵĂƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂĚĂůů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƚĞ͕
ĐŚŝĞĚĞŶĚŽĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞƐƉŝĞŐĂnjŝŽŶŝ͘
/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂĂůĐƵŶŝĞůĞŵĞŶƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĞĐŽŐůŝĞƌĂƉƉŽƌƟƚƌĂĨŽƌŵĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŚĞĞƵƐŝ
ĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂ͘
KďŝĞƫǀŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞƚĞƌnjĂĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂ
ƐĐŽůƚŽ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞǀŽĐĂďŽůŝ͕ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶŝ͕ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝĞĨƌĂƐŝĚŝƵƐŽƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽ͕ƉƌŽŶƵŶͲ
ĐŝĂƟĐŚŝĂƌĂŵĞŶƚĞĞůĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚĞƌĞůĂƟǀŝĂƐĞƐƚĞƐƐŽ͕ĂŝĐŽŵƉĂŐŶŝ͕ĂůůĂĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂ͘
WĂƌůĂƚŽ;ƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞĞŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ WƌŽĚƵƌƌĞĨƌĂƐŝƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀĞƌŝĨĞƌŝƚĞĂĚŽŐŐĞƫ͕ůƵŽŐŚŝ͕ƉĞƌƐŽŶĞ͕ƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝŶŽƚĞ͘
ʹ /ŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƌĞĐŽŶƵŶĐŽŵƉĂŐŶŽƉĞƌƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌƐŝĞͬŽŐŝŽĐĂƌĞ͕ƵƟůŝnjnjĂŶĚŽĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽͲ
ŶŝĞĨƌĂƐŝŵĞŵŽƌŝnjnjĂƚĞĂĚĂƩĞĂůůĂƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘
>ĞƩƵƌĂ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͿ
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞ ĐĂƌƚŽůŝŶĞ͕ ďŝŐůŝĞƫ Ğ ďƌĞǀŝ ŵĞƐƐĂŐŐŝ͕ ĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŐŶĂƟ ƉƌĞĨĞƌŝďŝůͲ
ŵĞŶƚĞĚĂƐƵƉƉŽƌƟǀŝƐŝǀŝŽƐŽŶŽƌŝ͕ĐŽŐůŝĞŶĚŽƉĂƌŽůĞĞĨƌĂƐŝŐŝăĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƚĞĂůŝǀĞůͲ
ůŽŽƌĂůĞ͘
^ĐƌŝƩƵƌĂ;ƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͿ
ʹ ^ĐƌŝǀĞƌĞƉĂƌŽůĞĞƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝĨƌĂƐŝĚŝƵƐŽƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽĂƫŶĞŶƟĂůůĞĂƫǀŝƚăƐǀŽůƚĞŝŶ
ĐůĂƐƐĞĞĂĚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐŝƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝĞĚĞůŐƌƵƉƉŽ͘
KďŝĞƫǀŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞƋƵŝŶƚĂĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƉƌŝŵĂƌŝĂ
ƐĐŽůƚŽ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞďƌĞǀŝĚŝĂůŽŐŚŝ͕ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶŝ͕ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝĞĨƌĂƐŝĚŝƵƐŽƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽƐĞ
ƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂƚĞĐŚŝĂƌĂŵĞŶƚĞĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌĞŝůƚĞŵĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĚŝƵŶĚŝƐĐŽƌƐŽŝŶĐƵŝƐŝ
ƉĂƌůĂĚŝĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĐŽŶŽƐĐŝƵƟ͘
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞďƌĞǀŝƚĞƐƟŵƵůƟŵĞĚŝĂůŝŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂŶĚŽŶĞƉĂƌŽůĞĐŚŝĂǀĞĞŝůƐĞŶƐŽ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞ͘
WĂƌůĂƚŽ;ƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞĞŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ ĞƐĐƌŝǀĞƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞ͕ůƵŽŐŚŝĞŽŐŐĞƫĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝƵƟůŝnjnjĂŶĚŽƉĂƌŽůĞĞĨƌĂƐŝŐŝăŝŶͲ
ĐŽŶƚƌĂƚĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂŶĚŽĞͬŽůĞŐŐĞŶĚŽ͘
dƌĂŐƵĂƌĚŝƉĞƌůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂͲ
ƌŝĂĚŝƉƌŝŵŽŐƌĂĚŽƉĞƌůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŝŶŐůĞƐĞ
;/ƚƌĂŐƵĂƌĚŝƐŽŶŽƌŝĐŽŶĚƵĐŝďŝůŝĂů>ŝǀĞůůŽϮĚĞůYƵĂĚƌŽŽŵƵŶĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚŝZŝĨĞͲ
ƌŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌůĞůŝŶŐƵĞĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚ͛ƵƌŽƉĂͿ
>͛ĂůƵŶŶŽĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞŽƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞĞƉĞƌŝƐĐƌŝƩŽŝƉƵŶƟĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝĚŝƚĞƐƟŝŶůŝŶŐƵĂ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐƵĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝŽĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽĐŚĞĂīƌŽŶƚĂŶŽƌŵĂůŵĞŶƚĞĂƐĐƵŽͲ
ůĂĞŶĞůƚĞŵƉŽůŝďĞƌŽ͘
ĞƐĐƌŝǀĞŽƌĂůŵĞŶƚĞƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ƌĂĐĐŽŶƚĂĂǀǀĞŶŝŵĞŶƟĞĚĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝ͕
ĞƐƉŽŶĞĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽ͘
/ŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƐĐĞĐŽŶƵŶŽŽƉŝƶŝŶƚĞƌůŽĐƵƚŽƌŝŝŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƟĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝĞƐƵĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟŶŽƟ͘
>ĞŐŐĞƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝƚĞƐƟĐŽŶĚŝǀĞƌƐĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞĂĚĞŐƵĂƚĞĂůůŽƐĐŽƉŽ͘
>ĞŐŐĞƚĞƐƟŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟǀŝĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂƐƉŝĞŐĂnjŝŽŶŝĂƫŶĞŶƟĂĐŽŶƚĞŶƵƟĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽĚŝĂůͲ
ƚƌĞĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞ͘
^ĐƌŝǀĞƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝƌĞƐŽĐŽŶƟĞĐŽŵƉŽŶĞďƌĞǀŝůĞƩĞƌĞŽŵĞƐƐĂŐŐŝƌŝǀŽůƟĂĐŽĞƚĂŶĞŝ
ĞĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝ͘
/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂĞůĞŵĞŶƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝǀĞŝĐŽůĂƟĚĂůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂŵĂƚĞƌŶĂŽĚŝƐĐŽůĂƌŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĞůŝ
ĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƚĂĐŽŶƋƵĞůůŝǀĞŝĐŽůĂƟĚĂůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂ͕ƐĞŶnjĂĂƩĞŐŐŝĂŵĞŶƟĚŝƌŝĮƵƚŽ͘
īƌŽŶƚĂƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝŶƵŽǀĞĂƫŶŐĞŶĚŽĂůƐƵŽƌĞƉĞƌƚŽƌŝŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽ͖ƵƐĂůĂůŝŶŐƵĂ
ƉĞƌĂƉƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĂŶĐŚĞĚŝĂŵďŝƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĞĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂĨĂƫͲ
ǀĂŵĞŶƚĞĐŽŶŝĐŽŵƉĂŐŶŝŶĞůůĂƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĂƫǀŝƚăĞƉƌŽŐĞƫ͘
ƵƚŽǀĂůƵƚĂůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƚĞĞĚğĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞĚĞůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽŵŽĚŽĚŝĂƉͲ
ƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞ͘
418 Appendice 1
KďŝĞƫǀŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞƚĞƌnjĂĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĂĚŝ
ƉƌŝŵŽŐƌĂĚŽ
ƐĐŽůƚŽ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞŝƉƵŶƟĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůŝĚŝƵŶĚŝƐĐŽƌƐŽ͕ĂĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĐŚĞǀĞŶŐĂƵƐĂƚĂ
ƵŶĂůŝŶŐƵĂĐŚŝĂƌĂĞĐŚĞƐŝƉĂƌůŝĚŝĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝ͕ŝŶĞƌĞŶƟĂůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͕Ăů
ƚĞŵƉŽůŝďĞƌŽ͕ĞĐĐ͘
ʹ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƌĞů͛ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞĚŝƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝƌĂĚŝŽĨŽŶŝĐŝŽƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝǀŝƐƵ
ĂǀǀĞŶŝŵĞŶƟĚŝĂƩƵĂůŝƚăŽƐƵĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĐŚĞƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶŽŝƉƌŽƉƌŝŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐŝ͕ĂĐŽŶͲ
ĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĐŚĞŝůĚŝƐĐŽƌƐŽƐŝĂĂƌƟĐŽůĂƚŽŝŶŵŽĚŽĐŚŝĂƌŽ͘
ʹ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƌĞ͕ĂƐĐŽůƚĂŶĚŽ͕ƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĂƫŶĞŶƟĂĐŽŶƚĞŶƵƟĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽĚŝĂůƚƌĞ
ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞ͘
WĂƌůĂƚŽ;ƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞĞŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ ĞƐĐƌŝǀĞƌĞŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞ͕ĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶŝĚŝǀŝƚĂŽĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽ͕ĐŽŵƉŝƟƋƵŽƟͲ
ĚŝĂŶŝ͖ŝŶĚŝĐĂƌĞĐŚĞĐŽƐĂƉŝĂĐĞŽŶŽŶƉŝĂĐĞ͖ĞƐƉƌŝŵĞƌĞƵŶ͛ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶĞĞŵŽƟǀĂƌůĂ
ĐŽŶĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝĞĨƌĂƐŝĐŽŶŶĞƐƐĞŝŶŵŽĚŽƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞ͘
ʹ /ŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƌĞĐŽŶƵŶŽŽƉŝƶŝŶƚĞƌůŽĐƵƚŽƌŝ͕ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞŝƉƵŶƟĐŚŝĂǀĞĚŝƵŶĂĐŽŶͲ
ǀĞƌƐĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚĞƐƉŽƌƌĞůĞƉƌŽƉƌŝĞŝĚĞĞŝŶŵŽĚŽĐŚŝĂƌŽĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝďŝůĞ͘
ʹ 'ĞƐƟƌĞĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝƌŽƵƟŶĞ͕ĨĂĐĞŶĚŽĚŽŵĂŶĚĞĞƐĐĂŵďŝĂŶĚŽŝĚĞĞĞŝŶĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂnjŝŽŶŝŝŶƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶĞƉƌĞǀĞĚŝďŝůŝ͘
>ĞƩƵƌĂ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͿ
ʹ >ĞŐŐĞƌĞĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĞƐƉůŝĐŝƚĞŝŶďƌĞǀŝƚĞƐƟĚŝƵƐŽƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽĞ
ŝŶůĞƩĞƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝ͘
ʹ >ĞŐŐĞƌĞŐůŽďĂůŵĞŶƚĞƚĞƐƟƌĞůĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞůƵŶŐŚŝƉĞƌƚƌŽǀĂƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝƐƉĞͲ
ĐŝĮĐŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂŝƉƌŽƉƌŝŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐŝĞĂĐŽŶƚĞŶƵƟĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽĚŝĂůƚƌĞĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞ͘
ʹ >ĞŐŐĞƌĞƚĞƐƟƌŝŐƵĂƌĚĂŶƟŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶŝƉĞƌů͛ƵƐŽĚŝƵŶŽŐŐĞƩŽ͕ƉĞƌůŽƐǀŽůŐŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ĚŝŐŝŽĐŚŝ͕ƉĞƌĂƫǀŝƚăĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ͘
ʹ >ĞŐŐĞƌĞďƌĞǀŝƐƚŽƌŝĞ͕ƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝďŝŽŐƌĂĮĞĞƚĞƐƟŶĂƌƌĂƟǀŝƉŝƶĂŵƉŝŝŶĞĚŝnjŝŽŶŝŐƌĂͲ
ĚƵĂƚĞ͘
^ĐƌŝƩƵƌĂ;WƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͿ
ʹ WƌŽĚƵƌƌĞƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĞĂƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĂƌŝĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂƌĞĚŽŵĂŶĚĞƐƵƚĞƐƟ͘
ʹ ZĂĐĐŽŶƚĂƌĞƉĞƌŝƐĐƌŝƩŽĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞ͕ĞƐƉƌŝŵĞŶĚŽƐĞŶƐĂnjŝŽŶŝĞŽƉŝŶŝŽŶŝĐŽŶĨƌĂƐŝ
ƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝ͘
ʹ ^ĐƌŝǀĞƌĞďƌĞǀŝůĞƩĞƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝĂĚĞŐƵĂƚĞĂůĚĞƐƟŶĂƚĂƌŝŽĞďƌĞǀŝƌĞƐŽĐŽŶƟĐŚĞ
ƐŝĂǀǀĂůŐĂŶŽĚŝůĞƐƐŝĐŽƐŽƐƚĂŶnjŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚŽĞĚŝƐŝŶƚĂƐƐŝĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ͘
ZŝŇĞƐƐŝŽŶĞƐƵůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂĞƐƵůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ʹ ZŝůĞǀĂƌĞƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝƌĞŐŽůĂƌŝƚăĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjĞŶĞůůĂĨŽƌŵĂĚŝƚĞƐƟƐĐƌŝƫĚŝƵƐŽĐŽŵƵͲ
ŶĞ͘
ʹ ŽŶĨƌŽŶƚĂƌĞƉĂƌŽůĞĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂĐŽĚŝĐŝǀĞƌďĂůŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝ͘
ʹ ZŝůĞǀĂƌĞƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝĂŶĂůŽŐŝĞŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjĞƚƌĂĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟĞƵƐŝůĞŐĂƟĂůŝŶŐƵĞ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐĞ͘
ʹ ZŝĐŽŶŽƐĐĞƌĞĐŽŵĞƐŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚĞĞĐŚĞĐŽƐĂŽƐƚĂĐŽůĂŝůƉƌŽƉƌŝŽĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘
KďŝĞƫǀŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞƚĞƌnjĂĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĂ
ĚŝƉƌŝŵŽŐƌĂĚŽƉĞƌůĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂůŝŶŐƵĂĐŽŵƵŶŝƚĂƌŝĂ
ƐĐŽůƚŽ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶŝ͕ĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝĞĨƌĂƐŝĚŝƵƐŽƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶŽƐĞƉƌŽŶƵŶĐŝĂƚĞ
ĐŚŝĂƌĂŵĞŶƚĞĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƌĞŝůƚĞŵĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĚŝďƌĞǀŝŵĞƐƐĂŐŐŝŽƌĂůŝŝŶĐƵŝƐŝƉĂƌͲ
ůĂĚŝĂƌŐŽŵĞŶƟĐŽŶŽƐĐŝƵƟ͘
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞďƌĞǀŝƚĞƐƟŵƵůƟŵĞĚŝĂůŝŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂŶĚŽŶĞƉĂƌŽůĞĐŚŝĂǀĞĞŝůƐĞŶƐŽ
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞ͘
WĂƌůĂƚŽ;ƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞĞŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŽƌĂůĞͿ
ʹ ĞƐĐƌŝǀĞƌĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞ͕ůƵŽŐŚŝĞŽŐŐĞƫĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝƵƟůŝnjnjĂŶĚŽƉĂƌŽůĞĞĨƌĂƐŝŐŝăŝŶͲ
ĐŽŶƚƌĂƚĞĂƐĐŽůƚĂŶĚŽŽůĞŐŐĞŶĚŽ͘
ʹ ZŝĨĞƌŝƌĞƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĂīĞƌĞŶƟĂůůĂƐĨĞƌĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞ͕ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂŶĚŽŝůƐŝŐŶŝͲ
ĮĐĂƚŽĚŝĐŝžĐŚĞƐŝĚŝĐĞĐŽŶŵŝŵŝĐĂĞŐĞƐƟ͘
ʹ /ŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƌĞŝŶŵŽĚŽĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝďŝůĞĐŽŶƵŶĐŽŵƉĂŐŶŽŽƵŶĂĚƵůƚŽĐŽŶĐƵŝƐŝŚĂ
ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌŝƚă͕ƵƟůŝnjnjĂŶĚŽĞƐƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝĞĨƌĂƐŝĂĚĂƩĞĂůůĂƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘
>ĞƩƵƌĂ;ĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͿ
ʹ ŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞƚĞƐƟƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝĚŝĐŽŶƚĞŶƵƚŽĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞĞĚŝƟƉŽĐŽŶĐƌĞƚŽĞƚƌŽǀĂͲ
ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŚĞŝŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĚŝƵƐŽĐŽƌƌĞŶƚĞ͘
^ĐƌŝƩƵƌĂ;ƉƌŽĚƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĐƌŝƩĂͿ
ʹ ^ĐƌŝǀĞƌĞƚĞƐƟďƌĞǀŝĞƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝƉĞƌƌĂĐĐŽŶƚĂƌĞůĞƉƌŽƉƌŝĞĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞ͕ƉĞƌĨĂƌĞŐůŝ
ĂƵŐƵƌŝ͕ƉĞƌƌŝŶŐƌĂnjŝĂƌĞŽƉĞƌŝŶǀŝƚĂƌĞƋƵĂůĐƵŶŽ͕ĂŶĐŚĞĐŽŶĞƌƌŽƌŝĨŽƌŵĂůŝĐŚĞ
ŶŽŶĐŽŵƉƌŽŵĞƩĂŶŽƉĞƌžůĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝďŝůŝƚăĚĞůŵĞƐƐĂŐŐŝŽ͘
ZŝŇĞƐƐŝŽŶĞƐƵůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂĞƐƵůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ʹ KƐƐĞƌǀĂƌĞůĞƉĂƌŽůĞŶĞŝĐŽŶƚĞƐƟĚ͛ƵƐŽĞƌŝůĞǀĂƌĞůĞĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůŝǀĂƌŝĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽ͘
420 Appendice 1
ʹ KƐƐĞƌǀĂƌĞůĂƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂĚĞůůĞĨƌĂƐŝĞŵĞƩĞƌĞŝŶƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽƐƚƌƵƫĞŝŶƚĞŶnjŝŽŶŝ
ĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƟǀĞ͘
ʹ ŽŶĨƌŽŶƚĂƌĞƉĂƌŽůĞĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂĐŽĚŝĐŝǀĞƌďĂůŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝ͘
ʹ ZŝĐŽŶŽƐĐĞƌĞŝƉƌŽƉƌŝĞƌƌŽƌŝĞŝƉƌŽƉƌŝŵŽĚŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞůĞůŝŶŐƵĞ͘
,;ƩĞŶƟŽŶĚĞĮĐŝƚŚLJƉĞƌĂĐƟǀŝƚLJĚŝƐŽƌĚĞƌͿͶEŽƚŽĂŶĐŚĞĐŽŵĞŝƐƚƵƌďŽĚĂ
ĚĞĮĐŝƚĚĞůů͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĞŝƉĞƌĂƫǀŝƚă͕ğĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝnjnjĂƚŽĚĂƵŶůŝǀĞůůŽĚŝĂƩĞŶnjŝŽͲ
ŶĞƐĐĂƌƐŽ͕ŝŶĂĚĞŐƵĂƚŽƉĞƌůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽ͕ŽĚĂĂƐƉĞƫĚŝŝƉĞƌĂƫǀŝƚăĞŝŵƉƵůƐŝǀŝͲ
ƚăŝŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟĂůů͛ĞƚăŽĚĂĞŶƚƌĂŵďŝ͕ĐŚĞĐŽŵƉĂŝŽŶŽƉƌŝŵĂĚĞŝϳĂŶŶŝĚŝĞƚă͘
WƌĞƐĞŶƚĞŶĞůϯͲϱйĚĞŝďĂŵďŝŶŝĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞ͕ğŝŵƉƵƚĂďŝůĞĂĨĂƩŽͲ
ƌŝŐĞŶĞƟĐŝ͕ĂĚĂŶŶŝĐĞƌĞďƌĂůŝŵŝŶŝŵŝ͕ĚŝƐĨƵŶnjŝŽŶŝĚĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂŶĞƵƌŽůŽŐŝĐŽ͕ĐĂͲ
ƌĞŶnjĂĞŵŽnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͘
ůƚĞƌŶĂŶnjĂƐĐƵŽůĂͲůĂǀŽƌŽͶDŽĚĂůŝƚăĚŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝĐŽƌƐŝĚĞůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽĐŝĐůŽ͕
ƐŝĂŶĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĚĞůů͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĂƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌĞ͕ƐŝĂŶĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĚĞůů͛ŝƐƚƌƵͲ
njŝŽŶĞĞĚĞůůĂĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞƉĞƌĂƐƐŝĐƵƌĂƌĞĂŝŐŝŽǀĂŶŝ͕ŽůƚƌĞĂůůĞĐŽŶŽͲ
ƐĐĞŶnjĞĚŝďĂƐĞ͕ů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƐƉĞŶĚŝďŝůŝŶĞůŵĞƌĐĂƚŽĚĞůůĂǀŽƌŽ͘
ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽͶůĂŵŽĚŝĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĚƵƌĞǀŽůĞĚĞůĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽŝŶƐĞŐƵŝƚŽĂ
ƌŝƉĞƚƵƚĞĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĞ͘>ĞƚĞŽƌŝĞƐƵůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŽŶŽ͗
ĂͿ ƵŶĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟǀŽ͕ĨŽŶĚĂƚŽƐƵůůĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞƐƟŵŽůŽͲƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂĐŚĞ
ƉƌŽǀŽĐĂŝůĨŽƌŵĂƌƐŝĚŝĂďŝƚƵĚŝŶŝ͘EĞůĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐŽ͕ĂĚĞƐĞŵƉŝŽ͕
ů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽğĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƚŽŝůƌŝƐƵůƚĂƚŽĚĞůůĂĐŽŶƟŐƵŝƚăĚŝĞǀĞŶƟĂŵďŝĞŶͲ
ƚĂůŝ͗ƋƵĂŶĚŽƉŝƶĞǀĞŶƟƐŝǀĞƌŝĮĐŚŝŶŽŝŶŵŽĚŽƐŝŶĐƌŽŶŽ͕ƚĂŶƚŽƉŝƶǀŝƐĂƌă
ůĂƚĞŶĚĞŶnjĂĂĚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƌůŝ͘EĞůŵŽĚĞůůŽĚŝĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽŽƉĞƌĂŶƚĞů͛ĂƉͲ
ƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽğĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƚŽŝůƉƌŽĚŽƩŽĚĞůůĞƉƌŽƉƌŝĞĂnjŝŽŶŝĞĚĞůůŽƌŽĞīĞƚͲ
ƚŽƐƵůů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĐŝƌĐŽƐƚĂŶƚĞ͖
ďͿ ƵŶĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŽŽĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŽ͕ĐŚĞƐŝŚĂƋƵĂŶĚŽŝůƌƵŽůŽĚĞůůĂƉĞƌͲ
ĐĞnjŝŽŶĞĞĚĞůůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂğŵĂŐŐŝŽƌĞĞůĂĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞŶŽŶĂǀǀŝĞŶĞƉĞƌ
ƐŽŵŵĂĚŝĂƫǀŝƚăĨƌĂŵŵĞŶƚĂƌŝĞ͕ŵĂŝŵƉůŝĐĂŝůĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞůĞƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶŝĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂͲ
ůŝĞŝůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽĚĞůů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂ͖
ĐͿ ůĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƐŽĐŝĂůĞŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƐŝĂŝůŵŽĚĞůůŽĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝͲ
ŵĞŶƚŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐŽƐŝĂƋƵĞůůŽŽƉĞƌĂŶƚĞ͕ŵĂĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂů͛ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶnjĂĚŝƵŶĂƌĞĐŝͲ
ƉƌŽĐĂŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĨƌĂŝůƐŽŐŐĞƩŽĞů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĐŚĞůŽĐŝƌĐŽŶĚĂ͘/ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝĐŽͲ
ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĂƫǀŽͶdĞƌŵŝŶĞŐĞŶĞƌŝĐŽƉĞƌŝŶĚŝĐĂƌĞƚƵƩĞůĞŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞĚŝͲ
ĚĂƫĐŚĞĐŚĞƐŝďĂƐĂŶŽƐƵĂƫǀŝƚăĐŽŶĚŽƩĞĚĂŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝŝŶƉƌŝŵĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂ͘
ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůĞͶƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĐŚĞƐŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂŝŶƵŶĐŽŶͲ
ƚĞƐƚŽŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƚŽĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚŽ;ƉĞƌĞƐĞŵƉŝŽ͕ŝŶƵŶŝƐƟƚƵƚŽĚ͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͕ŽĚŝ
ĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞŽƐƵůůĂǀŽƌŽͿ͕ĂƉƉŽƐŝƚĂŵĞŶƚĞƉƌŽŐĞƩĂƚŽĐŽŵĞƚĂůĞ;ŝŶƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĚŝ
ŽďŝĞƫǀŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĞƚĞŵƉŝŽƌŝƐŽƌƐĞƉĞƌů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽͿ͘>͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶͲ
ĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůĞğŝŶƚĞŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚĂůƉƵŶƚŽĚŝǀŝƐƚĂĚĞůĚŝƐĐĞŶƚĞĞĚŝŶŽƌŵĂƐĨŽͲ
ĐŝĂŝŶƵŶĂĐŽŶǀĂůŝĚĂĞͬŽŝŶƵŶĂĐĞƌƟĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘
ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞͶƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƌŝƐƵůƚĂŶƚĞĚĂůůĞĂƫǀŝͲ
ƚăĚĞůůĂǀŝƚĂƋƵŽƟĚŝĂŶĂůĞŐĂƚĞĂůůĂǀŽƌŽ͕ĂůůĂĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂŽĂůƚĞŵƉŽůŝďĞƌŽ͘EŽŶğ
ƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚŽ;ŝŶƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĚŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĚŝƚĞŵƉŝŽĚŝƌŝƐŽƌƐĞͿĞ
ĚŝŶŽƌŵĂŶŽŶƐĨŽĐŝĂŝŶƵŶĂĐĞƌƟĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘>͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞƉƵžĞƐͲ
ƐĞƌĞŝŶƚĞŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ŵĂŶĞůůĂŵĂŐŐŝŽƌƉĂƌƚĞĚĞŝĐĂƐŝŶŽŶůŽğ;ŽǀǀĞƌŽğ͞ĨŽƌƚƵŝͲ
ƚŽ͟ŽĐĂƐƵĂůĞͿ͘
ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽŶŽŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞͶƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĐŚĞƐŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂŶĞůů͛
ĂŵďŝƚŽ Ěŝ Ăƫǀŝƚă ƉŝĂŶŝĮĐĂƚĞ ŶŽŶ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉŝƚĞ ĐŽŵĞ ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝͲ
ŵĞŶƚŽ;ŝŶƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĚŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝ͕ĚŝƚĞŵƉŝŽĚŝƐŽƐƚĞŐŶŽĂůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽͿ͘>͛ĂƉͲ
ƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŶŽŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞŶŽŶƐĨŽĐŝĂĚŝŶŽƌŵĂŝŶƵŶĂĐĞƌƟĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘>͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶͲ
ĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŶŽŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞ͕ĂǀŽůƚĞĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂƚŽ͞ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƐĞŵŝͲƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚŽ͕͟
ğŝŶƚĞŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚĂůƉƵŶƚŽĚŝǀŝƐƚĂĚĞůĚŝƐĐĞŶƚĞ͘
ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŝŵŝƚĂnjŝŽŶĞͶ'ůŝƐƚƵĚŝƐƵůů͛ŝŵŝƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĂŶĚƵƌĂŚĂŶŶŽƉŽƐƚŽ
ŝŶƌŝůŝĞǀŽĐŚĞů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌƋƵĞƐƚĂǀŝĂŶŽŶğƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞĐŽƉŝĂŶĠƐĞŵƉůŝĐĞ
ƌŝƉĞƟnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶŵŽĚĞůůŽ͕ŵĂĞůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĂƫǀĂĞƌŝŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞŵĞƐƐĞŝŶ
ĂƩŽĚĂƵŶĂƉƉĂƌĂƚŽŵĞŶƚĂůĞ͘ĂůůĂĐŽŶĚŽƩĂĚĞůŵŽĚĞůůŽů͛ŽƐƐĞƌǀĂƚŽƌĞĞƐƚƌĂĞ
ƌĞŐŽůĞ͕ĨĂĐŽŶŐĞƩƵƌĞƐƵůůĂƌĞƉůŝĐĂďŝůŝƚăĞŵŽĚŝĮĐĂďŝůŝƚăĚĞůůĂĐŽŶĚŽƩĂƐƚĞƐƐĂ͕
ĚĞĐŝĚĞĐŽƐĂŵĞƩĞƌĞŝŶŵĞŵŽƌŝĂĞĐŽƐĂƚƌĂĚƵƌƌĞŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘/ŵŝƚĂƌĞ
ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂ͕ƋƵŝŶĚŝ͕ŝůƌŝĐŽƌƐŽĂƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚŝĨƵŶnjŝŽŶŝƚƌĂůŽƌŽŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞ͗ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽͲ
ŶĞ͕ƐĞůĞnjŝŽŶĞ͕ŵĞŵŽƌŝĂ͕ƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽ͕ĂŶƟĐŝƉĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĞ͕ĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘'ůŝĂƩƵĂůŝ
ƐƚƵĚŝŶĞůĐĂŵƉŽĚĞůůĞŶĞƵƌŽƐĐŝĞŶnjĞĐŽŶĨĞƌŵĂŶŽŝůƌŝĐŽƌƐŽĂŵĞĐĐĂŶŝƐŵŝĚŝĞůĂͲ
ďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐĂĂƫǀĂŐŝăĂůŝǀĞůůŽŶĞƵƌŽŶĂůĞ͘
424 Appendice 2
ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƚƌĂƉĂƌŝͶƵŶƟƉŽĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĐƵŝŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƐŝƐƵƉƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂŶŽƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂŵĞŶƚĞŶĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘ZŝĞŶƚƌĂŶŽŶĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƚƌĂ
ƉĂƌŝŝůƉĞĞƌƚƵƚŽƌŝŶŐĞŝůĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘
ƌĞĂĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĞĚĞŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟƚĞĐŶŝĐŝͶƌĞĂĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĐŽŵƵŶĞĂ
ƚƵƫŝƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŝĚĞŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟƚĞĐŶŝĐŝĐŚĞŚĂů͛ŽďŝĞƫǀŽĚŝĨŽƌŶŝƌĞĂŝŐŝŽǀĂŶŝůĂƉƌĞͲ
ƉĂƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝďĂƐĞ͕ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƚĂĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽŝůƌĂīŽƌnjĂŵĞŶƚŽĞůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞŐůŝĂƐƐŝ
ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĐŚĞĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝnjnjĂŶŽů͛ŽďďůŝŐŽĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ;ĂƐƐĞĚĞŝůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝ͕ŵĂƚĞŵĂͲ
ƟĐŽ͕ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽͲƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŽ͕ƐƚŽƌŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůĞͿ͘
ƐƐĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞͶ'ůŝĂƐƐŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƐĐŽŶŽŝů͞ƚĞƐƐƵƚŽ͟ƉĞƌůĂĐŽƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĚŝ
ƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟĂůů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŚŝĂǀĞ
ĐŚĞƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŽŝŐŝŽǀĂŶŝĂůůĂǀŝƚĂĂĚƵůƚĂĞĐŚĞĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƐĐĂŶŽůĂďĂƐĞƉĞƌĐŽŶƐŽůŝͲ
ĚĂƌĞĞĂĐĐƌĞƐĐĞƌĞƐĂƉĞƌŝĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞŝŶƵŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌͲ
ŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ͕ĂŶĐŚĞĂŝĮŶŝĚĞůůĂĨƵƚƵƌĂǀŝƚĂůĂǀŽƌĂƟǀĂ͘
'ůŝĂƐƐŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝĐŚĞĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝnjnjĂŶŽů͛ŽďďůŝŐŽĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞƐŽŶŽƋƵĂƩƌŽ͗ĂƐƐĞ
ĚĞŝůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝ͕ŵĂƚĞŵĂƟĐŽ͕ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽͲƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŽ͕ƐƚŽƌŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͘
ƫǀŝƐŵŽͶ>͛ĂƫǀŝƐŵŽğƵŶŵĞƚŽĚŽĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŽ͕ƟƉŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞƉƵĞƌŽĐĞŶƚƌŝĐŽ͕ĐŚĞ
ĞďďĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĞĂůůĂĮŶĞĚĞůy/yƐĞĐ͕͘ĂĚŽƉĞƌĂĚĞůĮůŽƐŽĨŽĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽ:͘ĞǁĞLJ
ƉĞƌŝůƋƵĂůĞůĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂĚĞǀĞŵŝƌĂƌĞĂůŵĞƚŽĚŽĞŶŽŶĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƌĞƚĂŶƚŽŝů
ĐŽŶƚĞŶƵƚŽ͕ ĐĞƌĐĂŶĚŽ Ěŝ ƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂƌĞ ƐŽƉƌĂƩƵƩŽ ůĞ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚă ĐƌŝƟĐŚĞ ĚĞů ďĂŵͲ
ďŝŶŽ͕ƉŝƵƩŽƐƚŽĐŚĞĂĐĐƌĞƐĐĞƌĞůĞƐƵĞŶŽnjŝŽŶŝ͘EĞĚĞƌŝǀĂƵŶŵŽĚĞůůŽĚŝƐĐƵŽͲ
ůĂŶŽŶĐŽŶǀĞŶnjŝŽŶĂůĞ;ƐĐƵŽůĂĂƫǀĂͿ͕ŶŽŶŝŵƉŽƐƚĂƚĂƐƵůŶŽnjŝŽŶŝƐŵŽĞƐƵůůĂůĞͲ
njŝŽŶĞƚƌĂƐŵŝƐƐŝǀĂƚƌĂĚŝnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͕ďĞŶƐŞƵŶĂƐĐƵŽůĂŝŵƉŽƐƚĂƚĂƐƵůůĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂĞůĞ
ĞƐŝŐĞŶnjĞĚĞůů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽ͘
>͚ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƚĞŶŽŶĚĞǀĞƚƌĂƐŵĞƩĞƌĞŝŶŵŽĚŽĂĐƌŝƟĐŽůĞŶŽnjŝŽŶŝŵĂĚĞǀĞƐƟŵŽůĂͲ
ƌĞů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŵĞĚŝĂŶƚĞů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂĞů͛ĂƫǀŝƚăƉƌĂƟĐĂ͕ŝŵƉŽƐƚĂƚĂƐƵƵŶĂ
ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŵŽĚĂůŝƚăĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͗ŝůůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐďLJĚŽŝŶŐ͘ŶĐŽƌĂŽŐŐŝů͛ĂƫǀŝͲ
ƐŵŽŝŶŇƵĞŶnjĂŝŶŽƐƚƌŝŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝ͕ĞƉĞƌů͛ĞƉŽĐĂĨƵƵŶǀĞƌŽĞƉƌŽƉƌŝŽ
ƌŽǀĞƐĐŝĂŵĞŶƚŽƌĂĚŝĐĂůĞĚĞůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶĐƵŝƉĞƌůĂƉƌŝŵĂǀŽůƚĂƐŝŵĞƩĞǀĂĂů
ĐĞŶƚƌŽŝůďĂŵďŝŶŽ͕ŝƐƵŽŝďŝƐŽŐŶŝĞůĞƐƵĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚă͖ŝůĨĂƌĞĐŚĞƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŝůĐŽŶŽͲ
ƐĐĞƌĞ͘
^;ŝƐŽŐŶŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝͿͶ^ŝŝŶƚĞŶĚŽŶŽŝďŝƐŽŐŶŝ͕ůĞŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚăĚŝƋƵĞůůŝĂůƵŶͲ
ŶŝĐŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶŽĚĞůůĞƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌŝƚăĐŚĞŝŵƉĞĚŝƐĐŽŶŽŝůůŽƌŽŶŽƌŵĂůĞĂƉƉƌĞŶͲ
ĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĞƌŝĐŚŝĞĚŽŶŽŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝnjnjĂƟ͘ĂƵƐĞĚŝ^ƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞ
ŵĂůĂƫĞ͕ĚŝƐĂŐŝŽĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͕ĚŝĸĐŽůƚăĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŶŽŶĐĞƌƟĮĐĂͲ
ďŝůŝ;^Ϳ͕ŝŵŵŝŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ƐĞƉĂƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝ͕ĐƌŝƐŝĂīĞƫǀĞĞĐĐ͘
&ZͶsĞĚŝYZ
ŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĞŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞͶĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůƉƌŝŵŽĞŶĞůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽĐŝĐůŽĚŝŝƐƚƌƵͲ
njŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂͨŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĞŽƐƟƚƵͲ
njŝŽŶĞ͕ͩŶĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůůĞĂƌĞĞƐƚŽƌŝĐŽͲŐĞŽŐƌĂĮĐĂĞƐƚŽƌŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůĞĞĚĞůŵŽŶƚĞ
ŽƌĞĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŝǀŽƉƌĞǀŝƐƚŽƉĞƌůĞƐƚĞƐƐĞ͘
EĞŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟƚĞĐŶŝĐŝ͕ůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƟƌĞůĂƟǀŝĂ͞ŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĞŽͲ
ƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞ͟ĐŽŝŶǀŽůŐŽŶŽƚƵƫŐůŝĂŵďŝƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝĞƐŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂŶŽ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐŽͲ
ůĂƌĞ͕ŝŶƋƵĞůůŝĚŝŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƐĞƐƚŽƌŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůĞĞŐŝƵƌŝĚŝĐŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽ͘
>/>;ŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĚůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͿͶƉƉƌŽĐĐŝŽŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĐŽĐŚĞ
ƉƌĞǀĞĚĞů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƵŶĂĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂŶŽŶůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂ͕ŝŶůŝŶŐƵĂƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂǀĞŝͲ
ĐŽůĂƌĞĂůĮŶĞĚŝŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƌĞů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĂůŝŶŐƵĂĞů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĐŽŶͲ
ƚĞŶƵƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝ͕ĐƌĞĂŶĚŽĂŵďŝĞŶƟĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĐŚĞĨĂǀŽƌŝƐĐĂŶŽĂƩĞŐͲ
ŐŝĂŵĞŶƟƉůƵƌŝůŝŶŐƵŝĞƐǀŝůƵƉƉŝŶŽůĂĐŽŶƐĂƉĞǀŽůĞnjnjĂŵƵůƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞ͘
ŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐŵŽͶƵŶŽĚĞŝƉŝƶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƟŵŽǀŝŵĞŶƟĚĞůůĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂͲ
ŶĞĂƐĞĐŽŶĚŽŝůƋƵĂůĞůĂŵĞŶƚĞƵŵĂŶĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂĞůĂďŽƌĂŶĚŽĂƫǀĂŵĞŶƚĞŝŶĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĐŚĞůĞŐŝƵŶŐŽŶŽƚƌĂŵŝƚĞŐůŝŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞŶƐŽƌŝĂůŝ͕ŝŶĂŶĂůŽŐŝĂĐŽŶŝŵĞĐĐĂͲ
ŶŝƐŵŝĚŝƟƉŽĐŝďĞƌŶĞƟĐŽ͘ĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjĂĚŝĂůƚƌŝŵŽĚĞůůŝƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƟ;ĂĚĞƐ͗͘ĐŽŵͲ
ƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐŵŽͿ͕ŝůĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐŵŽŶŽŶĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƐĐĞƵŶƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƚĞŽƌŝĐŽŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƚŽ
ĞĐŽĞƌĞŶƚĞ͘ĂŐůŝĂŶŶŝ^ĞƩĂŶƚĂŝŶƉŽŝŝůĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐŵŽ͕ŶĂƚŽŝŶ/ŶŐŚŝůƚĞƌƌĂ͕ğƐƵͲ
ďĞŶƚƌĂƚŽĂůĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐŵŽ͕ĚŝǀĞŶƚĂŶĚŽŝůŵŽĚĞůůŽƉŝƶƵƟůŝnjnjĂƚŽŶĞůEŽƌĚ
ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͘>ĞŝŶŇƵĞŶnjĞĐŚĞŚĂŶŶŽŝŶĐŝƐŽƐƵůůĂŶĂƐĐŝƚĂĚĞůůĞƚĞŽƌŝĞĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐƚĞ
ƐŽŶŽŵŽůƚĞĞĚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞĞ͗ůĞƉŝƶƌĞĐĞŶƟƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƚĞŶĞůůĂƚĞͲ
ŽƌŝĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĞŶĞůůĂĐŝďĞƌŶĞƟĐĂ͕ĐŚĞĨŽƌŶŝƐĐŽŶŽƵŶŵŽĚĞůůŽĚĞůů͛ŽƌͲ
ŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƵŵĂŶŽĐŽŵĞƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŽŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝƌŝĐĞǀĞƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝ;ŝŶͲ
ƉƵƚͿ͕ĚŝĞůĂďŽƌĂƌůĞĐŽŵƉŝĞŶĚŽƐĐĞůƚĞĨƌĂŐůŝĞůĞŵĞŶƟŝŶĞŶƚƌĂƚĂ͕ĚŝƉŽƌƌĞŝŶĂƩŽ
ƐƵŝĚĂƟƐĞůĞnjŝŽŶĂƟƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚŝƚƌĂƐĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĞƵŶŝŵŵĂŐĂnjnjŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽƌĂƉŝͲ
ĚŽĞĚĞĸĐĂĐĞ͕ĚŝƌĂŐŐŝƵŶŐĞƌĞĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶŝĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶƟĚĂŝƌŝƐƵůƚĂƟĚĞůů͛ĞůĂďŽƌĂͲ
njŝŽŶĞĐŽŵƉŝƵƚĂĞŶŽŶƉƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚĞŝŶƉĂƌƚĞŶnjĂ;ŽƵƚƉƵƚͿ͕ĐŽŵĞĞƌĂŶĞůŵŽͲ
ĚĞůůŽĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐƚĂ͕ĚĂŐůŝƐƟŵŽůŝĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůŝŝŶĞŶƚƌĂƚĂ͘ƌŽĂĚďĞŶƚĞŶƵŶͲ
ĐŝĂůĂƉŝƶŶŽƚĂĚĞůůĞƚĞŽƌŝĞĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐƚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞĂůů͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞ͕ůĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĚĞůĮůͲ
ƚƌŽ͕ĐŚĞƐŽƩŽůŝŶĞĂůĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚĞůůĂŵĞŶƚĞĚŝƐĞůĞnjŝŽŶĂƌĞŝŶŵŽĚŽŵŽůƚŽƉƌĞͲ
ĐŝƐŽůĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝŝŶĂƌƌŝǀŽ͘
426 Appendice 2
EĞůϭϵϲϬŐůŝƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐƟƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶŽƉŝƶĐŽŵƉŝƵƚĂŵĞŶƚĞů͛ĂŶĂůŽŐŝĂĚŝ
ĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĨƌĂŵĞŶƚĞƵŵĂŶĂĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌĐŚĞǀŝĞŶĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĂŝŶŵŽĚŽĂƉͲ
ƉƌŽĨŽŶĚŝƚŽ͘/ůƐŽŐŐĞƩŽĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶƚĞŝŶƚĞƌĂŐŝƐĐĞĐŽŶů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞĐŝƌĐŽƐƚĂŶƚĞ͕ŶŽŶ
ůŝŵŝƚĂŶĚŽƐŝĂƌĞĐĞƉŝƌŶĞƉĂƐƐŝǀĂŵĞŶƚĞůĞƐŽůůĞĐŝƚĂnjŝŽŶŝ;ĐŽŵĞŶĞůůĂƉƌŽƐƉĞƫǀĂ
ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐƟĐĂͿ͕ŵĂĐŽŶƟŶƵĂŵĞŶƚĞǀĞƌŝĮĐĂŶĚŽůĂĐŽŶŐƌƵĞŶnjĂĨƌĂŝůƉƌŽͲ
ƉƌŝŽƉƌŽŐĞƩŽĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĞĞůĞĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶŝŽŐŐĞƫǀĞĞƐŝƐƚĞŶƟ͘EĞŐůŝĂŶŶŝ
ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝǀŝƐŝĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjŝĂŶŽĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĮůŽŶŝĚŝƌŝĐĞƌĐĂĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐƚĂĐŚĞƐŝĨŽĐĂůŝnjnjĂͲ
ŶŽƐƵƉĞƌĐĞnjŝŽŶĞ͕ŵĞŵŽƌŝĂ͕ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞ͕ǀŝŐŝůĂŶnjĂ͕ƌĂŐŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ;ŝůĐŽƐŝĚĚĞƩŽ
ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽůǀŝŶŐͿĞƐŽƉƌĂƩƵƩŽůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ;ŚŽŵƐŬLJͿ͘
ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞͶŽŵƉƌŽǀĂƚĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝƵƟůŝnjnjĂƌĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚă
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůŝĞͬŽŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĐŚĞ͕ŝŶƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝůĂǀŽƌŽŽĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽĞŶĞůͲ
ůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞ͘EĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĚĞůYƵĂĚƌŽƵƌŽƉĞŽĚĞůůĞ
YƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƐŽŶŽĚĞƐĐƌŝƩĞŝŶƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĚŝƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƵƚŽŶŽͲ
ŵŝĂ͘;ZĂĐĐ͘WĂƌů͘ĞƵƌŽƉ͘ϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ͘
ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŚŝĂǀĞĚŝĐŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂͶKƩŽĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ͕ĚĂĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƌĞĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ
ĚĞůů͛ŽďďůŝŐŽĚ͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĐŚĞĐŽƐƟƚƵŝƐĐŽŶŽŝůƌŝƐƵůƚĂƚŽĐŚĞƐŝƉƵžĐŽŶƐĞŐƵŝƌĞʹ
Ăůů͛ŝŶƚĞƌŶŽĚŝƵŶƵŶŝĐŽƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽͬĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽͲĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽ
ůĂƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂŝŶƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĞŝŶƚĞƌĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂƚƌĂŝƐĂƉĞƌŝĞůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŽŶͲ
ƚĞŶƵƟŶĞŐůŝĂƐƐŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŝ͘
ŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŚŝĂǀĞƉĞƌů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞͶŽŵďŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĐŽŶŽͲ
ƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĂƫƚƵĚŝŶŝĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞĂůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽ͘>ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŚŝĂǀĞƐŽŶŽ
ƋƵĞůůĞĚŝĐƵŝƚƵƫŚĂŶŶŽďŝƐŽŐŶŽƉĞƌůĂƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĞůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞ͕
ůĂĐŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĂƫǀĂ͕ů͛ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞƐŽĐŝĂůĞĞů͛ŽĐĐƵƉĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘
ŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐŵŽͶĞƩŽĂŶĐŚĞďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌŝƐŵŽ͕ğƵŶĂĚĞůůĞŐƌĂŶĚŝƚĞŶĚĞŶnjĞĚŝ
ƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽĚĞůůĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂŵŽĚĞƌŶĂ͕ƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞǀŝǀĂĐĞƚƌĂŝůϭϵϭϱĞŝůϭϵϱϬ
ŶĞŐůŝ^ƚĂƟhŶŝƟ͕ĚŽǀĞƉƌĞƐĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĞĚĂŐůŝƐƚƵĚŝĚŝtĂƚƐŽŶ͘
>͛ŝĚĞĂĐĞŶƚƌĂůĞğƋƵĞůůĂ Ěŝ ĐŽƐƚƌƵŝƌĞƵŶĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂ ƌŝŐŽƌŽƐĂŵĞŶƚĞŽďŝĞƫǀĂ͕
ĨŽŶĚĂƚĂƐƵůƚĂŶŐŝďŝůĞĞƐƵůů͛ŽƐƐĞƌǀĂďŝůĞ͕ŝŶƉĂƌĂůůĞůŽĐŽŶůĞƐĐŝĞŶnjĞĮƐŝĐŚĞǀŝͲ
ƐƚĞŶĞůů͛ŽƫĐĂĚĞůƉŽƐŝƟǀŝƐŵŽ͘WĞƌƋƵĞƐƚŽŵŽƟǀŽů͛ŽŐŐĞƩŽĚĞůůĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂ͕ƐĞͲ
ĐŽŶĚŽŝůŵŽĚĞůůŽĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐƚĂ͕ĚŝǀĞŶƚĂŶŽŶƉŝƶůĂĐŽƐĐŝĞŶnjĂŽů͛Ăƫǀŝƚă
ŵĞŶƚĂůĞůĂƌŐĂŵĞŶƚĞŝŶƚĞƐĂĐŽŵĞĞƌĂŶĞůůĂƚƌĂĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĞƵƌŽƉĞĂ͕ŵĂŝůĐŽŵƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ŝŶƚĞƐŽĐŽŵĞƌŝƐƉŽƐƚĂŽƌĞĂnjŝŽŶĞ;ZͿĚŝŽƌĚŝŶĞĮƐŝĐŽŽĮƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐŽ;ŵŽͲ
ƚŽƌŝŽŽǀŝƐĐĞƌĂůĞͿĐŽŶƐĞŐƵĞŶƚĞĂĚƵŶŽƐƟŵŽůŽ;^Ϳ͘ůůĂĐŽƐĐŝĞŶnjĂǀŝĞŶĞŶĞŐĂƚĂ
ŽŐŶŝĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĞƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂ͖ŝĐŽŶĐĞƫĚŝƐĞŶƐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝƉĞƌĐĞnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝŝŵŵĂͲ
ŐŝŶĞŵĞŶƚĂůĞĞƐŝŵŝůŝǀĞŶŐŽŶŽƌŝŐĞƩĂƟĐŽŵĞƉƵƌĂŵĞŶƚĞŝŶƚĞůůĞƩƵĂůŝƐƟĐŝ͕ĞĚ
ĂŶĐŚĞĨŽŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůŝƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐŝĚŝŽƌĚŝŶĞĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŽĐŽŵĞŝůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ
ĞŝůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽƐŽŶŽƌŝĐŽŶĚŽƫĂĨĂƫĚŝŽƌĚŝŶĞŵĞƌĂŵĞŶƚĞĮƐŝĐŽĞĮƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐŽ͘
ŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞͶZŝƐƵůƚĂƚŽĚĞůů͛ĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶŝĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝͲ
ŵĞŶƚŽ͘>ĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞƐŽŶŽƵŶŝŶƐŝĞŵĞĚŝĨĂƫ͕ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝ͕ƚĞŽƌŝĞĞƉƌĂƟĐŚĞƌĞůĂͲ
ƟǀĞĂĚƵŶƐĞƩŽƌĞĚŝůĂǀŽƌŽŽĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽ͘EĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĚĞůYƵĂĚƌŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚĞůͲ
ůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞƐŽŶŽĚĞƐĐƌŝƩĞĐŽŵĞƚĞŽƌŝĐŚĞĞͬŽƉƌĂƟĐŚĞ͘;dĂĐĐ͘
WĂƌů͘ĞƵƌŽƉ͘ϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ͘
ŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŝƐŵŽͶ^ĞĐŽŶĚŽůĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĐŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŝƐƚĂŝůƐĂƉĞƌĞŶŽŶĞƐŝƐƚĞŝŶĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶͲ
ƚĞŵĞŶƚĞĚĂůƐŽŐŐĞƩŽĐŚĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞ͘>ĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂŶŽŶğŵĂŝƋƵŝŶĚŝŽŐŐĞƫͲ
ǀĂ͕ŵĂğƐĞŵƉƌĞƵŶĂƐŽŐŐĞƫǀĂĐŽƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽ͕ŝŶďĂƐĞĂůĞƉƌŽƉƌŝĞ
ƐĞŶƐĂnjŝŽŶŝ͕ĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĐƌĞĚĞŶnjĞ͕ĞŵŽnjŝŽŶŝ͘/ůĐŽŶĐĞƩŽĚŝǀĞƌŝƚăĂŶĐŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟͲ
ĮĐĂƉĞƌĚĞĐŽƐŞĚŝƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽ͘KŐŶŝŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽŚĂƋƵŝŶĚŝƵŶĂƉƌŽƉƌŝĂǀŝƐŝŽŶĞƉĞƌͲ
ƐŽŶĂůĞĚĞůůĂƌĞĂůƚăĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞŝůŵŽŶĚŽĂƩƌĂǀĞƌƐŽůĂĐŽƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĐŽŶĐĞƚͲ
ƟĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞĐŚĞůŽŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂŶŽ͕ŝŶƉĂƌƚĞůŝĂĚĂƩĂƚĂƉĞƌƌĞŶĚĞƌůŝĐŽŵƉĂƟďŝůŝ
ĐŽŶƋƵĞůůŝĚĞŐůŝĂůƚƌŝ͘>ĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂğ͕ƋƵŝŶĚŝƐĞŵƉƌĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞĞŶŽŶğƉŽƐͲ
ƐŝďŝůĞƚƌĂƐŵĞƩĞƌĞŝůƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƚŽĐŚĞƐŝĂƩƌŝďƵŝƐĐĞĂĚƵŶĐŽŶĐĞƩŽŝŶƋƵĂŶƚŽƋƵĞͲ
ƐƚŽğƐĞŵƉƌĞŝŶŇƵĞŶnjĂƚŽĚĂůů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞ͘/ůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĚŝĐŽƐƚƌƵƫĚŝƵŶ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽǀĂƌŝĂĚƵŶƋƵĞŝŶďĂƐĞĂůůĂƐƵĂĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂĞĂůů͛ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞŝŶĐƵŝǀŝǀĞ͘
EĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚŝĚĂƫĐŽŝůĐŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŝƐŵŽƌŝŶŶĞŐĂƋƵĂůƐŝĂƐŝĨŽƌŵĂĚŝŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĂ
ĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽƚƌĂƐŵŝƐƐŝǀŽ;ŶŽůĞnjŝŽŶĞĨƌŽŶƚĂůĞ͕ƐŞƋƵĂůƐŝĂƐŝƟƉŽĚŝƚĞĐŶŝĐĂĚŝͲ
ĚĂƫĐĂĐŚĞƌŝĐŽƌƌĞĂůů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂͿ͗ůĂƐĐƵŽůĂğƵŶŽĚĞŝĐŽŶƚĞƐƟ;ĐŽŵĞĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂ͕
ŐƌƵƉƉŽĚĞŝƉĂƌŝͿŝŶĐƵŝƐŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĞŝůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞƉƵžŽīƌŝƌĞĂůůŽ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞƐŽůŽƐƟŵŽůŝĞĚŝŶĚŝƌŝnjnjĂŵĞŶƟ͘
ŝžƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂĂŶĐŚĞĐŚĞů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞŶŽŶƉƵžƌŝƐƉŽŶĚĞƌĞĂƐƚĂŶͲ
ĚĂƌĚĞĨĂƐŝƉƌĞĚĞĮŶŝƚĞĞůŝŶĞĂƌŝĞĐŚĞůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞǀĞƉĞƌŵĞƩĞƌĞĂƚƵƫĚŝƐĞŐƵŝͲ
ƌĞƵŶƉƌŽƉƌŝŽƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘
hŶŽĚĞŝŵĂŐŐŝŽƌŝĞƐƉŽŶĞŶƟĚĞůĐŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŝƐŵŽĨƵ'͘͘<ĞůůLJ͘
/;ĞĮĐŝƚĚĞůů͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĞŝƉĞƌĂƫǀŝƚăͿͶsĞĚŝ,
/'EK^/&hE/KE>͗ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽŝŶĐƵŝŐůŝƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƟĚĞŝƐĞƌǀŝnjŝƐĂŶŝƚĂƌŝ;ƵŶŝƚă
ŵƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌŝͿĚĞƐĐƌŝǀŽŶŽůĂĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽĚŝǀĞƌƐĂŵĞŶƚĞĂďŝůĞƐŽƚͲ
ƚŽů͛ĂƐƉĞƩŽĐůŝŶŝĐŽ͕ĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŽ͕ĂīĞƫǀŽ͘ƐƐĞŶĚŽĮŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĂĂůƌĞĐƵƉĞƌŽĚĞůƐŽŐͲ
428 Appendice 2
ŐĞƩŽ͕ĚĞǀĞƚĞŶĞƌĞƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌŵĞŶƚĞĐŽŶƚŽĚĞůůĞƉŽƚĞŶnjŝĂůŝƚăĞƌĞŐŝƐƚƌĂƌůĞŝŶŽƌͲ
ĚŝŶĞĂŝƐĞŐƵĞŶƟĂƐƉĞƫ͗ŽŐŶŝƟǀŽ͖īĞƫǀŽͲƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͖>ŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽ͖^ĞŶƐŽƌŝĂͲ
ůĞ͖DŽƚŽƌŝŽͲƉƌĂƐƐŝĐŽ͕EĞƵƌŽůŽŐŝĐŽ͖ƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĞƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͘
ŝĚĂƫĐĂŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝnjnjĂƚĂͶEĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞŝ^͕ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶĞůůĞĂƫǀŝƚăĚŝƌĞĐƵƉĞͲ
ƌŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞĐŚĞƉƵžƐǀŽůŐĞƌĞů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽƉĞƌƉŽƚĞŶnjŝĂƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚĞĂďŝůŝƚăŽ
ƉĞƌĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƌĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŚĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ͕ĂŶĐŚĞŶĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůůĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞĐŽŵͲ
ƉĞŶƐĂƟǀĞĞĚĞůŵĞƚŽĚŽĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽ͖ƚĂůŝĂƫǀŝƚăŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝnjnjĂƚĞƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĞƐƐĞƌĞ
ƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂƚĞŶĞůůĞĨĂƐŝĚŝůĂǀŽƌŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞŝŶĐůĂƐƐĞŽŝŶŵŽŵĞŶƟĂĚĞƐƐĞĚĞĚŝͲ
ĐĂƟ͕ƐĞĐŽŶĚŽƚƵƩĞůĞĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŇĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚăĚĞůůĂǀŽƌŽƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽĐŽŶƐĞŶƟƚĞĚĂůͲ
ůĂŶŽƌŵĂƟǀĂǀŝŐĞŶƚĞ;>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂ>͘ϭϳϬͬϮϬϭϬͿ͘
ŝĚĂƫĐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĂͶEĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞŝ^͕ğůĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂĐŚĞĐĂůŝďƌĂů͛ŽīĞƌƚĂ
ĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͕ĞůĞŵŽĚĂůŝƚăƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝ͕ƐƵůůĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝƚăĞĚƵŶŝĐŝƚăĂůŝǀĞůůŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂͲ
ůĞĚĞŝďŝƐŽŐŶŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝĐŚĞĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝnjnjĂŶŽŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĚĞůůĂĐůĂƐƐĞ͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂŶͲ
ĚŽůĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝƐŽƉƌĂƩƵƩŽƐŽƩŽŝůƉƌŽĮůŽƋƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀŽ͖ƐŝƉƵžĨĂǀŽƌŝͲ
ƌĞ͕ĐŽƐŞ͕ů͛ĂĐĐƌĞƐĐŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞŝƉƵŶƟĚŝĨŽƌnjĂĚŝĐŝĂƐĐƵŶĂůƵŶŶŽ͕ůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĐŽŶƐĂͲ
ƉĞǀŽůĞĚĞůůĞƐƵĞ͚ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶnjĞ͛ĞĚĞůƐƵŽƚĂůĞŶƚŽ͘EĞůƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĚĞŐůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝŐĞͲ
ŶĞƌĂůŝĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ůĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚĂƐŝƐŽƐƚĂŶnjŝĂĂƚͲ
ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐŽů͛ŝŵƉŝĞŐŽĚŝƵŶĂǀĂƌŝĞƚăĚŝŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞ͕ƚĂůŝĚĂ
ƉƌŽŵƵŽǀĞƌĞůĞƉŽƚĞŶnjŝĂůŝƚăĞŝůƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŽĨŽƌŵĂƟǀŽŝŶŽŐŶŝĂůƵŶŶŽ͗ů͛ƵƐŽĚĞŐůŝ
ƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝ;ƐĐŚĞŵŝ͕ŵĂƉƉĞĐŽŶĐĞƩƵĂůŝ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͕ů͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞĂŐůŝƐƟůŝĚŝ
ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͕ůĂĐĂůŝďƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟƐƵůůĂďĂƐĞĚĞŝůŝǀĞůůŝƌĂŐŐŝƵŶƟ͕
ŶĞůů͛ŽƫĐĂĚŝƉƌŽŵƵŽǀĞƌĞƵŶĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀŽ͘
ŝƐĂďŝůŝƚăĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƚĂͶdƵƩĞůĞĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚăĐŚĞƐŽŶŽĂĐĐĞƌƚĂƚĞĚĂĂƉƉŽƐŝƚĂĐĞƌƟĮͲ
ĐĂnjŝŽŶĞƌŝůĂƐĐŝĂƚĂĚĂƵŶĂĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞŵĞĚŝĐĂ;>͘ϭϬϰͬϭϵϵϮͿ͘
^;ŝƐƚƵƌďŝƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽͿͶ^ƚĂĂĚŝŶĚŝĐĂƌĞƚƵƩĞƋƵĞůůĞĐŽŶĚŝͲ
njŝŽŶŝŝŶĐƵŝƵŶĂůƵŶŶŽ͕ƌŝĐŽƌƌĞŶĚŽƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌŝĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶŝ͕ŶŽŶĂƉƉƌĞŶĚĞŝŶŵŝƐƵͲ
ƌĂĂĚĞŐƵĂƚĂĂůůĂƉƌŽƉƌŝĂĞƚă͘^ĞĐŽŶĚŽůĂůĞŐŐĞϭϳϬͬϮϬϭϬƐŽŶŽ^ůĂĚŝƐůĞƐƐŝĂ͕
ůĂĚŝƐŽƌƚŽŐƌĂĮĂĞůĂĚŝƐĐĂůĐƵůŝĂ͘/ŶƋƵĞƐƟĐĂƐŝůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĞůĂďŽƌĂƵŶWW͘
Y&;ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶYƵĂůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬͿͶYƵĂĚƌŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞƉĞƌ
ů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ͘
^ƚƌƵŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƚĂƌĞŝůŝǀĞůůŝĚĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞĚĞŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƐŝͲ
ƐƚĞŵŝĚĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞĞƉĞƌƉƌŽŵƵŽǀĞƌĞƐŝĂů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞƐŝĂ
ůĞƉĂƌŝŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚăŶĞůůĂƐŽĐŝĞƚăďĂƐĂƚĂƐƵůůĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂ͕ŶŽŶĐŚĠů͛ƵůƚĞƌŝŽƌĞ
ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůŵĞƌĐĂƚŽĚĞůůĂǀŽƌŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽ͕ƌŝƐƉĞƩĂŶĚŽĂůĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽůĂƌŝĐĐĂ
ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĚĞŝƐŝƐƚĞŵŝĚ͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝ͘/ůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐĂƐŝƌŝĨĞƌŝƐĐĞĂƟͲ
ƚŽůŝĚŝƐƚƵĚŝŽĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝ;ZĂĐĐ͘ϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ͘
/&;ůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞů&ƵŶnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ĚĞůůĂŝƐĂďŝůŝƚăĞĚĞůůĂ^ĂͲ
ůƵƚĞ;KD^ϮϬϬϮͿͶůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŚĞǀƵŽůĞĚĞƐĐƌŝǀĞƌĞůŽƐƚĂƚŽĚŝƐĂůƵƚĞĚĞůͲ
ůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶĞŝŶƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĂŝůŽƌŽĂŵďŝƟĞƐŝƐƚĞŶnjŝĂůŝ;ƐŽĐŝĂůĞ͕ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĞ͕ůĂǀŽƌĂƟͲ
ǀŽͿĂůĮŶĞĚŝĐŽŐůŝĞƌĞůĞĚŝĸĐŽůƚăĐŚĞŶĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽƐŽĐŝŽͲĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞĚŝƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶͲ
ƚŽƉŽƐƐŽŶŽĐĂƵƐĂƌĞĚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚă͘
>͛/&ǀƵŽůĞĨŽƌŶŝƌĞƵŶ͛ĂŵƉŝĂĂŶĂůŝƐŝĚĞůůŽƐƚĂƚŽĚŝƐĂůƵƚĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŝƉŽŶĞŶͲ
ĚŽůĂĐŽƌƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĨƌĂƐĂůƵƚĞĞĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͕ĂƌƌŝǀĂŶĚŽĂůůĂĚĞĮŶŝnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚŝƐĂďŝůŝͲ
ƚă͕ŝŶƚĞƐĂĐŽŵĞƵŶĂĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƐĂůƵƚĞŝŶƵŶĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞƐĨĂǀŽƌĞǀŽůĞ͘
>ŝǀĞůůŝY&Ͷ/ůƋƵĂĚƌŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞĞĚĞŝƟƚŽůŝY&ĚĞĮŶŝƐĐĞŽƩŽůŝǀĞůůŝ
ĂƌƟĐŽůĂƟŝŶĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ͘ŝĂƐĐƵŶŽĚĞŐůŝϴůŝǀĞůůŝğĚĞĮŶŝͲ
ƚŽĚĂƵŶĂƐĞƌŝĞĚŝĚĞƐĐƌŝƩŽƌŝĐŚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂŶŽŝƌŝƐƵůƚĂƟĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƌĞůĂƟͲ
ǀŝĂůůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞĂƚĂůĞůŝǀĞůůŽŝŶƋƵĂůƐŝĂƐŝƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĚĞůůĞƋƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞ͘
>ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞƐŽŶŽ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĂŵĞŶƚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶnjŝĂƚĞŝŶ ƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞ Ăůů͛ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝͲ
njŝŽŶĞ͕ĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůůŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞ͕ĚŝŐƌĂĚŝĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĚŝĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚă
;ZĂĐĐ͘WĂƌů͘ĞƵƌŽƉ͘ϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ͘
W/;WŝĂŶŽĂŶŶƵĂůĞƉĞƌů͛ŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀŝƚăͿͶŝůƉŝĂŶŽŝŶĐƵŝ͕ƐƵƉƌŽƉŽƐƚĂĚĞů'>/͕ůĂ
ƐĐƵŽůĂŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚƵƫŝƉƌŽŐĞƫĚŝŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀŝƚăĐŚĞƐŝĂĐĐŝŶŐĞĂĨĂƌĞŶĞůůĂƐƵĂƐĐƵŽͲ
ůĂƉĞƌŝ^͘ĞǀĞĞƐƐĞƌĞĂƉƉƌŽǀĂƚŽĚĂůŽůůĞŐŝŽĚĞŝĚŽĐĞŶƟĞĚğƉĂƌƚĞŝŶƚĞͲ
ŐƌĂŶƚĞĚĞůWdK&͘
WW;ƉŝĂŶŽĚŝĚĂƫĐŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚŽͿͶEĞůĐĂƐŽĚŝ^ůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͕ƋƵĂůŽƌĂůŽƌŝƚĞŶͲ
ŐĂŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝŽ͕ƉƵžƐƟůĂƌĞƵŶWŝĂŶŽĚŝĚĂƫĐŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚŽĂůůŽƐĐŽƉŽĚŝĚĞĮͲ
ŶŝƌĞůĞƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞĚŝŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƚŽƉŝƶĂĚĂƩĞĞĮƐƐĂƌĞŝĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĚŝǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝ
ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƟ͘EĞůĐĂƐŽĚŝ^ŝůWWğĚŝĨĂƩŽŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝŽ͘
WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂͶdĞƌŵŝŶĞĚĞƌŝǀĂŶƚĞĚĂůŐƌĞĐŽƉĂşƐ;ĨĂŶĐŝƵůůŽͿĞĂŐŽŐŚĠ;ĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞů
ĐŽŶĚƵƌƌĞͿ͕ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞŝŶĚŝĐĂǀĂůĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůŽƐĐŚŝĂǀŽŝŶĐĂƌŝĐĂƚŽĚŝĂĐͲ
ĐŽŵƉĂŐŶĂƌĞŝůĨĂŶĐŝƵůůŽĂƐĐƵŽůĂĞĚŝĂƐƐŝƐƚĞƌůŽŶĞůůĞŽĐĐƵƉĂnjŝŽŶŝĚĞůƚĞŵƉŽůŝͲ
ďĞƌŽ͘ŽŶWůĂƚŽŶĞĂĐƋƵŝƐŞŝůƐĞŶƐŽĮŐƵƌĂƚŽĚŝĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ŵĂŶƚĞŶƵƚŽĮŶŽĂĚ
ŽŐŐŝ͘KĐĐŽƌƌĞƉƌĞĐŝƐĂƌĞƉĞƌžĐŚĞŽŐŶŝǀŽůƚĂĐŚĞƐŝĚŝƐƟŶŐƵĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ŝůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂĚĂƋƵĞůůŽĚŝĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ůŽƐŝĨĂƉĞƌŝŶĚŝĐĂƌĞĐŽŶͨƉĞĚĂͲ
ŐŽŐŝĂͩƵŶĂƋƵĂůĐŚĞĨŽƌŵĂĚŝƌŝŇĞƐƐŝŽŶĞƐƵůůĂĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĂĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂ͘
>ĂƉƌĞƐĞŶnjĂĞůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚŝƵŶĚŝƐĐŽƌƐŽƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐŽŚĂŶŶŽƐĞŵƉƌĞƌŝĐŚŝĞƐƚŽ
ƵŶŽƐĨŽƌnjŽƉĞƌůĂƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶĂƐŽƌƚĂĚŝĐŽƐĐŝĞŶnjĂĐƌŝƟĐĂƐƵůů͛ĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂ
ĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂ͕ŽǀǀĞƌŽĚŝƵŶĂƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĂŵĞŶƚĞƐĞŵƉƌĞŵĂŐŐŝŽƌĞĐŽŵƉƌĞŶƐŝŽŶĞ
ĚŝƋƵĞůůĂƉĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞĞƐƉĞƌŝĞŶnjĂƵŵĂŶĂ͘KŐŐŝůĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂǀŝĞŶĞŝŵƉŝĞŐĂƚĂƉĞƌ
430 Appendice 2
ůĂĐƌĞƐĐŝƚĂĚĞůůĂƐĐŝĞŶnjĂĚĞůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĞŝŶƋƵĞƐƚŽƐĞŶƐŽŶŽŶƐŝŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƉŝƶ
ĐŽŶůĂĮůŽƐŽĮĂ͕ŝŶƋƵĂŶƚŽƵŶĂƚĂůĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽŶĚƵƌƌĞďďĞĂĚƵŶĚŝƐĐŽƌͲ
ƐŽƚƌŽƉƉŽĂƐƚƌĂƩŽƉĞƌĂǀĞƌĞǀĂůŝĚŝƚăƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂ͘>ĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂŶĞĂ
ƉŽŶĞů͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞƐƵůƐŽŐŐĞƩŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ƐƉĂnjŝĂŶĚŽĚƵŶƋƵĞŝŶƚƵƫŐůŝĂŵͲ
ďŝƟĐŚĞĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝnjnjĂŶŽƚĂůĞĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͖ƋƵŝŶĚŝ͕ŶŽŶǀŝĞŶĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƚĂĐŽŵĞƵŶĂ
ƐĐŝĞŶnjĂƵŶŝƚĂƌŝĂ͕ŵĂĐŽŵĞƵŶĂŵŽůƚĞƉůŝĐŝƚăĚŝďƌĂŶĐŚĞƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚŝĂůƚƌĞƐĐŝĞŶͲ
njĞ;ďŝŽůŽŐŝĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂ͕ƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂ͕ƐŽĐŝŽůŽŐŝĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘
W/;WŝĂŶŽĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŽŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝnjnjĂƚŽͿͶŝůĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽŶĞůƋƵĂůĞǀĞŶŐŽŶŽĚĞͲ
ƐĐƌŝƫŐůŝŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟƉƌĞĚŝƐƉŽƐƟƉĞƌů͛ĂůƵŶŶŽŝŶƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚŝƐĂďŝůŝͲ
ƚăĂŝĮŶŝĚĞůůĂƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůĚŝƌŝƩŽĂůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĂůů͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͘/ŶďĂƐĞ
ĂůW/ǀŝĞŶĞƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂƚŽŝůWŝĂŶŽĚŝĚĂƫĐŽƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝnjnjĂƚŽĚĂƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͘
WK&;WŝĂŶŽĚĞůů͛ŽīĞƌƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ͕ŽƌĂƐŽƐƟƚƵŝƚŽĚĂůWdK&Ϳ
WƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂĚĞůů͛ĞƚăĞǀŽůƵƟǀĂͶ^ĞƩŽƌĞĚĞůůĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂ͕ĂŶĐŚĞĚĞĮŶŝƚŽͨƉƐŝĐŽůŽͲ
ŐŝĂŐĞŶĞƟĐĂ͕ͩĐŚĞƐŝŽĐĐƵƉĂĚĞůƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞƉƐŝĐŚŝĐŚĞ
ĚĞůů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽĞĚĞůůĂůŽƌŽŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚĂůůĂŶĂƐĐŝƚĂƐŝŶŽĂůůĂƐŽŐůŝĂĚĞůů͛Ğƚă
ĂĚƵůƚĂ͕ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚĂĐŽŶǀĞŶnjŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞĂϮϱĂŶŶŝ͘ĂůƐƵŽĞƐŽƌĚŝŽŶĞůůĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂ
ŵĞƚăĚĞůů͛KƩŽĐĞŶƚŽ͕ŝŶƐĞŐƵŝƚŽĂƵŶĂƌƟĐŽůŽĚŝĂƌǁŝŶ;ϭϴϳϳͿƌĞůĂƟǀŽĂůů͛ŽƐͲ
ƐĞƌǀĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƌĞƩĂĚŝƵŶďĂŵďŝŶŽ͕ƐŝŶŽĂŽŐŐŝ͕ŝŶĐƵŝğĚŝǀĞŶƵƚĂůĂƐĐŝĞŶnjĂĚĞůůŽ
ƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉƐŝĐŚŝĐŽ͕ŝůĐĂŵƉŽĚŝĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂĚĞůů͛ĞƚăĞǀŽůƵƟǀĂƐŝĞƐƚĞŶͲ
ĚĞĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĂŵďŝƟ͕ĚĂůůŽƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞůůĞĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝƐƟĐŚĞĐŚĞĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂŶŽĞĚŝƋƵĞůůĞ
ĐŚĞĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŽŶŽŝůďĂŵďŝŶŽĚĂůů͛ĂĚƵůƚŽ͕Ăůů͛ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝĨĂƩŽƌŝĞƌĞĚŝƚĂƌŝ
ƌŝƐƉĞƩŽĂƋƵĞůůŝĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůŝƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝĚĞůůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉƐŝĐŚŝĐŽ͕ŽůƚƌĞĂůů͛ĂŶĂͲ
ůŝƐŝĚĞůů͛ĞǀŽůƵnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞƉƐŝĐŚŝĐŚĞƉŝƶƐĞŵƉůŝĐŝŝŶƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĞƉƐŝĐŚŝĐŚĞ
ƉŝƶĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐĞ͘
WdK&;WŝĂŶŽƚƌŝĞŶŶĂůĞĚĞůů͛ŽīĞƌƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĂͿͶƵŶŽƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂͲ
njŝŽŶĞĞŐĞƐƟŽŶĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĚĞůů͛ŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂĂƩŽĂƌŝůĞǀĂƌĞůĂƐŝƚƵĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ĚŝƉĂƌƚĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͕ĞǀŝĚĞŶnjŝĂƌĞůĞůŝŶĞĞĚŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂƌĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝ
ŽďŝĞƫǀŝ͘ŽŶƟĞŶĞŝŶĚĞƩĂŐůŝŽůĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĐƵƌƌŝĐŽůĂƌĞĞĞdžƚƌĂĐƵƌƌŝĐŽͲ
ůĂƌĞ͕ŶŽŶĐŚĠůĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂ͕ĚŝĚĂƫĐĂĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƟǀĂ͘,ĂĚƵƌĂͲ
ƚĂƚƌŝĞŶŶĂůĞ͕ğĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽĚĂůĐŽůůĞŐŝŽĚĞŝĚŽĐĞŶƟĞĚĞǀĞĞƐƐĞƌĞĂƉƉƌŽǀĂƚŽĚĂů
ĐŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚŝŝƐƟƚƵƚŽ͘
YƵĂĚƌŽĐŽŵƵŶĞĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚŝƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌůĞůŝŶŐƵĞ;YZ͕ŝŶůŝŶŐƵĂŝŶŐůĞƐĞ
ŽŵŵŽŶƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽĨZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĨŽƌ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐͲ&ZͿͶ^ƚƌƵͲ
ŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƌŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚŝƵƌŽƉĂƉĞƌůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĞů͛ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂͲ
njŝŽŶĞĚŝƉŽůŝƟĐŚĞĚ͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐĂƚƌĂƐƉĂƌĞŶƟĞĐŽĞƌĞŶƟ͘/ůYƵĂĚƌŽĨŽƌͲ
ŶŝƐĐĞƉĂƌĂŵĞƚƌŝĞĐƌŝƚĞƌŝƉĞƌůĂǀĂůŝĚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŚĞĚĞĮͲ
ŶŝƚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚŽƵŶĂƐĐĂůĂĚŝŵŝƐƵƌĂnjŝŽŶĞŐůŽďĂůĞĐŚĞƐŝƐǀŝůƵƉƉĂŝŶϲůŝǀĞůůŝĂƐĐĞŶͲ
YƵĂůŝĮĐĂͶZŝƐƵůƚĂƚŽĨŽƌŵĂůĞĚŝƵŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĐŽŶǀĂůŝĚĂ͕ĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƚŽ
ƋƵĂŶĚŽů͛ĂƵƚŽƌŝƚăĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶƚĞƐƚĂďŝůŝƐĐĞĐŚĞŝƌŝƐƵůƚĂƟĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƵŶĂ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂĐŽƌƌŝƐƉŽŶĚŽŶŽĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĚĞĮŶŝƟ;ZĂĐĐ͘WĂƌů͘ĞƵƌŽƉ͘ϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ͘
YZͶsĞĚŝYƵĂĚƌŽĐŽŵƵŶĞĞƵƌŽƉĞŽƉĞƌůĞůŝŶŐƵĞ
ZĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂͶWĂƌƟĐŽůĂƌĞƟƉŽĚŝůĞŐĂŵĞƚƌĂĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌĞĞĚĞĚƵĐĂŶĚŽĐŚĞ
ƐŝŝŶƐƚĂƵƌĂƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞĂŵĞŶƚĞŽĐŚĞǀŝĞŶĞĐŽƐƚƌƵŝƚŽŝŶƚĞŶnjŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞĚĂůů͛ĞĚƵͲ
ĐĂƚŽƌĞ͕ƚƌĂŵŝƚĞŝůƋƵĂůĞĂǀǀŝĞŶĞŝůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝƐŽĐŝĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝƚƌĂƐĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ĚĞůůĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞĞĚŝƚƌĂƐĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůƐĂƉĞƌĞŝŶĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ͘ĂƌĂƩĞƌŝnjnjĂͲ
ƚĂĚĂĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƟĂīĞƫǀŝ;ĂĸůŝĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĂĚŽnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĞƌŽƐ͕ĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŽĚŝͲ
ƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂ͕ĂĐĐĞƩĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕ƌŝĮƵƚŽͿĞƐŽĐŝĂůŝ;ĂƐŝŵŵĞƚƌŝĂ͕ĂƵƚŽƌŝƚăĞĂƵƚŽƌĞǀŽůĞnjͲ
njĂ͕ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐŝƚăŽƵŶŝĚŝƌĞnjŝŽŶĂůŝƚăͿ͕ůĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂĚŽǀƌĞďďĞĞƐƐĞƌĞƵŶŽ
ĚĞŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝůƵŽŐŚŝĚŝĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂ͘>ĂĐĂƉĂĐŝƚăĚŝĐŽƐƚƌƵŝƌĞƵŶĂƌĞͲ
ůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞĨŽŶĚĂƚĂ͕ŝŶĐƵŝůĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶŝĂīĞƫǀĞĞƐŽͲ
ĐŝĂůŝƐŝĂŶŽĐŽŵŵŝƐƵƌĂƚĞĂŝďŝƐŽŐŶŝ͕ĂůůĞĐĂƌĂƩĞƌŝƐƟĐŚĞĚĞůƐŝŶŐŽůŽĂůůŝĞǀŽ͕ĂŐůŝ
ŽďŝĞƫǀŝĚĞůů͛ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƚŽĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŽ͕ŇĞƐƐŝďŝůŝĂůůĞĐŝƌĐŽƐƚĂŶnjĞĞĂŝĐĂŵďŝĂŵĞŶͲ
ƟĐŚĞǀŝĂǀŝĂůĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞƐƚĞƐƐĂƉƌŽĚƵĐĞŶĞůů͛ĂůůŝĞǀŽ͕ğƉĂƌƚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂŶƚĞĚĞůůĂ
ĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĂƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂƚŽƌĞ͘
ZŝƐƵůƚĂƟĚĞůů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽͶĞƐĐƌŝnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĐŝžĐŚĞƵŶĚŝƐĐĞŶƚĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞ͕ĐĂƉŝͲ
ƐĐĞĞĚğŝŶŐƌĂĚŽĚŝƌĞĂůŝnjnjĂƌĞĂůƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚŝƵŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘/ƌŝͲ
ƐƵůƚĂƟƐŽŶŽĚĞĮŶŝƟŝŶƚĞƌŵŝŶŝĚŝĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĞ͕ĂďŝůŝƚăĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ͘
432 Appendice 2
I
INDICE
WZd/
&KEDEd/>>W^/K>K'/>>K^s/>hWWK͕
>>W^/K>K'/>>͛WWZE/DEdK^K>^d/K>>͛h/KE
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϭ͗^ƚƌƵƩƵƌĂĚĞůĐĞƌǀĞůůŽ͕ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝ͕ůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽĞ
ĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ϭ͘ /ůĐĞƌǀĞůůŽĞůĂƐƵĂƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϭϭ
ͻ WƌŝŵĂŝŶĨĂŶnjŝĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯ
ͻ ^ǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂŶĞƌǀŽƐŽŶĞůů͛ĂĚƵůƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯ
Ϯ͘ /ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝĞů͛ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶnjĂ͗ůĂƉĞƌĐĞnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰ
ͻ >ĂƉƌŽƐƉĞƫǀĂƉƐŝĐŽĮƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰ
ͻ >ĂƉƌŽƐƉĞƫǀĂĚĞůůĂ'ĞƐƚĂůƚ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰ
ͻ >ĂƉƌŽƐƉĞƫǀĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĂůŝƐƚĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱ
ͻ >ĂƉƌŽƐƉĞƫǀĂĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐƚĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲ
ϯ͘ >͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲ
ϰ͘ >ĂŵĞŵŽƌŝĂ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ ϭϳ
ͻ /ůŵŽĚĞůůŽĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟǀŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴ
ͻ /ůŵŽĚĞůůŽ͞ƉůƵƌŝͲĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƟ͟ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϵ
ͻ /ůŵŽĚĞůůŽ,/W;,ƵŵĂŶ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶWƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϵ
ϱ͘ >ŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĚĞůůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬ
ͻ /ŵƉĂƌĂƌĞĂƉĂƌůĂƌĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϮ
ϲ͘ /ůƌĂƉƉŽƌƚŽƚƌĂůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝŽĞƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰ
ϳ͘ >ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶŽŶǀĞƌďĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϱ
ͻ >ĂƉƌŽƐƐĞŵŝĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϲ
ͻ >ĂĐŝŶĞƐŝĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϮ͗dĞŽƌŝĞĚĞůůĂƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĂĚĞůůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽĞĚĞůůΖĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ϭ͘ >ĞƚĞŽƌŝĞĚĞůůΖĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϵ
ͻ /ůĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐŽĚŝWĂǀůŽǀ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϵ
ͻ /ůĐŽŶĚŝnjŝŽŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͞ŽƉĞƌĂŶƚĞ͟;Ž͞ƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂůĞ͟Ϳ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϵ
Ϯ͘ /ůŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƟƐŵŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϭ
ϯ͘ >͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŝŵŝƚĂƟǀŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮ
ϰ͘ ŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐŵŽĞŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŝƐŵŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮ
ϱ͘ WŝĂŐĞƚĞůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽŵĞŶƚĂůĞĚĞůďĂŵďŝŶŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰ
ϲ͘ >ŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽŵŽƌĂůĞ͗>͘<ŽŚůďĞƌŐ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϲ
ϳ͘ /ƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂĚĞůů͛ĞĚƵĐĂnjŝŽŶĞƉĞƌƌƵŶĞƌ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϴ
ϴ͘ >ΖƫǀŝƐŵŽ͗:͘ĞǁĞLJ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϯϵ
ϵ͘ ŵďŝĞŶƚĞĞƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƐĞĐŽŶĚŽsLJŐŽƚƐŬŝũ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϭ
ϭϬ͘>ĞƚĞŽƌŝĞƉƐŝĐŽĂŶĂůŝƟĐŚĞĚĞůůŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽ͗^͘&ƌĞƵĚ͕͘&ƌĞƵĚ͕tŝŶŶŝĐŽƩ͘ ͩ ϰϯ
ͻ >͛ĂƉƉƌŽĐĐŝŽƉƐŝĐŽĂŶĂůŝƟĐŽĚŝ&ƌĞƵĚ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϯ
ͻ ŶŶĂ&ƌĞƵĚ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϰ
ͻ tŝŶŶŝĐŽƩ͗ĚĂůůĂƉƐŝĐŽĂŶĂůŝƐŝŝŶĨĂŶƟůĞĂůĐŽŶĐĞƩŽĚŝ^Ġ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϰ
ϭϭ͘>ŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉƐŝĐŽͲƐŽĐŝĂůĞĚŝƌŝŬƐŽŶ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϱ
ϭϮ͘>ĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĚĞůů͛ĂƩĂĐĐĂŵĞŶƚŽĚŝŽǁůďLJ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϳ
ϭϯ͘DĂƌLJŝŶƐǁŽƌƚŚĞůĂ^ƚƌĂŶŐĞ^ŝƚƵĂƟŽŶWƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϵ
ϭϰ͘Z͘^ĞůŵĂŶĞŝůƌŽůĞͲƚĂŬŝŶŐ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϱϬ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϯ͗^ǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐŽĞĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ϭ͘ ƚăĞǀŽůƵƟǀĂĞĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϱϯ
ͻ >ΖĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚŝĐŽŶĐĞƫ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϱϰ
ͻ >ΖĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĚŝƉƌŝŶĐŝƉŝ;ŽƌĞŐŽůĞͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϱϱ
ͻ /ůƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽůǀŝŶŐ;ƐŽůƵnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƉƌŽďůĞŵŝͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϱϲ
Ϯ͘ >ŽƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽƉƐŝĐŽůŽŐŝĐŽŝŶĞƚăƐĐŽůĂƌĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϱϳ
ϯ͘ WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂĚĞůůĂƉƌĞĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶnjĂĞĚĞůů͛ĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶnjĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϱϴ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϰ͗^ƟůŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĞƉƌĂƟĐŚĞĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞ
ϭ͘ ^ƟůŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĞŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶnjĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϲϭ
Ϯ͘ ^ƟůŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϲϮ
ϯ͘ /ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƐƟůŝĐŽŐŶŝƟǀŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϲϰ
ϰ͘ DĞƚŽĚŽ&ĞƵĞƌƐƚĞŝŶĞŵĞĚŝĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϲϳ
ͻ >ĂŵŽĚŝĮĐĂďŝůŝƚăĐŽŐŶŝƟǀĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϲϳ
ϱ͘ >ĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĚĞŝĐŽƐƚƌƵƫƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝĚŝ<ĞůůLJ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϲϵ
ϲ͘ ŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŝƐŵŽĞ^ŽĐŝŽĐŽƐƚƌƵƫǀŝƐŵŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϲϵ
ϳ͘ >͛ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶnjĂĞůĞƐƵĞĨŽƌŵĞ͗ŐůŝƐƚƵĚŝĚŝ'ĂƌĚŶĞƌ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϳϬ
ϴ͘ >͛ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶnjĂĞŵŽƟǀĂĚŝ'ŽůĞŵĂŶ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϳϮ
ϵ͘ EĞƵƌŽƐĐŝĞŶnjĞĞĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϳϰ
ϭϬ͘EĞƵƌŽƐĐŝĞŶnjĞĞŽŐŶŝƟǀŝƐŵŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϳϲ
ͻ /ŶĞƵƌŽŶŝƐƉĞĐĐŚŝŽĞŐůŝƐƚƵĚŝZŝnjnjŽůĂƫ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϳϵ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϱ͗ZĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂĞĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ
ϭ͘ >ĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϴϭ
Ϯ͘ >͛ĂƉƉƌŽĐĐŝŽƐŝƐƚĞŵŝĐŽĞůĂƉƌŽƐƉĞƫǀĂĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂĚŝƌŽŶĨĞŶďƌĞŶŶĞƌ͘ ͩ ϴϮ
ϯ͘ /ůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽĐŽŵƉůĞƐƐŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϴϰ
ϰ͘ /ůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽůĂƚĞƌĂůĞĞŝůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽǀĞƌƟĐĂůĞĚŝĚĞŽŶŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϴϰ
436 Indice
ϱ͘ /ůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽĐŽŶǀĞƌŐĞŶƚĞĞŝůƉĞŶƐŝĞƌŽĚŝǀĞƌŐĞŶƚĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϴϳ
ϲ͘ >͛ŝŶŇƵĞŶnjĂĚĞŝŵŽĚĞůůŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝƐƵůůĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϴϴ
WZd//
>'/^>/KEEKZDd/s^K>^d/
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϭ͗ŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞĞƐĐƵŽůĂ
ϭ͘ >ĂŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϵϯ
Ϯ͘ /ůƌƵŽůŽĚĞůů͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂŶĞůůĂŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϵϯ
ϯ͘ >ŝďĞƌƚăĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϵϱ
ϰ͘ ƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϵϲ
ϱ͘ >ŝďĞƌƚăĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϵϳ
ϲ͘ ŝƌŝƩŽĂůůŽƐƚƵĚŝŽĞůŝďĞƌƚăĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϵϳ
ϳ͘ /ůĚŝƌŝƩŽͲĚŽǀĞƌĞĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ;͘>ŐƐ͘ϳϲͬϮϬϬϱĞ
͘D͘ϭϯϵͬϮϬϬϳͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϵϴ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϮ͗KƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĐŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĂůĞ͗ĞůĞŵĞŶƟĨŽŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůŝ
ϭ͘ /ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůŝŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŽƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶĂůŝ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϬϭ
Ϯ͘ >ĞŐŐŝ͕ĚĞĐƌĞƟĞĂůƚƌĞĨŽŶƟŐŝƵƌŝĚŝĐŚĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϬϱ
ϯ͘ KƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĂŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŽĚĞůůŽ^ƚĂƚŽ͗WƵďďůŝĐĂŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ĞĚĞŶƟůŽĐĂůŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϬϵ
ϰ͘ DŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŽĚĞůů͛/ƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚĞůů͛hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĞĚĞůůĂZŝĐĞƌĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϬϵ
ͻ >ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĚĞůDŝŶŝƐƚƌŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϬ
ͻ ŽŶĨĞƌĞŶnjĂƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞĚĞŝĐĂƉŝŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽĞĚĞŝĚŝƌĞƩŽƌŝŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝ ͩ ϭϭϭ
ϱ͘ ůƚƌŝŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŝĐŽůůĞŐĂƟĂůů͛ĂŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϭ
ϲ͘ ŵŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂnjŝŽŶĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂƉĞƌŝĨĞƌŝĐĂ͗ŐůŝhĸĐŝƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŝƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůŝ;h^ZͿ ͩ ϭϭϮ
ϳ͘ 'ůŝĂŵďŝƟƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϮ
ϴ͘ ZĞŐŝŽŶŝ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϯ
ϵ͘ ŽŵƵŶŝ͕WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞĞŝƩăŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϰ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϯ͗>ĞƌŝĨŽƌŵĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĞůĂůĞŐŐĞϭϬϳͬϮϬϭϱ
ϭ͘ ĂůůĂůĞŐŐĞĂƐĂƟĂůůĂZŝĨŽƌŵĂ'ĞŶƟůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϳ
Ϯ͘ >ĂZŝĨŽƌŵĂ'ĞŶƟůĞ;ϭϵϮϯͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϴ
ϯ͘ >ĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϭϵ
ϰ͘ >ĂƐĐƵŽůĂƐŝƌŝŶŶŽǀĂŶĞŐůŝĂŶŶŝEŽǀĂŶƚĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϬ
ϱ͘ >ĞZŝĨŽƌŵĞĚĞŐůŝĂŶŶŝϮϬϬϬ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϭ
ͻ ϮϬϬϬʹZŝĨŽƌŵĂĚĞŝĐŝĐůŝ;>͘ϯϬͬϮϬϬϬͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϭ
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ͻ ϮϬϬϯʹZŝĨŽƌŵĂDŽƌĂƫ;>͘ϱϯͬϮϬϬϯͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϭϮϭ
ͻ ϮϬϬϴʹZŝĨŽƌŵĂ'ĞůŵŝŶŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϮ
ϲ͘ >ĂZŝĨŽƌŵĂĚĞůůĂĐĚ͘͞ƵŽŶĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͟;>͘ϭϬϳͬϮϬϭϱͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϮ
ͻ >͛ĞĚŝůŝnjŝĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϱ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϰ͗>͛ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂĞů͛ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĞĚƵͲ
ĐĂƟǀŽĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ϭ͘ >͛ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϳ
Ϯ͘ >͛ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂƟǀĂ;͘W͘Z͘ϮϳϱͬϭϵϵϵͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϮϵ
ϯ͘ >͛ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂĚŝƌŝĐĞƌĐĂ͕ƐƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĞƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽ;͘W͘Z͘ϮϳϱͬϭϵϵϵͿ ͩ ϭϯϬ
ϰ͘ >͛ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂĮŶĂŶnjŝĂƌŝĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϭ
ϱ͘ >͛ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ;͘W͘Z͘ϮϳϱͬϭϵϵϵͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϮ
ϲ͘ /ůWŝĂŶŽƚƌŝĞŶŶĂůĞĚĞůů͛ŽīĞƌƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƟǀĂ;WdK&Ϳ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϰ
ϳ͘ /ůĐƵƌƌŝĐŽůŽŽďďůŝŐĂƚŽƌŝŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϲ
ϴ͘ >ĞƌĞƟĚŝƐĐƵŽůĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϳ
ϵ͘ /ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƟĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϵ
ͻ /ůWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂĂŶŶƵĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϵ
ͻ >ĂĂƌƚĂĚĞŝƐĞƌǀŝnjŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϯϵ
ͻ /ůW/͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϬ
ͻ /ůZĞŐŽůĂŵĞŶƚŽĚ͛ŝƐƟƚƵƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϬ
ͻ /ůWĂƩŽĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŽĚŝĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚă͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϭ
ͻ /ů^ŝƚŽǁĞďĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϭ
ϭϬ͘/ůŶƵŽǀŽŵŽĚĞůůŽĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽͬĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŶĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůͲ
ů͛ƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϭ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϱ͘'ůŝŽƌĚŝŶĂŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝ
ϭ͘ ^ĐƵŽůĂĚĞůů͛/ŶĨĂŶnjŝĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϯ
Ϯ͘ ^ĐƵŽůĂWƌŝŵĂƌŝĂĚĞůƉƌŝŵŽĐŝĐůŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϰ
ϯ͘ ^ĐƵŽůĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĂĚŝƉƌŝŵŽŐƌĂĚŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϲ
ϰ͘ /ůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽĐŝĐůŽĚ͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϰϴ
ϱ͘ /ůƌŝŽƌĚŝŶŽĚĞŝůŝĐĞŝ;͘W͘Z͘Ŷ͘ϴϵͬϮϬϭϬͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϬ
ͻ >ŝĐĞŽĂƌƟƐƟĐŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϮ
ͻ >ŝĐĞŽĐůĂƐƐŝĐŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϯ
ͻ >ŝĐĞŽůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϯ
ͻ >ŝĐĞŽŵƵƐŝĐĂůĞĞĐŽƌĞƵƟĐŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϯ
ͻ >ŝĐĞŽƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϰ
ͻ >ŝĐĞŽĚĞůůĞƐĐŝĞŶnjĞƵŵĂŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϰ
ϲ͘ >ĂƌŝĨŽƌŵĂĚĞŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŝ;͘W͘Z͘Ŷ͘ϴϳͬϮϬϭϬͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϰ
438 Indice
ϳ͘ >ĂƌŝĨŽƌŵĂĚĞŐůŝŝƐƟƚƵƟƚĞĐŶŝĐŝ;͘W͘Z͘Ŷ͘ϴϴͬϮϬϭϬͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϭϱϲ
ϴ͘ /ůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞƚĞĐŶŝĐĂƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌĞƌĞŐŝŽŶĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϱϳ
ϵ͘ >͛ĞƐĂŵĞĚŝ^ƚĂƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲϬ
ͻ >͛ĞƐĂŵĞĚŝ^ƚĂƚŽĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝǀŽĚĞůƉƌŝŵŽĐŝĐůŽĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲϬ
ͻ >͛ĞƐĂŵĞĚŝ^ƚĂƚŽĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝǀŽĚĞůƐĞĐŽŶĚŽĐŝĐůŽĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲϭ
ϭϬ͘>͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĂZĞůŝŐŝŽŶĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲϯ
ϭϭ͘ŝů>/>ŶĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĞĚŝƐĞĐŽŶĚŽŐƌĂĚŽ͗ƌŝŶǀŝŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲϰ
ϭϮ͘>͛ĂůƚĞƌŶĂŶnjĂƐĐƵŽůĂͲůĂǀŽƌŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲϰ
ϭϯ͘ĂŝƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŵŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŝĂůŝĂůůĞ/ŶĚŝĐĂnjŝŽŶŝŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϲϲ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϲ͗>ĂŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞĚĞůůĞŝƐƟƚƵnjŝŽŶŝƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŚĞ
ϭ͘ ŽŵƵŶŝƚăƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŽůůĞŐŝĂůŝƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ ϭϲϵ
Ϯ͘ KƌŐĂŶŝĐŽůůĞŐŝĂůŝĂůŝǀĞůůŽĚŝĐŝƌĐŽůŽĞĚŝŝƐƟƚƵƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϬ
ϯ͘ ŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚŝŝŶƚĞƌƐĞnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĚŝŝŶƚĞƌĐůĂƐƐĞĞĚŝĐůĂƐƐĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϭ
ϰ͘ ŽůůĞŐŝŽĚĞŝĚŽĐĞŶƟ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϮ
ϱ͘ ŽŶƐŝŐůŝŽĚŝĐŝƌĐŽůŽŽĚ͛ŝƐƟƚƵƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϯ
ϲ͘ ŽŵŝƚĂƚŽƉĞƌůĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϱ
ϳ͘ ƐƐĞŵďůĞĞĚĞŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟĞĚĞŝŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϲ
ͻ ƐƐĞŵďůĞĞĚĞŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϲ
ͻ ƐƐĞŵďůĞĞĚĞŝŐĞŶŝƚŽƌŝ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϳ
ϴ͘ /ůĚŝƌŝŐĞŶƚĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϳϴ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϳ͗>ŽƐƚĂƚŽŐŝƵƌŝĚŝĐŽĚĞůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ
ϭ͘ >ĂĨƵŶnjŝŽŶĞĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϭ
Ϯ͘ /ůƌĞĐůƵƚĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϮ
ϯ͘ /ůĐŽŶƚƌĂƩŽĚŝůĂǀŽƌŽĞŝůƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĚŝĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĞƉƌŽǀĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϯ
ϰ͘ >ĂŵŽďŝůŝƚă͘>ĞŶŽǀŝƚăŝŶƚƌŽĚŽƩĞĚĂůůĂ>͘ϭϬϳͬϮϬϭϱ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϰ
ϱ͘ >ĂĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶƐĞƌǀŝnjŝŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϲ
ϲ͘ >͛ŽƌĂƌŝŽůĂǀŽƌĂƟǀŽĞůĂĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂŐŝƵƌŝĚŝĐĂĚĞůůĞĂƐƐĞŶnjĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϲ
ϳ͘ >͛ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂǀŽƌŽĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟĞŝůĐŽŶĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞŐůŝ
ŝŶĐĂƌŝĐŚŝ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϳ
ϴ͘ >ĂƌĞƚƌŝďƵnjŝŽŶĞ͘/ůďŽŶƵƐƉĞƌůĂǀĂůŽƌŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůŵĞƌŝƚŽĚĞůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ ͩ ϭϴϴ
ϵ͘ /ĚŝƌŝƫƐŝŶĚĂĐĂůŝ͘/ůĚŝƌŝƩŽĚŝƐĐŝŽƉĞƌŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϴϵ
ϭϬ͘>ĂĐĞƐƐĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůƌĂƉƉŽƌƚŽĚ͛ŝŵƉŝĞŐŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϵϬ
ϭϭ͘>ĞƐƵƉƉůĞŶnjĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϵϬ
ϭϮ͘>ĂƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚăĐŝǀŝůĞĞƉĞŶĂůĞĚĞůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϵϮ
ͻ >ĂƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚăĐŝǀŝůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϵϮ
ͻ >ĂƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚăƉĞŶĂůĞ͘>ĂƉŽƐŝnjŝŽŶĞĚŝŐĂƌĂŶnjŝĂĚĞůƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽ ͩ ϭϵϰ
ϭϯ͘>ĂƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĂďŝůŝƚăĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϭϵϱ
Indice
ce 439
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϴ͗/ů^ŝƐƚĞŵĂEĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚŝsĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ϭ͘ /ů^ĞƌǀŝnjŝŽŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞƉĞƌůĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĞĚƵĐĂƚŝǀŽ
;͘W͘Z͘Ŷ͘ϴϬͬϮϬϭϯͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϭϵϵ
Ϯ͘ >͛/Es>^/͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϬ
ϯ͘ >͛/E/Z ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϮ
ϰ͘ >ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĞƐƚĞƌŶĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϯ
ϱ͘ /ůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĚŝǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĂƵƚŽǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϯ
ϲ͘ >͛ĂƵƚŽǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͗ŝůZĂƉƉŽƌƚŽĚŝĂƵƚŽǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ;ZsͿ ͩ ϮϬϰ
ϳ͘ >͛ĂƵƚŽǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ͗/ůWŝĂŶŽĚŝDŝŐůŝŽƌĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϱ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϵ>ĂƐĐƵŽůĂŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂŶĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůĐŽŶƚĞƐƚŽĞƵƌŽƉĞŽ
ϭ͘ >ĂĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶĞĞƵƌŽƉĞĂĚĞůů͛ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŝĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϳ
Ϯ͘ /ƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĂĞĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞŝŶƵƌŽƉĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϴ
ϯ͘ >Ă^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĂĞƵƌŽƉĞĂƉĞƌůĂĐƌĞƐĐŝƚĂĞů͛ŽĐĐƵƉĂnjŝŽŶĞ͗ƵƌŽƉĂϮϬϮϬ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϬϵ
ϰ͘ >͛ŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůů͛ĂŵďŝƚŽĚĞůů͛hŶŝŽŶĞĞƵƌŽƉĞĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϭϬ
ϱ͘ /ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝĚŝƐĐĂŵďŝͬŵŽďŝůŝƚăĚŝĚŽĐĞŶƟĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƟ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϭϬ
ϲ͘ /ůWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƌĂƐŵƵƐн͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϭϮ
ϳ͘ /ůYƵĂĚƌŽƵƌŽƉĞŽĚĞůůĞYƵĂůŝĮĐŚĞ;Y&ͿƉĞƌů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌͲ
ŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ;ZĂĐĐ͘ϮϯĂƉƌŝůĞϮϬϬϴͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϭϰ
ϴ͘ >ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŚŝĂǀĞƉĞƌů͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ;ZĂĐĐ͘ϭϴ
ĚŝĐĞŵďƌĞϮϬϬϲͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϭϵ
ϵ͘ >ĂƉŽůŝƟĐĂĚŝĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϮϲ
WZd///
>/^/W>/E>>/dd/>>͛/E^'EDEdK
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϭ͗>ĞĂƫǀŝƚăĚŝƉƌŽŐĞƩĂnjŝŽŶĞĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ϭ͘ >ĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϮϵ
Ϯ͘ KƌŝŐŝŶŝĚĞůůĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϮϵ
ϯ͘ >ĂƉŝĂŶŝĮĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶĐƵƌƌŝĐŽůŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϯϬ
ϰ͘ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚ͛ŝƐƟƚƵƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϯϮ
ϱ͘ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚƵĐĂƟǀĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϯϯ
ϲ͘ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϯϯ
ϳ͘ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝƉĞƌůĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϯϰ
ϴ͘ ƩƵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͗ůĞhŶŝƚăĚŝƉƉƌĞŶĚŝͲ
ŵĞŶƚŽ;hĚͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϯϱ
440 Indice
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϮ͗>ĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚĞůů͛ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĚĞůů͛ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞ
ϭ͘ 'ůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĚŝƐĂďŝůŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ Ϯϯϵ
Ϯ͘ >͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƚĞĚŝƐŽƐƚĞŐŶŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰϭ
ϯ͘ /ŝƐƚƵƌďŝ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐŝĚŝƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ;^Ϳ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰϭ
ͻ >ĂĚŝƐůĞƐƐŝĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϰϮ
ͻ >ĂĚŝƐŐƌĂĮĂĞůĂĚŝƐŽƌƚŽŐƌĂĮĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰϯ
ͻ >ĂĚŝƐĐĂůĐƵůŝĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰϯ
ϰ͘ /ůĚŝƌŝƩŽĂůůŽƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĐŽŶ^ĞŐůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟǀŝ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰϰ
ϱ͘ ƉƉƌŽĐĐŝĚŝĚĂƫĐŝĞŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĐŝƉĞƌ^͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ Ϯϰϲ
ϲ͘ ŝƐŽŐŶŝĚƵĐĂƟǀŝ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝ;^Ϳ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰϳ
ͻ 'ƌƵƉƉŝĚŝůĂǀŽƌŽ;'>/Ϳ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϰϵ
ͻ >ĂƐĐƵŽůĂŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϱϬ
ϳ͘ /ůĚŝƐƚƵƌďŽĚĂĚĞĮĐŝƚĚĞůů͛ĂƩĞŶnjŝŽŶĞͬŝƉĞƌĂƫǀŝƚă;/Ž,Ϳ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϱϭ
ϴ͘ >ŽƐǀĂŶƚĂŐŐŝŽƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŽ͕ůŝŶŐƵŝƐƚŝĐŽĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĞ͗ŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝ
ƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZŶ͘ϰϮϯϯͬϮϬϭϰͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϱϰ
ͻ >͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůů͛ŝƚĂůŝĂŶŽĐŽŵĞůŝŶŐƵĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂ;>ϮͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϱϵ
ϵ͘ 'ůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝĂĚŽƩĂƟ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZŶ͘ϳϰϰϯͬϮϬϭϰͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϲϬ
ϭϬ͘'ůŝĂůƵŶŶŝŽƐƉĞĚĂůŝnjnjĂƟ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϲϮ
ϭϭ͘>ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϲϯ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϯ͗>ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝ
ϭ͘ >ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĐƵŽůĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϲϱ
Ϯ͘ >ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝƐƚƵĚĞŶƟ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϲϲ
ϯ͘ sĞƌŝĮĐĂĞǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϲϳ
ϰ͘ >ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŝĞĚĞůĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ
;͘W͘Z͘ϭϮϮͬϮϬϬϵͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϲϴ
ϱ͘ /ůƌĞĐƵƉĞƌŽĚĞŝĚĞďŝƟĨŽƌŵĂƟǀŝŶĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĂĚŝƐĞĐŽŶĚŽŐƌĂĚŽ ͩ Ϯϲϵ
ϲ͘ >ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϳϬ
ϳ͘ >ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĚŝƐĂďŝůŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳϭ
ϴ͘ >ĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŐůŝĂůƵŶŶŝĐŽŶWW͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳϯ
ϵ͘ /ůƌŝĐŽŶŽƐĐŝŵĞŶƚŽĚĞůůĞĞĐĐĞůůĞŶnjĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳϱ
ϭϬ͘/ĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĚŝĂƩƌŝďƵnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůĐƌĞĚŝƚŽƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽŶĞůƚƌŝĞŶŶŝŽĚĞůůĞƐĐƵŽ
ůĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌŝĞĚŝƐĞĐŽŶĚŽŐƌĂĚŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳϲ
ϭϭ͘>ĂĚŽĐŝŵŽůŽŐŝĂ͕ƐĐŝĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĂǀĂůƵƚĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳϲ
ϭϮ͘sĞƌŝĮĐĂĚĞŐůŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƟĞƟƉŽůŽŐŝĞĚŝƉƌŽǀĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳϴ
ͻ >ĞƉƌŽǀĞƐĐƌŝƩĞ͞ƚƌĂĚŝnjŝŽŶĂůŝ͘͟ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϳϵ
ͻ >ĞƉƌŽǀĞƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϴϬ
Indice
ce 441
ͻ >ĞƉƌŽǀĞƐĞŵŝƐƚƌƵƩƵƌĂƚĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϮϴϬ
ͻ >ĞƉƌŽǀĞŐƌĂĮĐŚĞĞƉƌĂƟĐŚĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϴϬ
ͻ >ĂĐŽƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶƚĞƐƚ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϴϬ
ͻ >ĞŝŶƚĞƌƌŽŐĂnjŝŽŶŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϴϭ
ϭϯ͘>͛ĞƌĂĚĞůůĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϴϯ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϰ͗ŽŶƟŶƵŝƚăĚŝĚĂƫĐĂĞŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ
ϭ͘ >ĂĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚăĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϴϳ
Ϯ͘ >ĂĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚăǀĞƌƟĐĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϴϳ
ϯ͘ ŽŶƟŶƵŝƚăŽƌŝnjnjŽŶƚĂůĞĐŽŶůĂĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϴϴ
ϰ͘ >͛ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϴϵ
ϱ͘ >͛ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽŶĞůůĞƐĐƵŽůĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϮϵϬ
ϲ͘ >ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟǀĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϵϯ
ϳ͘ >Ğ>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝƉĞƌů͛ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚĞ
;ŶŽƚĂD/hZϰϮϯϮͬϮϬϭϰͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϵϱ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϱ͗WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĂĚĞůĚŝƐĂŐŝŽĞĚĞůůĂĚĞǀŝĂŶnjĂ
ϭ͘ ĞǀŝĂŶnjĂĞĚĞůŝŶƋƵĞŶnjĂŵŝŶŽƌŝůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ Ϯϵϵ
Ϯ͘ ƵůůŝƐŵŽĂƐĐƵŽůĂ;ŶŽƚĂD/hZŶ͘ϮϱϭϵͬϮϬϭϱͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϬϬ
ͻ LJďĞƌďƵůůŝƐŵŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϬϮ
ͻ >ĞĂnjŝŽŶŝĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĞĚĞůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϬϮ
ϯ͘ ŽŶƐƵŵŽĚŝĚƌŽŐŚĞĞƚŽƐƐŝĐŽĚŝƉĞŶĚĞŶnjĂĐŽŵĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐŽ ͩ ϯϬϱ
ϰ͘ /ƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĚŽŵŝĐŝůŝĂƌĞĞŽƐƉĞĚĂůŝĞƌĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϬϴ
ϱ͘ /ůŐƌƵƉƉŽĚĞŝƉĂƌŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϭϬ
WZd/s
DdKK>K'//dd/,dE/,dd/s/WWZE/DEdK
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽ
ϭ
>ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƟǀŽͲƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĂůŝĚĞůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞ
ϭ͘ >ĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƚĞͲĂůůŝĞǀŽ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ ϯϭϱ
Ϯ͘ >ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϭϲ
ϯ͘ 'ůŝĞůĞŵĞŶƟĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϭϳ
ϰ͘ DŽĚĂůŝƚăĞůŝŶŐƵĂŐŐŝĚĞůůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϭϴ
ϱ͘ >ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϭϵ
ϲ͘ >ĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞŝŶƚĞƌƐŽŐŐĞƫǀĂ;ĚŽĐĞŶƚĞͲĂůůŝĞǀŽͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮϭ
442 Indice
ϳ͘ /ůĚŽĐĞŶƚĞůĞĂĚĞƌĞůĂƌĞůĂnjŝŽŶĞĐŽŶůĂĐůĂƐƐĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϯϮϯ
ϴ͘ >ĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉĞĚŝŶĂŵŝĐŚĞĚŝŐƌƵƉƉŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮϰ
ZĂƉƉŽƌƟŝŶƚĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝĞŝŶƚĞƌĂnjŝŽŶŝĚŝŐƌƵƉƉŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮϱ
ϵ͘ /ŐƌƵƉƉŝĚŝĂƫǀŝƚăŝŶĐůĂƐƐĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮϲ
ϭϬ͘ŵŽnjŝŽŶŝĞĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͗ů͛ŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶnjĂĞŵŽƟǀĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮϳ
ϭϭ͘'ůŝŽďŝĞƫǀŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝĚŝůŽŽŵ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϮϵ
ϭϮ͘>͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĐĞŶƚƌĂƚŽƐƵůůŽƐƚƵĚĞŶƚĞĚŝZŽŐĞƌƐ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϬ
ϭϯ͘ŵďŝĞŶƟĞĐŽŶƚĞƐƟĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϮ
ϭϰ͘>ĂĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂĞŝƐƵŽŝŵŽĚĞůůŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϯ
ϭϱ͘^ĐƵŽůĂĞĨĂŵŝŐůŝĂƉĞƌůĂĐŽƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƉĞƌĐŽƌƐŝĞĚƵĐĂƟǀŝĐŽŶĚŝǀŝƐŝ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϰ
ϭϲ͘>ĂĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĞdžƚƌĂƐĐŽůĂƐƟĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϱ
ϭϳ͘/ƌĂƉƉŽƌƟƚƌĂƉĂƌŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϲ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϮ͗DĞƚŽĚŝ͕ŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞĞƚĞĐŶŝĐŚĞĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞ
ϭ͘ >ĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂĞů͛ĞůĂďŽƌĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝŶƵŽǀĞŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϵ
Ϯ͘ DĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĂĞŵĞƚŽĚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϯϵ
DĞƚŽĚŝĚŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϬ
DĞƚŽĚŝĚŝĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϭ
ϯ͘ /ŵĞƚŽĚŝƉĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĐŝĐůĂƐƐŝĐŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϮ
DĞƚŽĚŝĂŶĂůŝƟĐŝ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϮ
DĞƚŽĚŽŐůŽďĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϮ
DĞƚŽĚŽŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϮ
DĞƚŽĚŽĚŝƌĞƫǀŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϯ
ϰ͘ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϯ
ϱ͘ dĞĐŶŝĐŚĞĞŵĞƚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞĚĞůů͛ĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϰ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϯ͗ĂůůĂƚĞŽƌŝĂĂůůĂƉƌĂƟĐĂĚĞůůĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ
ϭ͘ >ĂůĞnjŝŽŶĞĨƌŽŶƚĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϱ
Ϯ͘ >ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϰϵ
ϯ͘ ^ĞŐƵĞ͗>ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌŝĂůĞŶĞůůĞ>ŝŶĞĞŐƵŝĚĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϬ
ϰ͘ ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀŽ;ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ ϯϱϭ
ͻ >ĞǀĂƌŝĂŶƟĚĞůĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϮ
ϱ͘ >ĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂͲĂnjŝŽŶĞ;ZͿŝŶĐůĂƐƐĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϯ
ϲ͘ >ĂƌŝĐĞƌĐĂƐƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϱ
ϳ͘ >ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂƉĞƌƉƌŽŐĞƫ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϲ
ϴ͘ >ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂƉĞƌƉƌŽďůĞŵŝ;ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽůǀŝŶŐͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϳ
ϵ͘ DĂƐƚĞƌLJůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϴ
ϭϬ͘>ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂŵĞƚĂĐŽŐŶŝƟǀĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϱϵ
Indice
ce 443
ϭϭ͘DĂƉƉĞĐŽŶĐĞƩƵĂůŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϯϲϬ
ϭϮ͘>ĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂůƵĚŝĐĂ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϲϭ
ϭϯ͘&ůŝƉƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ͗ů͛ŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŵĞŶƚŽĐĂƉŽǀŽůƚŽ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϲϮ
ϭϰ͘DŝĐƌŽůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĞ^͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϲϱ
ϭϱ͘WĞĞƌĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϲϱ
ϭϲ͘dƵƚŽƌŝŶŐŽDĞŶƚŽƌŝŶŐ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϲϲ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϰ͗dĞĐŶŝĐŚĞĚŝĚĂƫĐŚĞ
ϭ͘ ^ƉĂnjŝŽĐŽŵƵŶŝĐĂƟǀŽĞƌŽůĞƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϲϵ
Ϯ͘ >͛ĂnjŝŽŶĞŶĞůůĂďŝƌŝŶƚŽ;ĐƟŽŶDĂnjĞͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϭ
ϯ͘ /ůďƌĂŝŶͲƐƚŽƌŵŝŶŐ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϭ
ϰ͘ /ůĐŝƌĐůĞƟŵĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϮ
ϱ͘ >ŽƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞŝĐĂƐŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϮ
ϲ͘ ƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌŽƵƚĚŽŽŽƌƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐ͗ǀŝĂŐŐŝĚŝŝƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞĞǀŝƐŝƚĞ
ŐƵŝĚĂƚĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϯ
ϳ͘ /ůŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĚ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐ;>/>Ϳ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϲ
ͻ >ĂĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞŝĚŽĐĞŶƟ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϴ
ͻ /ů>/>ŶĞůů͛ĞƐĂŵĞĚŝ^ƚĂƚŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϳϵ
ͻ >ĂƉƌŽŐĞƩĂnjŝŽŶĞĚŝƵŶŵŽĚƵůŽ>/>͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϴϬ
ĂƉŝƚŽůŽϱ͗'ůŝƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝƚƌĂĚŝnjŝŽŶĂůŝĞĚŝŐŝƚĂůŝ
ϭ͘ /ůŝďƌŝĚŝƚĞƐƚŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϴϱ
Ϯ͘ ŽŵƵŶŝĐĂnjŝŽŶĞĞĸĐĂĐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚŝŐŝƚĂůŝĞd/͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϴϲ
ϯ͘ >Ă>ĂǀĂŐŶĂ/ŶƚĞƌĂƫǀĂDƵůƟŵĞĚŝĂůĞ;>/DͿ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϴϳ
ϰ͘ ůŽŐ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϴϵ
ϱ͘ tŝŬŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϬ
ϲ͘ WŽĚĐĂƐƚ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϭ
ϳ͘ >D^;>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^LJƐƚĞŵͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ ϯϵϮ
ϴ͘ /^ŽĐŝĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƉĞƌůĂĚŝĚĂƫĐĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϯ
ͻ &ĂĐĞŬ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϯ
ͻ dǁŝƩĞƌ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϯ
ͻ 'KK'>н ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϰ
ͻ WŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϰ
ͻ >ŝŶŬĞĚŝŶ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϱ
ϵ͘ >ŽƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚŽĞͲŬ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϱ
ϭϬ͘^ŝƚŽŐƌĂĮĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϳ
ϭϭ͘>ĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟĐŚĞĐŽŵĞƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟǀŝ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϳ
ϭϮ͘^ƚƌƵŵĞŶƟĚŝĚĂƫĐŝĞƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐŝĐŝƉĞƌů͛ŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϴ
ͻ tŽƌĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϴ
444 Indice
ͻ ^ŝŶƚĞƐŝǀŽĐĂůŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ WĂŐ͘ ϯϵϵ
ͻ ƵĚŝŽůŝďƌŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϵ
ͻ DĂƉƉĞĐŽŶĐĞƩƵĂůŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϯϵϵ
ͻ ^ĐĂŶŶĞƌĐŽŶƐŽŌǁĂƌĞKZ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϬ
ͻ ĂůĐŽůĂƚƌŝĐĞĚŽƚĂƚĂĚŝƐŝŶƚĞƐŝǀŽĐĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϬ
ͻ ZŝĐŽŶŽƐĐŝŵĞŶƚŽǀŽĐĂůĞ;ƐƉĞĞĐŚƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶͿ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϬ
ͻ >Ă>/D ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϭ
ͻ /ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟǀŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϮ
ͻ /ĚŝnjŝŽŶĂƌŝĚŝůŝŶŐƵĂƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŝnjnjĂƟ͕ƚƌĂĚƵƩŽƌŝ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϮ
ϭϯ͘/ůWŝĂŶŽEĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞ^ĐƵŽůĂŝŐŝƚĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϮ
ͻ >ĂĚŝŐŝƚĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞĚĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϯ
ͻ /ůWŝĂŶŽEĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞůůĂ^ĐƵŽůĂŝŐŝƚĂůĞϮϬϬϴ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϯ
ͻ /ůWŝĂŶŽŶĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞƉĞƌůĂƐĐƵŽůĂĚŝŐŝƚĂůĞϮϬϭϱ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϬϰ
WWE//
ƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞϭ͗>ĂĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞƐƚƌĂŶŝĞƌĞŶĞůůĂĨŽƌŵĂnjŝŽŶĞ
ĚĞŐůŝŝŶƐĞŐŶĂŶƟ
ϭ͘ ŝƩĂĚŝŶĂŶnjĂĞƵƌŽƉĞĂĞĐŽŶŽƐĐĞŶnjĂĚĞůůĞůŝŶŐƵĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ ϰϭϭ
Ϯ͘ /ůYƵĂĚƌŽŽŵƵŶĞƵƌŽƉĞŽĚŝZŝĨĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŽ;YZͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͩ ϰϭϮ
ϯ͘ >͛ĂƉƉƌĞŶĚŝŵĞŶƚŽŵƵůƟůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŽŶĞůůĂƐĐƵŽůĂŝƚĂůŝĂŶĂ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϭϰ
ϰ͘ >ĞĐŽŵƉĞƚĞŶnjĞůŝŶŐƵŝƐƟĐŚĞĚĞŝĚŽĐĞŶƟ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϮϭ
ƉƉĞŶĚŝĐĞϮ͗'ůŽƐƐĂƌŝŽĞƐƐĞŶnjŝĂůĞ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͩ ϰϮϯ
Indice
ce 445
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