Appendix - Present, Past & Future Forms Present Forms Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perf. Continuous ‘itrmative Afirmative affirmative Aifirmative \ cook 1am cooking Ihave cooked | have been cooking You cook You are cooking You have cooked ‘You have been cooking He cooks ete He is cooking ete He has cooked etc Ho has been cooking ete Negative Negative Negative Negative | don't cook tim not cooking I haven't cooked \ haven't been cooking You don't cook You aren't cooking ‘You haven't cooked You haven't been cooking He doesn't cook ete He isnt cooking ete Hehasn't cooked etc He hasnt bean cooking ete interrogative Tnterrogatve Tnterrogative Interrogative Do | cook? ‘Am | cooking? Have | cooked? Have | been cooking? Do you cook? Are you cooking? Have you cooked? Have you been cooking? Does he cook? ete Is he cooking? etc Has he cooked? ete Has he been cooking? ete permanent situations temporary situations recently completed actions started in the past or states Ho Ives in She i staying with Pam actions and continuing up to the ‘a mansion atthe moment ‘She has cooked dinner. present. Ho has been permanent truths or changing or developing (The action is complete, digging in the garden for an laws of nature situations Dinner is now cooked.- hour. (He started an hour Water bolls at 100°C. He is getting fatter and ater. evidence in the presen!) ago and he's stil cigcing) repeatedihabitual {requently repeated actions complete past actions past actions of certain actions (especially with with always, constantly, Connected tothe present duration having visible frequency adverbs: continually expressing with stated or unstated reaults or effects in the often, usually, annoyance or ertiism time reference present always etc) He is aways He's always biting his nals. He has bought a house. He has been walking nthe on time. (Here ‘always! means (Nowne has a house) rain. That's why he's wet. (Here ‘always’ means constantly) He has just entered every day.) (stated time reterence) reviewsispors actions happening at or personal experiences) to express anger, iitation, commentaries! around the moment of Changes which have annoyance, explanation or dramatic narrative speaking happened critctam Ford acts brillant in The police are investigating Sha has grown her har Someone has been sleeping ths fm the case ofthe murder tong recent. in my bed. (annoyance) timotables/programmes fixed arrangements in femphasis on number Present Per. Continuous is (future meaning) the near future Hehas checked three normally used with for, since The match starts at 6.00. I'm seeing Greg on Monday. hotel this week. oF how long to put emphasis in exclamatory sentences ‘Se has been tothe shop on duration She has been Hore comes George! twice this moming working since 8 o'clock Time expressions usually used with Present Forms Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect & Present Perfect Continuous very day/weekimonth/ Tow, atthe moment, at | just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions), year, usually, sometimes, | present, nowadays, still (negations), always, how long, 80 far, recently, always, rarely, never, today, tonight, always, since (= from a starting point inthe past), for (= over a often, inthe morning/ stil, et period of ime), today, this week/month evening/atternoon, For and since are usually used with Present Perfect at night, on Mondays, ete Continuous to emphasise the duration of an action. Stil goes before the verb and yet after it 240Appendix ~ Present, Past & Future Forms E- Past Forms Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous a ‘Aiemative ‘Airmative ‘Affirmative | cooked | was cooking | had cooked had been cooking You cooked You were cooking You had cooked You had been cooking He cooked otc He was cooking otc He had cooked ete He had been cooking ete Negative Negative Negative Negative | didn't cook | wasn’t cooking | hadn't cooked | hadn't been cooking You didnt cook You weren't cooking You hadn't cooked You hadn't been cooking He didn't cook ete He wasn't cooking etc He hadn't cooked etc __He hadn't been cooking etc interrogative Interrogative Interrogative Interrogative Did | cook? Was | cooking? Had | cooked? Had | been cooking? Did you cook? Were you cooking? Had you cooked? Had you been cooking? Did he cook? ete Was he cooking? etc Had te cooked? ete Had he been cooking? ote past actions which action in the middle of past action which action continuing over a happened one immediately happening at a stated past occurred before another _period up to a specific after the other time action or before a stated time in the past ‘She put on her clothes, took I was travelling this time last past time She had been trying to get her bag and left the house. year. He had finished the report old of David for months by the end of the day. ‘before he called her. past habit or state past action in progress ‘complete past action past action of certain ‘He used to walkiwalked to Interrupted by another past which had visible results duration which had visible work every day. ‘action. The longer action isin the past results in the past ‘complete action or event in the Past Continuous, the He was desperate because Her feet hurt because she Which happened at a stated shorter action is in the Past he had lost his cog. hhad been walking all day. past time Simple. She quit herjob last week. | was watching TV when the (When? “Last week" - Jights went oft stated past time) complete past actions not two or more simultaneous the Past Perfectis the the Past Perfect Cont. connected to the present past actions of certain past equivalent of the _is the past equivalent of with a stated or implied duration Present Perfect the Present Perfect time reference He was reading his paper There was no mik lef she He was exhausted that day Coleridge wrote lots of while she was doing her naits. had drunk it al because he had been poems. (Coleridge is dead: he or background description to (Present Perfect: There's driving all day long. won't write poems any more. events in a story/description no mik left: she has drunk (Present Perfoct: He's ~ period oftime now finished They were walking in the ita) exhausted today because he's implied time reference) park ‘been cvng al day long.) for unfulfilled plans with verbs like hope, plan, etc Iwas planning to spend the weekend alone. (= but friends ‘came over) Time Expressions usually used with Past Forms Past Simple | Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perf. Continuous yesterday, last week, etc, (how tong) ago, then, just now, when, in 1992, ete while, when, as, the moment that, ete for, since, already, after, just, never, yet before, by, by the time, ete for, since 2aAppendix - Present, Past & Future Forms Future Forms Future Simple Be going to Future Continuous Future Perfect ‘fiemative ‘Affirmative ‘Atfiemative ‘Atfiemative | will cook lam going to cook | will be cooking | will have cooked etc You wil cook You ate going to cook You will be cooking Negative He will cook etc He is going to cook etc: He will be cooking etc | won't have cooked etc Interrogative ene a Bigetes Will | have cooked? etc | won't cook 1'm not going to cook | won't be cooking | ection tnished betore astated” ‘You won't cook You're not going to cook Youwon't be cooking | future time They will have got He won't cook ete He's not going to cook ete He won't be cooking etc | married by May. interrogative Tnterrogative| Tnterrogative Note: by of not. until are Will | cook? Am | going to cook? Will | be cooking? used with Future Perf, Until Will you cook? ‘Are you going to cook? Wil you be cooking? ti are normally used with Will he cook? ete decisions taken at the ‘moment of speaking (on-the-spot decisions) {ts hot in here. open the window. Is he going to cook? etc ‘actions intended to be performed in the near future 'm going to visit Joanne next week Will he be cooking? ete ‘actions in progress at a stated future time 111 be working in Plymouth this summer. Future Perfect only in negative sentences. Sie will hhave finished it by next week (NOT: tant) She won't have finished until tomorrow. hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, Predictions, requests, ‘comments ete, esp. with: expect, hope, believe, I'm sure, 'm afraid, probably ete I'm afraid he won't come, planned actions or intentions Now that she has finished school, she's going to ‘search for a job. actions which are the result of a routine (instead of Present Continuous) We'll be going to the zoo tomorrow. (We go there ‘every Sunday - is part of ‘our routine) Future Perfect Continuous ‘Affirmative | will have been cooking etc Negative | won't have been cooking ete Interrogative ‘Will | have been cooking? ete actions or predictions which ‘evidence that something will when we ask politely uration of an action up to a may (not) happen inthe definitely happen in the near about people's certain time in the future future future it ooks like the bus Is arrangements to see it | BY this time next week he will ‘She'll probably cal. going to be late they can do sth for us or | have been working here for ‘or actions which we Be carefull You're going to. ‘because we want to offer | three years. ‘cannot control and will hhave an accident. to do sth for them. Will inevitably happen you be going to town Their baby will be born today? in the summer. Can | come with you? things we are not yet sure things we are sure about or about or we haven't we have already decided to do yet decided to do in the near Present Simple with | Present Continuous Maybe I'l go out later. Note: Shall is used with ‘Uwe in questions, suggestions, offers or when ‘asking for advice ‘Shall we have lunch? future They are going to ‘have extra personnel for the summer. It has been decided.) NOTE: going to is also pronounced gonna but itis very informal and not used in written English except in comic books or songs future meaning timetables/programmes. The tran leaves at 7 o'clock in the evening. with future meaning fixed arrangement in the near future I'm spending the weekend with the Smiths. (its planned) a2Appendix - Present, Past & Future Forms ill Will is used: Shall is used: with we in questions, suggestions, offers or when asking for advice. ‘Shall we play tennis? Where shall | go? to express offers, threats, promises, predictions, ‘warnings, requests, hopes, fears, on-the-spot decisions, comments (mainly with: think, expect, believe, m sure, hope, know, suppose and probably). Tm sure Mary will accept his proposal Time Expres: ns used with Future Forms Future Simple & Be going to Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous ‘tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in twoithree, ete days, the day after tomorrow, ‘soon, in a week/month, etc before, by, by then, by the time, (until is used only in negative sentences with this tense) by .. for Spelling Rules 1. -{@)8 ending a. words ending in -s, ss, -ch, -x, -sh, -z, -0 add -0s, . nouns ending in vowel + 0, double 0, short forms/ musical instruments/proper nouns ending in -0 add -s bus - buses, compass - compasses, watch - watches, ox - boxes, dish - dishes, do - does, piano - pianos, 200 - 2008, video - videos, radio - radios, Eskmo - Eskimos 2. tite ending nouns ending in -/-fe drop -/-fe and add -ves wife - wives, thet - thieves 3 -yending ‘2. words ending in consonant + y drop -y and add--ies, | study -stuales - studied, pretty - protier- prettiest, -ied, ier, -iest, ily pretty - prettily b. words ending in consonant + y add -ing study -stuayying ©. words ending in vowel + y add -s, -ed, -ing, er, -est, ‘ending words ending in -ie change -ie to -y before -ing 5 dropping -e ‘words ending in -e drop -e and add -ing, -ed, -er, est 'b. adjectives ending in -e add -ly to form their adverbs ©. adjectives ending in -le change -le to -ly to form their adverbs 4d. verbs ending in -2e add -ing Pronunciation ‘employ - employs - employed - employing grey - greyer - greyest de - dying, lie - lying save - saving - saved (BUT be - being) late - later - latest rare - rarely, mere -merely (BUT whole - wholly) incredible - incredibly see - seeing Pronunciation of -(e)s ending (noun plurals and the 3rd person singular of verbs in the Present Simple) Is/ ater It, A, ipl, Ik! | ha after fz, Is, IX, (8%, Jaughs, hits, poses, dodges, watches, hops, talks Kisses, rushes Pronunciation of -ed ending ‘id after tl, ‘AJ after ki, tf)! /8/ (Ns (PL wasted, landed poked, watched, laughed, rinsed, dashed, stopped ‘2/ after Jb, /a, tm, /, Ni, fn, [v/ or any vowel sound stabs, sags, steams, descends, falls, retains, saves, delays 18/ after ib, s/ /m, (v/,Jgl, MV, I, zl, vowel + i grabbed, dodged, slammed, saved, hugged, killed, stained, squeezed, soared 243)