Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Parto
Effetto
Larsen
FEEDBACK
POSITIVO NEGATIVO
amplifica o sopprime
+ + smorza
– –
+ +
FEED-FORWARD
interviene prima dello stimolo, è preventivo e su base riflessa
nervosa.
Esempi di meccanismi a feed-forward sono:
MANTENIMENTO DELLA TEMPERATURA CORPOREA
termogenesi e termolisi
MECCANISMI GASTRO-INTESTINALI: che si attivano prima
dell'arrivo del cibo
VASODILATAZIONE MUSCOLARE prima dell’inizio dell’ esercizio
ALLOSTASI
capacità degli organismi viventi di mantenersi stabili e vitali
attraverso il cambiamento, adattando i propri sistemi interni alle
mutate condizioni ambientali
Bruce S. McEwen
Sterling, P. and Eyer, J., 1988, Allostasis: A new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In: S. Fisher and J. Reason (Eds.),
Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health. John Wiley & Sons, New York
The concept of Allostasis was proposed by Sterling and Eyer in 1988 to describe an
additional process of reestablishing homeostasis, but one that responds to a challenge
instead of to subtle ebb and flow. This theory suggests that both homeostasis and
allostasis are endogenous systems responsible for maintaining the internal stability of an
organism. Homeostasis means "standing at about the same level." Allostasis means
"remaining stable by being variable".
Allostatic regulation reflects, at least partly, cephalic involvement in primary regulatory
events, in that it is anticipatory to systemic physiological regulation (Sterling and Eyer,
1988; Schulkin 2003).
Four types of
allostatic load are
illustrated. The top
panel illustrates the
normal allostatic
response, in which a
response is initiated
by a stressor,
sustained for an
appropriate interval,
and then turned off.
McEwen 1998
McEwen 1998
The stress response and development of allostatic load are illustrated. Perception of stress is
influenced by one's experiences, genetics, and behavior. When the brain perceives an
experience as stressful, physiologic and behavioral responses are initiated leading to
allostasis and adaptation. Over time, allostatic load can accumulate, and the overexposure to
neural, endocrine, and immune stress mediators can have adverse effects on various organ
systems, leading to disease.
Secondo McEwen il Carico Allostatico provocherebbe danni
in 4 differenti modi:
90.000.000.000
DI NEURONI
COGNITIVO
SOMATOSENSITIVO
ma…
VEGETATIVO
quanti
cervelli ENTERICO
abbiamo?
DEPERIMENTO COGNITIVO
Neurodegenazione
(M. di Alzheimer
M. di Parkinson
Malattie dei gangli della base)
Ageing
Interplay
COGNITIVO
SOMATOSENSITIVO
VEGETATIVO
ENTERICO
La salute del SN Enterico è
influenzata dalla qualità della flora
batterica intestinale
ENTERICO
Ann Gastroenterol.
2015, 28(2):203-209.
VEGETATIVO
SOMATOSENSITIVO
Un esercizio fisico
moderato e costante è
in grado di influenzare
le capacità cognitive
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il Sistema Limbico
**
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
(visceral motor part of it)
■Parasympathetic division
■Sympathetic division
*
il Sistema Endocrino
The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many
functions of the vertebrate endocrine system
il Sistema Immunitario